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New Zealand at the 2018 Commonwealth Games

New Zealand at the 2018 Commonwealth Games - wikipedia New Zealand at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Jump to : navigation , search New Zealand at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Flag of New Zealand CGF code NZL CGA New Zealand Olympic Committee Website www.olympic.org.nz in Gold Coast , Australia Competitors 251 in 17 sports Flag bearer ( opening ) Sophie Pascoe Flag bearer ( closing ) Stacey Michelsen Medals Ranked 5th Gold 15 Silver 16 Bronze 15 Total 46 Officials Rob Waddell ( chef de mission ) Commonwealth Games appearances ( overview ) British Empire Games 1930 1934 1938 1950 British Empire and Commonwealth Games 1954 1958 1962 1966 British Commonwealth Games 1970 Commonwealth Games 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 New Zealand competed at the 2018 Commonwealth Games in Gold Coast , Australia , from 4 to 15 April 2018 . It was the nations 's 21st appearance at the Commonwealth Games , having competed at every Games since their inception in 1930 . The New Zealand team consisted of 251 athletes , 130 men and 121 women , across 17 sports . The New Zealand team collected 46 medals : 15 gold , 16 silver and 15 bronze , an increase of one medal from the previous games . The medals came across twelve sports . The nation won its first medal in beach volleyball , which was introduced at the Games , and its first gold medal in hockey . Contents ( hide ) 1 Medal tables 2 Competitors 3 Aquatics 3.1 Diving 3.2 Swimming 4 Athletics 5 Badminton 6 Basketball 6.1 Men 's tournament 6.2 Women 's tournament 7 Beach volleyball 8 Boxing 9 Cycling 9.1 Road 9.2 Track 9.3 Mountain bike 10 Gymnastics 10.1 Artistic 10.2 Rhythmic 11 Hockey 11.1 Men 's tournament 11.2 Women 's tournament 12 Lawn bowls 13 Netball 14 Rugby sevens 14.1 Men 's tournament 14.2 Women 's tournament 15 Shooting 16 Squash 17 Triathlon 18 Weightlifting 19 Wrestling 20 References Medal tables ( edit ) Medal Name Sport Event Date 01 ! Gold Dawkins , Eddie Eddie Dawkins , Ethan Mitchell , Sam Webster Cycling -- Track Men 's team sprint 000000002018 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 01 ! Gold Webster , Sam Sam Webster Cycling -- Track Men 's sprint 000000002018 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 01 ! Gold Pascoe , Sophie Sophie Pascoe Swimming Women 's 200 m individual medley SM10 000000002018 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 01 ! Gold Edwards , Jo Jo Edwards Lawn bowls Women 's singles 000000002018 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 01 ! Gold King , Joelle Joelle King Squash Women 's singles 000000002018 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 01 ! Gold Pascoe , Sophie Sophie Pascoe Swimming Women 's 100 m breaststroke SB9 000000002018 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 01 ! Gold Liti , David David Liti Weightlifting Men 's + 105 kg 000000002018 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 01 ! Gold Walsh , Tomas Tomas Walsh Athletics Men 's shot put 000000002018 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 01 ! Gold Ratcliffe , Julia Julia Ratcliffe Athletics Women 's hammer throw 000000002018 - 04 - 10 - 0000 10 April 01 ! Gold Gaze , Sam Sam Gaze Cycling -- Mountain bike Men 's cross-country 000000002018 - 04 - 12 - 0000 12 April 01 ! Gold New Zealand women 's hockey team ( Black Sticks ) Sam Charlton Sam Harrison Brooke Neal Tarryn Davey Pippa Hayward Grace O'Hanlon Frances Davies Rose Keddell Amy Robinson Madison Doar Anita McLaren Sally Rutherford Shiloh Gloyn Olivia Merry Kelsey Smith Ella Gunson Stacey Michelsen Liz Thompson Hockey Women 's tournament 14 April 01 ! Gold Nyika , David David Nyika Boxing Men 's 91 kg 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 01 ! Gold King , Joelle Joelle King , Amanda Landers - Murphy Squash Women 's doubles 000000002018 - 04 - 15 - 0000 15 April 01 ! Gold New Zealand women 's rugby sevens team Shakira Baker Theresa Fitzpatrick Stacey Waaka Michaela Blyde Sarah Goss Niall Williams Kelly Brazier Tyla Nathan - Wong Tenika Willison Gayle Broughton Alena Saili Portia Woodman Rugby sevens Women 's tournament 15 April 01 ! Gold New Zealand men 's rugby sevens team Kurt Baker Trael Joass Sione Molia Dylan Collier Vilimoni Koroi Etene Nanai - Seturo Scott Curry Andrew Knewstubb Akuila Rokolisoa Sam Dickson Tim Mikkelson Regan Ware Rugby sevens Men 's tournament 15 April 02 ! Silver Botha , Bryony Bryony Botha , Rushlee Buchanan , Kirstie James , Racquel Sheath Cycling -- Track Women 's team pursuit 000000002018 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 02 ! Silver Cumming , Emma Emma Cumming , Natasha Hansen Cycling -- Track Women 's team sprint 000000002018 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 02 ! Silver Hansen , Natasha Natasha Hansen Cycling -- Track Women 's sprint 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 02 ! Silver Stewart , Campbell Campbell Stewart Cycling -- Track Men 's scratch race 000000002018 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 02 ! Silver Barber , Alana Alana Barber Athletics Women 's 20 km walk 000000002018 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 02 ! Silver Dawkins , Eddie Eddie Dawkins Cycling -- Track Men 's 1 km time trial 000000002018 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 02 ! Silver Stewart , Campbell Campbell Stewart Cycling -- Track Men 's points race 000000002018 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 02 ! Silver Robinson , Holly Holly Robinson Athletics Women 's javelin throw F46 000000002018 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 02 ! Silver Coll , Paul Paul Coll Squash Men 's singles 000000002018 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 02 ! Silver Villumsen , Linda Linda Villumsen Cycling -- Road Women 's time trial 000000002018 - 04 - 10 - 0000 10 April 02 ! Silver Noble , Mark Mark Noble , Bruce Wakefield , Barry Wynks Lawn bowls Open para triples 000000002018 - 04 - 12 - 0000 12 April 02 ! Silver Cooper , Anton Anton Cooper Cycling -- Mountain bike Men 's cross-country 000000002018 - 04 - 12 - 0000 12 April 02 ! Silver Adams , Valerie Valerie Adams Athletics Women 's shot put 000000002018 - 04 - 13 - 0000 13 April 02 ! Silver McCartney , Eliza Eliza McCartney Athletics Women 's pole vault 000000002018 - 04 - 13 - 0000 13 April 02 ! Silver Williams , Georgia Georgia Williams Cycling -- Road Women 's road race 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 02 ! Silver New Zealand men 's hockey team ( Black Sticks ) Corey Bennett Devon Manchester Jared Panchia Marcus Child Shea McAleese Hayden Phillips Hugo Inglis Harry Miskimmin Nick Ross Stephen Jenness George Muir Kane Russell Richard Joyce Dominic Newman Aidan Sarikaya Dane Left Arun Panchia Nic Woods Hockey Men 's tournament 14 April 03 ! Bronze Kennett , Dylan Dylan Kennett Cycling -- Track Men 's individual pursuit 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 03 ! Bronze Dawkins , Eddie Eddie Dawkins Cycling -- Track Men 's keirin 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 03 ! Bronze Clareburt , Lewis Lewis Clareburt Swimming Men 's 400 m individual medley 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 03 ! Bronze Hewitt , Andrea Andrea Hewitt , Tayler Reid , Ryan Sissons , Nicole van der Kaay Triathlon Mixed relay 000000002018 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 03 ! Bronze Cumming , Emma Emma Cumming Cycling -- Track Women 's 500 m time trial 000000002018 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 03 ! Bronze Hansen , Natasha Natasha Hansen Cycling -- Track Women 's keirin 000000002018 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 03 ! Bronze Bond , Hamish Hamish Bond Cycling -- Road Men 's time trial 000000002018 - 04 - 10 - 0000 10 April 03 ! Bronze Benny , Tasmyn Tasmyn Benny Boxing Women 's 48 kg 000000002018 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 03 ! Bronze O'Dea , Ben Ben O'Dea , Sam O'Dea Beach volleyball Men 's tournament 000000002018 - 04 - 12 - 0000 12 April 03 ! Bronze Pritchard , Alexis Alexis Pritchard Boxing Women 's 57 kg 000000002018 - 04 - 13 - 0000 13 April 03 ! Bronze Garton , Troy Troy Garton Boxing Women 's 60 kg 000000002018 - 04 - 13 - 0000 13 April 03 ! Bronze Mailata , Patrick Patrick Mailata Boxing Men 's + 91 kg 000000002018 - 04 - 13 - 0000 13 April 03 ! Bronze Coll , Paul Paul Coll , Joelle King Squash Mixed doubles 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 03 ! Bronze New Zealand women 's basketball team ( Tall Ferns ) Jessica Bygate Jordan Hunter Kalani Purcell Micaela Cocks Zara Jillings Erin Rooney Antonia Farnworth Charlisse Leger - Walker Josephine Stockill Deena Franklin Chevannah Paalvast Natalie Taylor Basketball Women 's tournament 14 April 03 ! Bronze New Zealand men 's basketball team ( Tall Blacks ) Tom Abercrombie Rob Loe Ethan Rusbatch Finn Delany Jordan Ngatai Tohi Smith - Milner Shea Ili Alex Pledger Reuben Te Rangi Jarrod Kenny Derone Raukawa Mika Vukona Basketball Men 's tournament 15 April Medals by sport Sport Total Cycling 9 5 17 Athletics 0 6 Squash Swimming 0 Rugby sevens 0 0 Hockey 0 Lawn bowls 0 Boxing 0 5 Weightlifting 0 0 Basketball 0 0 Beach volleyball 0 0 Triathlon 0 0 Total 15 16 15 46 Medals by date Date Total 5 April 0 6 April 0 7 April 5 8 April 5 9 April 0 6 10 April 11 April 0 0 12 April 13 April 0 5 14 April 6 15 April 0 Total 15 16 15 46 Medals by gender Gender Total Male 7 6 7 20 Female 8 9 6 23 Mixed / open 0 Total 15 16 15 46 Competitors ( edit ) The following is the list of number of competitors participating at the Games per sport / discipline . Sport Men Women Total Athletics 8 9 17 Badminton Basketball 12 12 24 Beach volleyball Boxing 5 8 Cycling 20 14 34 Diving 5 Gymnastics 5 7 Hockey 18 18 36 Lawn bowls 10 7 17 Netball N / A 12 12 Rugby sevens 13 13 26 Shooting 7 11 Squash 5 7 Swimming 9 8 17 Triathlon 6 Weightlifting 6 6 12 Wrestling 6 Total 130 121 251 Aquatics ( edit ) The New Zealand aquatics selections were announced on 22 December 2017 . Lewis Clareburt was added on 15 February 2018 and three divers were the following day . Diving ( edit ) Main article : Diving at the 2018 Commonwealth Games New Zealand participated with a team of 5 athletes ( 2 men and 3 women ) . Men Athlete Event Preliminaries Final Points Rank Points Rank Liam Stone 1 m springboard 255.90 13 Did not advance 3 m springboard 325.95 15 Did not advance Anton Down - Jenkins 3 m springboard 326.70 14 Did not advance Anton Down - Jenkins Liam Stone 3 m synchronised springboard N / A 332.64 8 Women Athlete Event Preliminaries Final Points Rank Points Rank Shaye Boddington 1 m springboard 237.95 9 Q 194.50 12 Elizabeth Cui 1 m springboard 198.80 13 Did not advance 3 m springboard 241.20 10 Q 247.10 12 Elizabeth Cui Yu Qian Goh 3 m synchronised springboard N / A 251.70 Swimming ( edit ) Main article : Swimming at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Men Athlete Event Heat Semifinal Final Result Rank Result Rank Result Rank Chris Arbuthnott 100 m freestyle S9 58.78 5 Q N / A 58.65 5 100 m backstroke S9 1 : 08.72 7 Q N / A 1 : 07.85 7 Bradlee Ashby 200 m backstroke 2 : 02.32 14 Did not advance 200 m butterfly 2 : 00.30 11 N / A Did not advance 200 m individual medley 2 : 00.57 5 Q N / A 1 : 59.59 5 400 m individual medley 4 : 18.83 5 Q N / A 4 : 18.61 5 Lewis Clareburt 200 m backstroke 2 : 01.54 10 Did not advance 200 m butterfly 1 : 58.32 6 Q N / A 1 : 58.51 7 200 m individual medley 2 : 01.33 8 Q N / A 2 : 01.13 7 400 m individual medley 4 : 19.16 6 Q N / A 4 : 14.42 03 ! Celyn Edwards 100 m breaststroke SB8 1 : 25.06 5 Q N / A 1 : 25.63 6 200 m individual medley SM8 2 : 40.28 4 Q N / A 2 : 35.07 Daniel Hunter 50 m freestyle 22.32 8 Q 22.34 9 Did not advance 100 m freestyle 49.65 = 10 Q 49.11 8 Q 49.30 8 50 m butterfly 24.01 5 Q 23.93 5 Q 23.87 5 Corey Main 100 m backstroke 54.99 4 Q 55.02 7 Q 54.88 7 200 m backstroke 2 : 01.73 11 Did not advance Sam Perry 50 m freestyle 22.93 16 Q 23.13 16 Did not advance 100 m freestyle 49.90 16 Q 49.83 14 Did not advance 50 m butterfly 24.23 7 Q 23.99 6 Q 23.96 6 Jesse Reynolds 100 m freestyle S9 1 : 00.06 6 Q N / A 1 : 00.03 6 100 m backstroke S9 1 : 06.46 4 Q N / A 1 : 05.50 100 m breaststroke SB8 1 : 21.82 4 Q N / A 1 : 21.65 Matthew Stanley 100 m freestyle 49.79 14 Q 49.61 11 Did not advance 200 m freestyle 1 : 48.75 12 N / A Did not advance Daniel Hunter Sam Perry Corey Main Matthew Stanley 4 × 100 m freestyle relay 3 : 17.96 3 Q N / A 3 : 16.60 Women Athlete Event Heat Semifinal Final Result Rank Result Rank Result Rank Carina Doyle 100 m freestyle 56.27 13 Q 56.18 12 Did not advance 200 m freestyle 2 : 00.01 10 N / A Did not advance 400 m freestyle 4 : 13.33 8 Q N / A 4 : 15.89 8 Helena Gasson 50 m butterfly 27.10 = 9 Q 27.19 11 Did not advance 100 m butterfly 1 : 00.00 14 Q 59.70 12 Did not advance 200 m butterfly 2 : 13.25 13 Did not advance Bobbi Gichard 50 m backstroke 28.81 10 Q 28.56 = 10 Did not advance 100 m backstroke 1 : 01.33 9 Q 1 : 01.75 12 Did not advance 200 m backstroke 2 : 17.88 13 N / A Did not advance Georgia Marris 100 m freestyle 56.98 15 Q 56.48 15 Did not advance 100 m butterfly 1 : 00.43 15 Q 1 : 00.58 16 Did not advance Tupou Neiufi 100 m backstroke S9 1 : 18.08 6 Q N / A 1 : 17.10 6 Sophie Pascoe 100 m breaststroke SB9 1 : 17.92 1 Q N / A 1 : 18.09 01 ! 200 m individual medley SM10 2 : 27.26 1 Q N / A 2.27. 72 01 ! Bronagh Ryan 50 m breaststroke 32.18 15 Q 32.70 16 Did not advance 100 m breaststroke 1 : 10.78 17 Did not advance Laticia - Leigh Transom 50 m freestyle 25.96 10 Q 25.95 12 Did not advance 100 m freestyle 56.32 14 Q 56.26 13 Did not advance Carina Doyle Helena Gasson Georgia Marris Laticia - Leigh Transom 4 × 100 m freestyle relay N / A 3 : 43.77 Helena Gasson Bobbi Gichard Bronagh Ryan Laticia - Leigh Transom 4 × 100 m medley relay N / A 4 : 07.47 6 Athletics ( edit ) Main article : Athletics at the 2018 Commonwealth Games The NZOC announced fifteen athletes to compete at the games on 2 February 2018 . Para-athlete Holly Robinson had been confirmed on 22 November 2017 . Brothers Jake and Zane Robertson were added on 9 February 2018 . Sprinter Joseph Millar was added on 23 February 2018 . Siositina Hakeai was conditionally added on 28 February 2018 . Zane Robertson withdrew from the team on 5 April 2018 . Men Track & road Athlete Event Heat Semifinal Final Result Rank Result Rank Result Rank Joseph Millar 200 m 21.10 23 Q 21.01 16 Did not advance Cameron French 400 m hurdles 50.60 14 Did not advance Brad Mathas 800 m 1 : 46.32 5 q N / A 1 : 46.07 5 Jake Robertson 10000 m N / A 27 : 30.90 NR 5 Quentin Rew 20 km walk N / A 1 : 13 : 22 5 Field Athlete ( s ) Event Qualifying Final Result Rank Result Rank Ben Langton Burnell Javelin throw 75.29 9 q 73.77 10 Nick Southgate Pole vault N / A NH Tom Walsh Shot put 22.45 GR 1 Q 21.41 01 ! Women Track & road Athlete Event Heat Final Result Rank Result Rank Angie Petty 800 m 2 : 00.62 7 Did not advance Camille Buscomb 5000 m N / A 15 : 55.45 12 10000 m N / A 32 : 23.91 14 Alana Barber 20 km walk N / A 1 : 34 : 18 02 ! Field Athlete ( s ) Event Qualifying Final Result Rank Result Rank Valerie Adams Shot put 18.52 1 Q 18.70 02 ! Siositina Hakeai Discus throw N / A 57.16 Eliza McCartney Pole vault N / A 4.70 02 ! Olivia McTaggart N / A 4.30 9 Julia Ratcliffe Hammer throw N / A 69.94 01 ! Holly Robinson Javelin throw F46 ( para ) N / A 43.32 02 ! Badminton ( edit ) Main article : Badminton at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Two badminton player were announced to compete at the games on 31 January 2018 : Athlete Event Round of 64 Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinal Semifinal Final / BM Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Susannah Leydon - Davis Oliver Leydon - Davis Mixed doubles Bye McNee & Bailey ( JAM ) W 2 -- 1 Ellis & Smith ( ENG ) L 0 -- 2 Did not advance Basketball ( edit ) Main article : Basketball at the 2018 Commonwealth Games New Zealand has qualified a men 's and women 's basketball teams for a total of 24 athletes ( 12 men and 12 women ) . The men 's team qualified as being one of the top three teams in the Commonwealth ( besides the host nation , Australia ) , while the women 's team was invited by FIBA and the CGF . Men 's tournament ( edit ) Main article : Basketball at the 2018 Commonwealth Games -- Men 's tournament Roster Tom Abercrombie Finn Delany Shea Ili Jarrod Kenny Rob Loe Jordan Ngatai Alex Pledger Derone Raukawa Ethan Rusbatch Tohi Smith - Milner Reuben Te Rangi Mika Vukona ( c ) Pool A Team PLD PF PA PD Points Australia 0 271 183 + 88 6 New Zealand 265 204 + 61 5 Canada 197 244 - 47 Nigeria 0 187 289 - 102 Qualified for the Semifinals Qualified for the Qualifying finals 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 2018 20 : 00 Boxscore Nigeria 65 -- 110 New Zealand Scoring by quarter : 15 -- 24 , 20 -- 26 , 8 -- 31 , 22 -- 29 Pts : Dike 15 Rebs : Achiuwa 8 Asts : Ofoegbu , Achiuwa 2 Pts : Abercrombie 21 Rebs : Pledger 10 Asts : Ili , Kenny 6 Cairns Convention Centre , Cairns Referees : Liszka ( POL ) , Kom Njilo ( CMR ) , Unsworth ( GBR ) 000000002018 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 2018 21 : 00 Boxscore New Zealand 73 -- 79 Australia Scoring by quarter : 21 -- 19 , 19 -- 16 , 19 - 21 , 14 - 23 Pts : Ili 22 Rebs : Delany 6 Asts : Ili 4 Pts : Kay 21 Rebs : Sobey 6 Asts : Cadee 3 Cairns Convention Centre , Cairns Referees : Bermudez ( MEX ) , Liszka ( POL ) , Dodds ( GBR ) 000000002018 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 2018 18 : 30 Boxscore Canada 60 -- 82 New Zealand Scoring by quarter : 14 -- 20 , 17 -- 20 , 12 -- 23 , 17 -- 19 Pts : Kapinga 19 Rebs : Morgan 6 Asts : Diawara , Kapinga 2 Pts : Abercrombie 17 Rebs : Abercrombie 9 Asts : Ili 5 Cairns Convention Centre , Cairns Referees : Bermudez ( MEX ) , Boyer ( AUS ) , Decastro ( MOZ ) Semifinal 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 2018 12 : 30 Boxscore New Zealand 86 -- 88 Canada Scoring by quarter : 16 -- 22 , 26 -- 23 , 16 -- 30 , 28 -- 13 Pts : Ili 23 Rebs : Mika Vukona 15 Asts : Ili 7 Pts : Diressa 22 Rebs : Pierre - Charles 7 Asts : Tutu 6 Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre , Gold Coast Referees : Liszka ( POL ) , Kato ( JPN ) , Kom Njilo ( CMR ) Bronze medal match 000000002018 - 04 - 15 - 0000 15 April 2018 09 : 00 Boxscore Scotland 69 -- 79 New Zealand Scoring by quarter : 21 -- 19 , 14 -- 22 , 9 -- 18 , 25 -- 20 Pts : Bunyan 13 Rebs : Fraser 6 Asts : Bunyan 5 Pts : Abercrombie 26 Rebs : Loe 10 Asts : Loe 4 Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre , Gold Coast Referees : Beattie ( USA ) , Weiland ( CAN ) , Boyer ( AUS ) Women 's tournament ( edit ) Main article : Basketball at the 2018 Commonwealth Games -- Women 's tournament Roster The following is the New Zealand roster in the women 's basketball tournament of the 2018 Commonwealth Games . New Zealand women 's national basketball team - 2018 Commonwealth Games roster Players Coaches Pos . # Name Age -- Date of birth Ht . Club Ctr . 1.5 ! G 0 Jillings , Zara 7003725000000000000 ♠ 19 -- ( 1998 - 05 - 30 ) 30 May 1998 1.75 m ( 5 ft 9 in ) Fordham Rams USA ! 1.5 ! G Rooney , Erin 7004100760000000000 ♠ 27 -- ( 1990 - 09 - 03 ) 3 September 1990 1.73 m ( 5 ft 8 in ) PDS BBC Troistorrents SUI ! 1.5 ! G Cocks , Micaela 7004116610000000000 ♠ 31 -- ( 1986 - 05 - 02 ) 2 May 1986 1.74 m ( 5 ft 9 in ) Townsville Fire AUS ! 3.5 ! F Purcell , Kalani 7003848300000000000 ♠ 23 -- ( 1995 - 01 - 13 ) 13 January 1995 1.84 m ( 6 ft 0 in ) Melbourne Boomers AUS ! 1.5 ! G 6 Hunter , Jordan 7004100900000000000 ♠ 27 -- ( 1990 - 08 - 20 ) 20 August 1990 1.68 m ( 5 ft 6 in ) Sturt Sabres AUS ! 1.5 ! G 7 Farnworth , Antonia 7004112880000000000 ♠ 30 -- ( 1987 - 05 - 10 ) 10 May 1987 1.81 m ( 5 ft 11 in ) Perth Lynx AUS ! 3.5 ! F 8 Taylor , Natalie 7004128860000000000 ♠ 35 -- ( 1982 - 12 - 24 ) 24 December 1982 1.83 m ( 6 ft 0 in ) Brisbane Spartans AUS ! 2.5 ! G / F 10 Paalvast , Chevannah 7003971000000000000 ♠ 26 -- ( 1991 - 09 - 04 ) 4 September 1991 1.80 m ( 5 ft 11 in ) Canberra Capitals AUS ! 3.5 ! F 11 Bygate , Jessica 7003958200000000000 ♠ 26 -- ( 1992 - 01 - 10 ) 10 January 1992 1.85 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) Sandringham Sabres AUS ! 5.0 ! C 13 Stockill , Josephine 7003886300000000000 ♠ 24 -- ( 1993 - 12 - 29 ) 29 December 1993 1.86 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) Sunbury Jets AUS ! 3.5 ! F 15 Franklin , Deena 7003846000000000000 ♠ 23 -- ( 1995 - 02 - 05 ) 5 February 1995 1.86 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) Harbour Breeze NZL ! 1.5 ! G 55 Leger - Walker , Charlisse 7003604600000000000 ♠ 16 -- ( 2001 - 09 - 15 ) 15 September 2001 1.74 m ( 5 ft 9 in ) Waikato Wizards NZL ! Head coach Guy Molloy Assistant coach ( es ) Jody Cameron Aik Ho Legend ( C ) Team captain Club - describes last club before the tournament Age - describes age on 5 April 2018 Pool B Pos Team Pld PF PA PD Pts Qualification New Zealand 0 256 148 + 108 6 Qualifying finals Jamaica 196 195 + 1 5 Malaysia 187 239 − 52 India 0 184 241 − 57 Source : GC2018 Rules for classification : 1 ) Points ; 2 ) Head - to - head results ; 3 ) Points difference ; 4 ) Points scored . 000000002018 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 2018 21 : 00 Boxscore New Zealand 86 -- 44 Malaysia Scoring by quarter : 24 -- 10 , 27 -- 15 , 15 -- 3 , 20 -- 16 Pts : Cocks 15 Rebs : Purcell 12 Asts : Hunter 6 Pts : Yap Fook Yee 12 Rebs : Pang Hui Pin 7 Asts : Pang Hui Pin 5 Cairns Convention Centre , Cairns Referees : James Boyer ( AUS ) , Sarah Carey ( AUS ) , Kate Webb ( ENG ) 000000002018 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 2018 11 : 30 Boxscore New Zealand 80 -- 49 Jamaica Scoring by quarter : 17 -- 16 , 24 -- 9 , 19 -- 14 , 20 -- 10 Pts : Leger - Walker 18 Rebs : Leger - Walker 6 Asts : Cocks 6 Pts : George 12 Rebs : Jackson 7 Asts : L Gordon , Jackson 2 Cairns Convention Centre , Cairns Referees : Artur Decastro ( MOZ ) , Ceciline Michael Vincent ( IND ) , Christine Vuong ( CAN ) 000000002018 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 2018 17 : 30 Boxscore India 55 -- 90 New Zealand Scoring by quarter : 12 -- 31 , 10 -- 23 , 19 -- 19 , 14 -- 17 Pts : Kumari 14 Rebs : Skaria 9 Asts : Sidhu , Limaye 3 Pts : Cocks 21 Rebs : Farnworth 7 Asts : Farnworth 5 Cairns Convention Centre , Cairns Referees : Christine Vuong ( CAN ) , Simon Unsworth ( ENG ) , James Boyer ( AUS ) Qualifying final 000000002018 - 04 - 10 - 0000 10 April 2018 21 : 00 Boxscore Mozambique 63 -- 79 New Zealand Scoring by quarter : 7 -- 18 , 19 -- 23 , 15 -- 19 , 22 -- 19 Pts : Mafanela 15 Rebs : Lhavanguane , Mucauro 7 Asts : Cossa , Mucauro 5 Pts : Taylor 25 Rebs : Taylor 8 Asts : Hunter 7 Townsville Entertainment and Convention Centre , Townsville Referees : Takaki Kato ( JPN ) , Jon Chapman ( AUS ) , Joyce Muchenu ( ZIM ) Semifinal 000000002018 - 04 - 13 - 0000 13 April 2018 21 : 00 Boxscore Australia 109 -- 50 New Zealand Scoring by quarter : 25 -- 12 , 28 -- 16 , 30 -- 6 , 26 -- 16 Pts : Cambage 21 Rebs : Griffin , Kunek 7 Asts : O'Hea 6 Pts : Cocks , Leger - Walker , Taylor 9 Rebs : Paalvast 5 Asts : Cocks , Purcell 3 Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre , Gold Coast Referees : Wojciech Liszka ( POL ) , Viola Gyoergyi ( NOR ) , Chris Dodds ( GBR ) Bronze medal match 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 2018 18 : 00 Boxscore New Zealand 74 -- 58 Canada Scoring by quarter : 16 -- 12 , 18 -- 14 , 23 -- 13 , 17 -- 19 Pts : Leger - Walker , Taylor 18 Rebs : Purcell 7 Asts : Cocks 7 Pts : Nofuente 18 Rebs : Hamblin , Kiss - Rusk , Provo 6 Asts : Masikewich , Traer 2 Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre , Gold Coast Referees : Jon Chapman ( AUS ) , Sarah Carey ( AUS ) , Kate Webb ( ENG ) Beach volleyball ( edit ) Main article : Beach volleyball at the 2018 Commonwealth Games The women 's pair was named on 10 January 2018 . The men 's pair was added on 20 February 2018 . Athlete Event Preliminary round Standing Quarterfinals Semifinals Final / BM Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Ben O'Dea Sam O'Dea Men 's Pool C Apostolou -- Chrysostomou ( CYP ) W 2 -- 1 Acacio -- Soares ( MOZ ) W 2 -- 1 Gregory -- Sheaf ( ENG ) W 2 -- 1 Stewart -- Williams ( TTO ) W 2 -- 0 Pedlow -- Schachter ( CAN ) L 0 -- 2 Gregory -- Sheaf ( ENG ) W 2 -- 0 03 ! Kelsie Wills Shaunna Polley Women 's Pool C Nzayisenga -- Mutatsimpundu ( RWA ) W 2 -- 0 Lau -- Ong ( SGP ) W 2 -- 0 Matauatu -- Pata ( VAN ) W 2 -- 0 Angelopoulou -- Konstantinou ( CYP ) L 0 -- 2 Did not advance Boxing ( edit ) Main article : Boxing at the 2018 Commonwealth Games The eight - member boxing team was announced on 22 February 2018 . Men Athlete Event Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Rank Richard Hadlow 64 kg Volcere ( SEY ) W 4 -- 1 Vidanalage ( SRI ) L 1 -- 4 Did not advance Leroy Hindley 69 kg Katta ( SLE ) W 5 -- 0 Moshoeshoe ( LES ) W 4 -- 1 Walsh ( NIR ) L 0 -- 5 Did not advance Ryan Scaife 75 kg Bye Owuor ( KEN ) W 5 -- 0 Ntsengue ( CMR ) L 0 -- 5 Did not advance David Nyika 91 kg N / A Aska ( ANT ) W 5 -- 0 Ndzie Tsoye ( CMR ) W W / O Clarke ( ENG ) W 5 -- 0 Whateley ( AUS ) W 5 -- 0 01 ! Patrick Mailata 91 kg+ N / A Barton ( SCO ) W 5 -- 0 McMonagle ( NIR ) W 5 -- 0 Clarke ( ENG ) L 2 -- 3 Did not advance 03 ! Women Athlete Event Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Rank Tasmyn Benny 48 kg N / A Modukanele ( BOT ) W 5 -- 0 O'Hara ( NIR ) L 0 -- 5 Did not advance 03 ! Alexis Pritchard 57 kg Ranone ( LES ) W RSC Hansika ( SRI ) W 5 -- 0 Walsh ( NIR ) L 1 -- 4 Did not advance 03 ! Troy Garton 60 kg Bye Kasemang ( BOT ) W 5 -- 0 Stridsman ( AUS ) L 0 -- 5 Did not advance 03 ! Cycling ( edit ) Main article : Cycling at the 2018 Commonwealth Games The team of 33 cyclists was named on 17 February 2018 . Jason Christie replaced Alex Frame , and Hayden McCormick replaced Hamish Bond in the road race , leaving Bond to focus solely on the time trial , on 22 March 2018 . Road ( edit ) Men Athlete Event Time Rank Shane Archbold Road race 3 : 57 : 01 6 Jack Bauer 3 : 57 : 22 13 Jason Christie 3 : 57 : 58 16 Sam Gaze 3 : 57 : 04 10 Hayden McCormick 3 : 57 : 01 5 James Oram 3 : 57 : 10 11 Hamish Bond Time trial 48 : 45.45 03 ! James Oram 49 : 40.72 5 Women Athlete Event Time Rank Bryony Botha Road race DNF Rushlee Buchanan 3 : 05 : 40 26 Sharlotte Lucas 3 : 02 : 18 Kate McIlroy 3 : 03 : 32 19 Linda Villumsen 3 : 02 : 43 12 Georgia Williams 3 : 02 : 18 02 ! Rushlee Buchanan Time trial 37 : 39.28 5 Linda Villumsen 36 : 03.01 02 ! Track ( edit ) Sprint Athlete Event Qualification Round 1 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final Time Rank Opposition Time Opposition Time Opposition Time Opposition Time Rank Eddie Dawkins Men 's sprint 9.704 7 Q Truman ( ENG ) L 10.222 Did not advance Ethan Mitchell 9.654 3 Q Constable ( AUS ) W 10.518 Schmid ( AUS ) L , L Did not advance Sam Webster 9.809 12 Q Hindes ( ENG ) W 10.167 Owens ( ENG ) W 10.250 , W 10.188 Sahrom ( MAS ) W 10.334 , W 10.151 Carlin ( SCO ) W 10.123 , W 9.952 01 ! Eddie Dawkins Ethan Mitchell Sam Webster Men 's team sprint 42.822 GR 1 Q N / A England ( ENG ) W 42.877 01 ! Emma Cumming Women 's sprint 11.079 8 Q Stewart ( NIR ) W 11.800 Morton ( AUS ) L , L Did not advance Natasha Hansen 10.760 3 Q Coster ( WAL ) W 11.389 Mustapa ( MAS ) W 11.242 , W 11.670 Genest ( CAN ) W 11.317 , L , W 11.672 Morton ( AUS ) L , L 02 ! Olivia Podmore 10.985 5 Q Walsh ( CAN ) W 11.769 McCulloch ( AUS ) L , L Did not advance Emma Cumming Natasha Hansen Women 's team sprint 33.321 2 Q N / A Australia ( AUS ) L 33.115 02 ! Keirin Athlete Event Round 1 Repechage Semifinals Final Eddie Dawkins Men 's keirin 1 Q 3 Q 03 ! Bradly Knipe 6 Did not advance Sam Webster 2 Q N / A 1 Q 5 Emma Cumming Women 's keirin 3 Q 11 Natasha Hansen 1 Q N / A 2 Q 03 ! Olivia Podmore 5 1 Q 2 Q 6 Time trial Athlete Event Time Rank Eddie Dawkins Men 's time trial 59.928 02 ! Dylan Kennett 1 : 01.546 7 Zac Williams 1 : 01.132 Ellesse Andrews Women 's time trial 35.850 12 Emma Cumming 34.230 03 ! Natasha Hansen 34.238 Pursuit Athlete Event Qualification Final Time Rank Opponent Results Rank Jared Gray Men 's pursuit 4 : 22.752 12 Did not advance Dylan Kennett 4 : 13.414 3 QB Kerby ( AUS ) W 4 : 18.373 03 ! Nicholas Kergozou 4 : 23.429 13 Did not advance Regan Gough Nicholas Kergozou Tom Sexton Campbell Stewart Men 's team pursuit DSQ Did not advance Ellesse Andrews Women 's pursuit 3 : 33.707 6 Did not advance Bryony Botha 3 : 35.394 9 Kirstie James 3 : 29.192 5 Bryony Botha Rushlee Buchanan Kirstie James Racquel Sheath Women 's team pursuit 4 : 22.331 2 Q Australia ( AUS ) L OVL 02 ! Points race Athlete Event Qualification Final Points Rank Points Rank Regan Gough Men 's point race 28 2 Q 43 9 Campbell Stewart 9 9 Q 69 02 ! Tom Sexton 12 4 Q 43 10 Rushlee Buchanan Women 's points race N / A 10 5 Michaela Drummond 10 Racquel Sheath 0 17 Scratch race Athlete Event Qualification Final Dylan Kennett Men 's scratch race 7 Q 15 Nicholas Kergozou 6 Q 17 Campbell Stewart 6 Q 02 ! Michaela Drummond Women 's scratch race N / A 10 Kirstie James 5 Racquel Sheath 15 Mountain bike ( edit ) Athlete Event Time Rank Anton Cooper Men 's cross-country 1 : 17 : 36 02 ! Sam Gaze 1 : 17 : 36 01 ! Ben Oliver 1 : 18 : 41 Samara Sheppard Women 's cross-country 1 : 23 : 46 9 Gymnastics ( edit ) Main article : Gymnastics at the 2018 Commonwealth Games The first five gymnasts were announced on 22 December 2017 . An additional two gymnasts were announced on 5 February 2018 . Artistic ( edit ) Men Team Final & Individual Qualification Athlete Event Apparatus Total Rank PH V PB HB David Bishop Team N / A 12.500 12.450 13.800 N / A 12.450 N / A Ethan Dick 13.700 Q 11.800 12.650 14.000 13.350 10.800 76.300 16 Q Devy Dyson 11.150 10.200 13.825 Q N / A 12.800 13.200 N / A Kyleab Ellis 13.100 N / A N / A 14.300 Q 13.225 N / A N / A Mikhail Koudinov 13.600 12.350 12.900 13.900 13.750 12.800 79.300 9 Q Total 40.400 36.650 39.375 42.200 40.325 38.450 237.400 6 Individual Finals Athlete Event Apparatus Total Rank PH V PB HB Ethan Dick All - around 13.600 12.850 12.700 13.900 12.500 12.400 77.950 11 Floor 13.500 N / A 13.500 5 Devy Dyson Rings N / A 13.533 N / A 13.533 6 Kyleab Ellis Vault N / A 13.933 N / A 13.933 7 Mikhail Koudinov All - around 12.200 12.850 13.000 13.600 11.950 11.600 75.200 15 Women Individual Qualification Athlete Event Apparatus Total Rank V UB BB Stella Ashcroft Qualification 13.100 10.000 11.750 10.875 45.725 14 Q Individual Finals Athlete Event Apparatus Total Rank V UB BB Stella Ashcroft All - around 12.950 9.900 11.700 11.500 46.050 13 Rhythmic ( edit ) Individual Qualification Athlete Event Apparatus Total Rank Hoop Ball Clubs Ribbon Stella Ebert Qualification 10.400 7.400 9.300 7.550 34.650 22 Hockey ( edit ) Main article : Hockey at the 2018 Commonwealth Games New Zealand has qualified both men 's and women 's hockey teams for a total of 36 athletes ( 18 men and 18 women ) . Both teams qualified as being one of the top nine teams in the Commonwealth ( besides the host nation , Australia ) according to their FIH World Rankings as of 31 October 2017 . Men 's tournament ( edit ) Main article : Hockey at the 2018 Commonwealth Games -- Men 's tournament Roster Corey Bennett Marcus Child Hugo Inglis Stephen Jenness Richard Joyce Dane Left Devon Manchester Shea McAleese Harry Miskimmin George Muir Dominic Newman Arun Panchia ( c ) Jared Panchia Hayden Phillips Nick Ross Kane Russell Aidan Sarikaya Nic Woods Pool A Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Australia ( H ) 0 0 16 + 14 12 Advance to Semi-finals New Zealand 0 18 6 + 12 9 Scotland 0 7 14 − 7 5th -- 6th place match Canada 0 12 − 9 7th -- 8th place match 5 South Africa 0 14 − 10 9th -- 10th place match Source : FIH Rules for classification : 1 ) points ; 2 ) number of wins ; 3 ) goal difference ; 4 ) goals scored ; 5 ) head - to - head results . ( H ) Host . 6 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) 11 : 30 New Zealand 6 -- 2 Canada Russell 28 ' Woods 31 ' Muir 41 ' Lett 42 ' Jenness 42 ' Inglis 60 ' Report Kirkpatrick 47 ' Johnston 58 ' Umpires : Hong Zhen Lim ( SGP ) Paul Walker ( GBR ) 8 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 08 ) 16 : 30 New Zealand 6 -- 0 South Africa Russell 4 ' , 25 ' J. Panchia 26 ' Woods 27 ' Muir 50 ' Ross 53 ' Report Umpires : Jamie Hooper ( WAL ) Paul Walker ( ENG ) 10 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) 11 : 30 New Zealand 5 -- 2 Scotland Russell 3 ' , 30 ' , 34 ' J. Panchia 4 ' Inglis 50 ' Report Forsyth 20 ' , 53 ' Umpires : Anbananthan Rawi ( MAS ) Deepak Joshi ( IND ) 11 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 11 ) 16 : 30 Australia 2 -- 1 New Zealand Whetton 20 ' Mitton 57 ' Report Bennett 59 ' Umpires : David Sweetman ( SCO ) Hong Zhen Lim ( SGP ) Semifinal 13 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) 21 : 45 India 2 -- 3 New Zealand H. Singh 30 ' , 56 ' Report Inglis 7 ' Jenness 13 ' Child 40 ' Umpires : Lim Hong Zhen ( SGP ) Rawi Anbananthan ( MAS ) Gold medal match 14 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 14 ) 21 : 15 Australia 2 -- 0 New Zealand Kleinschmidt 21 ' Dawson 28 ' Report Umpires : Sean Rapaport ( RSA ) Lim Hong Zhen ( SGP ) Women 's tournament ( edit ) Main article : Hockey at the 2018 Commonwealth Games -- Women 's tournament Roster Sam Charlton Tarryn Davey Frances Davies Madison Doar Shiloh Gloyn Ella Gunson Sam Harrison Pippa Hayward Rose Keddell Anita McLaren Olivia Merry Stacey Michelsen ( c ) Brooke Neal Grace O'Hanlon Amy Robinson Sally Rutherford Kelsey Smith Liz Thompson Pool B Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Australia ( H ) 0 8 0 + 8 10 Advance to Semi-finals New Zealand 0 18 + 17 8 Canada 5 + 3 5 5th -- 6th place match Scotland 6 8 − 2 7th -- 8th place match 5 Ghana 0 0 27 − 26 0 9th -- 10th place match Source : FIH Rules for classification : 1 ) points ; 2 ) number of wins ; 3 ) goal difference ; 4 ) goals scored ; 5 ) head - to - head results . ( H ) Host . 5 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) 11 : 30 Scotland 1 -- 6 New Zealand Howie 53 ' Report Smith 10 ' Neal 12 ' Gloyn 18 ' , 48 ' Keddell 18 ' , 45 ' Umpires : Ayanna McClean ( USA ) Cookie Tan ( SGP ) 6 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) 16 : 30 New Zealand 12 -- 0 Ghana Doar 10 ' , 50 ' , 53 ' Smith 14 ' Charlton 16 ' Gloyn 28 ' Michelsen 33 ' Merry 35 ' Harrison 43 ' McLaren 49 ' , 59 ' Robinson 51 ' Report Umpires : Catherine Wright ( GBR ) Aleisha Neumann ( AUS ) 8 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 08 ) 11 : 30 New Zealand 0 -- 0 Canada Report Umpires : Wanri Venter ( RSA ) Nur Hafiza Azman ( MAS ) 9 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 09 ) 21 : 30 Australia 0 -- 0 New Zealand Report Umpires : Sarah Wilson ( SCO ) Ayanna McClean ( TTO ) Semifinal 12 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) 19 : 00 England 0 -- 0 New Zealand Report Penalties Danson Bray Martin Toman Pearne - Webb 1 -- 2 Charlton Thompson Harrison Gunson Michelsen Umpires : Sarah Wilson ( SCO ) Aleisha Neumann ( AUS ) Gold medal match 14 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 14 ) 12 : 45 New Zealand 4 -- 1 Australia Gloyn 28 ' Keddell 34 ' Merry 42 ' McLaren 56 ' Report Kenny 50 ' Umpires : Sarah Wilson ( SCO ) Ayanna McClean ( TTO ) Lawn Bowls ( edit ) Main article : Lawn bowls at the 2018 Commonwealth Games The NZOC named seven para-bowlers to compete at the games on 22 November 2017 . with the ten able - bodied bowlers named in January 2018 . Men Athlete Event Preliminary round Quarterfinals Semifinals Final / BM Rank Match 1 Match 2 Match 3 Match 4 Match 5 Rank Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Shannon McIlroy Singles Newell ( JAM ) W 21 -- 0 Kumar ( FIJ ) W 21 -- 15 Kimani ( KEN ) W 21 -- 12 Paxton ( ENG ) L 18 -- 21 Xalxo ( IND ) W 21 -- 0 1 Q Paxton ( ENG ) L 16 -- 21 Did not advance Shannon McIlroy Blake Signal Pairs Botswana W 27 -- 8 Papua New Guinea W 24 -- 11 Cook Islands W 26 -- 12 Fiji W 18 -- 11 England W 14 -- 12 1 Q Wales L 20 -- 7 Did not advance Ali Forsyth Paul Girdler Mike Nagy Triples Singapore W 28 -- 6 Niue W 36 -- 8 Canada W 18 -- 13 Namibia W 28 -- 8 N / A 1 Q Australia L 10 -- 25 Did not advance Ali Forsyth Paul Girdler Mike Nagy Blake Signal Fours Cook Islands W 21 -- 4 Papua New Guinea W 20 -- 12 Canada W 21 -- 11 Wales W 11 -- 10 N / A 1 Q England L 2 -- 20 Did not advance Women Athlete Event Preliminary round Quarterfinals Semifinals Final / BM Rank Match 1 Match 2 Match 3 Match 4 Match 5 Rank Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Jo Edwards Singles Pinki ( IND ) W 20 -- 16 Blumsky ( NIU ) W 21 -- 11 Rednall ( ENG ) L 17 -- 21 Tikoisuva ( FIJ ) W 21 -- 10 Saroji ( MAS ) W 21 -- 7 1 Q Saroji ( MAS ) W 21 -- 9 Piketh ( RSA ) W 21 -- 17 Daniels ( WAL ) W 21 -- 17 01 ! Jo Edwards Val Smith Pairs Fiji W 17 -- 16 Tonga W 29 -- 6 Canada L 16 -- 18 Norfolk Island L 11 -- 20 N / A Did not advance Mandy Boyd Tayla Bruce Katelyn Inch Triples Zambia W 24 -- 12 Namibia W 21 -- 15 Jersey W 24 -- 8 Wales W 19 -- 15 N / A 1 Q Canada L 16 -- 18 Did not advance Mandy Boyd Tayla Bruce Katelyn Inch Val Smith Fours Jersey W 20 -- 15 Zambia W 21 -- 8 Norfolk Island W 28 -- 5 South Africa L 11 -- 16 N / A 2 Q South Africa L 8 -- 16 Did not advance Para Athlete Event Group stage Semifinal Final / BM Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Sue Curran Ann Muir ( guide ) David Stallard Peter Blick ( guide ) Mixed para pairs Wales W 14 -- 11 South Africa L 12 -- 14 Australia L 11 -- 16 Scotland L 5 -- 23 England W 16 -- 13 5 Did not advance Mark Noble Bruce Wakefield Barry Wynks Open para triples Wales W 26 -- 5 England L 12 -- 13 Scotland W 17 -- 9 South Africa W 19 -- 11 Australia L 11 -- 16 3 Q England W 18 -- 11 Australia L 14 -- 13 02 ! Netball ( edit ) Main article : Netball at the 2018 Commonwealth Games New Zealand qualified a netball team by virtue of being ranked in the top 11 ( excluding the host nation , Australia ) of the INF World Rankings on 1 July 2017 . The team was announced on 8 February 2018 . Roster Katrina Grant ( c ) Maria Folau ( vc ) Ameliaranne Ekenasio Temalisi Fakahokotau Shannon Francois Kelly Jury Grace Kara Claire Kersten Bailey Mes Te Paea Selby - Rickit Michaela Sokolich - Beatson Samantha Sinclair Pool B Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification England 5 5 0 0 342 202 + 140 10 Semi-finals New Zealand 5 0 292 235 + 57 6 Uganda 5 0 287 248 + 39 6 Classification matches Malawi 5 0 277 284 − 7 6 5 Scotland 5 0 195 289 − 94 6 Wales 5 0 0 5 215 350 − 135 0 Updated to match ( es ) played on 11 April 2018 . Source : GC2018 000000002018 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 2018 18 : 30 Report New Zealand 64 -- 51 Uganda Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre Umpires : Helen George Kate Stephenson Reserve umpire : Gary Burgess Folau 22 / 22 ( 100 % ) Ekenasio 19 / 26 ( 73 % ) Selby - Rickit 13 / 14 ( 93 % ) Mes 10 / 17 ( 59 % ) Proscovia 37 / 42 ( 88 % ) Nanyonga 14 / 16 ( 88 % ) 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 2018 13 : 00 Report Wales 44 -- 70 New Zealand Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre Umpires : Theresa Prince Jackie Mizon Reserve umpire : Joshua Bowring Moseley 21 / 30 ( 70 % ) Lewis 21 / 31 ( 68 % ) Llewelyn 1 / 1 ( 100 % ) Rowe 1 / 2 ( 50 % ) Selby - Rickit 28 / 31 ( 90 % ) Folau 19 / 23 ( 83 % ) Ekenasio 13 / 17 ( 76 % ) Mes 10 / 14 ( 71 % ) 000000002018 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 2018 18 : 30 Report Malawi 57 -- 53 New Zealand Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre Umpires : Joshua Bowring Gary Burgess Reserve umpire : Theresa Prince Kumwenda 41 / 46 ( 89 % ) Chimaliro 16 / 20 ( 80 % ) Folau 31 / 39 ( 79 % ) Selby - Rickit 15 / 17 ( 88 % ) Mes 7 / 12 ( 58 % ) Ekenasio 0 / 2 ( 0 % ) 000000002018 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 2018 20 : 30 Report New Zealand 60 -- 29 Scotland Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre Umpires : Kate Stephenson Michelle Phippard Reserve umpire : Joshua Bowring Selby - Rickit 33 / 37 ( 89 % ) Folau 27 / 35 ( 77 % ) Goodwin 23 / 28 ( 82 % ) Gallagher 6 / 7 ( 86 % ) 000000002018 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 2018 09 : 00 Report New Zealand 45 -- 54 England Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre Umpires : Michelle Phippard Marc Henning Reserve umpire : Joshua Bowring Folau 30 / 39 ( 77 % ) Selby - Rickit 12 / 19 ( 63 % ) Mes 3 / 4 ( 75 % ) Housby 27 / 32 ( 84 % ) Harten 27 / 31 ( 87 % ) Semifinal 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 2018 17 : 00 Report Australia 65 -- 44 New Zealand Coomera Indoor Sports Centre Umpires : Gary Burgess Jackie Mizon Reserve umpire : Kate Stephenson Thwaites 24 / 25 ( 96 % ) Bassett 17 / 18 ( 94 % ) Pettitt 15 / 16 ( 94 % ) Wood 9 / 12 ( 75 % ) Folau 32 / 41 ( 78 % ) Ekenasio 7 / 9 ( 78 % ) Selby - Rickit 3 / 5 ( 60 % ) Mes 2 / 3 ( 67 % ) Bronze medal match 000000002018 - 04 - 15 - 0000 15 April 2018 11 : 00 Report New Zealand 55 -- 60 Jamaica Coomera Indoor Sports Centre Umpires : Marc Henning Michelle Phippard Reserve umpire : Joshua Bowring Folau 34 / 44 ( 77 % ) Mes 12 / 20 ( 60 % ) Ekenasio 9 / 13 ( 69 % ) Aiken 24 / 31 ( 77 % ) Fowler - Reid 21 / 22 ( 95 % ) Beckford 15 / 18 ( 83 % ) Rugby Sevens ( edit ) Main article : Rugby sevens at the 2018 Commonwealth Games The New Zealand men 's side qualified due to their 2016 -- 17 World Rugby Sevens Series ranking , while the New Zealand women 's side qualified due to their 2016 -- 17 World Rugby Women 's Sevens Series ranking . Both the men 's and women 's teams were announced on 21 March 2018 . Men 's tournament ( edit ) Main article : Rugby sevens at the 2018 Commonwealth Games -- Men 's tournament Team Kurt Baker Dylan Collier Scott Curry Sam Dickson Trael Joass Vilimoni Koroi Andrew Knewstubb Tim Mikkelson Sione Molia Etene Nanai - Seturo Akuila Rokolisoa Regan Ware Travelling reserve : Teddy Stanaway Pool B Pos Team Pld PF PA PD Pts Qualification New Zealand 0 0 127 14 + 113 9 Semi-finals Kenya 0 80 50 + 30 7 Classification semi-finals Canada 0 64 59 + 5 5 Zambia 0 0 0 148 − 148 Source : GC2018 Rules for classification : 1 ) Points ; 2 ) Head - to - head result ; 3 ) Point difference ; 4 ) Points scored . 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 2018 10 : 37 New Zealand 54 -- 0 Zambia Try : Koroi 1 ' c Nanai - Seturo 4 ' c Molia 7 ' m Mikkelson 8 ' c Rokolisoa 8 ' c Baker 10 ' c Knewstubb 11 ' c Ware 14 ' c Con : Baker ( 2 / 3 ) 1 ' , 8 ' Koroi ( 1 / 1 ) 4 ' Rokolisoa ( 2 / 2 ) 9 ' , 10 ' Knewstubb ( 2 / 2 ) 11 ' , 14 ' ( Gold Coast 2018 ) Robina Stadium , Gold Coast Referee : Damon Murphy ( Australia ) 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 2018 14 : 17 New Zealand 40 -- 7 Kenya Try : Nanai - Seturo ( 2 ) 1 ' m , 6 ' c Molia 3 ' c Ware 8 ' c Curry 9 ' c Knewstubb 11 ' c Con : Koroi ( 2 / 3 ) 3 ' , 6 ' Baker ( 1 / 1 ) 8 ' Knewstubb ( 2 / 2 ) 10 ' , 11 ' ( Gold Coast 2018 ) Try : Oliech 12 ' c Con : Oliech ( 1 / 1 ) 13 ' Robina Stadium , Gold Coast Referee : Sam Grove - White ( Scotland ) 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 2018 20 : 49 New Zealand 33 -- 7 Canada Try : Curry 1 ' m Ware ( 2 ) 3 ' c , 8 ' c Koroi 5 ' c Baker 11 ' c Con : Knewstubb ( 3 / 4 ) 3 ' , 5 ' , 8 ' Baker ( 1 / 1 ) 11 ' ( Gold Coast 2018 ) Try : Cejvanovic 13 ' c Con : Hirayama ( 1 / 1 ) 14 ' Robina Stadium , Gold Coast Referee : Craig Evans ( Wales ) Semifinal 15 April 2018 11 : 43 England 12 -- 17 New Zealand ( Gold Coast 2018 ) Robina Stadium , Gold Coast Referee : Rasta Rasivhenge ( South Africa ) Gold medal match 15 April 2018 15 : 01 New Zealand 14 -- 0 Fiji ( Gold Coast 2018 ) Robina Stadium , Gold Coast Referee : Damon Murphy ( Australia ) Women 's tournament ( edit ) Main article : Rugby sevens at the 2018 Commonwealth Games -- Women 's tournament Team Shakira Baker Michaela Blyde Kelly Brazier Gayle Broughton Theresa Fitzpatrick Sarah Goss Tyla Nathan - Wong Alena Saili Stacey Waaka Niall Williams Tenika Willison Portia Woodman Travelling reserve : Risi Pouri - Lane Pool A Pos Team Pld PF PA PD Pts Qualification New Zealand 0 0 110 7 + 103 9 Semi-finals Canada 0 60 36 + 24 7 Kenya 0 31 79 − 48 5 Classification semi-finals South Africa 0 0 10 89 − 79 Source : GC2018 Rules for classification : 1 ) Points ; 2 ) Head - to - head result ; 3 ) Point difference ; 4 ) Points scored . 000000002018 - 04 - 13 - 0000 13 April 2018 16 : 53 New Zealand 45 -- 0 Kenya Try : Woodman ( 3 ) 1 ' m , 8 ' c , 9 ' c Brazier 2 ' c Broughton 7 ' c Williams ( 2 ) 11 ' c , 14 ' m Con : Nathan - Wong ( 5 / 6 ) 3 ' , 7 ' , 8 ' , 9 ' , 11 ' Willison ( 0 / 1 ) ( Gold Coast 2018 ) Robina Stadium , Gold Coast Referee : Rose LaBreche ( Canada ) 000000002018 - 04 - 13 - 0000 13 April 2018 19 : 33 New Zealand 41 -- 0 South Africa Try : Goss 1 ' c Woodman ( 2 ) 1 ' m , 8 ' c Blyde 6 ' m Broughton 7 ' m Williams 9 ' c Brazier 12 ' m Con : Nathan - Wong ( 3 / 6 ) 1 ' , 8 ' , 9 ' Willison ( 0 / 1 ) ( Gold Coast 2018 ) Robina Stadium , Gold Coast Referee : Sara Cox ( England ) 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 2018 12 : 49 New Zealand 24 -- 7 Canada Try : Woodman 2 ' m Blyde ( 2 ) 9 ' m , 12 ' c Waaka 14 ' c Con : Nathan - Wong ( 2 / 4 ) 12 ' , 14 ' ( Gold Coast 2018 ) Try : Greenshields 7 ' c Con : Landry ( 1 / 1 ) 7 ' Robina Stadium , Gold Coast Referee : Alhambra Nievas ( Spain ) Semifinal 15 April 2018 11 : 21 New Zealand 26 -- 5 England ( Gold Coast 2018 ) Robina Stadium , Gold Coast Referee : Alhambra Nievas ( Spain ) Gold medal match 15 April 2018 14 : 39 Australia 12 -- 17 New Zealand ( Gold Coast 2018 ) Robina Stadium , Gold Coast Referee : Sara Cox ( England ) Shooting ( edit ) Main article : Shooting at the 2018 Commonwealth Games The NZOC announced eleven shooters to compete at the Games on 17 January 2018 . Nomination criteria : Men Athlete Event Qualification Final Points Rank Points Rank Myles Browne - Cole Trap 109 19 Did not advance Owen Robinson Trap 115 12 Did not advance Ryan Taylor 50 m rifle prone 619.4 2 Q 184.1 5 Scott Wilson Double trap 127 11 Did not advance Ricky Zhao 50 m pistol 511 - 3x 14 Did not advance Women Athlete Event Qualification Final Points Rank Points Rank Janet Hunt 50 m rifle prone N / A 608.2 10 Sally Johnston N / A 607.8 11 Natalie Rooney Trap 66 + 7 7 Did not advance Chloe Tipple Skeet 68 7 Did not advance Open Queen 's Prize ( full bore ) Athlete Event Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Total Points Points Points Points Rank Brian Carter Individual 105 - 14v 148 - 19v 145 - 9v 398 - 42v 15 John Snowden 105 - 14v 147 - 11v 148 - 10v 400 - 35v 8 Brian Carter John Snowden Pairs 296 - 34v 285 - 16v N / A 581 - 50v 5 Squash ( edit ) Main article : Squash at the 2018 Commonwealth Games The seven - member squash team was announced on 7 February 2018 . Individual Athlete Event Round of 64 Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final / BM Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Paul Coll Men 's singles Bye Ndhlovu ( ZAM ) W 3 -- 1 Yuen ( MAS ) W 3 -- 0 Selby ( ENG ) W 3 -- 1 Makin ( WAL ) W 3 -- 2 Willstrop ( ENG ) L 0 -- 3 02 ! Campbell Grayson Khalil ( GUY ) W 3 -- 0 Moran ( SCO ) W 3 -- 0 Willstrop ( ENG ) L 1 -- 3 Did not advance Evan Williams Kelly ( CAY ) W 3 -- 0 Adnan ( MAS ) L 1 -- 3 Did not advance Joelle King Women 's singles Bye Saffery ( WAL ) W 3 -- 0 Subramaniam ( MAS ) W 3 -- 1 Chinappa ( IND ) W 3 -- 0 David ( MAS ) W 3 - 1 Perry ( ENG ) W 3 - 2 01 ! Amanda Landers - Murphy Bye Methsarani ( SRI ) W 3 -- 0 Massaro ( ENG ) L 0 -- 3 Did not advance Doubles Athlete Event Group stage Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final / BM Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Paul Coll Campbell Grayson Men 's doubles Doyle & Snagg ( SVG ) W 2 -- 0 Hindle & Zammit - Lewis ( MLT ) W 2 -- 0 1 Q Aslam & Zaman ( PAK ) W 2 -- 0 Alexander & Palmer ( AUS ) L 1 -- 2 Did not advance Lance Beddoes Evan Williams Adnan & Yuen ( MAS ) L 0 -- 2 Bailey & Wilson ( SVG ) W 2 -- 0 2 Q Selby & Waller ( ENG ) L 0 -- 2 Did not advance Joelle King Amanda Landers - Murphy Women 's doubles Arnold & Subramaniam ( MAS ) L 0 -- 2 Cardwell & Nunn ( AUS ) W 2 -- 0 2 Q N / A Duncalf & Waters ( ENG ) W 2 -- 0 Grinham & Urquhart ( AUS ) W 2 -- 0 Chinappa & Pallikal Karthik ( IND ) W 2 -- 0 01 ! Paul Coll Joelle King Mixed doubles Vai & Suari ( PNG ) W 2 -- 0 Hindle & Kellas ( MLT ) W 2 -- 0 1 Q Best & Simpson ( BAR ) W 2 -- 0 Chinappa & Pal Sandhu ( IND ) W 2 -- 0 Pallikal Karthik & Ghosal ( IND ) L 1 -- 2 Waters & Selby ( ENG ) W 2 -- 0 03 ! Zac Millar Amanda Landers - Murphy Duncalf & Waller ( ENG ) L 1 -- 2 Sultana & Zammit - Lewis ( MLT ) W 2 -- 0 2 Q Chinappa & Pal Sandhu ( IND ) L 1 -- 2 Did not advance Triathlon ( edit ) Main article : Triathlon at the 2018 Commonwealth Games The NZOC announced five triathletes to compete at the games on 9 November 2017 . Tony Dodds was added on 14 February 2018 . Individual Athlete Event Swim ( 750 m ) Transition 1 Bike ( 20 km ) Transition 2 Run ( 5 km ) Total Rank Tony Dodds Men 's 8 : 57 0 : 35 28 : 04 0 : 25 17 : 28 55 : 29 16 Tayler Reid 8 : 49 0 : 33 27 : 45 0 : 24 16 : 17 53 : 48 11 Ryan Sissons 9 : 01 0 : 36 27 : 57 0 : 25 14 : 50 52 : 49 5 Andrea Hewitt Women 's 9 : 59 0 : 37 31 : 16 0 : 29 18 : 27 1 : 00 : 48 13 Rebecca Spence 9 : 46 0 : 38 30 : 13 0 : 28 18 : 07 59 : 12 10 Nicole van der Kaay 9 : 46 0 : 34 30 : 15 0 : 27 17 : 29 58 : 31 7 Mixed Relay Athletes Event Total Times per Athlete ( Swim 250 m , Bike 7 km , Run 1.5 km ) Total Group Time Rank Nicole van der Kaay Ryan Sissons Andrea Hewitt Tayler Reid Mixed relay 20 : 14 18 : 53 21 : 11 19 : 10 1 : 19 : 28 03 ! Weightlifting ( edit ) Main article : Weightlifting at the 2018 Commonwealth Games The NZOC announced twelve weightlifters to compete at the Games on 24 November 2017 . Nomination criteria : Men Athlete Event Snatch Clean & Jerk Total Rank Ianne Guiñares -- 62 kg 116 145 261 7 Vester Villalon -- 69 kg 118 -- -- DNF Cameron McTaggart -- 77 kg 130 160 290 7 Richie Patterson -- 85 kg -- N / A DNF Stanislav Chalaev -- 105 kg 148 -- -- DNF David Liti + 105 kg 174 229 403 GR 01 ! Women Athlete Event Snatch Clean & Jerk Total Rank Phillipa Patterson -- 53 kg 76 95 171 6 Alethea Boon -- 58 kg 81 100 181 5 Andrea Hams -- 69 kg 95 109 204 6 Bailey Rogers -- 75 kg 88 116 204 Tracey Lambrechs -- 90 kg 93 120 213 5 Laurel Hubbard + 90 kg 120 -- -- DNF Wrestling ( edit ) Main article : Wrestling at the 2018 Commonwealth Games The seven - member wrestling team was announced on 21 February 2018 . Repechage format Athlete Event Round of 16 Quarterfinal Semifinal Repechage Final / BM Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Rank Brahm Richards Men 's freestyle - 65 kg Bajrang ( IND ) L 0 -- 4 N / A Daniel ( NGR ) L 0 -- 4 Did not advance Akash Khullar Men 's freestyle - 74 kg Marianne ( MRI ) W 4 -- 0 Evans ( AUS ) L 0 -- 5 Did not advance Toby Fitzpatrick Men 's freestyle - 86 kg Bye Eslami ( ENG ) L 1 -- 3 Did not advance Sam Belkin Men 's freestyle - 97 kg Erasmus ( RSA ) L 0 -- 4 N / A Verreynne ( AUS ) W 3 -- 1 Steen ( CAN ) L 0 -- 4 Group stage format Athlete Event Group Stage Semifinal Final / BM Opposition Result Opposition Result Rank Opposition Result Opposition Result Rank Ana Moceyawa Women 's freestyle - 57 kg Schaefer ( CAN ) L 0 -- 5 Dhanda ( IND ) L 0 -- 5 Did not advance Nordic format Athlete Event Nordic Round Robin Rank Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Tayla Ford Women 's freestyle - 62 kg Fazzari ( CAN ) L 1 -- 4 Etane Ngolle ( CMR ) W 5 -- 0 Adeniyi ( NGR ) L 0 -- 4 Malik ( IND ) L 1 -- 3 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sophie Pascoe named Commonwealth Games flag bearer '' . Radio New Zealand News . 3 April 2018 . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stacey Michelsen to lead NZ at closing ceremony '' . RNZ News . 15 April 2018 . Retrieved 15 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 70 Nations and Territories. 6 Continents. 2 Billion citizens . 1 commonwealth family '' . Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas on backburner for Sophie Pascoe as she targets Commonwealth Games success '' . Stuff . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Wellington swimmer Lewis Clareburt added to Commonwealth Games team '' . Stuff . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage divers added to New Zealand 's Commonwealth Games squad '' . Stuff . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Valerie Adams leads NZ athletics team for Commonwealth Games '' . Stuff. 2 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Robinson sole NZ track and field para-athlete for Gold Coast Games '' . Radio New Zealand . 22 November 2017 . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Robertson brothers added to Commonwealth Games team '' . New Zealand Herald . 23 February 2018 . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sprinter Joseph Millar added to New Zealand Commonwealth Games team '' . Newshub. 23 February 2018 . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hakeai added to team for Gold Coast '' . Athletics New Zealand . 28 February 2018 . Retrieved 28 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Ian ( 5 April 2018 ) . `` New Zealand runner Zane Robertson pulls out of Commonwealth Games on Gold Coast '' . Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Badminton siblings to represent New Zealand at another Commonwealth Games '' . Stuff. 31 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Liam ( 28 July 2017 ) . `` Gold Coast 2018 reveal list of competing nations in basketball events '' . Insidethegames.biz . Dunsar Media . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mika Vukona eyes revenge as he leads strong Tall Blacks lineup to Commonwealth Games '' . Stuff.co.nz. 16 March 2018 . Retrieved 17 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tall Ferns squad naming completes NZ Commonwealth Games team at 251 athletes '' . Stuff.co.nz. 22 March 2018 . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TALL FERNS NAMED FOR COMMONWEALTH GAMES '' . Basketball New Zealand . Retrieved 31 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NZ women 's beach volleyballers named for Gold Coast '' . Bay of Plenty Times . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Two more volleyball players added to Games team '' . Radio New Zealand . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Games : David Nyika headlines New Zealand 's boxing team for Gold Coast games '' . Newshub . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rowing great Hamish Bond part of New Zealand 's cycling team for Commonwealth Games '' . Stuff . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cyclist added to Games team despite failed appeal '' . Radio New Zealand . 22 March 2018 . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Misha Koudinov heads five - strong New Zealand Commonwealth Games gymnastics team '' . 21 December 2017 . Retrieved 17 February 2018 -- via www.newshub.co.nz . Jump up ^ `` 15 - year - old duo called up to Commonwealth Games gymnastics squad '' . 5 February 2018 . Retrieved 17 February 2018 -- via www.nzherald.co.nz . Jump up ^ `` Arun Panchia to lead Black Sticks hockey team at third Commonwealth Games '' . Stuff.co.nz. 14 March 2018 . Retrieved 17 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Black Sticks Women name experienced 18 - strong squad for Commonwealth Games '' . TVNZ. 13 March 2018 . Retrieved 17 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bowls : New Zealand team named for Commonwealth Games '' . New Zealand Herald . Jump up ^ Pavitt , Michael ( 25 July 2017 ) . `` Uganda to make Commonwealth Games netball debut at Gold Coast 2018 '' . Insidethegames.biz . Dunsar Media . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Dakin , Rebecca ( 24 July 2017 ) . `` Competing nations announced for GC2018 Netball Competition '' . www.mygc.com.au/ . myGC . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` International Netball Federation : 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Games : Silver Ferns name squad for Gold Coastnamed '' . Newhub. 8 February 2018 . Retrieved 24 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sevens : Commonwealth Games teams named '' . New Zealand Herald . 21 March 2018 . Retrieved 21 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Natalie Rooney spearheads NZ Gold Coast Commonwealth Games shooting team '' . Stuff.co.nz. 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games nomination criteria -- Shooting '' ( PDF ) . New Zealand Olympic Committee . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Games : Joelle King and Paul Coll headline New Zealand 's tilt at squash glory in the Gold Coast '' . Newshub. 7 February 2018 . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Triathlon : Commonwealth Games team named '' . The New Zealand Herald . 9 November 2017 . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dodds added to Comm Games triathlon team '' . Radio New Zealand . 14 February 2018 . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Two NZ weightlifters set to make history '' . Radio New Zealand . 24 November 2017 . Retrieved 24 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games nomination criteria -- Weightlifting '' ( PDF ) . New Zealand Olympic Committee . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Games : Seven named in wrestling team for Gold Coast '' . News Zealand Herald . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . 2018 New Zealand Commonwealth Games team Athletics Valerie Adams Alana Barber Camille Buscomb Cameron French Siositina Hakeai Marshall Hall Ben Langton Burnell Brad Mathas Eliza McCartney Olivia McTaggart Joseph Millar Angie Petty Julia Ratcliffe Quentin Rew Jake Robertson Holly Robinson Nick Southgate Tom Walsh Badminton Oliver Leydon - Davis Susannah Leydon - Davis Basketball Tom Abercrombie Jessica Bygate Micaela Cocks Finn Delany Antonia Farnworth Deena Franklin Jordan Hunter Shea Ili Zara Jillings Jarrod Kenny Charlisse Leger - Walker Rob Loe Jordan Ngatai Chevannah Paalvast Alex Pledger Kalani Purcell Derone Raukawa Erin Rooney Ethan Rusbatch Tohi Smith - Milner Josie Stockill Natalie Taylor Reuben Te Rangi Mika Vukona Beach volleyball Ben O'Dea Sam O'Dea Shaunna Polley Kelsie Wills Boxing Tasmyn Benny Troy Garton Richard Hadlow Leroy Hindley Patrick Mailata David Nyika Alexis Pritchard Ryan Scaife Cycling Ellesse Andrews Shane Archbold Jack Bauer Hamish Bond Bryony Botha Rushlee Buchanan Jason Christie Anton Cooper Emma Cumming Eddie Dawkins Michaela Drummond Sam Gaze Regan Gough Jared Gray Natasha Hansen Kirstie James Dylan Kennett Nicholas Kergozou Bradly Knipe Sharlotte Lucas Hayden McCormick Kate McIlroy Ethan Mitchell Ben Oliver James Oram Olivia Podmore Tom Sexton Racquel Sheath Samara Sheppard Campbell Stewart Linda Villumsen Sam Webster Georgia Williams Zac Williams Diving Shaye Boddington Elizabeth Cui Anton Down - Jenkins Yu Qian Goh Liam Stone Gymnastics Stella Ashcroft David Bishop Ethan Dick Devy Dyson Stella Ebert Kyleab Ellis Misha Koudinov Hockey Corey Bennett Sam Charlton Marcus Child Tarryn Davey Frances Davies Madison Doar Shiloh Gloyn Ella Gunson Sam Harrison Pippa Hayward Hugo Inglis Stephen Jenness Richard Joyce Rose Keddell Dane Left Devon Manchester Shea McAleese Anita McLaren Olivia Merry Stacey Michelsen Harry Miskimmin George Muir Brooke Neal Dominic Newman Grace O'Hanlon Arun Panchia Jared Panchia Hayden Phillips Amy Robinson Nick Ross Kane Russell Sally Rutherford Aidan Sarikaya Kelsey Smith Liz Thompson Nic Woods Lawn bowls Peter Blick Mandy Boyd Tayla Bruce Sue Curran Jo Edwards Ali Forsyth Paul Girdler Katelyn Inch Shannon McIlroy Ann Muir Mike Nagy Mark Noble Blake Signal Val Smith David Stallard Bruce Wakefield Barry Wynks Netball Katrina Grant Maria Folau Ameliaranne Ekenasio Temalisi Fakahokotau Shannon Francois Kelly Jury Grace Kara Claire Kersten Bailey Mes Te Paea Selby - Rickit Michaela Sokolich - Beatson Samantha Sinclair Rugby sevens Kurt Baker Shakira Baker Michaela Blyde Kelly Brazier Gayle Broughton Dylan Collier Scott Curry Sam Dickson Theresa Fitzpatrick Sarah Goss Trael Joass Vilimoni Koroi Andrew Knewstubb Tim Mikkelson Sione Molia Etene Nanai - Seturo Tyla Nathan - Wong Alena Saili Ruby Tui Stacey Waaka Regan Ware Joe Webber Niall Williams Tenika Willison Portia Woodman Shooting Myles Browne - Cole Brian Carter Janet Hunt Sally Johnston Owen Robinson Natalie Rooney John Snowden Ryan Taylor Chloe Tipple Scott Wilson Ricky Zhao Squash Lance Beddoes Paul Coll Campbell Grayson Joelle King Amanda Landers - Murphy Zac Millar Evan Williams Swimming Chris Arbuthnott Bradlee Ashby Lewis Clareburt Carina Doyle Celyn Edwards Helena Gasson Bobbi Gichard Daniel Hunter Corey Main Georgia Marris Tupou Neiufi Sophie Pascoe Sam Perry Jesse Reynolds Bronagh Ryan Matthew Stanley Laticia - Leigh Transom Triathlon Tony Dodds Andrea Hewitt Tayler Reid Ryan Sissons Rebecca Spence Nicole van der Kaay Weightlifting Alethea Boon Stanislav Chalaev Ianne Guiñares Andrea Hams Laurel Hubbard Tracey Lambrechs David Liti Cameron McTaggart Phillipa Patterson Richie Patterson Bailey Rogers Vester Villalon Wrestling Sam Belkin Toby Fitzpatrick Tayla Ford Akash Khullar Ana Moceyawa Brahm Richards Chef de Mission : Rob Waddell New Zealand at the Commonwealth Games British Empire Games 1930 1934 1938 1950 British Empire and Commonwealth Games 1954 1958 1962 1966 British Commonwealth Games 1970 Commonwealth Games 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 New Zealand hosted the games in 1950 , 1974 , and 1990 . Associations at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Africa Botswana Cameroon Gambia Ghana Kenya Lesotho Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Seychelles Sierra Leone South Africa Swaziland Tanzania Uganda Zambia Americas Bahamas Belize Bermuda Canada Falkland Islands Guyana Saint Helena Asia Bangladesh Brunei India Malaysia Pakistan Singapore Sri Lanka Caribbean Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Dominica Grenada Jamaica Montserrat Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands Europe Cyprus England Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Malta Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Oceania Australia Cook Islands Fiji Kiribati Nauru New Zealand Niue Norfolk Island Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand_at_the_2018_Commonwealth_Games&oldid=837106292 '' Categories : New Zealand at the Commonwealth Games 2018 in New Zealand sport Nations at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2017 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 19 : 08 . 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General Hospital cast members

General Hospital cast members - Wikipedia General Hospital cast members Parts of this article ( those related to Recurring cast ) need to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( October 2017 ) General Hospital is an American television soap opera , airing on ABC . Created by Frank and Doris Hursley , the serial premiered on April 1 , 1963 . The longest - running cast member is Leslie Charleson , who has portrayed Dr. Monica Quartermaine since August 17 , 1977 , also making her one of the longest - tenured actors in American soap operas . Former cast member Rachel Ames was previously the series ' longest - running cast member , portraying Audrey Hardy from 1964 to 2007 , and making guest appearances in 2009 and 2013 , the latter for the series ' fiftieth anniversary . Ames made a special appearance on October 30 , 2015 . Actors Genie Francis and Kin Shriner , who portray Laura Spencer and Scott Baldwin , are the second and third longest - running cast members , having joined General Hospital in February and August 1977 , respectively . Actress Jacklyn Zeman -- who portrays Bobbie Spencer -- is the fourth longest - running cast member , joining the serial in December 1977 . Actress Jane Elliot , who joined the serial in June 1978 as Tracy Quartermaine , is the fifth longest - running cast member , joining General Hospital in June 1978 until her departure in May 2017 . Former cast member Anthony Geary , who portrayed Luke Spencer , was the sixth longest - running cast member , having joined General Hospital in November 1978 . The following list is of cast members who are currently on the show : the main and recurring cast members , or those who are debuting , departing or returning to the series . Contents 1 Current cast members 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Recurring cast 2 Cast changes 2.1 Debuting 2.2 Departing 3 See also 4 References 4.1 Citations 5 External links Current cast members Main cast Actor Character Duration Maurice Benard Sonny Corinthos 1993 -- Tamara Braun Carly Corinthos 2001 -- 05 , 2014 Kim Nero 2017 -- Steve Burton Jason Morgan 1991 -- 2012 , 2017 -- Matt Cohen Griffin Munro 2016 -- William deVry Julian Jerome 2013 -- Chad Duell Michael Corinthos 2010 -- Michael Easton John McBain 2012 -- 13 Stephen Clay 2013 Silas Clay 2013 -- 15 Hamilton Finn 2016 -- Hayley Erin Kiki Jerome 2015 -- Genie Francis Laura Spencer Collins 1977 -- 84 , 1993 -- 2002 , 2006 , 2008 , 2013 , 2015 -- Nancy Lee Grahn Alexis Davis 1996 -- Elizabeth Hendrickson Margaux Dawson 2018 -- Rebecca Herbst Elizabeth Webber 1997 -- Jessie Brewer 2015 Roger Howarth Todd Manning 2012 -- 13 Franco Baldwin 2013 -- Finola Hughes Anna Devane 1985 -- 91 , 1995 , 2006 -- 08 , 2012 -- Liesl Obrecht 2013 Alex Devane 2017 Lisa LoCicero Olivia Falconeri 2008 -- Eden McCoy Josslyn Jacks 2015 -- Billy Miller Jason Morgan 2014 -- 17 Andrew Cain 2017 -- Kelly Monaco Sam McCall 2003 -- Alicia Montenegro 2005 Emme Rylan Lulu Spencer Falconeri 2013 -- Michelle Stafford Nina Reeves 2014 -- Kirsten Storms Maxie Jones 2005 -- B.J. Jones 2009 Donnell Turner Curtis Ashford 2015 -- Maura West Ava Jerome 2013 -- Laura Wright Carly Corinthos 2005 -- Lena Spencer 2015 Recurring cast Actor Character Duration Lexi Ainsworth Kristina Davis 2009 -- 11 , 2015 -- Bradford Anderson Damian Spinelli 2006 -- Vinessa Antoine Jordan Ashford 2014 -- Patricia Bethune Nurse Mary Pat 2018 -- Casey Biggs Chad Wainwright Dr. Lasaris 2018 -- Sally Brown James West 2018 -- Ryan Carnes Lucas Jones 2004 -- 05 , 2014 -- Phil Brewer 2015 Leslie Charleson Monica Quartermaine 1977 -- Derk Cheetwood Max Giambetti 2002 -- Drew Cheetwood Milo Giambetti 2006 -- Patrick Cox Rupert Watson 2018 -- Celesta DeAstis Avery Jerome 2018 Francesca Cavallo 2018 -- James DePaiva David Bensch 2017 -- Risa Dorken Amy Driscoll 2016 -- Sonya Eddy Epiphany Johnson 2006 -- Scarlett Fernandez Charlotte Cassadine 2016 -- Lily Fisher Georgie Spinelli 2017 -- Max Gail Mike Corbin 2018 -- Leif Gantvoort Carson 2018 -- Kathleen Gati Liesl Obrecht 2012 -- Carla Hall Cook II 2018 -- Nathaniel Harris Sergeant Robinson 2006 -- Carolyn Hennesy Diane Miller 2007 -- Lynn Herring Lucy Coe 1986 -- 2001 , 2004 , 2012 -- Cassandra James Terry Randolph 2018 -- Verity Jann Leo Falconeri 2015 -- Wally Kurth Ned Ashton 1991 -- 2007 , 2012 -- Jon Lindstrom Ryan Chamberlain 1992 -- 95 , 2018 -- Kevin Collins 1993 -- 2001 , 2004 , 2013 -- William Lipton Cameron Spencer 2018 -- Christine Lozano Christi Limg 2012 -- Kimberly McCullough Robin Scorpio - Drake 1985 -- 2000 , 2004 -- Donna Mills Madeline Reeves 2014 -- 15 , 2018 -- O'Neill Monahan Rocco Falconeri 2017 -- Anthony Montgomery Aaron 2011 Andre Maddox 2015 -- Haley Pullos Molly Lansing 2009 -- Wes Ramsey Peter August 2017 -- James Read Gregory Chase 2018 -- Tequan Richmond TJ Ashford 2012 -- Tristan Rogers Robert Scorpio 1980 -- 92 , 1995 , 2006 , 2008 , 2012 -- 16 , 2018 -- Marc Anthony Samuel Felix DuBois 2012 -- Brytni Sarpy Valerie Spencer 2015 -- Owen Saxon Carson 's henchman 2018 -- Ava & Grace Scarola Avery Jerome 2014 -- Brooklyn Rae Silzer Emma Drake 2011 -- Parry Shen Brad Cooper 2013 -- Kin Shriner Scott Baldwin 1977 -- 83 , 1987 -- 93 , 1998 , 2000 -- 04 , 2007 -- 08 , 2013 -- Suanne Spoke Rita Ferlito 2017 -- Garren Stitt Oscar Nero 2017 -- Deborah Strang Betsy Frank 2017 -- James Patrick Stuart Valentin Cassadine 2016 -- Josh Swickard Harrison Chase 2018 -- Jessica Tuck Cassandra Pierce 2017 -- Chris Van Etten Chet Driscoll 2017 -- Kristina Wagner Felicia Scorpio 1984 -- 2005 , 2007 -- 08 , 2012 -- Robert Palmer Watkins Dillon Quartermaine 2015 -- Vernee Watson - Johnson Stella Henries 2017 -- TK Weaver Danny Morgan 2016 -- Hudson West Jake Spencer 2016 -- John J. York Mac Scorpio 1991 -- James Meadows 1997 -- 98 Jacklyn Zeman Bobbie Spencer 1977 -- 2010 , 2013 -- Cast changes Debuting Actor Character Date Ref . Briana Nicole Henry Jordan Ashford September 2018 Departing Actor Character Date Ref . Vinessa Antoine Jordan Ashford TBA 2018 Tristan Rogers Robert Scorpio See also List of previous General Hospital cast members List of General Hospital characters References Citations Jump up ^ `` Character Monica Quartermaine Biography '' . General Hospital . United States : ABC Daytime . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2012 . Retrieved September 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Newcomb , Roger ( August 17 , 2013 ) . `` Today in Soap Opera History ( August 17 ) '' . We Love Soaps . United States : Blogger . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rachel Ames to appear on GH '' . About.com . New York City : IAC . October 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Well , Hello , Audrey ! '' . ABC Soaps In Depth . United States : Bauer Publications . 19 ( 45 ) : 11 . November 9 , 2015 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ SOD ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` RACHEL AMES RETURNS TO GH '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , Lynda ( February 21 , 1977 ) . `` Frank Plans To Divorce Nancy ; Mac Moves Back With Rachel '' . The Soaps . Toledo Blade . Toledo , Ohio : Block Communications . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hart , Marla ( March 10 , 1993 ) . `` Seeing ` General Hospital ' Through Good Times And Ill '' . Chicago Tribune . Chicago : tronc , inc . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J. ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` Jackie Zeman headed back to General Hospital '' . SoapCentral . United States : Soap Central Live . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Reed , Jon - Michael ( June 14 , 1978 ) . `` ' Cliff Hangers ' Keeping Viewers Tuned In '' . Star - Banner . Ocala , Florida : New Media Investment Group . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Jane Elliot Set to Leave General Hospital '' . Daytime Confidential . United States : Confidential Media , Inc . ( SAY Media ) . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ SOD ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Jane Elliot Leaving GH '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ SOD ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` GH ANNOUNCES JANE ELLIOT 'S FINAL AIRDATE '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ West , Abby ( March 31 , 2008 ) . `` Tony Geary Reflects on 30 Years of GH '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York City : EW.com . Time Inc . Retrieved September 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( July 31 , 2018 ) . `` General Hospital brings back Genie Francis '' . Entertainment Weekly . United States : Time Inc . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( July 31 , 2018 ) . `` Genie Francis Set For Return To ABC 's ' General Hospital ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Maloney , Michael ( July 31 , 2018 ) . `` Laura Returns ! Genie Francis Is Checking Back Into General Hospital '' . TV Insider . United States : TVGM Holdings , LLC . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2018 . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Soaps SheKnows ( July 12 , 2018 ) . `` Eden McCoy Put on Contract at General Hospital '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Eades , Chris ( June 14 , 2018 ) . `` Nurse Mary Pat on GENERAL HOSPITAL -- Everything You Need to Know ! '' . ABC Soaps In Depth . United States : Bauer Media Group . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Soaps SheKnows ( June 14 , 2018 ) . `` General Hospital casts Patricia Bethune of ' True Blood ' as Nurse Mary Pat '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Eades , Chris ( July 27 , 2018 ) . `` Everything You Need to Know About Dr. Lasiris on GENERAL HOSPITAL '' . ABC Soaps In Depth . United States : Bauer Media Group . Retrieved July 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Cushman , Dustin ( July 2 , 2018 ) . `` General Hospital Casting Calls , Auditions & Dayplayer Roles '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ SOD ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` GH BABY NEWS '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Soaps SheKnows ( May 21 , 2018 ) . `` General Hospital Comings & Goings '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Eades , Chris ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Who Is Nurse Francesca on GENERAL HOSPITAL ? - Meet Celesta DeAstis ! '' . ABC Soaps In Depth . United States : Bauer Media Group . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Eades , Chris ( June 11 , 2018 ) . `` Who Plays Georgie on GENERAL HOSPITAL ? -- Meet Lily Fisher ! '' . ABC Soaps In Depth . United States : Bauer Media Group . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` General Hospital Brings Back Sonny 's Dad -- Find Out Who 's Playing Him '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Eades , Chris ( August 9 , 2018 ) . `` That 's Leif Gantvoort as the Villain Holding Anna and Finn Captive on GENERAL HOSPITAL '' . ABC Soaps In Depth . United States : Bauer Media Group . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Soaps SheKnows ( August 8 , 2018 ) . `` Leif Gantvoort joins General Hospital '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ SOD ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` The Chew 's Carla Hall Guests On GH '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Soaps SheKnows ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` General Hospital Comings & Goings '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Newcomb , Roger ( June 29 , 2018 ) . `` Cassandra James Joins ' General Hospital ' as Liz 's Old Friend '' . We Love Soaps . United State : Blogger . Retrieved June 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cushman , Dustin ( June 29 , 2018 ) . `` Liz Is Shocked Her Childhood Boyfriend Terry Is Now a Woman '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved June 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ SOD ( August 17 , 2018 ) . `` Jon Lindstrom guests on ' Dishing With Digest Podcast ' '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved August 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( August 1 , 2018 ) . `` General Hospital welcomes back Donna Mills '' . Entertainment Weekly . United States : Time Inc . Retrieved August 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Soaps.com ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` Recast : O'Neill Monahan in as General Hospital 's Rocco '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mulcahy Jr. , Kevin ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` Anthony Montgomery Joins ' General Hospital ' as Dr. Andre Maddox '' . We Love Soaps . United States : Blogger . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( May 30 , 2018 ) . `` James Read to GH as Finn and Chase 's Dad '' . Michael Fairman TV . United States : The Michael Fairman Company . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ SOD ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` James Read to GH '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Eades , Chris ( August 8 , 2018 ) . `` Who Kidnapped Anna on GENERAL HOSPITAL ? -- Meet Owen Saxon '' . ABC Soaps In Depth . United States : Bauer Media Group . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Soaps.com ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` GENERAL HOSPITAL COMINGS & GOINGS '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ SOD ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` GH Taps New Oscar '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Soaps.com ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` GENERAL HOSPITAL COMINGS & GOINGS '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Soaps.com ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` GENERAL HOSPITAL COMINGS & GOINGS '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eades , Chris ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Who Plays Curtis ' Aunt Stella on General Hospital ? -- Meet Vernee Watson ! '' . ABC Soaps In Depth . United States : Bauer Media Group . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eades , Chris ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` GENERAL HOSPITAL 's TK Weaver Makes an Unexpected Connection With Fellow Child Star Nicolas Bechtel ! '' . ABC Soaps In Depth . United States : Bauer Media Group . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Soaps SheKnows . `` John Joseph Robert York '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ SOD ( August 10 , 2018 ) . `` Exclusive : GH Hires New Jordan ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2018 . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( August 10 , 2018 ) . `` General Hospital Has Found Their New Jordan '' . Michael Fairman TV . United States : The Michael Fairman Company . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ SOD ( July 16 , 2018 ) . `` Vinessa Antoine Off GH ; Jordan to be Recast '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved July 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ SOD ( August 21 , 2018 ) . `` Tristan Rogers Wraps at GH '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . External links SoapCentral.com GH `` Comings and Goings '' IMDb.com `` Full Cast and Crew for General Hospital '' General Hospital Cast Present cast members Past cast members Crew Frank and Doris Hursley Frank Valentini Shelly Altman Chris Van Etten Families Cassadine Corinthos Cramer Hardy / Webber Jerome Lord Quartermaine Scorpio / Jones Spencer Related articles Twist of Fate Port Charles ( spin - off ) Night Shift ( spin - off ) What If ... Port Charles ( setting ) Luke and Laura Sonny and Carly Patrick and Robin Frisco and Felicia Jason and Sam Lucky and Elizabeth Jason and Elizabeth The Secret Life of Damian Spinelli History of General Hospital General Hospital characters Present and future characters Curtis Ashford Jordan Ashford TJ Ashford Peter August Franco Baldwin Scott Baldwin Drew Cain Scout Cain Charlotte Cassadine Valentin Cassadine Lucy Coe Kevin Collins Brad Cooper Mike Corbin Avery Corinthos Carly Corinthos Michael Corinthos Sonny Corinthos Alexis Davis Anna Devane Felix DuBois Leo Falconeri Olivia Falconeri Rocco Falconeri Hamilton Finn Max Giambetti Milo Giambetti Josslyn Jacks Ava Jerome Julian Jerome Kiki Jerome Epiphany Johnson Felicia Jones Scorpio Lucas Jones Maxie Jones Molly Lansing Andre Maddox Sam McCall Diane Miller Danny Morgan Jason Morgan Griffin Munro Oscar Nero Liesl Obrecht Monica Quartermaine Ned Quartermaine Nina Reeves Mac Scorpio Aiden Spencer Bobbie Spencer Jake Spencer Laura Spencer Lulu Spencer Valerie Spencer Damian Spinelli Cameron Webber Elizabeth Webber Past characters Diego Alcazar Lorenzo Alcazar Lee Baldwin Brenda Barrett Nelle Benson Jessie Brewer Phil Brewer Shawn Butler Helena Cassadine Nikolas Cassadine Spencer Cassadine Stone Cates Claudia Corinthos Morgan Corinthos Blair Cramer Rae Cummings Marco Dane Kristina Davis Téa Delgado Noah Drake Patrick Drake Robin Scorpio - Drake Levi Dunkleman Dante Falconeri Nora Hanen Buchanan Audrey Hardy Steve Hardy Kate Howard Jasper Jacks Jerry Jacks Georgie Jones Ric Lansing Duke Lavery Ethan Lovett Starr Manning Todd Manning Courtney Matthews John McBain Lisa Niles A.J. Quartermaine Alan Quartermaine Dillon Quartermaine Edward Quartermaine Emily Quartermaine Skye Chandler Quartermaine Tracy Quartermaine Madeline Reeves Sabrina Santiago Robert Scorpio Jennifer Smith Lucky Spencer Luke Spencer Holly Sutton - Scorpio Cole Thornhart Justus Ward Mary Mae Ward Heather Webber Lesley Webber Steven Webber Nathan West Britt Westbourne Johnny Zacchara Character lists 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Children Hardy / Webber Scorpio / Jones Spencer Quartermaine Cassadine Jerome Corinthos Lord Cramer Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=General_Hospital_cast_members&oldid=856928529 '' Categories : General Hospital Lists of actors by soap opera television series Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia articles in need of updating from October 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 12 : 54 ( UTC ) . 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who is the actor playing terry on general hospital

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Emerging adulthood and early adulthood

Emerging adulthood and early adulthood - wikipedia Emerging adulthood and early adulthood Jump to : navigation , search `` Early adulthood '' redirects here . For other uses , see Early adulthood ( disambiguation ) . Emerging adulthood is a phase of the life span between adolescence and full - fledged adulthood which encompasses late adolescence and early adulthood , proposed by Jeffrey Arnett in a 2000 article in the American Psychologist . It primarily describes people living in developed countries , but it is also experienced by young people in urban wealthy families in the Global South . The term describes young adults who do not have children , do not live in their own home , or do not have sufficient income to become fully independent in their early to late 20s . Arnett suggests emerging adulthood is the distinct period between 18 and 25 years of age where adolescents become more independent and explore various life possibilities . Arnett argues that this developmental period can be isolated from adolescence and young adulthood . Emerging adulthood is a new demographic , is contentiously changing , and some believe that twenty - somethings have always struggled with `` identity exploration , instability , self - focus , and feeling in - between '' . Arnett called this period `` roleless role '' because emerging adults do a wide variety of activities and not constrained by any sort of `` role requirements '' . The developmental theory is highly controversial within the developmental field , with developmental psychologists contested over the legitimacy of Arnett 's theories and methods . Contents ( hide ) 1 Distinction from young adulthood and adolescence 1.1 Terminology 1.2 Exploration of identity 1.3 Subjective difference 1.4 Why emerging adulthood is distinct demographically 2 Physiological development 2.1 Biological changes 2.2 Cognitive development 2.3 Abnormal development 3 Relationships 3.1 Parent - child relationship 3.2 Sexual relationships 4 Culture 5 Media 6 Criticism 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Distinction from young adulthood and adolescence ( edit ) Terminology ( edit ) Coined by psychology professor Jeffrey Arnett , emerging adulthood has been known variously as `` transition age youth '' , `` delayed adulthood '' , `` extended adolescence '' , `` youthhood '' , `` adultolescence '' , and `` the twixter years '' . Of the various terms , `` emerging adulthood '' has become popular among sociologists , psychologists , and government agencies as a way to describe this period of life in between adolescence and young adulthood . Compared to other terms that have been used which give the impression that this stage is just a `` last hurrah '' of adolescence , `` emerging adulthood '' recognizes the uniqueness of this period of life . Currently , it is appropriate to define adolescence as the period spanning ages 12 to 18 . This is because people in this age group in the United States typically live at home with their parents , are undergoing pubertal changes , attend middle schools and high schools and are involved in a `` school - based peer culture '' . All of these characteristics are no longer normative after the age of 18 , and it is , therefore , considered inappropriate to call young adults `` adolescence '' or `` late adolescence '' . Furthermore , in the United States , the age of 18 is the age at which people are able to legally vote and citizens are granted full rights upon turning 21 years of age . According to Arnett , the term `` young adulthood '' suggests that adulthood has already been reached , but most people in the emerging adulthood stage no longer consider themselves adolescents , but do not see themselves entirely as adults either . In the past , milestones such as finishing secondary school , finding a job , and getting married clearly marked the entrance to adulthood , but in modern , post-industrialized nations , as positions requiring a college degree have become more common and the average age of marriage has become older the length of time between leaving adolescence and reaching these milestones has been extended , delaying the age at which many young people fully enter adulthood . If the years 18 -- 25 are classified as `` young adulthood '' , Arnett believes it is then difficult to find an appropriate term for the thirties . Emerging adults are still in the process of obtaining an education , are unmarried , and are childless . By age thirty , most of these individuals do see themselves as adults , based on the belief that they have more fully formed `` individualistic qualities of character '' such as self - responsibility , financial independence , and independence in decision - making . Arnett suggests that many of the individualistic characteristics associated with adult status correlate to , but are not dependent upon , the role responsibilities associated with a career , marriage , and / or parenthood . Exploration of identity ( edit ) One of the most important features of emerging adulthood is that this age period allows for exploration in love , work , and worldviews more than any other age period . The process of identity formation emerges in adolescence but mostly takes place in emerging adulthood . Regarding love , although adolescents in the United States usually begin dating between ages 12 and 14 , they usually view this dating as recreational . It is not until emerging adulthood that identity formation in love becomes more serious . Emerging adults are considering their own developing identities as a reference point for a lifetime relationship partner , so they explore romantically and sexually as there is less parental control . While in the United States during adolescence dating usually occurs in groups and in situations such as parties and dances , in emerging adulthood , relationships last longer and often include sexual relations as well as cohabitation . As far as work , the majority of working adolescents in the United States tend to see their jobs as a way to make money for recreational activities rather than preparing them for a future career . In contrast , 18 - to 25 - year - olds in emerging adulthood view their jobs as a way to obtain the knowledge and skills that will prepare them for their future adulthood careers . Because emerging adults have the possibility of having numerous work experiences , they are able to figure out what type of work they are good at as well find what type of work they want to pursue for the rest of their life . Undergoing changes in worldviews is a main division of cognitive development during emerging adulthood . People in emerging adulthood that choose to attend college often begin college or university with the worldview they were raised with and learned in childhood and adolescence . However , emerging adults who have attended college or university have been exposed to and have considered different worldviews , and eventually commit to a worldview that is distinct from the worldview with which they were raised by the end of their college or university career . Subjective difference ( edit ) When Americans between the ages of 18 and 25 are asked whether they believe they have reached adulthood , most do not answer with a `` no '' or a `` yes '' , but answer with `` In some respects yes , in some respects no '' . It is clear from this ambiguity that most emerging adults in the United States feel they have completed adolescence but not yet entered adulthood . A number of studies have shown that regarding people in their late teens and early twenties in the United States , demographic qualities such as completing their education , finding a career , getting married , and becoming parents are not the criteria used in determining whether they have reached adulthood . Rather , the criteria that determine whether adulthood has been reached are character qualities , such as being able to make independent decisions and taking responsibility for one 's self . In America , these character qualities are usually experienced in the mid to late twenties , thus confirming that emerging adulthood is distinct subjectively . Why emerging adulthood is distinct demographically ( edit ) Emerging adulthood is the sole age period where there is nothing that is demographically consistent . At this time , adolescents in the United States up to age 20 , over 95 % live at home with at least one parent , 98 % are not married , under 10 % have become parents , and more than 95 % attend school . Similarly , people in their thirties are also demographically normative : 75 % are married , 75 % are parents , and under 10 % attend school . Residential status and school attendance are two reasons that the period of emerging adulthood is incredibly distinct demographically . Regarding residential status , emerging adults in the United States have very diverse living situations . About one third of emerging adults attend college and spend a few years living independently while partially relying on adults . Contrastingly , 40 % of emerging adults do not attend college but live independently and work full - time . Finally , around two - thirds of emerging adults in the United States cohabitate with a romantic partner . Regarding school attendance , emerging adults are extremely diverse in their educational paths ( Arnett , 2000 , p. 470 - 471 ) . Over 60 % of emerging adults in the United States enter college or university the year after they graduate from high school . However , the years that follow college are extremely diverse -- only about 32 % of 25 - to 29 - year - olds have finished four or more years of college . This is because higher education is usually pursued non-continuously , where some pursue education while they also work , and some do not attend school for periods of time . Further contributing to the variance , about one third of emerging adults with bachelor 's degrees pursue a postgraduate education within a year of earning their bachelor 's degree . Thus , because there is so much demographic instability , especially in residential status and school attendance , it is clear that emerging adulthood is a distinct entity based on its demographically non-normative qualities , at least in the United States . Some emerging adults end up moving back home after college graduation , which tests the demographic of dependency . During college , they may be completely independent , but that could quickly change afterwards when they are trying to find a full - time job with little direction on where to start their career . Physiological Development ( edit ) Biological changes ( edit ) Emerging adulthood and adolescence differ significantly with regards to puberty and hormonal development . While there is considerable overlap between the onset of physical puberty ( typically between the ages of 10 and 11 in girls and 11 and 12 in boys ) and the developmental stage referred to as adolescence , there are considerably fewer hormonal and physical changes taking place in individuals between the ages of 18 -- 25 . As most girls finish physical puberty between the ages of 15 and 17 , and most boys finish by the time they are 16 -- 17 years of age , emerging adults have reached a stage of full hormonal maturity and are now fully , physically equipped for sexual reproduction . Ironically , while `` emerging adults '' might not feel ready for parenthood , women reach levels of peak fertility throughout this period of time ( usually at some point in their early 20s ) . Emerging adulthood is usually thought of as a time of peak physical health and performance as individuals are usually less susceptible to disease and more physically agile during this period than later stages of adulthood . However , emerging adults are generally more likely to contract sexually transmitted infections , as well as to adopt unhealthy behavioral patterns and lifestyle choices . Cognitive Development ( edit ) While many people believe that the brains of emerging adults are fully developed , they are in fact still developing into their adult forms . Many connections within the brain are strengthened and those that are unused are pruned away . Several brain structures develop that allow for greater processing of emotions and social information . Areas of the brain used for planning and for processing risk and rewards also undergo important developments during this stage . These developments in brain structure and the resulting implications are one factor that leads emerging adults to be considered more mature than adolescents . This is due to the fact that they make fewer impulsive decisions and rely more on planning and evaluating of situations . While brain structures continue to develop during emerging adulthood , the cognition of emerging adults is an area that receives the majority of attention . Arnett explains , `` Emerging adulthood is a critical stage for the emergence of complex forms of thinking required in complex societies . '' Crucial changes take place in their sense of self and capacity for self - reflection . At this stage , emerging adults often decide on a particular worldview and are able to recognize that other perspectives exist and are valid as well . While cognition generally becomes more complex , education level plays an important role in this development . Not all emerging adults reach the same advanced level in cognition because of the variety of education received during this age period . Abnormal Development ( edit ) Much research has been directed at studying the onset of lifetime DSM disorders to dispel the common thought that most disorders begin earlier in life . Because of this reasoning , many people that show signs of disorders do not seek help due to its stigmatization . The research shows that those with various disorders will not feel symptoms until emerging adulthood . Kessler and Merikangas reported that `` 50 % of emerging adults between the ages of 18 and 25 experience at least one psychiatric disorder . '' Not only is the emergence of various disorders prevalent in emerging adulthood , but the chance of developing a disorder drastically decreases at age 28 . Seventy - five percent of any lifetime DSM - IV anxiety , mood , impulse - control and substance abuse disorder begins before age 24 . Most onsets at this age will not be , or become , comorbid . The median onset interquartile range of substance use disorders is 18 -- 27 , while the median onset age is 20 . The median onset age of mood disorders is 25 . Even disorders that begin earlier , like schizophrenia spectrum diagnoses , can reveal themselves within the age range of emerging adulthood . Often , patients will not seek help until several years of symptoms have passed , if at all . For example , those diagnosed with social anxiety disorder will rarely seek treatment until age 27 or later . Typically , symptoms of more severe disorders , such as major depression , begin at age 25 as well . With the exception of some phobias , symptoms of many disorders begin to appear and are diagnosable during emerging adulthood . Major efforts have been taken to educate the public and influence those with symptoms to seek treatment past adolescence . There is minimal but intriguing evidence that those who attend college appear to have less of a chance of showing symptoms of DSM - IV disorders . In one study , `` they were significantly less likely to have a diagnosis of drug use disorder or nicotine dependence '' . In addition , `` bipolar disorder was less common in individuals attending college '' . However , other research reports that chance of alcohol abuse and addiction is increased with college student status . Relationships ( edit ) Parent - child relationship ( edit ) Emerging adulthood is characterized by a reevaluation of the parent - child relationship , primarily in regard to autonomy . As a child switches from the role of a dependent to the role of a fellow adult , the family dynamic changes significantly . At this stage , it is important that parents acknowledge and accept their child 's status as an adult . This process may include gestures such as allowing increased amounts of privacy and extending trust . Granting this recognition assists the increasingly independent offspring in forming a strong sense of identity and exploration at a time when it is most crucial . There is varied evidence regarding the continuity of emerging adults ' relationships with parents , although most of the research supports the fact that there is moderate stability . A parent - child relationship of higher quality often results in greater affection and contact in emerging adulthood . Attachment styles tend to remain stable from infancy to adulthood . An initial secure attachment assists in healthy separation from parents while still retaining intimacy , resulting in adaptive psychological function . Changes in attachment are often associated with negative life events , as described below . Divorce and remarriage of parents often result in a weaker parent - child relationship , even if no adverse effects were apparent during childhood . When parental divorce occurs in early adulthood , it has a strong , negative impact on the child 's relationship with their father . However , if parents and children maintain a good relationship throughout the divorce process , it could act as a buffer and reduce the negative effects of the experience . A positive parent - child relationship after parental divorce may also be facilitated by the child 's understanding of divorce . Understanding the complexity of the situation and not dwelling on the negative aspects may actually assist a young adult 's adjustment , as well as their success in their own romantic relationships . Despite the increasing need for autonomy that emerging adults experience , there is also a continuing need for support from parents , although this need is often different and less dependent than that of children and earlier adolescents . Many people over the age of 18 still require financial support in order to further their education and career , despite an otherwise independent lifestyle . Furthermore , emotional support remains important during this transition period . Parental engagement with low marital conflict results in better adjustment for college students . This balance of autonomy and dependency may seem contradictory , but relinquishing control while providing necessary support may strengthen the bond between parents and offspring and may even provide space for children to be viewed as sources of support . Parental support may come in the form of co-residence , which has varied effects on an emerging adult 's adjustment . The proportion of young adults living with their parents has steadily increased in recent years , largely due to financial strain , difficulty finding employment , and the necessity of higher education in the job field . The economic benefit of a period of co-residence may assist an emerging adult in exploration of career options . In households with lower socioeconomic status , this arrangement may have the added benefit of the young adult providing support for the family , both financial and otherwise . Co-residence can also have negative effects on an emerging adult 's adjustment and autonomy . This may hinder parents ' ability to acknowledge their child as an adult , while home - leaving promotes psychological growth and satisfying adult - to - adult relationships with parents characterized by less confrontation . Living in physically separate households can help both a young adult and a parent acknowledge the changing nature of their relationship . Sexual relationships ( edit ) There are a wide variety of factors that influence sexual relationships during emerging adulthood ; this includes beliefs about certain sexual behaviors and marriage . For example , among emerging adults in the United States , it is common for oral sex to not be considered `` real sex '' . In the 1950s and 1960s , about 75 % of people between the ages of 20 -- 24 engaged in premarital sex . Today , that number is 90 % . Unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections and diseases ( STIs / STDs ) are a central issue . As individuals move through emerging adulthood , they are more likely to engage in monogamous sexual relationships and practice safe sex . Across most OECD countries , marriage rates are falling , the age at first marriage is rising , and cohabitation among unmarried couples is increasing . The Western European marriage pattern has traditionally been characterised by marriage in the mid twenties , especially for women , with a generally small age difference between the spouses , a significant proportion of women who remain unmarried , and the establishment of a neolocal household after the couple has married . Housing affordability has been linked to home ownership rates , and demographic researchers have argued for a link between the rising age at first marriage and the rising age of first home ownership . Culture ( edit ) Demographers distinguish between developing countries , which constitute more than 80 % of the world 's population , and the economically advanced , industrialized nations that form the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development ( OECD ) . This includes countries like the United States , Canada , Western Europe , Japan , South Korea , and Australia , all of which have significantly higher median incomes and educational attainment and significantly lower rates of illness , disease , and early death . The theory of emerging adulthood is specifically applicable to cultures within these OECD nations , and as a stage of development has only emerged over the past half century . It is specific to `` certain cultural - demographic conditions , specifically widespread education and training beyond secondary school and entry into marriage and parenthood in the late twenties or beyond '' . Furthermore , emerging adulthood occurs only within societies that allow for occupational shifts , with emerging adults often experiencing frequent job changes before settling on particular job by the age of 30 . Arnett also argues that emerging adulthood happens in cultures that allow for a period of time between adolescence and marriage , the marker of adulthood . Such marital and occupational instability found among emerging adults can be attributed to the strong sense of individualization found in cultures that allow for this stage of development ; in individualized cultures , traditional familial and institutional constraints have become less pronounced than in previous times or in unindustrialized / developing cultures , allowing for more personal freedom in life decisions . However , emerging adulthood even occurs in industrialized nations that do not value individualization , as is the case in some Asian countries discussed below . Up until the latter portion of the 20th century in OECD countries , and contemporarily in developing countries around the word , young people made the transition from adolescence to young adulthood around or by the age of 22 , when they settled into long - lasting , obligation - filled familial and occupational roles . Therefore , in societies where this trend still prevails , emerging adulthood does not exist as a widespread stage of development . Among OECD countries , there is a general `` one size fits all '' model in regards to emerging adulthood , having all undergone the same demographic changes that resulted in this new stage of development between adolescence and young adulthood . However , the shape emerging adulthood takes can even vary between different OECD countries , and researchers have only recently begun exploring such cross-national differences . For instance , researchers have determined that Europe is the area where emerging adulthood lasts the longest , with high levels of government assistance and median marriage ages nearing 30 , compared to the U.S. where the median marriage age is 27 . Emerging adult communities in East Asia may be most dissimilar from their European and American counterparts , for while they share the benefits of affluent societies with strong education and welfare systems , they do not share as strong a sense of individualization . Historically and currently , East Asian cultures have emphasized collectivism more so than those in the West . For instance , while Asian emerging adults similarly engage in individualistic identity exploration and personal development , they do so within more constrictive boundaries set by familial obligation . For example , European and American emerging adults consistently list financial independence as a key marker of adulthood , while Asian emerging adults consistently list capable of supporting parents financially as a marker with equal weight . Furthermore , while casual dating and premarital sex has become normative in the West , in Asia parents still discourage such practices , where they remain `` rare and forbidden '' . In fact , about 75 % of emerging adults in the U.S. and Europe report having had premarital sexual relations by the age of 20 , whereas less than 20 % in Japan and South Korea reported the same . While emerging adulthood exemplars are found mainly within the middle and upper classes of OECD countries , the stage of development still seems to occur across classes , with the main difference between different ones being length -- on average , young people in lower social classes tend to enter adulthood two years before those in upper classes . While emerging adulthood occurs on a wide scale only in OECD countries , developing countries may also exhibit similar phenomena in certain population subgroups . In contrast to those in poor or rural parts of developing nations , who have no emerging adulthood and sometimes no adolescence due to comparatively early entry into marriage and adult - like work , young people in wealthier urban classes have begun to enter stages of development that resemble emerging adulthood , and the amount to do so is rising . Such individuals may develop a bicultural or hybrid identity , with part of themselves identifying with local culture and another part participating in the professional culture of the global economy . One finds examples of such a situation among the middle class young people in India , who lead the globalized economic sector while still , for the most part , preferring to have arranged marriages and taking care of their parents in old age . While it is more common for emerging adulthood to occur in OECD countries , it is not always true that all young people of those societies have the opportunity to experience these years of change and exploration . Media ( edit ) Emerging adulthood is not just an idea being talked about by psychologists , the media has propagated the concept as well . Hollywood has produced multiple movies where the main conflict seems to be a `` grown '' adult 's reluctance to actually `` grow '' up and take on responsibility . Failure to Launch and Step Brothers are extreme examples of this concept . While most takes on emerging adulthood ( and the problems that it can cause ) are shown in a light - humored attempt to poke fun at the idea , a few films have taken a more serious approach to the plight . Adventureland , Take Me Home Tonight , Cyrus and Jeff , Who Lives at Home are comedy - dramas that exhibit the plight of today 's emerging adult . Television also is capitalizing on the concept of emerging adulthood with sitcoms such as $ h * ! My Dad Says and Big Lake . However , it is not just on television where society sees the world becoming aware of this trend . In spring 2010 , The New Yorker magazine showcased a picture of a post-grad hanging his PhD on the wall of his bedroom as his parents stood in the doorway . People do not have to seek out these media sources to find documentation of the emerging adulthood phenomenon . News sources about the topic are abundant . Nationwide , it is being found that people entering their 20s are faced with multitudes of living problems creating problems that this age group has received a lot of attention for . The Occupy movement is an example of what has happened to the youth of today and exhibits the frustration of today 's emerging adults . Other television shows and films showcasing emerging / early adulthood are Girls , How I Met Your Mother , and Less Than Zero . Criticism ( edit ) The concept of emerging adulthood has not been without its criticisms . Sociologists have pinpointed that it neglects class differences . While it might be true that middle class children in Western societies are spoiled for choice and can afford to postpone life decisions , there are other young people who have no choices at all , and stay in the parental home not because they want to , but because they can not afford a life of their own : They experience a period of `` arrested adulthood '' . A more theoretical criticism comes from developmental psychologists , who regard all stage theories as outdated . They argue that development is a dynamic interactive process , which is different for every individual , because every individual has their own experiences . Inventing a stage that only describes ( not explains ) a time period in the life of a few individuals ( mostly white middle class young people living in Western societies within this decade ) , and has nothing to say about people living in different conditions or different points in history is not a scientific approach . Arnett has taken up some of these critical points in public discussion . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Arnett , Jeffrey Jensen ( 2000 ) . `` Emerging adulthood : A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties '' . American Psychologist. 55 ( 5 ) : 469 -- 480 . doi : 10.1037 / 0003 - 066X. 55.5. 469 . Jump up ^ Galambos , Nancy ; Martinez , M. Loreto ( 2007 ) . `` Poised for emerging adulthood in Latin America : A pleasure for the privileged '' . Child Development Perspectives. 1 ( 2 ) : 109 -- 114 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1750 - 8606.2007. 00024. x . Jump up ^ Ludwig , Devin ( August 23 , 2010 ) . `` Challenges of the Young Adult Generation '' . 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( 2001 ) . `` How young adults perceive parental divorce : The role of their relationships with their fathers and mothers '' . Journal of Divorce and Remarriage. 34 : 3 -- 17 . doi : 10.1300 / j087v34n03_02 . Jump up ^ Mahl , D ( 2001 ) . `` The influence of parental divorce on the romantic relationship beliefs of young adults '' . Journal of Divorce and Remarriage. 34 : 89 -- 118 . doi : 10.1300 / j087v34n03_06 . Jump up ^ Semyonov , M. ; Lewin - Epstein , N. ( 2001 ) . `` The impact of parental transfers on living standards of married children '' . Social Indicators Research . 54 : 115 -- 137 . doi : 10.1023 / a : 1011081529592 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , J. ; Phillips , M. ; Peterson , C. ; Battistutta , D. ( 2002 ) . `` Relationship between the parenting styles of biological parents and stepparents and the adjustment of young adult stepchildren '' . Journal of Divorce and Remarriage. 36 : 57 -- 76 . doi : 10.1300 / j087v36n03_04 . Jump up ^ Aquilino , W. ( 2006 ) . `` Family Relationships and Support Systems in Emerging Adulthood . '' In J.J. Arnett ( Ed . ) Emerging adults in America : Coming of age in the 21st century . ( pp. 193 - 217 ) . Washington , DC , US : American Psychological Association . Jump up ^ `` Census Bureau agrees with parents : Yes , young adults still home '' . Los Angeles Times . November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ White , N.R. ( 2002 ) . `` Not under my roof ! Young people 's experience of home . '' Youth & Society , 34 , 214 -- 231 . Jump up ^ Arnett , J.J. ( 2004 ) . `` Emerging adulthood : The winding road from the late teens through the twenties . '' New York : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Dubas , J.S. , & Petersen , A.C. ( 1996 ) . `` Geographical distance from parents and adjustment during adolescence and young adulthood . '' In J. Graber & J. Dubas ( Eds . ) , `` New directions for child development : Vol. 71 . Leaving home : Understanding the transition to adulthood '' ( pp. 3 -- 20 ) . San Francisco : Jossey - Bass . Jump up ^ `` Marriage and divorce rates '' ( PDF ) . OECD Family Database . OECD . Jump up ^ `` Cohabitation rate and prevalence of other forms of partnership '' ( PDF ) . OECD Family Database . OECD . Jump up ^ Stone , Linda . ( 2010 ) . Kinship and Gender . Boulder , Colorado : Westview Press , pp. 231 -- 36 , ISBN 0813344026 . Jump up ^ Schofield , Phillipp R. ( 2003 ) . Peasant and community in Medieval England , 1200 -- 1500 . Medieval culture and society . New York : Palgrave - Macmillan . p 98 , ISBN 0333647106 . Jump up ^ Laslett , Peter . ( 1965 ) . The World We Have Lost . New York , New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . p. 82 , ISBN 0415315271 . Jump up ^ `` Home Ownership Rates - Submission to the Inquiry into Home Ownership June 2015 '' . Jump up ^ https://www.newyorkfed.org/medialibrary/media/research/economists/tracy/7519_Transition_to_Homeownership.pdf Jump up ^ `` Why First - Time Homebuyers Are Waiting to Buy a House Until After Marriage - MainStreet '' . 13 April 2016 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 13 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Average age of first - time homeowners remains high -- The Daily Universe '' . 10 July 2016 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 10 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Record share of young women are living with their parents , relatives '' . 11 November 2015 . Jump up ^ United Nations Development Programme ( 2006 ) . Human Development Report , 2006 . New York : Author . ^ Jump up to : Arnett , J.J. ( 2011 ) . `` Emerging adulthood ( s ) : The Cultural Psychology of a New Life Stage . '' In L.A. Jensen ( Ed . ) , `` Bridging cultural and developmental approaches to psychology : New Synthesis in theory , research , and policy , '' ( pp. 255 -- 275 ) . New York : Oxford University Press . ^ Jump up to : Arnett , J.J. ( 2007 ) . `` Emerging Adulthood : What Is It , and What Is It Good For ? '' . Child Development Perspectives. 1 : 68 -- 73 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1750 - 8606.2007. 00016. x . Jump up ^ Arnett , J.J. ( 2011 ) . Emerging adulthood ( s ) : The Cultural Psychology of a New Life Stage . In L.A. Jensen ( Ed . ) , Bridging cultural and developmental approaches to psychology : New Synthesis in theory , research , and policy ( pp. 255 -- 275 ) . New York : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Arnett , Jeffrey ( 2000 ) . `` Emerging Adulthood : A Theory of Development From the Late Teens Through the Twenties '' . American Psychologist. 55 : 469 -- 480 . doi : 10.1037 / 0003 - 066x. 55.5. 469 . Jump up ^ Douglas , C.B. ( 2007 ) . `` From duty to desire : Emerging adulthood in Europe and its consequences '' . Child Development Perspectives. 1 : 101 -- 108 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1750 - 8606.2007. 00023. x . Jump up ^ United States Census Bureau ( 2009 ) . Statistical abstract of the United States . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office . Jump up ^ Nelson , L.J. ; Badger , S. ; Wu , B. ( 2004 ) . `` The influence of culture in emerging adulthood : Perspectives of Chinese college students '' . International Journal of Behavioral Development . 28 : 26 -- 36 . doi : 10.1080 / 01650250344000244 . Jump up ^ Hatfield , E. , & Rapson , R.L. ( 2006 ) . Love and sex : Cross-cultural perspectives . New York : University Press of America . Jump up ^ Chaudhary , N. , & Sharma , N. ( 2007 ) . India . In J.J. Arnett ( Ed . ) International encyclopedia of adolescence ( pp. 4420459 ) . New York : Routledge . Jump up ^ `` What Is It About 20 - Somethings ? '' . The New York Times . August 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` What 's The Matter With Kids Today ? '' . 19 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Bynner , J. ( 2005 ) . `` Rethinking the youth phase of the life course : The case for emerging adulthood ? '' . Journal of Youth Studies . 8 : 367 -- 384 . Jump up ^ Côté , James ( 2000 ) . Arrested adulthood : The changing nature of identity - maturity in the late - modern world . New York : New York University Press . Jump up ^ Hendry , L.B. ; Kloep , M. ( 2007 ) . `` Examining emerging adulthood : Investigating the emperor 's new clothes ? '' . Child Development Perspectives. 1 ( 2 ) : 74 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Arnett , J.J. ( 2006 ) . `` Emerging adulthood in Europe : A response to Bynner '' . Journal of Youth Studies . 9 : 111 -- 123 . Jump up ^ Arnett , J.J. ; Kloep , M. ; Hendry , L.B. ; Tanner , J. ( 2011 ) . Debating Emerging Adulthood : Stage or Process ? . New York : Oxford University Press . Further reading ( edit ) Jensen Arnett , Jeffrey ( 2004 ) . Emerging Adulthood : The Winding Road From the Late Teens Through the Twenties . Oxford University Press . p. 280 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517314 - 7 . Hassler , Christine ( 2008 ) . 20 Something Manifesto : Quarter - Lifers Speak Out About Who They Are , What They Want , and How to Get It . New World Library . p. 352 . ISBN 1 - 57731 - 595 - 2 . Etengoff , C ( 2011 ) . `` An Exploration of religious gender differences amongst Jewish - American emerging adults of different socio - religious subgroups '' . Archive for the Psychology of Religion . 33 : 371 -- 391 . doi : 10.1163 / 157361211x607316 . Etengoff , C. ; Daiute , C. ( 2013 ) . `` Sunni - Muslim American Religious Development during Emerging Adulthood '' . Journal of Adolescent Research . 28 ( 6 ) : 690 -- 714 . doi : 10.1177 / 0743558413477197 . External links ( edit ) Society for the Study of Emerging Adulthood University of Pennsylvania Transition to Adulthood Blog Hrabe , Ian ( Aug 24 , 2010 ) . `` How to Survive Emerging Adulthood : A Playlist '' . The Pitch . Retrieved Aug 24 , 2010 . ( hide ) Young adult development Life stages or events Adolescence Emerging adulthood and early adulthood Gap year Twixter Generation labels 421 generation Boomerang Generation Baby boomers Generation X Millennials Oregon Trail Generation Generation Z Post-80s Post-90s Sampo generation Satori generation Snowflake generation Strawberry generation Waithood Psychological or social dysfunction Disconnected youth Freeter Hikikomori NEET Parasite single Quarter - life crisis Youth homelessness Youth unemployment Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emerging_adulthood_and_early_adulthood&oldid=812253013 '' Categories : Human development Young adult Developmental psychology Demographics Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 November 2017 , at 22 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

which of the following is not a mental change that takes place during young adulthood

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List of Coronation Street characters

List of Coronation Street characters - wikipedia List of Coronation Street characters Jump to : navigation , search The following is a list of current characters in the ITV soap opera Coronation Street listed in order of appearance . If more than one actor has portrayed a character then the current actor portraying is listed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Present characters 1.1 Regular characters 1.2 Recurring and guest characters 2 Cast changes 2.1 Departing characters 2.2 Returning characters 3 Past characters 4 Lists of characters by year of introduction 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Present characters ( edit ) Regular characters ( edit ) Character Current Actor Character Duration Ken Barlow William Roache 1960 -- Rita Sullivan Barbara Knox 1964 , 1972 -- Peter Barlow Chris Gascoyne 1965 -- 1971 , 1973 -- 1975 , 1977 -- 1978 , 1986 , 2000 -- 2003 , 2007 -- Gail McIntyre Helen Worth 1974 -- Tracy Barlow Kate Ford 1977 -- 1983 , 1985 -- 1997 , 1999 , 2002 -- 2007 , 2010 -- Audrey Roberts Sue Nicholls 1979 -- 1982 , 1984 -- Kevin Webster Michael Le Vell 1983 -- Jenny Bradley Sally Ann Matthews 1986 -- 1991 , 1993 , 2015 -- Sally Webster Sally Dynevor 1986 -- Sarah Platt Tina O'Brien 1987 -- 2007 , 2015 -- Gina Seddon Connie Hyde 1988 -- 1989 , 2017 -- Liz McDonald Beverley Callard 1989 -- 1998 , 2000 -- 2001 , 2003 -- 2011 , 2013 -- Steve McDonald Simon Gregson 1989 -- Rosie Webster Helen Flanagan 1990 -- 2012 , 2017 -- David Platt Jack P. Shepherd 1990 -- Norris Cole Malcolm Hebden 1994 -- 1997 , 1999 -- Sophie Webster Brooke Vincent 1994 -- Daniel Osbourne Rob Mallard 1995 -- 1997 , 2007 , 2016 -- Roy Cropper David Neilson 1995 -- Robert Preston Tristan Gemmill 1996 , 1999 , 2003 , 2015 -- Leanne Battersby Jane Danson 1997 -- 2000 , 2004 -- Toyah Battersby Georgia Taylor 1997 -- 2003 , 2016 -- Tyrone Dobbs Alan Halsall 1998 -- Dev Alahan Jimmi Harkishin 1999 -- Eileen Grimshaw Sue Cleaver 2000 -- Maria Connor Samia Longchambon 2000 -- Kirk Sutherland Andrew Whyment 2000 -- Bethany Platt Lucy Fallon 2000 -- 2007 , 2015 -- Adam Barlow Sam Robertson 2001 -- 2007 , 2016 -- Todd Grimshaw Bruno Langley 2001 -- 2004 , 2007 , 2011 , 2013 -- Fiz Brown Jennie McAlpine 2001 -- Sean Tully Antony Cotton 2003 -- Chesney Brown Sam Aston 2003 -- Michelle Connor Kym Marsh 2006 -- Anna Windass Debbie Rush 2008 -- 2018 Gary Windass Mikey North 2008 -- Mary Taylor Patti Clare 2008 -- Brian Packham Peter Gunn 2010 -- 2013 , 2015 -- Izzy Armstrong Cherylee Houston 2010 -- Faye Windass Ellie Leach 2011 -- Eva Price Catherine Tyldesley 2011 -- Beth Tinker Lisa George 2011 -- Craig Tinker Colson Smith 2011 -- Tim Metcalfe Joe Duttine 2013 -- Sinead Tinker Katie McGlynn 2013 -- Pat Phelan Connor McIntyre 2013 -- 2014 , 2016 -- Luke Britton Dean Fagan 2014 -- Alya Nazir Sair Khan 2014 -- Yasmeen Nazir Shelley King 2014 -- Zeedan Nazir Qasim Akhtar 2014 -- Gemma Winter Dolly - Rose Campbell 2014 -- Billy Mayhew Daniel Brocklebank 2014 -- Cathy Matthews Melanie Hill 2015 -- Aidan Connor Shayne Ward 2015 -- Alex Warner Liam Bairstow 2015 -- Johnny Connor Richard Hawley 2015 -- Kate Connor Faye Brookes 2015 -- Rana Habeeb Bhavna Limbachia 2016 -- Seb Franklin Harry Visinoni 2016 -- Shona Ramsey Julia Goulding 2016 -- Jude Appleton Paddy Wallace 2016 -- Nicola Rubinstein Nicola Thorp 2017 -- Moira Pollock Louiza Patikas 2017 -- Angie Appleton Victoria Ekanoye 2017 -- Recurring and guest characters ( edit ) Character Current Actor Character Duration Simon Barlow Alex Bain 2003 , 2008 -- Amy Barlow Elle Mulvaney 2004 -- Aadi Alahan Zennon Ditchett 2006 , 2009 -- Asha Alahan Tanisha Gorey 2006 , 2009 -- Liam Connor Jr . Charlie Wrenshall 2009 -- Jack Webster Kyran Bowes 2010 -- Max Turner Harry McDermott 2010 -- Hope Stape Isabella Flanagan 2010 -- Ruby Dobbs Macy Alabi 2012 -- Jake Windass Seth and Theo Wild 2013 -- Lily Platt Brooke Malonie 2013 -- Dr. Susan Gaddas Christine Mackie 2014 -- Macca Hibbs Gareth Berliner 2014 -- Jackson Hodge Rhys Cadman 2015 , 2017 -- Miley Windass Uncredited 2015 , 2017 -- Harry Platt Freddie and Isaac 2016 -- Clayton Hibbs Callum Harrison 2016 -- DS MacKinnon Sandra Huggett 2016 -- DC Hough Philip Hill - Pearson 2016 -- Oliver Battersby Emmanuel and Jeremiah 2017 -- Summer Spellman Matilda Freeman 2017 -- Geraldine Spellman Lynne Verrall 2017 -- Rich Collis Fraser Ayres 2017 -- Cindy Watson Esther Hall 2017 -- Joe Haslam Chord Melodic 2017 -- Roxy Ward Claudia Adshead 2017 -- Zoe White Keeley Fitzgerald 2017 -- George Appleton Romeo Cheetham - Karcz 2017 -- Imogen Pascoe Melissa Johns 2017 -- Dane Hibbs Simon Naylor 2017 -- Charlie Franklin Jacob Fish 2017 -- Lexi Franklin Jasmine Fish 2017 -- Colin Callen Jim Moir 2017 Abi Franklin Sally Carman 2017 -- Jess Heywood Donnaleigh Bailey 2017 -- Cast changes ( edit ) Departing characters ( edit ) Character Actor Departure date Ref ( s ) Anna Windass Debbie Rush 2018 Returning characters ( edit ) Character Actor Return date Ref ( s ) Joseph Brown TBC 30 October 2017 Carla Connor Alison King December 2017 Past characters ( edit ) Main article : List of past Coronation Street characters Lists of characters by year of introduction ( edit ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 See also ( edit ) List of original Coronation Street characters List of Coronation Street actors References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bourne , Dianne ( 22 September 2016 ) . `` Adorable daughter of Coronation Street stars Ryan Thomas and Tina O'Brien turns model '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 2 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Freddie and Isaac '' . The Drama Mob Management . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emmanuel and Jeremiah '' . The Drama Mob Management . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Bourne , Diane ( 22 August 2017 ) . `` Coronation Street 's adorable new baby George has his own real - life TV star mum '' . The Mirror . Retrieved 24 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Rajani , Deepika ( 3 July 2017 ) . `` Coronation Street star Debbie Rush QUITS the soap as Anna Windass after nine years '' . OK ! Magazine . Northern and Shell . Retrieved 3 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Preview Pictures : This Week On The Street '' . ITV . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Kilkelly , Daniel ( 24 October 2017 ) . `` Coronation Street spoiler : Seb receives even more shocking news '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Coronation Street : Alison King to return as Carla Connor at Christmas '' . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . External links ( edit ) Cast and characters at itv.com Cast and characters at the Internet Movie Database Coronation Street Awards and nominations Producers Humour Characters Present characters Past characters Storylines Timeline Births , marriages and deaths `` Who Attacked Ken ? '' Episodes Episode One Coronation Street Live ( 2000 ) `` Siege Week '' Coronation Street Live ( 2010 ) Sets and locations Weatherfield Rovers Return Inn Underworld Factory Spin - offs Pardon the Expression Turn Out the Lights VHS and DVD releases Coronation Street : Out of Africa Coronation Street : Romanian Holiday The Road to Coronation Street `` East Street '' Ken and Deirdre 's Bedtime Stories Related articles `` I Want to Break Free '' Coronation Street characters Present and future characters Ken Barlow Emily Bishop Rita Sullivan Peter Barlow Gail McIntyre Tracy Barlow Audrey Roberts Kevin Webster Jenny Bradley Sally Webster Gina Seddon Sarah Platt Liz McDonald Steve McDonald Rosie Webster David Platt Norris Cole Sophie Webster Daniel Osbourne Roy Cropper Robert Preston Leanne Battersby Toyah Battersby Tyrone Dobbs Dev Alahan Eileen Grimshaw Maria Connor Kirk Sutherland Bethany Platt Adam Barlow Todd Grimshaw Fiz Brown Simon Barlow Sean Tully Chesney Brown Amy Barlow Aadi Alahan Asha Alahan Michelle Connor Carla Connor Anna Windass Gary Windass Mary Taylor Liam Connor Jr . Izzy Armstrong Max Turner Jack Webster Hope Stape Faye Windass Eva Price Beth Tinker Craig Tinker Ruby Dobbs Tim Metcalfe Sinead Tinker Jake Windass Lily Platt Pat Phelan Luke Britton Alya Nazir Yasmeen Nazir Dr. Susan Gaddas Zeedan Nazir Gemma Winter Andy Carver Billy Mayhew Cathy Matthews Aidan Connor Alex Warner Johnny Connor Kate Connor Rana Habeeb Harry Platt Seb Franklin Shona Ramsey Jude Appleton Oliver Battersby Nicola Rubinstein Summer Spellman Moira Pollock Angie Appleton Past characters Sunita Alahan Christine Appleby Lewis Archer Shirley Armitage Katy Armstrong Owen Armstrong Danny Baldwin Frankie Baldwin Jamie Baldwin Mike Baldwin Deirdre Barlow Frank Barlow Ida Barlow Susan Barlow Des Barnes Natalie Barnes Janice Battersby Les Battersby Cilla Battersby - Brown Sheila Birtles Natasha Blakeman Alan Bradley Renee Bradshaw Teresa Bryant Julie Carp Casey Carswell Matt Carter Paul Clayton Liam Connor Paul Connor Ryan Connor Kelly Crabtree Hayley Cropper Trevor Dean Marcus Dent Jackie Dobbs Molly Dobbs Rob Donovan Jack Duckworth Terry Duckworth Tommy Duckworth Vera Duckworth Fred Elliott Anne Foster Frank Foster Alec Gilroy Tony Gordon Cheryl Gray Jason Grimshaw Alma Halliwell Richard Hillman Charlotte Hoyle Blanche Hunt Mel Hutchwright Amber Kalirai Ray Langton Bet Lynch Tara Mandal Ciaran McCarthy Becky McDonald Jim McDonald Karen McDonald Joe McIntyre Tina McIntyre Darryl Morton Jerry Morton Kayleigh Morton Mel Morton Lloyd Mullaney Karl Munro Hilda Ogden Stan Ogden Denise Osbourne Ashley Peacock Claire Peacock Kylie Platt Martin Platt Sian Powers Stella Price Graeme Proctor Mark Redman Alf Roberts Maya Sharma Ena Sharples Kirsty Soames John Stape Jed Stone Candice Stowe Luke Strong Charlie Stubbs Percy Sugden Leonard Swindley Dennis Tanner Elsie Tanner Albert Tatlock Ivy Tilsley Nick Tilsley Vernon Tomlin Shelley Unwin Annie Walker Curly Watts Raquel Watts Bill Webster Betty Williams Violet Wilson Derek Wilton Mavis Wilton Eddie Windass Eddie Yeats Lists of characters 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Original characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Coronation_Street_characters&oldid=807414421 '' Categories : Lists of Coronation Street characters Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Gaeilge Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 20 : 01 . About Wikipedia

how many characters are there in coronation street

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Arab–Byzantine wars

Arab -- Byzantine wars - wikipedia Arab -- Byzantine wars Jump to : navigation , search Arab -- Byzantine wars Part of the Muslim conquests Greek fire , first used by the Byzantine Navy during the Byzantine -- Arab Wars . Date 629 -- 1050s Location Levant ( Syria ) , Egypt , North Africa , Anatolia , Crete , Sicily , Southern Italy Territorial changes Levant , Mesopotamia , North Africa , and Sicily annexed by Arabs . Southeastern Anatolia , Armenia , northern Levant , southern Italy , and Crete recaptured during Byzantine reconquest . Belligerents Byzantine Empire Ghassanids Mardaites Armenian principalities Bulgarian Empire Kingdom of Italy Italian city - states Rashidun Caliphate Umayyad Caliphate Abbasid Caliphate Aghlabids Emirate of Sicily Emirate of Bari Emirate of Crete Hamdanids of Aleppo Fatimid Caliphate Mirdasids of Aleppo Commanders and leaders Heraclius Theodore Trithyrius † Gregory the Patrician † Constans II Constantine IV Justinian II Leontios Heraclius Constantine V Leo V the Armenian Michael Lachanodrakon Tatzates Irene of Athens Nikephoros I Theophilos Manuel the Armenian Niketas Ooryphas Himerios John Kourkouas Bardas Phokas the Elder Nikephoros II Phokas Leo Phokas the Younger John I Tzimiskes Michael Bourtzes Basil II Nikephoros Ouranos George Maniakes Tervel of Bulgaria Zaid bin Harith † Ja'far ibn Abī Tālib † Khalid ibn al - Walid Ikrimah ibn Abi - Jahl ' Abd Allah ibn Rawahah † Abu Bakr Umar Abu Ubaidah ibn al - Jarrah Sharhabeel ibn Hasana ' Amr ibn al - ' As Yazid ibn Abu Sufyan Abdullah ibn Saad Muawiyah I Yazid I Muhammad ibn Marwan Maslama ibn Abd al - Malik Abdallah al - Battal Mu'awiyah ibn Hisham Harun al - Rashid Abd al - Malik ibn Salih Al - Ma'mun Al - Mu'tasim Asad ibn al - Furat ( DOW ) Abbas ibn al - Fadl Khafaga ibn Sufyan Ibrahim II of Ifriqiya Leo of Tripoli † Umar al - Aqta † Sayf al - Dawla Al - Aziz Billah Manjutakin Arab -- Byzantine wars Early conflicts Mu'tah Dathin Firaz Muslim conquest of the Levant al - Qaryatayn Bosra Ajnadayn Marj Rahit Fahl Damascus Maraj - al - Debaj Emesa Yarmouk Jerusalem Hazir Aleppo Iron Bridge Germanicia Muslim conquest of Egypt Heliopolis Alexandria Nikiou Muslim conquest of North Africa Sufetula Vescera Mamma Carthage Umayyad invasions of Anatolia and Constantinople 1st Constantinople Sebastopolis Tyana 2nd Constantinople Nicaea Akroinon Arab -- Byzantine border warfare Kamacha Abbasid invasion of 782 Kopidnadon Krasos Abbasid invasion of 806 Anzen and Amorium Mauropotamos Faruriyyah Lalakaon Bathys Ryax Sicily and Southern Italy 1st Syracuse 2nd Syracuse 1st Malta 3rd Syracuse Caltavuturo Campaigns of Leo Apostyppes and Nikephoros Phokas the Elder Stelai ( 1st Milazzo ) ( 2nd ) Milazzo 1st Taormina Garigliano Campaigns of Marianos Argyros 2nd Taormina Rometta Straits of Messina George Maniakes in Sicily 2nd Malta Naval warfare and raids Phoenix Keramaia Muslim conquest of Crete Thasos Damietta Ragusa Kardia Gulf of Corinth Cephalonia Euripos Thessalonica Byzantine Reconquest Campaigns of John Kourkouas Campaigns of Sayf al - Dawla Marash Raban Andrassos Campaigns of Nikephoros Phokas Crete Cilicia Antioch Alexandretta Campaigns of John Tzimiskes Syria Orontes Apamea Campaigns of Basil II Azaz The Arab -- Byzantine wars were a series of wars between the mostly Arab Muslims and the East Roman or Byzantine Empire between the 7th and 11th centuries AD , started during the initial Muslim conquests under the expansionist Rashidun and Umayyad caliphs in the 7th century and continued by their successors until the mid-11th century . The emergence of Muslim Arabs from Arabia in the 630s resulted in the rapid loss of Byzantium 's southern provinces ( Syria and Egypt ) to the Muslim Caliphate . Over the next fifty years , under the aggressive Umayyad caliphs , the Muslims would launch repeated raids into still - Byzantine Asia Minor , twice threaten the Byzantine capital , Constantinople with conquest , and outright conquer the Byzantine Exarchate of Africa . The situation did not stabilize until after the failure of the Second Arab Siege of Constantinople in 718 , when the Taurus Mountains on the eastern rim of Asia Minor became established as the mutual , heavily fortified and largely depopulated frontier . Under the Abbasid Empire , relations became more normal , with embassies exchanged and even periods of truce , but conflict remained the norm , with almost annual raids and counter-raids , sponsored either by the Abbasid government or by local rulers , well into the 10th century . During the first centuries , the Byzantines were usually on the defensive , and avoided open field battles , preferring to retreat to their fortified strongholds . Only after 740 did they begin to launch counterstrikes of their own , but still the Abbasid Empire was able to retaliate with often massive and destructive invasions of Asia Minor . With the decline and fragmentation of the Abbasid state after 861 and the concurrent strengthening of the Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty , the tide gradually turned . Over a period of fifty years from ca . 920 to 976 , the Byzantines finally broke through the Muslim defences and restored their control over northern Syria and Greater Armenia . The last century of the Arab -- Byzantine wars was dominated by frontier conflicts with the Fatimids in Syria , but the border remained stable until the appearance of a new people , the Seljuk Turks , after 1060 . The Arabs also took to the sea , and from the 650s on , the entire Mediterranean Sea became a battleground , with raids and counter-raids being launched against islands and the coastal settlements . Arab raids reached a peak in the 9th and early 10th centuries , after the conquests of Crete , Malta and Sicily , with their fleets reaching the coasts of France and Dalmatia and even the suburbs of Constantinople . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Muslim conquests , 629 -- 718 2.1 Arab conquest of Roman Syria : 634 -- 638 2.2 Arab conquests of North Africa : 639 -- 698 2.2. 1 Conquest of Egypt and Cyrenaica 2.2. 2 Conquest of the Exarchate of Africa 2.3 Arab attacks on Anatolia and sieges of Constantinople 2.3. 1 Attacks against Byzantine holdings in Africa , Sicily and the East 3 Stabilization of the frontier , 718 -- 863 3.1 Raids under the last Umayyads and the rise of Iconoclasm 3.2 Early Abbasids 3.3 Sicily , Italy and Crete 4 Byzantine resurgence , 863 -- 11th century 5 Conclusion 6 Effects 7 Historiography and other sources 8 See also 9 Notes 10 Citations 11 References 11.1 Primary sources 11.2 Secondary sources 12 Further reading 13 External links Background ( edit ) See also : Roman -- Persian Wars , Byzantine -- Sassanid Wars , Byzantine -- Sassanid War of 602 -- 628 , and Siege of Constantinople ( 626 ) The prolonged and escalating Byzantine -- Sassanid wars of the 6th and 7th centuries and the recurring outbreaks of bubonic plague ( Plague of Justinian ) left both empires exhausted and vulnerable in the face of the sudden emergence and expansion of the Arabs . The last of these wars ended with victory for the Byzantines : Emperor Heraclius regained all lost territories , and restored the True Cross to Jerusalem in 629 . Nevertheless , neither empire was given any chance to recover , as within a few years they were struck by the onslaught of the Arabs ( newly united by Islam ) , which , according to Howard - Johnston , `` can only be likened to a human tsunami '' . According to George Liska , the `` unnecessarily prolonged Byzantine -- Persian conflict opened the way for Islam '' . In late 620s Muhammad had already managed to conquer and unify much of Arabia under Muslim rule , and it was under his leadership that the first Muslim - Byzantine skirmishes took place . Just a few months after Heraclius and the Persian general Shahrbaraz agreed on terms for the withdrawal of Persian troops from occupied Byzantine eastern provinces in 629 , Arab and Byzantine troops confronted each other at the Mu'tah . Muhammad died in 632 and was succeeded by Abu Bakr , the first Caliph with undisputed control of the entire Arabian Peninsula after the successful Ridda Wars , which resulted in the consolidation of a powerful Muslim state throughout the peninsula . Muslim conquests , 629 -- 718 ( edit ) Sham region was just the start of Arab expansion . Expansion under Muhammad , 622 -- 632 Expansion during the Rashidun Caliphate , 632 -- 661 Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate , 661 -- 750 According to Muslim biographies , Muhammed , having received intelligence that Byzantine forces were concentrating in northern Arabia with alleged intentions of invading Arabia , led a Muslim army north to Tabouk in present - day northwestern Saudi Arabia , with the intention of pre-emptively engaging the Byzantine army ; the news , however , proved to be false . Though it was not a battle in the typical sense , nevertheless the event represented the first Arab attack on the Byzantines . It did not , however , lead immediately to a military confrontation . However , there is no contemporary Byzantine account of the Tabuk expedition , and many of the details come from much later Muslim sources . It has been argued that there is in one Byzantine source possibly referencing the Battle of Mu _́ tah traditionally dated 629 , but this is not certain . The first engagements may have started as conflicts with the Arab client states of the Byzantine and Sassanid empires : the Ghassanids and the Lakhmids of Al - Hirah . In any case , Muslim Arabs after 634 certainly pursued a full - blown invasion of both empires , resulting in the conquest of the Levant , Egypt and Persia for Islam . The most successful generals were Khalid ibn al - Walid and ' Amr ibn al - ' As . Arab conquest of Roman Syria : 634 -- 638 ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Muslim conquest of Syria . In the Levant , the invading Rashidun army were engaged by a Byzantine army composed of imperial troops as well as local levies . According to Islamic historians Monophysites and Jews throughout Syria welcomed the Arab invaders , as they were discontented with Byzantine rule. . The Roman Emperor Heraclius had fallen ill and was unable to personally lead his armies to resist the Arab conquests of Syria and Roman Paelestina in 634 . In a battle fought near Ajnadayn in the summer of 634 , the Rashidun Caliphate army achieved a decisive victory . After their victory at the Fahl , Muslim forces conquered Damascus in 634 under the command of Khalid ibn al - Walid . The Byzantine response involved the collection and dispatch of the maximum number of available troops under major commanders , including Theodore Trithyrius and the Armenian general Vahan , to eject the Muslims from their newly won territories . At the Battle of Yarmouk in 636 , however , the Muslims , having studied the ground in detail , lured the Byzantines into pitched battle , which the Byzantines usually avoided , and into a series of costly assaults , before turning the deep valleys and cliffs into a catastrophic death - trap . Heraclius ' farewell exclamation ( according to the 9th - century historian Al - Baladhuri ) while departing Antioch for Constantinople , is expressive of his disappointment : `` Peace unto thee , O Syria , and what an excellent country this is for the enemy ! '' The impact of Syria 's loss on the Byzantines is illustrated by Joannes Zonaras ' words : `` ( ... ) since then ( after the fall of Syria ) the race of the Ishmaelites did not cease from invading and plundering the entire territory of the Romans '' . In April 637 , the Arabs , after a long siege captured Jerusalem , which was surrendered by Patriarch Sophronius . In the summer of 637 , the Muslims conquered Gaza , and , during the same period , the Byzantine authorities in Egypt and Mesopotamia purchased an expensive truce , which lasted three years for Egypt and one year for Mesopotamia . Antioch fell to the Muslim armies in late 637 , and by then the Muslims occupied the whole of northern Syria , except for upper Mesopotamia , which they granted a one - year truce . At the expiration of this truce in 638 -- 639 , the Arabs overran Byzantine Mesopotamia and Byzantine Armenia , and terminated the conquest of Palestine by storming Caesarea Maritima and effecting their final capture of Ascalon . In December 639 , the Muslims departed from Palestine to invade Egypt in early 640 . Arab conquests of North Africa : 639 -- 698 ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Umayyad conquest of North Africa . Conquest of Egypt and Cyrenaica ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Muslim conquest of Egypt . By the time Heraclius died , much of Egypt had been lost , and by 637 -- 638 the whole of Syria was in the hands of the armies of Islam . With 3,500 -- 4,000 troops under his command , ' Amr ibn al - A'as first crossed into Egypt from Palestine at the end of 639 or the beginning of 640 . He was progressively joined by further reinforcements , notably 12,000 soldiers by Al - Zubayr . ' Amr first besieged and conquered Babylon , and then attacked Alexandria . The Byzantines , divided and shocked by the sudden loss of so much territory , agreed to give up the city by September 642 . The fall of Alexandria extinguished Byzantine rule in Egypt , and allowed the Muslims to continue their military expansion into North Africa ; between 643 -- 644 ' Amr completed the conquest of Cyrenaica . Uthman succeeded Caliph Umar after his death . During his reign the Byzantine navy briefly won back Alexandria in 645 , but lost it again in 646 shortly after the Battle of Nikiou . The Islamic forces raided Sicily in 652 , while Cyprus and Crete were captured in 653 . According to Arab historians , the local Christian Copts welcomed the Arabs just as the Monophysites did in Jerusalem . The loss of this lucrative province deprived the Byzantines of their valuable wheat supply , thereby causing food shortages throughout the Byzantine Empire and weakening its armies in the following decades . Conquest of the Exarchate of Africa ( edit ) `` The people of Homs replied ( to the Muslims ) , `` We like your rule and justice far better than the state of oppression and tyranny in which we were . The army of Heraclius we shall indeed , with your ' amil 's ' help , repulse from the city . '' The Jews rose and said , `` We swear by the Torah , no governor of Heraclius shall enter the city of Homs unless we are first vanquished and exhausted ! '' ( ... ) The inhabitants of the other cities -- Christian and Jews -- that had capitulated to the Muslims , did the same ( ... ) When by Allah 's help the `` unbelievers '' were defeated and the Muslims won , they opened the gates of their cities , went out with the singers and music players who began to play , and paid the kharaj . '' Al - Baladhuri -- According to the Muslim historians of the 9th century , local populations regarded Byzantine rule as oppressive , and preferred Muslim conquest instead . In 647 , a Rashidun - Arab army led by Abdallah ibn al - Sa'ad invaded the Byzantine Exarchate of Africa . Tripolitania was conquered , followed by Sufetula , 150 miles ( 240 km ) south of Carthage , and the governor and self - proclaimed Emperor of Africa Gregory was killed . Abdallah 's booty - laden force returned to Egypt in 648 after Gregory 's successor , Gennadius , promised them an annual tribute of some 300,000 nomismata . Following a civil war in the Arab Empire the Umayyads came to power under Muawiyah I. Under the Umayyads the conquest of the remaining Byzantine and northern Berber territories in North Africa was completed and the Arabs were able to move across large parts of the Berber world , invading Visigothic Spain through the Strait of Gibraltar , under the command of the allegedly Berber general Tariq ibn - Ziyad . But this happened only after they developed a naval power of their own , and they conquered and destroyed the Byzantine stronghold of Carthage between 695 -- 698 . The loss of Africa meant that soon , Byzantine control of the Western Mediterranean was challenged by a new and expanding Arab fleet , operating from Tunisia . Muawiyah began consolidating the Arab territory from the Aral Sea to the western border of Egypt . He put a governor in place in Egypt at al - Fustat , and launched raids into Anatolia in 663 . Then from 665 to 689 a new North African campaign was launched to protect Egypt `` from flank attack by Byzantine Cyrene '' . An Arab army of 40,000 took Barca , defeating 30,000 Byzantines . A vanguard of 10,000 Arabs under Uqba ibn Nafi followed from Damascus . In 670 , Kairouan in modern Tunisia was established as a base for further invasions ; Kairouan would become the capital of the Islamic province of Ifriqiya , and one of the main Arabo - Islamic religious centers in the Middle Ages . Then ibn Nafi `` plunged into the heart of the country , traversed the wilderness in which his successors erected the splendid capitals of Fes and Morocco , and at length penetrated to the verge of the Atlantic and the great desert '' . In his conquest of the Maghreb , Uqba Ibn Nafi took the coastal cities of Bejaia and Tangier , overwhelming what had once been the Roman province of Mauretania where he was finally halted . As the historian Luis Garcia de Valdeavellano explains : In their struggle against the Byzantines and the Berbers , the Arab chieftains had greatly extended their African dominions , and as early as the year 682 Uqba had reached the shores of the Atlantic , but he was unable to occupy Tangier , for he was forced to turn back toward the Atlas Mountains by a man who became known to history and legend as Count Julian . -- Luis Garcia de Valdeavellano Arab attacks on Anatolia and sieges of Constantinople ( edit ) As the first tide of the Muslim conquests in the Near East ebbed off , and a semi-permanent border between the two powers was established , a wide zone , unclaimed by either Byzantines or Arabs and virtually deserted ( known in Arabic as al - Ḍawāḥī , `` the outer lands '' and in Greek as τὰ ἄκρα , ta akra , `` the extremities '' ) emerged in Cilicia , along the southern approaches of the Taurus and Anti-Taurus mountain ranges , leaving Syria in Muslim and the Anatolian plateau in Byzantine hands . Both Emperor Heraclius and the Caliph ' Umar ( r . 634 -- 644 ) pursued a strategy of destruction within this zone , trying to transform it into an effective barrier between the two realms . Nevertheless , the Umayyads still considered the complete subjugation of Byzantium as their ultimate objective . Their thinking was dominated by Islamic teaching , which placed the infidel Byzantines in the Dār al - Ḥarb , the `` House of War '' , which , in the words of Islamic scholar Hugh N. Kennedy , `` the Muslims should attack whenever possible ; rather than peace interrupted by occasional conflict , the normal pattern was seen to be conflict interrupted by occasional , temporary truce ( hudna ) . True peace ( ṣulḥ ) could only come when the enemy accepted Islam or tributary status . '' Both as governor of Syria and later as caliph , Muawiyah I ( r . 661 -- 680 ) was the driving force of the Muslim effort against Byzantium , especially by his creation of a fleet , which challenged the Byzantine navy and raided the Byzantine islands and coasts . To stop the Byzantine harassment from the sea during the Arab - Byzantine Wars , in 649 Muawiyah set up a navy , manned by Monophysitise Christian , Copt and Jacobite Syrian Christian sailors and Muslim troops . This resulted in the defeat of the Byzantine navy at the Battle of the Masts in 655 , opening up the Mediterranean . The shocking defeat of the imperial fleet by the young Muslim navy at the Battle of the Masts in 655 was of critical importance : it opened up the Mediterranean , hitherto a `` Roman lake '' , to Arab expansion , and began a centuries - long series of naval conflicts over the control of the Mediterranean waterways. 500 Byzantine ships were destroyed in the battle , and Emperor Constans II was almost killed . Under the instructions of the caliph Uthman ibn Affan , Muawiyah then prepared for the siege of Constantinople . Trade between the Muslim eastern and southern shores and the Christian northern shores almost ceased during this period , isolating Western Europe from developments in the Muslim world : `` In antiquity , and again in the high Middle Ages , the voyage from Italy to Alexandria was commonplace ; in early Islamic times the two countries were so remote that even the most basic information was unknown '' ( Kennedy ) . Muawiyah also initiated the first large - scale raids into Anatolia from 641 on . These expeditions , aiming both at plunder and at weakening and keeping the Byzantines at bay , as well as the corresponding retaliatory Byzantine raids , eventually became established as a fixture of Byzantine -- Arab warfare for the next three centuries . Gold tremissis of Constans II . The outbreak of the Muslim Civil War in 656 bought a precious breathing pause for Byzantium , which Emperor Constans II ( r . 641 -- 668 ) used to shore up his defences , extend and consolidate his control over Armenia and most importantly , initiate a major army reform with lasting effect : the establishment of the themata , the large territorial commands into which Anatolia , the major contiguous territory remaining to the Empire , was divided . The remains of the old field armies were settled in each of them , and soldiers were allocated land there in payment of their service . The themata would form the backbone of the Byzantine defensive system for centuries to come . Attacks against Byzantine holdings in Africa , Sicily and the East ( edit ) After his victory in the civil war , Muawiyah launched a series of attacks against Byzantine holdings in Africa , Sicily and the East . By 670 , the Muslim fleet had penetrated into the Sea of Marmara and stayed at Cyzicus during the winter . Four years later , a massive Muslim fleet reappeared in the Marmara and re-established a base at Cyzicus , from there they raided the Byzantine coasts almost at will . Finally in 676 , Muawiyah sent an army to invest Constantinople from land as well , beginning the First Arab Siege of the city . Constantine IV ( r . 661 -- 685 ) however used a devastating new weapon that came to be known as `` Greek fire '' , invented by a Christian refugee from Syria named Kallinikos of Heliopolis , to decisively defeat the attacking Umayyad navy in the Sea of Marmara , resulting in the lifting of the siege in 678 . The returning Muslim fleet suffered further losses due to storms , while the army lost many men to the thematic armies who attacked them on their route back . Among those killed in the siege was Eyup , the standard bearer of Muhammed and the last of his companions ; to Muslims today , his tomb is considered one of the holiest sites in Istanbul . The Byzantine victory over the invading Umayyads halted the Islamic expansion into Europe for almost thirty years . In spite of the turbulent reign of Justinian II , last emperor of the Heraclian dynasty , his coinage still bore the traditional `` PAX '' , peace . The setback at Constantinople was followed by further reverses across the vast Muslim empire . As Gibbon writes , `` this Mahometan Alexander , who sighed for new worlds , was unable to preserve his recent conquests . By the universal defection of the Greeks and Africans he was recalled from the shores of the Atlantic . '' His forces were directed at putting down rebellions , and in one such battle he was surrounded by insurgents and killed . Then , the third governor of Africa , Zuheir , was overthrown by a powerful army , sent from Constantinople by Constantine IV for the relief of Carthage . Meanwhile , a second Arab civil war was raging in Arabia and Syria resulting in a series of four caliphs between the death of Muawiyah in 680 and the ascension of Abd al - Malik in 685 , and was ongoing until 692 with the death of the rebel leader . The Saracen Wars of Justinian II ( r . 685 -- 695 and 705 -- 711 ) , last emperor of the Heraclian Dynasty , `` reflected the general chaos of the age '' . After a successful campaign he made a truce with the Arabs , agreeing on joint possession of Armenia , Iberia and Cyprus ; however , by removing 12,000 Christian Mardaites from their native Lebanon , he removed a major obstacle for the Arabs in Syria , and in 692 , after the disastrous Battle of Sebastopolis , the Muslims invaded and conquered all of Armenia . Deposed in 695 , with Carthage lost in 698 , Justinian returned to power from 705 - 711 . His second reign was marked by Arab victories in Asia Minor and civil unrest . Reportedly , he ordered his guards to execute the only unit that had not deserted him after one battle , to prevent their desertion in the next . Justinian 's first and second depositions were followed by internal disorder , with successive revolts and emperors lacking legitimacy or support . In this climate , the Umayyads consolidated their control of Armenia and Cilicia , and began preparing a renewed offensive against Constantinople . In Byzantium , the general Leo the Isaurian ( r . 717 -- 741 ) had just seized the throne in March 717 , when the massive Muslim army under the famed Umayyad prince and general Maslama ibn Abd al - Malik began moving towards the imperial capital . The Caliphate 's army and navy , led by Maslama , numbered some 120,000 men and 1,800 ships according to the sources . Whatever the real number , it was a huge force , far larger than the imperial army . Thankfully for Leo and the Empire , the capital 's sea walls had recently been repaired and strengthened . In addition , the emperor concluded an alliance with the Bulgar khan Tervel , who agreed to harass the invaders ' rear . The Theodosian Walls of Constantinople . From July 717 to August 718 , the city was besieged by land and sea by the Muslims , who built an extensive double line of circumvallation and contravallation on the landward side , isolating the capital . Their attempt to complete the blockade by sea however failed when the Byzantine navy employed Greek fire against them ; the Arab fleet kept well off the city walls , leaving Constantinople 's supply routes open . Forced to extend the siege into winter , the besieging army suffered horrendous casualties from the cold and the lack of provisions . In spring , new reinforcements were sent by the new caliph , Umar ibn Abd al - Aziz ( r . 717 -- 720 ) , by sea from Africa and Egypt and over land through Asia Minor . The crews of the new fleets were composed mostly of Christians , who began defecting in large numbers , while the land forces were ambushed and defeated in Bithynia . As famine and an epidemic continued to plague the Arab camp , the siege was abandoned on 15 August 718 . On its return , the Arab fleet suffered further casualties to storms and an eruption of the volcano of Thera . Stabilization of the frontier , 718 -- 863 ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Byzantine -- Arab wars ( 780 -- 1180 ) . The first wave of the Muslim conquests ended with the siege of Constantinople in 718 , and the border between the two empires became stabilized along the mountains of eastern Anatolia . Raids and counter-raids continued on both sides and became almost ritualized , but the prospect of outright conquest of Byzantium by the Caliphate receded . This led to far more regular , and often friendly , diplomatic contacts , as well as a reciprocal recognition of the two empires . In response to the Muslim threat , which reached its peak in the first half of the 8th century , the Isaurian emperors adopted the policy of Iconoclasm , which was abandoned in 786 only to be readopted in the 820s and finally abandoned in 843 . Under the Macedonian dynasty , exploiting the decline and fragmentation of the Abbasid Caliphate , the Byzantines gradually went into the offensive , and recovered much territory in the 10th century , which was lost however after 1071 to the Seljuk Turks . Raids under the last Umayyads and the rise of Iconoclasm ( edit ) Map of the Byzantine - Arab frontier zone in southeastern Asia Minor , along the Taurus - Antitaurus range Following the failure to capture Constantinople in 717 -- 718 , the Umayyads for a time diverted their attention elsewhere , allowing the Byzantines to take to the offensive , making some gains in Armenia . From 720 / 721 however the Arab armies resumed their expeditions against Byzantine Anatolia , although now they were no longer aimed at conquest , but rather large - scale raids , plundering and devastating the countryside and only occasionally attacking forts or major settlements . Under the late Umayyad and early Abbasid caliphs , the frontier between Byzantium and the Caliphate became stabilized along the line of the Taurus - Antitaurus mountain ranges . On the Arab side , Cilicia was permanently occupied and its deserted cities , such as Adana , Mopsuestia ( al - Massisa ) and , most importantly , Tarsus , were refortified and resettled under the early Abbasids . Likewise , in Upper Mesopotamia , places like Germanikeia ( Mar'ash ) , Hadath and Melitene ( Malatya ) became major military centers . These two regions came to form the two halves of a new fortified frontier zone , the thughur . Both the Umayyads and later the Abbasids continued to regard the annual expeditions against the Caliphate 's `` traditional enemy '' as an integral part of the continuing jihad , and they quickly became organized in a regular fashion : one to two summer expeditions ( pl . ṣawā'if , sing . ṣā'ifa ) sometimes accompanied by a naval attack and / or followed by winter expeditions ( shawātī ) . The summer expeditions were usually two separate attacks , the `` expedition of the left '' ( al - ṣā'ifa al - yusrā / al - ṣughrā ) launched from the Cilician thughur and consisting mostly of Syrian troops , and the usually larger `` expedition of the right '' ( al - ṣā'ifa al - yumnā / al - kubrā ) launched from Malatya and composed of Mesopotamian troops . The raids were also largely confined to the borderlands and the central Anatolian plateau , and only rarely reached the peripheral coastlands , which the Byzantines fortified heavily . Under the more aggressive Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al - Malik ( r . 723 -- 743 ) , the Arab expeditions intensified for a time , and were led by some of the Caliphate 's most capable generals , including princes of the Umayyad dynasty like Maslama ibn Abd al - Malik and al - Abbas ibn al - Walid or Hisham 's own sons Mu'awiyah , Maslama and Sulayman . This was still a time when Byzantium was fighting for survival , and `` the frontier provinces , devastated by war , were a land of ruined cities and deserted villages where a scattered population looked to rocky castles or impenetrable mountains rather than the armies of the empire to provide a minimum of security '' ( Kennedy ) . In response to the renewal of Arab invasions , and to a sequence of natural disasters such as the eruptions of the volcanic island of Thera , the Emperor Leo III the Isaurian concluded that the Empire had lost divine favour . Already in 722 he had tried to force the conversion of the Empire 's Jews , but soon he began to turn his attention to the veneration of icons , which some bishops had come to regard as idolatrous . In 726 , Leo published an edict condemning their use and showed himself increasingly critical of the iconophiles . He formally banned depictions of religious figures in a court council in 730 . This decision provoked major opposition both from the people and the church , especially the Bishop of Rome , which Leo did not take into account . In the words of Warren Treadgold : `` He saw no need to consult the church , and he appears to have been surprised by the depth of the popular opposition he encountered '' . The controversy weakened the Byzantine Empire , and was a key factor in the schism between the Patriarch of Constantinople and the Bishop of Rome . The Umayyad Caliphate however was increasingly distracted by conflicts elsewhere , especially its confrontation with the Khazars , with whom Leo III had concluded an alliance , marrying his son and heir , Constantine V ( r . 741 -- 775 ) to the Khazar princess Tzitzak . Only in the late 730s did the Muslim raids again become a threat , but the great Byzantine victory at Akroinon and the turmoil of the Abbasid Revolution led to a pause in Arab attacks against the Empire . It also opened up the way for a more aggressive stance by Constantine V ( r . 741 -- 775 ) , who in 741 attacked the major Arab base of Melitene , and continued scoring further victories . These successes were also interpreted by Leo III and his son Constantine as evidence of God 's renewed favour , and strengthened the position of Iconoclasm within the Empire . Early Abbasids ( edit ) Abbasid Caliph Al - Ma'mun sends an envoy to Byzantine Emperor Theophilos Unlike their Umayyad predecessors , the Abbasid caliphs did not pursue active expansion : in general terms , they were content with the territorial limits achieved , and whatever external campaigns they waged were retaliatory or preemptive , meant to preserve their frontier and impress Abbasid might upon their neighbours . At the same time , the campaigns against Byzantium in particular remained important for domestic consumption . The annual raids , which had almost lapsed in the turmoil following the Abbasid Revolution , were undertaken with renewed vigour from ca . 780 on , and were the only expeditions where the Caliph or his sons participated in person . As a symbol of the Caliph 's ritual role as the leader of the Muslim community , they were closely paralleled in official propaganda by the leadership by Abbasid family members of the annual pilgrimage ( hajj ) to Mecca . In addition , the constant warfare on the Syrian marches was useful to the Abbasids as it provided employment for the Syrian and Iraqi military elites and the various volunteers ( muṭṭawi'a ) who flocked to participate in the jihad . `` The thughūr are blocked by Hārūn , and through him the ropes of the Muslim state are firmly plaited His banner is forever tied with victory ; he has an army before which armies scatter . All the kings of the Rūm give him jizya unwillingly , perforce , out of hand in humiliation . '' Poem in praise of Harun al - Rashid 's 806 campaign against Byzantium Wishing to emphasize his piety and role as the leader of the Muslim community , Caliph Harun al - Rashid ( r . 786 -- 809 ) in particular was the most energetic of the early Abbasid rulers in his pursuit of warfare against Byzantium : he established his seat at Raqqa close to the frontier , he complemented the thughur in 786 by forming a second defensive line along northern Syria , the al - ' Awasim , and was reputed to be spending alternating years leading the Hajj and leading a campaign into Anatolia , including the largest expedition assembled under the Abbasids , in 806 . Continuing a trend started by his immediate predecessors , his reign also saw the development of far more regular contacts between the Abbasid court and Byzantium , with the exchange of embassies and letters being far more common than under the Umayyad rulers . Despite Harun 's hostility , `` the existence of embassies is a sign that the Abbasids accepted that the Byzantine empire was a power with which they had to deal on equal terms '' ( Kennedy ) . Civil war occurred in the Byzantine Empire , often with Arab support . With the support of Caliph Al - Ma'mun , Arabs under the leadership of Thomas the Slav invaded , so that within a matter of months , only two themata in Asia Minor remained loyal to Emperor Michael II . When the Arabs captured Thessalonica , the Empire 's second largest city , it was quickly re-captured by the Byzantines . Thomas 's 821 siege of Constantinople did not get past the city walls , and he was forced to retreat . The siege of Amorium , miniature from the Madrid Skylitzes The Arabs did not relinquish their designs on Asia Minor and in 838 began another invasion , sacking the city of Amorion . Sicily , Italy and Crete ( edit ) Main article : History of Islam in southern Italy While a relative equilibrium reigned in the East , the situation in the western Mediterranean was irretrievably altered when the Aghlabids began their slow conquest of Sicily in the 820s . Using Tunisia as their launching pad , the Arabs started by conquering Palermo in 831 , Messina in 842 , Enna in 859 , culminating in the capture of Syracuse in 878 . This in turn opened up southern Italy and the Adriatic Sea for raids and settlement . Byzantium further suffered an important setback with the loss of Crete to a band of Andalusian exiles , who established a piratical emirate on the island and for more than a century ravaged the coasts of the hitherto secure Aegean Sea . Byzantine resurgence , 863 -- 11th century ( edit ) A map of the Byzantine - Arab naval competition in the Mediterranean , 7th to 11th centuries Religious peace came with the emergence of the Macedonian dynasty in 867 , as well as a strong and unified Byzantine leadership ; while the Abassid empire had splintered into many factions after 861 . Basil I revived the Byzantine Empire into a regional power , during a period of territorial expansion , making the Empire the strongest power in Europe , with an ecclesiastical policy marked by good relations with Rome . Basil allied with the Holy Roman Emperor Louis II against the Arabs , and his fleet cleared the Adriatic Sea of their raids . With Byzantine help , Louis II captured Bari from the Arabs in 871 . The city became Byzantine territory in 876 . The Byzantine position on Sicily deteriorated , and Syracuse fell to the Emirate of Sicily in 878 . Catania was lost in 900 , and finally the fortress of Taormina in 902 . Michael of Zahumlje apparently on 10 July 926 sacked Siponto ( Latin : Sipontum ) , which was a Byzantine town in Apulia . Sicily would remain under Arab control until the Norman invasion in 1071 . Although Sicily was lost , the general Nikephoros Phokas the Elder succeeded in taking Taranto and much of Calabria in 880 , forming the nucleus for the later Catepanate of Italy . The successes in the Italian Peninsula opened a new period of Byzantine domination there . Above all , the Byzantines were beginning to establish a strong presence in the Mediterranean Sea , and especially the Adriatic . Under John Kourkouas , the Byzantines conquered the emirate of Melitene , along with Tarsos the strongest of the Muslim border emirates , and advanced into Armenia in the 930s ; the next three decades were dominated by the struggle of the Phokas clan and their dependants against the Hamdanid emir of Aleppo , Sayf al - Dawla . Al - Dawla was finally defeated by Nikephoros II Phokas , who conquered Cilicia and northern Syria and recovered Crete . His nephew and successor , John I Tzimiskes , pushed even further south , almost reaching Jerusalem , but his death in 976 ended Byzantine expansion towards Palestine . Nikephoros II and his stepson Basil II ( right ) . Under the Macedonian dynasty , the Byzantine Empire became the strongest power in Europe , recovering territories lost in the war . After putting an end to the internal strife , Basil II launched a counter-campaign against the Arabs in 995 . The Byzantine civil wars had weakened the Empire 's position in the east , and the gains of Nikephoros II Phokas and John I Tzimiskes came close to being lost , with Aleppo besieged and Antioch under threat . Basil won several battles in Syria , relieving Aleppo , taking over the Orontes valley , and raiding further south . Although he did not have the force to drive into Palestine and reclaim Jerusalem , his victories did restore much of Syria to the empire -- including the larger city of Antioch which was the seat of its eponymous Patriarch . No Byzantine emperor since Heraclius had been able to hold these lands for any length of time , and the Empire would retain them for the next 110 years until 1078 . Piers Paul Read writes that by 1025 , Byzantine land `` stretched from the Straits of Messina and the northern Adriatic in the west to the River Danube and Crimea in the north , and to the cities of Melitene and Edessa beyond the Euphrates in the east . '' Under Basil II , the Byzantines established a swath of new themata , stretching northeast from Aleppo ( a Byzantine protectorate ) to Manzikert . Under the Theme system of military and administrative government , the Byzantines could raise a force at least 200,000 strong , though in practice these were strategically placed throughout the Empire . With Basil 's rule , the Byzantine Empire reached its greatest height in nearly five centuries , and indeed for the next four centuries . Conclusion ( edit ) The wars drew near to a closure when the Turks and various Mongol invaders replaced the threat of either power . From the 11th and 12th centuries onwards , the Byzantine conflicts shifted into the Byzantine - Seljuk wars with the continuing Islamic invasion of Anatolia being taken over by the Seljuk Turks . After the defeat at the Battle of Manzikert by the Turks in 1071 , the Byzantine Empire , with the help of Western Crusaders , re-established its position in the Middle East as a major power . Meanwhile , the major Arab conflicts were in the Crusades , and later against Mongolian invasions , especially that of the Ilkhanate and Timur . Effects ( edit ) The Byzantine -- Arab Wars provided the conditions that developed feudalism in Medieval Europe . Further information : Byzantine Papacy and East -- West Schism As with any war of such length , the drawn - out Byzantine -- Arab Wars had long - lasting effects for both the Byzantine Empire and the Arab world . The Byzantines experienced extensive territorial loss , while the invading Arabs gained strong control in the Middle East and Africa . The focus of the Byzantine Empire shifted from the western reconquests of Justinian to a primarily defensive position , against the Islamic armies on its eastern borders . Without Byzantine interference in the emerging Christian states of western Europe , the situation gave a huge stimulus to feudalism and economic self - sufficiency . The view of modern historians is that one of the most important effects was the strain it put on the relationship between Rome and Byzantium . While fighting for survival against the Islamic armies , the Empire was no longer able to provide the protection it had once offered to the Papacy ; worse still , according to Thomas Woods , the Emperors `` routinely intervened in the life of the Church in areas lying clearly beyond the state 's competence '' . The Iconoclast controversy of the 8th and 9th centuries can be taken as a key factor `` which drove the Latin Church into the arms of the Franks . '' Thus it has been argued that Charlemagne was an indirect product of Muhammad : `` The Frankish Empire would probably never have existed without Islam , and Charlemagne without Mahomet would be inconceivable . '' The Holy Roman Empire of Charlemagne 's successors would later come to the aid of the Byzantines under Louis II and during the Crusades , but relations between the two empires would be strained ; based on the Salerno Chronicle , we know the Emperor Basil had sent an angry letter to his western counterpart , reprimanding him for usurping the title of emperor . He argued that the Frankish rulers were simple reges , and that each nation has its own title for the ruler , whereas the imperial title suited only the ruler of the Eastern Romans , Basil himself . Historiography and other sources ( edit ) The 12th century William of Tyre ( right ) , an important commentator on the Crusades and the final stage of the Byzantine - Arab Wars Walter Emil Kaegi states that extant Arabic sources have been given much scholarly attention for issues of obscurities and contradictions . However , he points out that Byzantine sources are also problematic , such as the chronicles of Theophanes and Nicephorus and those written in Syriac , which are short and terse while the important question of their sources and their use of sources remains unresolved . Kaegi concludes that scholars must also subject the Byzantine tradition to critical scrutiny , as it `` contains bias and can not serve as an objective standard against which all Muslim sources may be confidently checked '' . Among the few Latin sources of interest are the 7th century history of Fredegarius , and two 8th - century Spanish chronicles , all of which draw on some Byzantine and oriental historical traditions . As far as Byzantine military action against the initial Muslim invasions , Kaegi asserts that `` Byzantine traditions ... attempt to deflect criticism of the Byzantine debacle from Heraclius to other persons , groups , and things '' . The range of non-historical Byzantine sources is vast : they range from papyri to sermons ( most notable those of Sophronius and Anastasius Sinaita ) , poetry ( especially that of Sophronius and George of Pisidia ) including the Acritic songs , correspondence often of a patristic provenance , apologetical treatises , apocalypses , hagiography , military manuals ( in particular the Strategikon of Maurice from the beginning of the 7th century ) , and other non-literary sources , such as epigraphy , archeology , and numismatics . None of these sources contains a coherent account of any of the campaigns and conquests of the Muslim armies , but some do contain invaluable details that survive nowhere else . See also ( edit ) Book : Muslim conquests Aegyptus ( Roman province ) Battle of Tours Byzantine -- Ottoman Wars Muslim conquests Spread of Islam Notes ( edit ) ^ a : Politico - religious events ( such as the outbreak of Monothelitism , which disappointed both the Monophysites and the Chalcedonians ) had sharpened the differences between the Byzantines and the Syrians . Also the high taxes , the power of the landowners over the peasants and the participation in the long and exhaustive wars with the Persians were some of the reasons why the Syrians welcomed the change . ^ b : As recorded by Al - Baladhuri . Michael the Syrian records only the phrase `` Peace unto thee , O Syria '' . George Ostrogorsky describes the impact that the loss of Syria had on Heraclius with the following words : `` His life 's work collapsed before his eyes . The heroic struggle against Persia seemed to be utterly wasted , for his victories here had only prepared the way for the Arab conquest ( ... ) This cruel turn of fortune broke the aged Emperor both in spirit and in body . ^ c : As Steven Runciman describes the event : `` On a February day in the year AD 638 , the Caliph Omar ( Umar ) entered Jerusalem along with a white camel which was ride by his slave . He was dressed in worn , filthy robes , and the army that followed him was rough and unkempt ; but its discipline was perfect . At his side rode the Patriarch Sophronius as chief magistrate of the surrendered city . Omar rode straight to the site of the Temple of Solomon , whence his friend Mahomet ( Muhammed ) had ascended into Heaven . Watching him stand there , the Patriarch remembered the words of Christ and murmured through his tears : ' Behold the abomination of desolation , spoken of by Daniel the prophet . ' '' ^ d : Hugh N. Kennedy notes that `` the Muslim conquest of Syria does not seem to have been actively opposed by the towns , but it is striking that Antioch put up so little resistance . ^ e : The Arab leadership realized early that to extend their conquests they would need a fleet . The Byzantine navy was first decisively defeated by the Arabs at a battle in 655 off the Lycian coast , when it was still the most powerful in the Mediterranean . Theophanes the Confessor reported the loss of Rhodes while recounting the sale of the centuries - old remains of the Colossus for scrap in 655 . Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Empire 's levies included Christian Armenians , Arab Ghassanids , Mardaites , Slavs , and Rus ' Jump up ^ `` Ghassan . '' Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006 . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 18 October 2006 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Theophanes , Chronicle , 317 -- 327 * Greatrex -- Lieu ( 2002 ) , II , 217 -- 227 ; Haldon ( 1997 ) , 46 ; Baynes ( 1912 ) , passim ; Speck ( 1984 ) , 178 Jump up ^ Foss ( 1975 ) , 746 -- 47 ; Howard - Johnston ( 2006 ) , xv Jump up ^ Liska ( 1998 ) , 170 Jump up ^ Kaegi ( 1995 ) , 66 Jump up ^ Nicolle ( 1994 ) , 14 Jump up ^ `` Muhammad '' , Late Antiquity ; Butler ( 2007 ) , 145 ^ Jump up to : Kaegi ( 1995 ) , 67 Jump up ^ Nicolle ( 1994 ) , 47 -- 49 ^ Jump up to : Kaegi ( 1995 ) , 112 Jump up ^ Nicolle ( 1994 ) , 45 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 11 October 2013 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Zonaras , Annales , CXXXIV , 1288 * Sahas ( 1972 ) , 20 Jump up ^ Kennedy ( 1998 ) , 62 Jump up ^ Butler ( 2007 ) , 427 -- 428 Jump up ^ Davies ( 1996 ) , 245 , 252 Jump up ^ Butler ( 2007 ) , 465 -- 483 ^ Jump up to : Read ( 2001 ) , 51 Jump up ^ Haldon ( 1999 ) , 167 ; Tathakopoulos ( 2004 ) , 318 Jump up ^ Al - Baladhuri , The Battle of the Yarmuk ( 636 ) and after Archived 11 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . * Sahas ( 1972 ) , 23 Jump up ^ Treadgold ( 1997 ) , 312 Jump up ^ Fage -- Tordoff , 153 -- 154 Jump up ^ Norwich ( 1990 ) , 334 Jump up ^ Will Durant , The History of Civilization : Part IV -- The Age of Faith. 1950 . New York : Simon and Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 01200 - 2 Jump up ^ The Islamic World to 1600 : Umayyad Territorial Expansion . Jump up ^ Clark , Desmond J. ; Roland Anthony Oliver ; J.D. Fage ; A.D. Roberts ( 1978 ) ( 1975 ) . The Cambridge History of Africa . Cambridge University Press . p. 637 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 21592 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Edward Gibbon , History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire , Chapter 51 . Archived 21 July 2005 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Luis Garcia de Valdeavellano , Historia de España. 1968 . Madrid : Alianza . Quotes translated from the Spanish by Helen R. Lane in Count Julian by Juan Goytisolo. 1974 . New York : The Viking Press , Inc . ISBN 0 - 670 - 24407 - 4 Jump up ^ Kaegi ( 1995 ) , pp. 236 -- 244 ^ Jump up to : Kennedy ( 2004 ) p. 120 Jump up ^ European Naval and Maritime History , 300 - 1500 By Archibald Ross Lewis , Timothy J. Runyan Page 24 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ History of the Jihad By Leonard Michael Kroll Page 123 Jump up ^ A History of Byzantium By Timothy E. Gregory page 183 Jump up ^ Prophets and Princes : Saudi Arabia from Muhammad to the Present By Mark Weston Page 61 ( 3 ) Jump up ^ The Medieval Siege By Jim Bradbury Page 11 Jump up ^ Pryor & Jeffreys ( 2006 ) , p. 25 Jump up ^ Treadgold ( 1997 ) , pp. 313 -- 314 Jump up ^ Kennedy ( 2004 ) pp. 120 , 122 Jump up ^ Kaegi ( 1995 ) , pp. 246 -- 247 ^ Jump up to : El - Cheikh ( 2004 ) , pp. 83 -- 84 Jump up ^ Treadgold ( 1997 ) , pp. 314 -- 318 Jump up ^ Treadgold ( 1997 ) , pp. 318 -- 324 Jump up ^ Treadgold ( 1997 ) , pp. 325 -- 327 Jump up ^ The Walls of Constantinople , AD 324 -- 1453 Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , Osprey Publishing , ISBN 1 - 84176 - 759 - X . Jump up ^ Karen Armstrong : Islam : A Short History . New York , NY , USA : The Modern Library , 2002 , 2004 ISBN 0 - 8129 - 6618 - X ^ Jump up to : Davies ( 1996 ) , 245 ^ Jump up to : 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Treadgold ( 1997 ) , pp. 337 -- 345 Jump up ^ Treadgold ( 1997 ) , pp. 346 -- 347 Jump up ^ Treadgold ( 1997 ) , p. 347 Jump up ^ Treadgold ( 1997 ) , pp. 347 -- 349 ^ Jump up to : Blankinship ( 1994 ) , pp. 117 -- 119 Jump up ^ Treadgold ( 1997 ) , pp. 349ff . Jump up ^ Kennedy ( 2004 ) , pp. 143 , 275 Jump up ^ El - Cheikh ( 2004 ) , p. 83 Jump up ^ Blankinship ( 1994 ) , pp. 119 -- 121 , 162 -- 163 Jump up ^ Volcanism on Santorini / eruptive history ^ Jump up to : Treadgold ( 1997 ) , pp. 350 -- 353 ^ Jump up to : Whittow ( 1996 ) , pp. 139 -- 142 Jump up ^ Europe : A History , p273 . Oxford : Oxford University Press 1996 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 820171 - 0 ^ Jump up to : Europe : A History , p246 . Oxford : Oxford University Press 1996 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 820171 - 0 Jump up ^ Blankinship ( 1994 ) , pp. 20 , 168 -- 169 , 200 Jump up ^ Treadgold ( 1997 ) , pp. 354 -- 355 Jump up ^ El Hibri ( 2011 ) , p. 302 ^ Jump up to : El Hibri ( 2011 ) , pp. 278 -- 279 ^ Jump up to : Kennedy ( 2001 ) , pp. 105 -- 106 Jump up ^ El Hibri ( 2011 ) , p. 279 Jump up ^ Kennedy ( 2001 ) , p. 106 Jump up ^ El - Cheikh ( 2004 ) , p. 90 Jump up ^ El - Cheikh ( 2004 ) , pp. 89 -- 90 Jump up ^ Kennedy ( 2004 ) , pp. 143 -- 144 Jump up ^ cf . El - Cheikh ( 2004 ) , pp. 90ff . Jump up ^ Kennedy ( 2004 ) , p. 146 ^ Jump up to : John Julius Norwich ( 1998 ) . A Short History of Byzantium . Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 025960 - 0 . Jump up ^ Europe : A History . Oxford : Oxford University Press 1996 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 820171 - 0 ^ Jump up to : Rački , Odlomci iz državnoga práva hrvatskoga za narodne dynastie : , p. 15 ^ Jump up to : Read ( 2001 ) , 65 - 66 Jump up ^ See map depicting Byzantine territories from the 11th century on ; Europe : A History , p 1237 . Oxford : Oxford University Press 1996 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 820171 - 0 Jump up ^ Europe : A History , p 257 . Oxford : Oxford University Press 1996 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 820171 - 0 Jump up ^ Thomas Woods , How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization , ( Washington , DC : Regenery , 2005 ) , ISBN 0 - 89526 - 038 - 7 Jump up ^ Pirenne , Henri Mediaeval Cities : Their Origins and the Rivival of Trade ( Princeton , NJ , 1925 ) . ISBN 0 - 691 - 00760 - 8 See also Mohammed and Charlemagne ( London 1939 ) Dover Publications ( 2001 ) . ISBN 0 - 486 - 42011 - 6 . Jump up ^ Dolger F. , Regesten der Kaiserurkunden des ostromischen Reiches . I , p 59 , No 487 . Berlin , 1924 . Jump up ^ Kaegi ( 1995 ) , 2 -- 3 Jump up ^ Kaegi ( 1995 ) , 2 Jump up ^ Kaegi ( 1995 ) , 4 -- 5 Jump up ^ Kaegi ( 1995 ) , 5 -- 6 Jump up ^ Read ( 2001 ) , 50 - 51 ; Sahas ( 1972 ) , 23 Jump up ^ Al - Baladhuri , The Battle of the Yarmuk ( 636 ) and after Archived 11 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine. ; Michael the Syrian , Chronicle , II , 424 * Sahas ( 1972 ) , 19 -- 20 Jump up ^ Quoted by Sahas ( 1972 ) , 20 ( note 1 ) Jump up ^ Runciman ( 1953 ) , i , 3 Jump up ^ Kennedy ( 1970 ) , 611 ; Kennedy ( 2006 ) , 87 Jump up ^ Theophanes , Chronicle , 645 -- 646 * Haldon ( 1990 ) , 55 References ( edit ) Primary sources ( edit ) Ahmad ibn Yahya al - Baladhuri . Futuh al - Buldan . See a translated excerpt ( `` The Battle of Yarmouk and after '' ) in Medieval Sources . Michael the Syrian ( 1899 ) . Chronique de Michel le Syrien Patriarche Jacobite d'Antioche ( translated by J. -- B. Chabot ) ( in French and Syriac ) . Paris . Theophanes the Confessor . Chronicle . See original text in Documenta Catholica Omnia ( PDF ) . Zonaras , Joannes , Annales . See the original text in Patrologia Graeca . Secondary sources ( edit ) `` The template below ( Library resources box ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Library resources about Arab -- Byzantine wars Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Baynes , Norman H. ( 1912 ) . `` The restoration of the Cross at Jerusalem '' . The English Historical Review . 27 ( 106 ) : 287 -- 299 . doi : 10.1093 / ehr / XXVII. CVI. 287 . Blankinship , Khalid Yahya ( 1994 ) , The End of the Jihâd State : The Reign of Hishām ibn ʻAbd al - Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads , Albany , NY : State University of New York Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 1827 - 7 Brooks , E.W. ( 1923 ) , `` Chapter V. ( A ) The Struggle with the Saracens ( 717 -- 867 ) '' , The Cambridge Medieval History , Vol. IV : The Eastern Roman Empire ( 717 -- 1453 ) , Cambridge University Press , pp. 119 -- 138 Butler , Alfred J. ( 2007 ) . The Arab Conquest of Egypt -- And the Last Thirty Years of the Roman . Read Books . ISBN 1 - 4067 - 5238 - X . Davies , Norman ( 1996 ) . `` The Birth of Europe '' . Europe . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 820171 - 0 . El - Cheikh , Nadia Maria ( 2004 ) . Byzantium viewed by the Arabs . Harvard Center of Middle Eastern Studies . ISBN 978 - 0 - 932885 - 30 - 2 . El Hibri , Tayeb ( 2011 ) , `` The empire in Iraq , 763 -- 861 '' , in Robinson , Chase F. , The New Cambridge History of Islam , Vol. 1 : The Formation of the Islamic World , Sixth to Eleventh Centuries , Cambridge University Press , pp. 269 -- 304 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 83823 - 8 Foss , Clive ( 1975 ) . `` The Persians in Asia Minor and the End of Antiquity '' . The English Historical Review . 90 : 721 -- 47 . doi : 10.1093 / ehr / XC. CCCLVII. 721 . Greatrex , Geoffrey ; Lieu , Samuel N.C. ( 2002 ) . The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars ( Part II , 363 -- 630 AD ) . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 14687 - 9 . Haldon , John ( 1997 ) . `` The East Roman World : the Politics of Survival '' . Byzantium in the Seventh Century : the Transformation of a Culture . Cambridge . ISBN 0 - 521 - 31917 - X . Haldon , John F. ( 1999 ) . `` The Army at Wars : Campaigns '' . Warfare , State and Society in the Byzantine World , 565 - 1204 . Routledge . ISBN 1 - 85728 - 494 - 1 . Howard - Johnston , James ( 2006 ) . East Rome , Sasanian Persia And the End of Antiquity : Historiographical And Historical Studies . Ashgate Publishing . ISBN 0 - 86078 - 992 - 6 . Kaegi , Walter Emil ( 1995 ) . Byzantium and the early Islamic conquests . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 48455 - 3 . Kennedy , Hugh ( 1970 ) . `` Syria , Palestine , and Mesopotamia '' . In Edwards , Iorwerth Eiddon Stephen . The Cambridge Ancient History . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 32591 - 9 . Kennedy , Hugh ( 1998 ) . `` Egypt as a Province in the Islamic Caliphate , 641 -- 868 '' . In Daly , M.W. ; Petry , Calf . F. The Cambridge History of Egypt . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 47137 - 0 . Kennedy , Hugh ( 2001 ) , The Armies of the Caliphs : Military and Society in the Early Islamic State , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 45853 - 2 Kennedy , Hugh ( 2004 ) . The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates : The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century ( Second Edition ) . Pearson Education Ltd . ISBN 0 - 582 - 40525 - 4 . Kennedy , Hugh ( 2006 ) . `` Antioch : from Byzantium to Islam '' . The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East . Ashgate Publishing , Ltd . ISBN 0 - 7546 - 5909 - 7 . Liska , George ( 1998 ) . `` Projection contra Prediction : Alternative Futures and Options '' . Expanding Realism : The Historical Dimension of World Politics . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 8476 - 8680 - 9 . Warren Bowersock , Glen ; Brown , Peter ; Robert Lamont Brown , Peter ; Grabar , Oleg , eds. ( 1999 ) . `` Muhammad '' . Late Antiquity : A Guide to the Postclassical World . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 51173 - 5 . Nicolle , Davis ( 1994 ) . Yarmuk AD 636 . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 85532 - 414 - 8 . Norwich , John Julius ( 1990 ) . Byzantium : The Early Centuries . Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 011447 - 8 . Omrčanin , Ivo ( 1984 ) . Military history of Croatia . Dorrance . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8059 - 2893 - 8 . Pryor , John H. ; Jeffreys , Elizabeth M. ( 2006 ) . The Age of the ΔΡΟΜΩΝ : The Byzantine Navy ca . 500 -- 1204 . Brill Academic Publishers . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 15197 - 0 Rački , Franjo ( 1861 ) . Odlomci iz državnoga práva hrvatskoga za narodne dynastie ( in Croatian ) . F. Klemma . Read , Piers Paul ( 1999 ) . The Templars . Weidenfeld & Nicolson , Orion Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 297 - 84267 - 6 . Runciman , Steven ( 1987 ) . A History of the Crusades . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 34770 - X . Sahas , Daniel J. ( 1972 ) . `` Historical Considerations '' . John of Damascus on Islam . BRILL . ISBN 90 - 04 - 03495 - 1 . Speck , Paul ( 1984 ) . `` Ikonoklasmus und die Anfänge der Makedonischen Renaissance '' . Varia 1 ( Poikila Byzantina 4 ) . Rudolf Halbelt . pp. 175 -- 210 . Stathakopoulos , Dionysios ( 2004 ) . Famine and Pestilence in the Late Roman and Early Byzantine Empire . Ashgate Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7546 - 3021 - 8 . Treadgold , Warren ( 1997 ) . A History of the Byzantine State and Society . Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 2630 - 2 . Vasiliev , A.A. ( 1923 ) , `` Chapter V. ( B ) The Struggle with the Saracens ( 867 -- 1057 ) '' , The Cambridge Medieval History , Vol. IV : The Eastern Roman Empire ( 717 -- 1453 ) , Cambridge University Press , pp. 138 -- 150 Vasiliev , A.A. ( 1935 ) , Byzance et les Arabes , Tome I : La Dynastie d'Amorium ( 820 -- 867 ) ( in French ) , French ed. : Henri Grégoire , Marius Canard , Brussels : Éditions de l'Institut de Philologie et d'Histoire Orientales Vasiliev , A.A. ( 1968 ) , Byzance et les Arabes , Tome II , 1ére partie : Les relations politiques de Byzance et des Arabes à L'époque de la dynastie macédonienne ( 867 -- 959 ) ( in French ) , French ed. : Henri Grégoire , Marius Canard , Brussels : Éditions de l'Institut de Philologie et d'Histoire Orientales Further reading ( edit ) Kennedy , Hugh N. ( 2006 ) . The Byzantine And Early Islamic Near East . Ashgate Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7546 - 5909 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Byzantine -- Arab Wars . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arab -- Byzantine_wars&oldid = 805073592 '' Categories : Arab -- Byzantine wars Invasions of Europe Spread of Islam Wars involving the Byzantine Empire Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Articles containing Latin - language text CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 foreign language sources ( ISO 639 - 2 ) Articles with inconsistent citation formats CS1 Croatian - language sources ( hr ) Use dmy dates from December 2011 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 21 : 56 . 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which group took control of the middle east from the arab

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Government of Australia

Government of Australia - wikipedia Government of Australia This article describes the federal government of Australia . For a description of other jurisdictions , politics and political institutions , see Politics of Australia . Government of the Commonwealth of Australia Appointer Governor - General Australia This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Australia Constitution ( show ) Constitution of Australia Statute of Westminster Adoption Act Australia Act The Crown ( show ) Monarch : Elizabeth II Governor - General : Sir Peter Cosgrove Executive ( show ) Prime Minister : Scott Morrison Deputy Prime Minister : Michael McCormack Federal Executive Council Ministry Current ( 71st ) Cabinet Legislature ( show ) Parliament Senate President : Scott Ryan House of Representatives Speaker : Tony Smith Opposition Leader : Bill Shorten Shadow Ministry Judiciary ( show ) High Court Lower Courts Laws of Australia Elections ( show ) Federal electoral system Electoral divisions Political parties Recent elections Federal : 2016 2013 Federal by - elections Referendums States and territories ( show ) Governors and Administrators Premiers and Chief Ministers Parliaments and Assemblies State courts State electoral systems Local government ( show ) NSW Vic Qld WA SA Tas NT Related topics ( show ) Regions Foreign relations Defence Force Public holidays Republicanism Other countries Atlas The Government of the Commonwealth of Australia ( also referred to as the Australian Government , the Commonwealth Government , the Federal Government , and formally Her Majesty 's Government ) is the government of the Commonwealth of Australia , a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy . The Commonwealth of Australia was formed in 1901 as a result of an agreement among six self - governing British colonies , which became the six states . The terms of this contract are embodied in the Australian Constitution , which was drawn up at a Constitutional Convention and ratified by the people of the colonies at referendums . The Australian head of state is the Queen of Australia who is represented by the Governor - General of Australia , with executive powers delegated by constitutional convention to the Australian head of government , the Prime Minister of Australia . The Government of the Commonwealth of Australia is divided into the executive branch , composed of the Federal Executive Council presided by the Governor - General , which delegates powers to the Cabinet of Australia led by the Prime Minister , the legislative branch composed of the Parliament of Australia 's House of Representatives and Senate , and the judicial branch composed of the High Court of Australia and federal courts . Separation of powers is implied by the structure of the Constitution , the three branches of government being set out in separate chapters ( chapters I to III ) . The Australian system of government combines elements of the Westminster and Washington systems with unique Australian characteristics , and has been characterised as a `` Washminster mutation '' . Contents 1 Structure 2 Legislature 3 Executive 3.1 Head of state 3.2 Executive Council 3.3 Cabinet 3.4 Departments 4 Judiciary 5 Publicly owned entities 5.1 Corporations prescribed by acts of parliament 5.2 Government Business Enterprises 5.3 Other public non-financial corporations 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Footnotes 7.2 Citations 8 External links Structure ( edit ) The three branches of the federal government of Australia The legislature : Parliament House in Canberra , the seat of the Federal Parliament The Executive : Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull ( left ) representing the Federal Executive Council , and Governor - General Peter Cosgrove ( right ) who by convention follows the Council 's advice The judiciary : The High Court of Australia , the nation 's highest court Section 1 of the Australian Constitution creates a democratic legislature , the bicameral Parliament of Australia which consists of the Queen of Australia , and two houses of parliament , the Senate and the House of Representatives . Section 51 of the Constitution provides for the Commonwealth Government 's legislative powers and allocates certain powers and responsibilities ( known as `` heads of power '' ) to the Commonwealth government . All remaining responsibilities are retained by the six States ( previously separate colonies ) . Further , each State has its own constitution , so that Australia has seven sovereign Parliaments , none of which can encroach on the functions of any other . The High Court of Australia arbitrates on any disputes which arise between the Commonwealth and the States , or among the States , concerning their respective functions . The Commonwealth Parliament can propose changes to the Constitution . To become effective , the proposals must be put to a referendum of all Australians of voting age , and must receive a `` double majority '' : a majority of all votes , and a majority of votes in a majority of States . The Commonwealth Constitution also provides that the States can agree to refer any of their powers to the Commonwealth . This may be achieved by way of an amendment to the Constitution via referendum ( a vote on whether the proposed transfer of power from the States to the Commonwealth , or vice versa , should be implemented ) . More commonly powers may be transferred by passing other acts of legislation which authorise the transfer and such acts require the legislative agreement of all the state governments involved . This `` transfer '' legislation may have a `` sunset clause '' , a legislative provision that nullifies the transfer of power after a specified period , at which point the original division of power is restored . In addition , Australia has several `` territories '' , two of which are self - governing : the Australian Capital Territory ( ACT ) and the Northern Territory ( NT ) . These territories ' legislatures , their Assemblies , exercise powers devolved to them by the Commonwealth ; the Commonwealth Parliament remains able to override their legislation and to alter their powers . Australian citizens in these territories are represented by members of both houses of the Commonwealth Parliament . The territory of Norfolk Island was self - governing from 1979 until 2016 , although it was never represented as such in the Commonwealth Parliament . The other territories that are regularly inhabited -- Jervis Bay , Christmas Island and the Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands -- have never been self - governing . The federal nature of the Commonwealth and the structure of the Parliament of Australia were the subject of protracted negotiations among the colonies during the drafting of the Constitution . The House of Representatives is elected on a basis that reflects the differing populations of the States . Thus New South Wales has 48 members while Tasmania has only five . But the Senate is elected on a basis of equality among the States : all States elect 12 Senators , regardless of population . This was intended to allow the Senators of the smaller States to form a majority and thus be able to amend or reject bills originating in the House of Representatives . The ACT and the NT each elect two Senators . The third level of government after Commonwealth and State / Territory is Local government , in the form of shires , towns and cities . The Councils of these areas are composed of elected representatives ( known as either councillor or alderman , depending on the State ) , usually serving part - time . Their powers are devolved to them by the State or Territory in which they are located . Government at the Commonwealth level and the State / Territory level is undertaken by three inter-connected arms of government : Legislature : The Commonwealth Parliament Executive : The Sovereign of Australia , whose executive power is exercisable by the Governor - General , the Prime Minister , Ministers and their Departments Judiciary : The High Court of Australia and subsidiary Federal courts . The Separation of powers is the principle whereby the three arms of government undertake their activities largely separately from each other : the Legislature proposes laws in the form of Bills , and provides a legislative framework for the operations of the other two arms ; the sovereign is formally a part of the Parliament , but takes no active role in these matters , except that ( representing the sovereign ) Governors - General , State Governors and Territory Administrators sign enactments into law through providing Royal Assent the Executive administers the laws and carries out the tasks assigned to it by legislation the Judiciary hears cases arising from the administration of the law , applying both statute law and the common law ; the Australian courts can not give an advisory opinion on the constitutionality of a law , but the High Court of Australia can determine whether an existing law is constitutional the Judiciary is appointed by the sovereign 's representatives , on the advice of the Commonwealth or State / Territory government ; but the Legislature and the Executive should not try to influence its decisions . Until the passage of the Australia Act 1986 , and associated legislation in the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , some Australian cases could be referred to the British Judicial Committee of the Privy Council for final appeal . With this act , Australian law was made unequivocally sovereign , and the High Court of Australia was confirmed as the highest court of appeal . The theoretical possibility of the British Parliament enacting laws to override the Australian Constitution was also removed . Legislature ( edit ) Main article : Parliament of Australia The Australian Senate chamber The Australian House of Representatives chamber The Legislature makes the laws , and supervises the activities of the other two arms with a view to changing the laws when appropriate . The Australian Parliament is bicameral , consisting of the Queen of Australia , a 76 - member Senate and a 150 - member House of Representatives . Twelve Senators from each state are elected for six - year terms , using proportional representation and the single transferable vote ( known in Australia as `` quota - preferential voting '' : see Australian electoral system ) , with half elected every three years . In addition to the state Senators , two senators are elected by voters from the Northern Territory ( which for this purpose includes the Indian Ocean Territories , Christmas Island and the Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands ) , while another two senators are elected by the voters of the Australian Capital Territory ( which for this purpose includes the Jervis Bay Territory ) . Senators from the territories are also elected using preferential voting , but their term of office is not fixed ; it starts on the day of a general election for the House of Representatives and ends on the day before the next such election . The members of the House of Representatives are elected by majority - preferential voting using the non-proportional Instant - runoff voting system from single - member constituencies allocated among the states and territories . In ordinary legislation , the two chambers have co-ordinate powers , but all proposals for appropriating revenue or imposing taxes must be introduced in the House of Representatives . Under the prevailing Westminster system , the leader of the political party or coalition of parties that holds the support of a majority of the members in the House of Representatives is invited to form a government and is named Prime Minister . The Prime Minister and the Cabinet are responsible to the Parliament , of which they must , in most circumstances , be members . General elections are held at least once every three years . The Prime Minister has a discretion to advise the Governor - General to call an election for the House of Representatives at any time , but Senate elections can only be held within certain periods prescribed in the Constitution . The most recent general election was on 2 July 2016 . The Commonwealth Parliament and all the state and territory legislatures operate within the conventions of the Westminster system , with a recognised Leader of the Opposition , usually the leader of the largest party outside the government , and a Shadow Cabinet of Opposition members who `` shadow '' each member of the Ministry , asking questions on matters within the Minister 's portfolio . Although the Government , by virtue of commanding a majority of members in the lower house of the legislature , can usually pass its legislation and control the workings of the house , the Opposition can considerably delay the passage of legislation and obstruct government business if it chooses . The day - to - day business of the House of Representatives is usually negotiated between the Leader of the House , appointed by the Prime Minister , and the Manager of Opposition Business in the House , appointed by the Leader of the Opposition in the Commonwealth parliament , currently Bill Shorten . Executive ( edit ) Head of state ( edit ) Main articles : Monarchy of Australia and Governor - General of Australia The Australian Constitution dates from 1901 , when the Dominions of the British Empire were not sovereign states , and does not use the term `` head of state '' . As Australia is a constitutional monarchy , government and academic sources describe the Queen as head of state . In practice , the role of head of state of Australia is divided between two people , the Queen of Australia and the Governor - General of Australia , who is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister of Australia . Though in many respects the Governor - General is the Queen 's representative , and exercises various constitutional powers in her name , they independently exercise many important powers in their own right . The governor - general represents Australia internationally , making and receiving state visits . Government House , Canberra The Sovereign of Australia , currently Queen Elizabeth II , is also the Sovereign of fifteen other Commonwealth realms including the United Kingdom . Like the other Dominions , Australia gained legislative independence from the Parliament of the United Kingdom by virtue of the Statute of Westminster 1931 , which was adopted in Australia in 1942 with retrospective effect from 3 September 1939 . By the Royal Style and Titles Act 1953 , the Australian Parliament gave the Queen the title Queen of Australia , and in 1973 titles with any reference to her status as Queen of the United Kingdom and Defender of the Faith as well were removed , making her Queen of Australia . Section 61 of the Constitution provides that ' The executive power of the Commonwealth is vested in the Queen and is exercisable by the Governor ‐ General as the Queen 's representative , and extends to the execution and maintenance of this Constitution , and of the laws of the Commonwealth ' . Section 2 of the Australian Constitution provides that a Governor - General shall represent the Queen in Australia . In practice , the Governor - General carries out all the functions usually performed by a head of state , without reference to the Queen . Under the conventions of the Westminster system the Governor - General 's powers are almost always exercised on the advice of the Prime Minister or other ministers . The Governor - General retains reserve powers similar to those possessed by the Queen in the United Kingdom . These are rarely exercised , but during the Australian constitutional crisis of 1975 Governor - General Sir John Kerr used them independently of the Queen and the Prime Minister . Australia has periodically experienced movements seeking to end the monarchy . In a 1999 referendum , the Australian people voted on a proposal to change the Constitution . The proposal would have removed references to the Queen from the Constitution and replaced the Governor - General with a President nominated by the Prime Minister , but subject to the approval of a two - thirds majority of both Houses of the Parliament . The proposal was defeated . The Australian Republican Movement continues to campaign for an end to the monarchy in Australia , opposed by Australians for Constitutional Monarchy and Australian Monarchist League . Further information : Constitutional history of Australia , Australian republicanism , and Australian head of state dispute Executive Council ( edit ) Main article : Federal Executive Council ( Australia ) The Federal Executive Council is a formal body which exists and meets to give legal effect to decisions made by the Cabinet , and to carry out various other functions . All Ministers are members of the Executive Council and are entitled to be styled `` The Honourable '' , a title which they retain for life . The Governor - General usually presides at Council meetings , but in his or her absence another Minister nominated as the Vice-President of the Executive Council presides at the meeting of the Council . Since 20 December 2017 , the Vice-President of the Federal Executive Council has been Senator Mathias Cormann . There are times when the government acts in a `` caretaker '' capacity , principally in the period prior to and immediately following a general election . Cabinet ( edit ) Main articles : Cabinet of Australia and List of Australian Ministers The Cabinet of Australia is the council of senior Ministers of the Crown , responsible to the Federal Parliament . The ministers are appointed by the Governor - General , on the advice of the Prime Minister , who serve at the former 's pleasure . Cabinet meetings are strictly private and occur once a week where vital issues are discussed and policy formulated . Outside the cabinet there is an outer ministry and also a number of junior ministers , called Parliamentary secretaries , responsible for a specific policy area and reporting directly to a senior Cabinet minister . The Constitution of Australia does not recognise the Cabinet as a legal entity ; it exists solely by convention . Its decisions do not in and of themselves have legal force . However , it serves as the practical expression of the Federal Executive Council , which is Australia 's highest formal governmental body . In practice , the Federal Executive Council meets solely to endorse and give legal force to decisions already made by the Cabinet . All members of the Cabinet are members of the Executive Council . While the Governor - General is nominal presiding officer , he almost never attends Executive Council meetings . A senior member of the Cabinet holds the office of Vice-President of the Executive Council and acts as presiding officer of the Executive Council in the absence of the Governor - General . Until 1956 all members of the ministry were members of the Cabinet . The growth of the ministry in the 1940s and 1950s made this increasingly impractical , and in 1956 Robert Menzies created a two - tier ministry , with only senior ministers holding Cabinet rank , also known within parliament as the front bench . This practice has been continued by all governments except the Whitlam Government . When the non-Labor parties are in power , the Prime Minister makes all Cabinet and ministerial appointments at their own discretion , although in practice they consult with senior colleagues in making appointments . When the Liberal Party and its predecessors ( the Nationalist Party and the United Australia Party ) have been in coalition with the National Party or its predecessor the Country Party , the leader of the junior Coalition party has had the right to nominate their party 's members of the Coalition ministry , and to be consulted by the Prime Minister on the allocation of their portfolios . When the Labor first held office under Chris Watson , Watson assumed the right to choose members of his Cabinet . In 1907 , however , the party decided that future Labor Cabinets would be elected by the members of the Parliamentary Labor Party , the Caucus , and the Prime Minister would retain the right to allocate portfolios . This practice was followed until 2007 . Between 1907 and 2007 , Labor Prime Ministers exercised a predominant influence over who was elected to Labor ministries , although the leaders of the party factions also exercised considerable influence . Prior to the 2007 general election , the then Leader of the Opposition , Kevin Rudd , said that he and he alone would choose the ministry should he become Prime Minister . His party won the election and he chose the ministry , as he said he would . The cabinet meets not only in Canberra but also in state capitals , most frequently Sydney and Melbourne . Kevin Rudd was in favour of the Cabinet meeting in other places , such as major regional cities . There are Commonwealth Parliament Offices in each State Capital , with those in Sydney located in Phillip Street . Departments ( edit ) There are 18 departments of the Australian Government . Attorney - General 's Department Department of Agriculture and Water Resources Department of Communications and the Arts Department of Defence Department of Education and Training Department of Employment Department of the Environment and Energy Department of Finance Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Department of Health Department of Home Affairs Department of Human Services Department of Industry , Innovation and Science Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet Department of Social Services Department of the Treasury Department of Veterans ' Affairs Judiciary ( edit ) Main article : Australian court hierarchy Courtroom 1 in the High Court in Canberra . As a federation , in Australia judicial power is exercised by both federal and state courts . Federal judicial power is vested in the High Court of Australia and such other federal courts created by the Federal Parliament , including the Federal Court of Australia , the Family Court of Australia , and the Federal Circuit Court of Australia . Additionally , unlike in the United States , the federal legislature has the power to enact laws which vest federal jurisdiction in State courts . Since the Australian Constitution requires a separation of powers at the federal level , only courts may exercise federal judicial power ; and conversely , non-judicial functions can not be vested in courts . State judicial power is exercised by each State 's Supreme Court , and such other courts and tribunals created by the State Parliaments . The High Court is the final court of appeal in Australia and has the jurisdiction to hear appeals on matters of both federal and state law . It has both original and appellate jurisdiction , the power of judicial review over laws passed by federal and State parliaments , and has jurisdiction to interpret the Constitution of Australia . Unlike in the United States , there is only one common law of Australia , rather than separate common laws for each State . Publicly owned entities ( edit ) Corporations prescribed by acts of Parliament ( edit ) The following corporations are prescribed by Acts of Parliament : Australian Broadcasting Corporation ( Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983 ) Special Broadcasting Service ( Special Broadcasting Service Act 1991 ) Government business Enterprises ( edit ) The following corporate Commonwealth entities are prescribed as Government Business Enterprises ( GBEs ) by section 5 ( 1 ) of the Public Governance , Performance and Accountability ( PGPA ) Rule : Australian Postal Corporation ( `` Australia Post '' ) Defence Housing Australia The following Commonwealth companies are prescribed as GBEs by section 5 ( 2 ) of the PGPA Rule : ASC Pty Ltd Australian Rail Track Corporation Limited Moorebank Intermodal Company Limited ( ACN 161 635 105 ) NBN Co Limited ( ACN 136 533 741 ) Other public non-financial corporations ( edit ) Airservices Australia Snowy Hydro Limited See also ( edit ) Australian federal budget Australian Public Service Referendums in Australia ( and non-binding plebiscites ) Second Turnbull Ministry References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Prior to 1931 , the junior status of dominions was shown in the fact that it was British ministers who advised the King , with dominion ministers , if they met the King at all , escorted by the constitutionally superior British minister . After 1931 all dominion ministers met the King as His ministers as of right , equal in Commonwealth status to Britain 's ministers , meaning that there was no longer either a requirement for , or an acceptance of , the presence of British ministers . The first state to exercise this both symbolic and real independence was the Irish Free State . Australia and other dominions soon followed . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ House of Representatives , The Australian System of Government ( PDF ) , Australian Government Publishing Service , p. 3 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 March 2011 , retrieved 10 March 2011 Jump up ^ `` History and Culture : Quick Answers '' . Parliamentary Education Office . Australian Government Publishing Service . Archived from the original on 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade . `` Protocol > Protocol guidelines > The Australian Government '' . Australian Government Publishing Service . Retrieved 14 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Australian Public Service Commission . `` About the Commission > The Australian experience of public sector reform > The Constitutional and Government framework '' . Australian Government Publishing Service . Archived from the original on 13 March 2011 . Retrieved 14 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Citizenship -- Our Common Bond '' ( PDF ) . Department of Immigration and Citizenship . August 2012 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Elaine ( 1980 ) . `` The `` Washminster '' Mutation `` . Australian Journal of Political Science . 15 . p. 32 . Jump up ^ `` Australia Act 1986 '' . Office of Legislative Drafting , Attorney - General 's Department . Commonwealth of Australia . Jump up ^ `` Australia : Replacing Plurality Rule with Majority - Preferential Voting '' . Palgrave Macmillan Ltd . Jump up ^ `` The first Parliament : Developments in the Parliament of Australia '' . Parliamentary Education Office of the Government of Australia . Jump up ^ The Constitution ( 2012 ) Overview by the Attorney - General 's Department and Australian Government Solicitor ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Governor - General 's Role '' . Office of the Governor - General . 20 July 2015 . Retrieved 1 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Worsley , Ben ( 11 September 2007 ) . `` Rudd seizes power from factions '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Jump up ^ `` Cutting bureaucracy wo n't hurt services : Rudd '' . News Online . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 21 November 2007 . Retrieved 28 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Wayback Machine '' ( PDF ) . archive.org. 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.pmc.gov.au/sites/default/files/files/renamed_depts-21_Sept_2015.pdf Jump up ^ `` List of departments and agencies '' . Australian Government . Archived from the original on 11 September 2017 . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Robert French , ' Two Chapters about Judicial Power ' , speech given at the Peter Nygh Memorial Lecture , 15 October 2012 , Hobart , p 3 . Jump up ^ R v Kirby ; Ex parte Boilermakers ' Society of Australia ( 1956 ) 94 CLR 254 . Jump up ^ Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation ( 1997 ) 189 CLR 520 at 563 . Jump up ^ Federal Register of Legislation - Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983 ' ( 2 ) ' Jump up ^ Federal Register of Legislation - Special Broadcasting Service Act 1991 ' ( 3 ) ' ^ Jump up to : Australian Government - Current Government Business Enterprises ' ( 4 ) ' External links ( edit ) Library resources about Government of Australia Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Australian Federal Government Government of Australia States New South Wales Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Territories Australian Capital Territory Jervis Bay Territory Northern Territory External territories Ashmore and Cartier Islands Australian Antarctic Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Coral Sea Islands Heard Island and McDonald Islands Norfolk Island Governments of Australia Barton Deakin I Watson Reid Deakin II Fisher I Deakin III Fisher II Cook Fisher III Hughes Bruce Scullin Lyons Menzies I Fadden Curtin Chifley Menzies II Holt Gorton McMahon Whitlam Fraser Hawke Keating Howard Rudd I Gillard Rudd II Abbott Turnbull Morrison Governments of Oceania Sovereign states Australia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Associated states of New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Dependencies and other territories American Samoa Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Easter Island French Polynesia Guam Hawaii New Caledonia Norfolk Island Northern Mariana Islands Pitcairn Islands Tokelau Wallis and Futuna Australia articles History Timeline Bibliography Prehistory Archaeology European Exploration Territorial evolution 1788 -- 1850 1851 -- 1900 1901 -- 1945 Since 1945 By topic Constitutional Diplomatic Economic Federation Immigration Indigenous Military Monarchy Railway Geography Climate Continent Deserts Environment issues Earthquakes Flora Fauna Forests Geology Islands Mountains Regions Protected areas Rivers Subdivisions States and territories Capitals Cities Politics Constitution Courts Elections Donations Electoral system Parties Federal budget Foreign relations Government Governor - General Human rights Intersex LGBT Transgender Intelligence and security Law Constitution Judiciary Enforcement Military Monarchy National debt Parliament Public Service Women Government leaders Government ministers Economy Agriculture Dollar ( currency ) Energy Gross state product Home ownership Public housing Household income Manufacturing Media Mining Poverty Reserve Bank Stock Exchange Superannuation Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Transportation Welfare system Society Crime Demographics Education Ethnic groups Health care Homelessness Immigration Languages Religion Women Culture Architecture Art Arts Australian English Cinema Cuisine Dance Literature Music Public holidays Radio Sport Symbols Television Theatre Outline Index Book Portal Departments of the Australian Government Australian Government Agriculture and Water Resources Attorney - General 's Communications and the Arts Defence Education and Training Jobs and Small Business Environment and Energy Finance Foreign Affairs and Trade Health Home Affairs Human Services Infrastructure , Regional Development and Cities Industry , Innovation and Science Prime Minister and Cabinet Social Services Treasury Veterans ' Affairs List of Australian government entities Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Government_of_Australia&oldid=856920345 '' Categories : Government of Australia Westminster system governments Hidden categories : EngvarB from July 2016 Use dmy dates from July 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Беларуская Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Português Русский Simple English 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 11 : 33 ( UTC ) . 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National Food Security Act, 2013

National food security Act , 2013 - Wikipedia National food security Act , 2013 Jump to : navigation , search National Food Security Act , 2013 Food security and insecurity in India Enacted by Parliament of India Date signed 12 September 2013 Status : In force The National Food Security Act , 2013 ( also Right to Food Act ) is an Act of the Parliament of India which aims to provide subsidized food grains to approximately two thirds of India 's 1.2 billion people . It was signed into law on 12 September 2013 , retroactive to 5 July 2013 . The National Food Security Act , 2013 ( NFSA 2013 ) converts into legal entitlements for existing food security programmes of the Government of India . It includes the Midday Meal Scheme , Integrated Child Development Services scheme and the Public Distribution System . Further , the NFSA 2013 recognizes maternity entitlements . The Midday Meal Scheme and the Integrated Child Development Services Scheme are universal in nature whereas the PDS will reach about two - thirds of the population ( 75 % in rural areas and 50 % in urban areas ) . Under the provisions of the bill , beneficiaries of the Public Distribution System ( or , PDS ) are entitled to 5 kilograms ( 11 lb ) per person per month of cereals at the following prices : Rice at ₹ 3 ( 4.6 ¢ US ) per kg Wheat at ₹ 2 ( 3.1 ¢ US ) per kg Coarse grains ( millet ) at ₹ 1 ( 1.5 ¢ US ) per kg . Pregnant women , lactating mothers , and certain categories of children are eligible for daily free cereals . The bill has been highly controversial . It was introduced into India 's parliament on 22 December 2011 , promulgated as a presidential ordinance on 5 July 2013 , and enacted into law on 12 September 2013 . Odisha government implemented food security bill in 14 district from 17 November 2015 Assam government implemented Act on 24 December 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Salient features 2 Intent 3 Scope 4 Commentary 4.1 Critics 4.2 Advocates 5 Chhattisgarh Food Security Act 6 See also 7 References 8 External links 8.1 Official Documents 8.2 Media coverage and comments Salient features ( edit ) Coverage and entitlement under Targeted Public Distribution System ( TPDS ) : Up to 75 % of the rural population and 50 % of the urban population will be covered under TPDS , with uniform entitlement of 5 kg per person per month . However , since Antyodaya Anna Yojana ( AAY ) households constitute poorest of the poor , and are presently entitled to 35 kg per household per month , entitlement of existing AAY households will be protected at 35 kg per household per month . State-wise coverage : Corresponding to the all India coverage of 75 % and 50 % in the rural and urban areas , State-wise coverage will be determined by the Central Government . Planning Commission has determined the State-wise coverage by using the NSS Household Consumption Survey data for 2011 - 12 ... Subsidised prices under TPDS and their revision : Foodgrains under TPDS will be made available at subsidised prices of Rs. 3 / 2 / 1 per kg for rice , wheat and coarse grains for a period of three years from the date of commencement of the Act . Thereafter prices will be suitably linked to Minimum Support Price ( MSP ) . In case , any State 's allocation under the Act is lower than their current allocation , it will be protected up to the level of average offtake under normal TPDS during last three years , at prices to be determined by the Central Government . Existing prices for APL households i.e. Rs. 6.10 per kg for wheat and Rs 8.30 per kg for rice has been determined as issue prices for the additional allocation to protect the average offtake during last three years . Identification of Households : Within the coverage under TPDS determined for each State , the work of identification of eligible households is to be done by States / UTs . Nutritional Support to women and children : Pregnant women and lactating mothers and children in the age group of 6 months to 14 years will be entitled to meals as per prescribed nutritional norms under Integrated Child Development Services ( ICDS ) and Mid-Day Meal ( MDM ) schemes . Higher nutritional norms have been prescribed for malnourished children up to 6 years of age . Maternity Benefit : Pregnant women and lactating mothers will also be entitled to receive maternity benefit of not less than Rs. 6,000 . Women Empowerment : Eldest woman of the household of age 18 years or above to be the head of the household for the purpose of issuing of ration cards . Grievance Redressal Mechanism : Grievance redressal mechanism at the District and State levels . States will have the flexibility to use the existing machinery or set up separate mechanism . Cost of intra-State transportation & handling of foodgrains and FPS Dealers ' margin : Central Government will provide assistance to States in meeting the expenditure incurred by them on transportation of foodgrains within the State , its handling and FPS dealers ' margin as per norms to be devised for this purpose . Transparency and Accountability : Provisions have been made for disclosure of records relating to PDS , social audits and setting up of Vigilance Committees in order to ensure transparency and accountability . Food Security Allowance : Provision for food security allowance to entitled beneficiaries in case of non-supply of entitled foodgrains or meals . Penalty : Provision for penalty on public servant or authority , to be imposed by the State Food Commission , in case of failure to comply with the relief recommended by the District Grievance Redressal Officer . Intent ( edit ) The intent of the National Food Security Bill is spelled out in the Lok Sabha committee report , The National Food Security Bill , 2011 , Twenty Seventh Report , which states , `` Food security means availability of sufficient foodgrains to meet the domestic demand as well as access , at the individual level , to adequate quantities of food at affordable prices . '' The report adds , `` The proposed legislation marks a paradigm shift in addressing the problem of food security -- from the current welfare approach to a right based approach . About two thirds ( approx 67 % ) of the population will be entitled to receive subsidized foodgrains under Targeted Public Distribution System . In a country where almost 40 % of children are undernourished the importance of the scheme increases significantly . '' Scope ( edit ) The Indian Ministry of Agriculture 's Commission on Agricultural Costs and Prices ( CACP ) has referred to the Bill as the `` biggest ever experiment in the world for distributing highly subsidized food by any government through a ' rights based ' approach . '' The Bill extends coverage of the Targeted Public Distribution System , India 's principal domestic food aid program , to two thirds of the population , or approximately 820 million people . Initially , the Lok Sabha Standing Committee on Food , Consumer Affairs and Public Distribution estimated a `` total requirement of foodgrains , as per the Bill would be 61.55 million ( metric ) tons in 2012 - 13 . '' The CACP calculated in May 2013 , `` ... the requirement for average monthly PDS offtake is calculated as 2.3 mt for wheat ( 27.6 mt annually ) and 2.8 mt for rice ( 33.6 mt annually ) ... '' When volumes needed for the Public Distribution System and `` Other Welfare Schemes '' were aggregated , the CACP estimated rice and wheat requirements to total an `` annual requirement of 61.2 '' million metric tons . However , the final version of the Bill signed into law includes on page 18 an annex , `` Schedule IV '' , which estimates the total food grain allocation as 54.926 million metric tons . The Standing Committee estimated that the value of additional food subsidies ( i.e. , on top of the existing Public Distribution System ) `` during 2012 - 13 works out to be ... Rs. 2409 crores , '' that is , 24.09 billion rupees , or about $446 million at the then - current exchange rate , for a total expenditure of 1.122 trillion rupees ( or between $20 and $21 billion ) . However , the Commission on Agricultural Costs and Prices ( CACP ) calculated , `` Currently , the economic cost of FCI for acquiring , storing and distributing foodgrains is about 40 percent more than the procurement price . '' The Commission added , The stated expenditure of Rs 1 , 20,000 crore annually in NFSB is merely the tip of the iceberg . To support the system and the welfare schemes , additional expenditure is needed for the envisaged administrative set up , scaling up of operations , enhancement of production , investments for storage , movement , processing and market infrastructure etc . The existing Food Security Complex of Procurement , Stocking and Distribution - which NFSB perpetuates - would increase the operational expenditure of the Scheme given its creaking infrastructure , leakages & inefficient governance . The Commission concluded that the total bill for implementation of the Bill `` ... may touch an expenditure of anywhere between Rs 125,000 to 150,000 crores , '' i.e. , 1.25 to 1.5 trillion rupees . As of the implementation deadline of 4 October 2014 , only 11 states had either implemented the Act or declared readiness to do so . On 28 November 2014 , the Indian government announced , `` Allocation of foodgrains to 11 States / Union Territories ( UTs ) namely , Bihar , Chandigarh , Chhattisgarh , Delhi , Haryana , Himachal Pradesh , Karnataka , Madhya Pradesh , Maharashtra , Punjab and Rajasthan has started under the Act ... '' and that the `` remaining 25 States / UTs have not completed the preparatory measures required for implementation of the Act . '' The Indian government extended the deadline for implementation of the Act `` by another six months , i.e. till 04.04. 2015 . '' Commentary ( edit ) Critics ( edit ) Criticism of the National Food Security Bill includes accusations of both political motivation and fiscal irresponsibility . One senior opposition politician , Murli Manohar Joshi , went so far as to describe the bill as a measure for `` vote security '' ( for the ruling government coalition ) rather than food security . Another political figure , Mulayam Singh Yadav , declared , `` It is clearly being brought for elections ... Why did n't you bring this bill earlier when poor people were dying because of hunger ? ... Every election , you bring up a measure . There is nothing for the poor . '' The report of the 33rd meeting of the Technical Advisory Committee on Monetary Policy stated , `` ... Food prices are still elevated and the food security bill will aggravate food price inflation as it will tilt supply towards cereals and away from other farm produce ( proteins ) , which will raise food prices further ... Members desired that the Reserve Bank impress on the government the need to address supply side constraints which are causing inflationary pressure , especially on the food front . '' Dr. Surjit S. Bhalla warned , `` The food security bill ... if implemented honestly , will cost 3 per cent of the GDP in its very first year . '' The writer Vivek Kaul noted , The government 's estimated cost of food security comes at 11.10 % ... of the total receipts . The CACP 's estimated cost of food security comes at 21.5 % ... of the total receipts . Bhalla 's cost of food security comes at around 28 % of the total receipts ... Once we express the cost of food security as a percentage of the total estimated receipts of the government , during the current financial year , we see how huge the cost of food security really is . The Indian Ministry of Agriculture 's Commission on Agricultural Costs and Prices warned that enactment of the Bill could be expected to `` induce severe imbalance in the production of oilseeds and pulses , '' and `` ... will create demand pressures , which will inevitably spillover to market prices of food grains . Furthermore , the higher food subsidy burden on the budget will raise the fiscal deficit , exacerbating macro level inflationary pressures . '' The Commission argued further that the Bill would restrict private initiative in agriculture , reduce competition in the marketplace due to government domination of the grain market , shift money from investments in agriculture to subsidies , and continue focus on cereals production when shifts in consumer demand patterns indicate a need to focus more on protein , fruits and vegetables . Advocates ( edit ) The bill was very widely viewed as a `` pet project '' of Indian National Congress ( INC ) President , Sonia Gandhi . Gandhi addressed Parliament the night of the August 2013 Lok Sabha vote on the bill , saying its passage would be a `` chance to make history '' . Former National Advisory Council member and development economist Professor Jean Drèze , reputedly one of the architects of the original , 2011 version of the bill , wrote , `` ... the Bill is a form of investment in human capital . It will bring some security in people 's lives and make it easier for them to meet their basic needs , protect their health , educate their children , and take risks . '' Professor Drèze dismissed opposition from business interests , saying , `` Corporate hostility does not tell us anything except that the Food Bill does not serve corporate interests . Nobody is claiming that it does , nor is that the purpose of the Bill . '' Minister of Consumer Affairs , Food , and Public Distribution K.V. Thomas stated in an interview , This is no mean task , a task being accomplished in the second most populated country in the world . All the while , it has been a satisfying journey . The responsibility is not just of the Central Government but equally of the States / ( Union Territories ) . I am sure together we can fulfill this dream . The day is not far off , when India will be known the world over for this important step towards eradication of hunger , malnutrition and resultant poverty ... By providing food security to 75 percent of the rural and 50 percent of the urban population with focus on nutritional needs of children , pregnant and lactating women , the National Food Security Bill will revolutionize food distribution system . In a rebuttal to Dr. Surjit S. Bhalla , three economists responded , `` ... the food subsidy bill should roughly double and come to around 1.35 % of GDP , which is still way less than the numbers he put out . '' Chhattisgarh food security Act ( edit ) The Chhattisgarh Food Security Act , 2012 law was enacted by the Chhattisgarh government . It was passed on 21 December 2012 , by the State Assembly unopposed to ensure `` access to adequate quantity of food and other requirements of good nutrition to the people of the State , at affordable prices , at all times to live a life of dignity . ' ' . The Act divides households into four groups -- Antodaya , Priority , General and Excluded households . The priority households will have monthly public distribution system ( PDS ) entitlement of 35 kg rice , wheat flour , pulses , gram and iodised salt at subsidised price . `` The new act will make the acclaimed PDS more comprehensive . Nearly 90 % of the provisions incorporated in the Act were already covered under the PDS '' , the chief minister Raman Singh said. The new initiative will put a burden of Rs. 2311 crore on the state exchequer . The act will not cover those who are income tax payees , own over 4 hectares of irrigated or 8 hectares of non-irrigated land in non-scheduled areas and who are liable to pay property tax in urban areas . The Act benefits 42 lakh families living here . It will also cover families headed by a destitute , a widow or a differently abled person . It will also take care of poor , children living in hostels / ashrams , pregnant women as well as those hit by disaster . See also ( edit ) Right to food Public distribution system Food Security Bill References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Govt defers promulgation of ordinance on Food Security Bill '' . Times of India . 13 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The National Food Security Bill , 2013 Receives the Assent of the President , Published in the Gazette of India as Act No. 20 of 2013 '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau . Jump up ^ `` Food Security Act To Be Implemented From July 5 '' . Bloomberg TV India . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Department of Agriculture , New Delhi , India , Indian Cabinet Approves National Food Security Bill 2013 , GAIN Report IN3037 , 11 April 2013 Jump up ^ National Food Security Ordinance , No. 7 of 2013 , 5 July 2013 Jump up ^ http://dfpd.nic.in/Salient-features-National-Food-Security-Act.htm ^ Jump up to : Ashok Gulati & Surbhi Jain ( May 2013 ) . `` Buffer Stocking Policy in the wake of NFSB : Concepts , Empirics , and Policy Implications '' ( PDF ) . Commission on Agricultural Costs and Prices , Ministry of Agriculture , Government of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Standing Committee on Food , Consumer Affairs and Public Distribution ( 2012 - 13 ) , Fifteenth Lok Sabha , Ministry of Consumer Affairs , Food and Public Distribution ( Department Of Food and Public Distribution ) ( January 2013 ) . `` The National Food Security Bill , 2011 , Twenty Seventh Report '' ( PDF ) . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` National Food Security Bill , Registered No . DL - ( N ) 04 / 0007 / 2003 - 13 , as published by the Ministry of Law and Justice , September 10 , 2013 '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : Ashok Gulati ; et al. ( December 2012 ) . `` National Food Security Bill , Challenges and Options , Discussion Paper No. 2 '' ( PDF ) . Commission on Agricultural Costs and Prices , Ministry of Agriculture , Government of India . Jump up ^ Dipak K Dash ( 8 Oct 2014 ) . `` Food security deadline for states expires without extension '' . Times of India . The eleven states as of 4 October 2014 , were reportedly Assam , Uttarakhand , Chhattisgarh , Haryana , Maharashtra , Rajasthan , Punjab , Bihar , Delhi , Himachal Pradesh and Karnataka . Jump up ^ `` States gets another six months for implementation of national food security act '' . Press Information Bureau , Government of India . 28 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Shekhar Iyer ( 26 August 2013 ) . `` This is n't food security , it 's vote security , says BJP '' . Hindustan Times . Archived from the original on 31 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Shweta Punj ( 29 September 2013 ) . `` Digestion pangs '' . Business Today . Jump up ^ `` Food bill : Experts seek proper selection , revamped PDS '' . Times of India , 8 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Praful Bidwai ( 9 September 2013 ) . `` Food Bill is a first step '' . The Daily Star . Jump up ^ `` Food Security Bill passed in Lok Sabha after nine - hour debate '' . FirstPost. 27 August 2013 . Jump up ^ RBI Committee meeting cautions the government against Food Security Bill Jump up ^ RBI releases Minutes of 24 July 2013 Meeting of the Technical Advisory Committee on Monetary Policy Jump up ^ `` Manmonia 's FSB : 3 % of GDP '' . Indian Express . 6 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Vivek Kaul ( 27 August 2013 ) . `` Food Bill is the biggest mistake India might have made till date '' . Firstpost . Jump up ^ `` Lok Sabha passes Sonia Gandhi 's ambitious Food Bill '' . moneycontrol.com ( CNBC ) . 27 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Parliament clears Sonia 's pet Food Security Bill , Cong eyes poll gain '' . CNN - IBN. 3 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Edited by Deepshikha Ghosh ( 27 August 2013 ) . `` Sonia Gandhi fine , ' relieved ' that Food Bill was passed , Narendra Modi wishes her good health '' . NDTV . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Why The Food Bill Is Sound Economics '' . Tehelka. 13 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Revati Laul ( 7 September 2013 ) . `` ' The Food Security Bill Can Help To Protect The People From Poverty And Insecurity ' , '' . Tehelka . Jump up ^ Milind Murugkar ; Ashok Kotwal ; Bharat Ramaswami ( 28 August 2013 ) . `` Correct costs of the Food Security Bill '' . Ideas for India . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 11 January 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/food-security-act-should-centre-emulate-chhattisgarh-yes/article4249370.ece External links ( edit ) Official Documents ( edit ) The National Food Security Bill , 2011 ; Bill No. 132 of 2011 ( original bill as submitted in 2011 ) Report of the Expert Committee on National Food Security Bill , Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister , Government of India , January 2011 Gulati , Ashok , et al , National Food Security Bill , Challenges and Options , Discussion Paper No. 2 , Commission on Agricultural Costs and Prices , December 2012 Standing Committee on Food , Consumer Affairs And Public Distribution ( 2012 - 13 ) , Fifteenth Lok Sabha , Ministry Of Consumer Affairs , Food And Public Distribution ( Department Of Food And Public Distribution ) , The National Food Security Bill , 2011 , Twenty Seventh Report , January 2013 Joshi , Pramod K. , `` National Food Security Bill and need for a stronger implementation strategy , '' Government Knowledge Centre Think Pieces , 7 March 2013 U.S. Department of Agriculture , New Delhi , India , Indian Cabinet Approves National Food Security Bill 2013 , GAIN Report IN3037 , 11 April 2013 National Food Security Bill , 2013 ( version of April 2013 ) Press Information Bureau , Government of India , Amendments in the National Food Security Bill Introduced in the Lok Sabha , 2 May 2013 Gulati , Ashok , and Surbhi Jain , Buffer Stocking Policy in the wake of NFSB : Concepts , Empirics , and Policy Implications , Commission on Agricultural Costs and Prices , May 2013 National Food Security Ordinance , No. 7 of 2013 , 5 July 2013 The National Food Security Bill , 2013 , Bill No. 109 of 2013 , as introduced in Lok Sabha The National Food Security Bill , 2013 , Bill No. 109 - C of 2013 , as passed by Lok Sabha on 26 August 2013 National Food Security Bill , Registered No . DL - ( N ) 04 / 0007 / 2003 - 13 , as published by the Ministry of Law and Justice , 10 September 2013 CHHATTISGARH FOOD SECURITY ACT , 2012 U.S. Department of Agriculture , New Delhi , India , National Food Security Bill Becomes Law , GAIN Report IN3105 , 16 September 2013 `` State Food Ministers meet to discuss implementation of National Food Security Act , '' Press Information Bureau , Government of India , press release , 27 September 2013 `` A Novel Approach to Food Security '' , by Avinash Kishore , P.K. Joshi , and John Hoddinott , Chapter 3 of 2013 Global Food Policy Report , Washington : IFPRI , 2014 `` States gets another six months for implementation of national food security act , '' Press Information Bureau , Government of India , press release , 28 November 2014 Media coverage and comments ( edit ) Drèze , Jean , `` Summary Of The National Food Security Bill 2013 '' , Tehelka , 22 March 2013 Sugden , Joanna , `` Q&A : Pros and Cons of The Food Security Bill , '' Wall Street Journal , 8 May 2013 ( interview with Dr. P.K. Joshi of the International Food Policy Research Institute office in New Delhi ) `` How much will food security bill cost exchequer ? '' , moneycontrol.com ( CNBC ) , 8 June 2013 ( `` Ashok Gulati chairman of the commission on agricultural costs and prices , T Nanda Kumar , former agriculture secretary and Sonal Varma chief economist at Nomura discuss the nuances of the Food Security Bill on Indianomics . '' ) Drèze , Jean , `` The Food Security Debate in India '' , New York Times blog , 9 July 2013 Kumar , Ashok , `` The Anatomy of the National Food Security Act 2013 '' , NewsYaps , 14 March 2014 ( hide ) Indian legislation Constitution of India ( amendments ) Indian Penal Code Code of Criminal Procedure , 1973 Acts of the Parliament Ordinance In Force Consumer Real Estate ( Regulation and Development ) Act , 2016 Consumer Protection Act , 1986 Essential Commodities Act Essential Services Maintenance Act Corruption Benami Transactions ( Prohibition ) Act , 1988 Black Money ( Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets ) and Imposition of Tax Act , 2015 Prevention of Corruption Act , 1988 The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act , 2013 Mines and Minerals ( Development and Regulation ) Act , 1957 Prevention of Money Laundering Act , 2002 Whistle Blowers Protection Act , 2011 Criminal Armed Forces ( Special Powers ) Act Armed Forces Tribunal Act , 2007 Arms Act , 1959 Army Act , 1950 Criminal Law ( Amendment ) Act , 2013 Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act Indian Evidence Act Juvenile Justice ( Care and Protection of Children ) Act , 2015 National Security Act ( India ) Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act , 2005 Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe ( Prevention of Atrocities ) Act , 1989 Education Indian Institutes of Management Act , 2017 Institutes of Technology Act , 1961 National Institutes of Technology Act , 2007 Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act , 2009 University Grants Commission Act , 1956 Environment Air ( Prevention and Control of Pollution ) Act Biological Diversity Act , 2002 CAMPA bill Environment Protection Act , 1986 Indian Forest Act , 1927 National Green Tribunal Act Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers ' Rights Act , 2001 Wildlife Protection Act , 1972 Financial Aadhaar ( Targeted Delivery of Financial and other Subsidies , benefits and services ) Act , 2016 Banking Regulation Act , 1949 Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act Depositories Act The Electricity Act , 2003 Expenditure Tax Act , 1987 Finance Act ( India ) Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act , 2003 Foreign Contribution Regulation Act Foreign Exchange Management Act Geographical Indications of Goods ( Registration and Protection ) Act , 1999 Government Securities Act , 2006 Indian Contract Act , 1872 Indian Stamp Act , 1899 Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code , 2016 Insurance Act , 1938 Negotiable Instruments Act , 1881 Securities Laws ( Amendment ) Act , 2014 Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act , 2002 The Competition Act , 2002 The High Denomination Bank Notes ( Demonetisation ) Act , 1978 The Income - tax Act , 1961 Transfer of Property Act 1882 Urban Land ( Ceiling and Regulation ) Act , 1976 Healthcare Central Council of Homoeopathy Act , 1973 Clinical Establishments ( Registration and Regulation ) Act , 2010 Dentist Act Drugs and Cosmetics Act , 1940 Drugs and Magic Remedies ( Objectionable Advertisements ) Act , 1954 Indian Medical Council Act Mental Health Act , 1987 Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act , 1985 Labour Bonded Labor System ( Abolition ) Act , 1976 Factories Act , 1948 , India Industrial Disputes Act , 1947 Interstate Migrant Workmen Act 1979 Maternity Benefit ( Amendment ) Act , 2017 Minimum Wages Act 1948 National Rural Employment Guarantee Act , 2005 Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace ( Prevention , Prohibition and Redressal ) Act , 2013 Unorganised Workers ' Social Security Act 2008 Personal Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act ( 1956 ) Majority Act ( India ) Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act Hindu Succession Act , 1956 Special Marriage Act , 1954 The Hindu Marriage Act , 1955 The Muslim Women ( Protection of Rights on Divorce ) Act 1986 Social Child Labour ( Prohibition and Regulation ) Act Indecent Representation of Women ( Prohibition ) Act National Food Security Act , 2013 Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act , 1994 The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act , 2006 The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers ( Recognition of Forest Rights ) Act , 2006 Street Vendors Act , 2014 State Laws Anti-Superstition and Black Magic Act The Bombay Prohibition Act , 1949 Bombay Prohibition ( Gujarat Amendment ) 2009 Chhattisgarh Food Security Act , 2012 Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act The Gujarat Local Authorities Laws ( Amendment ) Bill , 2009 Puducherry Prevention of Anti-Social Activities Act State Reorganisation Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2014 Bihar Reorganisation Act , 2000 Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2000 Punjab Reorganisation Act , 1966 States Reorganisation Act , 1956 Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2000 Terrorism Unlawful Activities ( Prevention ) Act Transportation Aircraft Act Motor Vehicles Act , 1988 National Waterways Act , 2016 Inland Vessels Act Metro Railways Act , 1978 Metro Railway Act , 2002 Organisation / Body Chartered Accountants Act , 1949 Companies Act 2013 Gram Nyayalayas Act , 2008 Indian Trusts Act , 1882 Panchayats ( Extension to Scheduled Areas ) Act 1996 Reserve Bank of India Act , 1934 The Indian Partnership Act , 1932 Societies Registration Act , 1860 The Limited Liability Partnership Act , 2008 Repeal Repealing and Amending Act , 2015 Repealing and Amending ( Second ) Act , 2015 Repealing and Amending Act , 2016 Repealing and Amending Act , 2017 Repealing and Amending ( Second ) Act , 2017 Other All India Services Act , 1951 Delimitation Act Enemy Property Act , 1968 Information Technology Act , 2000 Nuclear Liability Act Official Secrets Act ( India ) Representation of the People Act , 1951 Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition , Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act , 2013 Right to Information Act , 2005 State Emblem of India ( Prohibition of Improper Use ) Act , 2005 The Foreigners Act , 1946 Repealed Pre-Independence Age of Consent Act , 1891 Caste Disabilities Removal Act , 1850 Criminal Tribes Act Hindu Widows ' Remarriage Act , 1856 English Education Act 1835 Prevention of Seditious Meetings Act , 1907 Post-Independence Anti-Copying Act , 1992 Foreign Exchange Regulation Act Gift Tax Act , 1958 Illegal Migrants ( Determination by Tribunal ) Act , 1983 Interest Tax Act , 1974 Maintenance of Internal Security Act Prevention of Terrorism Act , 2002 Terrorist and Disruptive Activities ( Prevention ) Act The Gold ( Control ) Act , 1968 Wealth Tax Act , 1957 Bills Proposed Foreign Education Providers Bill , 2013 Geospatial Information Regulation Bill Gujarat Control of Organised Crime Act Marriage Laws Amendment Bill Road Transport and Safety Bill Uniform civil code Lapsed Judges Assets Bill Women 's Reservation Bill Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Food_Security_Act,_2013&oldid=833538951 '' Categories : Welfare in India 2013 in India Acts of the Parliament of India 2013 Food security Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use dmy dates from December 2015 Use Indian English from December 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 1 April 2018 , at 05 : 37 . 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Good Morning America

Good Morning America - Wikipedia Good Morning America Jump to : navigation , search For the Japanese rock band , see Good Morning America ( band ) . Good Morning America Genre Morning news and talk Created by Donald L. Perris William F. Baker Presented by Robin Roberts George Stephanopoulos Lara Spencer Michael Strahan Amy Robach Ginger Zee ( See full list ) Theme music composer Marvin Hamlisch ( 1975 -- 87 ) Frank Gari ( 1988 -- 92 ) Non-Stop Music ( 1992 -- 96 ) Michael Whalen ( 1997 -- 99 ) Desmond Child ( 1999 -- 2004 ) VideoHelper ( 2004 -- 06 ) DreamArtists Studios ( 2007 -- ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 41 Production Executive producer ( s ) Michael Corn ( 2014 -- present ) , Roxanna Sherwood ( 2017 - Present ) Location ( s ) ABC News Headquarters , New York , New York ( 1975 -- 99 ) Times Square Studios New York , New York ( 1999 -- ) Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 120 minutes Production company ( s ) ABC News Productions Release Original network ABC Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) ( 1975 -- 2005 ) 1080i / 720p ( HDTV ) ( 2005 -- ) Original release November 3 , 1975 ( 1975 - 11 - 03 ) -- present Chronology Preceded by AM America ( 1975 ) Related shows America This Morning External links Website gma.yahoo.com Good Morning America ( GMA ) is an American morning television show that is broadcast on ABC . It debuted on November 3 , 1975 , and first expanded to weekends with the debut of a Sunday edition on January 3 , 1993 . The Sunday edition was canceled in 1999 ; weekend editions returned on both Saturdays and Sundays on September 4 , 2004 . The weekday program airs from 7 : 00 to 9 : 00 a.m. in all U.S. time zones ( live in the Eastern Time Zone and on tape delay elsewhere across the country ) . The Saturday and Sunday editions are one hour long and are transmitted to ABC 's stations live at 7 : 00 a.m. Eastern Time , although stations in some markets air them at different times . Viewers in the Pacific Time Zone receive an updated feed with a specialized opening and updated live reports . A third hour of the weekday broadcast aired from 2007 to 2008 , exclusively on ABC News Now . The program features news , interviews , weather forecasts , special - interest stories , and feature segments such as `` Pop News '' ( featuring pop culture and entertainment news , and viral videos ) , the `` GMA Heat Index '' ( featuring a mix of entertainment , lifestyle and human - interest stories ) and `` Play of the Day '' ( featuring a selected viral video or television program clip ) . It is produced by ABC News and broadcasts from the Times Square Studios in New York City 's Times Square district . The primary anchors are Robin Roberts , George Stephanopoulos , Lara Spencer and Michael Strahan along with newsreader Amy Robach and weather anchor Ginger Zee . Good Morning America has been the most watched morning show in total viewers and key demos each year since Summer 2012 . GMA generally placed second in the ratings , behind NBC 's Today from 1995 to 2012 . It overtook its rival for a period from the early to mid-1980s with anchors David Hartman and Joan Lunden , from the late 1980s to the mid-1990s with Charles Gibson and Lunden , and in April 2012 with Roberts and Stephanopoulos . Good Morning America won the first three Daytime Emmy Awards for `` Outstanding Morning Program '' , sharing the inaugural 2007 award with Today and winning the 2008 and 2009 awards outright . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1975 : The inaugural year 1.2 1976 -- 89 : Growth and change 1.3 1990 -- 98 : Rise and decline 1.4 January 1999 -- May 2005 : Gibson -- Sawyer 1.5 May 2005 -- June 2006 : Gibson -- Sawyer -- Roberts 1.6 June 2006 -- December 2009 : Sawyer -- Roberts 1.7 December 2009 -- April 2014 : Roberts -- Stephanopoulos 1.8 April 2014 -- September 2016 : Roberts -- Stephanopoulos -- Spencer 1.9 September 2016 -- present : Roberts -- Stephanopoulos -- Spencer -- Strahan 2 Spin - off 2.1 Good Afternoon America 2.2 GMA Wake Up Call 2.3 GMA Lunch Break 2.4 GMA Deals 3 On - air staff ( weekday editions ) 3.1 Anchors 3.2 Contributors and correspondents 3.3 Former on - air staff 3.3. 1 Co-Anchors 3.3. 2 News anchors 3.3. 3 Weather anchors 3.3. 4 Contributors and correspondents 4 Weekend editions 4.1 On - air staff ( weekend editions ) 4.1. 1 Anchors 4.1. 2 Former on - air staff 4.1. 2.1 Anchors 4.1. 2.2 Weather anchors 5 International broadcasts 6 Accolades 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) 1975 : the inaugural year ( edit ) On January 6 , 1975 , ABC launched AM America in an attempt to compete with NBC 's Today . The program was hosted by Bill Beutel and Stephanie Edwards , with Peter Jennings and Robert Kennedy reading the news . Because the show could not find an audience against Today ( and its anchor team of Jim Hartz and Barbara Walters ) , ABC sought a new approach . The network found that one of its affiliates , WEWS in Cleveland , Ohio , had been pre-empting AM America in favor of airing a locally produced show called The Morning Exchange . Unlike AM America and Today , The Morning Exchange featured an easygoing and less dramatic approach by offering news and weather updates only at the top and bottom of every hour and used the rest of the time to discuss general - interest / entertainment topics . The Morning Exchange also established a group of regular guests who were experts in certain fields , including health , entertainment , consumer affairs and travel . Also unlike both the NBC and ABC shows , The Morning Exchange was not broadcast from a newsroom set but instead one that resembled a suburban living room . In the process of screening the Cleveland morning program as a creative source , ABC also began looking at another local show , Good Morning ! , which was produced by Boston ABC affiliate WCVB - TV . Good Morning ! was very similar in format to The Morning Exchange , but with a lesser emphasis on news and weather . In fact , once the revamped ABC morning show took to the air late in 1975 under the title Good Morning America , WCVB station manager Bob Bennett accused ABC entertainment president Fred Silverman of deliberately stealing the title of Good Morning ! ; no legal cease and desist action was finalized against ABC in the matter , however . The launch of Good Morning America did result in the Boston morning show changing its name -- to Good Day ! . ABC took an episode of The Morning Exchange and used it as a pilot episode . After very positive reviews for the pilot , the format replaced AM America in November 1975 as Good Morning America . The first host of the new program was David Hartman , featuring Nancy Dussault as his co-host . Dussault was replaced in 1977 by Sandy Hill . For the first seven years , weather forecasts were presented by John Coleman , former chief meteorologist for ABC owned - and - operated station WLS - TV in Chicago , who would leave GMA in 1982 to start The Weather Channel with Landmark Communications CEO Frank Batten . Dave Murray ( now chief meteorologist at KTVI in St. Louis ) provided the forecasts for both Good Morning America and ABC 's early morning news program ABC News This Morning from 1983 to 1986 . In August 1986 , he was replaced by Spencer Christian , who worked at WABC - TV in New York City and served as fill - in meteorologist for both Coleman and Murray whenever they were away on vacation or assignment . 1976 -- 89 : growth and change ( edit ) The program 's ratings climbed slowly , but steadily throughout the 1970s and into the 1980s while Today experienced a slight slump in viewership , especially with Walters ' decision to leave NBC for a job at ABC News . On August 30 , 1976 , Tom Brokaw began anchoring Today while the program began a search for a female co-host . Within a year , Today managed to beat back the Good Morning America ratings threat with Brokaw and new co-host Jane Pauley , featuring art and entertainment contributor Gene Shalit . Good Morning America continued to threaten Today 's ratings dominance into the 1980s , especially after Brokaw left the latter program to become co-anchor of NBC Nightly News with Roger Mudd for 17 months before being named sole anchor of that program . For the first time , Good Morning America became the highest - rated morning news program in the United States as Today fell to second place . At the outset , Good Morning America was a talk program with a main host , Hartman , who was joined by a sidekick co-host ; Dussault and Hill were scripted as less - than - equal hosts . In 1980 , an exasperated Hill left Good Morning America after run - ins with Hartman , who was said to have `` had a problem with strong women . '' She was replaced by Joan Lunden , then a reporter at ABC 's New York City flagship station WABC - TV . Hartman and Lunden led the show through several years of success . Lunden 's popularity led to her promotion to co-anchor in 1986 , and to more equal footing with Hartman than any woman before her . The partnership ended on February 20 , 1987 , when Hartman retired after 3,189 broadcasts . After Hartman 's departure , Lunden was paired with ABC News correspondent Charles Gibson on February 23 , 1987 , which ultimately resulted in ratings for the program skyrocketing . The team of Lunden and Gibson became the most popular news partnership on television in the late 1980s and early 1990s , and for the first time Good Morning America regularly won the ratings against Today . At one point prior to Spencer Christian 's arrival in 1986 , forecasts on the program were provided by WXYZ - TV chief meteorologist Jerry Hodak via a split screen between the WXYZ studios in Detroit and the Good Morning America set in New York City . 1990 -- 98 : rise and decline ( edit ) Good Morning America entered the 1990s with continued overwhelming ratings success . Gibson and Lunden became a hard team to beat ; however , the program stumbled from its top spot in late 1995 , falling to second place behind Today ( in what would begin a 16 - year streak as the top - rated morning news program for that show , which began the week of December 11 , 1995 ) . Lunden began to discuss working less and mentioned to network executives that the morning schedule is the hardest in the business . ABC executives promised Lunden that a prime time program ; Behind Closed Doors would premiere on the network in 1996 . On September 5 , 1997 , Lunden decided to step down as host of Good Morning America after 17 years and was replaced by ABC News correspondent Lisa McRee . The pairing of Gibson and McRee fared well in the ratings . However , ratings sharply declined when Gibson also left the show to make way for Kevin Newman on May 1 , 1998 . With McRee and Newman as anchors , longtime viewers of Good Morning America switched to Today , whose ratings skyrocketed . January 1999 -- May 2005 : Gibson -- Sawyer ( edit ) To improve Good Morning America 's ratings performance , which briefly fell to third place among the morning shows in January 1999 , ABC News management selected Shelley Ross from the field of executive producer candidates . As part of Rossʼs proposed changes , Ross ousted the McRee - Newman team and lobbied to bring in Diane Sawyer and team her with Charles Gibson , who had been reluctant to return . On January 18 , 1999 , the Gibson - Sawyer team paired by Ross debuted on - air , which during the first full season resulted in a dramatic increase in viewership while all other network news franchises saw losses . 2002 -- 2006 logo The show moved from the ABC News headquarters in Manhattan 's Lincoln Square district to its present home at the Times Square Studios on September 13 , 1999 . The new location made it possible for the program to feature a live audience inside the studio , similar to the `` Window on the World '' set used by Today . Under Ross , Good Morning America became a competitive 24 / 7 news operation with more exclusive bookings , news and live stock market updates for West Coast viewers and new on - screen graphics that included a news ticker . Good Morning America began originating entire shows from unique locations , which , according to Nielsen Media Research , resulted in more people watching the program and for longer periods of time . GMA became the first to originate a live show from an aircraft carrier during wartime ( the U.S.S. Enterprise ) , from The White House ( after the Columbine shootings ) , from The Pentagon ( for the reopening of the wing damaged during the September 11 attacks in 2001 ) , from The Vatican ( for the 25th anniversary of John Paul II 's election as Pope ) , and from the Tower of London ( on the 50th anniversary of Queen Elizabeth ʼs accession to the throne ) . Viewership during this time increased by nearly 1 million households , and revenue soared . Although Today remained the top - rated morning news show , the Sawyer , Gibson and Ross team inched close , creating a viable rival . According to Linda McLoof , executive director of news research at ABC News from 2001 to 2009 , `` When Shelley left , her viewing momentum was initially sustained , but a season later , the audience began to decline . It is like passing the baton in a relay race . '' Antonio Mora served as newsreader for the program until March 18 , 2002 , when he left to become an anchor at CBS owned - and - operated station WBBM - TV in Chicago . He was replaced by former ESPN anchor and correspondent Robin Roberts . May 2005 -- June 2006 : Gibson -- Sawyer -- Roberts ( edit ) On May 23 , 2005 , ABC News announced that Robin Roberts would be promoted from newsreader to co-anchor of Good Morning America , joining Gibson and Sawyer . Roberts had previously served as a regular substitute for Gibson and Sawyer when either of them were on vacation or on assignment . On November 3 , 2005 , Good Morning America celebrated its 30th anniversary with retrospectives on and clips from the show 's history and by decorating Times Square . Former co-hosts Hartman and Lunden , along with former meteorologist Spencer Christian , were among the guests of honor . Hartman signed off the show that day with his trademark close : `` From all of us , make it a good day . '' That same day , Good Morning America became the first network morning news program to begin broadcasting in high definition . On December 2 , 2005 , weather anchor Tony Perkins left the program after six years . The last ten minutes of that day 's edition were dedicated to Perkins , during which he gave thanks to one of the show 's producers and a heartfelt goodbye to anchors Gibson , Roberts and Sawyer . Perkins left the program to return to his family in Washington , D.C. and join Fox owned - and - operated station WTTG , where he previously served as a weather anchor . He affectionately said to his young son on - air , `` Connor , if you 're watching , daddy 's comin ' home . '' Perkins was replaced by Mike Barz , former weekday morning sports anchor at WGN - TV in Chicago . Gibson left Good Morning America for the second time on June 28 , 2006 . That day 's edition was dedicated to his 19 years as anchor of the program and celebrated his new role as anchor of ABC World News . Gibson ended his tenure at GMA by stating , `` For nineteen years , my mornings have been not just good -- they 've been great . '' June 2006 -- December 2009 : Sawyer -- Roberts ( edit ) There had been speculation that Sawyer would leave Good Morning America when her contract expired in 2007 to assume the anchor position at ABC World News that was given to Gibson . In August 2006 , Chris Cuomo was named news anchor while continuing his anchoring duties on the newsmagazine Primetime and serving as ABC News 's senior legal correspondent . Meanwhile , Sam Champion , longtime evening meteorologist at WABC - TV , was named as the new weather anchor for the program and as weather editor for ABC News . Both Cuomo and Champion began their respective duties on the program on September 5 , 2006 , when Good Morning America instituted a new graphics package and new news area for Cuomo to report headlines . The following week , on September 13 , 2006 , the program introduced a new logo -- this time with gold Avant Garde font on a blue background , which bears a resemblance to the original Good Morning America logo that was used up to early 1987 . On June 29 , 2007 , the program 's longtime film critic Joel Siegel died of complications from colon cancer at age 63 . The July 9 edition of GMA was dedicated to Siegel , with former hosts Hartman , Hill , Lunden , Newman , Christian , Perkins and Gibson all appearing to share their memories . One month later , on July 31 , 2007 , Robin Roberts announced that she had been diagnosed with breast cancer after discovering a lump in her breast during a self - examination while preparing the Siegel tribute episode . Roberts remained as anchor while undergoing chemotherapy and completed radiation treatments on March 28 , 2008 . On October 22 , 2007 , Good Morning America introduced a new on - air graphics package . Using much of the design features of its former graphics , it went from a basic blue background to a more orangish - gold setting . The program 's opening changed from the camera 's zooming in on the hosts while introducing the host to an opening with new music ( by the New York City - based music production company DreamArtists Studios ) and a background with the Good Morning America logo descending onto the frame . It also changed its news ticker and time - and - temperature bug for the first time in years . The ticker featured an orange background with a modified ABC News logo as a breakpoint for each headline . The bug still featured the time and current local temperature to the left , but with an orange backdrop with an alternate `` GMA '' logo and the ABCNews.com logo to the right . On January 15 , 2008 , during an interview with Diane Sawyer on the program , actress Diane Keaton commented on Sawyer 's physical attractiveness , stating that if she had lips like Sawyer 's , `` then I would n't have worked on my ( expletive ) personality ! '' Keaton quickly apologized for the remark and Sawyer jokingly threatened to have her mother `` work on your personality with soap in your mouth . '' Officials with the Federal Communications Commission declined to take action for the fleeting expletive . Following the death of Michael Jackson , Charles Gibson returned to the Good Morning America anchor desk with Roberts on June 26 , 2009 , while Sawyer was away . In September 2008 , Good Morning America 's anchors rode an Amtrak train to tour the United States as part of ABC News 's `` 50 States in 50 Days '' event , for which the program was broadcast from different locations around the U.S. each day throughout that month . The tour 's first telecast stop was in Stockbridge , Massachusetts . December 2009 -- April 2014 : Roberts -- Stephanopoulos ( edit ) On September 2 , 2009 , ABC announced that Sawyer would replace Gibson as anchor of ABC World News at the end of that year . Speculation had abounded that either George Stephanopoulos , news anchor Chris Cuomo , weekend anchor Bill Weir , or World News Saturday anchor David Muir would replace Sawyer on the program . Representatives for ABC News stated that it wanted to return the show to the original male - female anchor format . On December 10 , 2009 , Stephanopoulos was announced as Sawyer 's replacement , with Juju Chang replacing Cuomo as newsreader ; the changes took effect four days later on December 14 . In April 2010 , the anchor desk in the studio was relocated back in front of the window overlooking Times Square , where it had been when Good Morning America moved to the Times Square Studios facility in 1999 ; the news desk was also moved in front of a window . On May 3 , 2010 , the program debuted new `` light blue and sunny '' graphics , and new theme music by DreamArtists Studios . An entirely new set for the program was introduced on January 31 , 2011 ; the monitor used for national weather segments ( used mainly during the 7 : 00 a.m. hour only ) was moved closer to the anchor desk while the news desk remained in the same place . This was the first major set change since the show upgraded to high definition in November 2005 . On March 17 , 2011 , ABC News President Ben Sherwood announced that former GMA national correspondent Lara Spencer would be rejoining the program in a newly created lifestyle anchor position . On March 29 , 2011 , ESPN anchor Josh Elliott was named news anchor of the program following the departure of Juju Chang . In the summer of 2011 , Good Morning America decided to vacate the second floor of the Times Square studios , which overlooked Times Square , due to cost issues . On September 6 , 2011 , the program began broadcasting from an entirely new studio set located on the first floor ( ground level ) of the Times Square studios . The main `` window '' behind the presenters in the new set , which also shows a view overlooking Times Square from an above - ground level , is actually a back - projection , although there are several real windows used in other parts of the set . Amid declining ratings at Today in the aftermath of reports of Matt Lauer 's alleged role in Ann Curry 's departure as co-host ( though ratings had been in a steady decline for that program during Curry 's co-hosting tenure ) , viewership for Good Morning America increased starting in 2012 . The program beat Today for the first time in 16 years during the week of April 9 , 2012 , ending that program 's streak of 852 consecutive weeks as the most - watched network morning news program , by a margin of 31,000 more viewers than the NBC program . Good Morning America beat Today once again during the week of April 16 , 2012 , by a much larger margin of 166,000 viewers . During the week of April 1 , 2012 , ABC News special correspondent Katie Couric , who had recently joined the network as part of a deal to host a syndicated talk show distributed by corporate sister Disney - ABC Domestic Television , filled for Robin Roberts on Good Morning America . Couric had hosted the rival NBC morning program Today from 1991 to 2006 ; her Good Morning America stint marked her return to morning news after six years . On August 30 , 2012 , Roberts went on medical leave after undergoing a bone marrow transplant ( donated by her sister and fellow news anchor SallyAnn Roberts ) following her diagnosis with myelodysplastic syndrome . GMA correspondent Amy Robach and 20 / 20 anchor Elizabeth Vargas served as the primary substitutes , typically alternating every other week . Others , including some celebrities , also served as special guest anchors during this time such as Kelly Ripa , Jessica Simpson , Barbara Walters and Elisabeth Hasselbeck . On January 14 , 2013 , Roberts announced that she hoped to return to the program sometime that February ; Roberts performed dry run rehearsals during the week of January 21 in preparation for her return ; she and her doctors evaluated her body 's reaction to the makeup , the lighting , her hair , and the number of people she comes in contact with to avoid compromising her then - gradually - improving health . Roberts returned to Good Morning America part - time on February 20 , 2013 ; she announced in August 2013 that she would return to full - time hosting duties on September 3 of that year . In 2013 , GMA won its first May sweeps ratings period in 18 years . On December 4 , 2013 , weather anchor Sam Champion departed Good Morning America and ABC News after seven years on the program to join The Weather Channel , where he became primary anchor of the competing morning program America 's Morning Headquarters ( which debuted in March 2014 ) . He was succeeded the following day by Ginger Zee , who had been serving as meteorologist for the weekend editions of GMA and was also appointed to Champion 's former position as weather editor for ABC News . On March 30 , 2014 , news anchor Josh Elliott left ABC News after three years as news anchor of GMA to become a correspondent for NBC Sports , amid reports that contract negotiations to increase his annual salary ( from $1.2 million to $8 million ) broke down ; Elliott was replaced as news anchor by Amy Robach later that week . The program continued to dominate over the competition , even with the loss of two major co-hosts in Champion and Elliott . In early April 2014 , several media reports speculated that Michael Strahan would be joining GMA as a contributing anchor , while maintaining his co-host duties on Live ! with Kelly and Michael ( which is also syndicated by Disney -- ABC Domestic Television ) . Strahan 's new position was confirmed on April 15 , 2014 , when he was introduced to the audience as the new contributing anchor on the program . April 2014 -- September 2016 : Roberts -- Stephanopoulos -- Spencer ( edit ) On April 18 , 2014 , Lara Spencer was promoted to co-anchor effective immediately , receiving top billing on the program alongside Roberts and Stephanopoulos . In September 2014 , former NFL player Tim Tebow was announced to be joining the program as a part - time correspondent to help launch the new segment , `` Motivate Me Mondays '' . He made his debut on the program on September 15 , 2014 . On November 19 , 2015 , the program celebrated its 40th anniversary , with all the main anchors and most of the news and weather anchors returning to join the celebration and share their stories . Clips from all 40 years were shown . On April 19 , Strahan announced that he would be leaving Live ! with Kelly and Michael to join Good Morning America full - time . September 2016 -- present : Roberts -- Stephanopoulos -- Spencer -- Strahan ( edit ) On September 6 , 2016 , Michael Strahan began his run as official full - time co-host of the program along with Roberts , Stephanopoulos , and Spencer . A new title sequence was debuted not including Spencer 's name . The first hour focuses on the news of the morning anchored by Roberts , Stephanopulos , and Strahan . Zee does segments of the weather and Robach reads the morning headlines . The second hour is in the second floor studio and is taped in front of a live studio audience . It focuses on `` soft news '' and entertainment . It is anchored by the four main co-anchors and features guests and talk show panel discussion . Spin - off ( edit ) Good Afternoon America ( edit ) The title card for Good Afternoon America , which aired for a nine - week period . A special summer afternoon edition of Good Morning America , titled Good Afternoon America , premiered on July 9 , 2012 , as a temporary replacement for the canceled talk / lifestyle show The Revolution in the 2 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time weekday slot . Good Afternoon America was taped immediately after the morning program and focused on lighter fare , with the exception of the July 20 edition , which provided live coverage of the Aurora Century 16 theater shooting . Like its morning counterpart , Good Afternoon America originated from Times Square Studios . The limited - run program , which ended on September 7 , 2012 , was hosted by then Good Morning America news anchor Josh Elliott and lifestyle anchor Lara Spencer . GMA Wake up Call ( edit ) GMA Wake Up Call is a pre-morning show hosted by Ginger Zee . Substitute hosts include Rob Marciano . This spin - off is a lead in to the actual GMA program airing live stream on social media outlets . The show airs between 6 : 45 and 6 : 50am ET and runs for 10 -- 15 minutes . GMA lunch Break ( edit ) GMA Lunch Break is a half - hour afternoon show airing on social media outlets between Noon and 1pm also hosted by Zee . This focuses on a featured lunch recipe . GMA deals ( edit ) GMA Deals airs on social media outlets on select days at 8 : 30am . Hosted by Zee and Tory Johnson , this focuses on deals and steals . On - air Staff ( weekday editions ) ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Anchors ( edit ) Robin Roberts co-anchor ; 2002 -- George Stephanopoulos co-anchor ; 2009 -- Lara Spencer co-anchor ; 2013 -- Michael Strahan co-anchor ; 2016 -- Amy Robach news anchor ; 2014 -- Ginger Zee chief meteorologist ; 2013 -- Contributors and correspondents ( edit ) Name Role Debut Dr. Tim Johnson medical correspondent Brian Ross investigative reporter Emeril Lagasse food contributor David Muir correspondent & fill - in anchor 2005 Becky Worley technology editor 2005 Mellody Hobson financial contributor 2006 Sara Moulton food contributor 2006 Cameron Mathison features correspondent 2009 Abbie Boudreau Los Angeles bureau correspondent Dan Abrams legal analyst 2011 Rachel Smith features correspondent 2012 Amy Atkins T.J. Holmes correspondent & fill - in anchor 2014 Sara Haines popular culture contributor 2013 Rebecca Jarvis Chief Business , Technology and Economics Correspondent 2013 Former on - air staff ( edit ) Co-Anchors ( edit ) David Hartman ( 1975 -- 1987 ) Nancy Dussault ( 1975 -- 1977 ) Sandy Hill ( 1977 -- 1980 ) Joan Lunden ( 1980 -- 1997 ) Charles Gibson ( 1987 -- 1998 & 1999 -- 2006 ) Lisa McRee ( 1997 -- 1999 ) Kevin Newman ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Diane Sawyer ( 1999 -- 2009 ) News anchors ( edit ) Name Duration Note Steve Bell 1975 -- 1986 retired Kathleen Sullivan 1986 -- 1987 retired Jed Duvall 1987 -- 1988 retired Forrest Sawyer 1988 -- 1989 retired Paula Zahn 1988 -- 1990 Mike Schneider 1989 -- 1993 Morton Dean 1993 -- 1996 Elizabeth Vargas 1996 -- 1997 now on 20 / 20 Kevin Newman 1997 -- 1998 Antonio Mora 1998 -- 2002 Robin Roberts 2002 -- 2005 became co-host Chris Cuomo 2006 -- 2009 now co-anchor of CNN 's New Day Juju Chang 2009 -- 2011 went to co-anchor of Nightline Josh Elliott 2011 -- 2014 later anchor at CBSN Weather anchors ( edit ) Name Duration Note John Coleman 1975 -- 1982 retired Spencer Christian 1986 -- 1998 chief meteorologist at KGO - TV in San Francisco Tony Perkins 1999 -- 2005 anchor at WTTG - TV in Washington , DC Mike Barz 2005 -- 2006 anchor at KDVR / KWGN in Denver Sam Champion 2006 -- 2013 went to The Weather Channel Contributors and correspondents ( edit ) Name Role Duration Note Jack Anderson commentator 1975 -- 1984 deceased Pat Collins film correspondent 1975 -- 1981 retired Katie Couric contributing correspondent 2011 -- 2013 now with Yahoo News Don Dahler national correspondent 1999 -- 2007 now with CBS News Hattie Kauffman special correspondent and substitute anchor 1987 -- 1990 Elisabeth Leamy consumer correspondent 2005 -- 2013 correspondent at The Dr. Oz Show Reena Ninan correspondent 2012 -- 2015 now with CBS News Geraldo Rivera correspondent 1975 -- 1977 now with Fox News Channel Dr. Nancy Snyderman medical correspondent 1987 -- 2002 Returned to teaching Joel Siegel movie critic 1981 -- 2007 deceased Jake Tapper political correspondent 2003 -- 2012 now with CNN Lara Spencer correspondent & lifestyle anchor 1999 -- 2003 & 2011 -- 14 became co-host Robin Roberts sports contributor 1995 -- 2002 became co-host Tony Reali contributor , Social Square 2014 Dr. Richard Besser senior medical and health correspondent 2009 - 2017 became CEO of Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Jesse Palmer contributor 2015 - 2017 now at Daily Mail TV Weekend editions ( edit ) Good Morning America Weekend Genre Morning news and talk show Created by Donald L. Perris William F. Baker Presented by Dan Harris Paula Faris Ron Claiborne Rob Marciano Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 17 No. of episodes 1,560 ( as of September 2012 ) Production Location ( s ) ABC Television Center , Lincoln Square , Manhattan ( most broadcasts ) Times Square Studios , Times Square ( special events ) Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 44 minutes Release Original network ABC Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) ( 1993 -- 1999 and 2004 -- 2009 ) , 1080i / 720p ( HDTV ) ( 2009 -- present ) Original release January 3 , 1993 ( 1993 - 01 - 03 ) ( original Sunday edition ) September 4 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 04 ) ( current incarnation ) -- present External links Website gma.yahoo.com The first weekend edition of Good Morning America premiered on January 3 , 1993 , airing only on Sundays ; it was hosted at various points by Willow Bay , Aaron Brown , John Hockenberry , Dana King , Lisa McRee , Antonio Mora , Kevin Newman and Bill Ritter . The program was cancelled on February 28 , 1999 . In August 2010 , Bill Weir left the weekend edition to become co-anchor of Nightline ; Marysol Castro left the show the following month . While Dan Harris officially took over as Weir 's replacement that October , meteorologists from various ABC affiliates across the country filled in to provide the national weather segments for over a year after Castro 's departure ; eventually in November 2011 , Ginger Zee , who previously served as a meteorologist at NBC O&O WMAQ - TV in Chicago , was appointed as weather anchor for the weekend editions . After Zee was promoted to weather anchor of the weekday edition of Good Morning America in December 2013 , the program returned to having ABC affiliate meteorologists to substitute on the Saturday and Sunday editions , until ABC announced the appointment of Rob Marciano ( a former CNN meteorologist who had recently departed as co-host of Entertainment Tonight ) as full - time weekend weather anchor in July 2014 , effective that September . In July 2014 , Bianna Golodryga announced she would be leaving ABC to take a correspondent role at Yahoo News . Paula Faris ( who previously substituted for Golodryga in the spring of 2012 , while she was on maternity leave ) was named as Golodryga 's replacement as weekend co-anchor . Most weeks , the GMA Weekend shows originate from the main ABC News set at the ABC Television Center in Manhattan 's Lincoln Square neighborhood rather than Times Square Studios ; the set 's large rear - projection screen is used to project the Times Square background seen in the background of the weekday GMA to provide continuity . Previously the weekend edition of `` GMA '' was also aired from the Times Square Studio but was moved to the ABC News set to cut costs . On September 10 , 2016 , Sara Haines left the program as lifestyle anchor to take a full - time position as co-host of ABC 's The View . On - air staff ( weekend editions ) ( edit ) Anchors ( edit ) Dan Harris -- anchor ( 2010 -- present ) Paula Faris -- anchor ( 2014 -- present ) Ron Claiborne -- news anchor ( 2004 -- present ) Rob Marciano -- weather anchor ( 2014 -- present ) Adrienne Bankert -- entertainment anchor ( 2017 - present ) Former on - air staff ( edit ) Anchors ( edit ) Bill Ritter ( 1993 -- 1994 and 1997 -- 1998 ; now at WABC - TV in New York City ) Dana King ( 1993 ; retired from journalism ) Lisa McRee ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Willow Bay ( 1994 -- 1998 ) Antonio Mora ( 1994 -- 1995 ; now at Al - Jazeera America ) John Hockenberry ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Kevin Newman ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Aaron Brown ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Bill Weir ( 2004 -- 2010 ; now at CNN ) Kate Snow ( 2004 -- 2010 ; now at NBC News ) Bianna Golodryga ( 2010 -- 2014 ) Rachel Smith -- lifestyle anchor ( 2012 -- 2014 ; remains with GMA as features correspondent and as substitute weekend lifestyle anchor ) Sara Haines -- lifestyle anchor ( 2013 -- 2016 ; remains with ABC as co-host of The View and contributor for GMA weekday ) Weather anchors ( edit ) Marysol Castro ( 2004 -- 2010 ; now at WPIX in New York City ) Ginger Zee ( 2011 -- 2013 ; now weather anchor of the program 's weekday editions ) International broadcasts ( edit ) In Australia , Nine Network broadcasts Good Morning America on its stations in metropolitan areas , and regional affiliates SC9 and NBN , on a one - day delay ( by way of Australia and the United States being on different ends of the International Date Line ) each Tuesday through Friday from 3.30 to 5 : 00 , Saturdays from 4.30 to 6 : 00 and Monday mornings from 4 : 00 to 5 : 00 a.m. ( Nine does not air the Saturday edition of the program ) . The Nine broadcasts features a map providing forecasts for Australia in place of national U.S. weather map ( which itself is also , in a separate feature within the main weather segment , used as a cutaway to weather updates provided by local ABC affiliates ) . Although it airs at the same time as Seven Network and Network Ten 's broadcasts of NBC 's Today and CBS This Morning , Good Morning America 's broadcasts by Nine is unchallenged ratings-wise in some regions where other affiliates preempt their networks ' U.S. breakfast programs with paid and religious programming . OSN airs Good Morning America on OSN First HD live each weekday at 5 : 00 UAE / 4 : 00 KSA in the Middle East and North Africa Countries . Accolades ( edit ) In 1992 and 1993 , Good Morning America won a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Talk / Service Show . In 2010 , the program was nominated for a GLAAD Media Award for `` Outstanding TV Journalism Segment '' for the segment `` Total Transformation : Why Chaz Bono Decided to Change '' . See also ( edit ) ABC News Breakfast television List of years in television References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alyssa Bernstein ( August 26 , 2014 ) . `` Michael Corn Named Senior EP of GMA ; Almin Karamehmedovic Named EP of World News '' . ABC News . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GMA profile '' . Deadline.com . August 2013 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff ( December 11 , 2009 ) . `` Morning Show Ratings : ' Today ' Makes It 14 Years at # 1 '' . TVNewser . Mediabistro.com . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2013 . Retrieved September 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Campbell Robertson ( March 20 , 2006 ) . `` Bill Beutel , 75 , Dies ; Longtime Anchor of ' Eyewitness News ' in New York '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` The Evening News -- Google News Archive Search '' . news.google.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` David Hartman 's Silent Partner No More , Joan Lunden Wins New Status on Good Morning America : People.com '' . www.people.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ David Bauder ( December 19 , 2010 ) . `` NBC 's ' Today ' show streak hits 15 years '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved February 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Charles Gibson ( June 28 , 2006 ) . `` Charlie 's Goodbye -- An Emotional Tribute to Friends and Co-Workers '' . ABC News . Retrieved December 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Brooks Boliek ( January 16 , 2008 ) . `` Diane Keaton Swears on TV , FCC Stammers '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Reuters . Retrieved December 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ABC News : Gibson Retiring , Sawyer Will Be Anchor '' . Yahoo ! News . September 2 , 2009 . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( December 10 , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ `` ABC Appoints Chris Cuomo To Be GMA Host '' . Google News . Associated Press . Retrieved December 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ABC News President Ben Sherwood announces the addition of Lara Spencer to Good Morning America as `` Lifestyle Anchor '' `` . TVNewser . Mediabistro.com . March 17 , 2011 . Retrieved June 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Juju Chang Out , Josh Elliott In at Good Morning America '' . TV Guide . Retrieved March 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chris Ariens ( August 24 , 2011 ) . `` New Director , Upgrades to Times Square Studio for ' Good Morning America ' '' . TVNewser . Mediabistro.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Musical chairs at ' Good Morning America ' '' . NewscastStudio . September 6 , 2011 . Retrieved September 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' GMA ' Weeklong Win Over ' Today ' Confirmed ; First Win in 16 Years '' . The Wrap . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved April 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' GMA ' is # 1 for Week of April 23rd by 166,000 Total Viewers -- Takes 2 of Last 3 Weeks '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2It / Tribune Media . April 30 , 2012 . Retrieved September 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Katie Couric Makes ' Good Morning America ' Guest - Hosting Debut , Visits ' Dancing With the Stars ' Set ( Video ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter. April 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Good Morning America 's ' Robin Roberts to take medical leave for bone marrow transplant '' . Fox News . Associated Press . July 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` With Roberts Back , ' Good Morning America ' Looks to Widen Ratings Gap Over ' Today ' '' . The New York Times . February 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Robin Roberts Plans to Return Full Time to ' Good Morning America ' '' . The New York Times . August 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Morning Show Ratings : Week of May 20 and May Sweeps '' . TVNewser . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Champion exits ABC for Weather Channel '' . CNNMoney.com . December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Champion Reveals Name of New Weather Channel Show '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Champion Leaving ABC for The Weather Channel '' . TVNewser . December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ABC 's Josh Elliott leaving ' Good Morning America ' for NBC Sports '' . CNNMoney.com . March 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Good Morning America ' shake - up : Amy Robach succeeds Josh Elliott '' . The Washington Post . March 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Charlton , Jordan ( April 18 , 2014 ) . `` Lara Spencer Named Co-Host of ' Good Morning America ' '' . TVNewser . Retrieved July 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Little , Lyneka ( September 12 , 2014 ) . `` Tim Tebow Signs On With ' Good Morning America ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Michael ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Michael Strahan Joins ' Good Morning America ' Full - Time , Leaving ' Live ' '' . ABC News . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alex Block ( April 12 , 2012 ) . `` ' Good Morning America ' Afternoon Spinoff Might Tap Different Hosts '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` ABC Names Josh Elliott And Lara Spencer To Host ' Good Afternoon America ' Run '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Barz '' . kdvr.com . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Moraes , Lisa de ( 2017 - 02 - 13 ) . `` Richard Besser Exiting ABC News As Chief Health And Medical Editor '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` ABC News Hires Two Anchors from NBC Station in Chicago '' . TVNewser . November 2011 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Alyssa Bernstein ( July 18 , 2014 ) . `` Rob Marciano Joins ABC News as Senior Meteorologist '' . ABC News ( Press release ) . Jump up ^ Jordan Chariton ( July 18 , 2014 ) . `` Bianna Golodryga Leaving ' GMA ' for Yahoo ! ; Paula Faris Promoted to Co-Anchor '' . TVNewser . Jump up ^ http://www.osn.com/en/find-watch/osn-schedules.aspx Jump up ^ `` 21st Annual GLAAD Media Awards -- English Language Nominees '' . Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. 2010 . Retrieved February 21 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Official website Good Morning America on IMDb Good Morning America at TV.com Links to related articles ABC News personalities Chief Anchor George Stephanopoulos ( Breaking News and Election Coverage ) ABC World News Tonight David Muir ( anchor and managing editor ) Tom Llamas ( weekend anchor ) Good Morning America Robin Roberts ( co-anchor ) George Stephanopoulos ( co-anchor ) Michael Strahan ( co-anchor ) Lara Spencer ( co-anchor ) Amy Robach ( news anchor ) Ginger Zee ( chief meteorologist ) GMA Weekend Paula Faris ( co-anchor ) Dan Harris ( co-anchor ) Ron Claiborne ( news anchor ) Rob Marciano ( senior meteorologist ) Nightline Byron Pitts ( co-anchor ) Juju Chang ( co-anchor ) Dan Harris ( co-anchor ) 20 / 20 Elizabeth Vargas ( co-anchor ) David Muir ( co-anchor ) This Week George Stephanopoulos ( anchor ) Martha Raddatz ( co-anchor ) What Would You Do ? John Quiñones ( anchor ) America This Morning and World News Now Kendis Gibson ( co-anchor ) Diane Macedo ( co-anchor ) Main reporters ( by journalist 's base city and primary coverage ) Washington , D.C. Jim Avila ( Senior National ) Devin Dwyer ( White House ) Jonathan Karl ( Chief White House ) Martha Raddatz ( Chief Global Affairs ) New York City Dan Abrams ( Chief Legal Analyst ) Dr. Jennifer Ashton ( Chief Women 's Health Correspondent and Senior Medical Contributor ) Rebecca Jarvis ( Chief Business and Economics ) Byron Pitts ( Chief National ) Brian Ross ( Chief investigative journalist ) George Stephanopoulos ( Chief Political ) Barbara Walters ( Senior ) Bob Woodruff ( Military Affairs ) Boston Timothy Johnson , M.D. ( Senior Medical Contributor ) London Terry Moran ( Chief Foreign ) Field reporters Gio Benitez Abbie Boudreau Chris Connelly John Donvan Lama Hasan David Kerley Tom Llamas Ryan Owens Alex Perez Deborah Roberts Cecilia Vega ABC News Radio Aaron Katersky David Blaustein Vic Ratner ( Capitol Hill ) Steven Portnoy Alex Stone Doug Limerick Morning shows in the United States Broadcast ABC Good Morning America CBS CBS This Morning NBC Today Univision ¡ Despierta América ! Telemundo Un Nuevo Día Syndication EyeOpener Cable BBC World News BBC World News GMT C - SPAN Washington Journal CBS Sports Network The Morning Show with Boomer CNBC Worldwide Exchange Squawk Box Squawk on the Street CNN New Day ESPN2 Mike & Mike Fox News Channel Fox & Friends Fox Business Mornings with Maria HLN Morning Express with Robin Meade MLB Network Hot Stove MSNBC Morning Joe NFL Network Good Morning Football TV One News One Now The Weather Channel AMHQ Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Talk Show 1974 -- 1983 The Merv Griffin Show ( 1974 ) Dinah ! ( 1975 ) Dinah ! 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( since 2013 ) America 's Funniest Home Videos ( since 1989 ) American Housewife ( since 2016 ) The Bachelor ( since 2002 ) Black - ish ( since 2014 ) Dancing with the Stars ( since 2005 ) Designated Survivor ( since 2016 ) Fresh Off the Boat ( since 2015 ) The Goldbergs ( since 2013 ) The Good Doctor ( since 2017 ) The Great American Baking Show ( since 2015 ) The Great Christmas Light Fight ( since 2013 ) Grey 's Anatomy ( since 2005 ) How to Get Away with Murder ( since 2014 ) Inhumans ( since 2017 ) Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ( since 2017 ) Match Game ( since 2016 ) The Mayor ( since 2017 ) The Middle ( since 2009 ) Modern Family ( since 2009 ) Once Upon a Time ( since 2011 ) Quantico ( since 2015 ) Scandal ( since 2012 ) Shark Tank ( since 2009 ) Somewhere Between ( since 2017 ) Speechless ( since 2016 ) Ten Days in the Valley ( since 2017 ) The Toy Box ( since 2017 ) Summer The $100,000 Pyramid ( since 2016 ) 20 / 20 : In an Instant ( since 2015 ) The Bachelorette ( 2003 -- 2005 ; since 2008 ) Bachelor in Paradise ( since 2014 ) Bachelor in Paradise : After Paradise ( since 2015 ) Battle of the Network Stars ( since 2017 ) Boy Band ( since 2017 ) Celebrity Family Feud ( since 2015 ) The Gong Show ( since 2017 ) Steve Harvey 's Funderdome ( since 2017 ) To Tell the Truth ( since 2016 ) What Would You Do ? 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( TBA ) American Idol ( 2018 ) The Bachelor Winter Games ( 2018 ) Dancing with the Stars Junior ( 2018 ) Deception ( TBA ) For the People ( TBA ) Roseanne ( 2018 ) Splitting Up Together ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Good_Morning_America&oldid=808139843 '' Categories : 1975 American television series debuts 1970s American television series 1980s American television series 1990s American television series 2000s American television series 2010s American television series ABC News American Broadcasting Company network shows Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Talk Show winners English - language television programs Live television programs Radio programs on XM Radio Breakfast television in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Incomplete lists from May 2014 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Tiếng Việt Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 03 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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Dave's Gourmet

Dave 's Gourmet - wikipedia Dave 's Gourmet This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dave 's Gourmet hot sauce Dave 's Gourmet is a company notable for creating and introducing Dave 's Insanity Sauce , which formerly held the title of `` world 's hottest sauce . '' The sauce is widely distributed through gourmet hot sauce boutiques and online hot - sauce sites . Contents 1 History 2 Varieties 2.1 Standard sauces 3 References 4 External links History ( edit ) The original Dave 's Insanity Sauce premiered around 1993 and was one of the first sauces to be made directly from capsaicin extract , allowing it to be hotter than the hottest habanero - pepper sauces of the day . It has been rated at 180,000 Scoville units , compared with 2,500 - 5,000 for Tabasco sauce . Part of the intrigue behind the sauce name ( Insanity ) was founder Dave Hirschkop 's wearing of a straitjacket at events promoting his products . Dave 's Gourmet has since introduced sauces with increasingly greater concentrations of capsaicin under names such as Dave 's Commemorative Insanity , Dave 's Total Insanity , and Dave 's Ultimate Insanity , which has been reported variously as from 90,000 to 250,000 on the Scoville scale and comes with a caveat Use this product one drop at a time . '' Keep away from eyes , children and pets . Not for people with heart or respiratory problems . Also offered is Dave 's Private Reserve which comes in a coffin - shaped package and has been reported variously as from 500,000 to 750,000 Scoville units . His most recent release is a super-limited holiday edition , which is two to three times as hot as his private reserve , and was limited to 200 bottles total , selling for $199 per bottle . Varieties ( edit ) The following varieties of Dave 's Gourmet sauces are currently available : Standard sauces ( edit ) Cool Cayenne Sauce Ginger Peach Hot Sauce Hurtin ' Jalapeño Sauce Hurtin ' Habanero Sauce Jammin ' Jerk Sauce Roasted Garlic Hot Sauce Roasted Red Pepper & Chipotle Hot Sauce Scotch Bonnet Hot Sauce Dave 's Steak Sauce Temporary Insanity Sauce Insanity Sauce Total Insanity Sauce Ultimate Insanity Sauce Ghost Pepper Naga Jolokia Hot Sauce Scorpion Sauce References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The world 's spiciest hot sauces '' . Fox News . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . Dave 's Gourmet , Inc . Retrieved 12 July 2012 . External links ( edit ) Official website `` The Scoville Heat Scale '' . www.chilliworld.com . Clarkson , Jeremy ( October 4 , 2009 ) . `` Help , quick -- I 've unscrewed the top on a ticking bomb '' . The Sunday Times . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2010 . Hot sauces Adobo Ají Ajika Ajvar Bajan pepper sauce Biber salçası Blair 's Sauces and Snacks Búfalo Cholula Hot Sauce Crystal Hot Sauce D'Elidas Dave 's Gourmet Dog - Gone Sauce Doubanjiang Erős Pista Filfel chuma Frank 's RedHot Gochujang Harissa Huy Fong Foods Jeow bong Ljutenica Llajwa Louisiana Hot Sauce Marie Sharp 's Mojito isleño Mojo Muhammara Nam phrik Pebre Pickapeppa sauce Pinđur Piri piri Ro - Tel Sambal Scorpion Bay Hot Sauce Shito Smokeshow Sriracha sauce Huy Fong Foods Tabasco sauce Tapatío hot sauce Texas Pete Trappey 's Hot Sauce Valentina Zhug List of hot sauces Food portal WikiProject Food and drink Food portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dave%27s_Gourmet&oldid=851384335 '' Categories : Hot sauces Brand name condiments Condiment companies of the United States Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 21 July 2018 , at 22 : 38 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

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Donna Summer

Donna Summer - wikipedia Donna Summer Donna Summer Summer in December 2009 Background information Birth name LaDonna Adrian Gaines Also known as The Queen of Disco The First Lady of Love Donna Gaines ( 1948 - 12 - 31 ) December 31 , 1948 Boston , Massachusetts , U.S. May 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 17 ) ( aged 63 ) Naples , Florida , U.S. Genres R&B disco dance soul Occupation ( s ) Singer songwriter actress Instruments Vocals Years active 1968 -- 2012 Labels Oasis Casablanca Geffen Atlantic Mercury WEA Epic Burgundy United Artists Associated acts Giorgio Moroder Brooklyn Dreams Paul Jabara Bruce Sudano Barbra Streisand Quincy Jones Bruce Springsteen David Foster Michael Omartian Matthew Ward Harold Faltermeyer Mickey Thomas Stock Aitken Waterman Liza Minnelli Bruce Roberts Omega Red Darwin Hobbs Ziggy Marley LaDonna Adrian Gaines ( December 31 , 1948 -- May 17 , 2012 ) , widely known by her stage name Donna Summer , was an American singer , songwriter , and painter . She gained prominence during the disco era of the late 1970s . A five - time Grammy Award winner , Summer was the first artist to have three consecutive double albums reach No. 1 on the United States Billboard 200 chart and charted four number - one singles in the U.S. within a 12 - month period . Summer has reportedly sold over 100 million records worldwide , making her one of the world 's best - selling artists of all time . She also charted two number - one singles on the R&B charts in the U.S. and a number - one in the U.K. Summer earned a total of 32 hit singles on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart in her lifetime , with 14 of those reaching the top ten . She claimed a top 40 hit every year between 1975 and 1984 , and from her first top ten hit in 1976 , to the end of 1982 , she had 12 top ten hits ( 10 were top five hits ) , more than any other act during that time period . She returned to the Hot 100 's top five in 1983 , and claimed her final top ten hit in 1989 with `` This Time I Know It 's for Real '' . Her most recent Hot 100 hit came in 1999 with `` I Will Go With You ( Con Te Partiro ) '' . While her fortunes on the Hot 100 waned through those decades , Summer remained a force on the U.S. Dance / Club Play Songs chart over her entire career . While influenced by the counterculture of the 1960s , Summer became the lead singer of a psychedelic rock band named Black Crow and moved to New York City . Joining a touring version of the musical Hair , she left New York and spent several years living , acting , and singing in Europe , where she met music producers Giorgio Moroder and Pete Bellotte . Summer returned to the U.S. , in 1975 after the commercial success of the song `` Love to Love You Baby '' , which was followed by a string of other hits , such as `` I Feel Love '' , `` Last Dance '' , `` MacArthur Park '' , `` Heaven Knows '' , `` Hot Stuff '' , `` Bad Girls '' , `` Dim All the Lights '' , `` No More Tears ( Enough Is Enough ) '' ( duet with Barbra Streisand ) , and `` On the Radio '' . She became known as the `` Queen of Disco '' , while her music gained a global following . Summer died on May 17 , 2012 , from lung cancer , at her home in Naples , Florida . In her obituary in The Times , she was described as the `` undisputed queen of the Seventies disco boom '' who reached the status of `` one of the world 's leading female singers . '' Giorgio Moroder described Summer 's work with him on the song `` I Feel Love '' as `` really the start of electronic dance '' music . In 2013 , Summer was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . In December 2016 , Billboard ranked her as the 6th most successful dance artist of all - time . Contents 1 Early life 2 Music career 2.1 1974 -- 1979 : Initial success 2.2 1980 -- 1985 2.3 1986 -- 1989 2.4 1990 -- 1999 : Mistaken Identity , acting , and Live & More Encore 2.5 2000 -- 2009 : Later recordings and Crayons 2.6 2010 -- 2013 : Final recordings 3 Controversy 4 Personal life 5 Death 5.1 Reaction 6 Legacy 7 Concert tours 8 Discography 9 Filmography 10 Awards and nominations 11 References 12 External links Early Life ( edit ) LaDonna Adrian Gaines was born on December 31 , 1948 in Boston , Massachusetts , to Andrew and Mary Gaines , and was one of seven children . She was raised in the Boston neighborhood of Mission Hill . Her father was a butcher , and her mother was a schoolteacher . Summer 's performance debut occurred at church when she was ten years old , replacing a vocalist who failed to appear . She attended Boston 's Jeremiah E. Burke High School where she performed in school musicals and was considered popular . In 1967 , just weeks before graduation , Donna left for New York City where she joined the blues rock band Black Crow . After a record label passed on signing the group since it was only interested in the band 's lead singer , the group agreed to dissolve . Summer stayed in New York and auditioned for a role in the counterculture musical , Hair . She landed the part of Sheila and agreed to take the role in the Munich production of the show , moving there after getting her parents ' reluctant approval . She eventually became fluent in German , singing various songs in that language , and participated in the musicals Ich bin ich ( the German version of The Me Nobody Knows ) , Godspell , and Show Boat . Within three years , she moved to Vienna , Austria , and joined the Vienna Volksoper . She briefly toured with an ensemble vocal group called FamilyTree , the creation of producer Günter `` Yogi '' Lauke . In 1968 , Summer released ( as Donna Gaines ) on Polydor her first single , a German version of the title `` Aquarius '' from the musical Hair , followed in 1971 by a second single , a remake of the Jaynetts ' 1963 hit , `` Sally Go ' Round the Roses '' , from a one - off European deal with Decca Records . In 1969 , she issued the single `` If You Walkin ' Alone '' on Philips Records . She married Austrian actor Helmuth Sommer in 1973 , and gave birth to their daughter ( called Mimi ) Natalia Pia Melanie Sommer , the same year . She provided backing vocals for producer - keyboardist Veit Marvos on his Ariola Records release Nice to See You , credited as `` Gayn Pierre '' . Several subsequent singles included Donna performing with the group , and the name `` Gayn Pierre '' was used while performing in Godspell with Helmuth Sommer during 1972 . Music career ( edit ) 1974 -- 1979 : initial success ( edit ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Summer in a recording studio in September 1977 While working as a model part - time and back up singer in Munich , Summer met German - based producers Giorgio Moroder and Pete Bellotte during a recording session for Three Dog Night at Musicland Studios . The trio forged a working partnership , and Donna was signed to their Oasis label in 1974 . A demo tape of Summer 's work with Moroder and Bellotte led to a deal with the European - distributed label Groovy Records . Due to an error on the record cover , Donna Sommer became Donna Summer ; the name stuck . Summer 's first album was Lady of the Night . It became a hit in the Netherlands , Sweden , Germany and Belgium on the strength of two songs , `` The Hostage '' and the title track `` Lady of the Night '' . `` The Hostage '' reached the top of the charts in France , but was removed from radio playlists in Germany because of the song 's subject matter ; a high ranking politician had recently been kidnapped and held for ransom . In 1975 , Summer passed on an idea for a song to Moroder who was working with another artist ; a song that would be called `` Love to Love You '' . Summer and Moroder wrote the song together , and together they worked on a demo version with Summer singing the song . Moroder decided that Summer 's version should be released . Seeking an American release for the song , it was sent to Casablanca Records president Neil Bogart . Bogart played the song at one of his extravagant industry parties , where it was so popular with the crowd , they insisted that it be played over and over , each time it ended . Bogart requested that Moroder produce a longer version for discothèques . Moroder , Bellotte , and Summer returned with a 17 - minute version . Bogart tweaked the title to `` Love to Love You Baby '' , and Casablanca signed Summer , releasing the single in November 1975 . The shorter 7 '' version of the single was promoted by radio stations , while clubs regularly played the 17 minute version ( the longer version would also appear on the album ) . By early 1976 , `` Love to Love You Baby '' had reached No. 2 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart and had become a Gold single , while the album had sold over a million copies . The song generated controversy due to Summer 's moans and groans , and some American stations , like those in Europe with the initial release , refused to play it . Despite this , `` Love to Love You Baby '' found chart success in several European countries , and made the Top 5 in the United Kingdom despite the BBC ban . Casablanca wasted no time releasing the album A Love Trilogy , featuring `` Try Me , I Know We Can Make It '' No. 80 and Summer 's remarkable rendition of Barry Manilow 's `` Could It Be Magic '' No. 52 , which was followed by Four Seasons of Love , which spawned the singles `` Spring Affair '' No. 58 and `` Winter Melody '' , No. 43 . Both albums went Gold . In 1977 , Summer released the concept album I Remember Yesterday . The song `` I Feel Love '' , reached No. 6 on the Hot 100 chart . and No. 1 in the UK . She received her first American Music Award nomination for Favorite Soul / R&B Female Artist . The single would attain Gold status and the album went Platinum in the U.S. Another concept album , also released in 1977 , was Once Upon a Time , a double album which told of a modern - day Cinderella `` rags to riches '' story . This album would attain Gold status . Summer recorded the song `` Down Deep Inside '' as the theme song for the 1977 film The Deep . In 1978 , Summer acted in the film Thank God It 's Friday , the film met with modest success ; the song `` Last Dance '' , reached No. 3 on the Hot 100 . The soundtrack and single both went Gold and resulted in Summer winning her first Grammy Award , for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance . Its writer , Paul Jabara , won both an Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for the composition . Summer also had `` With Your Love '' and `` Je t'aime ... moi non plus '' , on the soundtrack . Her version of the Jimmy Webb ballad , `` MacArthur Park '' , became her first No. 1 hit on the Hot 100 chart . It was also the only No. 1 hit for songwriter Jimmy Webb ; the single went Gold and topped the charts for three weeks . She received a Grammy nomination for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance . The song was featured on Summer 's first live album , Live and More , which also became her first album to hit number one on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart and went double - Platinum , selling over 2 million copies . The week of November 11 , 1978 , Summer became the first female artist of the modern rock era to have the No. 1 single on the Hot 100 and album on the Billboard 200 charts , simultaneously . The song `` Heaven Knows '' , which featured Brooklyn Dreams singer Joe `` Bean '' Esposito ; reached No. 4 on the Hot 100 and became another Gold single . In 1979 , Summer won three American Music Awards for Single , Album and Female Artist , in the Disco category at the awards held in January . Summer performed at the world - televised Music for UNICEF Concert , joining contemporaries such as ABBA , Olivia Newton - John , the Bee Gees , Andy Gibb , Rod Stewart , John Denver , Earth , Wind & Fire , Rita Coolidge and Kris Kristofferson for a TV special that raised funds and awareness for the world 's children . Artists donated royalties of certain songs , some in perpetuity , to benefit the cause . Summer began work on her next project with Moroder and Bellotte , Bad Girls . Mororder brought in Harold Faltermeyer , with whom he had collaborated on the soundtrack of film Midnight Express , to be the album 's arranger . Faltermeyer 's role would significantly increase from arranger , as he played keyboards and wrote songs with Summer . The album went triple - Platinum , spawning the number - one hits `` Hot Stuff '' and `` Bad Girls '' , that went Platinum , and the number - two `` Dim All the Lights '' which went Gold . The week of June 16 , 1979 , Summer would again have the number - one single on the Hot 100 chart , and the number - one album on the Billboard 200 chart ; when `` Hot Stuff '' regained the top spot on the Hot 100 chart . The following week , `` Bad Girls '' would be on top of the U.S. Top R&B albums chart , `` Hot Stuff '' remained at No. 1 , and `` Bad Girls '' , the single , would climb into the top five on the Hot 100 . The following week , Summer was the first solo artist to have two songs in the Hot 100 top three at the same time . In July 1979 , Summer topped the Hot 100 singles chart , and the Billboard 200 albums chart , and the Soul singles chart simultaneously . In the week of November 10 , 1979 , `` Dim All the Lights '' peaked at No. 2 for two weeks ; the following week `` No More Tears ( Enough is Enough ) '' would get to No. 3 ; and once again Summer would have two songs in the top 3 , on the Hot 100 . One week later , `` No More Tears '' climbed to No. 1 spot on the Hot 100 chart , and `` Dim All the Lights '' went to No. 4 ; she again had two songs in the top 5 of the Hot 100 chart . In the span of eight months , Summer had topped both the singles and albums charts simultaneously , three times . She became the first Female Artist to have three number - one singles in a calendar year . With `` Mac Arthur Park '' , `` Hot Stuff '' , `` Bad Girls '' , and the Barbra Streisand - duet `` No More Tears ( Enough is Enough ) '' , Summer achieved four number - one hits on the Hot 100 chart within a 12 - month period . Including `` Heaven Knows '' and `` Dim All the Lights '' she had achieved six top 4 singles on the Hot 100 chart in the same 12 - month period . Those songs , along with `` Last Dance '' , `` On the Radio '' , and `` The Wanderer '' , would give her nine Top 5 singles on the Hot 100 chart in just over a two - year period . The single , `` No More Tears ( Enough is Enough ) '' would sell over 2 million copies becoming a Platinum success . `` Hot Stuff '' won her a Grammy Award in the Best Female Rock Vocal Performance , the first time the category was included . She was nominated for the Grammy Award for Album of the Year and both Best Female Pop Vocal Performance and Best Female R&B Vocal Performance , as well as Best Disco Recording . That year , Summer played eight sold - out nights at the Universal Amphitheater in Los Angeles . Casablanca then released On the Radio : Greatest Hits Volumes I & II , her first ( international ) greatest hits set , in 1979 . The album was mixed differently than the original songs issued on it , with each song segueing into the next , and included two new songs `` On the Radio '' and `` No More Tears ( Enough is Enough ) '' . It would be the first time that such an album package would be made . The album went No. 1 , her third consecutive No. 1 album on the Billboard 200 , and gained double - Platinum status . `` On the Radio '' , reached No. 5 , selling over a million copies in the U.S. alone , making it a Gold single . Summer would again receive a Grammy nomination for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance . 1980 -- 1985 ( edit ) Summer received four nominations for 1980 American Music Awards , and took home awards for Female Pop / Rock and Female Soul / R&B Artist ; and well as Pop / Rock single for `` Bad Girls '' . Just over a week after the awards , Donna had her own nationally televised special , The Donna Summer Special , which aired on ABC network on January 27 , 1980 . After the release of the On the Radio album , Summer wanted to branch out into other musical styles , which led to tensions between her and Casablanca Records . Casablanca wanted her to continue to record disco only . Summer was upset with President Neil Bogart over the early release of the single `` No More Tears ( Enough is Enough ) '' ; she had penned `` Dim All the Lights '' alone , and was hoping for a number - one hit as a songwriter . Not waiting until `` Dim All the Lights '' had peaked , or at least another month as promised ; Summer felt it had detracted from the singles chart momentum . Summer and the label parted ways in 1980 , and she signed with Geffen Records , the new label started by David Geffen . Summer had filed a 10 - million - dollar suit against Casablanca ; the label counter-sued . In the end , she did not receive any money , but won the rights to her own lucrative song publishing . Summer 's first Geffen album , The Wanderer , featured an eclectic mixture of sounds , bringing elements of rock , rockabilly , new wave and gospel music . The Wanderer was rushed to market . The producers of the album wanted more production time . The album continued Summer 's streak of Gold albums with the title track peaking at No. 3 on the Hot 100 chart . Its follow - up singles were , `` Cold Love '' No. 33 and `` Who Do You Think You 're Foolin ' '' , No. 40 . Donna was nominated for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance for `` Cold Love '' , and Best Inspirational Performance for `` I Believe in Jesus '' at the 1981 Grammy Awards . She would soon be working on her next album . It was to be another double album set . When David Geffen stopped by the studio for a preview , he was warned that it was a work in progress , but it was almost done . That was a mistake , because only a few tracks had been finished , and most of them were in demo phase . He heard enough to tell producers that it was not good enough ; the project was canceled . It would be released years later in 1996 , under the title I 'm a Rainbow . Over the years , a few of the tracks would be released . The song `` Highway Runner '' appears on the soundtrack for the film Fast Times at Ridgemont High . `` Romeo '' appears on the Flashdance soundtrack . Both , `` I 'm a Rainbow '' and `` Do n't Cry For Me Argentina '' would be on her 1993 Anthology album . David Geffen hired top R&B and pop producer Quincy Jones to produce Summer 's next album , the eponymously titled Donna Summer . The album took over six months to record as Summer , who was pregnant at the time , found it hard to sing . During the recording of the project , Neil Bogart died of cancer in May 1982 at age 39 . Summer would sing at his funeral . The album included the top ten hit `` Love Is in Control ( Finger on the Trigger ) '' ; for which she received a Grammy nomination for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance . Donna was also nominated for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance for `` Protection '' , penned for her by Bruce Springsteen . Other singles included `` State of Independence '' ( No. 41 pop ) and `` The Woman in Me '' ( No. 33 pop ) . Geffen Records were notified by Polygram Records who now owned Casablanca , that Donna still needed to deliver them one more album to fulfill her contract with them . Summer recorded and delivered the album She Works Hard for the Money and Polygram released it on its Mercury imprint in 1983 . The title song became a major hit , reaching No. 3 on the US Hot 100 , as well as No. 1 on Billboard 's R&B chart for three weeks . It also garnered Summer another Grammy nomination , for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance . `` Unconditional Love '' , which featured the British group Musical Youth , and `` Love Has a Mind of Its Own '' did not crack the top 40 . The album itself was certified Gold , and climbed to No. 9 on the Billboard 200 chart ; the highest chart position of any female artist in male - dominated 1983 . The song `` He 's a Rebel '' would win Summer her third Grammy Award , this time for Best Inspirational Performance . British director Brian Grant was hired to direct Summer 's video for `` She Works Hard for the Money '' . The video was a success , being nominated for MTV Music Video Awards for Best Female Video and Best Choreography ; Summer became one of the first black artists , and the first African - American Female Artist to have her video played in heavy rotation on MTV . Grant would also be hired to direct Summer 's Costa Mesa HBO concert special , A Hot Summers Night . Grant who was a fan of the song State of Independence had an idea for a grand finale . He wanted a large chorus of children to join Summer on stage at the ending of the song . His team looked for local school children in Orange County , to create a chorus of 500 students . On the final day of rehearsals , the kids turned up and they had a full rehearsal . According to Grant , `` It looked and sounded amazing . It was a very emotional , very tearful experience for everyone who was there . '' He thought if this was that kind of reaction in rehearsal , then what an impact it would have in the concert . After the rehearsal Grant was informed that he could not use the kids because the concert would end after 10 pm ; children could not be licensed to be on stage at such a late hour ( California had strict child labor laws in 1983 ) . `` It 's a moment that I regret immensely : a grand finale concept I came up with that could n't be filmed in the end '' . When the final sequence was filmed , Summer 's daughter Mimi and her family members joined her on stage for `` State of Independence '' . In late 1984 , David Geffen enlisted She Works Hard for the Money 's producer Michael Omartian to produce Cats Without Claws . Summer was happy that Geffen and his executives stayed out of the studio during the recording and thanked him in the album 's liner notes , but her request for the lead single would be rejected . The album failed to attain Gold status in the U.S. , her first album not to do so . It was first album not to yield a top ten hit , since 1977 's Once Upon a Time . The Drifters cover `` There Goes My Baby '' reached No. 21 and `` Supernatural Love '' went to No. 75 . She would win another Grammy for Best Inspirational Performance for the song `` Forgive Me '' . On January 19 , 1985 , she sang at the nationally televised 50th Presidential Inaugural Gala the day before the second inauguration of Ronald Reagan . 1986 -- 1989 ( edit ) In 1986 , Harold Faltermeyer wrote the title song for a German ski movie called Fire and Ice , and thought Summer would be ideal to sing the song . He decided to reach out to Summer and , although she was not interested in singing the song , she was very much interested in working with Faltermeyer again . After a meeting with David Geffen he was on board with the project . Summer 's main objective for the album was that it have stronger R&B influences ; Faltermeyer who had just finished doing the soundtracks to Top Gun and Fletch , was after a tough FM - oriented sound . On completion , Geffen liked what he heard , but his executives did not think there were enough songs that could be deemed singles . They wanted Faltermeyer to produce `` Dinner with Gershwin '' , but he was already busy with another project , so another producer was found . They also substituted a previous recording called `` Bad Reputation '' , songs like `` Fascination '' , fell by the wayside . Geffen had shared the vision of moving Summer into the R&B market as a veteran artist , but these expectations were not met . Faltermeyer , in a 2012 interview with Daeida Magazine , said , `` She was an older artist by then and the label 's priority may have been on the youth market . The decision was made afterward by executives who were looking for a radio hit for 1987 and not something that would perhaps last beyond then . '' The label 's President Ed Rosenblatt would later admit : `` The company never intended to focus on established superstars '' . The album All Systems Go , did not achieve Gold status . The single `` Dinner with Gershwin '' ( written by Brenda Russell ) stalled at 48 in the US , though it became a hit in the UK , peaking at No. 13 . The album 's title track , `` All Systems Go '' , was released only in the UK , where it peaked at No. 54 . For Summer 's next album , Geffen Records hired the British hit production team of Stock Aitken Waterman ( or SAW ) , who enjoyed incredible success writing and producing for such acts as Kylie Minogue , Bananarama , and Rick Astley , among others . The `` SAW '' team describe the working experience as a labour of love , and said it was their favourite album of all that they had recorded . Geffen decided not to release the album Another Place and Time , and Summer and Geffen Records parted ways in 1988 . The album was released in Europe in March 1989 on Warner Bros. Records , which had been Summer 's label in Europe since 1982 . The single `` This Time I Know It 's for Real '' became a top ten hit in several countries in Europe , prompting Warner Bros . ' sister company , Atlantic Records , to sign Summer in the U.S. The single peaked at No. 7 on the US Hot 100 and became her 12th Gold single in America . She scored two more UK hits from the album , `` I Do n't Wanna Get Hurt '' ( UK No. 7 ) and `` Love 's About to Change My Heart '' ( UK No. 20 ) . In 1989 , Summer and her husband , Bruce Sudano , had been in talks to do a new kind of reality - based sitcom . It would be based on their own hectic household . At the time , they lived with their children Amanda , Brooklyn and Mimi , two sets of in - laws , and a maid . The television network started changing the premise of the show , making it less funny , says Sudano , `` And because we were an interracial couple , they did n't want us to be married anymore '' . In 1989 , this was `` an issue . So with that mentality we just backed out of it . '' It was also during this period that Summer started to have gallery showings of her paintings . Rick Solomon , chairman of Fine Circle Art , was impressed by the brash colors and images of Summer 's work . `` I 've been in business for 26 years , '' he said , `` ... Donna has her own style ... she is no Sunday painter . Oh , some critics have felt it necessary to knock her . It 's just that old thing , I suppose -- not being able to accept the idea that a singer can also be a painter . '' 1990 -- 1999 : Mistaken Identity , acting , and live & More Encore ( edit ) In 1990 , a Warner compilation , The Best of Donna Summer , was released ( No U.S. issue ) . The album went Gold in the UK after the song `` State of Independence '' was re-released there to promote the album . The following year , Summer worked with producer Keith Diamond emerged with the album Mistaken Identity , which included elements of R&B as well as new jack swing . `` When Love Cries '' continued her success on the R&B charts , reaching No. 18 . In 1992 , Summer embarked on a world tour and later that year received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . She reunited with Giorgio Moroder , for the song `` Carry On '' , which was included on the 1993 , Polygram issued The Donna Summer Anthology , it contained 34 tracks of Summer 's material with Casablanca and Mercury Records , and from her tenures with Atlantic and Geffen . Summer signed with Mercury / Polygram that same year , and in 1994 she re-teamed with producer Michael Omartian to record a Christmas album , Christmas Spirit , which included classic Christmas songs such as `` O Holy Night '' and `` White Christmas '' and three Summer - penned songs , `` Christmas is Here '' , `` Lamb of God '' and the album 's title track . Summer was accompanied by the Nashville Symphony Orchestra . Another hits collection , Endless Summer : Greatest Hits , was released featuring eighteen songs . There were two new tracks `` Melody of Love ( Wanna Be Loved ) '' and `` Any Way at All '' . In 1995 , `` Melody of Love ( Wanna Be Loved ) '' went No. 1 on the US dance charts , and No. 21 in the UK . During this time , Summer had role on the sitcom Family Matters as Steve Urkel 's ( Jaleel White ) Aunt Oona . She made a few appearances in 1997 . In 1998 , Summer received the first Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording , after a remixed version of her 1992 collaboration with Giorgio Moroder , `` Carry On '' , was released in 1997 . In 1999 , Summer was asked to do the Divas 2 concert , but when she went in and met with the producers , it was decided that they would do Donna in concert by herself . Summer taped a live television special for VH1 titled Donna Summer -- Live & More Encore , producing the second highest ratings for the network that year , after their annual Divas special . A CD of the event was released by Epic Records and featured two studio recordings , `` I Will Go with You ( Con te partirò ) '' and `` Love Is the Healer '' , both of which reached No. 1 on the U.S. dance charts . 2000 -- 2009 : later recordings and Crayons ( edit ) Summer in 2005 In 2000 , Summer participated in VH1 's third annual Divas special , dedicated to Diana Ross , she sang the Supreme 's hit Reflections , and her own material for the show . `` The Power of One '' is a theme song for the movie Pokémon : The Movie 2000 . The dramatic ballad was produced by David Foster and dance remixes were also issued to DJs and became another dance floor success for Summer , peaking at No. 2 on the same chart in 2000 . In 2003 , Summer issued her autobiography , Ordinary Girl : The Journey , and released a best - of set titled The Journey : The Very Best of Donna Summer . In 2004 , Summer was inducted into the Dance Music Hall of Fame as an artist , alongside the Bee Gees and Barry Gibb . Her classic song , `` I Feel Love '' , was inducted that night as well . In 2004 and 2005 , Summer 's success on the dance charts continued with the songs `` You 're So Beautiful '' and `` I Got Your Love '' . In 2004 , Summer re-recorded the track with the Irish pop band Westlife ( with a live performance ) for the compilation album , Discomania . In 2008 , Summer released her first studio album of fully original material in 17 years , entitled Crayons . Released on the Sony BMG label Burgundy Records , it peaked at No. 17 on the U.S. Top 200 Album Chart , her highest placing on the chart since 1983 . The songs I 'm a Fire , Stamp Your Feet and Fame ( The Game ) all reached No. 1 on the U.S. Billboard Dance Chart . The ballad Sand on My Feet was released to adult contemporary stations and reached No. 30 on that chart . Summer said , `` I wanted this album to have a lot of different directions on it . I did not want it to be any one baby . I just wanted it to be a sampler of flavors and influences from all over the world . There 's a touch of this , a little smidgeon of that , a dash of something else , like when you 're cooking . '' 2010 -- 2013 : final recordings ( edit ) On July 29 , 2010 , Summer gave an interview with Allvoices.com wherein she was asked if she would consider doing an album of standards . She said , `` I actually am , probably in September . I will begin work on a standards album . I will probably do an all - out dance album and a standards album . I 'm going to do both and we will release them however we 're going to release them . We are not sure which is going first . '' In August 2010 , Summer released the single `` To Paris With Love '' , co-written with Bruce Roberts and produced by Peter Stengaard . The single went to No. 1 on the U.S. Billboard Dance Chart in October 2010 . That month , Summer also appeared on the PBS television special Hitman Returns : David Foster and Friends . In it , Summer performed with Seal on a medley of the songs `` Un-Break My Heart / Crazy / On the Radio '' before closing the show with `` Last Dance '' . On September 15 , 2010 , Summer appeared as a guest celebrity , singing alongside contestant Prince Poppycock , on the television show America 's Got Talent . On June 6 , 2011 , Summer was a guest judge on the show Platinum Hit , in an episode entitled `` Dance Floor Royalty '' . In July of that same year , Summer was working at Paramount Recording Studios in Los Angeles with her nephew , the rapper and producer O'Mega Red . Together they worked on a track titled `` Angel '' . On December 11 , 2012 , after four prior nominations , Summer was posthumously announced to be one of the 2013 inductees to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. , and was inducted on April 18 , 2013 , at Los Angeles ' Nokia Theater . A remix album titled Love To Love You Donna , containing new remixes of some of Summer 's classics , was released in October 2013 . `` MacArthur Park '' was remixed by Laidback Luke for the remix collection ; it was also remixed by Ralphi Rosario , which version was released to dance clubs all over America and successfully peaked at No. 1 , giving Summer her first posthumous number - one single , and her twentieth number - one on the charts . Controversy ( edit ) In the mid-1980s , Summer was embroiled in a controversy . She allegedly had made anti-gay remarks regarding the then - relatively new disease , AIDS . Summer , by this time a born - again Christian , was alleged to have said that AIDS was a punishment from God for the immoral lifestyles of homosexuals . Because of this alleged statement , thousands of her records were returned to her record company and she became the target of a boycott that hurt her career . Summer publicly denied that she had ever made any such comments , and in a letter to the AIDS campaign group ACT UP in 1989 said it was `` a terrible misunderstanding . '' In explaining why she did not respond to ACT UP sooner , Summer stated `` I was unknowingly protected by those around me from the bad press and hate letters . If I have caused you pain , forgive me . '' She closed her letter with Bible quotes ( from Chapter 13 of 1 Corinthians ) . Also in 1989 , Summer told The Advocate magazine that `` a couple of the people I write with are gay , and they have been ever since I met them . What people want to do with their bodies is their personal preference . '' A couple of years later , she filed a lawsuit against New York magazine when it printed an old story about the rumors as fact , just as she was about to release her album Mistaken Identity in 1991 . According to a Biography television program dedicated to Summer in which she participated in 1995 , the lawsuit was settled out of court , though neither side was able to divulge any details . Personal Life ( edit ) Donna Summer in 2007 with husband Bruce Sudano and her longtime collaborator , Italian composer Giorgio Moroder . On the left Giorgio Moroder 's wife Francisca Gutierrez . Summer was raised in the African Methodist Episcopal Church . Summer married Austrian actor Helmuth Sommer in 1973 , and gave birth to their daughter ( called Mimi ) Natalia Pia Melanie Sommer the same year . They divorced in 1976 , but Summer kept the anglicized version of her ex-husband's surname as her stage name . Summer married Brooklyn Dreams singer Bruce Sudano on July 16 , 1980 . On January 5 , 1981 , she gave birth to their daughter Brooklyn Sudano , and the next year on August 11 , 1982 their daughter Amanda Sudano was born . In Los Angeles , Summer was also one of the founding members of Oasis Church . Summer and her family moved from the Sherman Oaks area of Los Angeles to Nashville , Tennessee , in 1995 , where she took time off from show business to focus on painting , a hobby she had begun back in the 1980s . In 1995 , Summer 's mother died of pancreatic cancer ; her father died of natural causes in December 2004 . Summer 's daughter Brooklyn is an actress , singer and dancer . Summer 's third and youngest daughter Amanda is one half of the musical duo Johnnyswim alongside Abner Ramirez . The duo was launched in 2005 and they got married in 2009 . Death ( edit ) Summer died on May 17 , 2012 at her home in Naples , Florida , aged 63 , from lung cancer . A nonsmoker , she believed it was caused by inhaling toxic fumes and dust from the September 11 attacks in New York City . She was survived by her husband , Bruce Sudano , and her daughters Mimi ( with ex-husband Helmut Sommer ) , Brooklyn Sudano , and Amanda Sudano . Summer 's funeral service was held in Christ Presbyterian Church in Nashville , Tennessee , on the afternoon of May 23 , 2012 . The exact location and time of the service were kept secret . Several hundred of Summer 's friends and relatives appeared at the funeral , according to CNN . The funeral was a private ceremony , and cameras were not allowed inside the church . She was interred in the Harpeth Hills Memory Gardens cemetery in Nashville . Reaction ( edit ) Fan memorial to Summer in the Castro District , San Francisco Singers and music industry professionals around the world reacted to Summer 's death . Gloria Gaynor said she was `` deeply saddened '' and that Summer was `` a fine lady and human being '' . Liza Minnelli said , `` She was a queen , The Queen Of Disco , and we will be dancing to her music forever . '' She said that her `` thoughts and prayers are with her family always . '' Dolly Parton said , `` Donna , like Whitney , was one of the greatest voices ever . I loved her records . She was the disco queen and will remain so . I knew her and found her to be one of the most likable and fun people ever . She will be missed and remembered . '' Janet Jackson wrote that Summer `` changed the world of music with her beautiful voice and incredible talent . '' Barbra Streisand wrote , `` I loved doing the duet with her . She had an amazing voice and was so talented . It 's so sad . '' Quincy Jones wrote that Summer 's voice was `` the heartbeat and soundtrack of a generation . '' Aretha Franklin said , `` It 's so shocking to hear about the passing of Donna Summer . In the 1970s , she reigned over the disco era and kept the disco jumping . Who will forget ' Last Dance ' ? A fine performer and a very nice person . '' Chaka Khan said , `` Donna and I had a friendship for over 30 years . She is one of the few black women I could speak German with and she is one of the few friends I had in this business . '' Gloria Estefan averred that `` It 's the end of an era '' , and posted a photo of herself with Summer . Mary J. Blige tweeted `` RIP Donna Summer ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! You were truly a game changer ! ! ! '' Lenny Kravitz wrote `` Rest in peace Donna , You are a pioneer and you have paved the way for so many of us . You transcended race and genre . Respect ... Lenny '' . Beyoncé penned a personal note : `` Donna Summer made music that moved me both emotionally and physically to get up and dance . You could always hear the deep passion in her voice . She was so much more than the queen of disco she became known for , she was an honest and gifted singer with flawless vocal talent . I 've always been a huge fan and was honored to sample one of her songs . She touched many generations and will be sadly missed . My love goes out to her family during this difficult time . Love , B '' . David Foster said , `` My wife and I are in shock and truly devastated . Donna changed the face of pop culture forever . There is no doubt that music would sound different today if she had never graced us with her talent . She was a super-diva and a true superstar who never compromised when it came to her career or her family . She always did it with class , dignity , grace and zero attitude . She lived in rare air ... She was the most spectacular , considerate , constant , giving , generous and loving friend of 35 years . I am at a total loss trying to process this tragic news . '' U.S. President Barack Obama said , `` Michelle and I were saddened to hear about the passing of Donna Summer . A five - time Grammy Award winner , Donna truly was the ' Queen of Disco . ' Her voice was unforgettable and the music industry has lost a legend far too soon . Our thoughts and prayers go out to Donna 's family and her dedicated fans . '' Summer was honored at the 2012 Billboard Music Awards ceremony . Singer Natasha Bedingfield honored Summer , calling her `` a remarkable woman who brought so much light and who inspired many women , including myself , through her music . And if we can remember her through her music , this will never really be the last dance . '' After her statement , she began to sing `` Last Dance '' , Summer 's Academy Award - winning song . As she sang the song , photos of Summer were displayed on a screen overhead . Fans paid tribute to Summer by leaving flowers and memorabilia on her star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . A few days after her death , her album sales increased by 3,277 percent , according to Nielsen SoundScan . Billboard Magazine reported that the week before she died , Summer sold about 1,000 albums . After her death that number increased to 26,000 . Legacy ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) According to singer Marc Almond , Summer 's collaboration with producer Giorgio Moroder `` changed the face of music '' . Summer was the first artist to have three consecutive double albums reach No. 1 on Billboard 's album chart : Live and More , Bad Girls and On the Radio : Greatest Hits Volumes I & II . She became a cultural icon and her prominence on the dance charts , for which she was referred to as the Queen of Disco , made her not just one of the defining voices of that era , but also an influence on pop artists from Madonna to Beyoncé . Unlike some other stars of disco who faded as the music became less popular in the early 1980s , Summer was able to grow beyond the genre and segued to a pop - rock sound . She had one of her biggest hits in the 1980s with `` She Works Hard For the Money '' , which became another anthem , this time for women 's rights . Summer was the first black woman to be nominated for an MTV Video Music Award . Summer remained a force on the Billboard Dance / Club Play Songs chart throughout her career and notched 19 number one singles . Her last studio album , 2008 's Crayons , spun off three No. 1 dance / club hits with `` I 'm a Fire '' , `` Stamp Your Feet '' and `` Fame ( The Game ) '' . In May 2012 , it was announced that `` I Feel Love '' was included in the list of preserved recordings at the Library of Congress ' National Recording Registry . Her Rock and Roll Hall of Fame page listed Summer as `` the Diva De Tutte Dive , the first true diva of the modern pop era '' . Keri Hilson portrayed Donna Summer in her 2010 music video for `` Pretty Girl Rock . '' In 2018 , Summer : The Donna Summer Musical , a biographical musical featuring Summer 's songs , began showing in New York City at the Lunt - Fontanne Theatre . Concert tours ( edit ) Once Upon a Time Tour ( 1977 -- 78 ) Bad Girls Tour ( 1979 -- 80 ) The Wanderer Tour ( 1981 -- 82 ) Hard for the Money Tour ( 1983 ) The Rainbow Tour ( 1984 -- 85 ) Silver Girl Tour ( 1986 ) All Systems Go Tour ( 1987 -- 88 ) Mistaken Identity Tour ( 1991 -- 92 ) Endless Summer Tour ( 1995 ) Mid Summer Nights Dream Tour ( 1996 -- 97 ) Live & More Encore Tour ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Greatest Hits Tour ( 2005 -- 06 ) Crayons Tour ( 2008 ) Discography ( edit ) Main articles : Donna Summer albums discography and Donna Summer singles discography Further information : List of cover versions of Donna Summer songs Lady of the Night ( 1974 ) Love to Love You Baby ( 1975 ) A Love Trilogy ( 1976 ) Four Seasons of Love ( 1976 ) I Remember Yesterday ( 1977 ) Once Upon a Time ( 1977 ) Live and More ( 1978 ) Bad Girls ( 1979 ) On the Radio : Greatest Hits Volumes I & II ( 1979 ) The Wanderer ( 1980 ) I 'm a Rainbow ( 1981 ; released 1996 ) Donna Summer ( 1982 ) She Works Hard for the Money ( 1983 ) Cats Without Claws ( 1984 ) All Systems Go ( 1987 ) Another Place and Time ( 1989 ) Mistaken Identity ( 1991 ) Christmas Spirit ( 1994 ) Live & More Encore ( 1999 ) Crayons ( 2008 ) Filmography ( edit ) Notable film and television appearances Year Title Role Notes 1970 11 Uhr 20 Sängerin in Kasbah Episode : `` Tod in der Kasbah '' 1978 Thank God It 's Friday Nicole Sims 1994 -- 97 Family Matters Aunt Oona Urkel Episodes : `` Aunt Oona '' & `` Pound Foolish '' 2011 Platinum Hit Guest judge Episode : `` Dance Floor Royalty '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Donna Summer References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Huey , Steve . `` Donna Summer Biography '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Sweeney , Eamon ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` 14 of the best sunshine - filled songs that scream Summer '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Obituaries : Donna Summer '' . The Times . London : News Corporation . 2012 . p. 53 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Catherine ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` Donna Summer 's Lasting ( Real Estate ) Legacy '' . Zillow.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` President Obama leads Donna Summer tributes '' . BBC News Online . May 18 , 2012 . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Carlson , Adam ( December 11 , 2012 ) . `` Public Enemy , Rush , Heart , Donna Summer was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on April 18 , 2013 '' . Music-mix.ew.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Greatest of All Time Top Dance Club Artists : Page 1 '' . billboard.com . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Donna Summer '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Donna Summer Biography -- Facts , Birthday , Life Story '' . Biography.com . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 60 -- 70s '' . donna-tribute.com . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Badger , Sylvia . `` Donna Summer 's daughter weds amid flowers , lace '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Donna Summer '' . Classicbands.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard. 11 November 1978 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ Just a few weeks before Beatlemania began , The Singing Nun topped the Hot 100 with `` Dominique '' and the Billboard 200 with `` The Singing Nun '' , both starting on 7 December 1963 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard. 16 June 1979 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` The Donna Summer Special '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Donna Summer : too hot to handle '' . Telegraph . June 13 , 2008 . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Harold Faltermeyer . `` Flood Of Memory : The Summer Reign On Sunset Blvd '' . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ St. Mark , David ( February 2013 ) . `` Brian Grant / Directing A Diva ( Donna Summer ) '' . Daeida Magazine . pp. 12 -- 16 . Jump up ^ `` Donna Summer Biography '' . Rogallery . Retrieved June 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Anthony , Carl ( 11 January 2013 ) . `` Reagan 's 1985 Big Chill Sunday Inauguration '' . Carl Anthony Online . Jump up ^ St. Mark , David ( October 2012 ) . `` Harold Faltermeyer Flood of memory : The Summer reign on Sunset Blvd '' . Daeida.com . pp. 13 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( April 16 , 1989 ) . `` Donna Summer : New Label , New Hit ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Officialcharts.com '' . Officialcharts.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ITV1 / network / The Hit factory : The Stock , Aitken and Waterman Story / Documentary / true story / air date 2012 - 08 - 06 / Jump up ^ Telegraph.co.uk Archived July 21 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Jack ( 28 July 1990 ) . `` The Art Of Donna Summer , On Canvas '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Jump up ^ `` Find a Star : : The Hollywood Walk of Fame '' . Hwof.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Discussion forum ... View Thread '' . Meetchristians.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About the Performer Donna Summer '' . Hollywood Bowl . Los Angeles Philharmonic Association . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment '' . Allvoices.com . August 10 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitman Returns : David Foster & Friends '' . Great Performances . PBS . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Announces 2013 Inductees '' . Rockhall.com . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . December 11 , 2012 . Retrieved December 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes -- Music -- Love To Love You Donna by Donna Summer '' . iTunes . October 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Donna Summer 's ' Macarthur Park 2013 ' Remix # 1 on Billboard 's Dance Club Songs Chart -- # AltSounds '' . Hangout.altsounds.com . December 17 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2014 . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Diva Debacle '' . NME . October 4 , 1999 . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rule , Doug ( 2010 ) . `` Summer Heat '' . Metro Weekly . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2011 . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jones , Steve ( 2012 - 05 - 18 ) . `` Donna Summer , Queen of Disco , dies at 63 '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Tom ( 2012 - 05 - 17 ) . `` Donna Summer dies of cancer at 63 '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Kinser , Jeremy ( 2012 - 05 - 17 ) . `` Donna Summer Denied Making Antigay Remarks That Hurt Her Career '' . The Advocate . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Company , Johnson Publishing ( September 18 , 1989 ) . Gay Community Frowns on Disco Diva Donna Summer . Jet . p. 38 . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Groover , D.L. ( 2008 ) . `` Summer Fans , Some Are Not '' . OutSmart magazine . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2007 . Retrieved July 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Burnett , Richard ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` Donna Summer -- The Queen is back -- Ottawa XPress '' . Ottawaxpress.ca . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ruben Norte ( w / prod ) ( February 9 , 1995 ) . `` Donna Summer '' . Biography . Season 8 . Episode 15 . A&E . Jump up ^ A&E Networks ( 2012 ) . `` Donna Summer Biography '' . `` Bio . True Story '' ( Donna Summer ) . Biography.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Whdh.com Archived November 5 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Mosaic Oasis '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` BBC News -- Disco star Donna Summer 's funeral held '' . Bbc.co.uk . May 24 , 2012 . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jet 1995 , pp. 64 . Jump up ^ Malan , Jamie . `` Johnnyswim Confirms a Fall Tour '' . AXS . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Pareles , Jon ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` Donna Summer , Queen of Disco Who Transcended the Era , Dies at 63 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ James Reed ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` Boston - bred pop star Donna Summer dies at 63 '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Non smoker ' Donna Summer died of lung cancer '' . Indian Express . May 19 , 2012 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Mark ; Hough , Andrew ( 17 May 2012 ) . `` ' Queen of Disco ' Donna Summer ' thought she became ill after inhaling 9 / 11 particles ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . ^ Jump up to : `` Donna Summer -- The Funeral Program '' . TMZ.com . May 23 , 2012 . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Donna Summer laid to rest '' . BelfastTelegraph.co.uk . May 24 , 2012 . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Alan Duke ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Donna Summer 's friends gather for disco queen 's funeral '' . CNN . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Donna Summer 's friends gather for disco queen 's funeral '' . CNN . May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Derrick Bryson Taylor ( May 23 , 2012 ) . `` Friends and Family Gather for Donna Summer 's Funeral '' . Essence . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jacob Bernstein ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` Memories of Donna 's Disco Nights '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Sinha - Roy , Piya ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` Reactions to the death of Donna Summer '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ Disco siren Donna Summer dies at the age of 63 on YouTube ^ Jump up to : `` Celebrities react to the death of Donna Summer '' . U.S. News & World Report . Associated Press . May 17 , 2012 . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rolling Stone Jump up ^ `` Beyoncé Says Goodbye To Donna Summer In Personal Note '' . RapFix . Jump up ^ `` Donna Summer 's Family Extinguishes Reports That Smoking Caused Disco Queen 's Death E ! Online '' . Ca.eonline.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Statement by the President on the Passing of Donna Summer The White House '' . Whitehouse.gov . May 17 , 2012 . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : MSNBC Archived May 24 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Los Angeles Times Archived May 21 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ABC News Radio ( May 14 , 2012 ) . `` Donna Summer 's Album Sales Increase by More than 3,000 % '' . ABC News Radio . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Digital Spy '' . Retrieved 20 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Donna Summer and the Grateful Dead Added to National Recording Registry '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Donna Summer Biography '' . Rockhall.com . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Donna Summer 's Legacy : A Pop - Culture Guide '' . MTV News . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Chow , Andrew ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` A Donna Summer Musical Heads to Broadway '' . New York Times . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Donna Summer . Wikinews has related news : Disco diva Donna Summer dies at 63 Book : Donna Summer Official website Donna Summer on IMDb Donna Summer at the TCM Movie Database Donna Summer at Find a Grave `` Donna Summer collected news and commentary '' . The New York Times . `` Donna Summer collected news and commentary '' . The Guardian . Works by or about Donna Summer in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) Donna Summer Album discography Singles discography Awards Cover versions Studio albums Lady of the Night Love to Love You Baby A Love Trilogy Four Seasons of Love I Remember Yesterday Once Upon A Time Bad Girls The Wanderer I 'm a Rainbow Donna Summer She Works Hard for the Money Cats Without Claws All Systems Go Another Place and Time Mistaken Identity Christmas Spirit Crayons Live albums Live and More Live & More Encore Compilations On the Radio : Greatest Hits Volumes I & II The Summer Collection : Greatest Hits The Dance Collection : A Compilation of Twelve Inch Singles The Donna Summer Anthology Endless Summer The Ultimate Collection ( 2003 ) The Journey : The Very Best of Donna Summer Gold The Ultimate Collection ( 2016 ) Singles `` Love to Love You Baby '' `` I Feel Love '' `` Last Dance '' `` MacArthur Park '' `` Heaven Knows '' `` Hot Stuff '' `` Bad Girls '' `` Dim All the Lights '' `` No More Tears ( Enough Is Enough ) '' `` On the Radio '' `` The Wanderer '' `` Love Is in Control ( Finger on the Trigger ) '' `` She Works Hard for the Money '' `` This Time I Know It 's for Real '' Concert tours Once Upon a Time Tour Bad Girls Tour The Wanderer Tour Hard for the Money Tour Silver Girl Tour All Systems Go Tour Live & More Encore Tour Greatest Hits Tour Crayons Tour Related topics Brooklyn Dreams Pete Bellotte Joe `` Bean '' Esposito Giorgio Moroder Bruce Sudano Neil Bogart Paul Jabara Sunshine `` Down Deep Inside '' Book Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Class of 2013 Performers Heart Albert King Randy Newman Public Enemy Rush Donna Summer Non-performers ( Ahmet Ertegun Award ) Lou Adler Quincy Jones American Bandstand Hosts Bob Horn ( 1952 -- 1956 ) Tony Mammarella ( 1956 ) Dick Clark ( 1956 -- 1989 ) Donna Summer ( May 27 , 1978 co-host ) David Hirsch ( 1989 ) Rick Azar ( substitute host ) Joe Grady ( The 950 Club ) Buster Jones ( Soul Unlimited ) Other crew - members Charlie O'Donnell ( 1958 - 1969 ) Edward Yates ( 1952 - 1969 ) Production companies WFIL - TV ( 1952 -- 1964 ) Walter Annenberg The Philadelphia Inquirer Dick Clark Productions ( 1964 -- 1989 ) Snader Telescriptions Official Films Filming locations WFIL - TV 's Studio ' B ' ( October 7 , 1952 - 1964 ) RCA TK - 40 / 41 ABC Television Center in Los Angeles ( Stage 54 or Stage 55 ) ( February 8 , 1964 - September 5 , 1987 ) KCET 's Studio B ( September 19 , 1987 - June 4 , 1988 ) Universal Studios Hollywood ( April 8 , 1989 - October 7 , 1989 ) Original networks WFIL - TV ( 1952 -- 1957 ) ABC ( 1957 -- 1987 ) Children 's programming on ABC Syndicated ( 1987 -- 1988 ) LBS Communications USA Network ( 1989 ) Theme music composers Artie Shaw ( `` High Society '' ) Larry Elgart ( `` Bandstand Boogie '' ) Mike Curb ( `` Bandstand Theme '' ) 1969 - 1974 Joe Porter ( `` Bandstand Boogie '' ) 1974 - 1977 Barry Manilow ( `` Bandstand Boogie '' ) 1977 - 1987 Billy Preston ( `` Space Race '' ) 1974 - 1987 Related shows The Dick Clark Saturday Night Beech - Nut Show ( February 15 , 1958 -- September 10 , 1960 ) Soul Unlimited ( 1973 ) Similar shows Bandstand The Buddy Deane Show Soul Train The Clay Cole Show Electric Circus Top of the Pops Related articles List of acts who appeared on American Bandstand BNE : XX828304 BNF : cb13900180w ( data ) GND : 118620029 ISNI : 0000 0001 3272 9275 LCCN : n78067244 MusicBrainz : b60527cc - 54f3 - 4bbe - a01b - dcf34c95ae14 ICCU : IT \ ICCU \ UBOV \ 509312 SNAC : w6pk0p6v SUDOC : 087888009 VIAF : 85917580 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donna_Summer&oldid=854056236 '' Categories : Donna Summer 1948 births 2012 deaths Grammy Award winners Grammy Award winners for dance and electronic music Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees African - American female singers African - American rock singers African - American actresses American dance musicians American disco musicians American female pop singers American female rock singers American female singer - songwriters American singer - songwriters American film actresses American rhythm and blues singers American rock songwriters American soul singers American television actresses Crossover ( music ) German - language singers Women in electronic music Atlantic Records artists Casablanca Records artists Geffen Records artists Mercury Records artists American expatriates in Austria American expatriates in Germany Burials in Tennessee Deaths from cancer in Florida Deaths from lung cancer People from Naples , Florida Actresses from Boston Musicians from Boston Musicians from Nashville , Tennessee Singers from California Singers from Florida Songwriters from California Songwriters from Florida Songwriters from Massachusetts Songwriters from Tennessee African - American Christians 20th - century Christians 21st - century Christians 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses 20th - century American singers 21st - century American singers 20th - century women musicians 21st - century women musicians 21st - century women singers American disco singers Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Use mdy dates from May 2013 Articles with hCards Articles containing German - language text Wikipedia articles needing style editing from December 2014 All articles needing style editing Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from December 2014 All articles that are excessively detailed All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Articles needing additional references from June 2014 All articles needing additional references Turner Classic Movies person ID same as Wikidata Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SBN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - 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Politics of the United States

Politics of the United States - Wikipedia Politics of the United States Jump to : navigation , search See also : Elections in the United States This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas Political system of the United States The United States is a federal republic in which the president , Congress , and federal courts share powers reserved to the national government according to its Constitution . The federal government shares sovereignty with the state governments . The executive branch is headed by the President and is formally independent of both the legislature and the judiciary . The cabinet serves as a set of advisers to the President . They include the Vice President and heads of the executive departments . Legislative power is vested in the two chambers of Congress , the Senate and the House of Representatives . The judicial branch ( or judiciary ) , composed of the Supreme Court and lower federal courts , exercises judicial power . The judiciary 's function is to interpret the United States Constitution and federal laws and regulations . This includes resolving disputes between the executive and legislative branches . The federal government 's structure is codified in the Constitution . Two political parties , the Democratic Party and the Republican Party , have dominated American politics since the American Civil War , although smaller parties exist such as the Libertarian Party , the Green Party , and the Constitution Party . There are a few major differences between the political system of the United States and that of most other developed democracies . These include greater power in the upper house of the legislature , a wider scope of power held by the Supreme Court , the separation of powers between the legislature and the executive , and the dominance of only two main parties . Third parties have less political influence in the United States than in other democratically run developed countries ; this is because of a combination of stringent historic controls . These controls take shape in the form of state and federal laws , informal media prohibitions , and winner - take - all elections , and include ballot access issues and exclusive debate rules . There have been five United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote . Contents ( hide ) 1 Political culture 1.1 Colonial origins 1.2 American ideology 1.3 Usage of `` left -- right '' politics 1.4 Suffrage 2 State government 3 Local government 3.1 Mayor - Council 3.2 The Commission 3.3 Council - Manager 3.4 County government 3.5 Town and village government 4 Campaign finance 5 Political parties and elections 5.1 Political parties 5.2 Elections 5.3 Organization of American political parties 5.4 General developments 5.5 Development of the two - party system in the United States 5.6 Gerrymandering 6 Political pressure groups 7 Concerns about oligarchy and a diminishing democracy 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Further reading 10 External links Political culture ( edit ) Main article : Political culture of the United States Scholars from Alexis de Tocqueville to the present have found a strong continuity in core American political values since the time of the American Revolution in the late 18th century . Colonial origins ( edit ) Main article : Colonial history of the United States Some of Britain 's North American colonies became exceptional in the European world for their vibrant political culture , which attracted the most talented and ambitious young men into politics . Reasons for this American exceptionalism included : Suffrage was the most widespread in the world , with every man who owned a certain amount of property allowed to vote . While fewer than 20 % of British men could vote , a majority of white American men were eligible . While the roots of democracy were apparent , nevertheless deference was typically shown to social elites in colonial elections . That deference declined sharply with the American Revolution . In each colony , elected bodies , especially the assemblies and county governments , decided a wide range of public and private business . Topics of public concern and debate included land grants , commercial subsidies , and taxation , as well as oversight of roads , poor relief , taverns , and schools . Americans spent a great deal of time in court , as private lawsuits were very common . Legal affairs were overseen by local judges and juries , with a central role for trained lawyers . This promoted the rapid expansion of the legal profession , and the dominant role of lawyers in politics was apparent by the 1770s , as attested by the careers of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson , among many others . The North American colonies were exceptional in the world context because of the growth of representation of different interest groups . Unlike in Europe , where royal courts , aristocratic families and established churches exercised control , the American political culture was open to merchants , landlords , petty farmers , artisans , Anglicans , Presbyterians , Quakers , Germans , Scotch Irish , Yankees , Yorkers , and many other identifiable groups . Over 90 % of the representatives elected to the legislature lived in their districts , unlike in the United Kingdom where it was common to have an absentee member of Parliament . Americans became fascinated by and increasingly adopted the political values of republicanism , which stressed equal rights , the need for virtuous citizens , and the evils of corruption , luxury , and aristocracy . None of the colonies had political parties of the sort that formed in the 1790s , but each had shifting factions that vied for power . American ideology ( edit ) Republicanism , along with a form of classical liberalism , remains the dominant ideology . Central documents include the Declaration of Independence ( 1776 ) , Constitution ( 1787 ) , The Federalist Papers ( 1788 ) , Bill of Rights ( 1791 ) , and Abraham Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address ( 1863 ) , among others . The political scientist Louis Hartz articulated this theme in American political culture in The Liberal Tradition in America ( 1955 ) . Hartz saw the antebellum South as breaking away from this central ideology in the 1820s as it constructed a fantasy to support hierarchical , feudal society . Others , such as David Gordon of the libertarian , Alabama - based Mises Institute argue that the secessionists who formed the Confederacy in 1861 retained the values of classical liberalism . Among the core tenets of this ideology are the following : Civic duty : Citizens have the responsibility to understand and support the government , participate in elections , pay taxes , and perform military service . Opposition to Political corruption Democracy : The government is answerable to citizens , who may change the representatives through elections . Equality before the law : The laws should attach no special privilege to any citizen . Government officials are subject to the law just as others are Freedom of religion : The government can neither support nor suppress religion Freedom of speech : The government can not restrict through law or action the personal speech of a citizen ; a marketplace of ideas In response to Hartz and others , political scientist Rogers M. Smith argued in Civic Ideals ( 1999 ) that in addition to liberalism and republicanism , United States political culture has historically served to exclude various populations from access to full citizenship . Terming this ideological tradition `` ascriptive inegalitarianism , '' Smith traces its relevance in nativist , sexist , and racist beliefs and practices alongside struggles over citizenship laws from the early colonial period to the Progressive Era , and further political debates in the following century . At the time of the United States ' founding , agriculture and small private businesses dominated the economy , and state governments left welfare issues to private or local initiative . Laissez - faire ideology was largely abandoned in the 1930s during the Great Depression . Between the 1930s and 1970s , fiscal policy was characterized by the Keynesian consensus , a time during which modern American liberalism dominated economic policy virtually unchallenged . Since the late - 1970s and early 1980s , however , laissez - faire ideology , as explained especially by Milton Friedman , has once more become a powerful force in American politics . While the American welfare state expanded more than threefold after World War II , it has been at 20 % of GDP since the late - 1970s . As of 2014 modern American liberalism , and modern American conservatism are engaged in a continuous political battle , characterized by what The Economist describes as `` greater divisiveness ( and ) close , but bitterly fought elections . '' Usage of `` left -- right '' politics ( edit ) Main article : Usage of `` left -- right '' politics in the United States The modern American political spectrum and the usage of the terms `` left -- right politics '' , `` liberalism '' , and `` conservatism '' in the United States differs from that of the rest of the world . According to American historian Arthur Schlesinger , Jr. ( writing in 1956 ) , `` Liberalism in the American usage has little in common with the word as used in the politics of any European country , save possibly Britain '' . Schlesinger noted that American liberalism does not support classical liberalism 's commitment to limited government and laissez - faire economics . Because those two positions are instead generally supported by American conservatives , historian Leo P. Ribuffo noted in 2011 , `` what Americans now call conservatism much of the world calls liberalism or neoliberalism . '' Suffrage ( edit ) Main article : Voting rights in the United States The right of suffrage is nearly universal for citizens eighteen years of age and older . All states and the District of Columbia contribute to the electoral vote for President . However , the District , and other U.S. holdings like Puerto Rico and Guam , lack federal representation in Congress . These constituencies do not have the right to choose any political figure outside their respective areas . Each commonwealth , territory , or district can only elect a non-voting delegate to serve in the House of Representatives . Women 's suffrage became an important issue after the American Civil War of 1861 - 65 . After the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified in 1870 , giving African - American men the right to vote , various women 's groups wanted the right to vote as well . Two major interest groups formed . The first group was the National Woman Suffrage Association , formed by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton , that wanted to work for suffrage on the federal level and to push for more governmental changes , such as the granting of property rights to married women . The second group , the American Woman Suffrage Association formed by Lucy Stone , aimed to give women the right to vote . In 1890 , the two groups merged to form the National American Woman Suffrage Association ( NAWSA ) . The NAWSA then mobilized to obtain support state - by - state , and by 1920 , the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified , giving women the right to vote . Student activism against the Vietnam War in the 1960s prompted the passage of the Twenty - sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution , which lowered the voting age from twenty - one to eighteen , the legal age of the draft . State government ( edit ) See also : State governments of the United States States governments have the power to make laws that are not granted to the federal government or denied to the states in the U.S. Constitution for all citizens . These include education , family law , contract law , and most crimes . Unlike the federal government , which only has those powers granted to it in the Constitution , a state government has inherent powers allowing it to act unless limited by a provision of the state or national constitution . Like the federal government , state governments have three branches : executive , legislative , and judicial . The chief executive of a state is its popularly elected governor , who typically holds office for a four - year term ( although in some states the term is two years ) . Except for Nebraska , which has unicameral legislature , all states have a bicameral legislature , with the upper house usually called the Senate and the lower house called the House of Representatives , the House of Delegates , Assembly or something similar . In most states , senators serve four - year terms , and members of the lower house serve two - year terms . The constitutions of the various states differ in some details but generally follow a pattern similar to that of the federal Constitution , including a statement of the rights of the people and a plan for organizing the government . However , state constitutions are generally more detailed . Local government ( edit ) See also : Urban politics in the United States The United States has 89,500 local governments , including 3,033 counties , 19,492 municipalities , 16,500 townships , 13,000 school districts , and 37,000 other special districts that deal with issues like fire protection . Local governments directly serve the needs of the people , providing everything from police and fire protection to sanitary codes , health regulations , education , public transportation , and housing . Typically local elections are nonpartisan -- local activists suspend their party affiliations when campaigning and governing . About 28 % of the people live in cities of 100,000 or more population . City governments are chartered by states , and their charters detail the objectives and powers of the municipal government . The United States Constitution only provides for states and territories as subdivisions of the country , and the Supreme Court has accordingly confirmed the supremacy of state sovereignty over municipalities . For most big cities , cooperation with both state and federal organizations is essential to meeting the needs of their residents . Types of city governments vary widely across the nation . However , almost all have a central council , elected by the voters , and an executive officer , assisted by various department heads , to manage the city 's affairs . Cities in the West and South usually have nonpartisan local politics . There are three general types of city government : the mayor - council , the commission , and the council - manager . These are the pure forms ; many cities have developed a combination of two or three of them . Mayor - council ( edit ) This is the oldest form of city government in the United States and , until the beginning of the 20th century , was used by nearly all American cities . Its structure is like that of the state and national governments , with an elected mayor as chief of the executive branch and an elected council that represents the various neighborhoods forming the legislative branch . The mayor appoints heads of city departments and other officials , sometimes with the approval of the council . He or she has the power of veto over ordinances ( the laws of the city ) and often is responsible for preparing the city 's budget . The council passes city ordinances , sets the tax rate on property , and apportions money among the various city departments . As cities have grown , council seats have usually come to represent more than a single neighborhood . The Commission ( edit ) This combines both the legislative and executive functions in one group of officials , usually three or more in number , elected citywide . Each commissioner supervises the work of one or more city departments . Commissioners also set policies and rules by which the city is operated . One is named chairperson of the body and is often called the mayor , although his or her power is equivalent to that of the other commissioners . Council - manager ( edit ) The city manager is a response to the increasing complexity of urban problems that need management ability not often possessed by elected public officials . The answer has been to entrust most of the executive powers , including law enforcement and provision of services , to a highly trained and experienced professional city manager . The city manager plan has been adopted by a large number of cities . Under this plan , a small , elected council makes the city ordinances and sets policy , but hires a paid administrator , also called a city manager , to carry out its decisions . The manager draws up the city budget and supervises most of the departments . Usually , there is no set term ; the manager serves as long as the council is satisfied with his or her work . County government ( edit ) The county is a subdivision of the state , sometimes ( but not always ) containing two or more townships and several villages . New York City is so large that it is divided into five separate boroughs , each a county in its own right . On the other hand , Arlington County , Virginia , the United States ' smallest county , located just across the Potomac River from Washington , D.C. , is both an urbanized and suburban area , governed by a unitary county administration . In other cities , both the city and county governments have merged , creating a consolidated city -- county government . In most U.S. counties , one town or city is designated as the county seat , and this is where the government offices are located and where the board of commissioners or supervisors meets . In small counties , boards are chosen by the county ; in the larger ones , supervisors represent separate districts or townships . The board collects taxes for state and local governments ; borrows and appropriates money ; fixes the salaries of county employees ; supervises elections ; builds and maintains highways and bridges ; and administers national , state , and county welfare programs . In very small counties , the executive and legislative power may lie entirely with a sole commissioner , who is assisted by boards to supervise taxes and elections . In some New England states , counties do not have any governmental function and are simply a division of land . Town and village government ( edit ) Thousands of municipal jurisdictions are too small to qualify as city governments . These are chartered as towns and villages and deal with local needs such as paving and lighting the streets , ensuring a water supply , providing police and fire protection , and waste management . In many states of the US , the term town does not have any specific meaning ; it is simply an informal term applied to populated places ( both incorporated and unincorporated municipalities ) . Moreover , in some states , the term town is equivalent to how civil townships are used in other states . The government is usually entrusted to an elected board or council , which may be known by a variety of names : town or village council , board of selectmen , board of supervisors , board of commissioners . The board may have a chairperson or president who functions as chief executive officer , or there may be an elected mayor . Governmental employees may include a clerk , treasurer , police and fire officers , and health and welfare officers . One unique aspect of local government , found mostly in the New England region of the United States , is the town meeting . Once a year , sometimes more often if needed , the registered voters of the town meet in open session to elect officers , debate local issues , and pass laws for operating the government . As a body , they decide on road construction and repair , construction of public buildings and facilities , tax rates , and the town budget . The town meeting , which has existed for more than three centuries in some places , is often cited as the purest form of direct democracy , in which the governmental power is not delegated , but is exercised directly and regularly by all the people . Campaign finance ( edit ) Main article : Campaign finance in the United States Successful participation , especially in federal elections , requires large amounts of money , especially for television advertising . This money is very difficult to raise by appeals to a mass base , although in the 2008 election , candidates from both parties had success with raising money from citizens over the Internet , as had Howard Dean with his Internet appeals . Both parties generally depend on wealthy donors and organizations -- traditionally the Democrats depended on donations from organized labor while the Republicans relied on business donations . This dependency on donors is controversial , and has led to laws limiting spending on political campaigns being enacted ( see campaign finance reform ) . Opponents of campaign finance laws cite the First Amendment 's guarantee of free speech , and challenge campaign finance laws because they attempt to circumvent the people 's constitutionally guaranteed rights . Even when laws are upheld , the complication of compliance with the First Amendment requires careful and cautious drafting of legislation , leading to laws that are still fairly limited in scope , especially in comparison to those of other countries such as the United Kingdom , France or Canada . Fundraising plays a large role in getting a candidate elected to public office . Without money , a candidate may have little chance of achieving their goal . In the 2004 general elections , 95 % of House races and 91 % of senate races were won by the candidates who spent the most on their campaigns . Attempts to limit the influence of money on American political campaigns dates back to the 1860s . Recently , Congress passed legislation requiring candidates to disclose sources of campaign contributions , how the campaign money is spent , and regulated use of `` soft money '' contributions . Political parties and elections ( edit ) The United States Constitution does not mention political parties , primarily because the Founding Fathers did not intend for American politics to be partisan . In Federalist Papers No. 9 and No. 10 , Alexander Hamilton and James Madison , respectively , wrote specifically about the dangers of domestic political factions . In addition , the first President of the United States , George Washington , was not a member of any political party at the time of his election or during his tenure as president . Washington hoped that political parties would not be formed , fearing conflict and stagnation . Nevertheless , the beginnings of the American two - party system emerged from his immediate circle of advisers . Hamilton and Madison ended up being the core leaders in this emerging party system . In modern times , in partisan elections , candidates are nominated by a political party or seek public office as an independent . Each state has significant discretion in deciding how candidates are nominated , and thus eligible to appear on the election ballot . Typically , major party candidates are formally chosen in a party primary or convention , whereas minor party and Independents are required to complete a petitioning process . Political parties ( edit ) Main article : Political parties in the United States The modern political party system in the United States is a two - party system dominated by the Democratic Party and the Republican Party . These two parties have won every United States presidential election since 1852 and have controlled the United States Congress since 1856 . The Democratic Party generally positions itself as left - of - center in American politics and supports a modern American liberal platform , while the Republican Party generally positions itself as right - of - center and supports a modern American conservative platform . Third parties have achieved relatively minor representation from time to time at local levels . The Libertarian Party is the largest third party in the country , claiming more than 250,000 registered voters in 2013 ; it generally positions itself as centrist or radical centrist and supports a classical liberal position . Other contemporary third parties include the left - wing Green Party , supporting Green politics , and the right - wing Constitution Party , supporting paleoconservatism . Elections ( edit ) Further information : Elections in the United States Unlike in some parliamentary systems , Americans vote for a specific candidate instead of directly selecting a particular political party . With a federal government , officials are elected at the federal ( national ) , state and local levels . On a national level , the President , is elected indirectly by the people , through an Electoral College . In modern times , the electors virtually always vote with the popular vote of their state . All members of Congress , and the offices at the state and local levels are directly elected . Various federal and state laws regulate elections . The United States Constitution defines ( to a basic extent ) how federal elections are held , in Article One and Article Two and various amendments . State law regulates most aspects of electoral law , including primaries , the eligibility of voters ( beyond the basic constitutional definition ) , the running of each state 's electoral college , and the running of state and local elections . Organization of American political parties ( edit ) See also : Political party strength in U.S. states American political parties are more loosely organized than those in other countries . The two major parties , in particular , have no formal organization at the national level that controls membership , activities , or policy positions , though some state affiliates do . Thus , for an American to say that he or she is a member of the Democratic or Republican party , is quite different from a Briton 's stating that he or she is a member of the Conservative or Labour party . In the United States , one can often become a `` member '' of a party , merely by stating that fact . In some U.S. states , a voter can register as a member of one or another party and / or vote in the primary election for one or another party . Such participation does not restrict one 's choices in any way . It also does not give a person any particular rights or obligations within the party , other than possibly allowing that person to vote in that party 's primary elections . A person may choose to attend meetings of one local party committee one day and another party committee the next day . The sole factor that brings one `` closer to the action '' is the quantity and quality of participation in party activities and the ability to persuade others in attendance to give one responsibility . Party identification becomes somewhat formalized when a person runs for partisan office . In most states , this means declaring oneself a candidate for the nomination of a particular party and intent to enter that party 's primary election for an office . A party committee may choose to endorse one or another of those who is seeking the nomination , but in the end the choice is up to those who choose to vote in the primary , and it is often difficult to tell who is going to do the voting . The result is that American political parties have weak central organizations and little central ideology , except by consensus . A party really can not prevent a person who disagrees with the majority of positions of the party or actively works against the party 's aims from claiming party membership , so long as the voters who choose to vote in the primary elections elect that person . Once in office , an elected official may change parties simply by declaring such intent . An elected official once in office may also act contradictory to many of his or her party 's positions ( this had led to terms such as `` Republican In Name Only '' ) . At the federal level , each of the two major parties has a national committee ( See , Democratic National Committee , Republican National Committee ) that acts as the hub for much fund - raising and campaign activities , particularly in presidential campaigns . The exact composition of these committees is different for each party , but they are made up primarily of representatives from state parties and affiliated organizations , and others important to the party . However , the national committees do not have the power to direct the activities of members of the party . Both parties also have separate campaign committees which work to elect candidates at a specific level . The most significant of these are the Hill committees , which work to elect candidates to each house of Congress . State parties exist in all fifty states , though their structures differ according to state law , as well as party rules at both the national and the state level . Despite these weak organizations , elections are still usually portrayed as national races between the political parties . In what is known as `` presidential coattails '' , candidates in presidential elections become the de facto leader of their respective party , and thus usually bring out supporters who in turn then vote for his party 's candidates for other offices . On the other hand , federal midterm elections ( where only Congress and not the president is up for election ) are usually regarded as a referendum on the sitting president 's performance , with voters either voting in or out the president 's party 's candidates , which in turn helps the next session of Congress to either pass or block the president 's agenda , respectively . General developments ( edit ) See also : History of the United States Republican Party and History of the United States Democratic Party Most of the Founding Fathers rejected political parties as divisive and disruptive . By the 1790s , however , most joined one of the two new parties , and by the 1830s parties had become accepted as central to the democracy . By the 1790s , the First Party System was born . Men who held opposing views strengthened their cause by identifying and organizing men of like mind . The followers of Alexander Hamilton , were called `` Federalists '' ; they favored a strong central government that would support the interests of national defense , commerce and industry . The followers of Thomas Jefferson , the Jeffersonians took up the name `` Republicans '' ; they preferred a decentralized agrarian republic in which the federal government had limited power . By 1828 , the First Party System had collapsed . Two new parties emerged from the remnants of the Jeffersonian Democracy , forming the Second Party System with the Whigs , brought to life in opposition to President Andrew Jackson and his new Democratic Party . The forces of Jacksonian Democracy , based among urban workers , Southern poor whites , and western farmers , dominated the era . In the 1860s , the issue of slavery took center stage , with disagreement in particular over the question of whether slavery should be permitted in the country 's new territories in the West . The Whig Party straddled the issue and sank to its death after the overwhelming electoral defeat by Franklin Pierce in the 1852 presidential election . Ex-Whigs joined the Know Nothings or the newly formed Republican Party . While the Know Nothing party was short - lived , Republicans would survive the intense politics leading up to the Civil War . The primary Republican policy was that slavery be excluded from all the territories . Just six years later , this new party captured the presidency when Abraham Lincoln won the election of 1860 . By then , parties were well established as the country 's dominant political organizations , and party allegiance had become an important part of most people 's consciousness . Party loyalty was passed from fathers to sons , and party activities , including spectacular campaign events , complete with uniformed marching groups and torchlight parades , were a part of the social life of many communities . By the 1920s , however , this boisterous folksiness had diminished . Municipal reforms , civil service reform , corrupt practices acts , and presidential primaries to replace the power of politicians at national conventions had all helped to clean up politics . Development of the two - party system in the United States ( edit ) See also : Causes of a two - party system This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Since the 1790s , the country has been run by two major parties . Many minor or third political parties appear from time to time . They tend to serve a means to advocate policies that eventually are adopted by the two major political parties . At various times the Socialist Party , the Farmer - Labor Party and the Populist Party for a few years had considerable local strength , and then faded away -- although in Minnesota , the Farmer -- Labor Party merged into the state 's Democratic Party , which is now officially known as the Democratic -- Farmer -- Labor Party . At present , the Libertarian Party is the most successful third party . New York State has a number of additional third parties , who sometimes run their own candidates for office and sometimes nominate the nominees of the two main parties . In the District of Columbia , the D.C. Statehood Green Party has served as a strong third party behind the Democratic Party and Republican Party . Most officials in America are elected from single - member districts and win office by beating out their opponents in a system for determining winners called first - past - the - post ; the one who gets the plurality wins , ( which is not the same thing as actually getting a majority of votes ) . This encourages the two - party system ; see Duverger 's law . In the absence of multi-seat congressional districts , proportional representation is impossible and third parties can not thrive . Although elections to the Senate elect two senators per constituency ( state ) , staggered terms effectively result in single - seat constituencies for elections to the Senate . Another critical factor has been ballot access law . Originally , voters went to the polls and publicly stated which candidate they supported . Later on , this developed into a process whereby each political party would create its own ballot and thus the voter would put the party 's ballot into the voting box . In the late nineteenth century , states began to adopt the Australian Secret Ballot Method , and it eventually became the national standard . The secret ballot method ensured that the privacy of voters would be protected ( hence government jobs could no longer be awarded to loyal voters ) and each state would be responsible for creating one official ballot . The fact that state legislatures were dominated by Democrats and Republicans provided these parties an opportunity to pass discriminatory laws against minor political parties , yet such laws did not start to arise until the first Red Scare that hit America after World War I. State legislatures began to enact tough laws that made it harder for minor political parties to run candidates for office by requiring a high number of petition signatures from citizens and decreasing the length of time that such a petition could legally be circulated . It should also be noted that while more often than not , party members will `` toe the line '' and support their party 's policies , they are free to vote against their own party and vote with the opposition ( `` cross the aisle '' ) when they please . `` In America the same political labels ( Democratic and Republican ) cover virtually all public officeholders , and therefore most voters are everywhere mobilized in the name of these two parties , '' says Nelson W. Polsby , professor of political science , in the book New Federalist Papers : Essays in Defense of the Constitution . `` Yet Democrats and Republicans are not everywhere the same . Variations ( sometimes subtle , sometimes blatant ) in the 50 political cultures of the states yield considerable differences overall in what it means to be , or to vote , Democratic or Republican . These differences suggest that one may be justified in referring to the American two - party system as masking something more like a hundred - party system . '' Gerrymandering ( edit ) Main article : Gerrymandering in the United States U.S. congressional districts covering Travis County , Texas ( outlined in red ) in 2002 , left , and 2004 , right . In 2003 , the majority of Republicans in the Texas legislature redistricted the state , diluting the voting power of the heavily Democratic county by parcelling its residents out to more Republican districts . Shaw v. Reno was a United States Supreme Court case involving the redistricting and racial gerrymandering of North Carolina 's 12th congressional district ( pictured ) . The United States has a long tradition of gerrymandering . In some states , bipartisan gerrymandering is the norm . State legislators from both parties sometimes agree to draw congressional district boundaries in a way that ensures the re-election of most or all incumbent representatives from both parties . Rather than allowing more political influence , some states have shifted redistricting authority from politicians and given it to non-partisan redistricting commissions . The states of Washington , Arizona , and California 's Proposition 11 ( 2008 ) and Proposition 20 ( 2010 ) have created standing committees for redistricting following the 2010 census . Rhode Island and New Jersey have developed ad hoc committees , but developed the past two decennial reapportionments tied to new census data . Florida 's amendments 5 and 6 , meanwhile , established rules for the creation of districts but did not mandate an independent commission . International election observers from the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights , who were invited to observe and report on the 2004 national elections , expressed criticism of the U.S. congressional redistricting process and made a recommendation that the procedures be reviewed to ensure genuine competitiveness of Congressional election contests . Political pressure groups ( edit ) See also : Advocacy group and Lobbying in the United States Special interest groups advocate the cause of their specific constituency . Business organizations will favor low corporate taxes and restrictions of the right to strike , whereas labor unions will support minimum wage legislation and protection for collective bargaining . Other private interest groups , such as churches and ethnic groups , are more concerned about broader issues of policy that can affect their organizations or their beliefs . The Israel lobby is the diverse coalition of those who , as individuals and as groups , seek to influence the foreign policy of the United States in support of Zionism , Israel or the specific policies of its government . The Israel lobby is known for its success in encouraging U.S. lawmakers to support the policies that it supports . One type of private interest group that has grown in number and influence in recent years is the political action committee or PAC . These are independent groups , organized around a single issue or set of issues , which contribute money to political campaigns for U.S. Congress or the presidency . PACs are limited in the amounts they can contribute directly to candidates in federal elections . There are no restrictions , however , on the amounts PACs can spend independently to advocate a point of view or to urge the election of candidates to office . `` The number of interest groups has mushroomed , with more and more of them operating offices in Washington , D.C. , and representing themselves directly to Congress and federal agencies , '' says Michael Schudson in his 1998 book The Good Citizen : A History of American Civic Life . `` Many organizations that keep an eye on Washington seek financial and moral support from ordinary citizens . Since many of them focus on a narrow set of concerns or even on a single issue , and often a single issue of enormous emotional weight , they compete with the parties for citizens ' dollars , time , and passion . '' The amount of money spent by these special interests continues to grow , as campaigns become increasingly expensive . Many Americans have the feeling that these wealthy interests , whether corporations , unions or PACs , are so powerful that ordinary citizens can do little to counteract their influences . Concerns about oligarchy and a diminishing democracy ( edit ) Some views suggest that the political structure of the United States is in many respects an oligarchy , where a small economic elite overwhelmingly determines policy and law . Some academic researchers suggest a drift toward oligarchy has been occurring by way of the influence of corporations , wealthy , and other special interest groups , leaving individual citizens with less impact than economic elites and organized interest groups in the political process . A study by political scientists Martin Gilens ( Princeton University ) and Benjamin Page ( Northwestern University ) released in April 2014 suggested that when the preferences of a majority of citizens conflicts with elites , elites tend to prevail . While not characterizing the United States as an `` oligarchy '' or `` plutocracy '' outright , Gilens and Page do give weight to the idea of a `` civil oligarchy '' as used by Jeffrey A. Winters , saying , `` Winters has posited a comparative theory of ' Oligarchy , ' in which the wealthiest citizens -- even in a ' civil oligarchy ' like the United States -- dominate policy concerning crucial issues of wealth - and income - protection . '' In their study , Gilens and Page reached these conclusions : When a majority of citizens disagrees with economic elites and / or with organized interests , they generally lose . Moreover , because of the strong status quo bias built into the US political system , even when fairly large majorities of Americans favor policy change , they generally do not get it ... ( T ) he preferences of the average American appear to have only a minuscule , near - zero , statistically non-significant impact upon public policy . -- Martin Gilens and Benjamin I. Page , 2014 E.J. Dionne Jr. described what he considers the effects of ideological and oligarchical interests on the judiciary . The journalist , columnist , and scholar interprets recent Supreme Court decisions as ones that allow wealthy elites to use economic power to influence political outcomes in their favor . `` Thus , '' Dionne wrote , in speaking about the Supreme Court 's McCutcheon et al. v. FEC and Citizens United v. FEC decisions , `` has this court conferred on wealthy people the right to give vast sums of money to politicians while undercutting the rights of millions of citizens to cast a ballot . '' Nobel Prize - winning economist Paul Krugman wrote : The stark reality is that we have a society in which money is increasingly concentrated in the hands of a few people . This threatens to make us a democracy in name only . -- Paul Krugman , 2012 The effects of oligarchy on democracy and the economy were key points of the 2016 presidential campaigns of Bernie Sanders and Green Party candidate Jill Stein . Bernie Sanders said about the Citizens United verdict and the Republicans ' rise to power in Congress , I fear that we may be on the verge of becoming an oligarchic form of society where a handful of billionaires control not just the economy , but the political life of this country . And that 's just something we 're going to have wrestle with . -- Bernie Sanders , 2014 See also ( edit ) American exceptionalism Criticism of United States foreign policy Deep state in the United States Fifth Party System Issue voting Money loop Political arguments of gun politics in the United States Political culture of the United States Political divisions of the United States Political ideologies in the United States American Left Progressivism in the United States Modern liberalism in the United States Alt - right Conservativism in the United States List of political parties in the United States Constitution Party Democratic Party Green Party Libertarian Party Modern Whig Party Reform Party Republican Party Socialist Party USA Politics of the Southern United States Reform topics Campaign finance reform in the United States Electoral reform in the United States Health care reform in the United States Marijuana law reform in the United States Tort reform in the United States Sixth Party System Tea Party movement References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Samuel P. 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Orlando : Harcourt , 1955 . Jump up ^ David Gordon , ed. ( 2002 ) . Secession , State , and Liberty . Transaction Publishers . p. 99 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Robert E. Shalhope , `` Republicanism and Early American Historiography , '' William and Mary Quarterly , 39 ( April 1982 ) , pp. 334 -- 56 in JSTOR ( registration required ) Jump up ^ `` Civic Ideals Yale University Press '' . yalebooks.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clark , B. ( 1998 ) . Political economy : A comparative approach . Westport , CT : Preager . Jump up ^ Alber , J. ( 1988 ) . Is There a crisis of the welfare state ? Cross-national evidence from Europe , North America , and Japan . European Sociological Review , 4 ( 3 ) , 181 -- 207 . Jump up ^ Barr , N. ( 2004 ) . Economics of the welfare state . New York : Oxford University Press ( USA ) . Jump up ^ `` Economist Intelligence Unit . ( July 11 , 2007 ) . United States : Political Forces '' . The Economist . Retrieved June 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Liberalism in America : A Note for Europeans by Arthur Schlesinger , Jr. ( 1956 ) from : The Politics of Hope ( Boston : Riverside Press , 1962 ) . Jump up ^ Leo P. Ribuffo , `` 20 Suggestions for Studying the Right now that Studying the Right is Trendy '' , Historically Speaking Jan 2011 v. 12 # 1 pp. 2 -- 6 , quote on p. 6 Jump up ^ Ellen Carol Dubois , Woman Suffrage and Women 's Rights ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Andrea Moore Kerr , Lucy Stone : speaking out for equality ( 1992 ) ch 1 Jump up ^ Paul D. Buchanan , American Women 's Rights Movement : A Chronology of Events ( 2009 ) p. 129 Jump up ^ Statistical Abstract : 2010 p. 416 . Jump up ^ Ann O 'M . Bowman and Richard C. Kearney , State and Local Government : The Essentials ( 2008 ) p. 78 Jump up ^ `` City Commission '' . Talgov.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Public Funding of Presidential Elections Brochure '' . Fec.gov . January 1 , 2011 . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mishak , Michael ( September 28 , 2009 ) . `` Recession means there 's less money for political campaigns '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Revolutionizes Campaign Fundraising '' . America.gov . July 10 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2009 . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Thirty - Ninth Congress . -- Second Session . Senate ... House of Representatives '' . New York Times . March 2 , 1867 . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Washington 's Farewell Address Jump up ^ `` Frequently asked questions about the Libertarian Party '' . Libertarian National Committee . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Baker , Peter ; VandeHei , Jim ( November 8 , 2006 ) . `` A Voter Rebuke For Bush , the War And the Right '' . Washington Post . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . Bush and senior adviser Karl Rove tried to replicate that strategy this fall , hoping to keep the election from becoming a referendum on the president 's leadership . Jump up ^ `` Election ' 98 Lewinsky factor never materialized '' . CNN . November 4 , 1998 . Americans shunned the opportunity to turn Tuesday 's midterm elections into a referendum on President Bill Clinton 's behavior , dashing Republican hopes of gaining seats in the House and Senate . Jump up ^ Richard Hofstadter , The Idea of a Party System : The Rise of Legitimate Opposition in the United States , 1780 -- 1840 ( 1970 ) Jump up ^ William Nisbet Chambers , Political Parties in a New Nation : The American Experience , 1776 -- 1809 ( 1963 ) Jump up ^ Gordon S. Wood , Empire of Liberty : A History of the Early Republic , 1789 -- 1815 ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Daniel Walker Howe , What Hath God Wrought : The Transformation of America , 1815 -- 1848 ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Siegel , Harry ; Siegel , Fred ( October 7 , 2009 ) . `` New York 's Two - Party System '' . City-Journal.org . City Journal . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` D.C. BOARD OF ELECTIONS MONTHLY REPORT OF VOTER REGISTRATION STATISTICS '' ( PDF ) . District of Columbia Board of Elections and Ethics . December 31 , 2013 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Washington State Redistricting Commission `` Washington State Redistricting Commission '' . Redistricting.wa.gov . Retrieved August 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission `` Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission '' . Azredistricting.org . Retrieved August 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rhode Island Reapportionment Commission '' . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2007 . Retrieved October 18 , 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . Jump up ^ `` Election 2010 : Palm Beach County & Florida Voting , Candidates , Endorsements The Palm Beach Post '' . Projects.palmbeachpost.com . Retrieved December 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` XI '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mearsheimer , John J. and Walt , Stephen . The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy , London Review of Books , Volume 28 Number 6 , March 22 , 2006 . Retrieved March 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Sevcik , J.C. ( April 16 , 2014 ) `` The US is not a democracy but an oligarchy , study concludes '' UPI Jump up ^ Gilens & Page ( 2014 ) Testing Theories of American Politics : Elites , Interest Groups , and Average Citizens , Perspectives on Politics , Princeton University . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Piketty , Thomas ( 2014 ) . Capital in the Twenty - First Century . Belknap Press . ISBN 067443000X p. 514 : * `` the risk of a drift towards oligarchy is real and gives little reason for optimism about where the United States is headed . '' Jump up ^ ( French economist Thomas Piketty ) , Associated Press , December 23 , 2017 , Q&A : A French economist 's grim view of wealth gap , Accessed April 26 , 2014 , `` ... The main problem to me is really the proper working of our democratic institutions . It 's just not compatible with an extreme sort of oligarchy where 90 percent of the wealth belongs to a very tiny group ... '' Jump up ^ Alan Wolfe ( book reviewer ) , October 24 , 2010 , The Washington Post , Review of `` The Mendacity of Hope , '' by Roger D. Hodge , Accessed April 26 , 2014 , `` ... Although Hodge devotes a chapter to foreign policy , the main charge he levels against Obama is that , like all politicians in the United States , he serves at the pleasure of a financial oligarchy ... '' Jump up ^ Gilens , M. and B.I. Page ( 2014 ) `` Testing Theories of American Politics : Elites , Interest Groups , and Average Citizens '' Perspectives on Politics Jump up ^ Gilens , M. and B.I. Page ( 2014 ) `` Testing Theories of American Politics : Elites , Interest Groups , and Average Citizens '' Perspectives on Politics . '' Accessed November 6 , 2015 , `` ... When the preferences of economic elites and the stands of organized interest groups are controlled for , the preferences of the average American appear to have only a minuscule , near - zero , statistically non-significant impact upon public policy ... '' Jump up ^ E.J. Dionne Jr. , April 6 , 2014 , Washington Post , Supreme oligarchy , Accessed April 26 , 2014 , `` ... Thus has this court conferred on wealthy people the right to give vast sums of money to politicians while undercutting the rights of millions of citizens to cast a ballot ... '' Jump up ^ Paul Krugman , The New York Times , November 3 , 2011 , Oligarchy , American Style , Accessed April 26 , 2014 Jump up ^ Bernie Sanders ( July 22 , 2010 ) . `` No To Oligarchy '' . The Nation . Jump up ^ George Galloway ( February 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Clinton & Trump both representatives of oligarchy ' - Jill Stein , Green Party presidential candidate '' . RT . Jump up ^ Democracy Now , November 5 , 2014 , ( 1 ) , Accessed February 4 , 2017 Further reading ( edit ) Barone , Michael et al . The Almanac of American Politics , 2012 ( 2011 ) ; covers every member of Congress and governor in depth ; rich details on politics of each state Edwards , George C. , Martin P. Wattenberg , and Robert L. Lineberry . Government in America : People , Politics , and Policy ( 15th Edition , 2010 ) Finkelman , Paul , and Peter Wallenstein , eds . The Encyclopedia Of American Political History ( 2001 ) , short essays by scholars Greene , Jack P. , ed . Encyclopedia of American Political History : Studies of the Principal Movements and Ideas ( 3 vol. 1984 ) , long essays by scholars Hansen , Susan B. ( January 2016 ) . `` Women 's equality , candidate difference , and the vote '' . Journal of Women , Politics & Policy . Taylor and Francis . 37 ( 1 ) : 47 -- 67 . doi : 10.1080 / 1554477X. 2016.1116917 . Harrington , Mona . The Dream of Deliverance in American Politics . New York : A.A. Knopf , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 54973 - 2 Hershey , Marjorie R. Party Politics in America ( 14th Edition , 2010 ) Hetherington , Marc J. , and Bruce A. Larson . Parties , Politics , and Public Policy in America ( 11th edition , 2009 ) Kazin , Michael , Rebecca Edwards , and Adam Rothman , eds . The Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History ( 2 vol. 2009 ) ; Concise edition ( 2011 ) Maisel , L. Sandy , ed . Political Parties and Elections in the United States : an Encyclopedia 2 vol . ( Garland , 1991 ) . ( ISBN 0 - 8240 - 7975 - 2 ) , short essays by scholars Maisel , L. Sandy . American Political Parties and Elections : A Very Short Introduction ( 2007 ) O'Connor , Karen , Larry J. Sabato , and Alixandra B. Yanus . American Government : American Government : Roots and Reform ( 11th ed. 2011 ) Swirski , Peter . Ars Americana Ars Politica : Partisan Expression in Contemporary American Literature and Culture . Montreal , London : McGill - Queen 's University Press ( 2010 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 3766 - 8 Wilson , James Q. , and John J. Diiulio and Meena Bose . American Government : Institutions and Policies ( 12th ed. 2010 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Politics of the United States . 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ISO 9000

ISO 9000 - wikipedia ISO 9000 Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may be too technical for most readers to understand . Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts , without removing the technical details . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The ISO 9000 family of quality management systems standards is designed to help organizations ensure that they meet the needs of customers and other stakeholders while meeting statutory and regulatory requirements related to a product or service . ISO 9000 deals with the fundamentals of quality management systems , including the seven quality management principles upon which the family of standards is based . ISO 9001 deals with the requirements that organizations wishing to meet the standard must fulfill . Third - party certification bodies provide independent confirmation that organizations meet the requirements of ISO 9001 . Over one million organizations worldwide are independently certified , making ISO 9001 one of the most widely used management tools in the world today . However , the ISO certification process has been criticized as being wasteful and not being useful for all organizations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Reasons for use 3 Global adoption 4 ISO 9000 series Quality Management Principles 5 Contents of ISO 9001 : 2015 6 Certification 7 Evolution of ISO 9000 standards 7.1 1987 version 7.2 1994 version 7.3 2000 version 7.4 2008 version 7.5 2015 version 8 Auditing 9 Industry - specific interpretations 10 Effectiveness 10.1 Advantages 10.2 Criticisms of ISO 9000 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Background ( edit ) ISO 9000 was first published in 1987 by ISO ( International Organization for Standardization ) . It was based on the BS 5750 series of standards from BSI that were proposed to ISO in 1979 . However , its history can be traced back some twenty years before that , to the publication of government procurement standards , such as the United States Department of Defense MIL - Q - 9858 standard in 1959 , and the U.K 's Def Stan 05 - 21 and 05 - 24 . Large organizations which supplied government procurement agencies often had to comply with a variety of quality assurance requirements for each contract awarded which led the defence industry to adopt mutual recognition of NATO AQAP , MIL - Q and Def Stan standards . Eventually , ISO 9000 was adopted as a suitable option , instead of forcing contractors to adopt multiple - and often similar - requirements . Reasons for use ( edit ) The global adoption of ISO 9001 may be attributable to a number of factors . In the early days , the ISO 9001 ( 9002 and 9003 ) requirements were intended to be used by procuring organizations , as the basis of contractual arrangements with their suppliers . This helped reduce the need for `` supplier development '' by establishing basic requirements for a supplier to assure product quality . The ISO 9001 requirements could be tailored to meet specific contractual situations , depending the complexity of product , business type ( design responsibility , manufacture only , distribution , servicing etc ) and risk to the procurer . If a chosen supplier was weak on the controls of their measurement equipment ( calibration ) , and hence QC / inspection results , that specific requirement would be invoked in the contract . The adoption of a single Quality Assurance requirement also lead to cost savings throughout the supply chain by reducing the administrative burden of maintaining multiple sets of quality manuals and procedures . A few years later , the U.K. Government took steps to improve national competitiveness following publication of cmd 8621 , and Third Party Certification of Quality Management Systems was born , under the auspices of the National Accreditation Council of Certification Bodies ( NACCB ) which has become the United Kingdom Accreditation Service ( UKAS ) . In addition to several stakeholders ' benefits , a number of studies have identified significant financial benefits for organizations certified to ISO 9001 , with a 2011 survey from the British Assessment Bureau showing 44 % of their certified clients had won new business . Corbett et al. showed that certified organizations achieved superior return on assets compared to otherwise similar organizations without certification . Heras et al. found similarly superior performance and demonstrated that this was statistically significant and not a function of organization size . Naveha and Marcus claimed that implementing ISO 9001 led to superior operational performance in the U.S. automotive industry . Sharma identified similar improvements in operating performance and linked this to superior financial performance . Chow - Chua et al. showed better overall financial performance was achieved for companies in Denmark . Rajan and Tamimi ( 2003 ) showed that ISO 9001 certification resulted in superior stock market performance and suggested that shareholders were richly rewarded for the investment in an ISO 9001 system . While the connection between superior financial performance and ISO 9001 may be seen from the examples cited , there remains no proof of direct causation , though longitudinal studies , such as those of Corbett et al. ( 2005 ) may suggest it . Other writers , such as Heras et al. ( 2002 ) , have suggested that while there is some evidence of this , the improvement is partly driven by the fact that there is a tendency for better performing companies to seek ISO 9001 certification . The mechanism for improving results has also been the subject of much research . Lo et al. ( 2007 ) identified operational improvements ( e.g. , cycle time reduction , inventory reductions ) as following from certification . Internal process improvements in organizations lead to externally observable improvements . The benefit of increased international trade and domestic market share , in addition to the internal benefits such as customer satisfaction , interdepartmental communications , work processes , and customer / supplier partnerships derived , far exceeds any and all initial investment . Global adoption ( edit ) The increase in ISO 9001 certification is shown in the tables below . Worldwide total of ISO 9001 certificates ( end of each year ) 2000 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 409,421 510,616 561,747 567,985 660,132 773,867 896,929 951,486 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 982,832 1,064,785 1,118,510 1,111,698 1,096,987 1,126,460 1,138,155 Top 10 countries for ISO 9001 certificates ( 2014 ) Rank Country No. of certificates China 342,800 Italy 168,960 Germany 55,363 Japan 45,785 5 India 41,016 6 United Kingdom 40,200 7 Spain 36,005 8 United States 33,008 9 France 29,122 10 Australia 19,731 Top 10 countries for ISO 9001 certificates ( 2010 ) Rank Country No. of certificates China 297,037 Italy 138,892 Russian Federation 62,265 Spain 59,854 5 Japan 59,287 6 Germany 50,583 7 United Kingdom 44,849 8 India 33,250 9 United States 25,101 10 Korea , Republic of 24,778 Top 10 countries for ISO 9001 certificates ( 2009 ) Rank Country No. of certificates China 257,076 Italy 130,066 Japan 68,484 Spain 59,576 5 Russian Federation 53,152 6 Germany 47,156 7 United Kingdom 41,193 8 India 37,493 9 United States 28,935 10 Korea , Republic of 23,400 ISO 9000 series quality management principles ( edit ) The ISO 9000 series are based on seven quality management principles ( QMP ) The seven quality management principles are : QMP 1 -- Customer focus QMP 2 -- Leadership QMP 3 -- Engagement of people QMP 4 -- Process approach QMP 5 -- Improvement QMP 6 -- Evidence - based decision making QMP 7 -- Relationship management Principle 1 -- Customer focus Organizations depend on their customers and therefore should understand current and future customer needs , should meet customer requirements and strive to exceed customer expectations . Principle 2 -- Leadership Leaders establish unity of purpose and direction of the organization . They should create and maintain the internal environment in which people can become fully involved in achieving the organization 's objectives . Principle 3 -- Engagement of people People at all levels are the essence of an organization and their full involvement enables their abilities to be used for the organization 's benefit . Principle 4 -- Process approach A desired result is achieved more efficiently when activities and related resources are managed as a process . Principle 5 -- Improvement Improvement of the organization 's overall performance should be a permanent objective of the organization . Principle 6 -- Evidence - based decision making Effective decisions are based on the analysis of data and information . Principle 7 -- Relationship management An organization and its external providers ( suppliers , contractors , service providers ) are interdependent and a mutually beneficial relationship enhances the ability of both to create value . Contents of ISO 9001 : 2015 ( edit ) A fish wholesaler in Tsukiji , Japan advertising its ISO 9001 certification . ISO 9001 : 2015 Quality management systems -- Requirements is a document of approximately 30 pages which is available from the national standards organization in each country . Only ISO 9001 is directly audited against for third party assessment purposes . Contents of ISO 9001 : 2015 are as follows : Section 1 : Scope Section 2 : Normative references Section 3 : Terms and definitions Section 4 : Context of the organization Section 5 : Leadership Section 6 : Planning Section 7 : Support Section 8 : Operation Section 9 : Performance evaluation Section 10 : Improvement Essentially the layout of the standard is similar to the previous ISO 9001 : 2008 standard in that it follows the Plan , Do , Check , Act cycle in a process based approach , but is now further encouraging this to have risk based thinking . ( section 0.3. 3 of the introduction ) The purpose of the quality objectives is to determine the conformity of the requirements ( customers and organizations ) , facilitate effective deployment and improve the quality management system . Before the certification body can issue or renew a certificate , the auditor must be satisfied that the company being assessed has implemented the requirements of sections 4 to 10 . Sections 1 to 3 are not directly audited against , but because they provide context and definitions for the rest of the standard , not that of the organization , their contents must be taken into account . The standard no longer specifies that the organization shall issue and maintain documented procedures , however ISO 9001 : 2015 requires the organization to document any other procedures required for its effective operation . The standard also requires the organization to issue and communicate a documented quality policy , a quality management system scope , and quality objectives . The standard no longer requires compliant organizations to issue a formal Quality Manual . The standard does require retention of numerous records , as specified throughout the standard . New for the 2015 release is a requirement for an organization to assess risks and opportunities ( section 6.1 ) and to determine internal and external issues relevant to its purpose and strategic direction ( section 4.1 ) . The organization must demonstrate how the standard 's requirements are being met , while the external auditor 's role is to determine the quality management system 's effectiveness . More detailed interpretation and implementation examples are often sought by organizations seeking more information in what can be a very technical area . Certification ( edit ) International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ) does not certify organizations itself . Numerous certification bodies exist , which audit organizations and , upon success , issue ISO 9001 compliance certificates . Although commonly referred to as `` ISO 9000 '' certification , the actual standard to which an organization 's quality management system can be certified is ISO 9001 : 2015 ( ISO 9001 : 2008 will expire by around September 2018 ) . Many countries have formed accreditation bodies to authorize ( `` accredit '' ) the certification bodies . Both the accreditation bodies and the certification bodies charge fees for their services . The various accreditation bodies have mutual agreements with each other to ensure that certificates issued by one of the accredited certification bodies ( CB ) are accepted worldwide . Certification bodies themselves operate under another quality standard , ISO / IEC 17021 , while accreditation bodies operate under ISO / IEC 17011 . An organization applying for ISO 9001 certification is audited based on an extensive sample of its sites , functions , products , services and processes . The auditor presents a list of problems ( defined as `` nonconformities '' , `` observations '' , or `` opportunities for improvement '' ) to management . If there are no major nonconformities , the certification body will issue a certificate . Where major nonconformities are identified , the organization will present an improvement plan to the certification body ( e.g. , corrective action reports showing how the problems will be resolved ) ; once the certification body is satisfied that the organization has carried out sufficient corrective action , it will issue a certificate . The certificate is limited by a certain scope ( e.g. , production of golf balls ) and will display the addresses to which the certificate refers . An ISO 9001 certificate is not a once - and - for - all award , but must be renewed at regular intervals recommended by the certification body , usually once every three years . There are no grades of competence within ISO 9001 : either a company is certified ( meaning that it is committed to the method and model of quality management described in the standard ) or it is not . In this respect , ISO 9001 certification contrasts with measurement - based quality systems . Evolution of ISO 9000 standards ( edit ) The ISO 9000 standard is continually being revised by standing technical committees and advisory groups , who receive feedback from those professionals who are implementing the standard . 1987 version ( edit ) ISO 9000 : 1987 had the same structure as the UK Standard BS 5750 , with three `` models '' for quality management systems , the selection of which was based on the scope of activities of the organization : ISO 9001 : 1987 Model for quality assurance in design , development , production , installation , and servicing was for companies and organizations whose activities included the creation of new products . ISO 9002 : 1987 Model for quality assurance in production , installation , and servicing had basically the same material as ISO 9001 but without covering the creation of new products . ISO 9003 : 1987 Model for quality assurance in final inspection and test covered only the final inspection of finished product , with no concern for how the product was produced . ISO 9000 : 1987 was also influenced by existing U.S. and other Defense Standards ( `` MIL SPECS '' ) , and so was well - suited to manufacturing . The emphasis tended to be placed on conformance with procedures rather than the overall process of management , which was likely the actual intent . 1994 version ( edit ) ISO 9000 : 1994 emphasized quality assurance via preventive actions , instead of just checking final product , and continued to require evidence of compliance with documented procedures . As with the first edition , the down - side was that companies tended to implement its requirements by creating shelf - loads of procedure manuals , and becoming burdened with an ISO bureaucracy . In some companies , adapting and improving processes could actually be impeded by the quality system . 2000 version ( edit ) ISO 9001 : 2000 replaced all three former standards of 1994 issue , ISO 9001 , ISO 9002 and ISO 9003 . Design and development procedures were required only if a company does in fact engage in the creation of new products . The 2000 version sought to make a radical change in thinking by actually placing front and centre the concept of process management ( the monitoring and optimisation of a company 's tasks and activities , instead of just inspection of the final product ) . The 2000 version also demanded involvement by upper executives in order to integrate quality into the business system and avoid delegation of quality functions to junior administrators . Another goal was to improve effectiveness via process performance metrics : numerical measurement of the effectiveness of tasks and activities . Expectations of continual process improvement and tracking customer satisfaction were made explicit . ISO 9000 Requirements include : Approve documents before distribution ; Provide correct version of documents at points of use ; Use your records to prove that requirements have been met ; and Develop a procedure to control your records . 2008 version ( edit ) ISO 9001 : 2008 in essence re-narrates ISO 9001 : 2000 . The 2008 version only introduced clarifications to the existing requirements of ISO 9001 : 2000 and some changes intended to improve consistency with ISO 14001 : 2004 . There were no new requirements . For example , in ISO 9001 : 2008 , a quality management system being upgraded just needs to be checked to see if it is following the clarifications introduced in the amended version . ISO 9001 is supplemented directly by two other standards of the family : ISO 9000 : 2005 `` Quality management systems . Fundamentals and vocabulary '' ISO 9004 : 2009 `` Managing for the sustained success of an organization . A quality management approach '' Other standards , like ISO 19011 and the ISO 10000 series , may also be used for specific parts of the quality system . 2015 version ( edit ) In 2012 , ISO TC 176 - responsible for ISO 9001 development - celebrated 25 years of implementing ISO 9001 , and concluded that it is necessary to create a new QMS model for the next 25 years . This is why they commenced the official work on creating a revision of ISO 9001 , starting with the new QM principles . This moment was considered by important specialists in the field as `` beginning of a new era in the development of quality management systems . '' As a result of the intensive work from this technical committee , the revised standard ISO 9001 : 2015 was published by ISO on 23 September 2015 . The scope of the standard has not changed ; however , the structure and core terms were modified to allow the standard to integrate more easily with other international management systems standards . The 2015 version is also less prescriptive than its predecessors and focuses on performance . This was achieved by combining the process approach with risk - based thinking , and employing the Plan - Do - Check - Act cycle at all levels in the organization . Some of the key changes include : High Level Structure of 10 clauses is implemented . Now all new standard released by ISO will have this High level structure . Greater emphasis on building a management system suited to each organization 's particular needs A requirement that those at the top of an organization be involved and accountable , aligning quality with wider business strategy Risk - based thinking throughout the standard makes the whole management system a preventive tool and encourages continuous improvement Less prescriptive requirements for documentation : the organization can now decide what documented information it needs and what format it should be in Alignment with other key management system standards through the use of a common structure and core text Inclusion of Knowledge Management principles Quality Manual & Management representative is now not mandatory requirements . Auditing ( edit ) Two types of auditing are required to become registered to the standard : auditing by an external certification body ( external audit ) and audits by internal staff trained for this process ( internal audits ) . The aim is a continual process of review and assessment to verify that the system is working as it is supposed to ; to find out where it can improve ; and to correct or prevent problems identified . It is considered healthier for internal auditors to audit outside their usual management line , so as to bring a degree of independence to their judgments . Under the 1994 standard , the auditing process could be adequately addressed by performing `` conformance auditing '' : Tell me what you do ( describe the business process ) Show me where it says that ( reference the procedure manuals ) Prove that this is what happened ( exhibit evidence in documented records ) The 2000 standard uses a different approach . Auditors are expected to go beyond mere auditing for rote conformance by focusing on risk , status , and importance . This means they are expected to make more judgments on what is effective , rather than merely adhering to what is formally prescribed . The difference from the previous standard can be explained thus : Under the 1994 version , the question was broad : `` Are you doing what the manual says you should be doing ? '' , whereas under the 2000 version , the questions are more specific : `` Will this process help you achieve your stated objectives ? Is it a good process or is there a way to do it better ? '' Industry - specific interpretations ( edit ) The ISO 9001 standard is generic ; its parts must be carefully interpreted to make sense within a particular organization . Developing software is not like making cheese or offering counseling services , yet the ISO 9001 guidelines , because they are business management guidelines , can be applied to each of these . Diverse organizations -- police departments ( United States ) , professional soccer teams ( Mexico ) , and city councils ( UK ) -- have successfully implemented ISO 9001 : 2000 systems . Over time , various industry sectors have wanted to standardize their interpretations of the guidelines within their own marketplace . This is partly to ensure that their versions of ISO 9000 have their specific requirements , but also to try and ensure that more appropriately trained and experienced auditors are sent to assess them . The TickIT guidelines are an interpretation of ISO 9000 produced by the UK Board of Trade to suit the processes of the information technology industry , especially software development . AS9000 is the Aerospace Basic Quality System Standard , an interpretation developed by major aerospace manufacturers . Those major manufacturers include AlliedSignal , Allison Engine , Boeing , General Electric Aircraft Engines , Lockheed - Martin , McDonnell Douglas , Northrop Grumman , Pratt & Whitney , Rockwell - Collins , Sikorsky Aircraft , and Sundstrand . The current version is AS9100D . PS 9000 * QS 9000 is an interpretation agreed upon by major automotive manufacturers ( GM , Ford , Chrysler ) . It includes techniques such as FMEA and APQP . QS 9000 is now replaced by ISO / TS 16949 . ISO / TS 16949 : 2009 is an interpretation agreed upon by major automotive manufacturers ( American and European manufacturers ) ; the latest version is based on ISO 9001 : 2008 . The emphasis on a process approach is stronger than in ISO 9001 : 2008 . ISO / TS 16949 : 2009 contains the full text of ISO 9001 : 2008 and automotive industry - specific requirements . TL 9000 is the Telecom Quality Management and Measurement System Standard , an interpretation developed by the telecom consortium , QuEST Forum . In 1998 QuEST Forum developed the TL 9000 Quality Management System to meet the supply chain quality requirements of the worldwide telecommunications industry . The TL 9000 standard is made up of two handbooks : the QMS Requirements Handbook , and the QMS Measurement Handbook . The current versions of the Requirements and Measurements Handbooks are 5.0 . Unlike ISO 9001 or other sector - specific standards , TL 9000 includes standardized product and process measurements that must be reported into a central repository , which allow organizations to benchmark their performance in key process areas against peer organizations . It is important to note that TL 9000 R5. 0 contains the full text of ISO 9001 : 2008 . ISO 13485 : 2016 is the medical industry 's equivalent of ISO 9001 . ISO 13485 : 2016 is a stand - alone standard . Because ISO 13485 is relevant to medical devices manufacturers ( unlike ISO 9001 , which is applicable to any industry ) , and because of the differences between the two standards relating to continual improvement , compliance with ISO 13485 does not necessarily mean compliance with ISO 9001 ( and vice versa ) . ISO / IEC 90003 : 2014 provides guidelines for the application of ISO 9001 to computer software . ISO / TS 29001 is quality management system requirements for the design , development , production , installation , and service of products for the petroleum , petrochemical , and natural gas industries . It is equivalent to API Spec Q1 without the Monogram annex . ISO 22000 Food Safety Management Systems . Effectiveness ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The debate on the effectiveness of ISO 9000 commonly centers on the following questions : Are the quality principles in ISO 9001 of value ? Does it help to implement an ISO 9001 - compliant quality management system ? Does it help to obtain ISO 9001 certification ? Effectiveness of the ISO system being implemented depends on a number of factors , the most significant of which are : Commitment of senior management to monitor , control , and improve quality . Organizations that implement an ISO system without this desire and commitment often take the cheapest road to get a certificate on the wall and ignore problem areas uncovered in the audits . How well the ISO system integrates into current business practices . Many organizations that implement ISO try to make their system fit into a cookie - cutter quality manual instead of creating a manual that documents existing practices and only adds new processes to meet the ISO standard when necessary . How well the ISO system focuses on improving the customer experience . The broadest definition of quality is `` Whatever the customer perceives good quality to be . '' This means that a company does n't necessarily have to make a product that never fails ; some customers will have a higher tolerance for product failures if they always receive shipments on - time or have a positive experience in some other dimension of customer service . An ISO system should take into account all areas of the customer experience and the industry expectations , and seek to improve them on a continual basis . This means taking into account all processes that deal with the three stakeholders ( customers , suppliers , and organization ) ; only then will a company be able to sustain improvements in the customer 's experience . How well the auditor finds and communicates areas of improvement . While ISO auditors may not provide consulting to the clients they audit , there is the potential for auditors to point out areas of improvement . Many auditors simply rely on submitting reports that indicate compliance or non-compliance with the appropriate section of the standard ; however , to most executives , this is like speaking a foreign language . Auditors that can clearly identify and communicate areas of improvement in language and terms executive management understands facilitate action on improvement initiatives by the companies they audit . When management does n't understand why they were non-compliant and the business implications associated with non-compliance , they simply ignore the reports and focus on what they do understand . Advantages ( edit ) Proper quality management can improve business , often having a positive effect on investment , market share , sales growth , sales margins , competitive advantage , and avoidance of litigation . The quality principles in ISO 9000 : 2000 are also sound , according to Wade and Barnes , who says that `` ISO 9000 guidelines provide a comprehensive model for quality management systems that can make any company competitive '' . Sroufe and Curkovic , ( 2008 ) found benefits ranging from registration required to remain part of a supply base , better documentation , to cost benefits , and improved involvement and communication with management . According to ISO the 2015 version of the standard brings the following benefits : By assessing their context , organizations can define who is affected by their work and what they expect . This enables clearly stated business objectives and the identification of new business opportunities . Organizations can identify and address the risks associated with their organization . By putting customers first organizations can make sure they consistently meet customer needs and enhance customer satisfaction . This can lead to more repeat custom , new clients and increased business for the organization . Organizations work in a more efficient way as all their processes are aligned and understood by everyone . This increases productivity and efficiency , bringing internal costs down . Organizations will meet necessary statutory and regulatory requirements . Organizations can expand into new markets , as some sectors and clients require ISO 9001 before doing business . Criticisms of ISO 9000 ( edit ) A common criticism of ISO 9000 and 9001 is the amount of money , time , and paperwork required for registration . Dalgleish cites the `` inordinate and often unnecessary paperwork burden '' of ISO , and says that `` quality managers feel that ISO 's overhead and paperwork are excessive and extremely inefficient '' . According to Barnes , `` Opponents claim that it is only for documentation . Proponents believe that if a company has documented its quality systems , then most of the paperwork has already been completed '' . Wilson suggests that ISO standards `` elevate inspection of the correct procedures over broader aspects of quality '' , and therefore , `` the workplace becomes oppressive and quality is not improved '' . One study showing reasons for not adopting this standard include the risks and uncertainty of not knowing if there are direct relationships to improved quality , and what kind and how many resources will be needed . Additional risks include how much certification will cost , increased bureaucratic processes and risk of poor company image if the certification process fails . According to John Seddon , ISO 9001 promotes specification , control , and procedures rather than understanding and improvement . Wade argues that ISO 9000 is effective as a guideline , but that promoting it as a standard `` helps to mislead companies into thinking that certification means better quality , ... ( undermining ) the need for an organization to set its own quality standards '' . In short , Wade argues that reliance on the specifications of ISO 9001 does not guarantee a successful quality system . The standard is seen as especially prone to failure when a company is interested in certification before quality . Certifications are in fact often based on customer contractual requirements rather than a desire to actually improve quality . `` If you just want the certificate on the wall , chances are you will create a paper system that does n't have much to do with the way you actually run your business '' , said ISO 's Roger Frost . Certification by an independent auditor is often seen as the problem area , and according to Barnes , `` has become a vehicle to increase consulting services '' . Dalgleish argues that while `` quality has a positive effect on return on investment , market share , sales growth , better sales margins and competitive advantage , '' `` taking a quality approach is unrelated to ISO 9000 registration . '' In fact , ISO itself advises that ISO 9001 can be implemented without certification , simply for the quality benefits that can be achieved . Abrahamson argues that fashionable management discourse such as Quality Circles tends to follow a lifecycle in the form of a bell curve , possibly indicating a management fad . Pickrell argues that ISO systems merely gauge whether the processes are being followed . It does not gauge how good the processes are or whether the correct parameters are being measured and controlled to ensure quality . Furthermore , when unique technical solutions are involved in the creation of a new part , ISO does not validate the robustness of the technical solution which is a key part of advanced quality planning . It is not unheard of for an ISO - certified plant to display poor quality performance due to poor process selection and / or poor technical solutions . See also ( edit ) Conformity assessment -- Containing ISO published standards ISO 10006 -- Quality management -- Guidelines to quality management in projects ISO 13485 -- Medical devices -- Quality management systems -- Requirements for regulatory purposes ISO 14001 -- Environmental management standards ISO 19011 -- Guidelines for quality management systems auditing and environmental management systems auditing ISO / TS 16949 -- Quality management system requirements for automotive - related products suppliers ISO / IEC 27001 -- Information security management ISO 39001 -- Road traffic safety management ISO 50001 -- Energy Audit AS 9100 -- aerospace industry implementation of ISO 9000 / 1 List of ISO standards ISO / TC 176 Quality management system Test management Verification and Validation International Organization for Standardization Annex SL References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Poksinska , Bozena ; Dahlgaard , Jens Jörn ; Antoni , Marc ( 2002 ) . `` The state of ISO 9000 certification : A study of Swedish organizations '' . The TQM Magazine . 14 ( 5 ) : 297 . doi : 10.1108 / 09544780210439734 . ^ Jump up to : Tsim , Y.C. ; Yeung , V.W.S. ; Leung , Edgar T.C. ( 2002 ) . `` An adaptation to ISO 9001 : 2000 for certified organisations '' . Managerial Auditing Journal . 17 ( 5 ) : 245 . doi : 10.1108 / 02686900210429669 . Jump up ^ `` Quality Management Principles '' ( PDF ) . International Organization for Standardization. 2015 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 67 - 10650 - 2 . Jump up ^ Beattie , Ken R. ( 1999 ) . `` Implementing ISO 9000 : A study of its benefits among Australian organizations '' . Total Quality Management . 10 : 95 . doi : 10.1080 / 0954412998090 . Jump up ^ `` ISO 9000 - Quality management '' . International Organization for Standardization . Jump up ^ `` ISO 9000 Quality Management '' . ISO . International Organization for Standardization . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Clifford , Stephanie ( 1 May 2005 ) . `` So many standards to follow , so little payoff '' . Inc . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Ian ( 4 June 2010 ) . `` Is ISO the way to go ? Some say , Not So '' . The Westgard Rules . ^ Jump up to : Seddon , John ( 19 November 2000 ) . `` The ' quality ' you ca n't feel '' . The Observer . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of ISO 9000 : Where did we go wrong ? '' . The Case Against ISO 9000 ( 2nd ed . ) . Oak Tree Press . 2000 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86076 - 173 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` BSOL Academic - BSI Group '' . Bsieducation.org . Jump up ^ `` Standards , Training , Testing , Assessment and Certification - BSI Group '' . Bsigroup.com . Jump up ^ Stamatis , D H. `` Understanding ISO 9000 and Implementing the Basics to Quality '' . CRC Press . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ISO 9001 proven to help win new business '' . British Assessment Bureau . 25 May 2011 . Archived from the original on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BSI Case Study on the Benefits of ISO 9000 Registration - Interstate Worldwide Relocation '' ( PDF ) . BSi Management System . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 May 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Corbett , Charles J. ; Montes - Sancho , María J. ; Kirsch , David A. ( 2005 ) . `` The Financial Impact of ISO 9000 Certification in the United States : An Empirical Analysis '' ( PDF ) . Management Science . 51 ( 7 ) : 1607 -- 16 . doi : 10.1287 / mnsc. 1040.0358 . JSTOR 20110397 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 January 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Heras , Iñaki ; Dick , Gavin P.M. ; Casadesús , Martí ( 2002 ) . `` ISO 9000 registration 's impact on sales and profitability : A longitudinal analysis of performance before and after accreditation '' . International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management . 19 ( 6 ) : 774 . doi : 10.1108 / 02656710210429618 . Jump up ^ Naveh , Eitan ; Marcus , Alfred ( 2007 ) . `` Financial performance , ISO 9000 standard and safe driving practices effects on accident rate in the U.S. Motor carrier industry '' . Accident Analysis & Prevention . 39 ( 4 ) : 731 . doi : 10.1016 / j. aap. 2006.11. 004 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Divesh S. ( 2005 ) . `` The association between ISO 9000 certification and financial performance '' . The International Journal of Accounting . 40 ( 2 ) : 151 . doi : 10.1016 / j. intacc. 2005.01. 011 . Jump up ^ Chow - Chua , Clare ; Goh , Mark ; Wan , Tan Boon ( 2003 ) . `` Does ISO 9000 certification improve business performance ? '' . International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management . 20 ( 8 ) : 936 . doi : 10.1108 / 02656710310493643 . Jump up ^ Rajan , Murli ; Tamimi , Nabil ( 2003 ) . `` Payoff to ISO 9000 Registration '' . The Journal of Investing. 12 : 71 . doi : 10.3905 / joi. 2003.319536 . Jump up ^ Lo , Liang Kang ; Chang , Dong Shang ( 2007 ) . `` The difference in the perceived benefits between firms that maintain ISO certification and those that do not '' . International Journal of Production Research . 45 : 1881 -- 1897 . doi : 10.1080 / joi. 00207540600733709 . Jump up ^ Buttle , Francis ( 1997 ) . `` ISO 9000 : Marketing motivations and benefits '' . International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management . 14 ( 9 ) : 936 -- 47 . doi : 10.1108 / 02656719710186867 . Jump up ^ Santos , Leticia ; Escanciano , Carmen ( 2002 ) . `` Benefits of the ISO 9000 : 1994 system : Some considerations to reinforce competitive advantage '' . International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management . 19 ( 3 ) : 321 -- 44 . doi : 10.1108 / 02656710210415703 . Jump up ^ Alcorn , Janice E. ( 2008 ) . `` The Benefits of ISO 9000 Certification '' . A Collection of Papers Presented at the 55th Conference on Glass Problems : Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings . Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings . 16 ( 2 ) : 15 . doi : 10.1002 / 9780470314661. ch3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 31466 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : The ISO Survey of ISO 9001 : 2000 and ISO 14001 Certificates -- 2003 ( PDF ) , International Organization for Standardization , p. 17 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 January 2012 , retrieved 20 November 2015 ^ Jump up to : The ISO Survey -- 2008 ( PDF ) , International Organization for Standardization , p. 11 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 August 2011 , retrieved 20 November 2015 ^ Jump up to : The ISO Survey of ISO 9001 : 2000 and ISO 14001 Certificates -- 2003 ( PDF ) , International Organization for Standardization , pp. 1 -- 2 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 31 October 2015 , retrieved 20 November 2015 ^ Jump up to : The ISO Survey of Management System Standard Certifications -- 2011 ( PDF ) , International Organization for Standardization , p. 1 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 January 2013 , retrieved 20 November 2015 ^ Jump up to : The ISO Survey of Management System Standard Certifications -- 2014 ( data table ) , International Organization for Standardization , retrieved 16 September 2016 ^ Jump up to : The ISO Survey of Management System Standard Certifications -- 2014 ( PDF ) , International Organization for Standardization , p. 1 , retrieved 20 November 2015 Jump up ^ Source : ISO Survey 2010 Jump up ^ `` ISO quality management principles '' ( PDF ) . Iso.org . Retrieved 16 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Using Quality Objectives to Drive Strategic Performance Improvement '' . Qualitydigest.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` OBJECTIVE OF THE SAMPLE MANUAL '' ( DOC ) . Isopocketguides.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ ISO / IEC 17021 : `` Conformity assessment . Requirements for bodies providing audit and certification of management systems '' ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ ISO / IEC 17011 : `` Conformity assessment . General requirements for accreditation bodies accrediting conformity assessment bodies '' ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ `` 25 Years of ISO 9000 A View from the Q '' . ASQ . Retrieved 20 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Bacivarov , Ioan ( 1 October 2015 ) . `` The Standard ISO 9001 : 2015 - A Milestone in the Evolution of Quality Management '' ( PDF ) . Asigurarea Calitatii - Quality Assurance . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ISO 9001 : 2015 - Just published ! '' . ISO . Retrieved 2 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BSI obtains first global accreditation from ANAB to certify organizations to the new Quality Management standard ISO 9001 : 2015 '' . BSI . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sroufe , Robert and Sime Curkovic , `` An examination of ISO 9000 : 2000 and supply chain quality assurance . '' Journal of Operations Management , Volume 26 , Issue 4 , July 2008 , Pages 503 - 520 ^ Jump up to : Wade , Jim ( May -- June 2002 ) . `` Is ISO 9000 really a standard ? '' ( PDF ) . ISO Management Systems . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Frank ( Spring 2000 ) . `` Good Business Sense Is the Key to Confronting ISO 9000 '' . Review of Business . Archived from the original on 27 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Debunking the myths '' ( PDF ) . Iso.org . International Organization for Standardization . Retrieved 7 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Dalgleish , Scott ( 5 May 2003 ) . `` Probing the Limits - ISO 9000 : More Hindrance Than Help '' . Quality Magazine . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Henricks , Mark ( December 2001 ) . `` ISO a GO - Go '' . Entrepreneur Magazine . Jump up ^ Dalgleish , Scott ( 1 April 2005 ) . `` Probing the Limits : ISO 9001 Proves Ineffective '' . Quality Magazine . Retrieved 6 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The ISO Survey -- 2005 '' ( PDF ) . Abridged version . ISO. 2005 . Jump up ^ Abrahamson , E. ( 1996 ) . `` Management Fashion '' . The Academy of Management Review . 21 ( 1 ) : 254 -- 285 . doi : 10.5465 / amr. 1996.9602161572 . JSTOR 258636 . Further reading ( edit ) Bamford , Robert ; Deibler , William ( 2003 ) . ISO 9001 : 2000 for Software and Systems Providers : An Engineering Approach ( 1st ed . ) . CRC - Press . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 2063 - 1 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8493 - 2063 - 7 Naveh , E. ; Marcus , A. ( 2004 ) . `` When Does the ISO 9000 Quality Assurance Standard Lead to Performance Improvement ? Assimilation and Going Beyond '' . IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management . 51 ( 3 ) : 352 . doi : 10.1109 / TEM. 2004.830864 . Naveh , E. ( 1999 ) . ISO 9000 survey'99 : An analytical tool to assess the costs , benefits and savings of ISO 9000 registration . QSU Publishing Company . An abstract of the 2007 's ISO survey of certificates An abstract of the 2008 's ISO survey of certificates Bacivarov , Ioan ( Coordinating Editor ) ( 2015 ) . Special issue `` ISO9001 : 2015 '' . Asigurarea Calitatii - Quality Assurance 21 ( 83 ) , ISSN 1224 - 5410 External links ( edit ) Official website ISO / TC 176 , SC 2 - ISO committee responsible for developing ISO 9000 standards ( hide ) ISO standards by standard number List of ISO standards / ISO romanizations / IEC standards 1 -- 9999 5 6 7 9 16 31 - 0 - 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 - 10 - 11 - 12 - 13 128 216 217 226 228 233 259 269 302 306 428 518 519 639 - 1 - 2 - 3 - 5 - 6 646 690 732 764 843 898 965 1000 1004 1007 1073 - 1 1413 1538 1745 2014 2015 2022 2047 2108 2145 2146 2240 2281 2709 2711 2788 2848 2852 3029 3103 3166 - 1 - 2 - 3 3297 3307 3602 3864 3901 3977 4031 4157 4217 4909 5218 5428 5775 5776 5800 5964 6166 6344 6346 6385 6425 6429 6438 6523 6709 7001 7002 7098 7185 7200 7498 7736 7810 7811 7812 7813 7816 8000 8178 8217 8571 8583 8601 8632 8652 8691 8807 8820 - 5 8859 - 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 8 - I - 9 - 10 - 11 - 12 - 13 - 14 - 15 - 16 8879 9000 / 9001 9075 9126 9293 9241 9362 9407 9506 9529 9564 9594 9660 9897 9899 9945 9984 9985 9995 10000 -- 19999 10005 10006 10007 10116 10118 - 3 10160 10161 10165 10179 10206 10218 10303 - 11 - 21 - 22 - 28 - 238 10383 10487 10585 10589 10646 10664 10746 10861 10957 10962 10967 11073 11170 11179 11404 11544 11783 11784 11785 11801 11898 11940 ( - 2 ) 11941 11941 ( TR ) 11992 12006 12182 12207 12234 - 2 13211 - 1 - 2 13216 13250 13399 13406 - 2 13450 13485 13490 13567 13568 13584 13616 14000 14031 14224 14289 14396 14443 14496 - 2 - 3 - 6 - 10 - 11 - 12 - 14 - 17 - 20 14644 14649 14651 14698 14750 14764 14882 14971 15022 15189 15288 15291 15292 15398 15408 15444 - 3 15445 15438 15504 15511 15686 15693 15706 - 2 15707 15897 15919 15924 15926 15926 WIP 15930 16023 16262 16612 - 2 16750 16949 ( TS ) 17024 17025 17100 17203 17369 17442 17799 18000 18004 18014 18245 18629 18916 19005 19011 19092 ( - 1 - 2 ) 19114 19115 19125 19136 19439 19500 19501 19502 19503 19505 19506 19507 19508 19509 19510 19600 : 2014 19752 19757 19770 19775 - 1 19794 - 5 19831 20000 + 20000 20022 20121 20400 21000 21047 21500 21827 : 2002 22000 23270 23271 23360 24517 24613 24617 24707 25178 25964 26000 26300 26324 27000 series 27000 27001 27002 27006 27729 28000 29110 29148 29199 - 2 29500 30170 31000 32000 38500 40500 42010 55000 80000 - 1 - 2 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ISO_9000&oldid=828240626 '' Categories : ISO standards Quality management Quality Hidden categories : All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from March 2012 Use dmy dates from February 2017 Wikipedia articles that are too technical from October 2015 All articles that are too technical Articles needing expert attention from October 2015 All articles needing expert attention Articles lacking reliable references from March 2012 All articles lacking reliable references Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2007 Articles that may contain original research from May 2013 All articles that may contain original research Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk پښتو Polski Português Русский Shqip Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 11 : 22 . 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list the iso 9000 series of quality management standards

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Equal Rights Amendment

Equal Rights Amendment - wikipedia Equal Rights Amendment This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Equal Rights Amendment ( ERA ) is a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution designed to guarantee equal legal rights for all American citizens regardless of sex ; it seeks to end the legal distinctions between men and women in terms of divorce , property , employment , and other matters . The ERA was originally written by Alice Paul and Crystal Eastman . The amendment was introduced in Congress for the first time in 1921 and has prompted conversations about the meaning of legal equality for women and men ever since . In the early history of the Equal Rights Amendment , middle - class women were largely supportive , while those speaking for the working class were often opposed , pointing out that employed women needed special protections regarding working conditions and employment hours . With the rise of the women 's movement in the United States during the 1960s , the ERA garnered increasing support , and , after being reintroduced by U.S. Representative Martha Griffiths ( D - Michigan ) , in 1971 , it was approved by the U.S. House of Representatives on October 12 of that year and on March 22 , 1972 , it was approved by the U.S. Senate , thus submitting the ERA to the state legislatures for ratification , as provided for in Article V of the U.S. Constitution . Congress had originally set a ratification deadline of March 22 , 1979 , for the state legislatures to consider the ERA . Through 1977 , the amendment received 35 of the necessary 38 state ratifications . With wide , bipartisan support ( including that of both major political parties , both houses of Congress , and Presidents Nixon , Ford and Carter ) the ERA seemed destined for ratification until Phyllis Schlafly mobilized conservative women in opposition , arguing that the ERA would disadvantage housewives and cause women to be drafted into the military . Five state legislatures ( Idaho , Kentucky , Nebraska , Tennessee , and South Dakota ) voted to revoke their ERA ratifications . Four claim to have rescinded their ratifications before the original March 22 , 1979 ratification deadline , while the South Dakota legislature did so by voting to sunset its ratification as of that original deadline . However , it remains a legal question as to whether a state can revoke its ratification of a federal constitutional amendment . In 1978 , Congress passed ( by simple majorities in each house ) , and President Carter signed , a joint resolution with the intent of extending the ratification deadline to June 30 , 1982 . Because no additional state legislatures ratified the ERA between March 22 , 1979 and June 30 , 1982 , the validity of that disputed extension was rendered academic . On March 22 , 2017 , the 45th anniversary of Congress ' submission of the ERA to the nation 's state lawmakers , the Nevada Legislature became the first to ratify the ERA after the expiration of both deadlines with its adoption of Senate Joint Resolution No. 2 ( designated as `` POM - 15 '' by the U.S. Senate and published verbatim in the Congressional Record of April 5 , 2017 , at pages S2361 and S2362 ) . The Illinois General Assembly ratified the ERA on May 30 , 2018 . Contents 1 Text 2 Background 2.1 Feminists split 2.2 Hayden rider and protective labor legislation 2.3 1960s 3 Congressional passage 4 Actions in the state legislatures 4.1 Ratifications 4.2 Ratifications rescinded 4.3 Ratifying state with self - declared March 22 , 1979 sunset provision 4.4 Executive branch involvement in ratification process 4.5 Non-ratifying states with one - house approval 5 Congressional extension of ratification deadline 6 In the courts / Legal officials 7 Support for the ERA 7.1 Support for the ERA among people of color 8 Opposition to the ERA 9 Post-deadline ratifications 10 Subsequent congressional action 10.1 Proposed removal of ratification deadline 11 State equal rights amendments 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Text ( edit ) Section 1 . Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex . Section 2 . The Congress shall have the power to enforce , by appropriate legislation , the provisions of this article . Section 3 . This amendment shall take effect two years after the date of ratification . Background ( edit ) Alice Paul toasting ( with grape juice ) the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment . August 26 , 1920 On September 25 , 1921 , the National Woman 's Party announced plans to campaign for an amendment to the U.S. Constitution to guarantee women equal rights with men . The text of the proposed amendment read : Section 1 . No political , civil , or legal disabilities or inequalities on account of sex or on account of marriage , unless applying equally to both sexes , shall exist within the United States or any territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof . Section 2 . Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation . Alice Paul , the head of the National Women 's Party , believed that the Nineteenth Amendment would not be enough to ensure that men and women were treated equally regardless of sex . In 1923 , she revised the proposed amendment to read : Men and women shall have equal rights throughout the United States and every place subject to its jurisdiction . Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation . Paul named this version the Lucretia Mott Amendment , after a female abolitionist who fought for women 's rights and attended the First Women 's Rights Convention . In 1943 , Alice Paul further revised the amendment to reflect the wording of the Fifteenth and Nineteenth Amendments . This text became Section 1 of the version passed by Congress in 1972 . As a result , in the 1940s , ERA opponents proposed an alternative , which provided that `` no distinctions on the basis of sex shall be made except such as are reasonably justified by differences in physical structure , biological differences , or social function . '' It was quickly turned down by both pro and anti-ERA coalitions . Feminists split ( edit ) Since the 1920s , the Equal Rights Amendment has been accompanied by discussion among feminists about the meaning of women 's equality . Alice Paul and her National Woman 's Party asserted that women should be on equal terms with men in all regards , even if that means sacrificing benefits given to women through protective legislation , such as shorter work hours and no night work or heavy lifting . Opponents of the amendment , such as the Women 's Joint Congressional Committee , believed that the loss of these benefits to women would not be worth the supposed gain to them in equality . Although it now appears courts would indeed consider physical distinctions when applying the amendment , and determine whether a compelling government interest was met by sex - based government classifications , those discussing the amendment at the time had not yet seen the thoughtful Constitutional interpretations relating to civil rights and sex - based classifications that occurred years later . In 1924 , The Forum hosted a debate between Doris Stevens and Alice Hamilton concerning the two perspectives on the proposed amendment . Their debate reflected the wider tension in the developing feminist movement of the early 20th century between two approaches toward gender equality . One approach emphasized the common humanity of women and men , while the other stressed women 's unique experiences and how they were different from men , seeking recognition for specific needs . The opposition to the ERA was led by Mary Anderson and the Women 's Bureau beginning in 1923 . These feminists argued that legislation including mandated minimum wages , safety regulations , restricted daily and weekly hours , lunch breaks , and maternity provisions would be more beneficial to the majority of women who were forced to work out of economic necessity , not personal fulfillment . The debate also drew from struggles between working class and professional women . Alice Hamilton , in her speech `` Protection for Women Workers , '' said that the ERA would strip working women of the small protections they had achieved , leaving them powerless to further improve their condition in the future , or to attain necessary protections in the present . The National Woman 's Party already had tested its approach in Wisconsin , where it won passage of the Wisconsin Equal Rights Law in 1921 . The party then took the ERA to Congress , where U.S. Senator Charles Curtis , a future Vice President of the United States , introduced it for the first time in October 1921 . Although the ERA was introduced in every congressional session between 1921 and 1972 , it almost never reached the floor of either the Senate or the House for a vote . Instead , it was usually blocked in committee ; except in 1946 , when it was defeated in the Senate by a vote of 38 to 35 -- not receiving the required two - thirds supermajority . Hayden rider and protective labor legislation ( edit ) In 1950 and 1953 , the ERA was passed by the Senate with a provision known as `` the Hayden rider '' , introduced by Arizona Senator Carl Hayden . The Hayden rider added a sentence to the ERA to keep special protections for women : `` The provisions of this article shall not be construed to impair any rights , benefits , or exemptions now or hereafter conferred by law upon persons of the female sex . '' By allowing women to keep their existing and future special protections , it was expected that the ERA would be more appealing to its opponents . Though opponents were marginally more in favor of the ERA with the Hayden rider , supporters of the original ERA believed it negated the amendment 's original purpose -- causing the amendment not to be passed in the House . ERA supporters were hopeful that the second term of President Dwight Eisenhower would advance their agenda . Eisenhower had publicly promised to `` assure women everywhere in our land equality of rights , '' and in 1958 , Eisenhower asked a joint session of Congress to pass the Equal Rights Amendment , the first president to show such a level of support for the amendment . However , the National Woman 's Party found the amendment to be unacceptable and asked it to be withdrawn whenever the Hayden rider was added to the ERA . The Republican Party included support of the ERA in its platform beginning in 1940 , renewing the plank every four years until 1980 . The ERA was strongly opposed by the American Federation of Labor and other labor unions , which feared the amendment would invalidate protective labor legislation for women . Eleanor Roosevelt and most New Dealers also opposed the ERA . They felt that ERA was designed for middle class women , but that working class women needed government protection . They also feared that the ERA would undercut the male - dominated labor unions that were a core component of the New Deal coalition . Most northern Democrats , who aligned themselves with the anti-ERA labor unions , opposed the amendment . The ERA was supported by southern Democrats and almost all Republicans . At the 1944 Democratic National Convention , the Democrats made the divisive step of including the ERA in their platform , but the Democratic Party did not become united in favor of the amendment until congressional passage in 1972 . The main support base for the ERA until the late 1960s was among middle class Republican women . The League of Women Voters , formerly the National American Woman Suffrage Association , opposed the Equal Rights Amendment until 1972 , fearing the loss of protective labor legislation . 1960s ( edit ) Women in favor of ERA - Tallahassee At the Democratic National Convention in 1960 , a proposal to endorse the ERA was rejected after it met explicit opposition from liberal groups including the American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU ) , the AFL -- CIO , labor unions such as the American Federation of Teachers , Americans for Democratic Action ( ADA ) , the American Nurses Association , the Women 's Division of the Methodist Church , and the National Councils of Jewish , Catholic , and Negro Women . The losing side then demanded that presidential candidate John F. Kennedy announce his support of the ERA ; he did so in an October 21 , 1960 , letter to the chairman of the National Woman 's Party . When Kennedy was elected , he made Esther Peterson the highest - ranking woman in his administration as an Assistant Secretary of Labor . Peterson publicly opposed the Equal Rights Amendment based on her belief that it would weaken protective labor legislation . Peterson referred to the National Woman 's Party members , most of them veteran suffragists and preferred the `` specific bills for specific ills '' approach to equal rights . Ultimately , Kennedy 's ties to labor unions meant that he and his administration did not support the ERA . As a concession to feminists , Kennedy appointed a blue - ribbon commission on women , the President 's Commission on the Status of Women , to investigate the problem of sex discrimination in the United States . The commission was chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt who opposed the ERA but no longer spoke against it publicly . In the early 1960s , Eleanor Roosevelt announced that , due to unionization , she believed the ERA was no longer a threat to women as it once may have been and told supporters that , as far as she was concerned , they could have the amendment if they wanted it . However , she never went so far as to endorse the ERA . The commission that she chaired reported ( after her death ) that no ERA was needed . The commission did , though , help win passage of the Equal Pay Act of 1963 which banned sex discrimination in wages in a number of professions ( it would later be amended in the early 1970s to include the professions that it initially excluded ) and secured an executive order from Kennedy eliminating sex discrimination in the civil service . The commission , composed largely of anti-ERA feminists with ties to labor , proposed remedies to the widespread sex discrimination it unearthed and in its 1963 final report held that on the issue of equality `` a constitutional amendment need not now be sought '' . The national commission spurred the establishment of state and local commissions on the status of women and arranged for follow - up conferences in the years to come . The following year , the Civil Rights Act of 1964 banned workplace discrimination not only on the basis of race , religion , and national origin , but also on the basis of sex , thanks to the lobbying of Alice Paul and Coretta Scott King and the skillful politicking of Representative Martha Griffiths of Michigan . A new women 's movement gained ground in the later 1960s as a result of a variety of factors : Betty Friedan 's bestseller The Feminine Mystique ; the network of women 's rights commissions formed by Kennedy 's national commission ; the frustration over women 's social and economic status ; and anger over the lack of government and Equal Employment Opportunity Commission enforcement of the Equal Pay Act and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act . In June 1966 , at the Third National Conference on the Status of Women in Washington , D.C. , Betty Friedan and a group of activists frustrated with the lack of government action in enforcing Title VII of the Civil Rights Act formed the National Organization for Women to act as an `` NAACP for women '' , demanding full equality for American women and men . In 1967 , at the urging of Alice Paul , NOW endorsed the Equal Rights Amendment . The decision caused some union Democrats and social conservatives to leave the organization and form the Women 's Equity Action League ( within a few years WEAL also endorsed the ERA ) , but the move to support the amendment benefited NOW , bolstering its membership . By the late 1960s , NOW had made significant political and legislative victories and was gaining enough power to become a major lobbying force . In 1969 , newly - elected Representative Shirley Chisholm of New York gave her famous speech `` Equal Rights for Women '' on the floor of the U.S. House of Representatives . Congressional passage ( edit ) U.S. Representative Martha W. Griffiths championed the ERA In February 1970 , NOW picketed the United States Senate , a subcommittee of which was holding hearings on a constitutional amendment to lower the voting age to 18 . NOW disrupted the hearings and demanded a hearing on the Equal Rights Amendment and won a meeting with Senators to discuss the ERA . That August , over 20,000 American women held a nationwide Women 's Strike for Equality protest to demand full social , economic , and political equality . Said Betty Friedan of the strike , `` All kinds of women 's groups all over the country will be using this week on August 26 particularly , to point out those areas in women 's life which are still not addressed . For example , a question of equality before the law ; we are interested in the Equal Rights Amendment . '' Despite being centered in New York City -- which was regarded as one of the biggest strongholds for NOW and other groups sympathetic to the women 's liberation movement such as Redstockings -- and having a small number of participants in contrast to the large - scale anti-war and civil rights protests that had occurred in the recent time prior to the event , the strike was credited as one of the biggest turning points in the rise of second - wave feminism . In Washington , D.C. , protesters presented a sympathetic Senate leadership with a petition for the Equal Rights Amendment at the U.S. Capitol . Influential news sources such as Time also supported the cause of the protestors . Soon after the strike took place , activists distributed literature across the country as well . In 1970 , congressional hearings began on the ERA . On August 10 , 1970 , Michigan Democrat Martha Griffiths successfully brought the Equal Rights Amendment to the House Floor , after fifteen years of the joint resolution languishing in the House Judiciary Committee . The joint resolution passed in the House and continued on to the Senate , which voted for the ERA with an added clause that women would be exempt from the military . The 91st Congress , however , ended before the joint resolution could progress any further . Griffiths reintroduced the ERA , and achieved success on Capitol Hill with her House Joint Resolution No. 208 , which was adopted by the House on October 12 , 1971 , with a vote of 354 yeas ( For ) , 24 nays ( Against ) and 51 not voting . Griffiths ' joint resolution was then adopted by the Senate -- without change -- on March 22 , 1972 , by a vote of 84 yeas , 8 nays and 7 not voting . The Senate version , drafted by Senator Birch Bayh of Indiana , passed after the defeat of an amendment proposed by Senator Sam Ervin of North Carolina that would have exempted women from the draft . President Richard Nixon immediately endorsed the ERA 's approval upon its passage by the 92nd Congress . Actions in the state legislatures ( edit ) Ratified Ratified after June 30 , 1982 Ratified , then revoked Not ratified ( having been approved in only 1 house of legislature ) Not ratified Ratifications ( edit ) On March 22 , 1972 , the ERA was placed before the state legislatures , with a seven - year deadline to acquire ratification by three - fourths ( 38 ) of the state legislatures . Most states were eager to ratify the proposed constitutional amendment . The U.S. Senate 's vote on House Joint Resolution No. 208 took place in the mid-to - late afternoon in Washington D.C. , when it was still midday in Hawaii . The Hawaii Senate and House of Representatives voted their approval shortly after noon Hawaii Standard Time , making Hawaii the first state to ratify the ERA and the first state thus far in U.S. history to ratify a proposed federal constitutional amendment on the same day that Congress offered the measure to state lawmakers . During 1972 , a total of 22 state legislatures ratified the amendment and eight more joined in 1973 . Between 1974 and 1977 , only five states approved the ERA , and advocates became worried about the approaching March 22 , 1979 deadline . At the same time , the legislatures of four states which had ratified the ERA then adopted legislation purporting to rescind those ratifications . If , indeed , a state legislature has the ability to rescind , then the ERA actually had ratifications by only 31 states -- not 35 -- when March 22 , 1979 , arrived . The ERA has been ratified by the following states : Hawaii ( March 22 , 1972 ) New Hampshire ( March 23 , 1972 ) Delaware ( March 23 , 1972 ) Iowa ( March 24 , 1972 ) Idaho ( March 24 , 1972 ) Kansas ( March 28 , 1972 ) Nebraska ( March 29 , 1972 ) Texas ( March 30 , 1972 ) Tennessee ( April 4 , 1972 ) Alaska ( April 5 , 1972 ) Rhode Island ( April 14 , 1972 ) New Jersey ( April 17 , 1972 ) Colorado ( April 21 , 1972 ) West Virginia ( April 22 , 1972 ) Wisconsin ( April 26 , 1972 ) New York ( May 18 , 1972 ) Michigan ( May 22 , 1972 ) Maryland ( May 26 , 1972 ) Massachusetts ( June 21 , 1972 ) Kentucky ( June 26 , 1972 ) Pennsylvania ( September 27 , 1972 ) California ( November 13 , 1972 ) Wyoming ( January 26 , 1973 ) South Dakota ( February 5 , 1973 ) Oregon ( February 8 , 1973 ) Minnesota ( February 8 , 1973 ) New Mexico ( February 28 , 1973 ) Vermont ( March 1 , 1973 ) Connecticut ( March 15 , 1973 ) Washington ( March 22 , 1973 ) Maine ( January 18 , 1974 ) Montana ( January 25 , 1974 ) Ohio ( February 7 , 1974 ) North Dakota ( March 19 , 1975 ) Indiana ( January 18 , 1977 ) Nevada ( March 22 , 2017 ) Illinois ( May 30 , 2018 ) Ratifications rescinded ( edit ) Although Article V is silent as to whether a state may rescind a previous ratification of a proposed -- but not yet ratified -- amendment to the U.S. Constitution , legislators in the following four states nevertheless voted to retract their earlier ratification of the ERA : Nebraska ( March 15 , 1973 -- Legislative Resolution No. 9 ) Tennessee ( April 23 , 1974 -- Senate Joint Resolution No. 29 ) Idaho ( February 8 , 1977 -- House Concurrent Resolution No. 10 ) Kentucky ( March 17 , 1978 -- House ( Joint ) Resolution No. 20 ) The Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky , Thelma Stovall , who was acting as governor in the governor 's absence , `` vetoed '' the rescinding resolution -- raising questions as to whether a state 's governor , or someone temporarily acting as governor , has the power to veto any measure relative to amending the United States Constitution . ( Refer to `` Executive branch involvement in ratification process '' below ) . Ratifying state with Self - declared March 22 , 1979 sunset provision ( edit ) The action of the 95th Congress in October of 1978 to extend the ERA ratification deadline from March 22 , 1979 , to June 30 , 1982 , was not universally accepted . In NOW v. Idaho , however , the Supreme Court overruled as moot a federal district court ruling that Congress did not possess power to extend the deadline . Among those rejecting Congress 's claim to even hold such authority , the South Dakota Legislature adopted Senate Joint Resolution No. 2 on March 1 , 1979 . The joint resolution stipulated that South Dakota 's 1973 ERA ratification would be `` sunsetted '' as of the original March 22 , 1979 deadline . South Dakota 's 1979 sunset joint resolution declared : `` ... the Ninety - fifth Congress ex post facto has sought unilaterally to alter the terms and conditions in such a way as to materially affect the congressionally established time period for ratification ... '' ( designated as `` POM - 93 '' by the U.S. Senate and published verbatim in the Congressional Record of March 13 , 1979 , at pages 4861 and 4862 ) . The action on the part of South Dakota lawmakers -- occurring 21 days prior to originally agreed - upon March 22 , 1979 deadline -- could be viewed as slightly different from a rescission . As noted in The Constitution of the United States Analysis and Interpretation ( Centennial edition , 2017 , at page 1005 ) : `` Four states had rescinded their ratifications ( of the ERA ) and a fifth had declared that its ratification would be void unless the ( Equal Rights ) amendment was ratified within the original time limit '' ; ( see footnote 43 at the bottom of page 1005 , which identifies South Dakota as that `` fifth '' state ) . Executive branch involvement in ratification process ( edit ) The Constitution is silent as to whether the governor -- or acting governor -- of a state has any formal role to play regarding state ratification of an amendment to the Constitution . However , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Hollingsworth v. Virginia ( 1798 ) that the President of the United States has no formal role in that process . Non-ratifying states with one - House approval ( edit ) At various times , in 7 of the 13 non-ratifying states , one house of the legislature approved the ERA . It failed in those states because both houses of a state 's legislature must approve , during the same session , in order for that state to be deemed to have ratified . Florida -- whose House of Representatives voted to ratify the ERA on March 24 , 1972 , with a tally of 91 to 4 ; a second time on April 10 , 1975 , with a tally of 62 to 58 ; a third time on May 17 , 1979 , with a tally of 66 to 53 ; and a fourth time on June 21 , 1982 , with a tally of 60 to 58 . Louisiana -- whose Senate voted to ratify the ERA on June 7 , 1972 , with a tally of 25 to 13 . Missouri -- whose House of Representatives voted to ratify the ERA on February 7 , 1975 , with a tally of 82 to 75 . North Carolina -- whose House of Representatives voted to ratify the ERA on February 9 , 1977 , with a tally of 61 to 55 . Oklahoma -- whose Senate voted to ratify the ERA on March 23 , 1972 , by a voice vote . South Carolina -- whose House of Representatives voted to ratify the ERA on March 22 , 1972 , with a tally of 83 to zero . Virginia -- whose Senate voted to ratify the ERA on February 7 , 2011 , with a tally of 24 to 16 ( Senate Joint Resolution No. 357 ) ; a second time on February 14 , 2012 , with a tally of 24 to 15 ( Senate Joint Resolution No. 130 ) ; a third time on February 5 , 2014 , with a tally of 25 to 8 ( Senate Joint Resolution No. 78 ) ; a fourth time on February 5 , 2015 , with a tally of 20 to 19 ( Senate Joint Resolution No. 216 ) ; and a fifth time on January 26 , 2016 , with a tally of 21 to 19 ( Senate Joint Resolution No. 1 ) . Ratification resolutions have also been defeated in Arizona , Arkansas , and Mississippi . Congressional extension of ratification deadline ( edit ) The original joint resolution ( H.J. Res. 208 ) , by which the 92nd Congress proposed the amendment to the states , was prefaced by the following resolving clause : Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled ( two - thirds of each House concurring therein ) , That the following article is proposed as an amendment to the Constitution of the United States , which shall be valid to all intents and purposes as part of the Constitution when ratified by the legislatures of three - fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission by the Congress : ( emphasis added ) As the joint resolution was passed on March 22 , 1972 , this effectively set a March 22 , 1979 deadline for the amendment to be ratified by the requisite number of states . However , the 92nd Congress did not incorporate any time limit into the body of the actual text of the proposed amendment , as had been done with a number of other proposed amendments . In 1978 , as the original 1979 deadline approached , the 95th Congress adopted House Joint Resolution No. 638 ( H.J. Res. 638 ) , by Representative Elizabeth Holtzman of New York , which purported to extend the ERA 's ratification deadline to June 30 , 1982 . H.J. Res. 638 received less than two - thirds of the vote ( a simple majority , not a supermajority ) in both the House of Representatives and the Senate ; for that reason , ERA supporters deemed it necessary that H.J. Res. 638 be transmitted to then - President Jimmy Carter for signature as a safety precaution . Carter signed the joint resolution , although he noted , on strictly procedural grounds , the irregularity of his doing so . During this disputed extension of slightly more than three years , no additional states ratified or rescinded . President Carter signing H.J. Res. 638 on October 20 , 1978 ( 39 years ago ) ( 1978 - 10 - 20 ) . The purported extension of ERA 's ratification deadline was vigorously contested in 1978 as scholars were divided as to whether Congress actually has authority to revise a previously agreed - to deadline for the states to act upon a Federal constitutional amendment . On June 18 , 1980 , a resolution in the Illinois House of Representatives resulted in a vote of 102 - 71 in favor , but Illinois ' internal parliamentary rules required a three - fifths majority on constitutional amendments and so the measure failed by five votes . In 1982 , seven female ERA supporters went on a fast and seventeen chained themselves to the entrance of the Illinois Senate chamber . The closest that the ERA came to gaining an additional ratification between the original deadline of March 22 , 1979 and the revised June 30 , 1982 , expiration date was when it was approved by the Florida House of Representatives on June 21 , 1982 . In the final week before the revised deadline , that ratifying resolution , however , was defeated in the Florida Senate by a vote of 16 yeas and 22 nays . Even if Florida had ratified the ERA , the proposed amendment would still have fallen short of the required 38 . According to research by Professor Jules B. Gerard , professor of law at Washington University in St. Louis , of the 35 legislatures that passed ratification resolutions , 24 of them explicitly referred to the original 1979 deadline . In the courts / legal officials ( edit ) On December 23 , 1981 , a federal district court , in the case of Idaho v. Freeman , ruled that the extension of the ERA ratification deadline to June 30 , 1982 , was not valid and that , ERA had actually expired from state legislative consideration more than two years earlier on the original expiration date of March 22 , 1979 . On January 25 , 1982 , however , the U.S. Supreme Court `` stayed '' the lower court 's decision , thus signaling to the legislatures of still - unratified states that they may continue consideration of ERA during their spring 1982 legislative sessions . After the disputed June 30 , 1982 , extended deadline had come and gone , the Supreme Court , at the beginning of its new term , on October 4 , 1982 , in the separate case of NOW v. Idaho , 459 U.S. 809 ( 1982 ) , vacated the federal district court decision in Idaho v. Freeman , which , in addition to declaring March 22 , 1979 , as ERA 's expiration date , had upheld the validity of state rescissions . The Supreme Court declared these controversies moot on the grounds that the ERA had not received the required number of ratifications ( 38 ) , so that `` the Amendment has failed of adoption no matter what the resolution of the legal issues presented here . '' In the 1939 case of Coleman v. Miller , the Supreme Court ruled that Congress has the final authority to determine whether , by lapse of time , a proposed constitutional amendment has lost its vitality before being ratified by enough states , and whether state ratifications are effective in light of attempts at subsequent withdrawal . The Court stated : `` We think that , in accordance with this historic precedent , the question of the efficacy of ratifications by state legislatures , in the light of previous rejection or attempted withdrawal , should be regarded as a political question pertaining to the political departments , with the ultimate authority in the Congress in the exercise of its control over the promulgation of the adoption of the amendment . '' The Court , in 1939 , upheld Congressional authority to determine in 1868 that the Fourteenth Amendment was properly ratified , including states that had attempted to rescind prior ratifications . In the context of this judicial precedent , nonpartisan counsel to a Nevada state legislative committee concluded in 2017 that `` If three more states sent their ratification to the appropriate federal official , it would then be up to Congress to determine whether a sufficient number of states have ratified the Equal Rights Amendment . '' Similarly , an informal advisory provided to Virginia State Senator Scott A. Surovell from the Virginia Attorney General 's office stated that Congress has the power to extend the ratification deadline even further . The advisory also stated that even without such a further extension , a contemporary ratification of the ERA by the Virginia General Assembly could be found valid by Congress . In March , 2018 , a formal opinion letter of Virginia Attorney General Mark Herring concurred , stating : `` In light of Congress 's significant control over the amendment process , I can not conclude that it lacks the power to extend the period in which an amendment can be ratified and recognize a State 's intervening ratifying resolution as legally effective for purposes of determining whether the ERA has been ratified . Although the precise issue you raise has not been conclusively resolved , the historical evidence and case law demonstrate Congress 's significant , even plenary , power over the amending process . '' The Attorney General added , citing extensive sources : `` As recognized by the constitutional scholars who testified before Congress and in the report of the House Judiciary Committee recommending extension , the limited Supreme Court precedent in this area suggests that Congress has authority to extend a ratification deadline . '' After thorough discussion of legal precedent and testimony at the Congressional hearings , the opinion letter concluded : `` It is my opinion that the lapse of the ERA 's original and extended ratification periods has not disempowered the ( Virginia ) General Assembly from passing a ratifying resolution . Given Congress 's substantial power over the amending process , I can not conclude that Congress would be powerless to extend or remove the ERA 's ratification deadline and recognize as valid a State 's intervening act of ratification . Indeed , legislation currently pending in Congress seeks to exercise that very power . '' Support for the ERA ( edit ) Supporters of the ERA point to the lack of a specific guarantee in the Constitution for equal rights protections on the basis of sex . In 1973 , future Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg summarized a supporting argument for the ERA in the American Bar Association Journal : The equal rights amendment , in sum , would dedicate the nation to a new view of the rights and responsibilities of men and women . It firmly rejects sharp legislative lines between the sexes as constitutionally tolerable . Instead , it looks toward a legal system in which each person will be judged on the basis of individual merit and not on the basis of an unalterable trait of birth that bears no necessary relationship to need or ability . In the early 1940s both the Democratic and Republican parties added support for the ERA to their platforms . The National Organization for Women ( NOW ) and ERAmerica , a coalition of almost 80 organizations , led the pro-ERA efforts . Between 1972 and 1982 , ERA supporters held rallies , petitioned , picketed , went on hunger strikes , and performed acts of civil disobedience . On July 9 , 1978 , NOW and other organizations hosted a national march in Washington D.C. , which garnered over 100,000 supporters , and was followed by a Lobby Day on July 10 . On June 6 , 1982 , NOW sponsored marches in states that had not passed the ERA including Florida , Illinois , North Carolina , and Oklahoma . Key feminists of the time , such as Gloria Steinem , spoke out in favor of the ERA , arguing that ERA opposition was based on gender myths that overemphasized difference and ignored evidence of unequal treatment between men and women . Support for the ERA among people of color ( edit ) Many women in the African American community have supported the ERA in light of the dual effects of both race and sex discrimination . One prominent female supporter was New York Representative Shirley Chisholm . On August 10 , 1970 , she gave a speech on the ERA called `` For the Equal Rights Amendment '' in Washington D.C. In her address , she pointed out how widespread sex discrimination had become and how the ERA would remedy it . She also said that laws to protect women in the workforce from unsafe working conditions would be needed by men , too , and thus the ERA would help all people . By 1976 , 60 % of African American women and 63 % of African American men were in favor of the ERA , and the legislation was supported by organizations such as the NAACP , National Council of Negro Women , Coalition of Black Trade Unionists , National Association of Negro Business , and the National Black Feminist Organization . Opposition to the ERA ( edit ) Anti-ERA women watching a committee meeting of the Florida Senate in 1979 , where consideration of the ERA was postponed , thus effectively killing the resolution for the 1979 session Opponents of the ERA focused on traditional gender roles , such as how men do the fighting in wartime . They argued that the amendment would guarantee the possibility that women would be subject to conscription and be required to have military combat roles in future wars if it were passed . Defense of traditional gender roles proved to be a useful tactic . In Illinois , supporters of Phyllis Schlafly , a conservative Republican activist from that state , used traditional symbols of the American housewife . They took homemade bread , jams , and apple pies to the state legislators , with the slogans , `` Preserve us from a congressional jam ; Vote against the ERA sham '' and `` I am for Mom and apple pie . '' They appealed to married women by stressing that the amendment would invalidate protective laws such as alimony and eliminate the tendency for mothers to obtain custody over their children in divorce cases . It was suggested that single - sex bathrooms would be eliminated and same - sex couples would be able to get married if the amendment were passed . Traditional women started to oppose the ERA . Schlafly said the ERA was designed for the benefit of young career women and warned that if men and women had to be treated identically it would threaten the security of middle - aged housewives with no job skills . They could no longer count on alimony or Social Security . Opponents also argued that men and women were already equal enough with the passage of the Equal Pay Act of 1963 and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , and that women 's colleges would have to admit men . Schlafly 's argument that protective laws would be lost resonated with working - class women . Phyllis Schlafly , a conservative activist , organized opposition to the ERA and argued that it `` would lead to women being drafted by the military and to public unisex bathrooms '' At the 1980 Republican National Convention , the Republican Party platform was amended to end its support for the ERA . The most prominent opponent of the ERA was Schlafly . Leading the Stop ERA campaign , Schlafly defended traditional gender roles and would often attempt to incite feminists by opening her speeches with lines such as , `` I 'd like to thank my husband for letting me be here tonight -- I always like to say that , because it makes the libs so mad . '' When Schlafly began her campaign in 1972 , public polls showed support for the amendment was widely popular and thirty states had ratified the amendment by 1973 . After 1973 , the number of ratifying states slowed to a trickle . Support in the states that had not ratified fell below 50 % . Critchlow and Stachecki noted that public opinion in key states shifted against the ERA as opponents , operating on the local and state levels , won over the public . The state legislators in battleground states followed public opinion in rejecting the ERA . Experts agree that Phyllis Schlafly was a key player in the defeat . Political scientist Jane Mansbridge in her history of the ERA argues that the draft issue was the single most powerful argument used by Schlafly and the other opponents to defeat ERA . Mansbridge concluded , `` Many people who followed the struggle over the ERA believed -- rightly in my view -- that the Amendment would have been ratified by 1975 or 1976 had it not been for Phyllis Schlafly 's early and effective effort to organize potential opponents . '' Legal scholar Joan C. Williams maintained , `` ERA was defeated when Schlafly turned it into a war among women over gender roles . '' Historian Judith Glazer - Raymo asserted : As moderates , we thought we represented the forces of reason and goodwill but failed to take seriously the power of the family values argument and the single - mindedness of Schlafly and her followers . The ERA 's defeat seriously damaged the women 's movement , destroying its momentum and its potential to foment social change ... Eventually , this resulted in feminist dissatisfaction with the Republican Party , giving the Democrats a new source of strength that when combined with overwhelming minority support , helped elect Bill Clinton to the presidency in 1992 and again in 1996 . Many ERA supporters blamed their defeat on special interest forces , especially the insurance industry and conservative organizations , suggesting that they had funded an opposition that subverted the democratic process and the will of the pro-ERA majority . Such supporters argued that while the public face of the anti-ERA movement was Phyllis Schlafly and her STOP ERA organization , there were other important groups in the opposition as well , such as the powerful National Council of Catholic Women , labor feminists , and ( until 1973 ) the AFL -- CIO . Opposition to the amendment was particularly high among religious conservatives , who argued that the amendment would guarantee universal abortion rights and the right for homosexual couples to marry . Critchlow and Stachecki say the anti-ERA movement was based on strong backing among Southern whites , Evangelical Christians , Mormons , Orthodox Jews , and Roman Catholics , including both men and women . Sonia Johnson , a traditionally - raised Mormon housewife whose eventual feminist advocacy for the ERA 's passage led to her excommunication by the LDS church , subsequently wrote about her experiences in the memoir From Housewife to Heretic . ( Johnson and others led a hunger strike / fast at the Illinois State Senate chamber in an unsuccessful effort to push the Illinois General Assembly toward ERA ratification before the 1982 revised deadline . ) Post-deadline ratifications ( edit ) Beginning in the mid 1990s , ERA supporters began an effort to win ratification of the ERA by the legislatures of states that did not ratify it between 1972 and 1982 . These proponents state that Congress can remove the ERA 's ratification deadline despite the deadline having expired , allowing the states again to ratify it . They also state that the ratifications ERA previously received remain in force and that rescissions of prior ratifications are not valid . Those who espouse the `` three - state strategy '' ( now down to only one state if the Nevada Legislature 's and the Illinois General Assembly 's belated ERA approvals are deemed legitimate ) were spurred , at least in part , by the unconventional 202 - year - long ratification of the Constitution 's Twenty - seventh Amendment ( sometimes referred to as the `` Madison Amendment '' ) which became part of the Constitution in 1992 after pending before the state legislatures since 1789 . Although the `` Madison Amendment '' was not associated with a ratification deadline , whereas the proposing clause of the ERA did include a deadline , states have in the past ratified amendments after a deadline , and Congress has not rejected those ratifications ( as the Supreme Court has said , `` Congress in controlling the promulgation of the adoption of a constitutional amendment has the final determination of the question whether by lapse of time its proposal of the amendment had lost its vitality prior to the required ratifications '' ) . On June 21 , 2009 , the National Organization for Women decided to support both efforts to obtain additional state ratifications for the 1972 ERA and any strategy to submit a fresh - start ERA to the states for ratification . In 2013 , the Library of Congress 's Congressional Research Service issued a report saying that ratification deadlines are a political question : ERA proponents claim that the Supreme Court 's decision in Coleman v. Miller gives Congress wide discretion in setting conditions for the ratification process . The report goes on to say : Revivification opponents caution ERA supporters against an overly broad interpretation of Coleman v. Miller , which , they argue , may have been be ( sic ) a politically influenced decision . However , most recently , ERA Action has both led and brought renewed vigor to the movement by instituting what has become known as the `` three state strategy '' . It was in 2013 that ERA Action began to gain traction with this strategy through their coordination with U.S. Senators and Representatives not only to introduce legislation in both houses of Congress to remove the ratification deadline , but also in gaining legislative sponsors . The Congressional Research Service then issued a report on the `` three state strategy '' on April 8 , 2013 entitled `` The Proposed Equal Rights Amendment : Contemporary Ratification Issues '' , stating that the approach was viable . In 2014 , under the auspices of ERA Action and their coalition partners , both the Virginia and Illinois state senates voted to ratify the ERA . That year , votes were blocked in both states ' House chambers . In the meantime , the ERA ratification movement continued with the resolution being introduced in 10 state legislatures . On March 22 , 2017 , the Nevada Legislature became the first state in 40 years to ratify the ERA . Illinois lawmakers and citizens took another look at the ERA , with hearings , testimony , and research including work by the law firm Winston & Strawn to address common legal questions about the ERA . Illinois state lawmakers ratified the ERA on May 30 , 2018 , with a 72 - 45 vote in the Illinois House following a 43 - 12 vote in the Illinois Senate in April , 2018 . On February 10 , 2018 , the final day of that year 's legislative session on which the Virginia General Assembly committees could have brought up the four ERA resolutions for consideration , women and men from the League of Women Voters and numerous areas and groups across Virginia packed the committee chamber rooms of the Virginia General Assembly , and when the chairmen did not bring up the ERA for a vote , they demanded that the resolutions be given a fair hearing and vote . The House committee did not bring up the resolutions for consideration , and the Virginia Senate Rules Committee voted to table the resolution until the following year , citing an alleged statement from an official at the National Archives and Records Administration . The National Archives and Records Administration later noted that the alleged statement had never occurred . `` ' The Archivist of the United States has not taken such a stance and has never issued an opinion on this matter either officially or unofficially , ' said the agency 's director of communications , James Pritchett , in a statement . '' Subsequent Congressional Action ( edit ) The amendment has been reintroduced in every session of Congress since 1982 . Senator Ted Kennedy ( D - Massachusetts ) championed it in the Senate from the 99th Congress through the 110th Congress . Senator Robert Menendez ( D - New Jersey ) introduced the amendment symbolically at the end of the 111th Congress and has supported it in the 112th Congress . In the House of Representatives , Carolyn Maloney ( D - New York ) has sponsored it since the 105th Congress , most recently in August 2013 . In 1983 , the ERA passed through House committees with the same text as in 1972 ; however , it failed by six votes to achieve the necessary two - thirds vote on the House floor . That was the last time that the ERA received a floor vote in either house of Congress . At the start of the 112th Congress on January 6 , 2011 , Senator Menendez , along with Representatives Maloney , Jerrold Nadler ( D - New York ) and Gwen Moore ( D - Wisconsin ) , held a press conference advocating for the Equal Rights Amendment 's adoption . The 113th Congress had a record number of women . On March 5 , 2013 , the ERA was reintroduced by Senator Menendez as S.J. Res. 10 . The `` New ERA '' introduced in 2013 , sponsored by Representative Carolyn B. Maloney , adds an additional sentence to the original text : `` Women shall have equal rights in the United States and every place subject to its jurisdiction . '' Proposed Removal of ratification deadline ( edit ) On March 8 , 2011 , the 100th anniversary of International Women 's Day , Representative Tammy Baldwin ( D - Wisconsin ) introduced legislation ( H.J. Res. 47 ) to remove the congressionally imposed deadline for ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment . Resolution co-sponsors included Representatives Robert Andrews ( D - New Jersey ) , Jackie Speier ( D - California ) , Luis Gutierrez ( D - Illinois ) , Chellie Pingree ( D - Maine ) and Debbie Wasserman Schultz ( D - Florida ) . On March 22 , 2012 , the 40th anniversary of the ERA 's congressional approval , Senator Benjamin L. Cardin ( D - Maryland ) introduced ( S.J. Res. 39 ) -- which is worded with slight differences from Representative Baldwin 's ( H.J. Res. 47 ) . Senator Cardin was joined by ten other Senators who added their names to the Senate Joint Resolution . On February 24 , 2013 , the New Mexico House of Representatives adopted House Memorial No. 7 asking that the congressionally - imposed deadline for ERA ratification be removed . House Memorial No. 7 was officially received by the U.S. Senate on January 6 , 2014 , was designated as `` POM - 175 '' , was referred to the Senate 's Committee on the Judiciary , and was published verbatim in the Congressional Record at page S24 . State Equal Rights amendments ( edit ) Further information : State Equal Rights Amendments Twenty - four states and the District of Columbia have adopted constitutions or constitutional amendments providing that equal rights under the law shall not be denied because of sex . Most of these provisions mirror the broad language of the ERA , while the wording in others resembles the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . The 1879 Constitution of California contains the earliest state equal rights provision on record . Narrowly written , it limits the equal rights conferred to `` entering or pursuing a business , profession , vocation , or employment '' . Near the end of the 19th century two more states , Wyoming ( 1890 ) and Utah ( 1896 ) , included equal rights provisions in their constitutions . These provisions were broadly written to ensure political and civil equality between women and men . Several states crafted and adopted their own equal rights amendments during the 1970s and 1980s , while the ERA was before the states , or afterward . Some state equal rights amendments and original constitutional equal rights provisions are : Alaska -- No person is to be denied the enjoyment of any civil or political right because of race , color , creed , sex or national origin . The legislature shall implement this section . Alaska Constitution , Article I , § 3 ( 1972 ) California -- A person may not be disqualified from entering or pursuing a business , profession , vocation , or employment because of sex , race , creed , color , or national or ethnic origin . California Constitution , Article I , § 8 ( 1879 ) Colorado -- Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the state of Colorado or any of its political subdivisions because of sex . Colorado Constitution , Article II , § 29 ( 1973 ) Connecticut -- No person shall be denied the equal protection of the law nor be subjected to segregation or discrimination in the exercise or enjoyment of his or her civil or political rights because of religion , race , color , ancestry , national origin , sex or physical or mental disability . Connecticut Constitution , Article I , § 20 ( 1984 ) Illinois -- The equal protection of the laws shall not be denied or abridged on account of sex by the State or its units of local government and school districts . Illinois Constitution , Article I , § 18 ( 1970 ) Iowa -- All men and women are , by nature , free and equal and have certain inalienable rights -- among which are those of enjoying and defending life and liberty , acquiring , possessing and protecting property , and pursuing and obtaining safety and happiness . Iowa Constitution , Article I , § 1 ( 1998 ) Maryland -- Equality of rights under the law shall not be abridged or denied because of sex . Maryland Constitution , Declaration of Rights , Article 46 ( 1972 ) Massachusetts -- All people are born free and equal , and have certain natural , essential , and unalienable rights ; among which may be reckoned the right of enjoying and defending their lives and liberties ; that of acquiring , possessing and protecting property ; in fine , that of seeking and obtaining their safety and happiness . Equality under the law shall not be denied or abridged because of sex , race , color , creed or national origin . Massachusetts Constitution , Part 1 , Article 1 as amended by Article CVI by vote of the People , ( 1976 ) Montana -- Individual dignity . The dignity of the human being is inviolable . No person shall be denied the equal protection of the laws . Neither the state nor any person , firm , corporation , or institution shall discriminate against any person in the exercise of his civil or political rights on account of race , color , sex , culture , social origin or condition , or political or religious ideas . Montana Constitution , Article II , § 4 ( 1973 ) Oregon -- Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the state of Oregon or by any political subdivision in this state on account of sex . Oregon Constitution , Article I , § 46 ( 2014 ) Utah -- The rights of citizens of the State of Utah to vote and hold office shall not be denied or abridged on account of sex . Both male and female citizens of this State shall enjoy all civil , political and religious rights and privileges . Utah Constitution , Article IV , § 1 ( 1896 ) Washington , DC -- It is the intent of the Council of the District of Columbia , in enacting this chapter , to secure an end in the District of Columbia to discrimination for any reason other than that of individual merit , including , but not limited to , discrimination by reason of race , color , religion , national origin , sex , age , marital status , personal appearance , sexual orientation , gender identity or expression familial status , family responsibilities , matriculation , political affiliation , genetic information , disability , source of income , status as a victim of an intrafamily offense , and place of residence or business . District of Columbia Code ( Title 2 , Chapter 14 , Human Rights Act of 1977 , as Amended Mar. 2007 ) Wyoming -- In their inherent right to life , liberty and the pursuit of happiness , all members of the human race are equal . Since equality in the enjoyment of natural and civil rights is only made sure through political equality , the laws of this state affecting the political rights and privileges of its citizens shall be without distinction of race , color , sex , or any circumstance or condition whatsoever other than the individual incompetency or unworthiness duly ascertained by a court of competent jurisdiction . The rights of citizens of the state of Wyoming to vote and hold office shall not be denied or abridged on account of sex . Both male and female citizens of this state shall equally enjoy all civil , political and religious rights and privileges . 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A9 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Sullivan , Patricia ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Virginia 's hopes of ERA ratification go down in flames this year '' . Washington Post . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Oliver , Ned ( July 25 , 2018 ) . `` Only one more state needs to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment . Will it be Virginia ? '' . Virginia Mercury . Retrieved July 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Equal Rights Amendment : 111th Congress '' ( PDF ) . maloney.house.gov . July 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Summary & Status 113th Congress ( 2013 - 2014 ) H.J. Res. 56 '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ Randall , Vicky ( 1987 ) . Women and Politics : An International Perspective . University of Chicago Press . p. 308 . ISBN 9780226703923 . Jump up ^ `` As Constitution is read aloud , Maloney , Menendez , Nadler , Moore cite need for Equal Rights Amendment '' . maloney.house.gov ( Press release ) . January 6 , 2011 . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Text 113th Congress ( 2013 - 2014 ) S.J. RES.10.IS '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ Gray , Kaili Joy ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Democrats re-re - re-reintroduce Equal Rights Amendment ... but shhhh , do n't tell anyone '' . dailykos.com . Jump up ^ Neuwirth , Jessica ( 2015 ) . Equal Means Equal . New York : The New Press . p. 102 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62097 - 039 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Rep. Baldwin : Seeks to speed ratification of Equal Rights Amendment '' . wispolitics.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` All Bill Information ( Except Text ) for S.J. Res. 39 - A joint resolution removing the deadline for the ratification of the equal rights amendment '' . congress.gov . Jump up ^ 51st Legislature , State of New Mexico , First Session , 2013 , House Memorial 7 ( PDF ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Roundhouse roundup , Feb. 11 , 2013 '' . Las Cruces Sun - News . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ 113th Congress , 2nd Session , `` Congressional Record '' ( PDF ) , congress.gov ( Vol. 160 , No. 2 ) , p . S21 Jump up ^ Gladstone , Leslie ( August 23 , 2004 ) . `` Equal Rights Amendment : State Provisions '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Leslie W. Gladstone ( August 23 , 2004 ) . `` Equal Rights Amendments : State Provisions '' ( PDF ) . CRS Report for Congress . Congressional Research Service - The Library of Congress . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` VoteERA.org Equal Rights Amendment Women 's Full Equality '' . VoteERA.org Equal Rights Amendment Women 's Full Equality . Further reading ( edit ) Baldez , Lisa ; Epstein , Lee ; Martin , Andrew D. ( 2006 ) . `` Does the U.S. Constitution Need an Equal Rights Amendment ? '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Legal Studies . 35 ( 1 ) : 243 -- 283 . doi : 10.1086 / 498836 . Bradley , Martha S. ( 2005 ) . Pedestals and Podiums : Utah Women , Religious Authority , and Equal Rights . Salt Lake City , UT : Signature Books . ISBN 1 - 56085 - 189 - 9 . Critchlow , Donald T. ( 2005 ) . Phyllis Schlafly and Grassroots Conservatism : A Woman 's Crusade . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 07002 - 4 . Critchlow , Donald T. , and Stachecki , Cynthia L. ( 2008 ) . `` The Equal Rights Amendment Reconsidered : Politics , Policy , and Social Mobilization in a Democracy '' , Journal of Policy History Volume 20 , Number 1 online Dunlap , Mary C. ( 1976 ) `` The Equal Rights Amendment and the Courts '' . Pepperdine Law Review Volume 3 , Number 1 online Hatch , Orrin G. ( 1983 ) . The Equal Rights Amendment : Myths and Realities , Savant Press . Kempker , Erin M. ( 2013 ) `` Coalition and Control : Hoosier Feminists and the Equal Rights Amendment '' . Frontiers : A Journal of Women Studies 34.2 ( 2013 ) : 52 - 82 . online Lee , Rex E. ( 1980 ) . A Lawyer Looks at the Equal Rights Amendment . Provo , UT : Brigham Young University Press . ISBN 0 - 8425 - 1883 - 5 . Mansbridge , Jane J. ( 1986 ) . Why We Lost the ERA . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 50358 - 5 . McBride , Genevieve G. ( 2005 ) . `` ' Forward ' Women : Winning the Wisconsin Campaign for the Country 's First ERA , 1921 . '' . In Peter Watson Boone ( ed . ) . The Quest for Social Justice III . Milwaukee , WI : UW - Milwaukee . ISBN 1 - 879281 - 26 - 0 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Neale , T.H. ( 2013 ) . The proposed Equal Rights Amendment : Contemporary ratification issues ( Washington , DC : Congressional Research Service ) online External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Equal Rights Amendment . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Equal Rights Amendment Jane Mansbridge ERA podcast Alice Paul Institute Ratify ERA 2018 United4Equality VoteERA.org/ Eagle Forum Women Matter ERA Coalition Katrina 's Dream ERA Action 2015 article on attempts to revive the amendment in Virginia Ginsburg , Ruth Bader ( 7 April 1975 ) . `` Opinion : The Fear of the Equal Rights Amendment '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 3 May 2017 . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . But opponents continue a campaign appealing to our insecurity . The campaign theme is fear , fear of unsettling familiar and , for many men and women , comfortable patterns ; fear of change , engendering counsel that we should not deviate from current arrangements , because we can not fully forecast what an equal opportunity society would be like . SMITH , TAMMIE ( Aug 26 , 2018 ) . `` Hundreds attend event to support Virginia 's effort to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch . Richmond Times - Dispatch . Retrieved 28 August 2018 . 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Vitamin K

Vitamin K - wikipedia Vitamin K This article is about the family of vitamers . For vitamin K , the form usually used as a supplement , see Phytomenadione . Vitamin K Drug class Vitamin K structures . MK - 4 and MK - 7 are both subtypes of K . Class identifiers Use Vitamin K deficiency , Warfarin overdose ATC code B02BA Biological target Gamma - glutamyl carboxylase Clinical data Drugs.com Medical Encyclopedia External links MeSH D014812 In Wikidata Vitamin K is a group of structurally similar , fat - soluble vitamins that the human body requires for complete synthesis of certain proteins that are prerequisites for blood coagulation ( K from Koagulation , Danish for `` coagulation '' ) and which the body also needs for controlling binding of calcium in bones and other tissues . The vitamin K - related modification of the proteins allows them to bind calcium ions , which they can not do otherwise . Without vitamin K , blood coagulation is seriously impaired , and uncontrolled bleeding occurs . Preliminary clinical research indicates that deficiency of vitamin K may weaken bones , potentially leading to osteoporosis , and may promote calcification of arteries and other soft tissues . Chemically , the vitamin K family comprises 2 - methyl - 1 , 4 - naphthoquinone ( 3 - ) derivatives . Vitamin K includes two natural vitamers : vitamin K and vitamin K. Vitamin K , in turn , consists of a number of related chemical subtypes , with differing lengths of carbon side chains made of isoprenoid groups of atoms . Vitamin K , also known as phylloquinone , is made by plants , and is found in highest amounts in green leafy vegetables because it is directly involved in photosynthesis . It may be thought of as the plant form of vitamin K. It is active as a vitamin in animals and performs the classic functions of vitamin K , including its activity in the production of blood - clotting proteins . Animals may also convert it to vitamin K . Bacteria in the gut flora can also convert K into vitamin K ( menaquinone ) . In addition , bacteria typically lengthen the isoprenoid side chain of vitamin K to produce a range of vitamin K forms , most notably the MK - 7 to MK - 11 homologues of vitamin K. All forms of K other than MK - 4 can only be produced by bacteria , which use these forms in anaerobic respiration . The MK - 7 and other bacterially derived forms of vitamin K exhibit vitamin K activity in animals , but MK - 7 's extra utility over MK - 4 , if any , is unclear and is a matter of investigation . Because a synthetic form of vitamin K , vitamin K ( menadione ) , may be toxic by interfering with the function of glutathione , it is no longer used to treat vitamin K deficiency . Contents ( hide ) 1 Health effects 1.1 Osteoporosis 1.2 Cardiovascular health 1.3 Cancer 1.4 Warfarin overdose and Coumadin poisoning 2 Side effects 3 Interactions 4 Chemistry 4.1 Conversion of vitamin K to vitamin K 4.2 Vitamin K 5 Physiology 6 Absorption and dietary need 7 Dietary recommendations 8 Food sources 8.1 Vitamin K 9 Deficiency 10 Biochemistry 10.1 Function in animals 10.2 Gamma - carboxyglutamate proteins 10.3 Methods of assessment 10.4 Function in bacteria 11 Injection in newborns 11.1 United States 11.2 United Kingdom 11.3 Controversy 12 History 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 External links Health effects ( edit ) Osteoporosis ( edit ) A review of 2014 concluded that there is positive evidence that monotherapy using MK - 4 , one of the forms of Vitamin K , reduces fracture incidence in post-menopausal women with osteoporosis , and suggested further research on the combined use of MK - 4 with bisphosphonates . In contrast , an earlier review article of 2013 concluded that there is no good evidence that vitamin K supplementation helps prevent osteoporosis or fractures in postmenopausal women . A Cochrane systematic review of 2006 suggested that supplementation with Vitamin K and with MK4 reduces bone loss ; in particular , a strong effect of MK - 4 on incident fractures among Japanese patients was emphasized . A review article of 2016 suggested to consider , as one of several measures for bone health , increasing the intake of foods rich in vitamins K and K . Cardiovascular Health ( edit ) Adequate intake of vitamin K is associated with the inhibition of arterial calcification and stiffening , but there have been few interventional studies and no good evidence that vitamin K supplementation is of any benefit in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease . One 10 - year population study , the Rotterdam Study , did show a clear and significant inverse relationship between the highest intake levels of menaquinone ( mainly MK - 4 from eggs and meat , and MK - 8 and MK - 9 from cheese ) and cardiovascular disease and all - cause mortality in older men and women . Cancer ( edit ) Vitamin K has been promoted in supplement form with claims it can slow tumor growth ; however , no good medical evidence supports such claims . Warfarin overdose and Coumadin poisoning ( edit ) Vitamin K is one of the treatments for bleeding events caused by overdose of the anticoagulant drug warfarin ( Coumadin ® ) . Vitamin K is also part of the suggested treatment regime for poisoning by rodenticide ( coumarin poisoning ) . Side effects ( edit ) Although allergic reaction from supplementation is possible , no known toxicity is associated with high doses of the phylloquinone ( vitamin K ) or menaquinone ( vitamin K ) forms of vitamin K , so no tolerable upper intake level ( UL ) has been set . Blood clotting ( coagulation ) studies in humans using 45 mg per day of vitamin K ( as MK - 4 ) and even up to 135 mg per day ( 45 mg three times daily ) of K ( as MK - 4 ) , showed no increase in blood clot risk . Even doses in rats as high as 250 mg / kg , body weight did not alter the tendency for blood - clot formation to occur . Unlike the safe natural forms of vitamin K and vitamin K and their various isomers , a synthetic form of vitamin K , vitamin K ( menadione ) , is demonstrably toxic at high levels . The U.S. FDA has banned this form from over-the - counter sale in the United States because large doses have been shown to cause allergic reactions , hemolytic anemia , and cytotoxicity in liver cells . Interactions ( edit ) Phylloquinone ( K ) or menaquinone ( K ) are capable of reversing the anticoagulant activity of the anticoagulant warfarin ( tradename Coumadin ) . Warfarin works by blocking recycling of vitamin K , so that the body and tissues have lower levels of active vitamin K , and thus a deficiency of vitamin K . Supplemental vitamin K ( for which oral dosing is often more active than injectable dosing in human adults ) reverses the vitamin K deficiency caused by warfarin , and therefore reduces the intended anticoagulant action of warfarin and related drugs . Sometimes small amounts of vitamin K are given orally to patients taking warfarin so that the action of the drug is more predictable . The proper anticoagulant action of the drug is a function of vitamin K intake and drug dose , and due to differing absorption must be individualized for each patient . The action of warfarin and vitamin K both require two to five days after dosing to have maximum effect , and neither warfarin or vitamin K shows much effect in the first 24 hours after they are given . The newer anticoagulants dabigatran and rivaroxaban have different mechanisms of action that do not interact with vitamin K , and may be taken with supplemental vitamin K . Chemistry ( edit ) Vitamin K ( menaquinone ) . In menaquinone , the side chain is composed of a varying number of isoprenoid residues . The most common number of these residues is four , since animal enzymes normally produce menaquinone - 4 from plant phylloquinone . A sample of phytomenadione for injection , also called phylloquinone The three synthetic forms of vitamin K are vitamins K ( menadione ) , K , and K , which are used in many areas , including the pet food industry ( vitamin K ) and to inhibit fungal growth ( vitamin K ) . Conversion of vitamin K to vitamin K ( edit ) Vitamin K ( phylloquinone ) -- both forms of the vitamin contain a functional naphthoquinone ring and an aliphatic side chain . Phylloquinone has a phytyl side chain . The MK - 4 form of vitamin K is produced by conversion of vitamin K in the testes , pancreas , and arterial walls . While major questions still surround the biochemical pathway for this transformation , the conversion is not dependent on gut bacteria , as it occurs in germ - free rats and in parenterally administered K in rats . In fact , tissues that accumulate high amounts of MK - 4 have a remarkable capacity to convert up to 90 % of the available K into MK - 4 . There is evidence that the conversion proceeds by removal of the phytyl tail of K to produce menadione as an intermediate , which is then condensed with an activated geranylgeranyl moiety ( see also prenylation ) to produce vitamin K in the MK - 4 ( menatetrenone ) form . Vitamin K ( edit ) Main article : Vitamin K Vitamin K ( menaquinone ) includes several subtypes . The two most studied ones are menaquinone - 4 ( menatetrenone , MK - 4 ) and menaquinone - 7 ( MK - 7 ) . Physiology ( edit ) Vitamin K , the precursor of most vitamin K in nature , is a stereoisomer of phylloquinone , an important chemical in green plants , where it functions as an electron acceptor in photosystem I during photosynthesis . For this reason , vitamin K is found in large quantities in the photosynthetic tissues of plants ( green leaves , and dark green leafy vegetables such as romaine lettuce , kale , and spinach ) , but it occurs in far smaller quantities in other plant tissues ( roots , fruits , etc . ) . Iceberg lettuce contains relatively little . The function of phylloquinone in plants appears to have no resemblance to its later metabolic and biochemical function ( as `` vitamin K '' ) in animals , where it performs a completely different biochemical reaction . Vitamin K ( in animals ) is involved in the carboxylation of certain glutamate residues in proteins to form gamma - carboxyglutamate ( Gla ) residues . The modified residues are often ( but not always ) situated within specific protein domains called Gla domains . Gla residues are usually involved in binding calcium , and are essential for the biological activity of all known Gla proteins . At this time , 17 human proteins with Gla domains have been discovered , and they play key roles in the regulation of three physiological processes : Blood coagulation : prothrombin ( factor II ) , factors VII , IX , and X , and proteins C , S , and Z Bone metabolism : osteocalcin , also called bone Gla protein ( BGP ) , matrix Gla protein ( MGP ) , periostin , and the recently discovered Gla - rich protein ( GRP ) . Vascular biology : growth arrest - specific protein 6 ( Gas6 ) Unknown function : proline - rich γ - carboxyglutamyl proteins ( PRGPs ) 1 and 2 , and transmembrane γ - carboxy glutamyl proteins ( TMGs ) 3 and 4 . Like other lipid - soluble vitamins ( A , D , and E ) , vitamin K is stored in the fatty tissue of the human body . Absorption and dietary need ( edit ) Previous theory held that dietary deficiency is extremely rare unless the small intestine was heavily damaged , resulting in malabsorption of the molecule . Another at - risk group for deficiency were those subject to decreased production of K by normal intestinal microbiota , as seen in broad - spectrum antibiotic use . Taking broad - spectrum antibiotics can reduce vitamin K production in the gut by nearly 74 % in people compared with those not taking these antibiotics . Diets low in vitamin K also decrease the body 's vitamin K concentration . Those with chronic kidney disease are at risk for vitamin K deficiency , as well as vitamin D deficiency , and particularly those with the apoE4 genotype . Additionally , the elderly have a reduction in vitamin K . Dietary recommendations ( edit ) The U.S. Institute of Medicine ( IOM ) updated Estimated Average Requirements ( EARs ) and Recommended Dietary Allowances ( RDAs ) for vitamin K in 1998 . The IOM does not distinguish between K and K -- both are counted as vitamin K . At that time , t sufficient information was not available to establish EARs and RDAs for vitamin K . In instances such as these , the board sets Adequate Intakes ( AIs ) , with the understanding that at some later date , AIs will be replaced by more exact information . The current AIs for adult women and men ages 19 and up are 90 and 120 μg / day , respectively . AI for pregnancy is 90 μg / day . AI for lactation is 90 μg / day . For infants up to 12 months , the AI is 2.0 - 2.5 μg / day ; for children ages 1 -- 18 years the AI increases with age from 30 to 75 μg / day . As for safety , the IOM sets tolerable upper intake levels ( known as ULs ) for vitamins and minerals when evidence is sufficient . Vitamin K has no UL , as human data for adverse effects from high doses are inadequate . Collectively , the EARs , RDAs , AIs and ULs are referred to as Dietary Reference Intakes . The European Food Safety Authority ( EFSA ) refers to the collective set of information as Dietary Reference Values , with Population Reference Intake ( PRI ) instead of RDA , and Average Requirement instead of EAR . AI and UL are defined the same as in United States . For women and men over age 18 the AI is set at 70 μg / day . AI for pregnancy is 70 μg / day , ad for lactation 70 μg / day . For children ages 1 -- 17 years , the AIs increase with age from 12 to 65 μg / day . These AIs are lower than the U.S. RDAs . The EFSA also reviewed the safety question and reached the same conclusion as in United States - that there was not sufficient evidence to set a UL for vitamin K . For U.S. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes , the amount in a serving is expressed as a percentage of Daily Value ( % DV ) . For vitamin K labeling purposes , 100 % of the Daily Value was 80 μg , but as of May 27 , 2016 , it was revised upwards to 120 μg , to bring it into agreement with the AI . A table of the old and new adult Daily Values is provided at Reference Daily Intake . The original deadline to be in compliance was July 28 , 2018 , but on September 29 , 2017 , the FDA released a proposed rule that extended the deadline to January 1 , 2020 for large companies and January 1 , 2021 for small companies . Food sources ( edit ) See also : Vitamin K2 § Dietary sources Vitamin K ( edit ) Food Serving size Vitamin K ( μg ) Food Serving size Vitamin K ( μg ) Kale , cooked ​ ⁄ cup 531 Parsley , raw ​ ⁄ cup 246 Spinach , cooked ​ ⁄ cup , 77g 444 Spinach , raw 1 cup 145 Collards , cooked ​ ⁄ cup 418 Collards , raw 1 cup 184 Swiss chard , cooked ​ ⁄ cup 287 Swiss chard , raw 1 cup 299 Mustard greens , cooked ​ ⁄ cup 210 Mustard greens , raw 1 cup 279 Turnip greens , cooked ​ ⁄ cup 265 Turnip greens , raw 1 cup 138 Broccoli , cooked 1 cup 220 Broccoli , raw 1 cup 89 Brussels sprouts , cooked 1 cup 219 Endive , raw 1 cup 116 Cabbage , cooked ​ ⁄ cup 82 Green leaf lettuce 1 cup 71 Asparagus 4 spears 48 Romaine lettuce , raw 1 cup 57 Table from `` Important information to know when you are taking : Warfarin ( Coumadin ) and Vitamin K '' , Clinical Center , National Institutes of Health Drug Nutrient Interaction Task Force . Vitamin K is found chiefly in leafy green vegetables such as spinach , swiss chard , lettuce and Brassica vegetables ( such as cabbage , kale , cauliflower , broccoli , and brussels sprouts ) and often the absorption is greater when accompanied by fats such as butter or oils . Some fruits , such as avocados , kiwifruit and grapes , also contain vitamin K. Some vegetable oils , notably soybean oil , contain vitamin K , but at levels that would require relatively large calorie consumption to meet the recommended amounts . The tight binding of vitamin K to thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts makes it less bioavailable . For example , cooked spinach has a 5 % bioavailability of phylloquinone , however , fat added to it increases bioavailability to 13 % due to the increased solubility of vitamin K in fat . Deficiency ( edit ) Main article : Vitamin K deficiency Average diets are usually not lacking in vitamin K , and primary deficiency is rare in healthy adults . Newborn infants are at an increased risk of deficiency . Other populations with an increased prevalence of vitamin K deficiency include those who suffer from liver damage or disease ( e.g. alcoholics ) , cystic fibrosis , or inflammatory bowel diseases , or have recently had abdominal surgeries . Secondary vitamin K deficiency can occur in people with bulimia , those on stringent diets , and those taking anticoagulants . Other drugs associated with vitamin K deficiency include salicylates , barbiturates , and cefamandole , although the mechanisms are still unknown . Vitamin K deficiency can result in coagulopathy , a bleeding disorder . Symptoms of K deficiency include anemia , bruising , nosebleeds and bleeding of the gums in both sexes , and heavy menstrual bleeding in women . Osteoporosis and coronary heart disease are strongly associated with lower levels of K ( menaquinone ) . Vitamin K ( as menaquinones MK - 4 through MK - 10 ) intake level is inversely related to severe aortic calcification and all - cause mortality . Biochemistry ( edit ) Function in animals ( edit ) Mechanism of action of vitamin K . The function of vitamin K in the animal cell is to add a carboxylic acid functional group to a glutamate ( Glu ) amino acid residue in a protein , to form a gamma - carboxyglutamate ( Gla ) residue . This is a somewhat uncommon posttranslational modification of the protein , which is then known as a `` Gla protein '' . The presence of two − COOH ( carboxylic acid ) groups on the same carbon in the gamma - carboxyglutamate residue allows it to chelate calcium ions . The binding of calcium ions in this way very often triggers the function or binding of Gla - protein enzymes , such as the so - called vitamin K - dependent clotting factors discussed below . Within the cell , vitamin K undergoes electron reduction to a reduced form called vitamin K hydroquinone , catalyzed by the enzyme vitamin K epoxide reductase ( VKOR ) . Another enzyme then oxidizes vitamin K hydroquinone to allow carboxylation of Glu to Gla ; this enzyme is called gamma - glutamyl carboxylase or the vitamin K - dependent carboxylase . The carboxylation reaction only proceeds if the carboxylase enzyme is able to oxidize vitamin K hydroquinone to vitamin K epoxide at the same time . The carboxylation and epoxidation reactions are said to be coupled . Vitamin K epoxide is then reconverted to vitamin K by VKOR . The reduction and subsequent reoxidation of vitamin K coupled with carboxylation of Glu is called the vitamin K cycle . Humans are rarely deficient in vitamin K because , in part , vitamin K is continuously recycled in cells . Warfarin and other 4 - hydroxycoumarins block the action of VKOR . This results in decreased concentrations of vitamin K and vitamin K hydroquinone in tissues , such that the carboxylation reaction catalyzed by the glutamyl carboxylase is inefficient . This results in the production of clotting factors with inadequate Gla . Without Gla on the amino termini of these factors , they no longer bind stably to the blood vessel endothelium and can not activate clotting to allow formation of a clot during tissue injury . As it is impossible to predict what dose of warfarin will give the desired degree of clotting suppression , warfarin treatment must be carefully monitored to avoid overdose . Gamma - carboxyglutamate proteins ( edit ) Main article : Gla domain The following human Gla - containing proteins ( `` Gla proteins '' ) have been characterized to the level of primary structure : blood coagulation factors II ( prothrombin ) , VII , IX , and X , anticoagulant proteins C and S , and the factor X-targeting protein Z . The bone Gla protein osteocalcin , the calcification - inhibiting matrix Gla protein ( MGP ) , the cell growth regulating growth arrest specific gene 6 protein ( Gas6 ) , and the four transmembrane Gla proteins ( TMGPs ) , the function of which is at present unknown . Gas6 can function as a growth factor to activate the Axl receptor tyrosine kinase and stimulate cell proliferation or prevent apoptosis in some cells . In all cases in which their function was known , the presence of the Gla residues in these proteins turned out to be essential for functional activity . Gla proteins are known to occur in a wide variety of vertebrates : mammals , birds , reptiles , and fish . The venom of a number of Australian snakes acts by activating the human blood - clotting system . In some cases , activation is accomplished by snake Gla - containing enzymes that bind to the endothelium of human blood vessels and catalyze the conversion of procoagulant clotting factors into activated ones , leading to unwanted and potentially deadly clotting . Another interesting class of invertebrate Gla - containing proteins is synthesized by the fish - hunting snail Conus geographus . These snails produce a venom containing hundreds of neuroactive peptides , or conotoxins , which is sufficiently toxic to kill an adult human . Several of the conotoxins contain two to five Gla residues . Methods of assessment ( edit ) Vitamin K status can be assessed by : The prothrombin time ( PT ) test measures the time required for blood to clot . A blood sample is mixed with citric acid and put in a fibrometer ; delayed clot formation indicates a deficiency . This test is insensitive to mild deficiency , as the values do not change until the concentration of prothrombin in the blood has declined by at least 50 % . Undercarboxylated prothrombin ( PIVKA - II ) ; in a study of 53 newborns , found `` PT ( prothrombin time ) is a less sensitive marker than PIVKA II '' , and as indicated above , PT is unable to detect subclinical deficiencies that can be detected with PIVKA - II testing . Plasma phylloquinone was found to be positively correlated with phylloquinone intake in elderly British women , but not men , but an article by Schurgers et al. reported no correlation between responses in a food frequency questionnaire and plasma phylloquinone . Urinary γ - carboxyglutamic acid responds to changes in dietary vitamin K intake . Several days are required before any change can be observed . In a study by Booth et al. , increases of phylloquinone intakes from 100 μg to between 377 and 417 μg for five days did not induce a significant change . Response may be age - specific . Undercarboxylated osteocalcin ( UcOc ) levels have been inversely correlated with stores of vitamin K and bone strength in developing rat tibiae . Another study following 78 post-menopausal Korean women found a supplement regimen of vitamins K and D , and calcium , but not a regimen of vitamin D and calcium , was inversely correlated with reduced UcOc levels . Function in bacteria ( edit ) Many bacteria , such as Escherichia coli found in the large intestine , can synthesize vitamin K ( menaquinone - 7 or MK - 7 , up to MK - 11 ) , but not vitamin K ( phylloquinone ) . In these bacteria , menaquinone transfers two electrons between two different small molecules , during oxygen - independent metabolic energy production processes ( anaerobic respiration ) . For example , a small molecule with an excess of electrons ( also called an electron donor ) such as lactate , formate , or NADH , with the help of an enzyme , passes two electrons to menaquinone . The menaquinone , with the help of another enzyme , then transfers these two electrons to a suitable oxidant , such fumarate or nitrate ( also called an electron acceptor ) . Adding two electrons to fumarate or nitrate converts the molecule to succinate or nitrite plus water , respectively . Some of these reactions generate a cellular energy source , ATP , in a manner similar to eukaryotic cell aerobic respiration , except the final electron acceptor is not molecular oxygen , but fumarate or nitrate . In aerobic respiration , the final oxidant is molecular oxygen ( O ) , which accepts four electrons from an electron donor such as NADH to be converted to water . E. coli , as facultative anaerobes , can carry out both aerobic respiration and menaquinone - mediated anaerobic respiration . Injection in newborns ( edit ) The blood clotting factors of newborn babies are roughly 30 -- 60 % that of adult values ; this may be due to the reduced synthesis of precursor proteins and the sterility of their guts . Human milk contains 1 -- 4 μg / L of vitamin K , while formula - derived milk can contain up to 100 μg / L in supplemented formulas . Vitamin K concentrations in human milk appear to be much lower than those of vitamin K. Occurrence of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in the first week of the infant 's life is estimated at 0.25 -- 1.7 % , with a prevalence of 2 -- 10 cases per 100,000 births . Premature babies have even lower levels of the vitamin , so they are at a higher risk from this deficiency . Bleeding in infants due to vitamin K deficiency can be severe , leading to hospitalization , blood transfusions , brain damage , and death . Supplementation can prevent most cases of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in the newborn . Intramuscular administration ( known as the Vitamin K shot ) is more effective in preventing late vitamin K deficiency bleeding than oral administration . United States ( edit ) As a result of the occurrences of vitamin K deficiency bleeding , the Committee on Nutrition of the American Academy of Pediatrics has recommended 0.5 -- 1 mg of vitamin K be administered to all newborns shortly after birth . United kingdom ( edit ) In the UK , vitamin K supplementation is recommended for all newborns within the first 24 hours . This is usually given as a single intramuscular injection of 1 mg shortly after birth but as a second - line option can be given by three oral doses over the first month . Controversy ( edit ) Controversy arose in the early 1990s regarding this practice , when two studies suggested a relationship between parenteral administration of vitamin K and childhood cancer . However , poor methods and small sample sizes led to the discrediting of these studies , and a review of the evidence published in 2000 by Ross and Davies found no link between the two . Doctors reported emerging concerns in 2013 , after treating children for serious bleeding problems . They cited lack of newborn vitamin K administration as the reason that the problems occurred , and recommended that breastfed babies could have an increased risk unless they receive a preventative dose . History ( edit ) In 1929 , Danish scientist Henrik Dam investigated the role of cholesterol by feeding chickens a cholesterol - depleted diet . He initially replicated experiments reported by scientists at the Ontario Agricultural College ( OAC ) . McFarlane , Graham and Richardson , working on the chick feed program at OAC , had used chloroform to remove all fat from chick chow . They noticed that chicks fed only fat - depleted chow developed hemorrhages and started bleeding from tag sites . Dam found that these defects could not be restored by adding purified cholesterol to the diet . It appeared that -- together with the cholesterol -- a second compound had been extracted from the food , and this compound was called the coagulation vitamin . The new vitamin received the letter K because the initial discoveries were reported in a German journal , in which it was designated as Koagulationsvitamin . Edward Adelbert Doisy of Saint Louis University did much of the research that led to the discovery of the structure and chemical nature of vitamin K. Dam and Doisy shared the 1943 Nobel Prize for medicine for their work on vitamin K ( K and K ) published in 1939 . Several laboratories synthesized the compound ( s ) in 1939 . For several decades , the vitamin K - deficient chick model was the only method of quantifying vitamin K in various foods : the chicks were made vitamin K - deficient and subsequently fed with known amounts of vitamin K - containing food . The extent to which blood coagulation was restored by the diet was taken as a measure for its vitamin K content . Three groups of physicians independently found this : Biochemical Institute , University of Copenhagen ( Dam and Johannes Glavind ) , University of Iowa Department of Pathology ( Emory Warner , Kenneth Brinkhous , and Harry Pratt Smith ) , and the Mayo Clinic ( Hugh Butt , Albert Snell , and Arnold Osterberg ) . The first published report of successful treatment with vitamin K of life - threatening hemorrhage in a jaundiced patient with prothrombin deficiency was made in 1938 by Smith , Warner , and Brinkhous . The precise function of vitamin K was not discovered until 1974 , when three laboratories ( Stenflo et al. , Nelsestuen et al. , and Magnusson et al . ) isolated the vitamin K - dependent coagulation factor prothrombin ( factor II ) from cows that received a high dose of a vitamin K antagonist , warfarin . It was shown that , while warfarin - treated cows had a form of prothrombin that contained 10 glutamate ( Glu ) amino acid residues near the amino terminus of this protein , the normal ( untreated ) cows contained 10 unusual residues that were chemically identified as γ - carboxyglutamate ( Gla ) . The extra carboxyl group in Gla made clear that vitamin K plays a role in a carboxylation reaction during which Glu is converted into Gla . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Vitamin K '' . Micronutrient Information Center , Linus Pauling Institute , Oregon State University , Corvallis , OR . July 2014 . Retrieved 20 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vitamin K Overview '' . University of Maryland Medical Center . Jump up ^ Hamidi , M. S. ; Gajic - Veljanoski , O. ; Cheung , A. M. ( 2013 ) . `` Vitamin K and bone health '' . Journal of Clinical Densitometry ( Review ) . 16 ( 4 ) : 409 -- 413 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jocd. 2013.08. 017 . PMID 24090644 . Jump up ^ Cockayne , S. ; Adamson , J. ; Lanham - New , S. ; Shearer , M. J. ; Gilbody , S ; Torgerson , D. J. ( Jun 2006 ) . `` Vitamin K and the prevention of fractures : systematic review and meta - analysis of randomized controlled trials '' . Archives of Internal Medicine ( Review ) . 166 ( 12 ) : 1256 -- 1261 . doi : 10.1001 / archinte. 166.12. 1256 . PMID 16801507 . Jump up ^ O'Keefe , J. H. ; Bergman , N. ; Carrera Bastos , P. ; Fontes Villalba , M. ; Di Nicolantonio , J. J. ; Cordain , L. ( 2016 ) . `` Nutritional strategies for skeletal and cardiovascular health : hard bones , soft arteries , rather than vice versa '' . Open Heart ( Review ) . 3 ( 1 ) : e000325 . doi : 10.1136 / openhrt - 2015 - 000325 . PMC 4809188 . PMID 27042317 . Jump up ^ Maresz , K. ( Feb 2015 ) . `` Proper Calcium Use : Vitamin K as a Promoter of Bone and Cardiovascular Health '' . Integrative Medicine ( Review ) . 14 ( 1 ) : 34 -- 39 . PMC 4566462 . PMID 26770129 . Jump up ^ Hartley , L. ; Clar , C. ; Ghannam , O. ; Flowers , N. ; Stranges , S. ; Rees , K. ( Sep 2015 ) . `` Vitamin K for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease '' . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ( Systematic review ) . 9 ( 9 ) : CD011148 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD011148. pub2 . PMID 26389791 . ^ Jump up to : Geleijnse , J. M. ; Vermeer , C. ; Grobbee , D. E. ; Schurgers , L. J. ; Knapen , M. H. ; van der Meer , I. M. ; Hofman , A. ; Witteman , J. C. ( Nov 2004 ) . `` Dietary intake of menaquinone is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease : the Rotterdam Study '' . Journal of Nutrition. 134 ( 11 ) : 3100 -- 3105 . doi : 10.1093 / jn / 134.11. 3100 . PMID 15514282 . Jump up ^ Ades , T. B. , ed. ( 2009 ) . `` Vitamin K '' . American Cancer Society Complete Guide to Complementary and Alternative Cancer Therapies ( 2nd ed . ) . American Cancer Society . pp. 558 -- 563 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 944235 - 71 - 3 . Jump up ^ Ageno , W ; Gallus , AS ; Wittkowsky , A ; Crowther , M ; Hylek , EM ; Palareti , G ; American College of Chest , Physicians . ( February 2012 ) . `` Oral anticoagulant therapy : Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis , 9th ed : American College of Chest Physicians Evidence - Based Clinical Practice Guidelines '' . Chest. 141 ( 2 Suppl ) : e44S -- 88S . doi : 10.1378 / chest. 11 - 2292 . PMC 3278051 . PMID 22315269 . Jump up ^ Lung , D. ( Dec 2015 ) . Tarabar , A. , ed . `` Rodenticide Toxicity Treatment & Management '' . Medscape . WebMD . Jump up ^ Rasmussen , S. E. ; Andersen , N. L. ; Dragsted , L. O. ; Larsen , J. C. ( Mar 2006 ) . `` A safe strategy for addition of vitamins and minerals to foods '' . European Journal of Nutrition. 45 ( 3 ) : 123 -- 135 . doi : 10.1007 / s00394 - 005 - 0580 - 9 . PMID 16200467 . Jump up ^ Ushiroyama , T. ; Ikeda , A. ; Ueki , M ( Mar 2002 ) . `` Effect of continuous combined therapy with vitamin K and vitamin D on bone mineral density and coagulofibrinolysis function in postmenopausal women '' . Maturitas. 41 ( 3 ) : 211 -- 221 . doi : 10.1016 / S0378 - 5122 ( 01 ) 00275 - 4 . PMID 11886767 . Jump up ^ Asakura , H. ; Myou , S. ; Ontachi , Y. ; Mizutani , T. ; Kato , M. ; Saito , M. ; Morishita , E. ; Yamazaki , M. ; Nakao , S. ( Dec 2001 ) . `` Vitamin K administration to elderly patients with osteoporosis induces no hemostatic activation , even in those with suspected vitamin K deficiency '' . Osteoporosis International . 12 ( 12 ) : 996 -- 1000 . doi : 10.1007 / s001980170007 . PMID 11846334 . Jump up ^ Ronden , J. E. ; Groenen - van Dooren , M. M. ; Hornstra , G. ; Vermeer , C. ( Jul 1997 ) . `` Modulation of arterial thrombosis tendency in rats by vitamin K and its side chains '' . Atherosclerosis. 132 ( 1 ) : 61 -- 67 . doi : 10.1016 / S0021 - 9150 ( 97 ) 00087 - 7 . PMID 9247360 . Jump up ^ Ansell , J. ; Hirsh , J. ; Poller , L. ; Bussey , H. ; Jacobson , A. ; Hylek , E ( Sep 2004 ) . `` The pharmacology and management of the vitamin K antagonists : the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy '' . Chest. 126 ( 3 Suppl . ) : 204S -- 233S . doi : 10.1378 / chest. 126.3 _suppl. 204S . PMID 15383473 . Jump up ^ Crowther , M. A. ; Douketis , J. D. ; Schnurr , T. ; Steidl , L. ; Mera , V. ; Ultori , C. ; Venco , A. ; Ageno , W. ( Aug 2002 ) . `` Oral vitamin K lowers the international normalized ratio more rapidly than subcutaneous vitamin K in the treatment of warfarin - associated coagulopathy . A randomized , controlled trial '' . Annals of Internal Medicine . 137 ( 4 ) : 251 -- 254 . doi : 10.7326 / 0003 - 4819 - 137 - 4 - 200208200 - 00009 . PMID 12186515 . ^ Jump up to : `` Important Information to Know When You Are Taking : Warfarin ( Coumadin ) and Vitamin K '' ( PDF ) . National Institute of Health Clinical Center Drug - Nutrient Interaction Task Force . Retrieved 17 Apr 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Guidelines For Warfarin Reversal With Vitamin K '' ( PDF ) . American Society of Health - System Pharmacists . Retrieved 17 Apr 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pradaxa Drug Interactions '' . Pradaxapro.com. 10 July 2017 . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Bauersachs , R. ; Berkowitz , S. D. ; Brenner , B. ; Buller , H. R. ; Decousus , H. ; Gallus , A. S. ; Lensing , A. W. ; Misselwitz , F. ; Prins , M. H. ; Raskob , G. E. ; Segers , A. ; Verhamme , P. ; Wells , P. ; Agnelli , G. ; Bounameaux , H. ; Cohen , A. ; Davidson , B. L. ; Piovella , F. ; Schellong , S. ( Dec 2010 ) . `` Oral rivaroxaban for symptomatic venous thromboembolism '' ( PDF ) . New England Journal of Medicine . 363 ( 26 ) : 2499 -- 2510 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMoa1007903 . PMID 21128814 . Jump up ^ McGee , W. ( 1 Feb 2007 ) . `` Vitamin K '' . MedlinePlus . Retrieved 2 Apr 2009 . Jump up ^ Shearer , M. J. ; Newman , P. ( Oct 2008 ) . `` Metabolism and cell biology of vitamin K '' . Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 100 ( 4 ) : 530 -- 547 . doi : 10.1160 / TH08 - 03 - 0147 . PMID 18841274 . ^ Jump up to : Davidson , R. T. ; Foley , A. L. ; Engelke , J. A. ; Suttie , J. W. ( Feb 1998 ) . `` Conversion of dietary phylloquinone to tissue menaquinone - 4 in rats is not dependent on gut bacteria '' . Journal of Nutrition. 128 ( 2 ) : 220 -- 223 . PMID 9446847 . Jump up ^ Ronden , J. E. ; Drittij - Reijnders , M. J. ; Vermeer , C. ; Thijssen , H. H. ( Jan 1998 ) . `` Intestinal flora is not an intermediate in the phylloquinone -- menaquinone - 4 conversion in the rat '' . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1379 ( 1 ) : 69 -- 75 . doi : 10.1016 / S0304 - 4165 ( 97 ) 00089 - 5 . PMID 9468334 . Jump up ^ Thijssen , H ... H. ; Drittij - Reijnders , M. J. ( Sep 1994 ) . `` Vitamin K distribution in rat tissues : dietary phylloquinone is a source of tissue menaquinone - 4 '' . The British Journal of Nutrition. 72 ( 3 ) : 415 -- 425 . doi : 10.1079 / BJN19940043 . PMID 7947656 . Jump up ^ Will , B. H. ; Usui , Y. ; Suttie , J. W. ( Dec 1992 ) . `` Comparative metabolism and requirement of vitamin K in chicks and rats '' . Journal of Nutrition. 122 ( 12 ) : 2354 -- 2360 . doi : 10.1093 / jn / 122.12. 2354 . PMID 1453219 . Jump up ^ Ronden , J. E. ; Drittij - Reijnders , M. J. ; Vermeer , C. ; Thijssen , H. H. ( Jan 1998 ) . `` Intestinal flora is not an intermediate in the phylloquinone - menaquinone - 4 conversion in the rat '' . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1379 ( 1 ) : 69 -- 75 . doi : 10.1016 / S0304 - 4165 ( 97 ) 00089 - 5 . PMID 9468334 . Jump up ^ Al Rajabi , Ala ( 2011 ) . The Enzymatic Conversion of Phylloquinone to Menaquinone - 4 ( PhD thesis ) . Tufts University , Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy . Jump up ^ Furie , B. ; Bouchard , B. A. ; Furie , B. C. ( Mar 1999 ) . `` Vitamin K - dependent biosynthesis of gamma - carboxyglutamic acid '' . Blood . 93 ( 6 ) : 1798 -- 1808 . PMID 10068650 . Jump up ^ Mann , K. G. ( Aug 1999 ) . `` Biochemistry and physiology of blood coagulation '' . Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 82 ( 2 ) : 165 -- 174 . PMID 10605701 . Jump up ^ Price , P. A. ( 1988 ) . `` Role of vitamin - K - dependent proteins in bone metabolism '' . Annual Review of Nutrition. 8 : 565 -- 583 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. nu. 08.070188. 003025 . PMID 3060178 . Jump up ^ Coutu , D. L. ; Wu , J. H. ; Monette , A. ; Rivard , G. E. ; Blostein , M. D. ; Galipeau , J ( Jun 2008 ) . `` Periostin , a member of a novel family of vitamin K - dependent proteins , is expressed by mesenchymal stromal cells '' . Journal of Biological Chemistry . 283 ( 26 ) : 17991 -- 18001 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M708029200 . PMID 18450759 . Jump up ^ Viegas , C. S. ; Simes , D. C. ; Laizé , V. ; Williamson , M. K. ; Price , P. A. ; Cancela , M. L. ( Dec 2008 ) . `` Gla - rich protein ( GRP ) , a new vitamin K - dependent protein identified from sturgeon cartilage and highly conserved in vertebrates '' . Journal of Biological Chemistry . 283 ( 52 ) : 36655 -- 36664 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M802761200 . PMC 2605998 . PMID 18836183 . Jump up ^ Viegas , C. S. ; Cavaco , S. ; Neves , P. L. ; Ferreira , A. ; João , A. ; Williamson , M. K. ; Price , P. A. ; Cancela , M. L. ; Simes , D. C. ( Dec 2009 ) . `` Gla - rich protein is a novel vitamin K - dependent protein present in serum that accumulates at sites of pathological calcifications '' . American Journal of Pathology. 175 ( 6 ) : 2288 -- 2298 . doi : 10.2353 / ajpath. 2009.090474 . PMC 2789615 . PMID 19893032 . Jump up ^ Hafizi , S. ; Dahlbäck , B. ( Dec 2006 ) . `` Gas6 and protein S. Vitamin K - dependent ligands for the Axl receptor tyrosine kinase subfamily '' . The FEBS Journal . 273 ( 23 ) : 5231 -- 5244 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1742 - 4658.2006. 05529. x . PMID 17064312 . Jump up ^ Kulman , J. D. ; Harris , J. E. ; Xie , L. ; Davie , E. W. ( May 2007 ) . `` Proline - rich Gla protein 2 is a cell - surface vitamin K - dependent protein that binds to the transcriptional coactivator Yes - associated protein '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 104 ( 21 ) : 8767 -- 8772 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0703195104 . PMC 1885577 . PMID 17502622 . Jump up ^ `` Vitamin K '' . MedlinePlus . US National Library of Medicine , National Institutes of Health . Sep 2016 . Retrieved 26 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Conly , J ; Stein , K. ( Dec 1994 ) . `` Reduction of vitamin K concentrations in human liver associated with the use of broad spectrum antimicrobials '' . Clinical and Investigative Medicine . 17 ( 6 ) : 531 -- 539 . PMID 7895417 . Jump up ^ Ferland , G. ; Sadowski , J. A. ; O'Brien , M. E. ( Apr 1993 ) . `` Dietary induced subclinical vitamin K deficiency in normal human subjects '' . Journal of Clinical Investigation . 91 ( 4 ) : 1761 -- 1768 . doi : 10.1172 / JCI116386 . PMC 288156 . PMID 8473516 . Jump up ^ Holden , R. M. ; Morton , A. R. ; Garland , J. S. ; Pavlov , A. ; Day , A. G. ; Booth , S. L. ( Apr 2010 ) . `` Vitamins K and D status in stages 3 - 5 chronic kidney disease '' . Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 5 ( 4 ) : 590 -- 597 . doi : 10.2215 / CJN. 06420909 . PMC 2849681 . PMID 20167683 . Jump up ^ Hodges , S. J. ; Pilkington , M. J. ; Shearer , M. J. ; Bitensky , L. ; Chayen , J ( Jan 1990 ) . `` Age - related changes in the circulating levels of congeners of vitamin K , menaquinone - 7 and menaquinone - 8 '' . Clinical Science . 78 ( 1 ) : 63 -- 66 . doi : 10.1042 / cs0780063 . PMID 2153497 . Jump up ^ `` Vitamin K '' . Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A , Vitamin K , Arsenic , Boron , Chromium , Copper , Iodine , Iron , Manganese , Molybdenum , Nickel , Silicon , Vanadium , and Zinc . National Academy Press . 2001 . pp. 162 -- 196 . Jump up ^ `` Overview on Dietary Reference Values for the EU population as derived by the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products , Nutrition and Allergies '' ( PDF ) . 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tolerable Upper Intake Levels For Vitamins And Minerals '' ( PDF ) . European Food Safety Authority . 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Register May 27 , 2016 Food Labeling : Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels . FR page 33982 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Changes to the Nutrition Facts Panel - Compliance Date '' ^ Jump up to : Rhéaume - Bleue , p. 42 Jump up ^ `` Important information to know when you are taking : Warfarin ( Coumadin ) and Vitamin K '' ( PDF ) . National Institutes of Health Clinical Center . Jump up ^ `` Nutrition facts , calories in food , labels , nutritional information and analysis '' . Nutritiondata.com. 13 Feb 2008 . Retrieved 21 Apr 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vitamin K '' . Vivo.colostate.edu. 2 Jul 1999 . Retrieved 21 Apr 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vitamin K '' . Micronutrient Data Centre . Jump up ^ Ikeda , Y. ; Iki , M. ; Morita , A. ; Kajita , E. ; Kagamimori , S. ; Kagawa , Y. ; Yoneshima , H. ( May 2006 ) . `` Intake of fermented soybeans , natto , is associated with reduced bone loss in postmenopausal women : Japanese Population - Based Osteoporosis ( JPOS ) Study '' . Journal of Nutrition. 136 ( 5 ) : 1323 -- 1328 . doi : 10.1093 / jn / 136.5. 1323 . PMID 16614424 . Jump up ^ Katsuyama , H. ; Ideguchi , S. ; Fukunaga , M. ; Saijoh , K. ; Sunami , S. ( Jun 2002 ) . `` Usual dietary intake of fermented soybeans ( Natto ) is associated with bone mineral density in premenopausal women '' . 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PMID 22280352 . Jump up ^ Thane , C. W. ; Bates , C. J. ; Shearer , M. J. ; Unadkat , N ; Harrington , D. J. ; Paul , A . A. ; Prentice , A. ; Bolton - Smith , C. ( Jun 2002 ) . `` Plasma phylloquinone ( vitamin K ) concentration and its relationship to intake in a national sample of British elderly people '' . British Journal of Nutrition. 87 ( 6 ) : 615 -- 622 . doi : 10.1079 / BJNBJN2002582 . PMID 12067432 . Jump up ^ McKeown , N. M. ; Jacques , P. F. ; Gundberg , C. M. ; Peterson , J. W. ; Tucker , K. L. ; Kiel , D. P. ; Wilson , P. W. ; Booth , SL ( Jun 2002 ) . `` Dietary and nondietary determinants of vitamin K biochemical measures in men and women '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Nutrition. 132 ( 6 ) : 1329 -- 1334 . doi : 10.1093 / jn / 132.6. 1329 . PMID 12042454 . Jump up ^ Yamano , M. ; Yamanaka , Y. ; Yasunaga , K. ; Uchida , K. ( Sep 1989 ) . `` Effect of vitamin K deficiency on urinary gamma - carboxyglutamic acid excretion in rats '' . 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American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Fetus and Newborn '' ( PDF ) . Pediatrics. 112 ( 1.1 ) : 191 -- 192 . doi : 10.1542 / peds. 112.1. 191 . PMID 12837888 . Jump up ^ Logan , S. ; Gilbert , R. ( 1998 ) . `` Vitamin K For Newborn Babies '' ( PDF ) . Department of Health . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 January 2013 . Retrieved 12 Oct 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Postnatal care : Routine postnatal care of women and their babies ( CG37 ) '' . www.nice.org.uk . NICE . Jul 2006 . Retrieved 12 Oct 2014 . Jump up ^ Parker , L. ; Cole , M. ; Craft , A. W. ; Hey , E. N. ( 1998 ) . `` Neonatal vitamin K administration and childhood cancer in the north of England : retrospective case - control study '' . BMJ ( Clinical Research Ed . ) . 316 ( 7126 ) : 189 -- 193 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 316.7126. 189 . PMC 2665412 . PMID 9468683 . Jump up ^ McMillan , D. D. ( 1997 ) . `` Routine administration of vitamin K to newborns '' . Paediatric Child Health . 2 ( 6 ) : 429 -- 431 . Jump up ^ `` Newborns get rare disorder after parents refused shots '' . Having four cases since February just at Vanderbilt was a little bit concerning to me Jump up ^ Dam , C. P. H. ( 1935 ) . `` The Antihaemorrhagic Vitamin of the Chick : Occurrence And Chemical Nature '' . Nature . 135 ( 3417 ) : 652 -- 653 . doi : 10.1038 / 135652b0 . Jump up ^ Dam , C. P. H. ( 1941 ) . `` The discovery of vitamin K , its biological functions and therapeutical application '' ( PDF ) . Nobel Prize Laureate Lecture . Jump up ^ McAlister , V. C. ( 2006 ) . `` Control of coagulation : a gift of Canadian agriculture '' ( PDF ) . Clinical and Investigative Medicine . 29 ( 6 ) : 373 -- 377 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ MacCorquodale , D. W. ; Binkley , S. B. ; Thayer , S. A. ; Doisy , E. A. ( 1939 ) . `` On the constitution of Vitamin K '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 61 ( 7 ) : 1928 -- 1929 . doi : 10.1021 / ja01876a510 . Jump up ^ Fieser , L.F. ( 1939 ) . `` Synthesis of Vitamin K '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 61 ( 12 ) : 3467 -- 3475 . doi : 10.1021 / ja01267a072 . Jump up ^ Dam , C. P. H. ( 12 Dec 1946 ) . `` The discovery of vitamin K , its biological functions and therapeutical application '' ( PDF ) . Nobel Prize lecture . Jump up ^ Warner , E. D. ; Brinkhous , K. M. ; Smith , H. P. ( 1938 ) . `` Bleeding Tendency of Obstructive Jaundice '' . Proceedings of the Society of Experimental Biology and Medicine . 37 ( 4 ) : 628 -- 630 . doi : 10.3181 / 00379727 - 37 - 9668P . Jump up ^ Stenflo , J ; Fernlund , P. ; Egan , W. ; Roepstorff , P. ( Jul 1974 ) . `` Vitamin K dependent modifications of glutamic acid residues in prothrombin '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 71 ( 7 ) : 2730 -- 2733 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 71.7. 2730 . PMC 388542 . PMID 4528109 . Jump up ^ Nelsestuen , G. L. ; Zytkovicz , T. H. ; Howard , J. B. ( Oct 1974 ) . `` The mode of action of vitamin K. Identification of gamma - carboxyglutamic acid as a component of prothrombin '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Biological Chemistry . 249 ( 19 ) : 6347 -- 6350 . PMID 4214105 . Jump up ^ Magnusson , S. ; Sottrup - Jensen , L. ; Petersen , T. E. ; Morris , H. R. ; Dell , A. ( Aug 1974 ) . `` Primary structure of the vitamin K - dependent part of prothrombin '' . FEBS Letters. 44 ( 2 ) : 189 -- 193 . doi : 10.1016 / 0014 - 5793 ( 74 ) 80723 - 4 . PMID 4472513 . Bibliography ( edit ) Rhéaume - Bleue , Kate ( 2012 ) . Vitamin K and the Calcium Paradox . John Wiley & Sons , Canada . ISBN 1 - 118 - 06572 - 7 . External links ( edit ) `` Vitamin K : Another Reason to Eat Your Greens '' . Vitamins ( A11 ) Fat soluble α - Carotene β - Carotene Retinol Tretinoin Ergosterol Ergocalciferol 7 - Dehydrocholesterol Previtamin D Cholecalciferol 25 - hydroxycholecalciferol Calcitriol ( 1 , 25 - dihydroxycholecalciferol ) Calcitroic acid Dihydroergocalciferol D analogues Alfacalcidol Dihydrotachysterol Calcipotriol Tacalcitol Paricalcitol Tocopherol Alpha Beta Gamma Delta Tocotrienol Alpha Beta Gamma Delta Tocofersolan Naphthoquinone Phylloquinone ( K ) Menaquinones ( K ) Menadione ( K ) ‡ Menadiol ( K ) Water soluble Thiamine B analogues Acefurtiamine Allithiamine Fursultiamine Octotiamine Prosultiamine Sulbutiamine Riboflavin Niacin Nicotinamide Pantothenic acid Dexpanthenol Pantethine Pyridoxine , Pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxamine Pyritinol Biotin Folic acid Dihydrofolic acid Folinic acid Levomefolic acid Adenosylcobalamin Cyanocobalamin Hydroxocobalamin Methylcobalamin Choline Ascorbic acid Dehydroascorbic acid Combinations Multivitamins WHO - EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : Phase III Never to phase III Enzyme cofactors Active forms vitamins TPP / ThDP ( B ) FMN , FAD ( B ) NAD , NADH , NADP , NADPH ( B ) Coenzyme A ( B ) PLP / P5P ( B ) Biotin ( B ) THFA / H FA , DHFA / H FA , MTHF ( B ) AdoCbl , MeCbl ( B ) Ascorbic acid ( C ) Phylloquinone ( K ) , Menaquinone ( K ) Coenzyme F420 non-vitamins ATP CTP SAMe PAPS GSH Coenzyme B Cofactor F430 Coenzyme M Coenzyme Q Heme / Haem ( A , B , C , O ) Lipoic Acid Methanofuran Molybdopterin / Molybdenum cofactor PQQ THB / BH THMPT / H MPT metal ions Ca Cu Fe , Fe Mg Mn Mo Ni Zn Base forms vitamins : see vitamins Antihemorrhagics ( B02 ) Antihemorrhagics ( coagulation ) Systemic Vitamin K Phytomenadione ( K ) Menadione ( K ) Coagulation factors intrinsic : IX / Nonacog alfa VIII / Moroctocog alfa / Turoctocog alfa extrinsic : VII / Eptacog alfa common : X II / Thrombin I / Fibrinogen XIII / Catridecacog combinations : Prothrombin complex concentrate ( II , VII , IX , X , protein C and S ) Other systemic Etamsylate Carbazochrome Batroxobin thrombopoietin receptor agonist ( Romiplostim Avatrombopag Eltrombopag Lusutrombopag ) Local Absorbable gelatin sponge Oxidized cellulose Tetragalacturonic acid hydroxymethylester Thrombin Collagen Calcium alginate Epinephrine / Adrenalone Antifibrinolytics amino acids ( Aminocaproic acid Tranexamic acid Aminomethylbenzoic acid ) serpins ( Aprotinin Alfa1 antitrypsin C1 - inhibitor Camostat ) NDL : 00576745 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_K&oldid=849063857 '' Categories : Vitamin K Vitamins Antihemorrhagics 1 , 4 - Naphthoquinones Terpenes and terpenoids Vitamers Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2013 Template : drugs.com link with non-standard subpage All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 50 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 July 2018 , at 07 : 53 ( UTC ) . 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Edwardian era

Edwardian era - wikipedia Edwardian era This article is about the reign of King Edward VII in the 20th century . For use of the term Edwardian in medieval English history , see Edward I of England . Edwardian era 1901 -- 1914 King Edward VII by Fildes ( c. 1901 ) Preceded by Victorian era Followed by First World War Monarch ( s ) Edward VII George V Leader ( s ) Lord Salisbury Arthur Balfour Sir Henry Campbell - Bannerman H.H. Asquith Periods in English history ( hide ) Prehistoric Britain until c. 43 Roman Britain c. 43 -- 410 Anglo - Saxon c. 500 -- 1066 Norman 1066 -- 1154 Plantagenet 1154 -- 1485 Tudor 1485 -- 1603 Elizabethan 1558 -- 1603 Stuart 1603 -- 1714 Jacobean 1603 -- 1625 Caroline 1625 -- 1649 ( Interregnum ) 1649 -- 1660 Restoration 1660 -- 1714 Georgian 1714 -- 1837 Regency 1811 -- 1820 Victorian 1837 -- 1901 Edwardian 1901 -- 1914 First World War 1914 -- 1918 Interwar Britain 1919 -- 1939 Second World War 1939 -- 1945 See also Political history ( 1945 -- present ) Social history ( 1945 -- present ) Timeline The Edwardian era or Edwardian period of British history covers the brief reign of King Edward VII , 1901 to 1910 , and is sometimes extended in both directions to capture long - term trends from the 1890s to the First World War . The death of Queen Victoria in January 1901 marked the end of the Victorian era . The new king Edward VII was already the leader of a fashionable elite that set a style influenced by the art and fashions of continental Europe . Samuel Hynes described the Edwardian era as a `` leisurely time when women wore picture hats and did not vote , when the rich were not ashamed to live conspicuously , and the sun really never set on the British flag ' '' . The Liberals returned to power in 1906 and made significant reforms . Below the upper class , the era was marked by significant shifts in politics among sections of society that were largely excluded from wielding power in the past , such as common labourers . Women became increasingly politicised . Contents ( hide ) 1 Perceptions 2 Politics 2.1 Conservative Party 2.2 Liberal Party 2.3 Labour Party 2.4 Boer War 2.5 The Liberal reforms 3 Foreign relations 3.1 Diplomatic ties with France and Russia against Germany 3.2 Naval race with Germany 4 Economy 5 Social change and improved health 5.1 Rising status of women 5.1. 1 Women 's suffrage 5.1. 2 Birth control 5.1. 3 Poverty among working - class women 5.1. 4 Female servants 5.2 Fashion 5.3 Newspapers 6 The arts 6.1 Literature 6.2 Music 6.3 Performing arts 6.4 Architecture 6.5 Film 7 Science and technology 8 Sport 8.1 Football 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 11.1 Primary sources and year books Perceptions ( edit ) The Edwardian period is sometimes portrayed as a romantic golden age of long summer afternoons and garden parties , basking in a sun that never sets on the British Empire . This perception was created in the 1920s and later by those who remembered the Edwardian age with nostalgia , looking back to their childhoods across the abyss of the Great War . The Edwardian age was also seen as a mediocre period of pleasure between the great achievements of the preceding Victorian age and the catastrophe of the following war . Since 2000 historiographical assessments emphasise the great differences between the wealthy and the poor during this period and describe the age as heralding great changes in political and social life . Historian Lawrence James has argued that the leaders felt increasingly threatened by rival powers such as Germany , Russia , and the United States . The sudden arrival of world war in summer 1914 was completely unexpected ; only the Royal Navy was prepared for war . Politics ( edit ) There was a growing political awareness of the working - class , leading to a rise in trade unions , the Labour movement and demands for better working conditions . The aristocracy remained in control of top government offices . Conservative Party ( edit ) Main article : History of the Conservative Party ( UK ) The Conservatives -- at the time called `` Unionists '' -- were the dominant political party from the 1890s until 1906 . The party had many strengths , appealing to voters supportive of imperialism , tariffs , the Church of England , a powerful Royal Navy , and traditional hierarchical society . There was a powerful leadership base in the landed aristocracy and landed gentry in rural England , plus strong support from the Church of England and military interests . Historians have used election returns to demonstrate that Conservatives did surprisingly well in working - class districts . They had an appeal as well to the better - off element of traditional working - class Britons in the larger cities . In rural areas , the national headquarters made highly effective use of paid traveling lecturers , with pamphlets , posters , and especially lantern slides , who were able to communicate effectively with rural voters -- particularly the newly enfranchised agricultural workers . In the first years of the twentieth century , the Conservative government , with Arthur Balfour as Prime Minister , had numerous successes in foreign policy , defence , and education , as well as solutions for the issues of alcohol licensing and land ownership for the peasants of Ireland . Nevertheless , the weaknesses were accumulating , and proved so overwhelming in 1906 that they did not return to complete power until 1922 . The Conservative Party was losing its drive and enthusiasm , especially after the retirement of the charismatic Joseph Chamberlain . There was a bitter split on `` tariff reform '' ( that is , imposing tariffs or taxes on all imports ) , that drove many of the free traders over to the Liberal camp . Tariff reform was a losing issue that the Conservative leadership inexplicably clung to . Support among the top tier of the working - class , and in lower middle - class weakened , and there was dissatisfaction among the intellectuals . The 1906 general election was a landslide victory for the Liberal Party , which saw its total vote share increase by 25 % , while the Conservative total vote held steady . Liberal Party ( edit ) Main article : Liberal Party ( UK ) The Liberal Party lacked a unified ideological base in 1906 . It contained numerous contradictory and hostile factions , such as imperialists and supporters of the Boers ; near - socialists and laissez - faire classical liberals ; suffragettes and opponents of women 's suffrage ; antiwar elements and supporters of the military alliance with France . Non-Conformist Dissenters -- Protestants outside the Anglican fold -- were a powerful element , dedicated to opposing the established church in terms of education and taxation . However , the Dissenters were losing support and society at large and played a lesser and lesser role in party affairs after 1900 . The Party , furthermore , also included Irish Catholics , and secularists from the labour movement . The middle - class business , professional and intellectual communities were generally strongholds , although some old aristocratic families played important roles as well . The working - class element was moving rapidly toward the newly emerging Labour Party . One uniting element was widespread agreement on the use of politics and Parliament as a device to upgrade and improve society and to reform politics . Labour Party ( edit ) Main article : History of the Labour Party ( UK ) The Labour Party was emerging from the rapidly growing trade union movement after 1890 . In 1903 it entered the Gladstone -- MacDonald pact with the Liberals , allowing for cross-party support in elections , and the emergence of a small Labour contingent in Parliament . It was a temporary arrangement until the 1920s , when the Labour Party was strong enough to act on its own , and the Liberals were in an irreversible decline . Subtle social changes in the working - class were producing a younger generation that wanted to act independently . Michael Childs argues that the younger generation had reason to prefer Labour over Liberal political styles . Social factors included secularised elementary education ( with a disappearing role for Dissenting schools that inculcated Liberal viewpoints ) ; the `` New Unionism '' after 1890 brought unskilled workers into a movement previously dominated by the skilled workers ; and new leisure activities , especially the music hall and sports , involved youth while repelling the older generation of Liberal voters . Boer War ( edit ) Main article : Opposition to the Second Boer War The government entered the Second Boer War with great confidence , little expecting that the two small rural Boer republics in southern Africa with a combined White population less than London would hold off the concentrated power of the British Empire for two and half years , and take 400,000 Imperial troops to secure victory . The war split the Liberal Party into anti - and pro-war factions . Great orators , such as Liberal David Lloyd George , who spoke against the war , became increasingly influential . Nevertheless Liberal Unionist Joseph Chamberlain , who was largely in charge of the war , maintained his hold on power . When General Kitchener took command in 1900 , he initiated a scorched earth policy in order to foil Boer guerilla tactics . Captured Boer combatants were transported overseas to other British possessions as prisoners of war . However he relocated noncombatant Boers -- mostly women and children -- into heavily guarded internment camps . The internment camps were overcrowded with bad sanitation and meagre food rations . Contagious diseases such as measles , typhoid and dysentery were endemic . Many of the internees died . Emily Hobhouse visited the camps and brought the conditions to the attention of the British public . Public outcry resulted in the Fawcett Commission which corroborated Hobhouse 's report and eventually led to improved conditions . The Boers surrendered and the Boer Republics were annexed by the British Empire . Jan Smuts -- a leading Boer general -- became a senior official of the new government and even became a top British official in the World War . In 1901 , the six British self - governing colonies of Queensland , New South Wales , Victoria , Tasmania , South Australia , and Western Australia united to form the Commonwealth of Australia , with almost complete control of its internal affairs , but with foreign policy and defence handled by London . Edmund Barton was the first prime minister . The Liberal reforms ( edit ) Further information : Liberal welfare reforms Liberal poster c. 1905 -- 10 The Liberal Party under Henry Campbell - Bannerman rallied Liberals around the traditional platform of free trade and land reform and led them to the greatest electoral victory in Liberal Party history . The Prime Minister was overshadowed by his frontbench , most notably H.H. Asquith at the Exchequer , Edward Grey at the Foreign Office , Richard Burdon Haldane at the War Office and David Lloyd George at the Board of Trade . Campbell - Bannerman retired in 1908 and was succeeded by Asquith . He stepped up the government 's radicalism , especially in the `` People 's Budget '' of 1909 that proposed to fund expanded social welfare programmes with new taxes on land and high incomes . It was blocked by the Conservative - dominated House of Lords , but eventually became law in April 1910 . H.H. Asquith Almost half of the Liberal MPs elected in 1906 were supportive of the ' New Liberalism ' , which advocated government action to improve people 's lives . `` Wild Fare '' . Cartoonist John Bernard Partridge depicts Lloyd George as a giant with a cudgel labelled `` Budget '' in reference to his People 's Budget ; Asquith cowers beneath the table . Punch 28 April 1909 Liberals in 1906 -- 1911 passed major legislation designed to reform politics and society , such as the regulation of working hours , National Insurance and the beginnings of the welfare state , as well as curtailing the power of the House of Lords . Women 's suffrage was not on the Liberal agenda . There were numerous major reforms helping labour , typified by the Trade Boards Act 1909 that set minimum wages in certain trades with the history of `` sweated '' or `` sweatshop '' rates of especially low wages , because of surplus of available workers , the presence of women workers , or the lack of skills . At first it applied to four industries : chain - making , ready - made tailoring , paper - box making , and the machine - made lace and finishing trade . It was later expanded to coal mining and then to other industries with preponderance of unskilled manual labour by the Trade Boards Act 1918 . Under the leadership of David Lloyd George Liberals extended minimum wages to farm workers . Conservative peers in the House of Lords tried to stop the People 's Budget . The Liberals passed the Parliament Act 1911 to sharply reduce the power of the House of Lords to block legislation . The cost was high , however , as the government was required by the king to call two general elections in 1910 to validate its position and ended up frittering away most of its large majority , with the balance of power held by Labour and Irish Parliamentary Party members . Foreign relations ( edit ) Main articles : International relations of the Great Powers ( 1814 -- 1919 ) , Causes of World War I , and Timeline of British diplomatic history Diplomatic ties with France and Russia against Germany ( edit ) Main articles : France -- United Kingdom relations and Germany -- United Kingdom relations Germany 's Chancellor Otto von Bismarck dominated European diplomacy from 1872 - 1890 , with the determination to use the balance of power to keep the peace . There were no wars . Bismarck was removed by an aggressive young Kaiser Wilhelm in 1890 , effectively decentralizing the Bismarckian Order that had been shrewdly managed and empowering French efforts to isolate Germany . With the formation of the Triple Entente , Germany began to feel encircled : to the West lay France , with whom rivalry was awakening after a generation of dormancy following the Franco - Prussian War , to the East sat Russia , whose rapid industrialization worried leaders across the Continent , and in the seas , British primacy threatened a unified Germany 's efforts to develop its ports and maintain its new global empire . Joseph Chamberlain , who played a major role in foreign policy in the late 1890s under the Salisbury government , repeatedly tried to open talks with Germany about some sort of an alliance . Germany was not interested . Meanwhile Paris went to great pains to woo Russia and Great Britain . Key markers were the Franco - Russian Alliance of 1894 , the 1904 Entente Cordiale linking France and Great Britain , and finally the Anglo - Russian Entente in 1907 which became the Triple Entente . France thus had a formal alliance with Russia , and an informal alignment with Britain , against Germany and Austria . By 1903 good relations had been established with the United States and Japan . Britain abandoned the policy of holding aloof from the continental powers , so called `` Splendid Isolation '' , in the 1900s after being isolated during the Boer War . Britain concluded agreements , limited to colonial affairs , with her two major colonial rivals : the Entente Cordiale with France in 1904 and the Anglo - Russian Entente of 1907 . Britain 's alignment a reaction to an assertive German foreign policy and the buildup of its navy from 1898 which led to the Anglo - German naval arms race . British diplomat Arthur Nicolson argued it was `` far more disadvantageous to us to have an unfriendly France and Russia than an unfriendly Germany '' . The impact of the Triple Entente was to improve British relations with France and its ally Russia and to demote the importance to Britain of good relations with Germany . After 1905 , foreign policy was tightly controlled by The Liberal foreign minister Edward Grey ( 1862 - 1933 ) , who seldom consulted with his party leadership . Grey shared the strong Liberal policy against all wars and against military alliances that would force Britain to take a side in war . However , in the case of the Boer War , Grey held that the Boers had committed an aggression that it was necessary to repulse . The Liberal party split on the issue , with a large faction strongly opposed to the war in Africa The Triple Entente between Britain , France and Russia is often compared to the Triple Alliance between Germany , Austria -- Hungary and Italy , but historians caution against the comparison . The Entente , in contrast to the Triple Alliance or the Franco - Russian Alliance , was not an alliance of mutual defence and Britain therefore felt free to make her own foreign policy decisions in 1914 . The Liberals were highly moralistic , and by 1914 they have been increasingly convinced that German aggression violated international norms , and specifically that its invasion of neutral Belgium was completely unacceptable in terms of morality , Britain and Germany 's obligations under the Treaty of London , and in terms of British policy against any one power controlling the continent of Europe . Until the last few weeks before it started in August 1914 , almost no one saw a world war coming . The expectation among the generals was that because of industrial advances any future war would produce a quick victory for the side that was better - prepared , better armed , and faster to move . No one saw that the innovations of recent decades -- high explosives , long - range artillery and machine guns -- were defensive weapons that practically guaranteed defeat of massed infantry attacks with very high casualties . Naval race with Germany ( edit ) Main article : Anglo - German naval arms race The British Dreadnought ( 1906 ) made all battleships obsolete because it had ten long - range 12 - inch big guns , mechanical computer - like range finders , high speed turbine engines that could make 21 knots , and armour plates 11 inches thick . After 1805 the dominance of Britain 's Royal Navy was unchallenged ; in the 1890s Germany decided to match it . Grand Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz ( 1849 -- 1930 ) dominated German naval policy from 1897 until 1916 . Before the Germany Empire formed in 1871 , Prussia never had a real navy , nor did the other German states . Tirpitz turned the modest little fleet into a world - class force that could threaten the British Royal Navy . The British responded with new technology typified by the Dreadnought revolution . It made every battleship obsolete and , supplemented by the global network of coaling stations and telegraph cables , enabled Britain to stay well in the lead in naval affairs . Apart from a determination to retain a strong naval advantage , the British lacked a military strategy or plans for a major war . Economy ( edit ) The Edwardian era stands out as a time of peace and prosperity . There were no severe depressions , and prosperity was widespread . Britain 's growth rate , manufacturing output and GDP ( but not GDP per capita ) fell behind its rivals , the United States and Germany , but the nation still led the world in trade , finance and shipping , and had strong bases in manufacturing and mining . The industrial sector was slow to adjust to global changes , and there was a striking preference for leisure over entrepreneurship among the elite . However , major achievements should be underlined . London was the financial centre of the world -- far more efficient and wide - ranging than New York , Paris or Berlin . Britain had built up a vast reserve of overseas credits in its formal Empire , as well as in its informal empire in Latin America and other nations . It had huge financial holdings in the United States , especially in railways . These assets proved vital in paying for supplies in the first years of the World War . The amenities , especially in urban life , were accumulating -- prosperity was highly visible . The working classes were beginning to protest politically for a greater voice in government , but the level of industrial unrest on economic issues was not high until about 1908 . Social change and improved health ( edit ) By the late - 1880s , the Industrial Revolution had created new technologies that changed the way people lived . The growth of industry shifts in manufacturing factories , special - purpose machinery and technological innovations , which led to increased productivity . Gender roles shifted as women made use of the new technology to upgrade their lifestyle and their career opportunities . Mortality declined steadily in urban England and Wales 1870 -- 1917 . Robert Millward and Frances N. Bell looked statistically at those factors in the physical environment ( especially population density and overcrowding ) that raised death rates directly , as well as indirect factors such as price and income movements that affected expenditures on sewers , water supplies , food , and medical staff . The statistical data show that increases in the incomes of households and increases in town tax revenues helped cause the decline of mortality . The new money permitted higher spending on food , and also on a wide range of health - enhancing goods and services such as medical care . The major improvement in the physical environment was the quality of the housing stock , which rose faster than the population ; its quality was increasingly regulated by central and local government . Infant mortality fell faster in England and Wales than in Scotland . Clive Lee argues that one factor was the continued overcrowding in Scotland 's housing . During the First World War , infant mortality fell sharply across the country . J.M. Winter attributes this to the full employment and higher wages paid to war workers . Rising status of women ( edit ) For housewives , sewing machines enabled the production of ready made clothing and made it easier for women to sew their own clothes ; more generally , argues Barbara Burman , `` home dressmaking was sustained as an important aid for women negotiating wider social shifts and tensions in their lives . '' Increased literacy in the middle - class gave women wider access to information and ideas . Numerous new magazines appealed to her tastes and help define femininity . The inventions of the typewriter , telephone , and new filing systems offered middle - class women increased employment opportunities . So too did the rapid expansion of the school system , and the emergence of the new profession of nursing . Education and status led to demands for female roles in the rapidly expanding world of sports . Women were very active in church affairs , including attendance at services , Sunday school teaching , fund raising , pastoral care , social work and support for international missionary activities . They quietly submitted to their almost complete exclusion from practically all leadership roles . Women 's suffrage ( edit ) Main article : Women 's suffrage in the United Kingdom As middle - class women rose in status they increasingly supported demands for a political voice . There was significant support for woman suffrage in all the parties , but the Liberal Party was in control after 1906 and a handful of its leaders , especially H.H. Asquith , blocked it . There were numerous organisations which did their work quietly . After 1897 they were increasingly linked together by the National Union of Women 's Suffrage Societies ( NUWSS ) led by Millicent Fawcett . However front page publicity was seized by the Women 's Social and Political Union ( WSPU ) . Founded in 1903 , it was tightly controlled by the three Pankhursts , Emmeline Pankhurst ( 1858 -- 1928 ) , and her daughters Christabel Pankhurst ( 1880 -- 1958 ) and Sylvia Pankhurst ( 1882 -- 1960 ) . It specialized in highly visible publicity campaigns such as large parades . This had the effect of energizing all dimensions of the suffrage movement . While there was a majority of support for suffrage in parliament , the ruling Liberal Party refused to allow a vote on the issue ; the result of which was an escalation in the suffragette campaign . The WSPU , in dramatic contrast to its allies , embarked on a campaign of violence to publicize the issue , even to the detriment of its own aims . Birth control ( edit ) Although abortion was illegal , it was nevertheless the most widespread form of birth control in use . Used predominantly by working - class women , the procedure was used not only as a means of terminating pregnancy , but also to prevent poverty and unemployment . Those who transported contraceptives could be legally punished . Contraceptives became more expensive over time and had a high failure rate . Unlike contraceptives , abortion did not need any prior planning and was less expensive . Newspaper advertisements were used to promote and sell abortifacients indirectly . Not all of society was accepting of contraceptives or abortion , and the opposition viewed both as part of one and the same sin . Abortion was much more common among the middle - classes than among those living in rural areas , where the procedure was not readily available . Women were often tricked into purchasing ineffective pills . In addition to fearing legal reprimands , many physicians did not condone abortion because they viewed it as an immoral procedure potentially endangering a woman 's life . Because abortion was illegal and physicians refused to perform the procedure , local women acted as abortionists , often using crochet hooks or similar instruments . Feminists of the era focused on educating and finding jobs for women , leaving aside the controversial issues of contraceptives and abortion , which in popular opinion were often related to promiscuity and prostitution . The Church condemned abortion as immoral and a form of rebellion against the child - bearing role women were expected to assume . Many considered abortion to be a selfish act that allowed a woman to avoid personal responsibility , contributing to a decline in moral values . Abortion was often a solution for women who already had children and did not want more . Consequently , the size of families decreased drastically . Poverty among working - class women ( edit ) The 1834 Poor Law defined who could receive monetary relief . The act reflected and perpetuated prevailing gender conditions . In Edwardian society , men were the source of wealth . The law restricted relief for unemployed , able - bodied male workers , due to the prevailing view that they would find work in the absence of financial assistance . However , women were treated differently . After the Poor Law was passed , women and children received most of the aid . The law did not recognise single independent women , and lumped women and children into the same category . If a man was physically disabled , his wife was also treated as disabled under the law . Unmarried mothers were sent to the workhouse , receiving unfair social treatment such as being restricted from attending church on Sundays . During marriage disputes women often lost the rights to their children , even if their husbands were abusive . At the time , single mothers were the poorest sector in society , disadvantaged for at least four reasons . First , women had longer lifespans , often leaving them widowed with children . Second , women 's work opportunities were few , and when they did find work , their wages were lower than male workers ' wages . Thirdly , women were often less likely to marry or remarry after being widowed , leaving them as the main providers for the remaining family members . Finally , poor women had deficient diets , because their husbands and children received disproportionately large shares of food . Many women were malnourished and had limited access to health care . Female servants ( edit ) Edwardian Britain had large numbers of male and female domestic servants , in both urban and rural areas . Middle and upper - class women relied on servants to run their homes smoothly . Servants were provided with food , clothing , housing , and a small wage , and lived in a self - enclosed social system inside the mansion . The number of domestic servants fell in the Edwardian era due to a declining number of young people willing to be employed in this area . Fashion ( edit ) Main article : 1900s in fashion cartoon in Punch ( 1911 ) compares changes in fashion between 1901 and 1911 . `` The dowdy voluminous clothes of the earlier date , making the grandmother an old lady and the mother seem plain , had been replaced by much simpler looser wear producing a sense of release for all three females . '' The upper - classes embraced leisure sports , which resulted in rapid developments in fashion , as more mobile and flexible clothing styles were needed . During the Edwardian era , women wore a very tight corset , or bodice , and dressed in long skirts . The Edwardian era was the last time women wore corsets in everyday life . According to Arthur Marwick , the most striking change of all the developments that occurred during the Great War was the modification in women 's dress , `` for , however far politicians were to put the clocks back in other steeples in the years after the war , no one ever put the lost inches back on the hems of women 's skirts '' . The Edwardians developed new styles in clothing design . While the Victorian Era is associated with large , ankle - length , heavy , dark velvet gowns and bustles for the classes that could afford them , the Edwardian era favored more tightly fitting skirts and dresses made of lightweight fabrics designed for a more active lifestyle . The 2 pieces dress came into vogue . Skirts hung tight at the hips and flared at the hem , creating a trumpet of lily - like shape . Skirts in 1901 had decorated hems with ruffles of fabric and lace . Some dresses and skirts featured trains . Tailored jackets , first introduced in 1880 , increased in popularity and by 1900 , tailored suits became popular . By 1904 , skirts became fuller and less clingy . In 1905 , skirts fell in soft folds that curved in , then flared out near the hemlines . From 1905 -- 1907 , waistlines rose . In 1901 , the hobble skirt was introduced ; a tight fitting skirt that restricted a woman 's stride . Lingerie dresses , or tea gowns made of soft fabrics , festooned with ruffles and lace were worn indoors . Around 1913 women 's dresses acquired a lower and sometimes V - shaped neckline in opposition to the high collars a generation before . This was considered a scandal and caused an outrage among the clergy throughout Europe . Newspapers ( edit ) The turn of the century saw the rise of popular journalism aimed at the lower middle class and tending to deemphasise highly detailed political and international news , which remain the focus of a handful of low - circulation prestige newspapers . They were family - owned and operated , and were primarily interested not in profits but in influence on the nation 's elite by their control of the news and editorials on serious topics . The new press they reached vastly larger audiences by emphasis on sports , crime , sensationalism , and gossip about famous personalities . Detailed accounts of major speeches and complex international events were not printed . Alfred Harmsworth , 1st Viscount Northcliffe was the chief innovator. . He used his Daily Mail and Daily Mirror to transform the media along the American model of `` Yellow Journalism '' . Lord Beaverbrook said he was `` the greatest figure who ever strode down Fleet Street '' . Harmsworth made a great deal of money , but during the First World War he also wanted political power . For that he purchased the highest prestige newspaper , The Times . P.P. Catterall and Colin Seymour - Ure conclude that : More than anyone ( he ) ... shaped the modern press . Developments he introduced or harnessed remain central : broad contents , exploitation of advertising revenue to subsidize prices , aggressive marketing , subordinate regional markets , independence from party control . The arts ( edit ) Peter Pan statue , Kensington Gardens The Edwardian era corresponds to the French Belle Époque . Despite its brief pre-eminence , the period is characterised by its own unique architectural style , fashion , and lifestyle . Art Nouveau had a particularly strong influence . Artists were influenced by the development of the automobile and electricity , and a greater awareness of human rights . In November 1910 , Roger Fry organised the exhibition Manet and the Post-Impressionists at the Grafton Galleries , London . This exhibition was the first to prominently feature Gauguin , Manet , Matisse , and Van Gogh in England and brought their art to the public . He followed it up with the Second Post-Impressionist Exhibition in 1912 . George Frampton 's statue of Peter Pan , `` erected in Hyde Park in 1912 ... immediately became a source of contention , sparking debate about the role of public statuary and its role in spaces of recreation . '' Literature ( edit ) In fiction , some of the best - known names are J.M. Barrie , Arnold Bennett , G.K. Chesterton , Joseph Conrad , E.M. Forster , John Galsworthy , Kenneth Grahame , M.R. James , Rudyard Kipling , James Joyce , D.H. Lawrence , Edith Nesbit , Beatrix Potter , Saki , George Bernard Shaw , H.G. Wells , and P.G. Wodehouse . Apart from these famous writers , this was a period when a great number of novels and short stories were being published , and a significant distinction between `` highbrow '' literature and popular fiction emerged . Among the most famous works of literary criticism was A.C. Bradley 's Shakespearean Tragedy ( 1904 ) . Music ( edit ) Live performances , both amateur and professional , were popular . Henry Wood , Edward Elgar , Gustav Holst , Arnold Bax , George Butterworth , Ralph Vaughan Williams , and Thomas Beecham were all active . Military and brass bands often played outside in parks during the summer . The new technology of wax cylinders played on phonographs , made live performances permanently available for repetition at any time . Performing arts ( edit ) Cinema was primitive and audiences preferred live performances to picture shows . Music hall was very popular and widespread ; influential performers included male impersonator Vesta Tilley and comic Little Tich . The most successful playwright of the era was W. Somerset Maugham . In 1908 , he had four plays running simultaneously in London , and Punch published a cartoon of Shakespeare biting his fingernails nervously as he looked at the billboards . Maugham 's plays , like his novels , usually had a conventional plot structure , but the decade also saw the rise of the so - called New Drama , represented in plays by George Bernard Shaw , Harley Granville Barker , and Continental imports by Henrik Ibsen and Gerhardt Hauptmann . The actor / manager system , as managed by Sir Henry Irving , Sir George Alexander , and Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree , was in decline . Architecture ( edit ) See also : Edwardian architecture Notable architects included Edwin Lutyens , Charles Rennie Mackintosh , and Giles Gilbert Scott . In spite of the popularity of Art Nouveau in Europe , the Edwardian Baroque style of architecture was widely favoured for public structures and was a revival of Christopher Wren -- inspired designs of the late 17th and early 18th centuries . The change or reversal in taste from the Victorian eclectic styles corresponded with the historical revivals of the period , most prominently earlier Georgian and Neoclassical styles of the late 18th and early 19th centuries . White City Stadium for the 1908 Summer Olympics was the first Olympic Stadium in the UK . Built on the site of the Franco - British Exhibition , it had a seating capacity of 68,000 was opened by King Edward VII on 27 April 1908 . It was the largest structure of its type in the world , and was designed to be awesome and enhance the love of large - scale spectacle that characterised Edwardian London . Film ( edit ) Filmmakers Mitchell and Kenyon documented many scenes from Britain and Ireland from 1900 -- 1907 , sports , parades , factory exits , parks , city streets , boating and the like . Their films have fortunately survived in very good quality restored from the original negatives . Science and technology ( edit ) The period featured many innovations . Ernest Rutherford published his studies on radioactivity . The first transatlantic wireless signals were sent by Guglielmo Marconi , and the Wright brothers flew for the first time . By the end of the era , Louis Blériot had crossed the English Channel by air ; the largest ship in the world , RMS Olympic , had sailed on its maiden voyage and her larger sister RMS Titanic was under construction ; automobiles were common ; and the South Pole was reached for the first time by Roald Amundsen 's and then Robert Falcon Scott 's teams . Sport ( edit ) 1908 Summer Olympics in London : The water jump in the steeplechase The 1908 Summer Olympic Games were held in London . Popularity of sports tended to conform to class divisions , with tennis and yachting popular among the very wealthy and football favoured by the working class . Football ( edit ) Aston Villa maintained their position as the pre-eminent football team of the era , winning the FA Cup for the fourth time in 1904 -- 05 and their sixth League title in 1909 -- 10 . The club colours of claret and sky blue were adopted by Burnley as a tribute to their success in 1910 . Sunderland achieved their fourth league title in 1901 -- 02 . The era also saw Liverpool ( 1900 -- 01 , 1905 -- 06 ) , Newcastle United ( 1904 -- 05 , 1906 -- 07 , 1908 -- 09 ) and Manchester United ( 1907 -- 08 ) winning their first league titles . See also ( edit ) Historiography of the United Kingdom Progressive Era , for the United States around the same time References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Manor House '' PBS ^ Jump up to : Roy Hattersley , The Edwardians ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ J.B. Priestley The Edwardians ( 1970 ) , pp. 55 -- 56 , 288 -- 290 . Jump up ^ Battiscombe , Georgina ( 1969 ) . Queen Alexandra . London : Constable . p. 217 . ISBN 0 - 09 - 456560 - 0 . Jump up ^ G.R. Searle , A New England ? : peace and war , 1886 -- 1918 ( Oxford UP , 2004 ) Jump up ^ James , Lawrence ( 1994 ) . The Rise and Fall of the British Empire . Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 349 - 10667 - 0 . Jump up ^ David Brooks , The age of upheaval : Edwardian politics , 1899 -- 1914 ( Manchester University Press , 1995 ) . Jump up ^ Jon Lawrence , `` Class and gender in the making of urban Toryism , 1880 -- 1914 . '' English Historical Review 108.428 ( 1993 ) : 629 -- 652 . Jump up ^ Matthew Roberts , `` Popular Conservatism in Britain , 1832 -- 1914 . '' Parliamentary History 26.3 ( 2007 ) : 387 -- 410 . Jump up ^ Marc Brodie , `` Voting in the Victorian and Edwardian East End of London . '' Parliamentary History 23.2 ( 2004 ) : 225 -- 248 . Jump up ^ Kathryn Rix , `` ' Go Out into the Highways and the Hedges ' : The Diary of Michael Sykes , Conservative Political Lecturer , 1895 and 1907 -- 8 . '' Parliamentary History 20 # 2 ( 2001 ) : 209 -- 231 . Jump up ^ Robert Blake , The Conservative Party : from Peel to Major ( 2nd ed. 1985 ) pp 174 -- 75 Jump up ^ David Dutton , `` Unionist Politics and the aftermath of the General Election of 1906 : A Reassessment . '' Historical Journal 22 # 4 ( 1979 ) : 861 -- 876 . Jump up ^ Andrew S. Thompson , `` Tariff reform : an imperial strategy , 1903 -- 1913 . '' Historical Journal 40 # 4 ( 1997 ) : 1033 -- 1054 . Jump up ^ Blake , The Conservative Party : from Peel to Major ( 1985 ) pp 175 -- 89 Jump up ^ Ian Packer , `` The great Liberal landslide : the 1906 General Election in perspective . '' Historian 89 # 1 ( 2006 ) : 8 -- 16 . Jump up ^ John W. Auld , `` The Liberal Pro-Boers . '' Journal of British Studies 14 # 2 ( 1975 ) : 78 -- 101 . Jump up ^ Martin Pugh , Votes for women in Britain 1867 -- 1928 ( 1994 ) Jump up ^ Nabil M. Kaylani , `` Liberal Politics and British - Foreign - Office 1906 - 1912 - Overview . '' International Review of History and Political Science 12.3 ( 1975 ) : 17 -- 48 . Jump up ^ John F. Glaser , `` English Nonconformity and the Decline of Liberalism , '' American Historical Review 63 # 2 ( 1958 ) , pp. 352 -- 363 in JSTOR Jump up ^ R.C.K. Ensor , England 1870 -- 1914 ( 1936 ) pp 384 -- 420 . Jump up ^ G.R. Searle , A new England ? : peace and war , 1886 -- 1918 ( 2004 ) , pp 185 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Michael Childs , `` Labour Grows Up : The Electoral System , Political Generations , and British Politics 1890 -- 1929 . '' Twentieth Century British History 6 # 2 ( 1995 ) : 123 -- 144 . Jump up ^ G.R. Searle , A new England ? : peace and war , 1886 -- 1918 ( Oxford UP , 20040 pp 275 -- 307 . Jump up ^ Jenny De Reuck , `` Social suffering and the politics of pain : Observations on the concentration camps in the Anglo - Boer War 1899 - 1902 . '' English in Africa ( 1999 ) 26 # 2 : 69 - 88 . in JSTOR ; another copy Jump up ^ Chris Wrigley ( 2002 ) . Winston Churchill : A Biographical Companion . p. 311 . Jump up ^ Helen Irving , To Constitute a Nation : A Cultural History of Australia 's Constitution ( 1999 ) . Jump up ^ Goldman , Lawrence . `` Oxford DNB theme : The general election of 1906 '' online Jump up ^ Rosemary Rees ( 2003 ) . Britain , 1890 -- 1939 . p. 42 . Jump up ^ Ian Packer , Liberal government and politics , 1905 -- 15 ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Sheila Blackburn , `` Ideology and social policy : the origins of the Trade Boards Act . '' The Historical Journal 34 # 1 ( 1991 ) : 43 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Alin Howkins and Nicola Verdon . `` The state and the farm worker : the evolution of the minimum wage in agriculture in England and Wales , 1909 -- 24 . '' Agricultural history review 57.2 ( 2009 ) : 257 -- 274 . online Jump up ^ Samuel R. Williamson Jr. , `` German Perceptions of the Triple Entente after 1911 : Their Mounting Apprehensions Reconsidered '' Foreign Policy Analysis 7 # 2 ( 2011 ) : 205 - 214 . Jump up ^ H.W. Koch , `` The Anglo ‐ German Alliance Negotiations : Missed Opportunity or Myth ? . '' History 54 # 182 ( 1969 ) : 378 - 392 . Jump up ^ G.P. Gooch , Before the war : studies in diplomacy ( 1936 ) , pp 87 - 186 . Jump up ^ A.J.P. Taylor , The Struggle for Mastery in Europe , 1848 -- 1918 ( 1954 ) pp 345 , 403 -- 26 Jump up ^ Strachan , Hew ( 2005 ) . The First World War . Jump up ^ Christopher Clark , The Sleepwalkers : How Europe Went to War in 1914 ( 2014 ) p. 324 Jump up ^ Keith Robbins , `` Grey , Edward , Viscount Grey of Fallodon ( 1862 -- 1933 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , ( 2004 ; online edition , 2011 ) accessed 5 Nov 2017 Jump up ^ K.A. Hamilton , `` Great Britain and France , 1911 - 1914 '' in F.H. Hinsley , ed. , British Foreign Policy Under Sir Edward Grey ( 1977 ) online p 324 Jump up ^ Gerd Krumeich , `` The War Imagined : 1890 -- 1914 . '' in John Horne , ed . A Companion to World War I ( 2012 ) pp 1 - 18 . Jump up ^ Michael Epkenhans , Tirpitz : Architect of the German High Seas Fleet ( 2008 ) excerpt and text search , pp 23 - 62 Jump up ^ Margaret Macmillan , The War That Ended Peace : The Road to 1914 ( 2013 ) ch 5 Jump up ^ Thomas Hoerber , `` Prevail or perish : Anglo - German naval competition at the beginning of the twentieth century , '' European Security ( 2011 ) 20 # 1 , pp. 65 -- 79 . abstract Jump up ^ Matthew S. Seligmann , `` Failing to Prepare for the Great War ? The Absence of Grand Strategy in British War Planning before 1914 '' War in History ( 2017 ) 24 # 4 414 - 37 . Jump up ^ Jean - Pierre Dormois and Michael Dintenfass , eds. , The British Industrial Decline ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ Arthur J Taylor , `` The Economy '' , in Simon Nowell - Smith , ed. , Edwardian England : 1901 -- 1914 ( 1964 ) pp. 105 -- 138 Jump up ^ Robert Millward and Frances N. Bell , `` Economic factors in the decline of mortality in late nineteenth century Britain , '' European Review of Economic History 2 # 3 ( 1998 ) pp. 263 -- 288 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Clive H. Lee , `` Regional inequalities in infant mortality in Britain , 1861 -- 1971 : patterns and hypotheses . '' Population Studies 45.1 ( 1991 ) : 55 -- 65 . Jump up ^ J.M. Winter , `` Aspects of the impact of the First World War on infant mortality in Britain . '' Journal of European Economic History 11.3 ( 1982 ) : 713 . Jump up ^ Barbara Burman , `` Made at Home by Clever Fingers : Home Dressmaking in Edwardian England , '' in Barbara Burman , ed . The Culture of Sewing : Gender , Consumption , and Home Dressmaking ( 1999 ) p 34 Jump up ^ Margaret Beetham , A magazine of her own ? : domesticity and desire in the woman 's magazine , 1800 -- 1914 ( Routledge , 2003 ) . Jump up ^ Guerriero R. Wilson , `` Women 's work in offices and the preservation of men 's ' breadwinning'jobs in early twentieth - century Glasgow . '' Women 's History Review 10 # 3 ( 2001 ) : 463 -- 482 . Jump up ^ Gregory Anderson , The white - blouse revolution : female office workers since 1870 ( 1988 ) . Jump up ^ Carol Dyhouse , Girls growing up in late - Victorian and Edwardian England ( Routledge , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Cartriona M. Parratt , `` Athletic ' Womanhood ' : Exploring sources for female sport in Victorian and Edwardian England . '' Journal of Sport History 16 # 2 ( 1989 ) : 140 -- 157 . Jump up ^ Roger Ottewill , `` ' Skilful and Industrious ' : Women and Congregationalism in Edwardian Hampshire 1901 -- 1914 . '' Family & Community History 19 # 1 ( 2016 ) : 50 - 62 . Jump up ^ Martin Pugh , Women 's suffrage in Britain , 1867 -- 1928 ( 1980 ) . Jump up ^ June Purvis , `` Gendering the Historiography of the Suffragette Movement in Edwardian Britain : some reflections . '' Women 's History Review 22 # 4 ( 2013 ) : 576 - 590 . Jump up ^ Martin Roberts ( 2001 ) . Britain , 1846 - 1964 : The Challenge of Change . Oxford UP . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Jane Marcus , Suffrage and the Pankhursts ( 2013 ) . Jump up ^ England , Historic . `` The Struggle for Suffrage Historic England '' . historicengland.org.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Melanie Phillips , The Ascent of Woman : A History of the Suffragette Movement and the Ideas behind it ( Abacus , 2004 ) . ^ Jump up to : Knight , Patricia ( 1977 ) . `` Women and Abortion in Victorian and Edwardian England '' . History Workshop. 4 : 57 -- 68 . doi : 10.1093 / hwj / 4.1. 57 . ^ Jump up to : McLaren , Angus ( 1977 ) . `` Abortion in England 1890 -- 1914 '' . Victorian Studies : 379 -- 400 . ^ Jump up to : Thane , Pat ( 1978 ) . `` Women and the Poor Law in Victorian and Edwardian England '' . History Workshop : 29 -- 51 . doi : 10.1093 / hwj / 6.1. 29 . JSTOR 4288190 . Jump up ^ Benson , John ( 2007 ) . `` One Man and His Woman : Domestic Service in Edwardian England '' . Labour History Review . 72 ( 3 ) : 203 -- 214 . Jump up ^ Davidoff , Lenore ( 1973 ) . `` Mastered for Life : Servant and Wife in Victorian and Edwardian England '' . Society for the Study of Labour History . 73 ( 27 ) : 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Pooley , Sian ( 2008 ) . `` Domestic Servants and Their Urban Employers : A Case Study of Lancaster 1880 -- 1914 '' . The Economic History Review . 62 ( 2 ) : 405 -- 429 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0289.2008. 00459. x . Jump up ^ Donald Read , Edwardian England 1901 - 15 : society and politics ( 1972 ) pp 257 - 58 . Jump up ^ Marilyn Constanzo , `` ' One Ca n't Shake Off the Women ' : Images of Sport and Gender in Punch , 1901 -- 10 . '' The International journal of the history of sport 19 # 1 ( 2002 ) : 31 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Sarah Cosbey , Mary Lynn Damhorst , and Jane Farrell - Beck . `` Diversity of daytime clothing styles as a reflection of women 's social role ambivalence from 1873 through 1912 . '' Clothing and Textiles Research Journal 21 # 3 ( 2003 ) : 101 -- 119 . Jump up ^ Marwick , Arthur ( 1991 ) . The Deluge . British Society and the First World War ( Second ed . ) . Basingstoke : Macmillan . p. 151 . ISBN 0 - 333 - 54846 - 9 . Jump up ^ Olian , JoAnne ( 1998 ) . Victorian and Edwardian fashions from `` La Mode Illustrée '' . New York : Dover Publications . ISBN 9780486297118 . Jump up ^ Ann Beth Presley , `` Fifty years of change : Societal attitudes and women 's fashions , 1900 -- 1950 . '' Historian 60 # 2 ( 1998 ) : 307 -- 324 . Jump up ^ Kristina Harris , Victorian & Edwardian Fashions for Women , 1840 to 1919 ( Schiffer Publishing , 1995 ) . Jump up ^ Sarah Edwards , `` ' Clad in Robes of Virgin White ' : The Sexual Politics of the ' Lingerie'Dress in Novel and Film Versions of The Go - Between . '' Adaptation 5 # 1 ( 2012 ) : 18 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Alison Gernsheim ( 1963 ) . Victorian & Edwardian Fashion : A Photographic Survey . Courier Corporation . p. 94 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 24205 - 7 . Jump up ^ R.C.K. Ensor , England , 1870 - 1914 ( 1936 ) pp 309 - 16 . Jump up ^ Lord Beaverbrook , Politicians and the War , 1914 -- 1916 ( 1928 ) 1 : 93 . Jump up ^ J. Lee Thompson , `` Fleet Street Colossus : The Rise and Fall of Northcliffe , 1896 -- 1922 . '' Parliamentary History 25.1 ( 2006 ) : 115 - 138 . Jump up ^ P.P. Catterall and Colin Seymour - Ure , `` Northcliffe , Viscount . '' in John Ramsden , ed . The Oxford Companion to Twentieth - Century British Politics ( 2002 ) p. 475 . Jump up ^ Linkof , Ryan . review of The Edwardian Sense : Art , Design , and Performance in Britain , 1901 -- 1910 , ( review no . 1121 ) , Institute of Historical Research Jump up ^ Priestley , J.B. ( 1970 ) . The Edwardians . London : Heinemann . pp. 176 -- 178 . ISBN 0 - 434 - 60332 - 5 . Jump up ^ J.B. Priestley The Edwardians ( 1970 ) , pp. 132 -- 139 . Jump up ^ J.B. Priestley The Edwardians ( 1970 ) , pp. 172 -- 176 . Jump up ^ A.S. Gray , Edwardian Architecture : A Biographical Dictionary ( 1985 ) . Jump up ^ David Littlefield , `` White City : The Art of Erasure and Forgetting the Olympic Games . '' Architectural Design 82 # 1 ( 2012 ) : 70 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Vanessa Toulmin and Simon Popple , eds. , The Lost World of Mitchell and Kenyon : Edwardian Britain on Film ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ see for example `` The Lost World Of Mitchell And Kenyon -- Episode 1 -- 4 / 6 '' Jump up ^ A.R. Ubbelohde , `` Edwardian Science and Technology : Their Interactions '' , British Journal for the History of Science ( 1963 ) 1 # 3 pp. 217 -- 226 in JSTOR Jump up ^ James Anthony Mangan , ed . A sport - loving society : Victorian and Edwardian middle - class England at play ( Routledge , 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Tony Mason , `` ' Our Stephen and our Harold ' : Edwardian footballers as local heroes . '' The International Journal of the History of Sport 13 # 1 ( 1996 ) : 71 -- 85 . Further reading ( edit ) 1911 Michelin Guide Black , Mark . Edwardian Britain : A Very Brief History ( 2012 ) excerpt and text search Brooks , David . The Age of Upheaval : Edwardian Politics , 1899 - 1914 ( 1995 ) Delap , Lucy . `` The Superwoman : Theories of Gender and Genius in Edwardian Britain '' , Historical Journal ( 2004 ) 47 # 1 pp. 101 -- 126 in JSTOR Dyhouse , Carol . Girls growing up in late Victorian and Edwardian England ( Routledge , 2012 ) . Elton , G.R. Modern Historians on British History 1485 -- 1945 : A Critical Bibliography 1945 -- 1969 ( 1969 ) , annotated guide to 1000 history books on every major topic , plus book reviews and major scholarly articles . online Ensor , R.C.K. England 1870 -- 1914 ( 1936 ) , scholarly survey . Field , Clive D . `` ' The Faith Society ' ? Quantifying Religious Belonging in Edwardian Britain , 1901 -- 1914 . '' Journal of Religious History 37.1 ( 2013 ) : 39 -- 63 . Gray , Anne ( 2004 ) . The Edwardians : Secrets and Desires . National Gallery of Australia . ISBN 978 - 0642541499 . Halévy , Elie . History of the English People , 1905 -- 1914 ( 1934 ) , 686pp . Hamlett , Jane . At Home in the Institution : Material Life in Asylums , Lodging Houses and Schools in Victorian and Edwardian England ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2014 ) Hattersley , Roy . The Edwardians ( 2005 ) , excerpt Hawkins , Alun . `` Edwardian Liberalism '' , History Workshop ( 1977 ) # 4 pp. 143 -- 61 Hearnshaw , F.J.C. , ed . Edwardian England AD 1901 -- 1910 ( 1933 ) online 294pp ; 10 essays by scholars . Heffer , Simon . The Age of Decadence : Britain 1880 to 1914 ( 2017 ) , wide - ranging scholarly survey . Heller , Michael . London Clerical Workers , 1880 -- 1914 ( Pickering & Chatto , 2011 ) Holland , Evangeline . Pocket Guide to Edwardian England ( 2013 ) excerpt and text search Horrall , Andrew . Popular culture in London c. 1890 -- 1918 : The transformation of entertainment ( Manchester UP , 2001 ) . Hughes , Michael . `` Archbishop Davidson , the ' Edwardian Crisis , ' and the Defense of the National Church . '' Journal of Church and State 57 # 2 ( 2015 ) : 217 -- 242 . Jenkins , Roy . Asquith : portrait of a man and an era ( 1964 ) Liddington , Jill . Rebel Girls : How votes for women changed Edwardian lives ( Hachette UK , 2015 ) Meacham , Standish . A life apart : The English working class , 1890 -- 1914 ( Harvard UP , 1977 ) , scholarly social history . Nowell - Smith , Simon , ed . Edwardian England , 1901 -- 14 ( 1964 ) , 620pp ; 15 wide - ranging essays by scholars . Ottewill , Roger Martin . `` Faith and good works : congregationalism in Edwardian Hampshire 1901 -- 1914 '' ( PhD . Diss . University of Birmingham , 2015 ) online . Bibliography pp 389 -- 417 . Prior , Christopher . Edwardian England and the Idea of Racial Decline : An Empire 's Future ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2013 ) Read , Donald . Edwardian England ( 1972 ) 288pp ; survey by scholar . Roberts , Clayton , and David F. Roberts . A History of England , Volume 2 : 1688 to the present ( 2013 ) university textbook ; 1985 edition online Ross , Ellen . `` ' Fierce Questions and Taunts ' : Married Life in Working - Class London , 1870 -- 1914 . '' Feminist Studies 8.3 ( 1982 ) : 575 -- 602 . in JSTOR Russell , A.K. Liberal landslide : the general election of 1906 ( 1973 ) . Searle , G.R. A new England ? : peace and war , 1886 -- 1918 ( Oxford University Press , 2004 ) , wide - ranging survey , 952 pp . Spender , J.A. Great Britain : empire and commonwealth , 1886 - 1935 ( 1936 ) pp 159 -- 401 , Focus on UK politics Sutherland , Gillian . `` Self - education , class and gender in Edwardian Britain : women in lower middle class families . '' Oxford Review of Education 41 # 4 ( 2015 ) : 518 -- 533 . Thackeray , David , `` Rethinking the Edwardian Crisis of Conservatism '' , Historical Journal ( 2011 ) 54 # 1 pp. 191 -- 213 in JSTOR Thompson , Paul . The Edwardians : The Remaking of British Society ( 2nd ed. 1992 ) online Trumble , Angus , and Andrea Wolk Rager , eds . Edwardian Opulence : British Art at the Dawn of the Twentieth Century ( 2012 ) . Ubbelohde , A.R. `` Edwardian Science and Technology : Their Interactions '' , British Journal for the History of Science ( 1963 ) 1 # 3 pp. 217 -- 226 in JSTOR Primary sources and year books ( edit ) Annual Register 1901 Annual Register 1902 Annual Register 1903 Annual Register 1906 Annual Register 1907 Statistical Abstract of the United Kingdom annual 1901 -- 1909 , online The Liberal Year Book : 1908 . 1907 . , 370pp United Kingdom articles History Chronology Formation Georgian era Victorian era Edwardian era First World War Interwar Second World War UK since 1945 ( social history ) By topic Economic Empire Maritime Military Geography Administrative Countries of the United Kingdom Crown dependencies Overseas territories City status Towns Former colonies Physical British Isles terminology Great Britain Coastline Geology Lakes and lochs Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Resources Energy / Renewable energy Biodiesel Coal Geothermal Hydraulic frac . 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Trade unions in South Africa

Trade unions in South Africa - Wikipedia Trade unions in South Africa Trade unions in South Africa National trade union organization ( s ) COSATU , FEDUSA , NACTU , CONSAWU National government agency ( ies ) Department of Labour Commission for Conciliation , Mediation and Arbitration National Economic Development and Labour Council Primary trade union legislation Labour Relations Act Trade union membership 3.11 million Percentage of workforce 25.3 % By industry Agriculture , hunting , forestry and fishing : 9.6 % Mining and quarrying : 78.5 % Manufacturing : 38.3 % Electricity , gas and water supply : 55.7 % Construction : 10.5 % Wholesale and retail trade : 23.7 % Transport , storage and communication : 48.2 % Financial , insurance , real estate and business service : 24.0 % Community , social and personal services : 56.9 % Private households with employed persons : 3.4 % International Labour Organization South Africa is a member of the ILO Convention ratification Freedom of Association 19 February 1996 Right to Organise 19 February 1996 Trade unions in South Africa have a history dating back to the 1880s . From the beginning unions could be viewed as a reflection of the racial disunity of the country , with the earliest unions being predominantly for white workers . Through the turbulent years of 1948 -- 1991 trade unions played an important part in developing political and economic resistance , and eventually were one of the driving forces in realising the transition to an inclusive democratic government . Today trade unions are still an important force in South Africa , with 3.11 million members representing 25.3 % of the formal work force . The Congress of South African Trade Unions ( COSATU ) is the largest of the three major trade union centres , with a membership of 1.8 million , and is part of the Tripartite alliance with the ruling African National Congress ( ANC ) and the South African Communist Party ( SACP ) . Contents 1 Early history 2 1970 -- 1991 3 Trade unions today 3.1 Labour and HIV / AIDS 3.2 Labour Relations Act 3.3 Bargaining councils 3.4 Agency Shop Agreements 3.5 Closed Shop Agreements 4 References Early History ( edit ) Early trade unions were often for whites only , with organizations like the South African Confederation of Labour ( SACoL ) favouring employment policies based on racial discrimination . They also often did not fully accept women into the unions . Mary Fitzgerald is considered the first female South African trade unionist and who led many strikes and sit ins before 1911 . The first trade union to organise black workers was the Industrial Workers of Africa ( IWA ) , formed in September 1917 by the revolutionary syndicalist International Socialist League ( ISL ) . The IWA merged into the Industrial and Commercial Workers ' Union of Africa ( ICU ) , formed in 1919 , in 1920 . The ICU was initially a union for black and coloured dockworkers in Cape Town and formed by Clements Kadalie and Arthur F. Batty . It was the first nationally organized union for black workers who would eventually include rural farm workers , domestic and factory workers , dockworkers , teachers and retailers . By the 1920s it was said to be more popular than the ANC and eventually had branches in the Free State , Transvaal and Natal and in 1925 it moved its headquarters to Johannesburg . In 1924 , the South African Trade Union Congress ( SATUC ) was formed with 30,000 members of black trade unions with Bill Andrews as its secretary . It would attract black trade unions from the dry - cleaning , furniture , sweets and automobile industries . By the 1930s the South African Trades and Labour Council ( SATLC ) had united much of the country . The SATLC maintained an explicitly non-racial stance , and accepted affiliation of black trade unions , as well as calling for full legal rights for black trade unionists . Some black unions joined SATLC , while in the 1940s others affiliated with the Council of Non-European Trade Unions , raising it to a peak of 119 unions and 158,000 members in 1945 . In 1946 , the CNETU with the African National Congress and the South African Communist Party pushed for the African Mine Workers ' Strike to become a General Strike . The strike was broken by the police brutality which was part of the rise of the National Party ( NP ) and their slogan of apartheid as all black trade unions were violently suppressed . 1970 -- 1991 ( edit ) By 1954 SATLC was disbanded , and with the formation of the Trade Council of South Africa ( TUCSA ) union membership included white , coloured , and Asians , with blacks in dependent organizations . Independent black unions were excluded from affiliation and 14 previous unions from SATLC founded the South African Congress of Trade Unions ( SACTU ) . SACTU merged with the Council of Non-European Trade Unions and became the trade union arm of the ANC . The union grew to a membership of 53,000 by 1961 , but was driven underground , and for a decade black unionism was again virtually silenced in South Africa. H In 1979 the Federation of South African Trade Unions ( FOSATU ) was formed , with the Council of Unions of South Africa ( CUSA ) being created in the following year . What was to become one of the largest unions in South Africa , the National Union of Mineworkers ( NUM ) was created in 1982 , and was deeply involved in the political conflict against the ruling National Party . The union embraced four `` pillars '' of action - armed struggle , mass mobilisation ( ungovernability ) , international solidarity , and underground operation . The Congress of South African Trade Unions ( COSATU ) was formed in 1985 , and FOSATU merged into it in the same year ( more formally known in the teaching industry ) . The largest strike up to that date in South Africa 's history took place on 1 May 1986 , when 1.5 million black workers `` stayed away '' in a demand for recognition of an official May Day holiday . In the following June up to 200 trade union officials , including Elijah Barayi and Jay Naidoo of the COSATU , and Phiroshaw Camay , the general secretary of the CUSA , were reported to be arrested under a renewed state of emergency . Also in 1986 , CUSA joined with the Azanian Confederation of Trade Unions ( AZACTU ) to form the National Council of Trade Unions ( NACTU ) , and Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi created the United Workers ' Union of South Africa ( UWUSA ) , particularly to oppose disinvestment in South Africa . The UWUSA eventually faded from view , but not before revelations in July 1991 that it had collaborated with anti-union employers in a campaign against both COSATU and NACTU activists , and had received at least 1.5 million Rand from the security police . In 1988 a new Labour Relations Act placed restrictions on labour activities , including giving the Labour Court the power to ban lawful strikes and lock - outs . This was to be short - lived , and negotiations between COSATU , NACTU and the South African Committee on Labour Affairs ( SACCOLA ) eventually produced a 1991 amendment which effectively repealed the previous powers . In 1990 SACTU , which had continued underground activities from exile , dissolved and advised its members to join COSATU . COSATU , as a member of the Tripartite alliance with the ANC and SACP , provided material support in the form of strikes and both political and economic unrest , which eventually led to the displacement of the National Party , and the majority victory of the ANC in the 1994 political elections . Trade unions today ( edit ) Trade unions are recognized within the 1996 Constitution of South Africa , which provides for the right to join trade unions , and for unions to collectively bargain and strike . This has translated into the Labour Relations Act which established the working framework for both unions and employers . Three institutions have also been created to further the goals of reducing industrial relations conflict , and both eliminating unfair discrimination and redressing past discrimination in the workplace : the National Economic Development and Labour Council ( NEDLAC ) , the Labour Court , and the Council for Conciliation , Mediation and Arbitration ( CCMA ) . Acronyms ANC African National Congress CCMA Council for Conciliation , Mediation and Arbitration CONSAWU Confederation of South African Workers ' Unions COSATU Congress of South African Trade Unions FEDUSA Federation of Unions of South Africa FOSATU Federation of South African Trade Unions ICFTU International Confederation of Free Trade Unions ILO International Labour Organization NACTU National Council of Trade Unions NEDLAC National Economic Development and Labour Council NEHAWU National Education , Health and Allied Workers ' Union NP National Party NUM National Union of Mineworkers SACCOLA South African Committee on Labour Affairs SACP South African Communist Party SATLC South African Trades and Labour Council TAC Treatment Action Campaign UWUSA United Workers ' Union of South Africa WCL World Confederation of Labour With the creation of the Federation of Unions of South Africa ( FEDUSA ) from the merger of the Federation of South African Labour Unions ( FEDSAL ) and several smaller unions in 1997 , the three main union organizations were established . COSATU , with a membership of 1.8 million , is followed by FEDUSA with 560,000 members and NACTU with almost 400,000 members including the powerful mineworkers union . All three are affiliated with the International Trade Union Confederation . A fourth national trade union centre was formed in 2003 . The Confederation of South African Workers ' Unions ( CONSAWU ) is affiliated with the World Confederation of Labour ( WCL ) . The 2006 ICFTU Annual Survey of violations of trade union rights noted South Africa : `` Serious violations were reported during the year , including the death of two workers killed by their employer in a wage dispute , and a striking farm worker killed by security guards . Protest strikes and demonstrations met with violent repression , such as the use of rubber bullets , which in the case of striking truck drivers , led to injuries . '' Labour and HIV / AIDS ( edit ) South Africa has one of the largest incidence of HIV / AIDS in the world , with a 2005 estimate of 5.5 million people living with HIV -- 12.4 % of the population . The trade union movement has taken a role in combating this pandemic . COSATU is a key partner in the Treatment Action Campaign ( TAC ) , a registered charity and political force working to educate and promote understanding about HIV / AIDS , and to prevent new infections , as well as push for greater access to antiretrovirals . COSATU passed a resolution in 1998 to campaign for treatment . `` It was clear to the labour movement at that time that its lowest paid members were dying because they could n't afford medicines , '' says Theodora Steel , Campaigns Coordinator at COSATU . `` We saw TAC as a natural ally in a campaign for treatment . We passed a formal resolution at our congress to assist and build TAC . '' Notwithstanding the formal alliance of COSATU with the ruling ANC party , it has been at odds with the government , calling for the roll - out of comprehensive public access to antiretroviral drugs . Labour Relations Act ( edit ) The Labour Relations Act was passed in 1995 , and subsequently experienced major amendments in 1996 , 1998 and 2002 . Its stated purpose is to `` give effect to section 27 of the Constitution '' by regulating organisational rights of trade unions , promoting collective bargaining , regulating the right to strike and the recourse to lockouts , as well as providing mechanisms for dispute resolution and the establishment of Labour Court and Labour Appeal Court as superior courts , `` with exclusive jurisdiction to decide matters arising from the Act '' . The act also addresses employee participation in decision - making , and international law obligations in respect to labour relations . The Labour Relations Act does not apply to the South African National Defence Force , the National Intelligence Agency , or the South African Secret Service . Bargaining councils ( edit ) Bargaining councils are formed by registered trade unions and employers ' organisations . They deal with collective agreements , attempt to solve labour disputes , and make proposals on labour policies and laws . As well , they may administer pension funds , sick pay , unemployment and training schemes , and other such benefits for their members . The Amended Labour Relations Act also notes that these councils are to `` extend the services and functions of the bargaining council to workers in the informal sector and home workers . '' Agency Shop Agreements ( edit ) Agency Shop Agreements are struck by a majority trade union ( either one union , or a coalition of unions representing the majority of workers employed ) and an employer or employers ' organisation . This agreement requires employers to deduct a fee from the wages of non-union workers to `` ensure that non-union workers , who benefit from the union 's bargaining efforts , make a contribution towards those efforts '' . Permission from the employee is not required for deductions to be assessed . However , if the employee is a conscientious objector , that is refuses membership in a trade union on the grounds of conscience , she or he may request that their fees are paid to a fund administered by the Department of Labour . Closed Shop Agreements ( edit ) Closed shop agreements , which require all workers in the covered workplace to join unions , can be struck if 2 thirds of the workers have voted in favour of the agreement . Workers must join the union or face dismissal . In addition , `` if a union expels a member or refuses to allow a new worker to become a union member , and if this expulsion or refusal is in accordance with the union 's constitution or is for a fair reason , then the employer will have to dismiss the worker . This dismissal is not considered unfair . '' Conscientious objectors may not be dismissed for refusing to join the union . Restrictions on closed shops include the requirement that workers are not compelled to be trade union members before obtaining employment , and that dues collected from employees are only used to `` advance or protect the socio - economic interests of workers . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Labour force survey '' ( PDF ) . Statistics South Africa . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : ICTUR et al. , , ed. ( 2005 ) . Trade Unions of the World ( 6th ed . ) . London , UK : John Harper Publishing . ISBN 0 - 9543811 - 5 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : LaNasa , Peter ( 12 June 2015 ) . `` The Rise of Women 's Trade Unionism in South Africa '' . South African History Online . Retrieved 26 September 2016 . Jump up ^ van der Walt , Lucien ( 2004 ) . `` Bakunin 's heirs in South Africa : race and revolutionary syndicalism from the IWW to the International Socialist League , 1910 -- 21 '' . Politikon . Carfax Publishing . 31 ( 1 ) : 67 -- 89 . doi : 10.1080 / 02589340410001690819 . ^ Jump up to : Pretorius , Fransjohan ( 2014 ) . A History of South Africa : From the Distant Past to the Present Day . Hatsfield , Pretoria : Protea Book House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86919 - 908 - 1 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Jon ( November 1984 ) . Industrialisation and Trade Union Organization in South Africa 1924 - 1955 : The Rise and Fall of ... ( ebook ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 1 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 26312 - 3 . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` NUM History '' . National Union of Mineworkers . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Labour relations '' . Constitution of South Africa . Archived from the original on 17 November 2013 . Retrieved 11 July 2006 . Jump up ^ Butler , Anthony ( 2004 ) . Contemporary South Africa . NY : Palgrave MacMillan . p. 61 . ISBN 0 - 333 - 71519 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa '' . Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union Rights ( 2006 ) . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Report on the global AIDS epidemic '' . UNAIDS . Archived from the original on 12 July 2006 . Retrieved 11 July 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Country profile - South Africa '' . ILOAIDS . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Stepping back from the edge '' ( PDF ) . UNAIDS . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` South African Union Boss Demands Government Supply Anti-AIDS Drugs '' . The Body.com . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Labour Relations Amendment Act 42 of 1996 Jump up ^ Labour Relations Amendment Act 127 of 1998 Jump up ^ Labour Relations Amendment Act 12 of 2002 Jump up ^ `` Amended Labour Relations Act '' . Department of Labour . Archived from the original on 2006 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` 28 . Powers and functions of bargaining council '' . Amended Labour Relations Act . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Basic Guide to Agency Shop Agreements '' . Department of Labour . Archived from the original on 2006 - 02 - 11 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Basic Guide to Closed Shop Agreements '' . Department of Labour . Archived from the original on 2006 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 24 . Organized labour portal Trade unions in South Africa CONSAWU Solidarity COSATU CEPPWAWU CWU CWUSA DENOSA NEHAWU NUM PAWUSA POPCRU SACCAWU SACTWU SADNU SADTU SAFPU SAMA SAMWU SANDU SASAWU SASBO -- The Finance Union SATAWU FEDUSA HOSPERSA IMATU UASA NACTU NTM BCAWU BIFAWU HOTELICCA MEWUSA MWASA NSAWU NUFWBSAW PEU SACWU TAWU TOWU ECCAWUSA FEDCRAW ICAWU ICU ITU LEWUSA NASECGWU NPSWU SAPSWU SAFTU FAWU NUMSA SAPU Unaligned AMCU NAPTOSA PSA Sikhula Sonke Political history of South Africa Defunct polities Kingdom of Mapungubwe ( c. 1075 -- c. 1220 ) Dutch Cape Colony ( 1652 -- 1806 ) Mthethwa Paramountcy ( c. 1780 -- 1817 ) Ndwandwe Kingdom ( c. 1780 -- 1819 ) Cape Colony ( 1795 -- 1910 ) Zulu Kingdom ( 1816 -- 97 ) Natalia Republic ( 1839 -- 43 ) Natal Colony ( 1843 -- 1910 ) Orange Free State ( 1854 -- 1902 ) South African Republic ( 1856 -- 1902 ) Griqualand East ( 1861 -- 79 ) Griqualand West ( 1870 -- 73 ) Goshen ( 1882 -- 83 ) Stellaland ( 1882 -- 85 ) Nieuwe Republiek ( 1884 -- 88 ) Upingtonia ( 1885 -- 87 ) Klein Vrystaat ( 1886 -- 91 ) Orange River Colony ( 1902 -- 10 ) Transvaal Colony ( 1902 -- 10 ) Union of South Africa ( 1910 -- 61 ) Transkei ( 1976 -- 94 ) Bophuthatswana ( 1977 -- 94 ) Venda ( 1979 -- 94 ) Ciskei ( 1981 -- 94 ) Events 1652 -- 1815 Dutch settlement French Huguenot settlement Khoikhoi -- Dutch Wars Xhosa Wars Battle of Muizenberg Battle of Blaauwberg Anglo - Dutch Treaty of 1814 1815 -- 1910 Mfecane 1820 Settlers Great Trek Boer Republics Transvaal Civil War Mineral Revolution Witwatersrand Gold Rush South African Wars South Africa Act 1909 ( National Convention ) 1910 -- 1948 South West Africa campaign Maritz Rebellion Rand Rebellion Great Depression 1946 African Mine Workers ' Union strike Bantustans Apartheid era 1948 general election Apartheid legislation Pass laws Internal resistance Coloured - vote constitutional crisis Defiance Campaign Congress of the People Freedom Charter Women 's March 1956 1957 Alexandra bus boycott Sharpeville massacre 1960 republic referendum International isolation Academic boycott Disinvestment Sporting boycott Olympics Rugby union Rivonia Trial Tar Baby Option Durban Moment Border War Israeli alliance Israel -- South Africa Agreement Soweto Uprising Weapons of mass destruction Project Coast Constructive engagement Church Street bombing 1983 constitutional reform referendum Langa massacre Rubicon speech Dakar Conference Third Force CODESA 1992 apartheid referendum Saint James Church massacre Bophuthatswana crisis Shell House massacre Post-apartheid 1994 general election Government of National Unity Reconstruction and Development Programme Truth and Reconciliation Commission Arms Deal Floor crossing Soweto bombings African Renaissance Xenophobia Marikana massacre 2012 Western Cape farm workers ' strike Nkandlagate Racism 2014 platinum strike # RhodesMustFall protests # FeesMustFall student protests Tshwane riots Political culture African nationalism Afrikaner Calvinism Afrikaner nationalism Azania Baasskap Boerehaat Black Consciousness Movement Day of the Vow Greater South Africa Honorary whites Rooi gevaar Slavery Swart gevaar Uitlander Volkstaat Defunct organisations Civic and political organisations Afrikaner Bond Afrikaner Broederbond Afrikaner Party AITUP APO AVF BPC Black Sash CDA CTEG COD Congress Alliance COSG CP Dominion Party DP ( 1973 -- 1977 ) DP ( 1989 -- 2000 ) DPP ECC FA FD Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners GNP Het Volk HNP IDASA ID IP ISL Jeugkrag Johannesburg Reform Committee Labour Party ( 1910 -- 1958 ) Labour Party ( 1969 -- 1994 ) Liberal Party ( 1953 -- 1968 ) NA NCP Natal Indian Congress NLP NNP NP NPP NRP NUSAS PFP Progressive Party ( Cape Colony ) Progressive Party PRP Radio Freedom Reform Party SABP SADECO SAIC SASO SAYCO SAYRCO South African Party ( Cape Colony ) South African Party ( 1911 -- 1934 ) South African Party ( 1977 -- 1980 ) TNIP Torch Commando UFP United Party Unionist Party Volksparty Workers Party WOSA Trade unions and social movements APF BCM BLATU CNETU CTSWU FCWU FNETU FOSATU ICU IWW MUSA NEUM NURHS PAWE SAAPAWU SACTU SAIF SARHU SATUC Die Spoorbund UDF Umkosi Wezintaba Paramilitary and terrorist organisations APLA ARM BBB Boeremag Greyshirts MK Ossewabrandwag Orde van die Dood SANF Histories of political parties African National Congress Democratic Alliance Pan Africanist Congress of Azania Trade unions in Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde ) Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla ( Spain ) Madeira ( Portugal ) Mayotte / Réunion ( France ) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_South_Africa&oldid=849213440 '' Categories : Trade unions in South Africa Politics of South Africa Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2012 Use South African English from May 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in South African English Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 July 2018 , at 10 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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Bone Symphony

Bone symphony - wikipedia Bone symphony Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bone Symphony were a short - lived synthpop / new wave active in the early 1980s . The group consisted of Scott Wilk on lead vocals and synthesizer , Marc Levinthal ( guitar , bass synthesizer and sequencer , drum machine , 808 programming ) and keyboard artist Jacob Magnusson ( Iceland ) . All band members played synthesizer keyboards . They were signed to Capitol Records and released only one record , Bone Symphony EP , in 1983 `` It 's A Jungle Out There '' - 4 : 55 `` Everything I Say Is A Lie '' - 3 : 52 `` I 'll Be There For You '' - 3 : 54 `` Piece Of My Heart '' - 4 : 10 `` Dome Of Spheres '' - 5 : 33 They are most famous for their song `` One Foot in Front of the Other '' which appeared in the film Revenge of the Nerds , an episode of Family Guy , and the film Ted 2 . Scott Wilk and Marc Levinthal also wrote the score for the film Valley Girl , which featured Nicolas Cage in his first starring role . Discography ( edit ) Bone Symphony EP ( Capitol Records , 1983 ) MusicBrainz : 4918a671 - e824 - 4544 - 931d - 7f34bafe178f Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bone_Symphony&oldid=732017643 '' Categories : American synthpop groups American new wave musical groups Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from December 2010 All articles lacking sources Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 July 2016 , at 01 : 09 . About Wikipedia

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Sharks in captivity

Sharks in captivity - wikipedia Sharks in captivity One of the several whale sharks housed at the Georgia Aquarium Several species of sharks are kept in captivity in public aquaria . In home aquaria , size constraints mean that only the smallest sharks are typically viable as pets . Contents ( hide ) 1 Public aquaria 1.1 Behavior 2 Home aquaria 2.1 Housings 2.2 Diet and nutrition 2.3 In community tanks 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Public aquaria ( edit ) Until recently only a few benthic species of shark , such as hornsharks , leopard sharks , catsharks , and zebra sharks , had survived in aquarium conditions for up to a year or more . This gave rise to the belief that sharks , as well as being difficult to capture and transport , were difficult to care for . A better knowledge of sharks has led to more species ( including the large pelagic sharks ) being able to be kept for far longer . At the same time , transportation techniques have improved and long distance movement of sharks is becoming easier . Several attempts to keep a Great White Shark in captivity have been attempted , but most specimens died or had to be released after a short time . One example , placed in the Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium in Japan , only survived for three days . The longest a Great White was held in captivity was at the Monterey Bay Aquarium , in September 2004 . A young female was kept in an outdoor tank for 198 days before releasing her back into the wild . In the following years , the Monterey Bay Aquarium hosted five more juvenile white sharks for temporary stays before ending their program in 2011 . Behavior ( edit ) When introduced to their new habitat some mature sharks has refused food despite the abundance and variety of feeding methods used . Over a period of years this results in sharks dying of starvation amidst plenty . Sharks are usually seen to live a solitary existence , rarely moving about in group events , although , a tank could house up to four or five species during the same time period . It has been commonly seen that Lemon and Nurse sharks occupy the bottom of the tank floor . Occasionally , they will take a swim no more than two or three feet off the bottom . Bull sharks , Sandbar sharks , and Sand tiger sharks continuously swim at mid-depth . Larger tiger sharks inhabit the upper region of the tank where their dorsal fin is breaking the surface frequently . Swimming patterns seen from sharks in captivity are that of Blacktip , Bull , and Lemon sharks being active 24 hours and those of Sandbars , Nurse and Sand tigers being active at certain times of the day / night . However , within some aquaria 's this could be attributed to the different feeding times of these species . Sharks in captivity , referring to that of Sandbar , Sand tiger , and Nurse sharks are predicted to be less aggressive being that no aggressive biting is seen after feeding . The foremost behavior observed from those in captivity was curiosity , reasoning 's being due to less competition for food and lack of stimulation . Home aquaria ( edit ) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( January 2009 ) Most species of shark are not suitable for domestic aquaria and not every species of shark sold by pet stores make good inhabitants for personal aquaria . Some species of sharks can also be kept well in home saltwater aquaria . Uninformed or unscrupulous dealers sometimes sell juvenile sharks like the nurse shark , which upon reaching adulthood will have far outgrown typical home aquaria . Public aquaria are generally not interested in accepting donated specimens that have overgrown their housing and some shark owners have been tempted to release them into the wild . Housings ( edit ) However , some species of shark can make prized additions to home aquaria . Species appropriate to home aquaria represent considerable spatial and financial investments as they generally approach adult lengths of 3 feet and can live up to 25 years . Sharks must be housed in aquaria at or exceeding 180 gallons in volume , with more active species requiring more space . Surface area is an even more significant consideration for aquarists than volume as it is the determining factor for the amount of oxygen that ends up being dissolved in the water , and therefore critical to the sharks ' respiration . Choice of aquarium substrate is also important because a sharp , rough bed can irritate a shark 's soft underbelly , or in severe cases lead to fatal infections . Shark aquaria are generally advised to be decorated `` conservatively '' in order to leave space for the animal to move more freely during daily activities . A cave , however , is often an appropriate addition for some shy species . Diet and nutrition ( edit ) Sharks are very frequently overfed by amateur aquarists , which can lead to obesity or unnaturally fast growth rates . Captive sharks are healthiest when fed at levels similar to their food intake in the wild . Usually this amounts to 1 - 3 % of their body weight weekly . However , aquarium conditions and species disposition are considered by conscientious aquarists when feeding captive sharks . Relatively sedentary species , such as wobbegongs can live on feedings occurring once or twice weekly . More active species may require to be fed three or four times per week to maintain satisfactory health . Sharks living in cooler water temperatures have slower metabolisms than sharks in warmer water housings and therefore require less food . The most common staple food provided to captive sharks in home aquaria is frozen fish . The freezing process used to store foods for sharks often results in the food items losing nutrient value . Lost nutrients are replaced by vitamin supplements , which are marketed commercially , sometimes by companies generally associated with more typical pet foods ( such as Purina Mills ) . Uncorrected nutrient deficiencies inherent in the frozen food diet can cause considerable detriment to the health of captive specimens . Conditions such as popeye , ascites , and anemia are known to occur in captive sharks that are deficient in some essential vitamin . Vitamin B deficiency results in a treatable condition where the shark 's back arches and it swims in a circular motion . Feeding sharks frozen non-marine fish can result in deficiencies of omega - 3 fatty acids , which can result in `` fat infiltration of the liver , '' which can impede the organ 's function seriously enough for major health issues . In community tanks ( edit ) Sometimes sharks are unwittingly put in harm 's way when aquarists include potentially dangerous tankmates in the same aquarium . Hobbyists generally do n't think of other fish being a threat to sharks , but triggerfish , angel fish , puffers , and wrasses can all injure them . A large grouper is capable of consuming smaller sharks . Sometimes docile bottom feeding sharks are put at risk because of the fish that feed on the ocean bottom , sedentary sharks are simply an extension of the substrate . '' Another problem aquarists keeping sharks with other types of fish have encountered is that the smaller , more passive aquarium - friendly shark species often have difficulty competing with their tankmates for the food provided by the aquarist . Sharks are predatory themselves and may maul or consume tankmates smaller or weaker than themselves . See also ( edit ) Sharks portal Aquarium References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Whale Sharks in Captivity '' . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2012 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Hale , Tom ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Great White Shark Dies After Just THREE Days In Captivity '' . IFL Science ! . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ Fong , Joss ( 2016 - 07 - 08 ) . `` Why there are n't any great white sharks in captivity '' . Vox . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Essapian , F. ( 1962 ) . Notes on the Behavior of Sharks in Captivity . Copeia , 1962 ( 2 ) , 457 - 459 . doi : 10.2307 / 1440936 Jump up ^ Essapian , F. ( 1962 ) . Notes on the Behavior of Sharks in Captivity . Copeia , 1962 ( 2 ) , 457 - 459 . doi : 10.2307 / 1440936 Jump up ^ Essapian , F. ( 1962 ) . Notes on the Behavior of Sharks in Captivity . Copeia , 1962 ( 2 ) , 457 - 459 . doi : 10.2307 / 1440936 Jump up ^ Essapian , F. ( 1962 ) . Notes on the Behavior of Sharks in Captivity . Copeia , 1962 ( 2 ) , 457 - 459 . doi : 10.2307 / 1440936 Jump up ^ Essapian , F. ( 1962 ) . Notes on the Behavior of Sharks in Captivity . Copeia , 1962 ( 2 ) , 457 - 459 . doi : 10.2307 / 1440936 Jump up ^ Hussain , S.M. ( 1991 ) . The Behavior of Sharks in Captivity . Indian Journal of Fishtrits . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hussain , S.M. ( 1991 ) . The Behavior of Sharks in Captivity . Indian Journal of Fishtrits . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Flunory , M. , Ortiz , M. , & Restrepo , A. ( n.d. ) . A Behavioral Study of Sharks in Captivity . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Flunory , M. , Ortiz , M. , & Restrepo , A. ( n.d. ) . A Behavioral Study of Sharks in Captivity . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Michael , Scott W. ( March 2004 ) . `` Sharks at Home '' . Aquarium Fish Magazine . pp. 20 -- 29 . External links ( edit ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sharks_in_captivity&oldid=846313024 '' Categories : Sharks Aquaria Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2009 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018 , at 22 : 31 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

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Reid technique

Reid technique - wikipedia Reid technique The Reid technique is a method of questioning suspects to try to assess their credibility , developed by consultant and polygraph expert John Reid . Supporters argue that the Reid technique is useful in extracting information from otherwise unwilling suspects , while critics have charged the technique can elicit false confessions from innocent people , especially children . `` The Reid technique '' is a registered trademark of John E. Reid and Associates , and is widely used by law - enforcement agencies in North America . A 1955 confession which established Reid 's reputation and popularized his technique was later determined to be false after another man confessed ; the man originally convicted using the confession obtained by Reid was paid $500,000 by the state of Nebraska in compensation for his wrongful conviction . Contents ( hide ) 1 Process 1.1 Nine steps of interrogation 2 Risk of false confession 2.1 Alternative models 3 References 4 See also 5 Further reading 6 External links Process ( edit ) The Reid technique consists of a three - phase process beginning with Fact Analysis , followed by the Behavior Analysis Interview ( a non-accusatory interview designed to develop investigative and behavioral information ) , followed when appropriate by the Reid Nine Steps of Interrogation . Individuals should only be interrogated when the information developed from the interview and investigation indicate that the subject is involved in the commission of the crime . In the Reid technique , interrogation is an accusatory process in which the investigator tells the suspect that the results of the investigation clearly indicate that they did commit the crime in question . The interrogation is in the form of a monologue presented by the investigator rather than a question and answer format . The demeanor of the investigator during the course of an interrogation is ideally understanding , patient , and non-demeaning . The Reid technique user 's goal is to make the suspect gradually more comfortable with telling the truth . This is accomplished by the investigators ' first imagining and then offering the suspect various psychological constructs as justification for their behavior . For example , an admission of guilt might be prompted by the question , `` Did you plan this out or did it just happen on the spur of the moment ? '' This is called an alternative question which is based on an implicit assumption of guilt . The subject , of course , always has a third choice which is to deny any involvement at all . Critics regard this strategy as hazardous , arguing that it is subject to confirmation bias ( likely to reinforce inaccurate beliefs or assumptions ) and may lead to prematurely narrowing an investigation . Nine steps of interrogation ( edit ) The Reid technique 's nine steps of interrogation are : Direct confrontation . Advise the suspect that the evidence has led the police to the individual as a suspect . Offer the person an early opportunity to explain why the offense took place . Try to shift the blame away from the suspect to some other person or set of circumstances that prompted the suspect to commit the crime . That is , develop themes containing reasons that will psychologically justify or excuse the crime . Themes may be developed or changed to find one to which the accused is most responsive . Try to minimize the frequency of suspect denials . At this point , the accused will often give a reason why he or she did not or could not commit the crime . Try to use this to move towards the acknowledgement of what they did . Reinforce sincerity to ensure that the suspect is receptive . The suspect will become quieter and listen . Move the theme discussion towards offering alternatives . If the suspect cries at this point , infer guilt . Pose the `` alternative question '' , giving two choices for what happened ; one more socially acceptable than the other . The suspect is expected to choose the easier option but whichever alternative the suspect chooses , guilt is admitted . As stated above , there is always a third option which is to maintain that they did not commit the crime . Lead the suspect to repeat the admission of guilt in front of witnesses and develop corroborating information to establish the validity of the confession . Document the suspect 's admission or confession and have him or her prepare a recorded statement ( audio , video or written ) . Risk of false confession ( edit ) Critics of the technique claim it too easily produces false confessions , especially with children . The use of techniques that are acceptable in the United States , such as lying to a suspect about evidence , are prohibited in several European countries because of the perceived risk of false confessions and wrongful convictions that might result , particularly with juveniles . For example , § 136a of the German Strafprozessordnung ( de ) ( StPO ) bans the use of deception and intimidation in interrogations ; the Reid method also conflicts with the German police 's obligation to adequately inform the suspect of their right to silence . In Canada , Provincial Court Judge Mike Dinkel ruled in 2012 that `` stripped to its bare essentials , the Reid technique is a guilt - presumptive , confrontational , psychologically manipulative procedure whose purpose is to extract a confession . '' It was discovered in December 2013 that an unredacted copy of the Federal Bureau of Investigation interrogation manual had been impermissibly placed in the Library of Congress and was available for public view . The manual confirmed American Civil Liberties Union concerns that the agency used the Reid technique . Abuses of interrogation methods include falsely accused suspects being treated aggressively and told lies about the amount of evidence proving their guilt . Such exaggerated claims of evidence , such as video or genetics , has the potential , when combined with such coercive tactics as threats of harm or promises of leniency , to potentially cause innocent suspects becoming overwhelmed . In 2003 an innocent man who repeated he was not guilty and was on a bus at the time the robbery in question occurred , successfully sued the Hamilton Police Service . In 2015 , eight organizations including John E. Reid & Associates settled with Juan Rivera , who was wrongfully convicted of the 1992 rape and murder of 11 - year - old Holly Staker . A number of pieces of evidence excluded Rivera , including DNA from the rape kit and the report from the electronic ankle monitor he was wearing at the time while awaiting trial for a non-violent burglary . However , he confessed after being interrogated by the police several days after taking two polygraph examinations at Reid and Associates . After his exoneration , Rivera filed a suit for false arrest and malicious prosecution . The case was settled out of court with John E. Reid & Associates paying $2 million . Alternative models ( edit ) The PEACE ( Preparation and Planning , Engage and Explain , Account , Closure and Evaluate ) model developed in Britain `` encourages more of a dialogue between investigator and suspect '' . In 2015 , the Royal Canadian Mounted Police adopted a new standard influenced by the PEACE model . Sgt . Darren Carr , who trains police with the new approach , described it as `` less Kojak and more Dr. Phil '' . This approach eschews the use of deceptive information to overwhelm suspects . It emphasizes information gathering over eliciting confessions , and discourages investigators from presuming a suspect 's guilt . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A Severed Head , Two Cops , and the Radical Future of Interrogation '' . Wired.com . May 24 , 2016 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Reid Technique -- Justia Trademarks Retrieved 28 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Brian Gallini , `` Police ' Science ' in the Interrogation Room : Seventy Years of Pseudo-Psychological Interrogation Methods to Obtain Inadmissible Confessions '' , Hastings Law Journal , 61 ( February 2010 ) , p. 529 . See abstract at : http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1474813 Jump up ^ Starr , Douglas . `` The Interview : Do police interrogation techniques produce false confessions ? '' , The New Yorker , December 9 , 2013 Jump up ^ Zulawski , David E. ; Wicklander , Douglas E. ( 2001 ) . Practical Aspects of Interview and Interrogation . Ann Arbor : CRC Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8493 - 0101 - 8 . Jump up ^ Kassin , S.M. ; Appleby , S.C. ; Perillo , J.T. ( February 2010 ) . `` Interviewing suspects : Practice , science , and future directions '' . Legal and Criminological Psychology . 15 : 39 -- 55 . doi : 10.1348 / 135532509X449361 . ( preprint ) Jump up ^ Drizin , S.A. ; Leo , R.A. ( 2004 ) . `` The problem of false confessions in the post-DNA world '' . North Carolina Law Review . 82 : 891 -- 1007 . ( preprint ) Jump up ^ Beck , Susan ( March 2009 ) . `` Saving Anthony Harris '' . The American Lawyer . XXXI ( 3 ) : 76 . Jump up ^ Vrij , A ( 1998 ) . `` Interviewing Suspects '' . In Memon , A. ; Vrij , A ; Bull , R. Psychology and Law : Truthfulness , Accuracy and Credibility . Maidenhead , UK : McGraw - Hill . pp. 124 -- 44 . Jump up ^ `` Skriptum Vernehmungslehre '' ( PDF ) ( in German ) . Brandenburg State Police Academy and College . 2 January 2012 . Retrieved 1 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Quan , Douglas ( September 10 , 2012 ) . `` Judge 's ruling finds widely used police interrogation technique ' oppressive ' '' . Canada.com . Jump up ^ `` You 'll never guess where this FBI agent left a secret interrogation manual '' , Mother Jones , Nick Baumann , 20 December 2013 . Retrieved 21 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Widely used police interrogation technique can result in false confession : Disclosure '' . CBC News . January 28 , 2003 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Douglas Quan ( July 30 , 2015 ) . `` RCMP adopts gentler grilling of suspects '' . The StarPhoenix . Saskatoon . Retrieved January 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Starr , Douglas ( May 22 , 2015 ) . `` Juan Rivera and the Dangers of Coercive Interrogation '' . The New Yorker . Jump up ^ Gross , Terry ( December 5 , 2013 ) . `` Beyond Good Cop / Bad Cop : A Look at Real - Life Interrogations '' . Fresh Air . NPR . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . See also ( edit ) Loaded question Suggestive question Further reading ( edit ) McEvers , Kelly ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` In New Age of Interrogations , Police Focus on Building Rapport '' . All Things Considered . NPR . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) John E. Reid and Associates The full 9 steps with key points `` How Police Interrogation Works '' by Julia Layton , HowStuffWorks `` How to Sniff Out a Liar '' by Melanie Lindner , Forbes , 5 / 13 / 2009 hide Psychological manipulation Rewarding : pleasant ( positive reinforcement ) Attention Bribery Child grooming Flattery Gifts Ingratiation Love bombing Nudging Praise Seduction Smiling Superficial charm Superficial sympathy Aversive : unpleasant ( positive punishment ) Anger Character assassination Crying Emotional blackmail Fearmongering Frowning Glaring Guilt trip Inattention Intimidation Nagging Nit - picking criticism Passive aggression Relational aggression Sadism Shaming Silent treatment Social rejection Swearing Threats Victim blaming Victim playing Yelling Intermittent or partial negative reinforcement Climate of fear Traumatic bonding Other techniques Bait - and - switch Deception Denial Deprogramming Disinformation Distortion Diversion Divide and rule Double bind Entrapment Evasion Exaggeration Gaslighting Good cop / bad cop Indoctrination Low - balling Lying Minimisation Moving the goalposts Pride - and - ego down Rationalization Reid technique Setting up to fail Trojan horse You 're either with us , or against us Contexts Abuse Abusive power and control Advertising Bullying Catholic guilt Confidence trick Guilt culture Interrogation Jewish guilt Jewish mother stereotype Moral panic Media manipulation Mind control Mind games Mobbing Propaganda Salesmanship Scapegoating Shame culture Smear campaign Social engineering ( blagging ) Spin Suggestibility Whispering campaign Related topics Antisocial personality disorder Assertiveness Blame Borderline personality disorder Carrot and stick Dumbing down Enabling Fallacy Femme fatale Gaming the system Gullibility Histrionic personality disorder Impression management Machiavellianism Narcissism Narcissistic personality disorder Personal boundaries Persuasion Popularity Projection Psychopathy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reid_technique&oldid=845058454 '' Categories : Interrogation techniques Law enforcement in the United States Law enforcement in Canada Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 9 June 2018 , at 01 : 53 . 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Copperhead (politics)

Copperhead ( Politics ) - wikipedia Copperhead ( Politics ) Copperhead Democrats Historical leaders Clement Vallandigham Alexander Long Founded 1860 ( 1860 ) Dissolved 1868 ( 1868 ) Ideology Anti-abolitionism Anti-Civil War Jacksonianism Traditionalism National affiliation Democratic Party Politics of United States Political parties Elections In the 1860s , the Copperheads were a vocal faction of Democrats in the Northern United States of the Union who opposed the American Civil War and wanted an immediate peace settlement with the Confederates . Republicans started calling anti-war Democrats `` Copperheads '' , likening them to the venomous snake . Those Democrats accepted the label , reinterpreting the copper `` head '' as the likeness of Liberty , which they cut from Liberty Head large cent coins and proudly wore as badges . By contrast , Democratic supporters of the war were called War Democrats . The Copperheads represented the more extreme wing of the Northern Democrats . Notable Copperheads included two Democratic Congressmen from Ohio : Clement L. Vallandigham and Alexander Long . Republican prosecutors accused some prominent Copperheads of treason in a series of trials in 1864 . Copperheadism was a highly contentious grass - roots movement . It had its strongest base in the area just north of the Ohio River as well as in some urban ethnic wards . Some historians have argued that it represented a traditionalistic element alarmed at the rapid modernization of society sponsored by the Republican Party and that it looked back to Jacksonian democracy for inspiration . Weber ( 2006 ) argues that the Copperheads damaged the Union war effort by opposing conscription ( the `` draft '' ) , encouraging desertion and forming conspiracies , but other historians say that the draft was already in disrepute and that the Republicans greatly exaggerated the conspiracies for partisan reasons . Historians such as Wood Gray and Jennifer Weber argue that the Copperheads were inflexibly rooted in the past and were naive about the refusal of the Confederates to return to the Union . Convinced that the Republicans were ruining the traditional world they loved , they were obstructionist partisans . In turn , the Copperheads became a major target of the National Union Party in the 1864 presidential election , where they were used to discredit the main Democratic candidates . Copperhead support increased when Union armies did poorly and decreased when they won great victories . After the fall of Atlanta in September 1864 , Union military success seemed assured and Copperheadism collapsed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Agenda 2 Newspapers 3 Copperhead resistance 4 Characteristics 5 Historiography 6 Notable Peace Democrats 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Further reading 10 External links Agenda ( edit ) Copperhead pamphlet from 1864 by Charles Chauncey Burr , a magazine editor from New York City During the American Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) , the Copperheads nominally favored the Union and strongly opposed the war , for which they blamed abolitionists and they demanded immediate peace and resisted draft laws . They wanted President Abraham Lincoln and the Republicans ousted from power , seeing the President as a tyrant destroying American republican values with despotic and arbitrary actions . Some Copperheads tried to persuade Union soldiers to desert . They talked of helping Confederate prisoners of war seize their camps and escape . They sometimes met with Confederate agents and took money . The Confederacy encouraged their activities whenever possible . Newspapers ( edit ) The Copperheads had numerous important newspapers , but the editors never formed an alliance . In Chicago , Wilbur F. Storey made the Chicago Times into Lincoln 's most vituperative enemy . The New York Journal of Commerce , originally abolitionist , was sold to owners who became Copperheads , giving them an important voice in the largest city . A typical editor was Edward G. Roddy , owner of the Uniontown , Pennsylvania Genius of Liberty . He was an intensely partisan Democrat who saw African Americans as an inferior race and Lincoln as a despot and dunce . Although he supported the war effort in 1861 , he blamed abolitionists for prolonging the war and denounced the government as increasingly despotic . By 1864 , he was calling for peace at any price . John Mullaly 's Metropolitan Record was the official Catholic newspaper in New York City . Reflecting Irish American opinion , it supported the war until 1863 before becoming a Copperhead organ . In the spring and summer of 1863 , the paper urged its Irish working - class readers to pursue armed resistance to the draft passed by Congress earlier in the year . When the draft began in the city , working class European Americans , largely Irish , responded with violent riots from July 13 to 16 , lynching , beating and hacking to death more than 100 black New Yorkers and burning down black - owned businesses and institutions , including an orphanage for 233 black children . On August 19 , 1864 , John Mullaly was arrested for inciting resistance to the draft . Even in an era of extremely partisan journalism , Copperhead newspapers were remarkable for their angry rhetoric . Wisconsin newspaper editor Marcus M. Pomeroy of the La Crosse Democrat referred to Lincoln as `` Fungus from the corrupt womb of bigotry and fanaticism '' and a `` worse tyrant and more inhuman butcher than has existed since the days of Nero ( ... ) The man who votes for Lincoln now is a traitor and murderer ( ... ) And if he is elected to misgovern for another four years , we trust some bold hand will pierce his heart with dagger point for the public good '' . Copperhead resistance ( edit ) Clement Vallandigham , leader of the Copperheads , coined the slogan : `` To maintain the Constitution as it is , and to restore the Union as it was '' The Copperheads sometimes talked of violent resistance and in some cases started to organize . However , they never actually made an organized attack . As war opponents , Copperheads were suspected of disloyalty and their leaders were sometimes arrested and held for months in military prisons without trial . One famous example was General Ambrose Burnside 's 1863 General Order Number 38 , issued in Ohio , which made it an offence ( to be tried in military court ) to criticize the war in any way . The order was used to arrest Ohio congressman Clement L. Vallandigham when he criticized the order itself . However , Lincoln commuted his sentence while requiring his exile to the Confederacy . Probably the largest Copperhead group was the Knights of the Golden Circle . Formed in Ohio in the 1850s , it became politicized in 1861 . It reorganized as the Order of American Knights in 1863 and again in early 1864 as the Order of the Sons of Liberty , with Vallandigham as its commander . One leader , Harrison H. Dodd , advocated violent overthrow of the governments of Indiana , Illinois , Kentucky and Missouri in 1864 . Democratic Party leaders and a Federal investigation , thwarted his conspiracy . In spite of this Copperhead setback , tensions remained high . The Charleston Riot took place in Illinois in March 1864 . Indiana Republicans then used the sensational revelation of an antiwar Copperhead conspiracy by elements of the Sons of Liberty to discredit Democrats in the 1864 House elections . The military trial of Lambdin P. Milligan and other Sons of Liberty revealed plans to set free the Confederate prisoners held in the state . The culprits were sentenced to hang , but the Supreme Court intervened in ex parte Milligan , saying they should have received civilian trials . Most Copperheads actively participated in politics . On May 1 , 1863 , former Congressman Vallandigham declared the war was being fought not to save the Union , but to free the blacks and enslave Southern whites . The army then arrested him for declaring sympathy for the enemy . He was court - martialed by the Army and sentenced to imprisonment , but Lincoln commuted the sentence to banishment behind Confederate lines . The Democrats nevertheless nominated him for governor of Ohio in 1863 . He campaigned from Canada , but lost after an intense battle . He operated behind the scenes at the 1864 Democratic convention in Chicago . This convention adopted a largely Copperhead platform and selected Ohio Representative George Pendleton ( a known Peace Democrat ) as the vice presidential candidate . However , it chose a pro-war presidential candidate , General George B. McClellan . The contradiction severely weakened the party 's chances to defeat Lincoln . Characteristics ( edit ) The values of the Copperheads reflected the Jacksonian democracy of an earlier agrarian society . The Copperhead movement attracted Southerners who had settled north of the Ohio River , the poor and merchants who had lost profitable Southern trade . They were most numerous in border areas , including southern parts of Ohio , Illinois and Indiana ( in Missouri , comparable groups were avowed Confederates ) . The movement has scattered bases of support outside the lower Midwest . There was a Copperhead element in Connecticut that dominated the Democratic Party there . The Copperhead coalition included many Irish American Catholics in eastern cities , mill towns and mining camps ( especially in the Pennsylvania coal fields ) . They were also numerous in German Catholic areas of the Midwest , especially Wisconsin Historian Kenneth Stampp has captured the Copperhead spirit in his depiction of Congressman Daniel W. Voorhees of Indiana : There was an earthy quality in Voorhees , `` the tall sycamore of the Wabash . '' On the stump his hot temper , passionate partisanship , and stirring eloquence made an irresistible appeal to the western Democracy ( i.e. the Democratic Party ) . His bitter cries against protective tariffs and national banks , his intense race prejudice , his suspicion of the eastern Yankee , his devotion to personal liberty , his defense of the Constitution and State 's rights faithfully reflected the views of his constituents . Like other Jacksonian agrarians , he resented the political and economic revolution then in progress . Voorhees idealized a way of life which he thought was being destroyed by the current rulers of his country . His bold protests against these dangerous trends made him the idol of the Democracy of the Wabash Valley . Historiography ( edit ) Two central questions have run through the historiography of the Copperheads , i.e. `` How serious a threat did they pose to the Union war effort and hence to the nation 's survival ? '' and `` to what extent and with what justification did the Lincoln administration and other Republican officials violate civil liberties to contain the perceived menace ? '' . The first book - length scholarly treatment of the Copperheads appeared in 1942 . In The Hidden Civil War , Wood Gray decried the `` defeatism '' of the Copperheads . He argued they deliberately served the Confederacy 's war aims . Also in 1942 , George Fort Milton published Abraham Lincoln and the Fifth Column , which likewise condemned the traitorous Copperheads and praised Lincoln as a model defender of democracy . Gilbert R. Tredway , a professor of history , in his 1973 study Democratic Opposition to the Lincoln Administration in Indiana found most Indiana Democrats were loyal to the Union and desired national reunification . He documented Democratic counties in Indiana having outperformed Republican counties in the recruitment of soldiers . Tredway found that Copperhead sentiment was uncommon among the rank - and - file Democrats in Indiana . The chief historians who favored the Copperheads are Richard O. Curry and Frank L. Klement . Klement devoted most of his career to debunking the idea that the Copperheads represented a danger to the Union . Klement and Curry have downplayed the treasonable activities of the Copperheads , arguing the Copperheads were traditionalists who fiercely resisted modernization and wanted to return to the old ways . Klement argued in the 1950s that the Copperheads ' activities , especially their supposed participation in treasonous anti-Union secret societies , were mostly false inventions by Republican propaganda machines designed to discredit the Democrats at election time . Curry sees Copperheads as poor traditionalists battling against the railroads , banks and modernization . In his standard history Battle Cry of Freedom ( 1988 ) , James M. McPherson asserted Klement had taken `` revision a bit too far . There was some real fire under that smokescreen of Republican propaganda '' . Jennifer Weber 's Copperheads ( 2006 ) agrees more with Gray and Milton than with Klement . She argues that first . Northern antiwar sentiment was strong , so strong that Peace Democrats came close to seizing control of their party in mid-1864 . Second , she shows the peace sentiment led to deep divisions and occasional violence across the North . Third , Weber concluded that the peace movement deliberately weakened the Union military effort by undermining both enlistment and the operation of the draft . Indeed , Lincoln had to divert combat troops to retake control of New York City from the anti-draft rioters in 1863 . Fourth , Weber shows how the attitudes of Union soldiers affected partisan battles back home . The soldiers ' rejection of Copperheadism and their overwhelming support for Lincoln 's reelection in 1864 was decisive in securing the Northern victory and the preservation of the Union . The Copperheads ' appeal , she argues , waxed and waned with Union failures and successes in the field . Notable Peace Democrats ( edit ) Jesse D. Bright of Indiana Henry Clay Dean of Virginia Alexander Long of Ohio Edson B. Olds of Ohio George Pendleton of Ohio Horatio Seymour of New York Fernando Wood of New York Clement Vallandigham of Ohio Daniel W. Voorhees of Indiana Marcus M. Pomeroy of Wisconsin Wilbur F. Storey of Illinois William Taylor Davidson of Illinois Lewis W. Ross of Illinois See also ( edit ) American election campaigns in the 19th century Bixby letter Bourbon Democrat Copperhead ( 2013 film ) Doughface Knights of the Golden Circle Opposition to the American Civil War Red Strings War Democrat Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Benjamin P. Thomas , Abraham Lincoln : A Biography ( 1952 ) p. 377 . Jump up ^ Wertheim , ( 1989 ) . Jump up ^ Andrew L. Slap ; Michael Thomas Smith ( 2013 ) . This Distracted and Anarchical People : New Answers for Old Questions about the Civil War - Era North . Fordham UP . p. 47 . Jump up ^ Joseph George Jr. , `` ' Abraham Africanus I ' : President Lincoln Through the Eyes of a Copperhead Editor , '' Civil War History ( 1968 ) 14 # 3 pp. 226 -- 239 . Jump up ^ Charles W. Calhoun , `` The Fire in the Rear '' , Reviews in American History ( 2007 ) 35 # 4 , pp. 530 -- 537 10.1353 / rah. 2007.0078 online . Jump up ^ William A. Tidwell , April ' 65 : Confederate Covert Action in the American Civil War . Kent State University Press . 1995 . pp. 155 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Walsh ( 1963 ) . Jump up ^ Mark Wahlgren Summers , A Dangerous Stir : Fear , Paranoia , And the Making of Reconstruction ( 2009 ) p. 38 Jump up ^ George Henry Porter ( 1911 ) . Ohio Politics During the Civil War Period . Columbia UP . p. 159 . Jump up ^ Michael Kent Curtis , `` Lincoln , Vallandigham , and Anti-War Speech in the Civil War . '' William and Mary Bill of Rights Journal 7 ( 1998 ) pp. 105 + . Jump up ^ Frank L. Klement , The Copperheads in the Middle West . Jump up ^ Frank L. Klement , `` Clement L. Vallandigham 's Exile in the Confederacy , May 25 - June 17 , 1863 . '' Journal of Southern History ( 1965 ) : 149 -- 163 . in JSTOR . Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton , et al . A People and a Nation , A History of the United States '' Vol I , ( Houghton Mifflin Co. , 2001 ) pp. 393 -- 395 . Jump up ^ Eugene H. Roseboom , `` Southern Ohio and the Union in 1863 . '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review ( 1952 ) : 29 -- 44 . in JSTOR . Jump up ^ Robert H. Abzug , `` The Copperheads : Historical Approaches to Civil War Dissent in the Midwest . '' Indiana Magazine of History ( 1970 ) : 40 -- 55 . online . Jump up ^ Joanna D. Cowden , `` The Politics of Dissent : Civil War Democrats in Connecticut . '' New England Quarterly ( 1983 ) : 538 -- 554 . in JSTOR . Jump up ^ Weber , Copperheads ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Stampp ( 1949 ) , p. 211 . Jump up ^ Charles W. Calhoun , `` The Fire in the Rear , '' Reviews in American History 35.4 ( 2007 ) , pp - 530 -- 537 online at Project Muse . Jump up ^ Gilbert R. Tredway , Democratic Opposition to the Lincoln Administration in Indiana . Indianapolis , Indiana : Indiana Historical Bureau , 1973 . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . Further reading ( edit ) Calhoun , Charles W . `` The Fire in the Rear , '' Reviews in American History ( 2007 ) 35 # 4 pp. 530 -- 537 10.1353 / rah. 2007.0078 online ; Historiography . Cowden , Joanna D . `` The Politics of Dissent : Civil War Democrats in Connecticut , '' The New England Quarterly , Vol. 56 , No. 4 ( December 1983 ) , pp. 538 -- 554 in JSTOR . Curry , Richard O. `` Copperheadism and Continuity : the Anatomy of a Stereotype '' Journal of Negro History ( 1972 ) 57 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 36 . in JSTOR . Curry , Richard O . `` The Union as it Was : a Critique of Recent Interpretations of the ' Copperheads . ' '' Civil War History 1967 13 ( 1 ) : 25 - 39 . George , Joseph , Jr . `` ' Abraham Africanus I ' : President Lincoln Through the Eyes of a Copperhead Editor . '' Civil War History 1968 14 ( 3 ) : 226 - 239 . George , Joseph , Jr . `` ' A Catholic Family Newspaper ' Views the Lincoln Administration : John Mullaly 's Copperhead Weekly . '' Civil War History 1978 24 ( 2 ) : 112 -- 132 . Gray , Wood . The Hidden Civil War : The Story of the Copperheads ( 1942 ) , emphasizes treasonous activity . Hershock , Martin J. `` Copperheads and Radicals : Michigan Partisan Politics during the Civil War Era , 1860 -- 1865 , '' Michigan Historical Review ( 1992 ) 18 # 1 pp. 28 -- 69 . Kleen , Michael , `` The Copperhead Threat in Illinois : Peace Democrats , Loyalty Leagues , and the Charleston Riot of 1864 , '' Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society ( 2012 ) , 105 # 1 pp. 69 -- 92 . Klement , Frank L. The Copperheads in the Middle West ( 1960 ) . Klement , Frank L. The Limits of Dissent : Clement L. Vallandigham and the Civil War ( 1998 ) . Klement , Frank L. Lincoln 's Critics : The Copperheads of the North ( 1999 ) . Klement , Frank L. Dark Lanterns : Secret Political Societies , Conspiracies , and Treason Trials in the Civil War ( 1984 ) . Landis , Michael Todd . Northern Men with Southern Loyalties : The Democratic Party and the Sectional Crisis . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press , 2014 . Lendt , David L. Demise of the Democracy : The Copperhead Press in Iowa . ( 1973 ) . Lendt , David L. `` Iowa and the Copperhead Movement . '' Annals of Iowa 1970 40 ( 6 ) : 412 -- 426 . Manber , Jeffrey , Dahlstrom , Neil . Lincoln 's Wrath : Fierce Mobs , Brilliant Scoundrels and a President 's Mission to Destroy the Press ( 2005 ) . Milton , George F. Abraham Lincoln and the Fifth Column ( 1942 ) . Nevins , Allan . The War for the Union ( 4 vol. 1959 -- 1971 ) , the standard scholarly history of wartime politics and society . Rodgers , Thomas E. `` Copperheads or a Respectable Minority : Current Approaches to the Study of Civil War - Era Democrats . '' Indiana Magazine of History 109 # 2 ( 2013 ) : 114 -- 146 . in JSTOR ; historiography focused on Klement , Weber and Silbey . Silbey , Joel H. A Respectable Minority : The Democratic Party in the Civil War Era , 1860 -- 1868 ( 1977 ) online edition . Stampp , Kenneth M. Indiana Politics during the Civil War ( 1949 ) online edition . Smith , Adam . No Party Now : Politics in the Civil War North ( 2006 ) , excerpt and text search . Tidwell , William A. April ' 65 : Confederate Covert Action in the American Civil War . ( 1995 ) . Walsh , Justin E. `` To Print the News and Raise Hell : Wilbur F. Storey 's Chicago ' Times . ' '' Journalism Quarterly ( 1963 ) 40 # 4 pp. 497 -- 510 . doi : 10.1177 / 107769906304000402 . Weber , Jennifer L. Copperheads : The Rise and Fall of Lincoln 's Opponents in the North ( 2006 ) . Wertheim , Lewis J. `` The Indianapolis Treason Trials , the Elections of 1864 and the Power of the Partisan Press . '' Indiana Magazine of History 1989 85 ( 3 ) : 236 -- 250 . Wubben , Hubert H. Civil War Iowa and the Copperhead Movement ( 1980 ) . External links ( edit ) The Old Guard -- a Copperhead magazine 1863 -- 1867 is online at Making of America Ohio Copperhead History An Anti-Copperhead Broadside Denouncing Former President Franklin Pierce As A Traitor . Shapell Manuscript Foundation . hide American Civil War Origins Origins Issues Timeline leading to the War Antebellum era Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 Fire - Eaters Lincoln - Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Popular sovereignty Secession States ' rights President Lincoln 's 75,000 volunteers Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Dred Scott v. 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Call Me by Your Name (film)

Call Me by Your Name ( film ) - wikipedia Call Me by Your Name ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For the novel upon which it is based , see Call Me by Your Name ( novel ) . Call Me by Your Name Theatrical release poster Directed by Luca Guadagnino Produced by Peter Spears Luca Guadagnino Emilie Georges Rodrigo Teixeira Marco Morabito James Ivory Howard Rosenman Screenplay by James Ivory Based on Call Me by Your Name by André Aciman Starring Armie Hammer Timothée Chalamet Michael Stuhlbarg Amira Casar Esther Garrel Victoire Du Bois Cinematography Sayombhu Mukdeeprom Edited by Walter Fasano Production company Frenesy Film Company La Cinéfacture RT Features M.Y.R.A. Entertainment Water 's End Productions Distributed by Sony Pictures Classics Release date 22 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 22 ) ( Sundance ) 24 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 24 ) ( United States ) 18 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) ( Brazil ) 25 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) ( Italy ) 28 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 28 ) ( France ) Running time 132 minutes Country Italy United States Brazil France Language English Italian French Budget $3.5 million Box office $26.1 million Call Me by Your Name is a 2017 coming - of - age drama film directed by Luca Guadagnino and written by James Ivory , based on the 2007 novel of the same name by André Aciman . It is the final installment in Guadagnino 's thematic Desire trilogy , following I Am Love ( 2009 ) and A Bigger Splash ( 2015 ) . Set in Northern Italy in 1983 , Call Me by Your Name chronicles the romantic relationship between Elio Perlman ( Timothée Chalamet ) , a 17 - year - old living in Italy , and his father 's American assistant , Oliver ( Armie Hammer ) . The film also stars Michael Stuhlbarg , Amira Casar , Esther Garrel , and Victoire Du Bois . Call Me by Your Name began development in 2007 , when producers Peter Spears and Howard Rosenman optioned the screen rights to Aciman 's novel . Ivory had been set to co-direct the film , but ended up writing the script and producing instead . Guadagnino , who came on board as a location consultant , eventually became director and producer . The film was financed by several international companies , and principal photography mainly took place in Crema , Italy in May and June 2016 . Cinematographer Sayombhu Mukdeeprom shot the film on 35 - mm film . Call Me by Your Name was picked up for distribution by Sony Pictures Classics before its world premiere at the 2017 Sundance Film Festival on 22 January 2017 . It began a limited release in the United States on 24 November 2017 , before going wide on 19 January 2018 . The film received widespread critical acclaim and numerous accolades , with praise for its performances , screenplay , direction , and music . At the 90th Academy Awards , it was nominated for Best Picture , Best Actor ( Chalamet ) , Best Adapted Screenplay , and Best Original Song ( `` Mystery of Love '' ) . At the 23rd Critics ' Choice Awards , Ivory won Best Adapted Screenplay . At the 71st British Academy Film Awards , Ivory won Best Adapted Screenplay . Chalamet was also nominated for a BAFTA Award , a Golden Globe Award , a Screen Actors Guild Award , and a Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Actor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Adaptation 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming and post-production 3.5 Production design and costume 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Response from filmmakers 6.4 Accolades 7 Potential sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Elio , a seventeen - year - old Jewish American - Italian boy , lives in the northern Italian countryside with his parents . His father , a professor of archaeology , invites a 24 - year - old Jewish American graduate student , Oliver , to live with his family during the summer of 1983 and help with his academic paperwork . Elio , an introspective bibliophile and musical prodigy , finds little in common with Oliver , whose carefree and exuberant personality contrasts with his own . Elio also resents vacating his bedroom for the duration of Oliver 's stay . Elio spends much of the summer reading books and hanging out with his girlfriend , Marzia , while Oliver is attracted to one of the local girls , much to Elio 's chagrin . Elio and Oliver begin to spend time with each other , and a seductive courtship emerges -- they swim together , go for long walks in the town , and accompany Elio 's father on an archaeological trip . Although Elio begins a sexual relationship with Marzia and brags about it in front of Oliver to gauge his reaction , he increasingly finds himself attracted to Oliver . He sneaks into Oliver 's room to smell his bathing suit and thinks about him while masturbating . During a trip to the post office , Elio subtly confesses his feelings to Oliver , who gently tells him that he should not act on them . Later that day , Elio and Oliver kiss , though Oliver is reluctant to go further . The pair subsequently grow distant during the next few days . In response to a note from Elio , Oliver leaves a note on Elio 's desk telling Elio to meet him at midnight . Elio spends the day with Marzia , all the while longing to see Oliver . Finally , at midnight , he approaches Oliver on the patio . The two make love for the first time . They grow closer over the next few days , having sex frequently while keeping their relationship secret . In bed , Oliver tells Elio , `` Call me by your name and I 'll call you by mine '' . They become more intimate both physically and emotionally . On one occasion , Elio ejaculates into a peach that he has split open , and when Oliver discovers it , he tries to take a bite of the peach in front of a humiliated Elio , who begs him not to . Completely smitten with Oliver by this point , Elio starts avoiding Marzia . With the end of Oliver 's stay imminent , the couple find themselves overcome by uncertainty and longing . Elio 's parents , conscious of the bond between the two , recommend they take a trip to Bergamo together before Oliver goes back to America . They spend three romantic days together , after which Oliver leaves , and a heartbroken Elio returns home . He encounters a sympathetic Marzia , who still wants to be his friend , and his father , seeing how forlorn his son is , tells him that he was aware of Elio 's affair with Oliver . He confesses to having come close to his own love affair with a friend in his youth , and urges Elio to find pleasure in the grief , since true love of the kind Elio and Oliver shared is rare . During Hanukkah , Elio receives a phone call from Oliver , who tells Elio and his family that he is engaged to be married . After the phone call , a pained Elio sits by the fireplace . A parade of emotions crosses his face as his parents and the house staff prepare a holiday dinner . Cast ( edit ) Timothée Chalamet as Elio Perlman Armie Hammer as Oliver Michael Stuhlbarg as Mr. Perlman Amira Casar as Annella Perlman Esther Garrel as Marzia Victoire Du Bois as Chiara Vanda Capriolo as Mafalda Antonio Rimoldi as Anchise Elena Bucci as Bambi Marco Sgrosso as Nico André Aciman as Mounir Peter Spears as Isaac Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) James Ivory , who took six to nine months to write the script , was once set to co-direct the film . After seeing an early galley of André Aciman 's debut novel Call Me by Your Name in 2007 , American producers Peter Spears and Howard Rosenman bought the screen rights to it before it was published . Before developing it into a film , the two invited their friend James Ivory to work as an executive producer on the adaptation , which he accepted . Spears and Rosenman read the book independently and produced it in 2008 . They soon found themselves in development hell : they met with three different sets of directors and writers -- including Gabriele Muccino , Ferzan Özpetek and Sam Taylor - Johnson -- but could not find anyone who would commit to the project . Scheduling around the need to shoot in Italy during the summer also proved difficult . The producers reached out to Luca Guadagnino and lined him up as their first choice to direct , but he declined , citing a busy schedule . A native of northern Italy , he was first hired as a location consultant instead , to help `` put the movie together from the Italian side . '' Guadagnino later suggested that he co-direct the film with Ivory -- without any contractual agreement yet in place . Ivory accepted the offer , and spent between six and nine months in 2014 working on the screenplay . Guadagnino , who has described the novel as `` a Proustian book about remembering the past and indulging in the melancholy of lost things , '' wrote the adaptation with Ivory , while also collaborating with Walter Fasano to `` really fine - tune it '' . It took place at Ivory 's house , Guadagnino 's kitchen table in Crema , and sometimes in New York . Ivory hardly met the director during the process , as Guadagnino was busy making A Bigger Splash ( 2015 ) . The screenplay was completed in late 2015 and early 2016 . It was approved by Aciman , who commended the adaptation as `` direct , ( ... ) real and persuasive . '' He added , `` as the writer I found myself saying , ' Wow , they 've done better than the book ' '' . The completed screenplay was vital in securing funding for the film 's production . Among the financiers were the production companies La Cinéfacture ( France ) ; Frenesy Film Company ( Italy , owned by Guadagnino ) ; M.Y.R.A. Entertainment ( United States ) ; RT Features ( Brazil ) , and Water 's End Productions ( United States ) -- along with the support of the Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities and Tourism . During negotiations , the production budget was reduced from $12 million to $3.5 million . In 2016 , Ivory stepped down from directing to avoid conflicts , leaving Guadagnino to direct the film alone . According to Ivory , financiers from Memento Films International did n't want to have two directors involved in the project , as they `` thought it would be awkward ( ... ) It might take longer , it would look terrible if we got in fights on the set , and so on . '' Guadagnino has said that Ivory 's version would have likely been `` a much more costly ( and ) different film '' -- one which , in fact , could not have been made , because of `` market realities '' . Ivory became the solely credited screenwriter , and subsequently sold the rights to the screenplay to Guadagnino 's company . It marks Ivory 's first produced screenplay since Le Divorce ( 2003 ) , and the only narrative feature that he has only written , not directed . Despite that , Ivory was `` very much involved '' with other aspects of the production . Guadagnino chose to dedicate the film to Bill Paxton -- a friend of the director , Spears and his husband , Brian Swardstrom -- after his death in February 2017 . Adaptation ( edit ) Call Me by Your Name is the final installment in Guadagnino 's thematic Desire trilogy , following I Am Love ( 2009 ) and A Bigger Splash ( 2015 ) . The film represents a departure from his previous work , as on it he took a `` non-aggressive '' and simple approach ; he has said this is `` the most calm '' movie he has made . Despite being a literary adaptation , many scenes in the film play out wordlessly . `` Words are part of what 's going on , but it 's not necessarily what 's going on underneath . I think this film celebrates the underneath , '' he said . Guadagnino considers the film an `` homage to fathers , '' referring both to his own father and to four filmmakers who have inspired him -- Jean Renoir , Jacques Rivette , Éric Rohmer , and Bernardo Bertolucci . Guadagnino has described Call Me By Your Name as a family - oriented film for the purpose of `` transmission of knowledge and hope that people of different generations come to see the film together . '' He never saw it as a `` gay '' movie , but rather calls it a film about the `` beauty of the newborn idea of desire , unbiased and uncynical , '' and reflecting his motto of living `` with a sense of joie de vivre '' , in which `` we should always be very earnest with one 's feelings , instead of hiding them or shielding ourselves '' . The director attempted to avoid the flaws he had seen in most coming - of - age films , in which growth is often portrayed as a result of resolving certain preconceived dilemmas -- such as having to choose between two lovers . He also wanted the story to follow two people in the moment , rather than focus on an antagonist or a tragedy , a specific approach inspired by À Nos Amours ( 1983 ) , directed by Maurice Pialat . As someone who considers sex in film a representation of the characters ' behavior and identity , Guadagnino was not interested in including explicit sex scenes in the film , in order to keep the tone as planned , saying , `` I wanted the audience to completely rely on the emotional travel of these people and feel first love ( ... ) It was important to me to create this powerful universality , because the whole idea of the movie is that the other person makes you beautiful -- enlightens you , elevates you . '' The setting was changed from Bordighera ( pictured ) , where the novel is set , to the countryside near Crema . The film differs from its source material in a number of ways . While the novel serves as a memory - piece from Elio 's perspective , the filmmakers behind Call Me by Your Name chose to set the movie entirely in the present timeline , a `` much more efficient '' solution , to help the audience understand the characters and `` reflect the essence of the book . '' The setting was changed from Bordighera to the countryside of Crema , Lombardy , where Guadagnino lives . He decided to push up the original setting from 1987 to 1983 -- which he explained was a year , `` in Italy at least , when everything that was great about the ' 70s is definitely shut down '' , and one in which the characters `` are in a way untouched by the corruption of the ' 80s -- in the U.S. , Reagan , and in the UK , Thatcher '' . Mr. Perlman 's profession was refined by Ivory from a classics scholar to `` an art historian / archeologist type . '' Guadagnino was tempted to remove the scene from the novel in which Elio masturbates into a pitted peach , as he thought it was a metaphor for `` sexual impulses and energy '' , and that it was too explicit . Timothée Chalamet was also nervous about the scene , describing it as the key to illuminating the character 's `` overabundant sexual energy '' . Despite their reservations , Guadagnino and Chalamet each tested the method by themselves , and both agreed that it worked , so the scene stayed in the film . A scene featuring Elio and Oliver 's `` enthusiastic '' dancing to The Psychedelic Furs ' `` Love My Way '' in a small bar is not drawn from the book , but inspired by the time Guadagnino danced by himself in a bedroom when he was young . In revising Ivory 's draft of the script , Guadagnino removed the voice - over narration and a considerable amount of nudity . The director did not like the idea of having the main character tell the story retrospectively , stating that `` it kills the surprise '' . Toward the end of the novel , the two protagonists go off on a trip to Rome together , which lasts an entire chapter with new characters in multiple locations . Because of the limited budget , Ivory and the producers came up with several variations , including the idea to have `` everyone else leave and they are alone in the house '' ; and changed into `` another kind of a little trip '' , where they spend `` some time together away from the house '' . In his original script , Ivory depicted Elio in the final scene when he was decorating a Christmas tree with candles in his family 's home . Ivory also had to cut down Mr. Perlman 's speech , which was longer in the novel , but was committed to keeping it in the script . He described the scene where Elio conveys his feelings to Oliver as one of the most important moments , capturing the `` euphoric passion and nervousness '' of their first love . Casting ( edit ) In 2015 , Shia LaBeouf and Greta Scacchi were reportedly set to be cast in the film . In September 2016 , Ivory confirmed that LaBeouf and Scacchi were no longer involved in the project . According to Ivory , LaBeouf had gone to New York City to do a reading for the film , but the production company later felt he was unsuitable due to his `` various troubles '' ; although Ivory thought the two `` had good scenes together '' and could have made it into the film , the company disagreed . Hammer and Chalamet during the press conference for Call Me by Your Name at the 2017 Berlin International Film Festival After seeing Armie Hammer 's performance in The Social Network ( 2010 ) , Guadagnino `` fell in love '' with him and cultivated his passion for Hammer and the movies he made afterwards . The director found him to be a `` sophisticated actor , with a great range '' and had him in mind for the role of Oliver . Hammer , who had expressed interest in Guadagnino 's A Bigger Splash , met with the director years before the film went into production . When the actor got the script , he almost turned down the role because of the nudity that had been in that draft . `` I did want to pass ; it scared me , '' he said . `` There 's a lot of stuff here that I 've never done on film before . But there 's no way I ca n't do this ( film ) , mostly because it scares me so much . '' According to Guadagnino , Hammer was going to pass on the role through his agent , but then changed his mind at the end of their conversation . This is the third film in which Hammer has played a homosexual character , following J. Edgar ( 2011 ) and Final Portrait ( 2017 ) . Chalamet has acted since he was a child and co-starred on Showtime 's Homeland in 2012 . The following year , Swardstrom -- Spears ' husband and agent -- introduced the then 17 - year - old Chalamet to Guadagnino , who immediately felt the actor had `` the ambition , the intelligence , the sensitivity , the naivety , and the artistry '' to play Elio . Chalamet read Aciman 's novel by the time he was seventeen , and described it as `` a window into a young person '' . Chalamet , who can speak fluent French and had played piano for years , arrived in Italy five weeks early to learn Italian , piano , and guitar . Michael Stuhlbarg plays Mr. Perlman , Elio 's father . The actor did not start reading the book until he had already joined the production . He was moved by the `` many beautiful sentiments expressed '' in the script when he first read it , including Mr. Perlman 's `` sense of generosity and love and understanding '' . Amira Casar , Esther Garrel and Victoire Du Bois feature in supporting roles as Annella , Marzia and Chiara respectively . Casting director Stella Savino met Vanda Capriolo when she was biking in the countryside . The non-actor was later cast for the role of the maid , Mafalda . Aciman and Spears themselves also appear briefly in the roles of Mounir and Isaac , a gay couple who attend a dinner party . Aciman was asked to be in the movie after actors became unavailable . `` It was a last - minute decision , '' Spears recalled , `` Andrė turns out to be a phenomenal actor ! So comfortable , not nervous at all . His wife was sitting there and said , ' I had no idea ! ' '' Hammer and Chalamet both signed contracts that prohibited full - frontal nudity . Ivory , whose original screenplay had contained `` all sorts of nudity , '' was dismayed by the decision , criticizing what he saw as an `` American '' attitude . `` Nobody seems to care that much or be shocked about a totally naked woman . It 's the men , '' he said . Guadagnino , who remained involved in the casting , chose actors based on their performances and chemistry , rather than choosing to `` investigate or label '' their sexuality . He said , `` The idea that you have to cast only someone who has a certain set of skills , and worse , a certain gender identity in any role : that 's oppressive to me '' . Filming and post-production ( edit ) The arch of Torrazzo at the Crema Cathedral , where the filming process was postponed due to bad weather Principal photography on Call Me by Your Name lasted between 32 -- 34 days . It began on 9 May 2016 , shortly after A Bigger Splash was released in the United States , and completed in June 2016 . The process occurred quietly , with reports only appearing after filming had been underway for two weeks . The director 's first cut of the film was four hours long . Post-production with regular editor Walter Fasano took only a month -- between June and July , the fastest Guadagnino had edited . The film was shot primarily in Crema and the province of Cremona . It was shot during an unexpected historic rainstorm in Italy , described by the weather reports as a `` once - in - century rain . '' The pre-production in Crema was fast : a search for extras began there in March and April . Scenes from the nearby villages of Pandino and Moscazzano were filmed from 17 May , before moving to Crema on 1 June . Additional outdoor scenes were shot on 4 December 2016 . Several historical locations in the surrounding streets in Crema and Pandino were chosen during production , including the arch of Torrazzo at the Crema Cathedral . Businesses received compensation for financial losses caused by the closure , scheduled for 30 and 31 May . Two days ' filming at the cathedral were postponed due to the weather . Production in Crema cost € 18,000 , with a promotion campaign that cost € 7,500 . Filming also took place in the Lodigiano area near Crespiatica , and two small towns in the immediate vicinity of Crema : Montodine and Ripalta . The archaeological discovery scene was filmed at the Grottoes of Catullus by Lake Garda in Sirmione . The trip to Bergamo was shot in multiple historical buildings , including the Bergamo Cathedral , the Santa Maria Maggiore , and the University of Sciences , Letters and Arts . The production team was only able to secure permission to film at the Cascate del Serio in Valbondione for half an hour , owing to concerns about security . The actors lived in Crema and were able to absorb the rhythm of small - town life . Guadagnino engaged deeply with the cast and filmmakers , and often cooked and showed films for them in his house . Hammer and Chalamet , who did not have to do a screen test together , met for the first time during the production in Crema . They spent a month together before filming began , watched Mike Tyson documentaries and went to local restaurants , to build character development . `` We 'd hang out with each other all the time , because we were pretty much the only Americans there , and we were able to defend one another and really get to know one another , '' Chalamet recalled . In the first two days of production , Guadagnino sat down with the cast to read through the script . Hammer and Chalamet went to the kissing scene during the first rehearsal . The actors rehearsed their scenes every night before shooting , and spent several days shooting nude . `` I 've never been so intimately involved with a director before . Luca was able to look at me and completely undress me , '' Hammer said . The Grottoes of Catullus , on the southern shore of Lake Garda in Sirmione , is one of the chosen filming locations . Guadagnino shot the film in chronological order , which allowed the filmmakers to `` witness the onscreen maturity of both protagonist and actor '' . The scene where Mr. Perlman delivered an educational speech to Elio was filmed the day before shooting wrapped . Stuhlbarg spent months to prepare for the scene , one that Guadagnino wanted to make `` as simple as possible '' by taking less setups and `` let the actors be . '' According to Fasano , the scene took three takes , where Stuhlbarg was `` on three different levels of getting emotional . '' During the dancing sequence , Hammer had to perform in front of `` 50 extras off camera , '' with the music being turned down to record the dialogue . `` That was not fun , I do n't really enjoy dancing , '' Hammer said . The filmmakers laid a long camera dolly track and shot the scene where Elio confronts his feelings for Oliver in one take , to provide the flexibility and the `` flow of emotion '' that a cut scene could not . Chalamet was listening to `` Visions of Gideon '' , one of the original songs written for the film , in an earpiece , while filming the final sequence , in which the director asked him to perform for three variations , one per take . Sayombhu Mukdeeprom , who had previously collaborated with Guadagnino on Ferdinando Cito Filomarino 's Antonia ( 2015 ) , served as the director of photography . He read Aciman 's novel before receiving the script , and spent time walking around filming locations to `` get a feeling for everything ( ... ) to see the color , to see how the light changed during the day , and input it into my data . '' Lighting is an important factor in Mukdeeprom 's work , as he needs the light to be engaged with the characters . In order to capture the Northern Italian summer atmosphere for Call Me by Your Name , he had to create completely artificial light , due to the heavy rains that lasted the entirety of the shoot . Mukdeeprom had to adapt his technical approach to the weather condition , `` so I had to order a package of lights . I ended up with 15Ks , down to 2.5 , '' he said . The cinematographer also connected to the actors during the scene ; when they finished shooting the first take of the confrontation between Oliver and Elio , Mukdeeprom was crying in a corner of the room . The film was shot using 35 mm film and a single lens , a decision influenced by the work of David Cronenberg in order to `` solidif ( y ) the point of view , '' and make `` the tension of the performance come off the screen . '' Production design and costume ( edit ) The main location for the Perlmans ' residence was Villa Albergoni , an uninhabited 17th - century mansion in Moscazzano . The director initially wanted to buy the house but could not afford it , so he made a film at the place instead . A landscape designer was hired to organize an orchard in the mansion 's garden . A pergola was shown on the patio , along with apricot and peach trees in the garden , which are not native to Lombardy . Six weeks before production , the crew -- including production designer Samuel Dehors and first - time set decorator Violante Visconti di Modrone -- gradually decorated the house with furniture , objects , and decoration inspired by the characters . Much of the furniture , including the dishes and glassware from the ' 50s , belonged to Guadagnino and di Modrone 's parents . `` That made it cozy and personal , '' di Modrone said , `` I wanted to give it the sense of time passing by . '' The Asian - inspired paintings , maps , and mirrors mostly came from an antiques store in Milan . Books used in background were published before 1982 . The swimming pool used in the film was recreated from a watering trough common in the area . In public places , the filmmakers set up faded political billboards to reflect the Italian general election in 1983 , and re-created a newsstand full of magazines of that particular time . Guadagnino did not want the film to `` look like a reflection on the 80s , ( ... ) when it becomes period . '' His team performed extensive research , with an assist from the residents of Crema , by entering people 's houses and collecting their pictures of the ' 80s . Chen Li , a Chinese woman who lives in Milan , served as graphic designer . She wrote the titles in the opening credits , in which the director used Xerox images of statues and placed them with Mr. Perlman 's personal items . Costume designer Giulia Piersanti avoided using period costumes , and wanted to provide `` a sense of insouciant adolescent sensuality , summer heat and sexual awakening '' to the characters . Several costume pieces from the film were made from scratch . The costumes were influenced by the work in French films Pauline at the Beach ( 1983 ) , A Tale of Springtime ( 1990 ) , and A Summer 's Tale ( 1996 ) . She took inspiration from her parents ' photo albums for the Perlmans ' wardrobe . For Oliver 's `` sexy , healthy American '' image , Piersanti referred to `` some of Bruce Weber 's earliest photographs . '' His clothes change throughout the film as `` he 's more able to free himself . '' Aiming to emphasize Elio 's confident style , she chose several Lacoste costumes , and a distinctive New Romantic - looking shirt in the final scene . Elio 's polo shirt and Fido Dido T - shirt came from her husband 's closet . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Call Me by Your Name : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Stevens contributed three songs to soundtrack . Guadagnino normally selects the music for his films himself . The director wanted to find an `` emotional narrator to the film '' through music , a `` less heavy , less present , and more enveloping '' way than voice and text . He was inspired by the work in Barry Lyndon ( 1975 ) , The Magnificent Ambersons ( 1942 ) , and The Age of Innocence ( 1993 ) . Guadagnino wanted the film 's music to be connected to Elio , a young pianist who likes to transcribe and adapt pieces , in order to get close to Oliver . The music is used to reflect the time , the characters ' family , level of education , and `` the kind of canon they would be a part of '' . Guadagnino also researched what was popular on the radio that summer , so as to stay true to the time period . Guadagnino found that the lyricism of Sufjan Stevens ' work resonated with him . The director initially asked Stevens to narrate the film through the older Elio 's perspective , and record an original song for Call Me by Your Name , `` almost as a break in the narrative '' . Stevens declined the voiceover role , and eventually contributed three songs to the soundtrack : `` Mystery of Love '' , `` Visions of Gideon '' , and a new rendition of `` Futile Devices '' with piano . Stevens took inspiration from the script , the book , and conversations with the director about the characters . He submitted the songs a few days before shooting began . Surprised by the result , the director listened to them with the actors and Fasano on - set . Call Me by Your Name marks Stevens ' first contributions to a feature film soundtrack . A soundtrack album was digitally released under Madison Gate Records and Sony Classical on 3 November 2017 and physically on 17 November . It features songs by Stevens , The Psychedelic Furs , Loredana Bertè , Bandolero , Giorgio Moroder , Joe Esposito , and F.R. David , with compositions by John Adams , Erik Satie , Ryuichi Sakamoto , Johann Sebastian Bach , and Maurice Ravel . Release ( edit ) From left to right : Armie Hammer , Timothee Chalamet , Vanda Capriolo , Amira Casar , André Aciman , Esther Garrel , Victoire du Bois , and Peter Spears at the screening of Call Me by Your Name at the 2017 Berlin International Film Festival Call Me by Your Name had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on 22 January 2017 . Prior to its premiere , Sony Pictures Classics acquired US distribution rights to the film for $6 million . The deal was negotiated by WME Global and UTA Independent Film Group . International distribution rights were purchased by Memento Films International , a French company that showed the film promo reel at the American Film Market in November 2016 . It was also screened at the Berlin International Film Festival on 13 February 2017 , Toronto International Film Festival on 7 September 2017 , and New York Film Festival on 3 October 2017 . Call Me by Your Name began a limited release in the United Kingdom on 27 October 2017 , and United States on 24 November 2017 . It expanded from four to thirty locations in the United States on 15 December 2017 , and then to 114 theaters on 22 December . It hit 174 theaters on 12 January 2018 , before going into wide release , just days before the Oscar nomination announcement ceremony , on 19 January 2018 , reaching 815 theaters . In Italy , it was opened on 25 January ; special screenings with Guadagnino and the cast took place in Crema on 27 -- 30 January . The film was opened in Brazil on 18 January , and will be released in France on 28 February 2018 . Call Me by Your Name is scheduled for digital download on 27 February 2018 . It will be released on Blu - ray , DVD on 13 March 2018 . Disc format bonus features audio commentary from the cast and filmmakers , behind the scenes gallery , and a music video for `` Mystery of Love '' . Marketing ( edit ) Sony Pictures Classics debuted an official poster for Call Me by Your Name on 28 July 2017 . The first theatrical trailer was released on 1 August 2017 . On 11 October 2017 , Sony Pictures Classics released a teaser titled `` Dance Party '' to celebrate National Coming Out Day . The 42 - second clip , which consists of one continuous shot of Hammer and Chalamet dancing to `` Love My Way '' at a bar , became a meme on Twitter . Due to its placement in the snippet , `` Love My Way '' also gained streaming popularity , rose 13 % on on - demand streams in two months before the film release . In the week ending 30 November 2017 , the song collected 177,000 on - demand streams , its biggest streaming week in the country . Reaction to the advertisement on social media was somewhat negative , largely for Sony Pictures ' `` misleading '' use of a still of Chalamet and Garrel instead of focusing on the protagonist 's relationship . Daniel Megarry of Gay Times described it as `` an attempt to ' straight - wash ' the movie 's predominant same - sex romance '' , while Benjamin Lee of The Guardian called it a `` disastrous attempt to push Oscar - buzzed Call Me by Your Name as a straight love story , '' and said the advert `` belies an industry awkwardly denying queerness '' . Sony Pictures Classics later aired several commercial spots to promote the film during its nationwide expansion on 19 January 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of February 19 , 2018 , Call Me by Your Name has grossed $15 million in the United States and Canada , and $11.1 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $26.1 million , against a production budget of $3.5 million . The film is Sony Pictures Classics third - highest grossing 2017 release . In the United States , the film began its limited run on 24 November 2017 at four theaters : The Paris Theater and Union Square Theatre in New York City , and the ArcLight Hollywood and Landmark Theater in Los Angeles . The film made $404,874 in its opening weekend -- a per - theater average of $101,219 . It was the highest average of 2017 , the biggest since that of La La Land the previous December , and had the best per - screen opening for a gay romance film since Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) . In its second weekend , the film grossed $281,288 , with an `` excellent '' per - screen average of $70,320 . The film expanded to nine theaters in its third weekend , grossing $291,101 for a `` solid '' $32,345 per - theater average . It earned $491,933 from 30 theaters in its fourth weekend , averaging $16,398 . The film expanded to 114 theaters in its fifth week and grossed $850,736 , averaging $7,463 per screen . It made $702,098 in 115 theaters in its sixth weekend , averaging $6,105 . The film crossed $6 million in its seventh weekend , earning $758,726 from 115 locations . It grossed $715,559 from 174 theaters in its eight weekend , averaging $4,185 per screen . In its nationwide release week , ninth weekend overall , the film grossed $1.4 million from 815 theaters , an underperformance compare to `` some of its competition with similar theater counts '' . The following weekend , following the announcement of its four Oscar nominations , the film dropped 6 % to $1.3 million . The film grossed $1,000,790 from 581 locations in its eleventh weekend , averaging $1,723 . In its twelveth weekend , it grossed $683,460 , averaging $1,439 from 475 theaters . It grossed $519,028 from 332 theaters in its thirteenth weekend , averaging $1,563 . In the United Kingdom , the film opened on 27 October 2017 and earned £ 231,995 ( $306,000 ) in its opening weekend , from 112 screens , including £ 4,000 from previews . After ten days , it had made a total of £ 568,000 ( $745,000 ) , before reaching the $1 million mark ( £ 767,000 ) in its third weekend . As of 1 February 2018 , the film has grossed $1,944,869 in the United Kingdom . Critical response ( edit ) After its premiere at the Sundance Film Festival , Call Me by Your Name was met with critical acclaim . It received a ten - minute standing ovation at its New York Film Festival screening at the Alice Tully Hall , the longest recorded in the festival 's history . On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 96 % based on 263 reviews , with an average rating of 8.8 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Call Me by Your Name offers a melancholy , powerfully affecting portrait of first love , empathetically acted by Timothée Chalamet and Armie Hammer . '' It was the best - reviewed limited release and second best - reviewed romance film of 2017 on the site . As of 17 February 2018 , it is Rotten Tomatoes ' best - reviewed romance film , the third best - reviewed drama film , and the sixth best - reviewed film overall , based on its adjusted score . On Metacritic , the film has an average weighted score of 93 out of 100 , based on 51 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . It was the year 's fifth - best rated film on Metacritic . Guadagnino 's direction garnered positive reviews from critics . Writing in The Hollywood Reporter , Boyd van Hoeij described Call Me by Your Name as an `` extremely sensual ( ... ) intimate and piercingly honest '' adaptation of Aciman 's novel . He further called Chalamet 's performance `` the true breakout of the film '' . Peter Debruge of Variety said the film `` advances the canon of gay cinema '' by portraying `` a story of first love ( ... ) that transcends the same - sex dynamic of its central couple . '' He compared Guadagnino 's `` sensual '' direction to the films of Pedro Almodóvar and François Ozon , while putting the film `` on par with the best of their work . '' David Ehrlich of IndieWire also praised his direction , which helps the film in `` match ( ing ) the artistry and empathy '' of Carol ( 2015 ) and Moonlight ( 2016 ) . Sam Adams of BBC stated that Stuhlbarg 's performance `` puts a frame around the movie 's painting and opens up avenues we may not have thought to explore , '' and called it `` one of his finest '' to date . He extolled the film as one of `` many movies that have so successfully appealed to both the intellectual and the erotic since the heydays of Patrice Chéreau and André Téchiné . '' Ty Burr of The Boston Globe gave the film three and a half stars , commended the director for `` broadens his embrace of humanity while hitting new heights of cinematic bliss , '' and wrote that the film `` may be a fantasy but it 's one that 's lovely and wise . '' David Morgan of CBS praised the cinematography , production design and costuming for `` making a summer in the 1980s palpably alive again . '' He also applauded Stuhlbarg 's character as `` the most forward - thinking parent in movie history . '' Richard Lawson felt that Guadagnino 's adaptation `` was made with real love , with good intentions , with a clarity of heart and purposeful , unpretentious intellect '' and hailed it as a `` modern gay classic '' in his Vanity Fair review . Chicago Tribune 's Michael Phillips was pleased by the `` wonderfully paradoxical '' visual interests from the director , and called Stevens ' songs `` work like magic on your sympathies regarding Elio 's emotional awakening . '' He praised Hammer 's performance as one of `` the most easy - breathing and relaxed best work of his career . '' The Economist noted the tension `` between pain and pleasure '' in the film , and praised Chalamet , specifying that he `` evokes so many shades of humanity , portraying a path of youthful self - discovery that is more raw , unhinged , and ultimately honest than many actors could manage . '' Kate Taylor of Globe and Mail , who gave the film two and a half stars , also enjoyed his effort in capturing `` first love and its inevitable heartbreak '' , but felt that the `` multilingual , almost - pre-AIDS idyll does not stretch credulity '' . Ken Eisner of The Georgia Straight questioned its central message , and said that the film can `` alternate wildly between the poetically incisive and the indulgently preposterous . '' In a negative review , Kyle Turner of Paste wrote `` The details of the film are too small for anyone , perhaps particularly a queer person , to see ( ... ) It never gets over that hesitation . '' Luke Y. Thompson of Forbes criticized its length and called it an `` excruciatingly boring travelogue . '' Response from filmmakers ( edit ) Call Me by Your Name has also received responses from other filmmakers . Barry Jenkins , the director and screenwriter of Moonlight , praised it as a `` supremely delicate and humane work '' from Guadagnino that is `` earnest , mature and endearing the whole way through . '' Canadian actor and director Xavier Dolan was moved by the film , which helped him see `` people I 've fallen in love with in the past . People I judged as unkind , or selfish . '' He also commended the film for `` go ( ing ) hand in hand with the cruel truth about our romantic failures , '' as well as the performances by Hammer and Stuhlbarg . Pedro Almodóvar , whose work were compared to Guadagnino , named it the best film of 2017 . He applauded the filmmakers for `` mak ( ing ) a bet here for the passion of the senses and the embodiment of desire , '' while calling Lombardy and Chalamet as `` the biggest breakthroughs of this year . '' Justin Simien was impressed by its `` power of images '' and the point of view from Guadagnino and Mukdeeprom , saying `` This is cinema at its best . It 's a kind of magic act Guadagnino pulls for the entirety of the film . '' Heidi Ewing praised the film 's `` lush photography '' , and said `` It 's summer in Italy and two sexy men are riding rickety bikes into town and sneaking furtive kisses in the piazza ( ... ) what 's a girl not to love ? '' Max Winkler described the speech between Mr. Perlman and Elio at the end as `` one of the most beautiful moments between a father and son I 've ever witnessed . '' He felt that the scene showcase `` Stuhlbarg 's love and tender openness ( and ) Chalamet 's vulnerability and heartbreak summed up with just a look . '' After its screening at the Toronto International Film Festival , actor James Woods criticized the age disparity between Elio and Oliver on Twitter , accusing the film of `` chip ( ping ) away the last barriers of decency , '' and equating it to the North American Man / Boy Love Association , a pedophilia advocacy organization . Hammer responded by criticizing Woods ' relationship with Kristen Bauguess -- who started dating Woods in 2013 when she was 20 years old and he was 66 years old -- saying , `` Did n't you date a 19 year old when you were 60 ? '' In an interview for The Hollywood Reporter , Hammer explained `` We were n't trying to make some salacious , predatory movie . The age of consent in Italy is 14 . So , to get technical , it 's not illegal there . '' He further said Woods `` had no moral high ground to stand on and was cheapening what we did . '' Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Call Me by Your Name ( film ) Call Me by Your Name was selected by the National Board of Review and the American Film Institute as one of the top 10 films of the year . At the 90th Academy Awards , it was nominated for Best Picture , Best Actor ( Chalamet ) , Best Adapted Screenplay , and Best Original Song ( `` Mystery of Love '' ) . Chalamet became the youngest Best Actor nominee since 1939 , while Ivory became the oldest man to be nominated for a competitive award in history . The film received four nominations at the 71st British Academy Film Awards for Best Film , Best Director for Guadagnino , Best Leading Actor for Chalamet and Best Adapted Screenplay for Ivory . At the 75th Golden Globe Awards , it was nominated for Best Motion Picture -- Drama , Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama for Chalamet , and Best Supporting Actor for Hammer . It received eight nominations at the 23rd Critics ' Choice Awards , with Ivory winning Best Adapted Screenplay . The film led the 33rd Independent Spirit Awards with most nominations , garnering six , among them Best Feature , Best Director , Best Male Lead , Best Supporting Male , Best Cinematography , and Best Editing . At the 23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards , Chalamet received a nomination for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role . The film garnered four nominations at the 71st British Academy Film Awards , including Best Film and Best Direction , winning Best Adapted Screenplay for Ivory . The National Board of Review , the Gotham Independent Film Awards and the Hollywood Film Awards awarded Chalamet with their Breakout Actor Awards . Potential sequel ( edit ) Guadagnino has deliberated over the idea of a sequel since the film 's premiere at Sundance , when he realized the characters `` could go beyond the boundaries of the film . '' In October 2017 , he stated that he hoped to make a sequel to the film in 2020 , suggesting it might be in the style of François Truffaut 's The Adventures of Antoine Doinel series , while telling the story of Oliver and Elio as they aged . `` If I paired the age of Elio in the film with the age of Timothée , in three years ' time , Timothée will be 25 , as would Elio by the time the second story was set , '' he said . In the novel , Elio and Oliver reunited 15 years later , when Oliver is married . Guadagnino specified that in the sequel , `` I do n't think Elio is necessarily going to become a gay man . He has n't found his place yet . I can tell you that I believe that he would start an intense relationship with Marzia again . '' Guadagnino is also interested in the politics of the 1990s , saying `` it would be the beginning of the Berlusconi era in Italy and it would mean dealing with the war of Iraq . '' In November 2017 , Guadagnino shared his intention to make a series of five films , where the audience could `` see those actors grow older , embodying those characters . '' A month later , he was reported to have begun writing a script for a sequel , one that would reveal more about Oliver and resembles Michael Apted 's Up series . Hammer and Chalamet have both expressed interest in participating in a sequel , while Ivory has no interest to the material , saying `` that 's fine , good . But I do n't know how they 're going to get a 40 - year - old ( Chalamet ) ! '' . In January 2018 , Guadagnino revealed the setting will be `` right after the fall of Berlin Wall and that great shift that was the end of ( ... ) the USSR , '' and what could be the first scene in the film , is where Elio watching Paul Vecchiali 's Once More ( 1988 ) , the first French film to deal with AIDS , in a movie theater . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Call Me by Your Name ( 2017 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on 7 November 2017 . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Berlin Film Festival 2017 Program by Memento Films '' ( PDF ) . Memento Films International . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 8 December 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Grater , Tom ( 11 October 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me By Your Name ' director Luca Guadagnino : shooting on digital is ' laziness ' '' . Screendaily . Archived from the original on 11 October 2017 . Retrieved 11 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Call Me by Your Name ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 27 August 2017 . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Mr. Perlman 's full name is mentioned in the film as Samuel `` Sammy '' Perlman . ^ Jump up to : Hicklin , Aaron ( 2 October 2017 ) . `` The Art of Seduction : Armie Hammer & the Hottest Movie of the Season '' . Out . Archived from the original on 29 December 2017 . 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Retrieved 15 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Maleszka , Jamie ( 4 May 2016 ) . `` Interview : Luca Guadagnino Talks ' A Bigger Splash , ' Stanley Kubrick , Leaving Room For The Audience , And More '' . The Playlist . p. 2 . Archived from the original on 22 October 2017 . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . We start shooting on May 9th . I am doing a movie from the novel by André Aciman called ' Call Me By Your Name . ' ^ Jump up to : Ellwood , Gregory ( 8 September 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me By Your Name ' Steals TIFF 2017 Opening Night Buzz '' . The Playlist . Archived from the original on 14 September 2017 . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Jagernauth , Kevin ( 5 December 2016 ) . `` Sundance First Look : Jason Segel In ' The Discovery ' & Armie Hammer In Luca Guadagnino 's ' Call Me By Your Name ' '' . The Playlist . Archived from the original on 22 October 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2016 . Luca Guadagnino ( ... ) quietly shot ' Call Me By Your Name ' over the summer ( ... ) with the film keeping its secrets close to the vest . Jump up ^ Jagernauth , Kevin ( 31 May 2016 ) . `` Luca Guadagnino Now Filming ' Call Me By Your Name ' Starring Michael Stuhlbarg & Armie Hammer '' . The Playlist . Archived from the original on 22 October 2017 . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Raup , Jordan ( 23 May 2016 ) . `` Michael Stuhlbarg , Armie Hammer & More Leading Luca Guadagnino 's ' Call Me By Your Name ' '' . The Film Stage . Archived from the original on 24 June 2016 . Retrieved 5 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve `` Frosty '' ( 18 September 2017 ) . `` Director Luca Guadagnino Reveals His First Cut of ' Call Me by Your Name ' Was 4 Hours Long '' . Collider . Archived from the original on 18 September 2017 . 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Jump up ^ `` Film di Guadagnino : Nuovo casting giovedì 7 aprile a Crema '' ( Guadagnino 's movie : New casting Thursday , 7 April in Crema ) . La Provincia di Cremona ( in Italian ) . Soc . Editoriale Cremonese S.P.A. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017 . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Set cinematografico , centro chiuso due giorni '' ( Cinematography set , the center closed for two days ) . La Provincia di Cremona ( in Italian ) . Pandino : Soc . Editoriale Cremonese S.P.A ( published 11 May 2016 ) . 10 May 2016 . Archived from the original on 7 November 2017 . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Tozzi , Silvia ( 12 May 2016 ) . `` Call me by your name , Guadagnino gira anche a Pandino . Le reazioni '' ( Call Me by Your Name , Guadagnino also turns to Pandino . The reactions ) . Crema Online ( in Italian ) . Archived from the original on 9 August 2017 . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Crema , ciak si gira '' ( Crema , ciak turns ) . La Provincia di Cremona ( in Italian ) . Pandino : Soc . Editoriale Cremonese S.P.A ( published 1 June 2016 ) . 31 May 2016 . Archived from the original on 2 February 2017 . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Riprese a Villa Albergoni , ancora ciak ma ' niente compensi ' '' ( He resumed at Palazzo Albergoni , still silent but ' no compensation ' ) . La Provincia di Cremona ( in Italian ) . Moscazzano : Soc . Editoriale Cremonese S.P.A ( published 8 December 2016 ) . 7 December 2016 . Archived from the original on 9 December 2016 . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Film di Guadagnino , saldati i conti '' ( Guadagnino 's film , sold out ) . La Provincia di Cremona ( in Italian ) . Crema : Soc . Editoriale Cremonese S.P.A ( published 20 January 2017 ) . 19 January 2017 . Archived from the original on 7 November 2017 . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Spagnuolo , Eugenio ( 26 January 2018 ) . `` Chiamami col tuo nome : i luoghi dove è stato girato il film di Guadagnino '' ( Call me with your name : the places where the film by Guadagnino was filmed ) . Panorama ( in Italian ) . Arnoldo Mondadori Editore . Archived from the original on 27 January 2018 . Retrieved 26 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Piazza Duomo diventa un set , i commercianti vogliono un indennizzo '' ( Piazza Duomo becomes a set , traders want a compensation ) . La Provincia di Cremona ( in Italian ) . Crema : Soc . Editoriale Cremonese S.P.A ( published 8 May 2016 ) . 7 May 2016 . Archived from the original on 8 May 2016 . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` La pioggia ferma il set cinematografico '' ( The rain stops the movie set ) . La Provincia di Cremona ( in Italian ) . Crema : Soc . Editoriale Cremonese S.P.A ( published 28 May 2016 ) . 27 May 2016 . Archived from the original on 29 May 2016 . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Crema set cinematografico : ' Ma ci costa 18mila euro ' '' ( Movie Set in Crema : ' But it costs us 18,000 euros ' ) . La Provincia di Cremona ( in Italian ) . Crema : Soc . Editoriale Cremonese S.P.A. 29 May 2016 . Archived from the original on 31 May 2016 . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Il lancio è negli Usa e Crema resta in attesa della ' prima ' '' ( The launch is in the US and Crema is waiting for the ' first ' ) . La Provincia di Cremona ( in Italian ) . Crema : Soc . Editoriale Cremonese S.P.A ( published 23 October 2016 ) . 23 January 2017 . Archived from the original on 7 November 2017 . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Sirmione il set cinematografico del regista Guadagnino '' ( In Sirmione the film set by the director Guadagnino ) . Gardanotizie ( in Italian ) . Sirmione. 15 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 20 December 2017 . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Mancini , Carolina ( 2 February 2017 ) . `` Berlinale : Call me by your name made in Lombardia '' . Cinema & Video International . Archived from the original on 20 December 2017 . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Setoodeh , Ramin ( 23 January 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' Director Blasts Mike Pence for Anti-Gay Policies '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 26 January 2017 . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Kohn , Eric ( 9 October 2017 ) . `` Armie Hammer on Getting Naked in ' Call Me By Your Name , ' Playing Hunks , and His James Woods Feud '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on 9 October 2017 . Retrieved 11 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Trey ( 20 December 2017 ) . `` The Untold Story Of Michael Stuhlbarg 's Emotional Call Me By Your Name Speech '' . Archived from the original on 22 December 2017 . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Desowitz , Bill ( 1 December 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' : Editing Was Crucial to the Year 's Best Love Story '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on 4 December 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Matt ( 16 January 2018 ) . `` Director Luca Guadagnino on ' Call Me by Your Name ' and the Possibility of Sequels '' . Collider . Archived from the original on 16 January 2018 . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( 12 December 2017 ) . `` How ' Call Me by Your Name ' Captured a Pivotal Love Confession in One Take '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 31 December 2017 . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Utichi , Joe ( 13 December 2017 ) . `` Sufjan Stevens Nearly Played The Narrator In Luca Guadagnino 's ' Call Me By Your Name ' '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 21 January 2018 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Pritchard , Tiffany ( 10 September 2017 ) . `` Armie Hammer , Timothee Chalamet , Luca Guadagnino talk ' Call Me By Your Name ' in Toronto '' . Screendaily . Archived from the original on 26 December 2017 . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In erotic ' Call Me By Your Name , ' sunshine and summer love '' . New York : ABC News . Associated Press . 21 December 2017 . Archived from the original on 7 January 2018 . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Grobar , Matt ( 10 January 2018 ) . `` Cinematographer Sayombhu Mukdeeprom On The Decision To Shoot ' Call Me By Your Name ' With Only One Lens '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 10 January 2018 . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Wrigley , Tish ( 1 November 2017 ) . `` A Closer Look at the Sets of New Film Call Me By Your Name '' . Another . Archived from the original on 1 November 2017 . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Moss , Hilary ( 20 November 2017 ) . `` The Making of a Family Home in ' Call Me by Your Name ' '' . The New York Times Style Magazine . Archived from the original on 21 November 2017 . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Laffly , Tomris ( 23 November 2017 ) . `` Luca Guadagnino Relied on a Pair of Longtime Friends for ' Call Me by Your Name ' Decor , Costumes '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 23 November 2017 . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Finos , Arianna ( 14 February 2017 ) . `` Luca Guadagnino : ' Vi racconto l'amore gay nell'Italia di Craxi ' '' ( Luca Guadagnino : ' I 'll tell you about gay love in Craxi 's Italy ' ) . la Repubblica ( in Italian ) . Berlin : GEDI Gruppo Editoriale . Archived from the original on 22 December 2017 . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ; Atkinson , Katie ( 12 December 2017 ) . `` Pop Shop Podcast : Director Luca Guadagnino on Music 's Vital Role in ' Call Me by Your Name ' '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 8 February 2018 . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Eisinger , Dale ( 8 January 2017 ) . `` Sufjan Stevens Soundtracks Upcoming Film Call Me By Your Name '' . Spin . Archived from the original on 22 October 2017 . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Nordine , Michael ( 3 November 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' Soundtrack : Sufjan Stevens , the Psychedelic Furs , and More Lend Their Musical Stylings -- Listen '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on 20 December 2017 . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Call Me by Your Name Original Motion Picture Soundtrack - CD Available November 17 '' ( Press release ) . Sony Classical . PR Newswire. 6 November 2017 . Archived from the original on 7 November 2017 . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Raup , Jordan ( 3 November 2017 ) . `` Listen : Full Soundtrack for ' Call Me by Your Name ' Featuring New Songs by Sufjan Stevens '' . The Film Stage . Archived from the original on 7 November 2017 . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( 5 December 2016 ) . `` Sundance 2017 : Robert Redford , New Rashida Jones Netflix Series , ' Rebel In The Rye ' & More On Premiere , Docu , Midnight & Kids Slates '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 18 January 2017 . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Debruge , Peter ( 23 January 2017 ) . `` Sundance Film Review : ' Call Me by Your Name ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 22 October 2017 . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Reviewed at Sundance Film Festival ( Premieres ) , Jan. 22 , 2017 Jump up ^ Seetodeh , Ramin ( 6 January 2017 ) . `` Sundance : Gay Love Story ' Call Me By Your Name ' Sells to Sony Pictures Classics ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 7 January 2017 . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( 6 January 2017 ) . `` Sundance : Sony Classics Takes Gay Love Story ' Call Me by Your Name ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 8 January 2017 . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFM 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Memento Films International . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2 August 2017 . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hammond , Pete ( 7 September 2017 ) . `` Opening - Night Premieres ' Borg / McEnroe ' And ' Call Me By Your Name ' Are A Love Match As Toronto Gets Underway '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 25 October 2017 . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Call Me by Your Name '' . New York Film Festival . Archived from the original on 25 October 2017 . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks , Brian ( 17 December 2017 ) . `` ' I , Tonya ' Ices Robust Weekend ; ' Disaster Artist ' , ' Shape of Water ' & ' Call Me By Your Name ' Expand -- Specialty Box Office '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 18 December 2017 . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks , Brian ( 24 December 2017 ) . `` ' The Post ' Scoops Into Top Ten In Best 3 - Day Averages of 2017 ; Holdovers Solid -- Specialty Box Office '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 25 December 2017 . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks , Brian ( 14 January 2018 ) . `` Golden Globes Winners ' Three Billboards ' & ' Lady Bird ' Cash In ; ' Phantom Thread ' Expands Solid -- Specialty Box Office '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 14 January 2018 . Retrieved 14 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks , Brian ( 21 January 2018 ) . `` ' Darkest Hour ' Tops $41 M , ' The Shape of Water ' Crosses $30 M , ' Call Me By Your Name ' Expands -- Specialty Box Office '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 22 January 2018 . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Brueggemann , Tom ( 21 January 2018 ) . `` With Oscar Nominations Ahead , Specialized Releases Hold Their Breath at the Box Office '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on 23 January 2018 . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Vivarelli , Nick ( 24 January 2018 ) . `` Luca Guadagnino , Timothée Chalamet , Armie Hammer Talk Oscar Noms in Italy '' . Variety . Rome , Italy . Archived from the original on 24 January 2018 . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Il film di Luca Guadagnino il 29 gennaio al Multisala '' ( The film by Luca Guadagnino on 29 January at the Multisala ) . La Provincia di Cremona ( in Italian ) . Crema : Soc . Editoriale Cremonese S.P.A ( published 19 January 2018 ) . 18 January 2018 . Archived from the original on 26 January 2018 . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guadagnino , il 27 è la serata cremasca '' ( The film by Luca Guadagnino on 29 January at the Multisala ) . La Provincia di Cremona ( in Italian ) . Crema : Soc . Editoriale Cremonese S.P.A ( published 10 January 2018 ) . 9 January 2018 . Archived from the original on 10 January 2018 . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Read , Bridget ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` Watch Timothée Chalamet and Armie Hammer Dance in the Streets Where Call Me by Your Name Was Filmed With Fans '' . Vogue . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Orozco , Beatriz ( 18 January 2018 ) . `` ' Me Chame Pelo Seu Nome ' , o filme para o qual o Oscar não está preparado '' ( Check out the mesmerizing trailer of Call Me by Your Name ) . El País ( in Portugues ) . Ediciones El País , S.L. Archived from the original on 30 January 2018 . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ Martínez , Edouard ( 28 November 2017 ) . `` Découvrez la bande - annonce envoûtante de Call Me by Your Name '' ( Check out the mesmerizing trailer of Call Me by Your Name ) . Premiere ( in French ) . Hildegarde . Archived from the original on 1 January 2018 . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Nigel ( 29 January 2018 ) . `` Exclusive : Timothée Chalamet on Seducing Armie Hammer with ' Piano Playing ' in Call Me By Your Name '' . People . Archived from the original on 29 January 2018 . Retrieved 29 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Heath , Paul ( 28 July 2017 ) . `` First Poster Arrives For Festival Fave ' Call Me By Your Name ' '' . The Hollywood News . Archived from the original on 7 October 2017 . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Kyle ( 1 August 2017 ) . `` Watch the Call Me by Your Name Trailer '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on 1 August 2017 . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey ( 1 August 2017 ) . `` Armie Hammer , Timothée Chalamet spark passion in stunning Call Me by Your Name trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 1 August 2017 . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ McAdams , Eric ( 11 October 2017 ) . `` Watch Armie Hammer Dance in New Clip From ' Call Me By Your Name ' '' . Paste . Archived from the original on 23 October 2017 . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Lang , Cady ( 13 October 2017 ) . `` Be Soothed By the Armie Hammer Viral Dance Bringing Delight to the Masses '' . Time ( magazine ) . Archived from the original on 16 October 2017 . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Shraf , Zack ( 12 October 2017 ) . `` Armie Hammer Will Dance to Any Song in the ' Call Me By Your Name ' Meme of Our Dreams -- Watch '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on 23 October 2017 . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( 7 December 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' Spurs Biggest Streaming Week Ever for The Psychedelic Furs ' ' Love My Way ' '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 11 December 2017 . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Mikel , Ryan ( 7 November 2017 ) . `` Sony Pictures Straight Washes Call Me By Your Name '' . Out . Archived from the original on 8 November 2017 . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Mariah ( 9 November 2017 ) . `` Sony slammed for straight - washing ' Call Me By Your Name ' tweet '' . Washington Blade . Archived from the original on 10 November 2017 . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Megarry , Daniel ( 8 November 2017 ) . `` Sony slammed for ' straight - washing ' gay romance Call Me By Your Name '' . Gay Times . Archived from the original on 1 December 2017 . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Benjamin ( 8 November 2017 ) . `` Call me by the wrong name : how studios are still trying to straight - wash gay films '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 17 November 2017 . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Performance for Sony Pictures Classics in 2017 '' . The Numbers . Archived from the original on 22 January 2018 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Brian ( 22 November 2017 ) . `` ' Darkest Hour ' , ' Call Me By Your Name ' , ' Man Who Invented Christmas ' Usher Holiday -- Specialty B.O. Preview '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 22 November 2017 . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks , Brian ( 26 November 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me By Your Name ' Scores Year 's Best Average Opener At $101 K ; ' Darkest Hour ' Has Robust Start -- Specialty Box Office '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 26 November 2017 . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( 26 November 2017 ) . `` Thanksgiving B.O. At $268 M , + 3 % Over 2016 Spurred By ' Coco ' & Holdovers '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 26 November 2017 . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( 26 November 2017 ) . `` Thanksgiving Box Office : ' Coco ' Gobbles Up ' Justice League ' With $71.2 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 26 November 2017 . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Brueggemann , Tom ( 26 November 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' Is Best Opener of 2017 ; ' Darkest Hour ' Launches Well '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on 7 December 2017 . Retrieved 7 December 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( 3 December 2017 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Coco ' Stays No. 1 With $26.1 M ; ' The Disaster Artist ' Impresses '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 3 December 2017 . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Brueggemann , Tom ( 3 December 2017 ) . `` Record Opener ' Disaster Artist ' and ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Specialty Box Office Surge '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on 4 December 2017 . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Dade ( 3 December 2017 ) . `` Guillermo del Toro 's ' The Shape of Water ' Bows with 4th Best PTA of 2017 ; ' The Disaster Artist ' Sizzles : Specialty Box Office '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 4 December 2017 . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Coyle , Jack ( 3 December 2017 ) . `` Coco Tops Box Office for 2nd Week with $26.1 M '' . Time ( magazine ) . Archived from the original on 4 December 2017 . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Brian ( 3 December 2017 ) . `` ' I , Tonya ' Blades To Robust Bow ; ' The Shape Of Water ' & ' Call Me By Your Name ' Expand Solidly -- Specialty Box Office '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 10 December 2017 . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Brian ( 31 December 2017 ) . `` ' Phantom Thread ' Haute in 1st Full Weekend ; ' Darkest Hour ' & ' The Shape of Water ' Strong with Added Runs -- Specialty Box Office '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 1 January 2018 . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Brian ( 7 January 2018 ) . `` ' I , Tonya ' Expands Strong , ' Call Me By Your Name ' Crosses $6 M As Golden Globe Noms Score -- Specialty Box Office '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 7 January 2018 . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( 28 January 2018 ) . `` Fox Controls Close To 40 % Of Weekend B.O. Led By ' Maze Runner ' & Oscar Holdovers ; ' Hostiles ' Gallops Past $10 M '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 27 January 2018 . Retrieved 28 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Brueggemann , Tom ( 28 January 2018 ) . `` ' The Shape of Water ' Gets Oscar Boost as ' Hostiles ' Lures Crowds '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on 28 January 2018 . Retrieved 28 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Brian ( 4 February 2018 ) . `` Oscar Nominee ' A Fantastic Woman ' Solid In Debut , ' Padmaavat ' Climbs , But Holdovers Dominate : Specialty Box Office '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 4 February 2018 . Retrieved 4 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Brian ( February 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' 2018 Oscar Shorts ' Take $615 K ; ' Golden Exits ' Has Solid Bow ; ' Darkest Hour ' Crosses $50 M : Specialty Box Office '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Brian ( February 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Party ' Has Lively Bow ; ' Detective Chinatown 2 ' Wins Chinese New Year Race : Specialty Box Office '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sandwell , Ian ( 30 October 2017 ) . `` UK box office : ' Thor : Ragnarok ' scores biggest non-Bond October debut '' . Screendaily . Archived from the original on 30 October 2017 . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Gant , Charles ( 30 October 2017 ) . `` Thor : Ragnarok hammers the opposition at the UK box office '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 1 November 2017 . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Sandwell , Ian ( 6 November 2017 ) . `` UK box office : ' Murder On The Orient Express ' derails ' Thor : Ragnarok ' '' . Screendaily . Archived from the original on 6 November 2017 . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Sandwell , Ian ( 13 November 2017 ) . `` UK box office : ' Paddington 2 ' scores record - breaking bow '' . Screendaily . Archived from the original on 21 November 2017 . Retrieved 13 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Gant , Charles ( 14 November 2017 ) . `` Paddington 2 makes marmalade of the UK box office competition '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 14 November 2017 . Retrieved 14 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Call Me by Your Name ( 2017 ) '' . The Numbers . Archived from the original on 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 28 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Kyle ( 23 January 2017 ) . `` Why Sundance Fell in Love With the Gay Romance Call Me by Your Name '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on 2 August 2017 . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Marotta , Jenna ( 17 November 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' : Timothée Chalamet is Learning How to Be a Man , Onscreen and Off '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on 20 November 2017 . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Call Me by Your Name ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 19 January 2018 . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Tomato Awards : Best - reviewed Movies 2017 > Limited Releases '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 4 January 2018 . Archived from the original on 4 January 2018 . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Tomato Awards : Best - reviewed Romance Movies 2017 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 4 January 2018 . Archived from the original on 4 January 2018 . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best of Rotten Tomatoes : Top 100 Romance Movies '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 1 February 2018 . Retrieved 1 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best of Rotten Tomatoes : Top 100 Drama Movies '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 1 February 2018 . Retrieved 1 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best of Rotten Tomatoes : Top 100 Movies of All Time '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 1 February 2018 . Retrieved 1 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Call Me By Your Name ( 2017 ) '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 4 October 2017 . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Dietz , Jason ( 4 January 2018 ) . `` Best Movies of 2017 '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 7 January 2018 . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Hoeij , Boyd van ( 23 January 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' : Film Review Sundance 2017 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 24 January 2017 . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ehrlich , David ( 23 January 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me By Your Name ' Review : Luca Guadagnino Delivers A Queer Masterpiece -- Sundance 2017 '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on 24 January 2017 . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Adams , Sam ( 25 January 2017 ) . `` Film review : Call Me By Your Name will make you swoon '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 25 January 2017 . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Burr , Ty ( 20 December 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' is full of light and landscape and unstoppable beauty '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on 27 December 2017 . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Morgan , David ( 3 October 2017 ) . `` Review : Armie Hammer in the coming - of - age film `` Call Me By Your Name '' `` . CBS . Archived from the original on 8 October 2017 . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Lawson , Richard ( 23 January 2017 ) . `` The Gorgeous Call Me by Your Name Makes Sundance Swoon '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on 26 November 2017 . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( 13 December 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' review : At long last , first love '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on 9 February 2018 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ N.E.G. ( 8 September 2017 ) . `` '' Call Me By Your Name '' is a work of beauty `` . The Economist . Archived from the original on 12 September 2017 . Retrieved 12 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Kate ( 9 September 2017 ) . `` The Globe 's Guide to TIFF 2017 Movies '' . The Globe and Mail . Archived from the original on 26 November 2017 . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Eisner , Ken ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` Call Me By Your Name suffers from an excess of beauty '' . The Georgia Straight . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Turner , Kyle ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Call Me By Your Name : 2017 New York Film Festival Review '' . Paste . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Luke Y. ( December 31 , 2017 ) . `` The Most Overrated Films Of 2017 '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nordine , Michael ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Barry Jenkins Loves ' Call Me by Your Name ' , a ' Supremely Delicate and Humane Work ' '' . IndieWire . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Falt , Chris ( December 30 , 2017 ) . `` Xavier Dolan 's Personal Look at the Best Films of 2017 and How ' Call Me by Your Name ' ' Paralyzed ' Him With Truth '' . IndieWire . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sharf , Zack ( November 19 , 2017 ) . `` Pedro Almodóvar Names ' Call Me by Your Name ' the Best Film of 2017 : ' Timothée Chalamet is the Revelation of the Year ' '' . IndieWire . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` # Top2017 : Las mejores películas de 2017 según los directores y directoras del cine español '' ( # Top2017 : The best films of 2017 according to the directors and directors of Spanish cinema ) . Otros Cines Europa ( in Spanish ) . December 19 , 2017 . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : O'Falt , Chris ( December 29 , 2017 ) . `` 42 Directors Pick Their Favorite Movies of 2017 , Including Denis Villeneuve , Guillermo del Toro , and More '' . IndieWire . pp. 1 -- 9 . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Chris ( 12 September 2017 ) . `` James Woods Responds to Armie Hammer , Amber Tamblyn Following Twitter Dustup '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 16 September 2017 . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Santiago , Amanda Luz Henning ( 12 September 2017 ) . `` James Woods is embroiled in a Twitter brawl over his criticism of Armie Hammer 's new film , and his habit of dating younger women '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on 22 October 2017 . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Film Institute Announces AFI Awards 2017 Official Selections '' ( Press release ) . Los Angeles , CA : American Film Institute . 7 December 2017 . Archived from the original on 8 December 2017 . Retrieved 7 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National Board Of Review Announces 2017 Award Winners '' ( Press release ) . New York , NY : National Board of Review . 28 November 2017 . Archived from the original on 29 November 2017 . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Coggan , Devan ( 23 January 2018 ) . `` Oscar nominations 2018 : See the full list '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 23 January 2018 . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Harding , Laura ; Kaplan , Ilana ( 23 January 2018 ) . `` Oscars nominations 2018 : Rachel Morrison becomes first female cinematographer to receive a nod '' . The Independent . New York . Archived from the original on 24 January 2018 . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Zurilla , Christie ( 23 January 2018 ) . `` At 89 , James Ivory and Agnès Varda are the Oscars ' oldest nominees '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 23 January 2018 . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations List for the EE British Academy Film Awards in 2018 ( Plain Text ) '' ( Press release ) . British Academy Film Award. 9 January 2018 . Archived from the original on 9 January 2018 . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Berg , Madeline ( 7 January 2018 ) . `` Golden Globes 2018 : The Full List Of Winners '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on 8 January 2018 . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Shape Of Water ' Named Best Picture , Takes Four Awards At 23rd Annual Critics ' Choice Awards '' ( Press release ) . Los Angeles , CA : Broadcast Film Critics Association / Broadcast Television Journalists Association . 11 January 2018 . Archived from the original on 12 January 2018 . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 33rd Film Independent Spirits Nominations Announced '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Los Angeles : Independent Spirit Awards . 21 November 2017 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 7 December 2017 . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( 13 December 2017 ) . `` SAG Award Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 24 January 2018 . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( 8 January 2018 ) . `` BAFTA Awards : ' Shape of Water , ' ' Three Billboards , ' ' Darkest Hour ' Lead Pack of Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 9 January 2018 . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( 27 November 2017 ) . `` Call Me By Your Name takes top prize at 2017 Gotham Awards '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 7 December 2017 . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Honorees '' . Hollywood Film Awards . Archived from the original on 22 October 2017 . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Aftab , Kaleem ( 13 October 2017 ) . `` Luca Guadagnino plots ' Call Me By Your Name ' sequel ( exclusive ) '' . Screendaily . Archived from the original on 13 October 2017 . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Harris , Hunter ( 16 October 2017 ) . `` Luca Guadagnino Is Planning Call Me by Your Name Sequels , Before Sunrise Style '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on 16 October 2017 . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Desta , Yohana ( 16 October 2017 ) . `` Call Me By Your Name 's Director Would Like to Do a Sequel , Please '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on 16 October 2017 . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Shraf , Zack ( 16 October 2017 ) . `` Luca Guadagnino Planning ' Call Me By Your Name ' Sequel For 2020 '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on 16 October 2017 . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Friend , David ( 12 December 2017 ) . `` Reflections on ' Call Me By Your Name ' spur Armie Hammer to consider a sequel '' . Times Colonist . The Canadian Press . Archived from the original on 23 January 2018 . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Mumford , Gwilym ( 22 December 2017 ) . `` Luca Guadagnino on Call Me By Your Name : ' It 's a step inside my teenage dreams ' '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 22 December 2017 . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Wakeman , Gregory ( 18 December 2017 ) . `` Will Armie Hammer , Timothée Chalamet return for a ' Call Me By Your Name ' sequel ? '' . Metro New York . Archived from the original on 22 December 2017 . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Malkin , Marc ( 25 January 2018 ) . `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' Director Reveals Details of the Planned Sequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 25 January 2018 . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Call Me by Your Name . Official website Call Me by Your Name on IMDb Call Me by Your Name at Rotten Tomatoes Call Me by Your Name at Metacritic ( hide ) Films directed by Luca Guadagnino The Protagonists ( 1999 ) Melissa P. ( 2005 ) I Am Love ( 2009 ) A Bigger Splash ( 2015 ) Call Me by Your Name ( 2017 ) Suspiria ( 2018 ) Italy portal Film portal LGBT portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Call_Me_by_Your_Name_(film)&oldid=826760417 '' Categories : 2017 films 2010s coming - of - age films 2010s independent films 2010s LGBT - related films 2010s romantic drama films American coming - of - age films American erotic films American films American independent films American romantic drama films American teen LGBT - related films Brazilian coming - of - age films Brazilian erotic films Brazilian films Brazilian independent films Brazilian LGBT - related films Brazilian romantic drama films Coming - of - age drama films Coming - of - age romance films English - language films Erotic romance films Films based on American novels Films directed by Luca Guadagnino Films set in 1983 Films set in Italy Films shot in Italy French coming - of - age films French erotic films French films French independent films French LGBT - related films French romantic drama films French - language films Gay - related films Italian coming - of - age films Italian erotic films Italian films Italian independent films Italian LGBT - related films Italian romantic drama films Italian - language films LGBT romance films LGBT - related coming - of - age films LGBT - related drama films LGBT - related films about Jews and Judaism Male bisexuality in film Screenplays by James Ivory Sony Pictures Classics films Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 maint : Unrecognized language CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use dmy dates from January 2016 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 21 : 30 . 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Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer

Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer - wikipedia Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the fictional character . For the song , see Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( song ) . For other uses , see Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( disambiguation ) . Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Cover of one of the books of the Robert L. May story by Maxton Publishers , Inc . First appearance 1939 Created by Robert L. May Voiced by Billie Mae Richards ( TV series , 1964 -- 2010 ) Kathleen Barr ( movie ) Information Nickname ( s ) Rudolph in Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer : The Movie : Red , Rudy , Rudy the Red nosed Reject , Neon - nose . Species Reindeer Gender Male Title The Red Nosed Reindeer Family Donder ( father in 1964 film ) Mrs. Donder ( mother in 1964 film ) Blitzen ( father in 1998 film ) Mitzi ( mother in 1998 film ) Rusty ( brother in Holidaze : The Christmas That Almost Did n't Happen ) Arrow ( cousin in 1998 film ) Comet , Cupid and Dasher ( uncles in 1998 film ) Leroy , the Redneck Reindeer ( cousin from the Joe Diffie song of the same name , on the album , Mr. Christmas ) Spouse ( s ) Clarice ( in 1964 film and 2001 film ) / Zoey in Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer : The Movie Children Robbie ( son in the Robbie the Reindeer films ) Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer , popularly known as `` Santa 's ninth reindeer '' , is a fabled reindeer created by Robert Lewis May . Rudolph is usually depicted as the lead reindeer pulling Santa 's sleigh on Christmas Eve , though he is a young buck who has only adolescent antlers and a glowing red nose . Though he receives scrutiny for it , the luminosity of his nose is so great that it illuminates the team 's path through harsh winter weather . Rudolph first appeared in a 1939 booklet written by Robert L. May and published by Montgomery Ward , the department store . The story is owned by The Rudolph Company , LP and has been adapted in numerous forms including a popular song , the iconic 1964 television special and sequels , and a feature film and sequel . Character Arts , LLC manages the licensing for the Rudolph Company , LP . In many countries , Rudolph has become a figure of Christmas folklore . 2014 marked the 75th anniversary of the character and the 50th anniversary of the television special . A series of postage stamps featuring Rudolph was issued by the United States Postal Service on November 6 , 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication history 2 The story 3 In media 3.1 Theatrical cartoon short ( 1948 ) 3.2 Song ( 1949 ) 3.3 Comic books ( beginning in 1950 ) 3.4 Children 's book ( 1958 ) 3.5 Stop - motion animation television special ( 1964 ) and sequels ( 1976 -- 79 ) 3.6 Animated feature - length films 3.7 Other 4 Homages in media 4.1 Film 4.2 Games 4.3 Music 4.4 Television and webisodes 5 Relatives in different adaptations 5.1 Parents 5.2 Offspring 5.3 Siblings 5.4 Aunts , uncles , and cousins 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Publication history ( edit ) Robert L. May created Rudolph in 1939 as an assignment for Chicago - based Montgomery Ward . The retailer had been buying and giving away coloring books for Christmas every year and it was decided that creating their own book would save money . May considered naming the reindeer `` Rollo '' or `` Reginald '' before deciding upon using the name `` Rudolph . '' In its first year of publication , Montgomery Ward distributed 2.4 million copies of Rudolph 's story . The story is written as a poem in anapestic tetrameter , the same meter as `` A Visit from St. Nicholas '' ( also known as `` ' Twas the Night Before Christmas '' ) . Publication and reprint rights for the book Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer are controlled by Pearson PLC . While May was pondering how best to craft a Christmas story about a reindeer , while staring out his office window in downtown Chicago , a thick fog from Lake Michigan blocked his view -- giving him a flash of inspiration . `` Suddenly I had it ! '' he recalled . `` A nose ! A bright red nose that would shine through fog like a spotlight . '' The cultural significance of a red nose has changed since the story 's publication . In 1930 's popular culture , a bright red nose was closely associated with chronic alcoholism and drunkards , so the story idea was initially rejected . May asked his illustrator friend at Montgomery Ward , Denver Gillen , to draw `` cute reindeer '' , using zoo deer as models . The alert , bouncy character Gillen developed convinced management to support the idea . Maxton Books published the first mass - market edition of Rudolph in 1947 and a sequel , Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Shines Again , in 1954 . In 1992 , Applewood Books published Rudolph 's Second Christmas , an unpublished sequel that Robert May wrote in 1947 . In 2003 , Penguin Books issued a reprint version of the original Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer with new artwork by Lisa Papp . Penguin also reprinted May 's sequels , Rudolph Shines Again and Rudolph 's Second Christmas ( now retitled Rudolph to the Rescue ) . The story ( edit ) The story chronicles the experiences of Rudolph , a youthful reindeer buck ( male ) who possesses an unusual luminous red nose . Mocked and excluded by his peers because of this trait , Rudolph proves himself one Christmas Eve with poor visibility due to inclement weather after Santa Claus catches sight of Rudolph 's nose and asks Rudolph to lead his sleigh for the evening . Rudolph agrees and is finally favored by his fellow reindeer for his heroism and accomplishment . In media ( edit ) Theatrical cartoon short ( 1948 ) ( edit ) Main article : Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( 1948 film ) Rudolph made his first screen appearance in 1948 , in a cartoon short produced by Max Fleischer for the Jam Handy Corporation that was more faithful to May 's original story than Marks ' song , which had not yet been written . It was reissued in 1951 with the song added . Song ( 1949 ) ( edit ) Main article : Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( song ) May 's brother - in - law , Johnny Marks , adapted the story of Rudolph into a song . Gene Autry 's recording of the song hit No. 1 on the Billboard pop singles chart the week of Christmas 1949 . Autry 's recording sold 2.5 million copies the first year , eventually selling a total of 25 million , and it remained the second best - selling record of all time until the 1980s . Comic books ( beginning in 1950 ) ( edit ) DC Comics , then known as National Periodical Publications , published a series of 13 annuals titled Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer from 1950 to 1962 . Rube Grossman drew most of the 1950s stories . In 1972 , DC Comics published a 14th edition in an extra-large format . Subsequently , they published six more in that format : Limited Collectors ' Edition C - 24 , C - 33 , C - 42 , C - 50 and All - New Collectors ' Edition C - 53 , C - 60 . Additionally , one digest format edition was published as The Best of DC # 4 ( March -- April 1980 ) . The 1970s Rudolph stories were written and drawn by Sheldon Mayer . Children 's book ( 1958 ) ( edit ) In 1958 , Little Golden Books published an illustrated storybook , adapted by Barbara Shook Hazen and illustrated by Richard Scarry . The book , similar in story to the Max Fleischer cartoon short , is no longer in print , but a revised Little Golden Books version of the storybook was reissued in 1972 . Stop - motion animation television special ( 1964 ) and sequels ( 1976 -- 79 ) ( edit ) Main article : Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( TV special ) Young Rudolph ( right ) and Hermey the Elf as seen in the 1964 TV special . Perhaps the most well - known version of all the Rudolph adaptations is the Rankin / Bass Productions version of 1964 . Filmed in Japan , with all sound recordings done in Toronto , Canada , the show premièred on NBC . As the producers of the special only had the song as source material and did not have a copy of the original book , they interpolated an original story around the central narrative of the song , one that differed from the book . This re-telling chronicles Rudolph 's social rejection among his peers and his decision to run away from home . Rudolph is accompanied by a similarly outcast elf named Hermey , who skipped elf practice to become a dentist , along with a loud , boisterous , eager prospector named Yukon Cornelius who was in search of wealth . Additional original characters include Rudolph 's love interest , Clarice ; the antagonistic `` Abominable Snow Monster '' ; and , as narrator , the living Sam the Snowman , voiced by Burl Ives . In the 1964 stop - motion movie , Rudolph is born to Donder the Reindeer and Donder 's wife . He is discovered by Santa to have a shiny , glowing red nose . Donder , regardless of Rudolph 's defect , trains him to be a normal reindeer with skills such as gathering food and hiding from the `` Abominable Snow Monster '' , a giant , furry white beast . To hide Rudolph 's nose , Donder puts dirt on it to cover it with a black coating . This causes Rudolph to talk in a funny accent , as told by the Rudolph 's peers . A short time later , Rudolph joins his peers at the Reindeer Games , where he meets Fireball , who is initially friendly and has a shock of strawberry blond hair on his head , and Clarice , a female spectator who takes a liking to Rudolph . Clarice 's flirtation inspires Rudolph to perform better than all of his peers at flying , but in his excitement he knocks the black cover off his nose , revealing a red glow that causes Fireball and the others to turn against him ; this distraction , in turn , prompts the coach ( Comet ) to ban Rudolph from the Reindeer Games . Clarice remains loyal to him , only to be ordered by her father not to shame the family by associating with `` a red - nosed reindeer . '' Rudolph soon runs into Hermey , an elf who was forced out of his job at the North Pole 's toy factory ; Hermey showed a total lack of interest in the toymaking and singing aspects of being an elf and instead wanted to pursue dentistry . They come to the conclusion that they 're both misfits and decide to run away together . On their aimless journey , they run into Yukon Cornelius , the self - described `` greatest prospector of the North '' who nevertheless seems to never find any silver or gold , and attempt to stay away from the Bumble , a huge abominable snow monster . Their journey leads them to the Island of Misfit Toys , where sentient but unorthodox toys go when they are abandoned by their owners . King Moonracer , the winged lion that lords over the Island , refuses to let them stay there permanently , instead telling the trio to return home and tell Santa Claus of the toys ' plight , in exchange for one night 's stay on the island . Rudolph refuses the offer and , fearing for his friends ' life , runs off alone . A now older Rudolph , still unable to find a place in the world , returns home to the North Pole , only to find that his family and Clarice had left to look for him and are now about to be eaten by the Bumble . With the help of Hermey and Yukon ( who arrived separately ) , they lure the Bumble away and pacify him by knocking him unconscious and allowing Hermey ( with dental skills he has acquired by reading books ) to remove his sharp teeth . Everyone eventually returns to Santa 's workshop , where a dismayed Santa Claus breaks the bad news that the weather is too bad to take the sleigh out and that Christmas would be canceled . Santa changes his mind when he notices Rudolph 's red nose and asks Rudolph to lead the sleigh team , which he happily accepts . After the story 's initial broadcast , its closing credits were revised . Images of wrapped presents being dropped from Santa 's sleigh were replaced by a scene in which Santa stops to pick up the Misfit Toys and delivers them to the homes of children below , where they were found by children who loved them . The changes were prompted by viewer feedback pleading for a happy ending for each toy . The special now airs annually on CBS , rather than NBC , and is hailed as a classic by many . The special 's original assortment of characters have acquired iconic status , and an uncertainty surrounding an error in the special 's copyright has allowed the special to be widely parodied and imitated in the decades since its original airing . The sequel Rudolph 's Shiny New Year ( premier air date December 10 , 1976 ) continued the reindeer 's journeys , and the series was made into a trilogy with the 1979 feature - length film Christmas in July , which integrated the Rudolph universe into that of Rankin / Bass 's adaptation of Frosty the Snowman . Animated feature - length films ( edit ) Main article : Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer : The Movie Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer : The Movie ( 1998 ) is an animated feature film . It received only a limited theatrical release before debuting on home video . Its inclusion of a villain , a love interest , a sidekick , and a strong protector are more derivative of the Rankin / Bass adaptation of the story than the original tale and song ( the characters of Stormella , Zoey , Arrow , Slyly , and Leonard parallel the Rankin / Bass characters of the Bumble , Clarice , Fireball , Hermey , and Yukon , respectively ) . The movie amplifies the early backstory of Rudolph 's harassment by his schoolmates ( primarily his cousin Arrow ) during his formative years . Main article : Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer and the Island of Misfit Toys GoodTimes Entertainment , the producers of Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer : The Movie , brought back most of the same production team for a CGI animated sequel , Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer and the Island of Misfit Toys ( 2001 ) . Unlike the previous film , the sequel featured the original characters from the Rankin / Bass special ( as GoodTimes soon learned that Rankin / Bass had made a copyright error that made the characters unique to their special free to use ) . Role Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer : The Movie ( 1998 ) Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer : The Island of Misfit Toys ( 2001 ) Director William R. Kowalchuk Producer Writer Michael Aschner Composer Al Kasha and Michael Lloyd Bruce Roberts and Diana B Editor Tom Hok Lennie Nelson Production Companies GoodTimes Entertainment Golden Books Family Entertainment Tundra Productions Distributor Legacy Releasing GoodTimes Entertainment Running Time 80 minutes 74 minutes Release Date October 6 , 1998 October 30 , 2001 Other ( edit ) A live - action version of Rudolph ( complete with glowing nose ) along with Donder and Blitzen appears in the Doctor Who Christmas special , `` Last Christmas '' which was broadcast on BBC One on 25 December 2014 . In this special , Santa is able to park him like a car and turn off his nose . Nathaniel Dominy , an anthropology professor at Dartmouth College ( Robert L. May 's alma mater ) , published a scholarly paper on Rudolph 's red nose in the open access online journal Frontiers for Young Minds in 2015 . In the paper , Dominy noted that reindeer eyes can perceive shorter wavelengths of light than humans , allowing them to see ultraviolet light ; ultraviolet light , however , is much more easily scattered in fog , which would blind reindeer . Thus , Rudolph 's red nose , emitting longer - wavelength red light , would penetrate the fog more easily . A summary of Dominy 's findings was released in an Associated Press article on December 22 . Homages in media ( edit ) This article appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances ; add references to reliable sources if possible . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) Film ( edit ) In the film remake of Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) , The Grinch disguises his dog , Max , as Rudolph for his plan to disguise himself as Santa Claus and steal everything in each house in Whoville , to stop Christmas from coming . He also changes Rudolph 's story saying , he hates Christmas and is gon na steal it . He then yells `` Action ! '' through a megaphone . But Max takes off the fake red nose the Grinch had put on him . In the film Fred Claus ( 2007 ) , Rudolph is mentioned and briefly seen , although his red nose is not glowing . Fred ( Vince Vaughn ) is filling in for his injured brother Nick ( Paul Giamatti ) delivering the toys on Christmas Eve . While en route , he crashes the sleigh through a billboard advertisement for Pepsi Cola featuring Santa Claus and tells Rudolph to `` shake it off '' . There are quick edits of Fred flying through the night making his deliveries . Willie the elf says , `` Fred , I have a bad feeling about this '' , followed by a shot of the full moon . The sleigh zips by and turns to go head on into the camera . Here , you can see Rudolph leading the pack . In slow motion , you can clearly count nine reindeer . Games ( edit ) Rudolph is mentioned in the video game Army of Two ( 2008 ) during a tutorial video about the use of the game 's Aggro feature . In Guild Wars Nightfall ( 2006 ) , player characters are accompanied by a reindeer named Rudy whose nose begins to glow red when coming into range of presents that the player is tasked to find in a holiday themed quest . Music ( edit ) Rudolph is mentioned in the Beach Boys ' song `` Little Saint Nick '' ( 1963 ) in the following lyric : `` Now haulin ' through the snow at a frightening speed with a half a dozen deer with Rudy to lead . '' `` Run Rudolph Run '' ( 1958 ) is a Christmas song popularized by Chuck Berry and written by Johnny Marks and Marvin Brodie and published by St. Nicholas Music ( ASCAP ) . The song was released as a single on Chess Records ( label no . 1714 ) and has since been covered by numerous other artists , sometimes under the title `` Run , Run , Rudolph '' . The song is a 12 - bar blues and has a clear musical parallel to Chuck Berry 's popular and recognizable song , `` Johnny B. Goode '' ( 1958 ) ; it is also melodically identical to Berry 's `` Little Queenie '' ( 1959 ) . In Ray Stevens ' novelty song `` Santa Claus Is Watching You '' ( 1962 ) , Rudolph is replaced on Santa 's team by `` Clyde the Camel '' , a character from Steven 's earlier hit , `` Ahab the Arab '' . In the original version , aimed at children in a similar fashion to `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' , Rudolph was said to be recuperating from an injury sustained during `` a twist contest '' ; a later version , warning a lover away from infidelity because Santa is watching , has Rudolph on a `` stakeout at ( the lover 's ) house '' . Television and webisodes ( edit ) In the Doctor Who promotional mini-webisode , `` Songtaran Carols '' ( 2012 ) , the Sontaran warrior - nurse - detective , Strax , stated : `` Rudolph the red - nosed reindeer , had a very shiny nose . It proved to be a tactical disadvantage , because it enabled me to punch him in the dark . '' Rudolph along with Donder and Blitzen appear in the Doctor Who Christmas special , Last Christmas . The anime and manga series One Piece has a main character called Tony Tony Chopper , a shapeshifter born on Christmas Eve , who was often discriminated against because of his blue nose . However his background and story is otherwise very different . MadTV featured Rudolph in a parody of the 1964 Rankin - Bass special called Raging Rudolph . Rudolph is beaten up for his red nose , and decides to get revenge on Santa Claus with Hermie the Elf by hiring Yukon Cornelius ( a hitman in the special ) to kill and decapitate Santa . Rudolph then takes over the North Pole . A sequel to the skit , The Reinfather , shows Rudolph exacting revenge for his hitman 's death in a nod to The Godfather . Relatives in different adaptations ( edit ) Main article : Santa Claus 's reindeer § Additional reindeer Parents ( edit ) Robert L. May 's original book does not name Rudolph 's parents . The animated specials produced by both Rankin / Bass and GoodTimes Entertainment have given Rudolph different sets of parents : In Rankin / Bass 's holiday special , he is Donder 's son , and his mother is a tan doe who is called Mrs. Donder . In GoodTimes ' retelling , Rudolph 's father is Blitzen , and his mother is named Mitzi . Offspring ( edit ) Three BBC animations carry on the legend by introducing Rudolph 's son , Robbie the Reindeer . However , Rudolph is never directly mentioned by name ( references are replaced by the first and second films ' villain Blitzen interrupting with the phrase , `` Do n't say that name ! '' , or something similar , presumably for copyright reasons . ) Siblings ( edit ) Rudolph is also given a younger brother , Rusty Reindeer , in the American special , Holidaze : The Christmas That Almost Did n't Happen ( 2006 ) . Unlike in the `` Robbie the Reindeer '' cartoons , Rudolph 's name is mentioned in the film . Michael Fry and T. Lewis have given Rudolph another brother in a series of Over the Hedge comic strips : an overweight , emotionally damaged reindeer named Ralph , the Infra - Red nosed Reindeer , who is referred to as Rudolph 's older brother . Ralph 's red nose is good for defrosting Santa 's sleigh and warming up toast and waffles ; he enviously complains about his brother Rudolph 's publicity and his own anonymity . Aunts , uncles , and cousins ( edit ) Rudolph has a cousin , Leroy , in Joe Diffie 's 1995 song , `` Leroy the Redneck Reindeer '' ( 1995 ) , which tells the story of Leroy 's joining the sleigh team to substitute for Rudolph , who was ill . In GoodTimes ' retelling , three of Santa 's reindeer ( Dasher , Comet , and Cupid ) are his uncles , and Cupid 's son Arrow is Rudolph 's cousin and rival . See also ( edit ) Holidays portal Santa Claus Santa Claus 's reindeer Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer video game References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mikkelson , Barbara ; Mikkelson , David P. ( December 19 , 2010 ) . `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer '' . Urban Legends Reference Pages . Snopes.com . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ramer , Holly ; Talbot , Toby ( photo ) ( December 23 , 2011 ) . `` Scrapbook tells how Rudolph went down in history '' . Hanover , NH : Associated Press . Retrieved December 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kim , Wook ( December 17 , 2012 ) . `` Yule Laugh , Yule Cry : 10 Things You Did n't Know About Beloved Holiday Songs '' . Time . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Parrella , Andrew ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` From The Archives : Rudolph Turns 75 '' . New Hampshire Public Radio . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer celebrates 50th anniversary '' . CBS News . December 9 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rudolph all red - nosed over stamp of approval '' . United States Postal Service . November 6 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2014 . Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer , the nation 's longest - running and highest - rated Christmas television special ' went down in history ' to receive its stamp of approval today . The set of four Limited Edition Forever stamps depicting Rudolph , Hermey , Santa and Bumble were created from still television frames from the special which premiered 50 years ago in 1964 . Jump up ^ http://www.altogetherchristmas.com/traditions/rudolph.html Jump up ^ `` Old Fashioned Christmas '' . University Place / Wisconsin Historical Society . December 12 , 2010 . 0 : 28 minutes in . Wisconsin Public Television . Jump up ^ Moreau , Jennifer ( December 24 , 2010 ) . `` Rudolph 's Burnaby roots '' . Burnaby Now . p . A11 . Jump up ^ Powell , J. Mark . `` The Jewish man who created a Christmas classic '' . Washington Examiner . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Chow , Wanda ( December 2010 ) . `` How Rudolph the reindeer came to be '' . Burnaby Now : A3 . Jump up ^ https://www.abebooks.com/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=3289176038&tab=1&searchurl= ^ Jump up to : `` Library of Congress Unveils Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Restoration '' . Animation World Network . December 18 , 2014 . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Kenneth T. Jackson ; Markoe , Karen ; Markoe , Arnie ( 1998 ) . The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives . Simon and Schuster . p. 28 . Jump up ^ Irvine , Alex ( 2010 ) . `` 1950s '' . In Dolan , Hannah . DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle . London , United Kingdom : Dorling Kindersley . p. 65 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7566 - 6742 - 9 . DC began an annual tradition of producing a Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Christmas special . Following the success of the famous song ( released in 1949 ) , DC licensed the character and put Rudolph at the center of a series of lighthearted adventures ... The Christmas Special would continue until 1962 , and then return from 1972 -- 1977 . Jump up ^ Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer at the Grand Comics Database and Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Annual at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ Markstein , Don . `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer '' . Don Markstein 's Toonopedia . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2011 . Retrieved December 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Limited Collectors ' Edition # C - 20 , # C - 24 , # C - 33 , # C - 42 , and # C - 50 at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ All - New Collectors ' Edition # C - 53 and # C - 60 at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ `` The Best of DC # 4 '' . Grand Comics Database. 1980 . Jump up ^ Markstein , Don ( 2006 ) . `` Sheldon Mayer '' . Don Markstein 's Toonopedia . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2011 . Retrieved December 3 , 2011 . ( Mayer ) also worked on several tabloid - formatted comic books for DC in the mid-1970s , including the company 's first use of Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer since the early 60s . Jump up ^ Arnold , Mark ( December 2012 ) . `` You Know Dasher and Dancer : Rudolph The Red - Nosed Reindeer '' . Back Issue ! . TwoMorrows Publishing ( 61 ) : 7 -- 10 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who '' . BBC . December 12 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2014 . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . In the North Pole the Doctor and Clara are joined by a familiar figure ... and his reindeer ! Jump up ^ Ramer , Holly ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` Rudolph 's shiny red nose may be tied to eyes that glow blue '' . Associated Press . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' Little Saint Nick '' Lyrics `` . Lyricsfreak.com . n.d. Archived from the original on December 10 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer . Manuscript of the Montgomery Ward book Official Licensor for Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Official CBS website for Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Rudolph The Red Nosed Reindeer ( 1948 ) Rudolph The Red Nosed Reindeer ( 1948 ) Full Film ( public domain footage ) Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer on IMDb Rudolph The Red - Nosed Reindeer ( Jam Handy ) at The Big Cartoon DataBase Rudolph The Red - Nosed Reindeer ( Rankin / Bass ) at The Big Cartoon DataBase Preceded by `` Mule Train '' by Frankie Laine U.S. Billboard Best Sellers in Stores number - one single January 7 , 1950 ( Gene Autry ) Succeeded by `` I Can Dream , Ca n't I '' by The Andrews Sisters Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Music `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer `` Run Rudolph Run '' Film and television adaptations Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( 1948 film short ) Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( 1964 TV special ) Rudolph 's Shiny New Year ( 1976 TV special ) Rudolph and Frosty 's Christmas in July ( 1979 TV film ) Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer : The Movie ( 1998 film ) Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer and the Island of Misfit Toys ( 2001 made - for - video film ) Related Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( video game ) Santa Claus 's reindeer Robert L. May Christmas Christmas Eve Children 's Day Boxing Day Nochebuena Saint Nicholas Day St. Stephen 's Day Sol Invictus Yule In Christianity Biblical Magi Adoration of the Magi Adoration of the Shepherds Advent Angel Gabriel Annunciation Annunciation to the shepherds Baptism of the Lord Bethlehem Christingle Christmastide Epiphany Herod the Great Jesus Joseph Mary Massacre of the Innocents flight into Egypt Nativity Fast Nativity of Jesus in art in later culture Nativity scene Saint Nicholas Star of Bethlehem Twelfth Night In folklore Badalisc La Befana Belsnickel Caganer Christkind Ded Moroz Elves Father Christmas Grýla Jack Frost Joulupukki Knecht Ruprecht Korvatunturi Krampus Mikulás Miner 's figure Mrs. Claus Nisse / Tomte North Pole Old Man Winter Olentzero Père Fouettard Père Noël Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Saint Lucy Santa 's reindeer Santa 's workshop Sinterklaas Tió de Nadal Vertep Yule Cat Yule Lads Zwarte Piet Gift - bringers Saint Nicholas Santa Claus List of Christmas gift - bringers by country Traditions Advent calendar Advent candle Advent wreath Boar 's Head Feast Candle arches Cards Carols by Candlelight Cavalcade of Magi Crackers Decorations Events and celebrations Feast of the Seven Fishes Flying Santa Google Santa Tracker Hampers Las Posadas Letters Lights Lord of Misrule Markets Meals and feasts Moravian star Nine Lessons and Carols NORAD Tracks Santa Nutcrackers dolls Ornaments Parades list Piñatas Pyramids Räuchermann Seals Secret Santa Spanbaum Stamps Stockings Tree Twelve Days Wassailing Windows Yule Goat Yule log By country Australia and New Zealand Denmark Germany Hawaii Hungary Iceland Indonesia Ireland Mexico Norway Philippines Poland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Sweden Ukraine Music Carols list Hit singles UK Hit singles US Music books Carols for Choirs The Oxford Book of Carols The New Oxford Book of Carols Piae Cantiones Other media Films Poetry `` Old Santeclaus with Much Delight '' `` A Visit from St. Nicholas '' Television specials Yule Log In modern society Advent Conspiracy Black Friday ( partying ) Black Friday ( shopping ) Bronner 's Christmas Wonderland Christmas club Christmas creep Christmas Day ( Trading ) Act 2004 Christmas Lectures Christmas Mountains Christmas truce Controversies Cyber Monday Economics Giving Tuesday El Gordo Holiday season In July In August Leon Day NBA games NFL games Puritan New England American Civil War Post-War United States Running of the Santas SantaCon Santa 's Candy Castle Small Business Saturday Super Saturday Virginia O'Hanlon White Christmas Winter festivals WWE Tribute to the Troops Xmas Food and drink Dinner Joulupöytä Julebord Kūčios Réveillon Twelve - dish supper Smörgåsbord Wigilia Sweets bûche de Noël Cake Candy cane Cookies Fruitcake Gingerbread Kourabiedes Melomakarono Mince pie Pavlova Pecan pie Pumpkin pie Pudding Rosca de reyes Szaloncukor Turrón Soup Menudo Sauce Cranberry sauce Beverages Apple cider Champurrado Eggnog Mulled wine Smoking Bishop Ponche crema Dumpling Hallaca Tamale Meat Ham Roast goose Romeritos Turkey Stuffing Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolph_the_Red-Nosed_Reindeer&oldid=834052386 '' Categories : Christmas children 's books Christian folklore Fictional characters introduced in 1939 Fictional deer and moose Montgomery Ward Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Santa 's helpers Holiday characters Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with trivia sections from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ænglisc Brezhoneg Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 18 : 02 . 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when was rudolph the red nosed reindeer written

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Quadriceps femoris muscle

Quadriceps femoris muscle - wikipedia Quadriceps femoris muscle Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with quadratus femoris . Quadriceps femoris muscle Quadriceps femoris , with different muscles in different colors . rectus femoris - blue vastus lateralis - yellow vastus intermedius - green vastus medialis - red Details Origin Combined rectus femoris and vastus muscles Insertion Tibial tuberosity Artery Femoral artery Nerve Femoral nerve Actions Knee extension ; Hip flexion ( Rectus femoris only ) Identifiers Latin Musculus quadriceps femoris Dorlands / Elsevier Quadriceps femoris muscle TA A04. 7.02. 017 FMA 22428 Anatomical terms of muscle ( edit on Wikidata ) The quadriceps femoris ( / ˈkwɒdrɪsɛps ˈfɛmərɪs / ) ( Latin for `` four - headed muscle of the femur '' ) , also called simply the quadriceps , quadriceps extensor , or quads , is a large muscle group that includes the four prevailing muscles on the front of the thigh . It is the great extensor muscle of the knee , forming a large fleshy mass which covers the front and sides of the femur . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Innervation 2 Function 3 Society and culture 3.1 Training 4 Etymology 5 Additional images 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Structure ( edit ) The quadriceps consists of four separate muscles It is subdivided into four separate portions or ' heads ' , which have received distinctive names : Rectus femoris occupies the middle of the thigh , covering most of the other three quadriceps muscles . It originates on the ilium . It is named from its straight course . The other three lie deep to rectus femoris and originate from the body of the femur , which they cover from the trochanters to the condyles : Vastus lateralis is on the lateral side of the femur ( i.e. on the outer side of the thigh ) . Vastus medialis is on the medial side of the femur ( i.e. on the inner part thigh ) . Vastus intermedius lies between vastus lateralis and vastus medialis on the front of the femur ( i.e. on the top or front of the thigh ) , but deep to the rectus femoris . Typically , it can not be seen without dissection of the rectus femoris . All four parts of the quadriceps muscle ultimately insert into the tuberosity of the tibia . This is via the patella , where the quadriceps tendon becomes the patellar ligament , which then attaches to the tibia . There is a fifth muscle of the quadriceps complex that is often forgotten and rarely taught called articularis genus . In addition , recent cadaver studies have confirmed the presence of a sixth muscle , the tensor vastus intermedius . While the muscle has variable presentations , it consistently originates at the proximal femur , runs between the vastus lateralis and vastus intermedius muscles , and inserts distally at the medial aspect of the patellar base . Historically considered a part of the vastus lateralis , the tensor vastus intermedius muscle is innervated by an independent branch of the femoral nerve and its tendinous belly can be separated from the vasti lateralis and intermedius muscles in most cases . Innervation ( edit ) Femoral nerve ( L2 , L3 , L4 ) . Function ( edit ) All four quadriceps are powerful extensors of the knee joint . They are crucial in walking , running , jumping and squatting . Because rectus femoris attaches to the ilium , it is also a flexor of the hip . This action is also crucial to walking or running as it swings the leg forward into the ensuing step . The quadriceps , specifically the vastus medialis , play the important role of stabilizing the patella and the knee joint during gait . Society and culture ( edit ) Training ( edit ) In strength training , the quadriceps are trained by several leg exercises . Effective exercises include the squat and leg press . The isolation movement ( i.e. targets solely the quadriceps ) is the leg extension exercise . In body building communities , this muscle is colloquially referred to as the `` leg triceps '' . Etymology ( edit ) The proper Latin plural form of the adjective quadriceps would be quadricipites . In modern English usage , quadriceps is used in both singular and plural . The singular form quadricep , produced by back - formation , is frequently used . Additional images ( edit ) Knee diagram Capsule of right knee - joint ( distended ) . Lateral aspect . Cross-section through the middle of the thigh . Anterior aspect of right leg . Front and medial aspect of right thigh . Lateral aspect of right leg . The leg extension is an isolation exercise . Quadriceps muscle Quadriceps muscle See also ( edit ) This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Hamstring References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Grob , K ; Ackland , T ; Kuster , MS ; Manestar , M ; Filgueira , L ( 6 January 2016 ) . `` A newly discovered muscle : The tensor of the vastus intermedius '' . Clinical Anatomy. 29 ( 2 ) : 256 -- 263 . doi : 10.1002 / ca. 22680 . Jump up ^ Therapeutic Exercises , Carolyn Kisner & Lynn A. Colby , 5th ed. ( 2002 ) 692 - 93 . Jump up ^ Monaghan , L. ( 2002 ) . Vocabularies of motive for illicit steroid use among bodybuilders . Social Science & Medicine ( 1982 ) , 55 ( 5 ) , 695 - 708 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Quadriceps femoris muscle . Quadriceps_muscle at the Duke University Health System 's Orthopedics program Muscles / Quadriceps at exrx.net `` Anatomy diagram : 39960.000 - 1 '' . Roche Lexicon - illustrated navigator . Elsevier . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 01 . ( hide ) Muscles of the hip and human leg Iliac region Iliopsoas psoas major / psoas minor iliacus Buttocks Gluteal muscles maximus medius minimus tensor fasciae latae lateral rotator group : quadratus femoris inferior gemellus superior gemellus internal obturator external obturator piriformis Thigh / compartments Anterior sartorius quadriceps rectus femoris vastus lateralis vastus intermedius vastus medialis articularis genus Posterior hamstring biceps femoris semitendinosus semimembranosus Medial pectineus external obturator gracilis adductor longus brevis magnus minimus Fascia Femoral sheath Femoral canal Femoral ring Adductor canal Adductor hiatus Muscular lacuna fascia lata Iliotibial tract Lateral intermuscular septum of thigh Medial intermuscular septum of thigh Cribriform fascia Leg / compartments Anterior tibialis anterior extensor hallucis longus extensor digitorum longus peroneus tertius Posterior superficial triceps surae gastrocnemius soleus accessory soleus Achilles tendon plantaris deep tarsal tunnel flexor hallucis longus flexor digitorum longus tibialis posterior popliteus Lateral peroneus muscles longus brevis Fascia Pes anserinus Intermuscular septa anterior posterior transverse Foot Dorsal extensor hallucis brevis extensor digitorum brevis Plantar 1st layer abductor hallucis flexor digitorum brevis abductor digiti minimi 2nd layer quadratus plantae lumbrical muscle 3rd layer flexor hallucis brevis adductor hallucis flexor digiti minimi brevis 4th layer dorsal interossei plantar interossei Fascia Plantar fascia retinacula Peroneal Inferior extensor Superior extensor Flexor Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quadriceps_femoris_muscle&oldid=775616319 '' Categories : Knee extensors Thigh muscles Anterior compartment of thigh Muscles of the lower limb Hidden categories : Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego Hrvatski Italiano עברית Latina Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina کوردی Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2017 , at 01 : 28 . 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of the three vastus muscle of the quadriceps which is the largest

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Game of Thrones (season 1)

Game of Thrones ( season 1 ) - Wikipedia Game of Thrones ( season 1 ) Jump to : navigation , search Game of Thrones ( season 1 ) Region 1 DVD artwork Starring See List of Game of Thrones cast Country of origin United States No. of episodes 10 Release Original network HBO Original release April 17 ( 2011 - 04 - 17 ) -- June 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 19 ) Season chronology Next → Season 2 List of Game of Thrones episodes The first season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on April 17 , 2011 , at 9.00 pm in the U.S. , and concluded on June 19 , 2011 . It consists of ten episodes , each of approximately 55 minutes . The series is based on A Game of Thrones , the first novel in the A Song of Ice and Fire series by George R.R. Martin , adapted for television by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . HBO had ordered a television pilot in November 2008 ; filming began the following year . However , it was deemed unsatisfactory and later reshot with some roles being recast . In March 2010 , HBO ordered the first season , which began filming in July 2010 , primarily in Belfast , Northern Ireland , with additional filming in Malta . The story takes place in a fictional world , primarily upon a continent called Westeros , with one storyline occurring on another continent to the east known as Essos . Like the novel , the season initially focuses on the family of nobleman Eddard Stark , who is asked to become chief advisor to his king and longtime friend , Robert Baratheon . Ned must find out who killed the previous Hand of the King , Jon Arryn , while trying to protect his family from their rivals the Lannisters . He uncovers the dark secrets about the Lannisters that his predecessor died trying to expose . Meanwhile , in Essos , the exiled Viserys Targaryen , son of the former king , believes he still has the rightful claim to the throne . Game of Thrones features a large ensemble cast , including Sean Bean , Mark Addy , Peter Dinklage , Lena Headey , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Michelle Fairley and Iain Glen . Newer actors were cast as the younger generation of characters , such as Kit Harington , Sophie Turner and Maisie Williams . Critics praised the show 's production values and cast , with specific accolades for Dinklage 's portrayal of Tyrion Lannister . The first season won two of the thirteen Emmy Awards for which it was nominated , for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series ( Dinklage ) and Outstanding Main Title Design . It also received a nomination for Outstanding Drama Series . Bean and Emilia Clarke also received individual accolades , as did Ramin Djawadi for music . U.S. viewership rose by approximately 33 % over the course of the season , from 2.2 million to over 3 million by the finale . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Episodes 3 Cast 3.1 Main cast 3.1. 1 Starring 3.1. 2 Also starring 3.2 Guest cast 3.2. 1 At and beyond the Wall 3.2. 2 In King 's Landing 3.2. 3 In the North 3.2. 4 In the Riverlands 3.2. 5 In the Vale 3.2. 6 In Essos 4 Production 4.1 Casting 4.2 Filming 4.3 Music 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Ratings 5.3 Accolades 6 Release 6.1 Broadcast 6.2 Home media 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) See also : Synopsis of A Song of Ice and Fire The series begins as Ned Stark is asked to become the chief advisor ( known as the Hand of the King ) to lecherous King Robert Baratheon . Ned and his wife Catelyn receive a letter from Catelyn 's sister Lysa that gives them reason to believe that rival House Lannister -- to which the King 's wife Cersei belongs -- was the cause of the previous Hand 's death . Ned must travel south to help the king and find out who killed the previous Hand of the King , Jon Arryn , while trying to protect his family from the Lannisters . As he tries to uncover the reasons behind Jon Arryn 's death he uncovers the dark secrets about the Lannisters that Arryn himself died trying to expose . Meanwhile , across the Narrow Sea in the continent of Essos , the exiled , arrogant Viserys Targaryen , son of the former king whose throne was usurped , believes he still has the rightful claim to the throne . He marries off his younger sister , Daenerys Targaryen , whom he has psychologically and physically abused for years , to the leader of the Dothraki warrior tribe , Khal Drogo , in an exchange for an army to return to Westeros and take the throne . However , Daenerys ' growing love for Drogo and newfound mental strength as the Khaleesi of the tribe mean Viserys ' plans go unexpectedly and powerfully awry . At the Wall , Ned 's bastard son Jon Snow joins the Night 's Watch , an ancient brotherhood sworn to watch over the massive wall that separates the Seven Kingdoms from the dangerous unknown beyond . But an ancient force , long believed dead , threatens the land . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Winter Is Coming '' Tim Van Patten David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 17 ) 2.22 In the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros , a soldier of the ancient Night 's Watch order survives an attack by supernatural creatures known as the White Walkers , thought until now to be myth . He rushes to Castle Winterfell , which is ruled by Eddard `` Ned '' Stark , Warden of the North , who decapitates the soldier for deserting his post . In King 's Landing , the capital , Jon Arryn , the `` Hand of the King '' , dies under mysterious circumstances . King Robert Baratheon , Ned 's longtime friend , travels to Winterfell , offering the position to him and also proposing marriage between his firstborn son Joffrey and Ned 's older daughter Sansa . Ned 's wife Catelyn receives a letter from her sister Lysa , Jon Arryn 's widow , saying that she has escaped King 's Landing and that Jon was murdered by the Lannisters , Queen Cersei 's family . Catelyn burns the letter and tells Ned about it , believing that the Lannisters are plotting against Robert . Ned 's 10 - year - old son , Brandon , climbs a tower , where he witnesses Cersei having sex with her twin brother , Jaime , who then pushes him out the window from a presumably fatal height . Meanwhile across the narrow sea in Essos , the exiled Prince Viserys Targaryen makes a deal with the Dothraki warlord Khal Drogo , who marries Viserys ' younger sister , Daenerys , in exchange for an army to conquer Westeros and reclaim the Iron Throne . `` The Kingsroad '' Tim Van Patten David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 24 ) 2.20 Having accepted his new role as the Hand of the King , Ned leaves Winterfell with his daughters Sansa and Arya , while Catelyn stays behind to tend to Bran . The unconscious Bran is attacked by an assassin , but his direwolf saves him . Catelyn decides to go to King 's Landing to tell Ned about the attempt and suspected Lannister involvement . Jon Snow , Ned 's illegitimate son , heads north to join the brotherhood of the Night 's Watch , protectors of the Wall that keeps the White Walkers and the wildlings from entering civilized Westeros . Tyrion , Cersei 's brother , decides to forgo the trip south with his family and instead accompanies Snow 's entourage to the Wall . When Joffrey threatens Arya and her friend , Arya 's direwolf defends her and escapes , provoking a conflict between the Starks and the Lannisters . To resolve the insult , Robert orders Ned to execute Sansa 's direwolf . In Winterfell , Brandon awakens from unconsciousness . Meanwhile , Daenerys focuses her attention on learning how to please Drogo . `` Lord Snow '' Brian Kirk David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 01 ) 2.44 Ned joins the King 's Small Council at King 's Landing , capital of the Seven Kingdoms , and learns just how poorly Westeros is being managed . Catelyn tries to covertly warn her husband , but is intercepted by an old friend , Councillor Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish . Bran learns he will never walk again . He does not remember the events leading to his fall . Jon struggles to adapt to life on the Wall , as he trains with a number of low - born recruits who are not impressed by his bloodline . Lord Commander Mormont asks Tyrion to plead with the King to send more men to the Night 's Watch . Daenerys learns that she is pregnant , and begins to stand up to Viserys . `` Cripples , Bastards , and Broken Things '' Brian Kirk Bryan Cogman May 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 08 ) 2.45 Tyrion shares saddle modifications for Bran that will allow the paraplegic boy to ride before heading south . Ned searches for clues to the unexplained death of his mentor and predecessor Jon Arryn and in the process uncovers King Robert 's illegitimate son . Robert and his guests witness a tournament honoring Ned . Jon takes measures to protect Samwell Tarly , an awkward and friendless boy , from the abuse of the Night 's Watchmen . A frustrated Viserys clashes with his newly empowered sister . Sansa dreams of life as a queen , while Arya envisions a far different future . At a chance encounter in a roadside tavern , Catelyn rallies her father 's allies and has Tyrion arrested for conspiring to murder her son . 5 5 `` The Wolf and the Lion '' Brian Kirk David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 15 ) 2.58 Ned refuses to participate in Robert 's plan to assassinate the pregnant Daenerys Targaryen , and resigns as Robert 's Hand , angering him . Catelyn and Tyrion ( who she has taken as her prisoner ) arrive at her sister Lysa 's home in the Eyrie . News of Tyrion 's capture reaches King 's Landing where Jaime Lannister , the Queen 's twin brother , demands answers from Ned . A vengeful Jaime fights Ned until his man stabs Ned in the leg from behind , leaving him wounded as his forces leave the capital . 6 6 `` A Golden Crown '' Daniel Minahan Story by : David Benioff & D.B. Weiss Teleplay by : Jane Espenson and David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 22 ) 2.44 Robert reappoints Ned as Hand and tasks him with running affairs until he returns from hunting . Villagers from Riverrun arrive in the throne room with news of atrocities committed by raiders , who Ned deduces were led by Gregor Clegane , a Lannister retainer . Ned sentences Gregor to death and sends a message to Tywin Lannister , summoning him to a trial . Ned decides to send Sansa , ( now reconciled with Joffrey ) , and Arya back to Winterfell . Ned finds out that Joffrey is not Robert 's biological son . While out testing his new saddle , Bran is attacked by outlaws . Robb , Ned 's oldest son , and Theon , the fostered son of a fallen rebel king , save him . In the Vale , Tyrion demands a trial by combat , which Lysa accepts . She chooses Ser Vardis and Tyrion asks for a champion . The mercenary Bronn volunteers , killing Vardis and thereby obtaining Tyrion 's release . Meanwhile , Viserys becomes enraged with Drogo for not honoring his promise and threatens to kill Daenerys ' unborn child . Drogo kills Viserys by pouring molten gold on his head . 7 7 `` You Win or You Die '' Daniel Minahan David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 29 ) 2.40 In King 's Landing , Ned tells Cersei he knows she is involved with Jaime and none of her children are Robert 's . They soon learn that Robert has been critically wounded by a boar while hunting . A dying Robert names Ned as the `` Protector of the realm '' to rule until Joffrey reaches the legal age . Ned sends a message to Stannis , Robert 's brother , intending to enthrone him since Robert has no true heirs . Ned tells Petyr Baelish about his plan and asks him to gain the loyalty of the City Watch , the only force capable of overpowering Lannister forces loyal to Cersei . After Robert 's death , Ned , Baelish and the City Watch confront Cersei and Joffrey in the throne room , where Baelish and the City Watch betray Ned and attack his men . At the Wall , Ned 's younger brother Benjen goes missing during a foray beyond the Wall . Snow and Tarly are picked as stewards , with Jon assigned to Lord Commander Mormont . The duo swear their loyalties to the Night 's Watch . In Essos , Robert 's assassin is captured before he can poison Daenerys . Drogo vows to conquer the Seven Kingdoms and give it to his son . He starts marching towards Westeros . 8 8 `` The Pointy End '' Daniel Minahan George R.R. Martin June 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 05 ) 2.72 Arya manages to escape the Red Keep after her Braavosian sword master delays the guards sent to arrest her ; Sansa is captured however . Robb hears the news and prepares the Northern armies to fight the Lannisters , leaving Bran behind to rule Winterfell . Lysa refuses to fight the Lannisters ; and Catelyn leaves , joining Robb 's camp . Tyrion and Bronn are surrounded by Shagga and his men . Tyrion convinces them to escort him to Tywin to repay them . They arrive at Tywin 's camp , where the latter asks Shagga to help them in their confrontation with the Starks in exchange for payment . Joffrey appoints Tywin as the Hand . Sansa begs the former to show mercy upon Ned . Joffrey agrees if the latter recognizes his reign . At the Wall , some bodies affected by the White Walkers are found . In Essos , Drogo 's soldiers begin attacking nearby settlements , enslaving locals in order to sell them and gain the money to buy the ships necessary to pass the Narrow Sea . 9 9 `` Baelor '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 12 ) 2.66 The Stark army arrives at the Twins castle ; and Catelyn convinces Lord Frey to let them pass and assist them by agreeing for marriage of Robb and Arya to Frey 's children in the future . Robb sacrifices 2000 soldiers in a confrontation with the Lannister army to capture Jaime . In a public hearing , Ned confesses to treason and publicly affirms Joffrey as rightful heir . However , rather than sentencing him to the Wall as had been negotiated , a vengeful Joffrey has him decapitated , while Cersei and other counselors object futilely . Sansa and Arya watch their father die : Sansa from the royal party and Arya from the crowd . At the Wall , Jeor Mormont gives his family sword to Jon in gratitude ; Maester Aemon also reveals to Jon that Aemon is a Targaryen . In Essos , Drogo 's wound becomes septic and his death imminent . Daenerys convinces a slave woman to use blood magic to save him . The woman tells everyone to leave the tent and stay outside until the spell is over . Daenerys begins labor , and Jorah brings her into the forbidden tent seeking aid . 10 10 `` Fire and Blood '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 19 ) 3.04 The North secedes from the Seven Kingdoms and proclaims Robb as their king . With Jaime captured by the Starks and Robert 's brothers challenging Joffrey 's claim to the throne , Tywin appoints Tyrion as King 's Hand . Jon plans to desert his post at the Wall to avenge Ned , but his friends convince him to stay and he instead joins a Night 's Watch expedition to find Benjen beyond the Wall . Yoren , a Night 's Watch recruiter , helps Arya escape King 's Landing disguised as a boy while Joffrey plans to make Sansa his queen despite her father 's execution . Daenerys learns that her unborn son is dead and Drogo has been left in a vegetative state due to the witch 's treacherous magic . Daenerys ends Drogo 's life and lights a funeral pyre . She burns the witch alive alongside Drogo 's body and her three dragon eggs , and walks into the flames herself . When the embers die the following morning , Daenerys rises , unharmed , flanked by three newborn dragons . Jorah and other witnesses kneel before her . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones characters Sean Bean ( Eddard Stark ) Mark Addy ( Robert Baratheon ) Nikolaj Coster - Waldau ( Jaime Lannister ) Michelle Fairley ( Catelyn Stark ) Lena Headey ( Cersei Lannister ) Emilia Clarke ( Daenerys Targaryen ) Iain Glen ( Jorah Mormont ) Aidan Gillen ( Petyr Baelish ) Peter Dinklage ( Tyrion Lannister ) Main cast ( edit ) Starring ( edit ) Sean Bean as Eddard `` Ned '' Stark Mark Addy as Robert Baratheon Nikolaj Coster - Waldau as Jaime Lannister Michelle Fairley as Catelyn Stark Lena Headey as Cersei Lannister Emilia Clarke as Daenerys Targaryen Iain Glen as Jorah Mormont Aidan Gillen as Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish Harry Lloyd as Viserys Targaryen Kit Harington as Jon Snow Sophie Turner as Sansa Stark Maisie Williams as Arya Stark Richard Madden as Robb Stark Alfie Allen as Theon Greyjoy Isaac Hempstead Wright as Bran Stark Jack Gleeson as Joffrey Baratheon Rory McCann as Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane Peter Dinklage as Tyrion Lannister Also starring ( edit ) Jason Momoa as Khal Drogo Guest cast ( edit ) The recurring actors listed here are those who appeared in season 1 . They are listed by the region in which they first appear : At and beyond the Wall ( edit ) James Cosmo as Jeor Mormont Peter Vaughan as Maester Aemon Brian Fortune as Othell Yarwyck Joseph Mawle as Benjen Stark Owen Teale as Alliser Thorne Francis Magee as Yoren John Bradley as Samwell Tarly Josef Altin as Pyp Mark Stanley as Grenn Luke McEwan as Rast Rob Ostlere as Waymar Royce Bronson Webb as Will Dermot Keaney as Gared In King 's Landing ( edit ) Callum Wharry as Tommen Baratheon Aimee Richardson as Myrcella Baratheon Gethin Anthony as Renly Baratheon Julian Glover as Grand Maester Pycelle Conleth Hill as Varys Ian McElhinney as Barristan Selmy Ian Beattie as Meryn Trant David Michael Scott as Beric Dondarrion Finn Jones as Loras Tyrell Eugene Simon as Lancel Lannister Wilko Johnson as Ilyn Payne Conan Stevens as Gregor Clegane Dominic Carter as Janos Slynt Jefferson Hall as Hugh of the Vale Miltos Yerolemou as Syrio Forel Andrew Wilde as Tobho Mott Joe Dempsie as Gendry Eros Vlahos as Lommy Greenhands Ben Hawkey as Hot Pie In the North ( edit ) Art Parkinson as Rickon Stark Clive Mantle as Greatjon Umber Steven Blount as Rickard Karstark Donald Sumpter as Maester Luwin Ron Donachie as Rodrik Cassel Jamie Sives as Jory Cassel Susan Brown as Septa Mordane Margaret John as Old Nan Kristian Nairn as Hodor Esmé Bianco as Ros Natalia Tena as Osha In the Riverlands ( edit ) Charles Dance as Tywin Lannister David Bradley as Walder Frey Ian Gelder as Kevan Lannister Jerome Flynn as Bronn Emun Elliott as Marillion Sibel Kekilli as Shae Rhodri Hosking as Mycah In the Vale ( edit ) Lino Facioli as Robin Arryn Kate Dickie as Lysa Arryn Mark Lewis Jones as Shagga In Essos ( edit ) Roger Allam as Illyrio Mopatis Dar Salim as Qotho Elyes Gabel as Rakharo Amrita Acharia as Irri Roxanne McKee as Doreah Mia Soteriou as Mirri Maz Duur Production ( edit ) HBO originally optioned the rights to A Song of Ice and Fire in 2007 , at which time David Benioff and D.B. Weiss were identified as the project 's writers and executive producers . The first and second drafts of the pilot script , written by Benioff and Weiss , were submitted in August 2007 , and June 2008 , respectively . While HBO found both drafts to their liking , a pilot was not ordered until November 2008 , with the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike possibly delaying the process . Benioff and Weiss served as main writers and showrunners for the first season . They contributed eight out of ten episodes , including one co-written with Jane Espenson . The two remaining episodes were written by Bryan Cogman and A Song of Ice and Fire author George R.R. Martin . Tom McCarthy directed the original pilot , but much of this was later re-shot by Tim Van Patten as the pilot was reworked into the first episode of the complete season . Van Patten also directed the second episode . McCarthy is still credited as a consulting producer for the series ' first episode . Brian Kirk and Daniel Minahan directed three episodes each , and Alan Taylor directed the final two . Before Game of Thrones both Benioff and Weiss worked in film , and were unfamiliar with working on a television show . This resulted in several first - season episodes being about 10 minutes too short for HBO , forcing them to write another 100 pages of scripts in two weeks . Due to lack of budget the new scenes were designed to be inexpensive to film , such as two actors conversing in one room . Benioff and Weiss noted that some of their favorite scenes from the first season were the results of the dilemma , including one between Robert and Cersei Baratheon discussing their marriage . Casting ( edit ) On May 5 , 2009 , it was announced that Peter Dinklage had been signed on to star as Tyrion Lannister in the pilot , and that Tom McCarthy was set to direct . On July 19 , 2009 , a number of further casting decisions were announced , including Sean Bean being given the role of Ned Stark . Other actors signed on for the pilot were Kit Harington in the role of Jon Snow , Jack Gleeson as Joffrey Baratheon , Harry Lloyd as Viserys Targaryen , and Mark Addy as Robert Baratheon . At the beginning of August 2009 , it was revealed that Catelyn Stark would be portrayed by Jennifer Ehle . On August 20 , more casting announcements were made , including Nikolaj Coster - Waldau as Jaime Lannister and Tamzin Merchant as Daenerys Targaryen , as well as Richard Madden in the role of Robb Stark , Iain Glen as Ser Jorah Mormont , Alfie Allen as Theon Greyjoy , Sophie Turner as Sansa Stark and Maisie Williams as Arya Stark . On September 1 Lena Headey was announced as Cersei Lannister . On September 23 , Martin confirmed that Rory McCann had been cast as Sandor Clegane . Isaac Hempstead - Wright was confirmed as Bran Stark on October 14 , followed by an announcement of Jason Momoa as Khal Drogo three days later . After the pilot was shot and the series picked up , it was announced that the role of Catelyn had been recast , with Michelle Fairley replacing Ehle . Later , it was also confirmed that Emilia Clarke would replace Tamzin Merchant as Daenerys . The rest of the cast was filled out in the second half of the year , and included Charles Dance as Tywin Lannister , Aidan Gillen as Petyr ' Littlefinger ' Baelish , and Conleth Hill as Varys . Filming ( edit ) Doune Castle was used as the set for Winterfell in the pilot . The pilot episode was initially filmed on location in Northern Ireland , Scotland and Morocco by Tom McCarthy between October 24 and November 19 , 2009 . However , the pilot was deemed unsatisfactory and much of it had to be reshot together with the other episodes of the season in Northern Ireland and Malta . Most scenes were shot in Northern Ireland and Republic of Ireland border counties . Principal photography was scheduled to begin on July 26 , 2010 , with the primary studio location being the Paint Hall Studio in the Titanic Quarter of Belfast , Northern Ireland . Among various locations for the initial shooting of the pilot in 2009 , Doune Castle in central Scotland was used as the location for Winterfell , including scenes at its great hall ( the great hall was later recreated in a soundstage in Northern Ireland ) . Additional filming locations included Cairncastle at Larne , Shane 's Castle , and Tollymore Forest Park , all in Northern Ireland . In the 2010 shooting of the series , Castle Ward was used as Winterfell instead of Doune Castle , with Cairncastle for some exterior Winterfell scenes . The set for Castle Black was built at Magheramorne quarry . The show 's presence in Northern Ireland and use of Paint Hall created hundreds of jobs for residents , and made the area `` a hub for film and television production '' . The `` King 's Landing '' exterior scenes were shot at various locations in Malta , including the city of Mdina and the island of Gozo . The filming in Malta resulted in controversy when a protected ecosystem was damaged by a subcontractor . Music ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones : Season 1 ( soundtrack ) The soundtrack to Game of Thrones was originally to be composed by Stephen Warbeck . On February 2 , 2011 , only ten weeks prior to the show 's premiere , it was reported that Warbeck had left the project and Ramin Djawadi had been commissioned to write the music instead . The music supervisor of Game of Thrones Evyen Klean first suggested Djawadi to Benioff and Weiss as the replacement for Warbeck , and although Djawadi was reluctant as he had other commitments at that time , they managed to persuade Djawadi to accept the project . To give the series its own distinctive musical identity , according to Djawadi , the producers asked him not to use musical elements such as flutes or solo vocals that had already been successfully used by other major fantasy productions . He mentioned that a challenge in scoring the series was its reliance on dialogue and its sprawling cast : on several occasions already - scored music had to be omitted so as not to get in the way of dialogue . Djawadi said that he was inspired to write the main title music by an early version of the series 's computer - animated title sequence . The title music is reprised as a global theme in the rest of the soundtrack , initially infrequently and as part of the theme of individual characters , then in full towards the end of season 1 during particularly important scenes . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Anticipation for the series was described by various media outlets as very high , with a dedicated fan base closely following the show 's development . By April 2011 , multiple entertainment news outlets had put it at the top of their lists of television events to look forward to in 2011 . The majority of reviews for the first season were very positive , with critics noting the high production values , the well - realized world , compelling characters , and giving particular note to the strength of the child actors . Tim Goodman 's review for The Hollywood Reporter stated , `` a few minutes into HBO 's epic Game of Thrones series , it 's clear that the hype was right and the wait was worth it '' . Mary McNamara from the Los Angeles Times called it `` ... a great and thundering series of political and psychological intrigue bristling with vivid characters , cross-hatched with tantalizing plotlines and seasoned with a splash of fantasy '' . New York Post 's Linda Stasi gave Thrones 3.5 / 4 stars stating , `` The art direction , acting and incredible sets are as breathtaking as the massive scope of the series '' . Many critics praised Peter Dinklage for his portrayal of Tyrion Lannister , with Ken Tucker from Entertainment Weekly stating , `` ... if Dinklage does n't get an Emmy for his clever , rude Tyrion Lannister , I 'll be gobsmacked '' and Mary McNamara from the Los Angeles Times stating , `` If the man does n't win an Emmy , heads should certainly roll '' . The first season of Game of Thrones has a Metacritic average of 80 out of 100 based on 28 critic reviews , categorized as `` generally favorable '' . On Rotten Tomatoes , the first season has an 89 % approval rating from 33 critics with an average rating of 8.3 out of 10 . The season also received a 97 % episode average score on Rotten Tomatoes , which is tied with Season 4 for the highest season episode average of the show . Game of Thrones ( season 1 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 1 ( 2011 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Ratings ( edit ) The first episode attracted 2.2 million viewers its initial airing on April 17 in the U.S. , and totaled 5.4 million viewers across multiple Sunday and Monday night airings . It averaged 743,000 and reached a peak 823,000 in UK and Ireland on its April 18 premiere . HBO announced that they would be commissioning a second season on the strength of the reception of the premiere episode . By the final episode of the season , which aired June 20 , the ratings had climbed to over 3 million . Game of Thrones : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Average 2.22 2.20 2.44 2.45 2.58 2.44 2.40 2.72 2.66 3.04 2.52 3.86 3.76 3.77 3.65 3.90 3.88 3.69 3.86 3.38 4.20 3.80 4.37 4.27 4.72 4.87 5.35 5.50 4.84 5.13 5.22 5.39 4.97 6.64 6.31 6.59 6.95 7.16 6.40 7.20 7.17 6.95 7.09 6.84 5 8.00 6.81 6.71 6.82 6.56 6.24 5.40 7.01 7.14 8.11 6.88 6 7.94 7.29 7.28 7.82 7.89 6.71 7.80 7.60 7.66 8.89 7.69 7 10.11 9.27 9.25 10.17 10.72 10.24 12.07 N / A 10.26 Source : Nielsen Media Research Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Game of Thrones The first season of Game of Thrones was nominated for thirteen Emmy Awards , including Outstanding Drama Series , Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series ( Tim Van Patten for `` Winter Is Coming '' ) , and Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series ( David Benioff and D.B. Weiss for `` Baelor '' ) . It won two , Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series ( Peter Dinklage ) and Outstanding Main Title Design . Dinklage , who plays Tyrion , was also named best supporting actor by the Golden Globes , the Scream Awards and the Satellite Awards . Year Award Category Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2011 AFI Awards AFI TV Award Game of Thrones Won Artios Awards Outstanding Achievement in Casting -- Television Pilot Drama Nina Gold Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Casting -- Television Series Drama Nominated Portal Award Best Actor Sean Bean Won Best Actress Lena Headey Nominated Best Supporting Actor Peter Dinklage Nominated Best Episode Winter Is Coming Won Best Series Game of Thrones Won Best Young Actor Isaac Hempstead - Wright Nominated Maisie Williams Nominated EWwy Award Best Supporting Actress , Drama Emilia Clarke Won Best Actor , Drama Sean Bean Nominated 63rd Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series Tim Van Patten for `` Winter Is Coming '' Nominated Outstanding Drama Series Vince Gerardis , Frank Doelger , Ralph Vicinanza , Mark Huffam , David Benioff , Carolyn Strauss , George R.R. Martin , Guymon Casady and D.B. Weiss Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage Won Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series David Benioff and D.B. Weiss for `` Baelor '' Nominated 63rd Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Nina Gold and Robert Sterne Nominated Outstanding Costumes for a Series Michele Clapton and Rachael Webb - Crozier for `` The Pointy End '' Nominated Outstanding Hairstyling for a Single - Camera Series Kevin Alexander and Candice Banks for `` A Golden Crown '' Nominated Outstanding Main Title Design Angus Wall , Hameed Shaukat , Kirk Shintani and Robert Feng Won Outstanding Makeup for a Single - Camera Series ( Non-Prosthetic ) Paul Engelen and Melissa Lackersteen for `` Winter Is Coming '' Nominated Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series , Miniseries , Movie or a Special Paul Engelen and Conor O'Sullivan for `` A Golden Crown '' Nominated Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series Robin Quinn , Steve Fanagan , Eoghan McDonnell , Jon Stevenson , Tim Hands , Stefan Henrix , Caoimhe Doyle , Michelle McCormack and Andy Kennedy for `` A Golden Crown '' Nominated Outstanding Special Visual Effects Rafael Morant , Adam McInnes , Graham Hills , Lucy Ainsworth - Taylor , Stuart Brisdon , Damien Macé , Henry Badgett and Angela Barson for `` Fire and Blood '' Nominated Outstanding Stunt Coordination Paul Jennings for `` The Wolf and the Lion '' Nominated Women 's Image Network Awards Actress Drama Series Lena Headey Nominated International Film Music Critics Association Best Original Score for a Television Series Ramin Djawadi Nominated 1st Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series Game of Thrones Nominated 69th Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Peter Dinklage Won Best Television Series -- Drama Game of Thrones Nominated Peabody Award Game of Thrones Won 16th Satellite Awards Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Peter Dinklage Won Best Television Series -- Genre Game of Thrones Nominated Scream Awards Best Ensemble Game of Thrones Nominated Best Fantasy Actor Sean Bean Nominated Best Fantasy Actress Lena Headey Nominated Best Supporting Actor Peter Dinklage Won Best TV Show Game of Thrones Won Breakout Performance -- Female Emilia Clarke Won Most Memorable Mutilation `` Head covered in molten gold '' from `` A Golden Crown '' Nominated The Ultimate Scream Game of Thrones Nominated 27th TCA Awards Individual Achievement in Drama Peter Dinklage Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Drama Game of Thrones Nominated Outstanding New Program Game of Thrones Won Program of the Year Game of Thrones Nominated Gold Derby TV Awards 2011 Best Drama Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best Drama Supporting Actor Peter Dinklage Nominated IGN Awards Best TV Hero Sean Bean as Ned Stark Won Best TV Twist Off with his head ! Won Best TV Episode Baelor Won Best TV Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best TV Drama Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best TV Actor Peter Dinklage Nominated Best TV Actress Emilia Clarke Nominated Best TV Hero Kit Harington as Jon Snow Nominated Best TV Villain Jack Gleeson as Joffrey Baratheon Nominated IGN People 's Choice Award Best TV Series Game of Thrones Won Best TV Drama Series Game of Thrones Won Best TV Hero Sean Bean as Ned Stark Won Best TV Twist Off with his head ! Won Best TV Episode Baelor Nominated Best TV Hero Kit Harington as Jon Snow Nominated Best TV Actor Peter Dinklage Nominated Best TV Actress Emilia Clarke Nominated Best TV Villain Jack Gleeson as Joffrey Baratheon Nominated Writers Guild of America Awards New Series David Benioff , Bryan Cogman , Jane Espenson , George R.R. Martin , D.B. Weiss Nominated Television Drama Series David Benioff , Bryan Cogman , Jane Espenson , George R.R. Martin , D.B. Weiss Nominated 2012 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Cable TV Drama Game of Thrones Nominated ADG Excellence in Production Design Award One - Hour Single Camera Television Series Gemma Jackson for `` A Golden Crown '' Nominated Gracie Allen Awards Outstanding Female Rising Star in a Drama Series or Special Emilia Clarke Won SFX Awards Best New TV Show David Benioff and D.B. Weiss Won Best TV Show David Benioff and D.B. Weiss Nominated Best Actress Maisie Williams Nominated Best Actor Peter Dinklage Nominated NewNowNext Awards TV You Betta Watch Game of Thrones Nominated Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing -- Short Form Dialogue and ADR in Television Game of Thrones for `` Cripples , Bastards , and Broken Things '' Won Best Sound Editing -- Short Form Sound Effects and Foley in Television Game of Thrones for `` Winter Is Coming '' Won Costume Designers Guild Awards Outstanding Period / Fantasy Television Series Game of Thrones Nominated 64th Directors Guild of America Awards Dramatic Series Tim Van Patten for `` Winter Is Coming '' Nominated American Cinema Editors Best Edited One - Hour Series For Non-Commercial Television Frances Parker for `` Baelor '' Nominated 9th Irish Film & Television Awards Best Television Drama Mark Huffam Nominated Best Director Television Drama Brian Kirk Nominated Best Actress -- Television Michelle Fairley Nominated Best Supporting Actor -- Television Aidan Gillen Nominated Best Sound ( Film / TV Drama ) Ronan Hill Nominated Best Sound Ronan Hill Nominated Astra Awards Favourite Program -- International Drama Game of Thrones Won Hugo Awards Best Dramatic Presentation , Long Form David Benioff , D.B. Weiss , Bryan Cogman , Jane Espenson , George R.R. Martin , Tim Van Patten , Brian Kirk , Daniel Minahan and Alan Taylor for Game of Thrones -- Season 1 Won Kerrang ! Awards Best TV Show Game of Thrones Won Producers Guild Awards `` The Norman Felton Award for Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television , Drama '' David Benioff , Frank Doelger , Mark Huffam , Carolyn Strauss , D.B. Weiss Nominated Saturn Award Best Television Presentation Game of Thrones Nominated Best Actor on Television Sean Bean Nominated Best Actress on Television Lena Headey Nominated Best Supporting Actor on Television Kit Harington Nominated 18th Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by An Ensemble in a Drama Series Amrita Acharia , Mark Addy , Alfie Allen , Josef Altin , Sean Bean , Susan Brown , Emilia Clarke , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Peter Dinklage , Ron Donachie , Michelle Fairley , Jerome Flynn , Elyes Gabel , Aidan Gillen , Jack Gleeson , Iain Glen , Julian Glover , Kit Harington , Lena Headey , Isaac Hempstead Wright , Conleth Hill , Richard Madden , Jason Momoa , Rory McCann , Ian McElhinney , Luke McEwan , Roxanne McKee , Dar Salim , Mark Stanley , Donald Sumpter , Sophie Turner and Maisie Williams Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series Game of Thrones Won IGN People 's Choice Award Best TV DVD or Blu - ray For the complete first season on Blu - ray Won Visual Effects Society Outstanding Animated Character in a Commercial or Broadcast Program Henry Badgett , Mark Brown , Rafael Morant , James Sutton for `` Fire and Blood '' Nominated Outstanding Created Environment in a Commercial or Broadcast Program Markus Kuha , Damien Macé , Dante Harbridge Robinson , Fani Vassiadi for `` The Icewall '' Won Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Broadcast Program Lucy Ainsworth - Taylor , Angela Barson , Ed Bruce , Adam McInnes for `` Winter Is Coming '' Won Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) Game of Thrones premiered on HBO in the United States and Canada on April 17 , 2011 , and on Sky Atlantic in the United Kingdom and Ireland on April 18 , 2011 , with a same - day release on HBO Central Europe . The series premiered in Australia on Showcase on July 17 , 2011 . Home media ( edit ) The first season of Game of Thrones was released on DVD and Blu - ray Disc on March 6 , 2012 . The set includes extra background and behind - the - scenes material , but no deleted scenes , because almost all footage shot for the first season was used in the show . HBO released a Collector 's Edition DVD / Blu - ray combo pack of the first season , which includes a resin - carved Dragon Egg Paperweight . The set was released in the United States and Canada on November 20 , 2012 . Game of Thrones : The Complete First Season Set details Special features Format : AC - 3 , Blu - ray , DTS Surround Sound , Dubbed , NTSC , Subtitled , Widescreen Language : English , French , Spanish Subtitles : English , French , Spanish , Castilian , Portuguese , Polish , Dutch , Danish , Finnish , Norwegian , Swedish 16 : 9 aspect ratio 5 - disc set , 10 episodes `` Making Game of Thrones '' : A 30 - minute feature including new footage from the set and interviews . `` Creating the Show Open '' : Portrays the creation of the opening title sequence . `` From the Book to the Screen '' : Interviews with Benioff , Weiss , and Martin about the adaptation process . `` Character Profiles '' : Fifteen principal characters described by their actors . `` The Night 's Watch '' : An examination of the warrior order that Jon Snow joins . `` Creating the Dothraki Language '' : Covers the creation of the Dothraki language . Seven audio commentaries by , among others , Benioff , Weiss , Martin , Clarke , Dinklage and Harington . Blu - ray exclusive : `` Complete Guide to Westeros '' , an interactive compendium of the noble houses and lands featured in Season One , and 24 histories of the Seven Kingdoms as told by the series 's characters . `` Anatomy of an Episode '' : A detailed feature about the production of episode six , A Golden Crown . `` In - Episode Guide '' : Provides background information about characters , locations , and histories while each episode plays . `` Hidden Dragon Eggs '' , easter eggs . DVD release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 March 6 , 2012 March 5 , 2012 August 10 , 2012 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Citadel : So Spake Martin '' . Westeros.org . July 27 , 2008 . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 19 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA , ' Storage Wars , ' ' Ax Men , ' ' Khloe & Lamar ' + ' The Killing , ' ' Breakout Kings , ' ' Sam Axe , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved April 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 26 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA , ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' The Killing , ' ' Breakout Kings , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 3 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : More ' Death of Bin Laden ' Ratings ; ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Bulls / Hawks Tops + ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Heat / Bulls Slam Dunks + ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 24 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Heat / Bulls Scores Big + ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' My Big Fat Gypsy Wedding , ' ' Game of Thrones , ' ' The Killing ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 7 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' MTV Movie Awards ' Leads Night , ' Game of Thrones ' Series High , ' Real Housewives , ' ' ABDC ' & Lots More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' , ' Real Housewives , ' ' Kardashians , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( June 21 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Falling Skies , ' ' Game of Thrones ' , ' The Killing , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' The Glades ' and Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` New HBO Series `` Game of Thrones , '' Based on the Bestselling Books by George R.R. Martin , Debuts April 17 '' ( Press release ) . HBO . March 16 , 2011 . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Cast and Crew '' . HBO . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Powell , Emma ( June 18 , 2015 ) . `` Kit Harington and Game of Thrones cast film birthday messages for Brian Fortune 's son '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Owen , Phil ( June 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Trivia : 23 Facts About the Show You Probably Do n't Know ( Photos ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Maureen ( July 15 , 2010 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' casting news '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Potts , Gillian ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Melanoma charity is helped by TV star '' . Oldham Evening Chronicle . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2016 . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paige , Nathan ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' rewind : HBO2 goes back to the beginning , airing series marathon starting Dec. 26 '' . Cleveland.com . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hooten , Christopher ( July 31 , 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones actress Aimee Richardson begs for ' other princess work ' after Myrcella Baratheon part is recast '' . The Independent . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Calia , Michael ( August 31 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : Ian Beattie ' Burst Into Tears ' Over Meryn Trant 's ' Nasty Side ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sarner , Lauren ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` Loras Says That Olyvar Died Offscreen in ' Game of Thrones ' '' . Inverse.com . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Earls , John ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Wilko Johnson : ' I 'd love to return to Game Of Thrones ' '' . NME . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : The Mountain is 20 years younger than his ' little brother ' The Hound '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ratcliffe , Amy ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` Learning Water Dancing From ' Game of Thrones ' Syrio Forel '' . Nerdist . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reese , Olivia ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Season 7 Spoilers : Joe Dempsie 's Gendry Back To Help Sam Create Valyrian Steel & Kill White Walkers ? '' . Parent Herald . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Harkness , Ryan ( May 1 , 2016 ) . `` All The Times Maisie Williams Has Won The Internet '' . Uproxx . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mandle , Chris ( August 31 , 2015 ) . `` Game Of Thrones season 6 casts key figures for House Umber and Karstark and seemingly confirms a return to the Iron Islands '' . The Independent . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Read , Max ( May 6 , 2013 ) . `` What Is Going on With the Accents in Game of Thrones ? '' . Gawker . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Conversation with Hodor '' . HBO . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lazarus , Susanna ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones fans are convinced they 're being trolled by a new Netflix series '' . Radio Times . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ Stransky , Tanner ( February 27 , 2012 ) . `` ' Revenge , ' ' Magic Mike , ' and Jessie J lead nominees for the 2012 ' NewNowNext Awards ' -- Exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MSPE 59th Annual Golden Reel Award Winners '' . Sound & Picture . February 20 , 2012 . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carlson , Erin ( January 19 , 2012 ) . `` Costume Designers Guild Awards : The Nominees List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 64th Annual DGA Awards '' . Directors Guild of America . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American Cinema Editors Announce Nominees for the 62nd Annual ACE Eddie Awards '' . Studio Daily . January 17 , 2012 . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Winners of the 9th Annual Irish Film & Television Awards IFTAs '' . Irish Film & Television Academy . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . 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Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 10th Annual VES Awards '' . Visual Effects Society . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( January 7 , 2011 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' premiere date revealed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones , HBO 'S Sweeping New Fantasy Series , Begins April 17 on HBO Canada '' . Newswire . March 22 , 2011 . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Premiere Date Announced '' . Sky Atlantic . February 22 , 2010 . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones International Air Dates '' . Westeros.org . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( June 2 , 2011 ) . `` Airdate : Game of Thrones '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lambert , David ( December 5 , 2011 ) . `` Game of Thrones -- HBO 's Official Press Release with Full Details of ' The Complete 1st Season ' on DVD , Blu - ray '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . 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External links ( edit ) Game of Thrones -- official US site Game of Thrones -- official UK site Game of Thrones -- The Viewers Guide on HBO.com Making Game of Thrones on HBO.com List of Game of Thrones episodes on IMDb List of Game of Thrones episodes at TV.com Game of Thrones : Season 1 at Rotten Tomatoes George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 7 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Category Game of Thrones episodes Seasons : 1 5 6 7 8 Season 1 `` Winter Is Coming '' `` The Kingsroad '' `` Lord Snow '' `` Cripples , Bastards , and Broken Things '' `` The Wolf and the Lion '' `` A Golden Crown '' `` You Win or You Die '' `` The Pointy End '' `` Baelor '' `` Fire and Blood '' Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , Long Form The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2003 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2004 ) The Incredibles ( 2005 ) Serenity ( 2006 ) Pan 's Labyrinth ( 2007 ) Stardust ( 2008 ) WALL - E ( 2009 ) Moon ( 2010 ) Inception ( 2011 ) Game of Thrones ( season 1 ) ( 2012 ) The Avengers ( 2013 ) Gravity ( 2014 ) Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2015 ) The Martian ( 2016 ) Arrival ( 2017 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series 24 , season 6 ( 2007 ) Heroes , season 3 , part I ( 2008 ) 24 , season 7 ( 2009 ) True Blood , season 3 ( 2010 ) Game of Thrones , season 1 ( 2011 ) Game of Thrones , season 2 ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones , season 3 ( 2013 ) Game of Thrones , season 4 ( 2014 ) Game of Thrones , season 5 ( 2015 ) Game of Thrones , season 6 ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Game_of_Thrones_(season_1)&oldid=817721731 '' Categories : 2011 American television seasons Game of Thrones Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , Long Form winning works Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2013 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Languages Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Magyar Português Română Русский Suomi Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 December 2017 , at 04 : 57 . 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Whaley House (San Diego, California)

Whaley House ( San Diego , California ) - wikipedia Whaley House ( San Diego , California ) Jump to : navigation , search Coordinates : 32 ° 45 ′ 10.18 '' N 117 ° 11 ′ 40.15 '' W  /  32.7528278 ° N 117.1944861 ° W  / 32.7528278 ; - 117.1944861 Whaley House Whaley House , 2010 Location within San Diego Established Original construction : 1857 Current museum : May 25 , 1960 Location 2476 San Diego Avenue San Diego , California Coordinates 32 ° 45 ′ 10 '' N 117 ° 11 ′ 40 '' W  /  32.752828 ° N 117.194486 ° W  / 32.752828 ; - 117.194486 Website Official website California Historical Landmark Reference no . 65 San Diego Historic Landmark Reference no . 24 The Whaley House is an 1857 Greek Revival style residence , a California Historical Landmark , and museum located in Old Town , San Diego , California . It is currently maintained by Save Our Heritage Organisation ( SOHO ) . In the 1960s , the Whaley House was designated as an official haunted house by the United States Commerce Department . The Whaley House was the home of Thomas Whaley and his family . The house was built where a graveyard once was . At various times it also housed Whaley 's general store , San Diego 's second county courthouse , and the first commercial theater in San Diego . The house has `` witnessed more history than any other building in the city '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Whaley family 1.1 History 1.2 The Whaley House 2 Rumors of hauntings 3 Television and film 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Whaley family ( edit ) History ( edit ) Thomas Whaley , of Scots - Irish origin , was born on October 5 , 1823 in New York City , the seventh child in a family of ten . Whaley took over his father 's successful business relations , then left New York on January 1 , 1849 . He traveled to San Francisco , during the California gold rush , where he engaged in business . He then went to San Diego in September 1851 . Two years later , Whaley went back to New York and married Anna Eloise Delaunay on August 14 , 1853 . Together they returned to California , arriving in San Diego on December 7 , 1853 . On August 22 , 1857 the Whaleys moved into their new home , now known as the Whaley House . Thomas Whaley Thomas and Anna Whaley had six children , Francis Hinton ( December 28 , 1854 ) , Thomas Whaley Jr . ( August 18 , 1856 ) , Anna Amelia ( June 27 , 1858 ) , George Hay Ringgold ( November 5 , 1860 ) , Violet Eloise ( October 14 , 1862 ) , and Corinne Lillian ( September 4 , 1864 ) . Francis Hinton was named after a business partner . Thomas Whaley , Jr. suffered from Scarlet Fever at 18 months and died on January 29 , 1858 . After the death of baby Thomas and the loss by fire of their store , Thomas and Anna moved to San Francisco . In January 1859 , Whaley turned his affairs in Old Town over to Frank Ames , a Wells Fargo agent . In the summer of 1868 , Thomas invested some of his new capitol of stock in merchandise and headed back to San Diego . Thomas fixed up the old Whaley House , and Anna and the rest of the family arrived back home to San Diego on December 12 , 1868 . On January 5 , 1882 , Violet Eloise Whaley and Anna Amelia Whaley were both married in Old San Diego . Violet married George T. Bertolacci and Anna Amelia wed her first cousin , John T. Whaley , son of Henry Hurst Whaley . Two weeks into Violet 's marriage , as the couple was traveling back east on their honeymoon , she awoke one morning to find her husband gone . Bertolacci , as it turned out , was a con artist and , as Violet and her family later learned , had only married her for the substantial dowry he believed he would collect upon the marriage . Due to the restrictive morals and societal standards of the time period , Violet was essentially shunned by polite society upon returning home , not only without her husband , but also unchaperoned , something proper ladies simply did not do in late 19th century Victorian society . Violet and George 's divorce was finalized approximately a year later , but Violet never recovered from the public humiliation and betrayal , and suffered from depression . Violet committed suicide by shooting herself in the chest with Thomas 's 32 - calibre on August 18 , 1885 . She was then 22 years of age . Her suicide note reads thus : Mad from life 's history , Swift to death 's mystery ; Glad to be hurled , Anywhere , anywhere , out of this world . -- Violet Whaley , Save Our Heritage Organisation The suicide note is a passage from ' Bridge of Sighs ' , a poem by Thomas Hood . This particular poem is also offered up by Edgar Allan Poe , as an example of painting with words ; he spoke of it and it was referenced in his published works during his lectures . Corrine Lillian was engaged at the time of her sister 's death , but her fiancé broke off the engagement due to the scandal it raised . After these tragic events , Thomas Whaley built a single - story frame home for his family at 933 State Street in Downtown San Diego and the family moved into the new residence , leaving the Whaley House vacant for over two decades . Whaley Family Francis Whaley married Susan E. Murray in Mendocino , California on December 31 , 1888 . On December 14 , 1890 , Thomas Whaley died due to ill health at the State Street address . Anna Amelia Whaley died at Modesto , California on December 12 , 1905 . Meanwhile , the old Whaley House remained vacant and fell into disrepair . In late 1909 , Francis Whaley undertook the restoration of the building and turned the home into a tourist attraction , where he posted signs promoting its historicity and entertained visitors with his guitar . Anna Whaley , Thomas 's widow , Corinne Lillian , Francis and George all lived in the old Whaley House in 1912 . On February 24 , 1913 , Anna died at eighty years of age . A year later , Francis Whaley died on November 19 , 1914 . George Whaley died on January 5 , 1928 in San Diego and , Corinne Lillian Whaley continued residency in the house until her death in 1953 . After this history of success and deaths the Whaley House remains well known as a haunted house . It is said that guests and the staff , from time to time , will catch a glimpse of the ghost of a Whaley family member who died inside the house such as : baby Thomas Jr. , Violet , Anna , Francis , George or Corinne Lillian Whaley . The Whaley House ( edit ) The Whaley House is located in the Old Town neighborhood of San Diego . The historic house opened as a museum on May 25 , 1960 , managed by the San Diego Historical Shrine Foundation , a non-profit organization formed in 1956 and led by James E. Reading and June A. Strudwick - Reading . June Strudwick - Reading served as the Director of the Whaley House Museum from 1960 until her death in January 1998 . The Whaley House has been maintained by Save Our Heritage Organisation ( SOHO ) since 2000 . Since 2007 a live - in caretaker has lived on the property to prevent theft and vandalism . The two - story Greek Revival house was designed by Thomas Whaley himself and construction began on May 6 , 1856 . Completed in 1857 , the cost of the house was more than $10,000 . It was made from bricks created in Whaley 's brickyard on Conde Street . The house was the first of its kind in San Diego . `` My new house , when completed , will be the handsomest , most comfortable and convenient place in town or within 150 miles of here . '' -- Thomas Whaley , San Diego Coast Life Whaley 's new house was known as the finest in Southern California . The house was furnished with mahogany and rosewood furniture , Brussels carpets , and damask drapes and was considered a mansion for its time and place . The residence became the gathering place for San Diego . Besides being the Whaley family home , it was also San Diego 's first commercial theater , the county courthouse , and a general store . Courthouse in October 1960 In October 1868 , an upstairs family bedroom was converted into a theater after Thomas Whaley rented the room out to the Tanner Troupe , a local theatre troupe traveling through San Diego at the time . For the troupe 's opening night performance , the small room accommodated a stage , a few benches , and an astonishing 150 guests , although it was mostly standing room only and ladies had been advised not to wear their hoop skirts or petticoats that evening to allow for more room . The operator of the theater , Thomas Tanner , died just 17 days after opening , and his troupe had disbanded by the end of January , 1869 . The Whaley House also served as the county courthouse in 1869 . For 65 dollars a month , the county of San Diego leased the courtroom and three of the upstairs bedrooms . Another part of the Whaley House history was the Whaley & Crosthwaite General Store which was a wholesale and retail store . In the 1860s and 1870s , the house became the focal point of a battle between Old Town residents and residents of New Town ( current downtown ) for dominance of San Diego . The San Diego County government had been renting a portion of Whaley House for its offices and records . Whaley offered several times to sell the house to the county , but the offer was ignored . New Towners demanded that the county offices and records be moved to New Town . The issue dominated local elections , with Republicans favoring New Town while Democrats favored Old Town . There were conflicting court orders ; at one point the local sheriff was ordered to seize Whaley House , but refused . A judge ordered the removal of three supervisors from the Board of Supervisors , and another judge tried to appoint three other men to the posts . After several years of court battles the California Supreme Court ordered the reinstatement of the three original supervisors , who ordered that the county records be moved to New Town . Despite threats of armed resistance from the Old Towners , the records were moved on March 31 , 1871 , effectively shifting the focus of the city to New Town . Rumors of hauntings ( edit ) The house has frequently been cited as haunted , based on strange noises or sights reported by some visitors . In 2005 , LIFE magazine called Whaley House `` the most haunted house in America . '' Shortly after the Whaley family moved in , they told the San Diego Union that they heard heavy footsteps in the house which they believed to be the ghost of James `` Yankee Jim '' Robinson , who had earlier been hanged on the property for stealing a boat . Some visitors have reported seeing apparitions of Thomas Whaley or Anna Whaley . On the last weekend of every month , the Whaley House Museum offers a late night `` ghost hunting tour '' . Additional tours are offered around Halloween . Television and film ( edit ) The Whaley House has been featured in many historical documentaries as well as a wide variety of paranormal and sci - fi shows , including Syfy Channel 's Fact or Faked : Paranormal Files and Travel Channel 's America 's Most Haunted , in which it was stated the Whaley House was the most supernatural home in the United States . The Whaley House was mentioned in the 2007 animated movie , Hellboy : Blood and Iron , in which one of the characters references the paranormal entity , Yankee Jim . In 2012 , the film studio , Asylum , released an independent low - budget movie titled The Haunting of Whaley House . Although the film was shot on location at the historic Bembridge House in Long Beach , California , the history and ghostly legends of the Whaley House were used as a basis for the movie . In 2012 , the Whaley House was featured on the Biography Channel 's The Haunting of Regis Philbin . While filming for a local San Diego morning show in 1964 , Regis Philbin visited the Whaley House Museum and claimed to have a paranormal encounter with Mrs. Whaley . Philbin stated , `` You know a lot people pooh - pooh it because they ca n't see it . But there was something going on in that house . '' On an episode of MTV 's Ridiculousness , host Rob Dyrdek commented that he lived next to `` the most haunted house in California '' and would spend nights calling for Old Man Whaley . In 2014 , the Whaley House was featured on Ghost Adventures as the main investigation of the series ' 110th episode . In 2017 , two members of BuzzFeed visited the house for a segment titled `` Buzzfeed Unsolved '' . See also ( edit ) Reportedly haunted locations in California , References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Historical Landmarks Designated by the San Diego Historical Resources Board '' ( PDF ) . City of San Diego . Jump up ^ `` Whaley House '' . Office of Historic Preservation , California State Parks . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Whaley House - Top 10 Haunted Places '' . Content.time.com . October 30 , 2008 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Whaley Family '' . whaleyhouse.org . Save Our Heritage Organisation . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . In August 1857 , Whaley established his general store in this residence , and solicited cash customers only . ^ Jump up to : Strudwick , June A. ( April 1960 ) . `` The Whaley House '' . Journal of San Diego History . 6 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ `` Whaley Chronology '' . whaleyhouse.org . Save Our Heritage Organisation . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Bridge Of Sighs Poem by Thomas Hood - Poem Hunter '' . Poemhunter.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Engstrand , Iris ( 2005 ) . San Diego : California 's Cornerstone . Sunbelt Publications . pp. 82 -- 83 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 932653 - 72 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ghostly Legends of the Whaley House '' . whaleyhouse.org . Save Our Heritage Organisation . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2007 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Whaley House '' . The San Diego Historical Society Quarterly . 6 ( Special Issue ) : Forward. April 1960 . Jump up ^ Graham , David E. ( August 5 , 2007 ) . `` Ciaudella House upgrades alarms , to hire caretaker '' . San Diego Union Tribune . Retrieved 15 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Whaley Quote '' . January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Bell , Diane ( October 28 , 2011 ) . `` Get into the Halloween spirits at a real haunted house '' . San Diego Union - Tribune . Retrieved 15 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tours & Events 2013 '' . whaleyhouse.org . Retrieved 15 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fact or Faked : Paranormal Files '' . Syfy . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Haunted Places '' . Time . October 30 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bembridge House '' . Jump up ^ `` FYI TV Schedule - FYI '' . Jump up ^ `` Ridiculousness episode '' . MTV . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Whaley House . Whaley House Museum Journal of San Diego History article on The Whaley House Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whaley_House_(San_Diego,_California)&oldid=818091771 '' Categories : History of San Diego Greek Revival houses in California California Historical Landmarks Museums in San Diego Houses in San Diego Historic house museums in California Reportedly haunted locations in California Landmarks in San Diego Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Talk Contents About Wikipedia Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 1 January 2018 , at 14 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

what is the haunting of whaley house about

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Powers of the President of the United States

Powers of the president of the United States - wikipedia Powers of the president of the United States Jump to : navigation , search This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas The President of the United States has numerous powers , including those explicitly granted by Article II of the United States Constitution . The Constitution explicitly assigned the president the power to sign or veto legislation , command the armed forces , ask for the written opinion of their Cabinet , convene or adjourn Congress , grant reprieves and pardons , and receive ambassadors . The president may make treaties which need to be ratified by two - thirds of the Senate . The president may also appoint Article III judges and some officers with the advice and consent of the U.S. Senate . In the condition of a Senate recess , the president may make a temporary appointment . Contents ( hide ) 1 Executive powers 2 Powers related to legislation 3 Powers of appointment 4 Executive clemency 5 Foreign affairs 6 Emergency powers 7 Executive privilege 8 Constraints on presidential power 9 See also 10 References Executive powers ( edit ) Within the executive branch itself , the president has broad powers to manage national affairs and the priorities of the government . The president can issue rules , regulations , and instructions called executive orders , which have the binding force of law upon federal agencies but do not require approval of the United States Congress . Executive orders are subject to judicial review and interpretation . The Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 put additional responsibilities on the presidency for the preparation of the United States federal budget , although Congress was required to approve it . The act required the Office of Management and Budget to assist the president with the preparation of the budget . Previous presidents had the privilege of impounding funds as they saw fit , however the United States Supreme Court revoked the privilege in 1998 as a violation of the Presentment Clause . The power was available to all presidents and was regarded as a power inherent to the office . The Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 was passed in response to large - scale power exercises by President Nixon . The act also created the Congressional Budget Office as a legislative counterpoint to the Office of Management and Budget . The president , as the Commander in Chief of the United States Armed Forces may also call into federal service individual state units of the National Guard . In times of war or national emergency , the Congress may grant the president broader powers to manage the national economy and protect the security of the United States , but these powers were not expressly granted by the United States Constitution . During the Vietnam War , in 1973 , Congress expeditiously passed the War Powers Act and severely limited the ability of the President to conduct warfare without Congressional approval . Congress was constitutionally provided the power to declare the war , but if the president needed to send the troops to other countries for emergency reasons , approved statutes required the notification of Congress within forty - eight hours . For any time beyond sixty days , further congressional approval was required . Powers related to legislation ( edit ) The president has several options when presented with a bill from Congress . If the president agrees with the bill , he can sign it into law within ten days of receipt . If the president opposes the bill , he can veto it and return the bill to Congress with a veto message suggesting changes unless the Congress is out of session then the president may rely on a pocket veto . Presidents are required to approve all of a bill or none of it ; selective vetoes have been prohibited . In 1996 , Congress gave President Bill Clinton a line - item veto over parts of a bill that required spending federal funds . The Supreme Court , in Clinton v. New York City , found Clinton 's veto of pork - barrel appropriations for New York City to be unconstitutional because only a constitutional amendment could give the president line - item veto power . When a bill is presented for signature , the president may also issue a signing statement with expressions of their opinion on the constitutionality of a bill 's provisions . The president may even declare them unenforceable but the Supreme Court has yet to address this issue . Congress may override vetoes with a two - thirds vote in both the House and the Senate . The process has traditionally been difficult and relatively rare . The threat of a presidential veto has usually provided sufficient pressure for Congress to modify a bill so the President would be willing to sign it . Much of the legislation dealt with by Congress is drafted at the initiative of the executive branch . The president may personally propose legislation in annual and special messages to Congress including the annual State of the Union address and joint sessions of Congress . If Congress has adjourned without acting on proposals , the president may call a special session of the Congress . Beyond these official powers , the U.S. president , as a leader of his political party and the United States government , holds great sway over public opinion whereby they may influence legislation . To improve the working relationship with Congress , presidents in recent years have set up an Office of Legislative Affairs . Presidential aides have kept abreast of all important legislative activities . Powers of appointment ( edit ) The President of the United States has several different appointment powers . Before taking office , the president - elect must appoint more than 6,000 new federal positions . The appointments range from top officials at U.S. government agencies , to the White House Staff , and members of the United States diplomatic corps . Many , but not all , of these positions at the highest levels are appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the United States Senate . The president also nominates persons to fill federal judicial vacancies , including federal judges , such as members of the United States Courts of Appeals and the U.S. Supreme Court . These nominations require Senate confirmation , and this can provide a major stumbling block for presidents who wish to shape the federal judiciary in a particular ideological stance . As head of the executive branch , the president appoints the top officials for all federal agencies . These positions are listed in the Plum Book which outlines more than seven thousand appointive positions in the government . Many of these appointments are made by the president . In the case of ten agencies , the president is free to appoint a new agency head . For example , it is not unusual for the CIA 's Director or NASA 's Administrator to be changed by the president . Other agencies that deal with federal regulation such as the Federal Reserve Board or the Securities and Exchange Commission have set terms that will often outlast presidential terms . For example , governors of the Federal Reserve serve for fourteen years to ensure agency independence . The president also appoints members to the boards of directors for government - owned corporations such as Amtrak . The president can also make a recess appointment if a position needs to be filled while Congress is not in session . In the past , presidents could appoint members of the United States civil service . This use of the spoils system allowed presidents to reward political supporters with jobs . Following the assassination of President James Garfield by Charles J. Guiteau , a disgruntled office seeker , Congress instituted a merit - based civil service in which positions are filled on a nonpartisan basis . The Office of Personnel Management now oversees the staffing of 2.8 million federal jobs in the federal bureaucracy . The president must also appoint his staff of aides , advisers , and assistants . These individuals are political appointments and are not subject to review by the Senate . All members of the staff serve `` at the pleasure of the President '' . Since 1995 , the president has been required to submit an annual report to Congress listing the name and salary of every employee of the White House Office . The 2011 report listed 454 employees . Executive clemency ( edit ) See also : List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the President of the United States Article II of the United States Constitution gives the president the power of clemency . The two most commonly used clemency powers are those of pardon and commutation . A pardon is an official forgiveness for an acknowledged crime . Once a pardon is issued , all punishment for the crime is waived . The person accepting the pardon must , however , acknowledge that the crime did take place . The president can only grant pardons for federal offences . The president maintains the Office of the Pardon Attorney in the U.S. Department of Justice to review all requests for pardons . The president can also commute a sentence which , in effect , changes the punishment to time served . While the guilty party may be released from custody or not have to serve out a prison term , all other punishments still apply . Most pardons are issued as oversight of the judicial branch , especially in cases where the Federal Sentencing Guidelines are considered too severe . This power can check the legislative and judicial branches by altering punishment for crimes . Presidents can issue blanket amnesty to forgive entire groups of people . For example , President Jimmy Carter granted amnesty to Vietnam draft dodgers who had fled to Canada . Presidents can also issue temporary suspensions of prosecution or punishment in the form of respites . This power is most commonly used to delay federal sentences of execution . Pardons can be controversial when they appear to be politically motivated . President George W. Bush commuted the sentence of White House staffer Lewis `` Scooter '' Libby . Foreign affairs ( edit ) Under the Constitution , the president is the federal official that is primarily responsible for the relations of the United States with foreign nations . The president appoints ambassadors , ministers , and consuls ( subject to confirmation by the Senate ) and receives foreign ambassadors and other public officials . With the Secretary of State , the president manages all official contacts with foreign governments . On occasion , the president may personally participate in summit conferences where heads of state meet for direct consultation . For example , President Wilson led the American delegation to the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 after World War I ; President Franklin D. Roosevelt met with Allied leaders during World War II ; and every president sits down with world leaders to discuss economic and political issues and to reach agreements . Through the Department of State and the Department of Defense , the president is responsible for the protection of Americans abroad and of foreign nationals in the United States . The president decides whether to recognize new nations and new governments , and negotiate treaties with other nations , which become binding on the United States when approved by two - thirds of the Senate . The president may also negotiate executive agreements with foreign powers that are not subject to Senate confirmation . Emergency powers ( edit ) The Constitution does not expressly grant the president additional powers in times of national emergency . However , many scholars think that the Framers implied these powers because the structural design of the Executive Branch enables it to act faster than the Legislative Branch . Because the Constitution remains silent on the issue , the courts can not grant the Executive Branch these powers when it tries to wield them . The courts will only recognize a right of the Executive Branch to use emergency powers if Congress has granted such powers to the president . A claim of emergency powers was at the center of President Abraham Lincoln 's suspension of habeas corpus without Congressional approval in 1861 . Lincoln claimed that the rebellion created an emergency that permitted him the extraordinary power of unilaterally suspending the writ . With Chief Justice Roger Taney sitting as judge , the Federal District Court of Maryland struck down the suspension in Ex Parte Merryman , although Lincoln ignored the order . President Franklin Delano Roosevelt similarly invoked emergency powers when he issued an order directing that all Japanese Americans residing on the West Coast be placed into internment camps during World War II . The U.S. Supreme Court upheld this order in Korematsu v. United States . Harry Truman declared the use of emergency powers when he nationalized private steel mills that failed to produce steel because of a labor strike in 1952 . With the Korean War ongoing , Truman asserted that he could not wage war successfully if the economy failed to provide him with the material resources necessary to keep the troops well - equipped . The U.S. Supreme Court , however , refused to accept that argument in Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer , voting 6 - 3 that neither Commander in Chief powers nor any claimed emergency powers gave the president the authority to unilaterally seize private property without Congressional legislation . Executive privilege ( edit ) Executive privilege gives the president the ability to withhold information from the public , Congress , and the courts in national security and diplomatic affairs . George Washington first claimed privilege when Congress requested to see Chief Justice John Jay 's notes from an unpopular treaty negotiation with Great Britain . While not enshrined in the Constitution , Washington 's action created the precedent for privilege . When Richard Nixon tried to use executive privilege as a reason for not turning over subpoenaed audio tapes to a special prosecutor in the Watergate scandal , the Supreme Court ruled in United States v. Nixon that privilege was not absolute . The Court reasoned that the judiciary 's interest in the `` fair administration of criminal justice '' outweighed President Nixon 's interest in keeping the evidence secret . Later President Bill Clinton lost in federal court when he tried to assert privilege in the Lewinsky affair . The Supreme Court affirmed this in Clinton v. Jones , which denied the use of privilege in cases of civil suits . Constraints on presidential power ( edit ) Because of the vast array of presidential roles and responsibilities , coupled with a conspicuous presence on the national and international scene , political analysts have tended to place great emphasis on the president 's powers . Some have even spoken of `` the imperial presidency '' , referring to the expanded role of the office that Franklin D. Roosevelt maintained during his term . President Theodore Roosevelt famously called the presidency a `` bully pulpit '' from which to raise issues nationally , for when a president raises an issue , it inevitably becomes subject to public debate . A president 's power and influence may be limited , but politically the president is certainly the most important power in Washington and , furthermore , is one of the most famous and influential of all Americans . Though constrained by various other laws passed by Congress , the president 's executive branch conducts most foreign policy , and their power to order and direct troops as commander - in - chief is quite significant ( the exact limits of what a president 's military powers without Congressional authorization are open to debate ) . The Separation of Powers devised by the founding fathers was designed to do one primary thing : to prevent the majority from ruling with an iron fist . Based on their experience , the framers shied away from giving any branch of the new government too much power . The separation of powers provides a system of shared power known as `` checks and balances '' . For example , the President appoints judges and departmental secretaries , but these appointments must be approved by the Senate . The president can veto bills , or deny them . If he does that , the bill is sent back to Congress . See also ( edit ) Madisonian Model National Emergencies Act References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Executive Power '' . Legal Information Institute . Cornell University Law School . 2007 - 08 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` United States Constitution '' . United States Senate . September 17 , 1787 . To declare War , grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal , and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water Jump up ^ Dewar , Hellen ; Biskupic , Joan ( 1998 - 06 - 26 ) . `` Court Strikes Down Line - Item Veto '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Abramowitz , Michael ( 2006 - 07 - 24 ) . `` Bush 's Tactic of Refusing Laws Is Probed '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Powers '' . www.let.rug.nl . University of Groningen . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ http://nationalparalegal.edu/conlawcrimproc_public/federalism/presidentialpowers.asp Jump up ^ Fairlie , John . `` The Administrative Powers of the President '' . Michigan Law Review . Vol. 2 , No. 3 : pp. 190 -- 210 . JSTOR 1273781 -- via JSTOR . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Annotated Constitution Article II '' . Legal Information Institute . Cornell University Law School . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Ornstein , Norm . `` How the Assassination of James A. Garfield Haunts VA Reform '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2005/winter/senate-nominations.html Serving at the Pleasure of the President : The Nomination Papers of the United States Senate , 1789 -- 1946 Jump up ^ https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/codification/executive-order/11183.html Executive Order 11183 -- Establishing the President 's Commission on White House Fellowships Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 07 . 2011 Annual Report to Congress on White House Staff Jump up ^ http://www.justice.gov/pardon/pardon_instructions.htm Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions Concerning Executive Clemency PARDON Department of Justice '' . www.justice.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Costly , Andrew . `` Foreign Policy - Constitutional Rights Foundation '' . www.crf-usa.org . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Schulman , Marc . `` Recognition '' . historycentral.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Treaty vs. Executive Agreement '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Louis , Fisher ( 2007 ) . Constitutional Conflicts Between Congress and the President . University Press of Kansas . pp. 249 -- 272 . ISBN 0700615342 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , David ( 2001 - 11 - 30 ) . `` Lincoln 's Crackdown '' . Slate . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Konkoly , Toni . `` The Supreme Court . Law , Power & Personality . Famous Dissents . Korematsu v. United States ( 1944 ) PBS '' . www.pbs.org . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Schwarz , Jon ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Executive Orders Are Normal ; Trump 's Are Only Appalling Because of What They Say '' . The Intercept . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer 343 U.S. 579 ( 1952 ) '' . Justia Law . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` C - SPAN Landmark Cases Youngstown V Sawyer '' . landmarkcases.c-span.org . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` United States v. Nixon '' . Oyez . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Summary of the Decision United States v. Nixon '' . landmarkcases.org . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Immunity From Judicial Direction '' . Legal Information Institute . Cornell University Law School . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 27 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Powers_of_the_President_of_the_United_States&oldid=826022859 '' Categories : Presidency of the United States Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : Extra text Articles that may contain original research from January 2017 All articles that may contain original research Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Edit links This page was last edited on 16 February 2018 , at 19 : 25 . 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describe the powers that the president has in the role of commander in chief

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List of songs recorded by Mohammed Rafi (D–F)

List of songs recorded by Mohammed Rafi ( d -- f ) - wikipedia List of songs recorded by Mohammed Rafi ( d -- f ) Jump to : navigation , search This is an alphabetical list of lists of known Hindi songs performed , sung and / or recorded by Mohammed Rafi between 1942 and 1980 . Over 5,000 of his songs are listed here . Mohammed Rafi also sang in several other languages , which might not be included here . The genre of song is first , followed by any other singers and the music director or lyricist , then Album name and Year released . `` No Fankar Tujhsa Tere Baad Aaya , Mohammed Rafi Bahut Tu Bahut Yaad Aaya '' - this song written by Anand Bakshi and sung by Mohammed Aziz with Music by Laxmikant Pyarelal from 1990 Movie Kroadh says it all about this singer . Contents : Top 0 -- 9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ( 362 ) `` Daaj ( Punjabi Solo - S. Mohinder / Inderjeet Hasanpuri ) - Daaj 1977 and Bemisaal Vol. 2 - Mohd . Rafi 2005 '' ( Naujawano Kasam Khao ... ) `` Daal Bhi Do Palkon Ki Chhaon ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Chitragupt / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Ramu Dada 1961 '' `` Daata Ji Tera Bhed Na Paya ( Prayer Solo - Tufail Faruqui / Shamim ) - Sona Chandi 1946 '' `` DafliWale Dafli Baja ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Sargam 1979 '' `` Daiya Re Daiya ( Diwali Dandiya Duet Asha Bhosle - Naushad Ali / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Leader 1964 '' ( Diwali Aayi Re Aayi Ghar Ghar Deepak Jale ... ) `` Daman Mein Daag Laga Baithe ( Solo - N. Dutta aka Datta Naik / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Dhool Ka Phool 1959 '' ( Wafa Ke Naam Pe Kitne Gunah Hote Hain ... ) `` Damdi Da Satt ( Punjabi - Hansraj Bahl ) - Chhai 1950 '' ( OOOOOO Hun Hun Hun ... Aji O ... ) `` Dana Pani Khich Ke Ley ( Punjabi Solo - Husnlal - Bhagatram / Verma Malikl ) - Guddi 1961 and Mittar Pyare Nu * * * * and Bemissal Vol. ? ? * * * * '' `` Danton Tale Daba Kar Hont Aankhein Kar Ke Badi Badi ( 19 th Birthday - Ravi ) - Doli 1969 '' `` Dar Kya Hain Toofan Ka ( Duet Suman Kalyanpur - S.N. Trpathi / B.D. Mishra ) - Panna 1956 '' `` Dar Lage to Gaana Ga ... Aise Bhi Han Han Han Waise Bhi Hun Hun Hun ( Twist - Shankar - Jaikishan / Neeraj ) - Yaar Mera 1971 '' `` Dard Mannat Kashe ( Urdu Ghazal Solo - Khaiyyaam or Kedar Pandit , S.D. Burman , Anupam Shobhakar / Mirza Ghalib ) - This Is Mohd Rafi Saab - Ghazala And Bhajans * * * * and Rafi Aye Jaan E Ghazal * * * * and Kalaam - E-Ghalib : Ghazals By Lata / Rafi * * * * '' ( Aa Aa Aa ... ) `` Dard Mein Doob Gai Sham Aey Mohabbat Tera Anjaam Na Jaane Kya Ho ( Solo - Sharda Sinha / Kafil Azar ) - Mandir Masjid 1977 '' `` Dardan Ji Mari Wechari Punhal La ( Sindhi Solo - Unknown / Unknown ) - Mohammed Rafi Sings Sindhi Songs 1991 '' `` Dard - E-Dil Dard - E-Jigar ( Solo - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Karz 1980 '' `` Dard - E-Mohabbat Buri Bala Hain O Chachaji , Dard - E-Mohabbat Buri Bala Hain O Chachaji , Khidki Ghusne Mein Bada Maza Hain O Betaji , Dard - E-Mohabbat Buri Bala Hain O Chachaji ( 60th Birthday Multi Mirza Musharaf and Uma Devi - Chitragupt ) - Captain Kishore 1957 '' `` Dareeche Shak , Dareeche Shak , Dareeche Shak , Dareeche Shak , ... Kisi Ko Ho Bhala Kyun Shak , Yakin Kar Le O Aa Beshak , Ke Hum Bhi Pyar Karte Hain ... Dareeche Shak , Dareeche Shak , Dareeche Shak , Dareeche Shak , ( Duet Asha Bhosle - JaiDev / Prem Jalandhari ) - Ek Thi Reeta 1971 '' ( Jo Mere Pyar Par Ho Shak , To Kar Lo Saaf Dil Mein Shak , Tumhin Se Pyar Kar Te Hain , ... ) `` Darh Wat Zamana Kat ( Punjabi - Unknown ) - Jugni * * * * and Bemisaal 1999 '' `` Darshan Dena Ram ( Solo - Parmathi - Ashwatham / Sant Kabir ) - Ram Aur Rahim 1968 '' `` Darshan Kab Doge Bolo Na Munhur Sawariyan 1 ( Prayer Solo - O.P. Nayyar / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Bhagam Bhag 1956 '' `` Darshan Kab Doge Bolo Na Munhur Sawariyan 2 ( Prayer Gita Dutt - O.P. Nayyar / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Bhagam Bhag 1956 '' `` Daryageet - Aa Aa OO Aga Pori Sambhal ... ( Marathi Duet Pushpa Pagdhare - Shrikant Thakare / Vandana Vitankar ) - Dolka Daryacha Raja - Koli Geet * * * * and Rafi - Smrutit Rahile Geet ( Marathi ) * * * * '' `` Das Gayi Das Gayi Nagin Si Zulf Teri ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Himmat 1970 '' `` Das Meriya Dilwarave ( Punjabi Duet Asha Bhosle - Ravi / Babu Singh Maan ) - 50 Glorious Years Of Punjabi Film Music Vol. 2 * * * * '' `` Daton Tale Daba Kar ( Solo - Ravi / Rajendra Krishan ) - Doli 1969 '' `` Daudoji Chor Chor Bhaga Dil Chura Ke , Chillana Chhod Chhod Le Jaa Dil Luta Ke , Daudoji Chor Chor Bhaga Dil Chura Ke , Chillana Chhod Chhod Le Jaa Dil Luta Ke , ... Haaye Tum Se Pyar Hain , ... Kya Yeh Nikhar Hain , ... O Thanda Bukhar Hain , ... Maulla Ki Maar Hain , ... Daudoji Chor Chor Bhaga Dil Chura Ke , Chillana Chhod Chhod Le Jaa Dil Luta Ke ( Duet Geeta Dutt - Sardul Kwatra / Vishwamitra Adil ) - Char Minar 1956 '' `` Daulat Ke Andhere Mein ( Solo - Chitragupt / Asad Bhopali ) - Insaaf 1956 '' `` Daulat Ke Jhoothe Nashein Mein Ho Choor ( Solo - Shivram / Bharat Vyas ) - Oonchi Haveli 1955 '' `` Daulat Ke Laalach Mein , Daulat Ke Laalach Mein , Yeh Duniya Kho Baithi Imaan , Khuda Ko Bhool Gaya Insaan , Khuda Ko Bhool Gaya Insaan , Daulat Ke Laalach Mein , Daulat Ke Laalach Mein , Yeh Duniya Kho Baithi Imaan , Khuda Ko Bhool Gaya Insaan , Khuda Ko Bhool Gaya Insaan ( Prayer Solo - Allah Rakha Qureshi / Asad Bhopali ) - Alladin Laila II 1957 '' `` Daur Weh Aa Gaya 1 ( Solo - Shyamji Ghanshyamji / Sajan Dehlvi ) - Dhuen Ki Lakeer 1974 '' `` Daur Weh Aa Gaya 2 ( Solo - Shyamji Ghanshyamji / Sajan Dehlvi ) - Dhuen Ki Lakeer 1974 '' `` De Deedar O Dildar ( Solo - S. Mohinder / Anand Bakshi ) - Sun Le To Haseena 1958 '' `` De Do Pyar Le Lo Pyar ( Solo - Shankar - Jaikishan / Rajendra Krishan ) - Pyar Hi Pyar 1969 '' `` DeenBandhu Bhav - Sindhu Tarak Adham ( Solo - R.C. Boral / Bharat Vyas ) - Shree Chaitanya Mahaprabhu 1953 '' `` Deepak Hain Tu Piya Tera Mera Janmon Ka Saath Hai ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Chitragupt / Anjaan ) - Gayatri Mahimaa 1977 '' `` Deepak Jalao Jyoti Jagao ( Solo - Shri Nath Tripathi / Shailendra ) - Sangeet Samrat Tansen 1962 '' `` Deewana Hoon Main Pyar Ka ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Ravi / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Tu Nahin Aur Sahin 1960 '' `` Deewana Mastana Hua Dil ( Duet Asha Bhosle - S.D. Burman / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Bambai Ka Babu 1960 '' ( Aa Aa Aa Pa Ma Ga ... Ni Ni Ni ... ) `` Deewana Mujh Sa Nahin Is Umber Ke Neeche Aage Hai Kaatil Mera Aur Main Pichche Pichche ( Solo - R.D. Burman / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Teesri Manzil 1966 '' `` Deewane Agar Magar Kaahe Soche Deewane ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Nisar Bazmi - Chik Choklet / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Kar Bhala 1956 '' `` Deewane Hain Deewanon Ko ... Nazar Chahiye ( Qawali Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Kalyanji - Anandji / Gulshan Bawra ) - Zanjeer 1973 '' ( Aap Ke Dil Mein Jo Thodisi Jagah Mil Jaaye ... ) `` Deewane Ka Naam to Puchho Pyar Se Dekho Kaam To Poochho Chahe Phir Na Milna ( Solo - Shankar - Jaikishan / Shailendra ) - An Evening In Paris 1967 '' `` Dekh Badal Chhata Hain Tera Kajal Mujh Ko Bhata Hain Kya Badal Kya Kajal Kya Chanda ( Duet Sulakshana Pandit - Naresh - Hansraj Behl / Jeevan Kushwah ) - Doud Dhoop 1983 and Evergreen Mohd Rafi * * * * and Mera Salaam Le Lo * * * * '' `` Dekh Humein Awaz Na Dena , O Bedard Zamane ... Aaj Chale Chhod Ke Tujh Ko Duniya Nayi Basa Ne , O Bedard Zamane 2 ( Duet Asha Bhosle - C. RamChandra / Rajendra Krishan ) - Amar Deep 1958 '' ( Hun Hun Hun ... ) `` Dekh Idhar Ae Hasina June Ka Hai Mahina Daal Zulfon Ka Saaya Aa Raha Hai Pasina ( Duet Geeta Dutt - O.P. Nayyar / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - 12 O'Clock 1957 '' `` Dekh Kar Meri Taraf Khamosh Ho Jaana Zara ( Gazal Mubarak Begum - Iqbal Qureshi / Shewan Rizvi ) - Kawali Ki Raat 1964 '' ( Hun Hun Hun ... ) `` Dekh Ke Teri Nazar Beqarar Ho Gaye ... Huzur Thahariye Hum Shikar Ho Gaye ( Duet Asha Bhosle - O.P. Nayyar / Qamar Jalalabadi ) - Howrah Bridge 1958 '' `` Dekh Ke Tumko Dil Dola Hai ... Hamko Tumse Pyaar Ho Gaya Hai ( Multi Lata Mangeshkar , Mukesh and Kishore Kumar - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Amar Akbar Anthony 1977 '' `` Dekh Liya Main Ne Ye e Kismat Ka Tamasha Dekh Liya ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Naushad Ali / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Deedar 1951 '' `` Dekh Mera Dil Na Jala ( Duet Geeta Dutt - Chitragupt / Prem Dhawan ) - Zimbo Shaher Mein aka Zimbo Comes To Town 1960 '' `` Dekh Ne Wale Dekh ( Solo - O.P. Nayyar / Shewan Rizvi ) - Love & Murder 1966 '' `` Dekh Tere Bhagwan Ki Halat Kya Ho Gayi Insaan Kitana ( SD Batish - Madan Mohan Kohli ) - Railway Platform 1955 '' `` Dekha Hain Sabhi Ne Chand Ko Use Kya Dekhe Tujhe Dekh Liya Sabhi Dekh Liya ( Solo - Kalyanji - Anandji / Indeevar ) - Dil Ne Pukara 1967 '' `` Dekha Hain Teri Ankhon Mein Pyar Hi Pyar Beshumar Paya Hain Teri Baaton Mein ( Solo - Shankar - Jaikishan / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Pyar Hi Pyar 1969 '' `` Dekhi Hazaron Mehfilen ( Qawali Asha Bhosle - R.D. Burman ) - Naukar 1979 '' `` Dekhi Zamane Ki Hum Ne Ye Reet ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Usha Khanna / Pyare Lal Santoshi ) - Roop Rupaiya 1968 '' `` Dekhi Zamane Ki Yaari Bichhade Sabhi Baari Baari ( Solo - S.D. Burman / Kaifi Azmi ) - Kaagaz Ke Phool 1959 '' `` Dekhiyein Aap Humein Iss Taraha Na Dekha Ki Jiye Aap Bhi Mere Khayalon Mein Na Aaya Ki Jiye ( Classical Suman Kalyanpur - Iqbal Qureshi ) - Rajkumar Sooraj 1973 '' `` Dekhiyein Huzoor Mujh Se Reh Ke Door ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Ravi / Asad Bhopali ) - Tu Nahin Aur Sahin 1960 '' `` Dekho Ab To Kis Ko Nahin Hain Khabar , Tum Se Hain Dil Ko Pyaar ( Twist Multi S.D. Batish , S. Balbir and Asha Bhosle - Shankar - Jaikishan / Shailendra ) - Janwar 1965 '' `` Dekho Bina Saawan Baras Rahi Badli ( Solo - Hansraj Behl / Prem Dhawan ) - Saawan 1959 '' `` Dekho Chakkar Mein Chakkar Mein Chakkar Mein Hain Duniya Sari Chakkar Mein ( Duet S.D. Batish - Nirmal Kumar / Qamar Jalalabadi ) - Chand Ki Duniya 1959 '' `` Dekho Dekho Huzoor Yeh Hain Khatte Angoor , Aise Choron Ke Haath Nahin Aayenge , O Meri Jannat Ki Hoor Tu Hain Arabi Khajoor Tere Saaye Mein Zindagi Bitayenge , Dekho Dekho Huzoor Yeh Hain Khatte Angoor , Aise Choron Ke Haath Nahin Aayenge ( Duet Shamshad Begum - Shri Nath Tripathi - Chitragupt / Raja Mehdi Ali Khan ) - Alibaba and Forty Thieves I 1954 '' ( Upar Baith Kar Hum Shaher Se Chakkar Lagayenge ... Humein Tum Se Mohabbat Hain Duniya Ko Batayenge ... Ha Ha Ha Qarban Jaoon Tumharein Batane Se ... ) `` Dekho Dekho Yeh Nazara Dekho ( Solo - Usha Khanna / Kulwant Jani ) - Ladaaku 1981 '' `` Dekho Dharm Ke Khatir Chod ( solo - Shivram / Bharat Vyas ) - Jai Ambe 1957 '' `` Dekho Dil Na Kisi Ka Tutey ( Solo - Shankar - Jaikishan / Indeevar ) - Pyar Ka Rishta 1973 '' `` Dekho Ha Ha Ha , De e kho Ha Ha Ha , Dekho Dekho Madam , Suno Jo Keh Chale Hum , Hain Cheez Sab Se Badhiya , Hain Naam Jis Ka Lollypop , Dekho Dekho Gori Buri Hain Dil Ki Chori Chrao Jo Dil , Padega Bas Jaa Na ( Duet Manna Dey - Shankar - Jaikishan ) - Pyar Mohabbat 1966 '' `` Dekho Jhoomti Barsaat Chalo Ghoomein Kahin Saath ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Baldev Nath Bali / Raja mehdi Ali Khan ) - Mastani 1955 '' `` Dekho Ji Akeli Aaya Jaya Na Karo ( Duet Geeta Dutt - Kanu Ghosh / Prem Dhawan ) - Pyar Ke Raahein 1959 '' `` Dekho Ji Dekho Meethi Ada Se , Jalne Wale Jale Apni Bala Se ( Duet Geeta Dutt - O.P. Nayyar / Jan Nisar Akhtar ) - Mai Baap 1957 '' `` Dekho Ji Ek Bala Jogi Matwala Jogi Dwar Tere Aayo Ri ( Duet Minoo Purushottam - Ravi / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - China Town 1962 '' `` Dekho Ji Ek Bala Jogi Matwala Jogi Dwar Tere Aayo Ri ( Duet Minoo Purushottam - Ravi / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - China Town 1962 '' `` Dekho Ji Mera Haal Dekho Ji Mohe Laga Solva Saal ( 16 th Birthday Asha Bhosle and Sudha Malhotra - S.D. Burman / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Solva Saal 1958 '' `` Dekho Ji Wada Karo ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Chitragupa / Kafil Azar ) - Mohammed Rafi : The Last Songs '' ( Planned Hindi remake of a 1962 Bengali film with the name , `` Sorry Madam '' by Dilip Bose was never made , because it may have been considered as bad luck due to loss of Dilip Bose 's wife and financial hardship . The music , however , was recorded just seven months before Rafi 's death . The music was restored by Frenchman Achille Forler of a music publishing company , Deep Emotions in a joint venture with Universal Music . Forler sent the tapes to Equus Studios in Belgium to restore and released the album in 11 - 2 - 2010 by Silk Road Communications with an additional Track `` Teri Ada '' , which gives audio documentary from Dilip Bose 's sons Bobby ( and may be Rajesh ) and Chitragupt 's sons Anand - Milind . Asha Bhosle 's Solo is Hole Re Dole Re . Forler told Deccan Herald that he was prepared to do shirshasana for one year to have a Rafi album in his catalogue -- its catalogue # is SR025 and the file is under Hindi Memorabilia. ) `` Dekho Kasam Se Dekho Kasam Se Kehte Hain Tumse Haan , Tum Bhi Jaloge Haath Maloge Rooth Ke Humse Haan ( Duet Asha Bhosle - O.P. Nayyar / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Tumsa Nahin Dekha 1957 '' `` Dekho Logo Yeh Kaisa Zamana Dil Chura Ke Bane Woh Begana Koi Ruthe Dilwar Ko Manana Koi Use Ja Kar Samajhana ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Ram - Laxman / Ravinder Rawal ) - Hum Se Badh Kar Kaun 1981 '' ( O Soni Please Leave Me Alone Kyonki I Hate You O Please Meena I Love You ... ) `` Dekho Mausam Kya Bahar Hain ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Chitragupt / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Opera House 1961 '' `` Dekho Mehnat Se Daulat Ki Yaari ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Ravi / Rajendra Krishan ) - Rakhi 1962 '' `` Dekho Mohe Laga Solva Saal ( Multi Asha Bhosle and Sudha Malhotra - S.D. Burman / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Solva Saal 1958 '' `` Dekho Paaon Mein Pehen Kar Payaliya ( Solo - Shyam Babu Pathak / Bharat Vyas ) - Janmashtami 1950 '' `` Dekho Re Dekho Logon Ajooba , Chanda Roos Ka ( Solo - S.D. Burman / Shailendra ) - Insaan Jaag Utha 1959 '' `` Dekho Rootha Na Karo Baat Nazaroni Ki Suno Hum Na Bolenge Kabhi ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - S.D. Burman / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Tere Ghar Ke Samne 1963 '' `` Dekho Sapne Saje Dhol Taashe Baje ( Multi Amit Kumar and Aarti Mukhrji - Kalyanji - Anandji / Anjaan ) - Ganga Ki Saugandh 1978 and Evergreen Mohd Rafi * * * * '' `` Dekho Taanga Mera Nirala ( Horse - Cart Solo - Salil Chowdhury / Prem Dhawan ) - Tangawali 1955 '' ( Taanga Mera Nirala ... ) `` Dekho Zara Ulfat Ka Asar ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Khayyam / Prem Dhawan ) - Taataar Ka Chor 1955 '' `` Dekho , Dekho , Dekho , Dekho , Dekho OOO ... Paon Mein Pahen Kar Payalia , Paon Mein Pahen Kar Payalia , O Gusse Chali Ek Balaniya , Kahaan Chali O Kahaan Chali Kis Galli Yeh Balaniya , O Matwari Pyari Pyari Yeh Balaniya , Dekho Dekho Dekho Dekho Dekho ( Janamshthami Solo - Shyam Babu Pathak / Bharat Vyas ) - Janmashthami 1950 '' `` Dekhta Chala Gaya Main ( Multi Johney Walker and Lata Mangeshkar - Madan Mohan Kohli / Rajendra Krishan ) - Gateway Of India 1957 '' `` Desh Mein Sankat Aaya Hai ( Patriotic Solo - Datta Davjekar / Mahipal ) - Aap Ki Sewa Mein 1947 '' `` Devudu Okade ( Telagu Solo - Pendyala / Dr. C. Narayana Reddy ) - Shri Tirupati Venkateswara Kalyanam * * * * '' `` Dhadak Dhadak Dil Dhadak Dhadak Dil Dhadkey ( Duet Suraiya - Naushad Ali ) - Dastan 1950 '' ( Yuppi Yuppi ... ) `` Dhadak Ne Lagta Hain Mera Dil Tere Naam Se Aaisa Lagta Hain Ab Hum Gaye Kaam Se ( Dog Bark ) ( Solo - Shankar - Jaikishan / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Dil Tera Diwana 1962 '' `` Dhadake Rah Rah Ke Dil Bawra ( Multi S. Balbir , Shamshad Begum and Lata Mangeshkar - S. Mohinder / Tanveer Naqvi ) - Naata 1955 '' `` Dhadkan Hain Tu Har Dil Ki ( Twist Multi S. Balbir , Brij Bhushan and Asha Bhosle - Madan Mohan Kohli / Rajendra Krishan ) - Kaise Kategi Zindagi Tere Bagair 2011 '' ( Bhuja Bhuja Sa Hain Sama , Idhar Udhar YahAan WahAan Hain Jis Ka NAam Sahira Woh Hai KahAan ... Sahira Meri Sahira ... ) ( Previously Unreleased ) `` Dhagmag Dhagmag Dole Naiya ( Solo - Narayan / Bharat Vyas ) - Mor - Dhwaj 1952 '' `` Dhak Dhak Se Dhadkana Sikha De ( Solo - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Aasha II 1980 '' `` Dhal Chuki Sham - E-Gham Muskura Le Sanam Ik Nayi Subah Duniya Mein Aane Ko Hai ( Classical Solo - Naushad Ali / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Kohinoor 1960 '' `` Dhal Gaya Din Ho Gayi Shaam Jane Do Jana Hai ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - HumJoli 1970 '' `` Dhalti Jaye Raat Kahle Dil Ki Baat Shama Parwane Ka Na Hoga Phir Saath ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Lachhhiram Tamar / Anand Bakshi ) - Razia Sultana 1961 '' ( Hun Hun Hun ... ) `` Dhan Se Baandhe Preet Ka Bandhan ( Solo - Chitragupt / Manohar Khanna ) - Zindagi Ke Mele 1956 '' `` Dhanwalon Ki Dhan Nagari Ki Suno ( Solo - Avinash Vyas / Munshi Sagar Hussain ) - Dashavtar 1951 '' `` Dhanwanon Ke Raaj - Mahal ( Solo - Harilal Thakur / Ramesh Gupta ) - Chetana 1953 '' `` Dhanya Shubh Ghadi Aayi Re Aayi ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Bullo C. Rani / Kavi Pradeep ) - Ram Navami 1956 '' `` Dharm Ki Khatir Bik Gaya Raja ( Solo - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Kavi Pradeep ) - Harishchandra Taramati 1963 '' `` Dharti Aazad Hain ( Duet Chitragupt - Chitragupt / Anjum Jaipuri ) - Sindbad Jahazi or Sindbad The Sailor 1952 '' `` Dharti Gaye Re ( Multi Mukesh and Anuradha Paudwal - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Daku Aur Jawan 1978 '' `` Dharti Hain Humari Jaan ( Solo - Kalyanji - Anandji / Indeevar ) - Anokha 1975 '' `` Dharti Kahe Pukar Ke O Mujh Ko Chaahne Wale Kis Liye Baitha Haar Ke Mera Sab Kuch Usi Ka Hain Jo Chhoole Mujhe Pyar Se ( Patriotic Solo - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Dharti Kahe Pukar Ke 1969 '' ( OOOOOO ... ) `` Dharti Maa Ka Maan ( Duet Manna Dey - Ravi / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Samaaj Ko Badal Dalo 1970 '' `` Dharti Maa Ke Veer Sipahi Jeene Marne ( Solo - Basant Prakash / Unknown ) - Mahrani 1957 '' `` Dheere Chal Dheere Chal Ae Bheegi Hawan Mere Bulbul Ki Hai Neend Jawan ( Solo - Shankar - Jaikishan / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Boy Friend 1961 '' `` Dheere Chal Zara O Pagal ( Solo - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Hum Paanch 1980 and Evergreen Mohd Rafi * * * * '' `` Dheere Dheere Bol Dheere Dheere Bol Dheere Dheere ( Solo - Shyam Sundar / Nakshab Jarchvi ) - Actress 1948 '' `` Dheere Dheere Bol Dheere Dheere Bol Dheere Dheere 1 ( Duet Shamshad Begum - Shyam Sundar / Nakshab Jarachavi ) - Actress 1948 '' `` Dheere Dheere Chal Chand Gagan Mein ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Shankar - Jaikishan / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Love Marriage 1959 '' `` Dheere Dheere Mohabbat Jawaan Ho Gayi ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Shanksr - Jaikishan / Shamshul Huda Bihari ) - Bhai Bahen 1969 '' `` Dheere Dheere Sang Mere ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Jamal Sen / Shamshul Huda Bihari ) - Rangeela 1953 '' `` Dhinak Dhinak Dhinak Naach ( Multi Geeta Dutt and Usha Mangeshkar - Chitragupt / Prem Dhawan ) - Chaalbaaz 1958 '' `` Dhokha Khayegi Na Yaaron Ki Nazar , Jeenhaan Yeh Hain Dildaaron Ki Nazar ( Solo - Shankar - Jaikishan / Shailendra ) - Singapore 1960 '' ( Bo Chay ... ) `` Dhol Dhappa Dhaiy Dhappa ( Solo - Bipin Babul / Raja Mehdi Ali Khan ) - Chandu 1958 '' `` Dhol Sajna ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Kalyanji - Anandji / Anand Bakshi ) - Maryaadaa 1971 '' `` Dhol Vajda Tali Vajdi ( Punjabi Asha Bhosle - Unknown ) - Santo Banto 1976 '' `` Dhoom Dhadaka Dhoom Dhadaka ( Duet Shamshad Begum - Ghulam Mohammed / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Amber 1952 '' ( Rafi sings for Raj Kapoor ) `` Dhoom Mach Gayi Dhoom ( Duet Usha Mangeshkar - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Gora Aur Kala 1972 '' `` Dhoom Mache Dhoom ( Multi Mahendra Kapoor , S.K. Mahan and Lata Mangeshkar - Rajesh Roshan / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Kaala Patthar 1979 '' `` Dhoondh Ke Laoon Kahan Se ( Duet Manna Dey - Roshan Lal / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Bahu Begum 1967 '' `` Dhum Nakum Dhum Dhum Nakum ... Naach Uthe Sansaar ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Laxmikant - Pyarelal ) - Naach Uthe Sansaar 1975 '' `` Dil Aaj Mera Gaane Laga ( Solo - Jamal Sen / Shamshul Huda Bihari ) - Rangeela 1953 '' `` Dil Aawara Karein Nazara ( Solo - N. Dutta aka Datta Naik / Asad Bhopali ) - Ustad 420 ( Four Twenty ) 1969 '' `` Dil Achha Hain Achhi Hain Surat ( Solo - Shankar - Jaikishan / Indeevar ) - Tum Haseen Main Jawaan 1970 '' `` Dil Beqarar Sa Hain Hum Ko Khumar Sa Hain Jab Se Tumhein Dekha Sanam ( Street - Kalyanji - Anandji / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Ishaara 1964 '' ( Aa Ha Ha Aa Aa OOO ... ) `` Dil De De Nahin Nahin Nahin Dil Le Le Nahin Nahin Nahin Gum Degi JAan Legi HAan HAan HAan Teri HAan Ka NAa Ka Jawab Nahin ( Twist Duet Asha Bhosle - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Aanad Bakshi ) - Jaal 1967 '' ( Aa Aa Aa ... ) `` Dil De Diya Hain Tujh Ko Nikaal Kar Ji Ab Rakho Ya Todo Tumhari Marji ( Duet Shamshad Begum - Husnlal - Bhagatram / Mulkraj Bhakri ) - Naach 1949 '' `` Dil Deke Dekho , Dil De Ke Dekho , Dil Deke Dekho , Dil Lenewalon , Dil Dena Sikho Ji OO Dil Lenewalon Dil Lena Sikho Ji ( Twist Duet Unknown - Usha Khanna / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Dil Deke Dekho 1959 and Such A Long Journey 1998 '' `` Dil Dhadak Dhadak Dil Phadak Phadak ( Duet Suraiya - Naushad Ali / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Dastaan 1950 '' `` Dil Dhadak Raha Hai Aaha Dil Dhadak Raha Hai Is Ka Kya Sabak Hai ( Multi Lata Mangeshkar and Kishore Kumar - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Jyoti Bane Jwala 1980 '' `` Dil Dhadaka Main Phadaka , Shola Ulfat Ka , Teri Aankh Mili , Aur Bhadaka ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Nisar Bazmi / Saba Afgani ) - Halla Gulla 1954 '' `` Dil Diye Chale ( Duet Mohantara Talpade - Hari Prasanna Das / Gopal Singh Nepali ) - Begum 1945 '' `` Dil E Betaab Ko Seene Se Lagana ( Duet Suman Kalyanpur - Naushad Ali / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Palki 1967 '' `` Dil E Betaab Ko Seene Se Lagana Hoga ( Classical Suman Kalyanpur - Naushad Ali ) - Palki 1966 '' `` Dil Ek Mandir Hain Pyar Ki Jis Mein Hoti Hain Puja ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Shankar - Jaikishan / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Dil Ek Mandir Hai 1963 '' ( Jaane Wale Kabhi Nahin Aate Jaanewale Ki Yaad Aati Hain ... ) `` Dil Faanse ( Duet Geeta Dutt - Chitragupt / Prem Dhawan ) - Daaka 1959 '' `` Dil Gaya Dil Ka Aetbar Gaya ( Duet Suman Kalynpur - Iqbal Qureshi / Shewan Rizvi ) - Qawali Ki Raat 1964 '' `` Dil Hain Aapka Huzoor Le Jiye Na Le Jiye Itna Husn Par Guroor Tauba Tauba Ki Jiye ( Duet Asha Bhosle - O.P. Nayyar / Raja Mehdi Ali Khan ) - Jaali Note 1960 '' `` Dil Hain Humara Phool Se Nazuk Baazu Hain Faulad Toofano Mein Palanewale Rehte Hain Azaad ( Solo - G.S. Kohli / Farooq Qaiser ) - Faulad 1963 '' `` Dil Hain Ke Dhadakta Rahata Hain Bechain Nazar Ho Jati Hain Jab Koi Mohabbat Karata Hain ( Piano Solo - Shankar - Jaikishan / Farooq Qaiser ) - Jahan Pyar Mile 1969 '' `` Dil Haseenon Se Lagana Koi Hum Se Seekh Le ( Duet Shamshad Begum - Madan Mohan Kohli / Rajendra Krishan ) - Khota Paisa 1958 '' `` Dil Ho Unhein Mubarak Jo ( Solo - Naushad Ali / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Chandni Raat 1949 '' `` Dil Hum to Haare , Tum Bol Pyare , Gaalon Ka Teel , Kab Haroge ( Duet Geeta Dutt - Vasant Desai / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Ardhangini 1959 '' ( Dhin Tak Dhin Tak Tha Tiri Tiri Tiri Taha ... ) `` Dil Janiya Aa Aa Aa O Dil Janiya Laage Na Jiya Tere Bina 4 ( Dandiya - Laxmikant - Pyarelal ) - Naach Uthe Sansaar 1975 '' ( OOOOOO ... ) `` Dil Jawani Ke Nashe Se Choor Hain , Dil Jawani Ke Nashe Se Choor Hain , Kaun Kehta Hain Ke Dilli Door Hain , Kaun Kehta Hain Ke Dilli Door Hain ( Solo - Husnlal - Bhagatram / Sarsar Sailani ) - Birha Ki Raat 1950 '' `` Dil Jawani Mein Sambhalo ( Solo - N. Dutta aka Datta Naik / Asad Bhopali ) - Ustad 420 ( Four twenty ) 1969 '' '' `` Dil Jhoom Rahe Masti Mein ( Holi Duet Pushpa Pagdhare - O.P. Nayyar / Shamshul Huda Bihari ) - Bin Maa Ke Bachche 1979 '' ( Rang Ambeer Gulaal Ujalo Aur Jagaalo Bhhaag ... ) `` Dil Jo Na Keh Saka Wohin Raaj E Dil Kehne Ki Raat Aaayi ( Bidai Solo - Roshan Lal / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Bheegi Raat 1965 and Mohammed Rafi Collection Vol. 1 and 4 * * * * '' `` Dil Ka Bhanwar Kare Pukar Pyar Ka Rag Suno ... Re ( Qutub Minar - S.D. Burman / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Tere Ghar Ke Samne 1963 '' `` Dil Ka Dard Nirala Kis Ko Sunaoo Koi Nahin Hain Aaj Samajhne - wala ( Solo - S.D. Burman / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Kaise Kahoon 1964 '' ( OOOOOO ... ) `` Dil Ka Fareb Jab Koi Gulnaar ( Solo - Jagjit Singh - Chitra Singh / Madan Pal ) - Ashiana III 1986 '' `` Dil Ka Khilauna Haaye Tut Gaya Koi Lutera Aake Lut Gaya Haay Dil Ka Khilauna Haaye Tut Gaya ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Vasant Desai ) - Goonj Oothi Shehnai 1959 '' ( Tut Gaya Tut Gaya ... ) `` Dil Ka Lena Dena Humne Chhoda Wada Toda Hum Ne Sun Le Sabhi Dildaar Nahin Kar Te Kisi Se Hum Pyar ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Kalyanji - Anandji / Anand Bakshi ) - Maryaadaa 1971 '' `` Dil Ka Na Karna Aitbar Koi ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Shankar - Jaikishan / Shailendra ) - Halaku 1956 '' ( OOOOOO ... ) `` Dil Ka Soona Saaz Taraana Dhoondhega Teer - E-Nigahein Naaz Nishana Dhoondhega ( Solo Piano - Ganesh / Asad Bhopali ) - Ek Naari Do Roop 1973 '' `` Dil Kabhi Tum Ne Diya ( Solo - Sapan - Jagmohan / Naqsh Lyallpuri ) - Rocky Mera Naam 1973 '' `` Dil Kahein Ruk Ja Re Ruk Ja ( Outdoor Solo - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Man Ki Aankhen 1970 '' ( O Ho O ... ) `` Dil Kar Ne Laga Hai Pyar Tumhein Pyar Tumhein Yeh Baat Tum Hi Samajhao Humein Samjhao Humein Ijhaar Karein To Kaise Karein Kaise Karein ( Duet Hemlata - Usha Khanna / Asad Bhopali ) - Nateeja 1969 '' `` Dil Ke Aaine Mein Tasveer Teri Rehati Hai Main Yeh Samajha Koi Jannat Ki Pari Rehati Hai ( Waltz Solo - Usha Khanna / Rajendra Krishan ) - Aao Pyar Karen I 1964 '' `` Dil Ke Chor Man Ke Mor Sajana ( Duet Suman Kalyanpur - S.M. Subbaiah Naidu / Saraswati Kumar Deepak ) - Hamein Bhi Jeene Do 1962 '' `` Dil Ke Dhokhe Mein Na Aana , Dil Ki Jhooti Jaat Hain , Aji Dil Ki Jhooti Jaat Hain , Raat Ko Yeh Din Kehate , Aur Din Ko Kehate Raat Hain , Dil Ki Jhooti Jaat Hain , Aji Dil Ki Jhooti Jaat Hain , ... Dil Ke Dhokhe Mein Na Aana , Dil Ki Jhooti Jaat Hain , Aji Dil Ki Jhooti Jaat Hain , Raat Ko Yeh Din Kehate , Aur Din Ko Kehate Raat Hain , Dil Ki Jhooti Jaat Hain , Aji Dil Ki Jhooti Jaat Hain ( Duet Suraiya - Hansraj Behl / Rajendra Krishan ) - Shaan 1950 '' `` Dil Ke Jharoke Mein Tujh Ko Bitha Kar ( Waltz Bidai Solo - Shankar - Jaikishan / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Brahmachari 1968 '' ( Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa OOO Aa Aa ... ) `` Dil Khush Hain Aaj Un Se Mulaqaat Ho Gayi Mulaqaat Ho Gayi Lo Phool Hi Se Baat Ho Gay Baat Ho Gayi ( Solo - Madan Mohan Kohli / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Ghazal 1964 '' `` Dil Ki Aawaaz Mein ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Ghulam Mohammad / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Pardes 1950 '' `` Dil Ki Aawaz Bhi Sun Mere Fasane Pe Na Jaa Meri Najaron Ki Taraf Dekh Zamane Pe Na Jaa ( Solo - O.P. Nayyar / Shewan Rizvi ) - Hum Saaya 1968 and Mohammed Rafi Collection Vol. 1 * * * * '' `` Dil Ki Baat Kahin Nahin JAati Chupke Rehna Thhana Hain HAal Agar Hai Aisa Hi To ( Solo - Unknown ) - Unknown * * * * '' ( Aa Aa Aa ... ) `` Dil Ki Baazi ( Solo - Sardar Malik / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Madan Manjiri 1961 '' `` Dil Ki Haalat Jaan Gayein Hum ( Duet Shamshad Begum - Sardar Malik / Prem Dhawan ) - Superman 1960 '' `` Dil Ki Kali Yun Hi Sada Khilti Rahe 1 ( Chorus - Rajesh Roshan / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Inkaar 1977 '' `` Dil Ki Kali Yun Hi Sada Khilti Rahe 2 ( Solo - Rajesh Roshan / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Inkaar 1977 '' `` Dil Ki Kitaab Kori Hai ( Duet Suman Kalyanpur - Shankar - Jaikishan / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Yaar Mera 1971 '' `` Dil Ki Lagi Ne Hum Ko Diwana Kar Ke Chhoda Duniya Ki Har Khushi Se Begana Kar Ke Chhoda ( Solo - Ghulam Mohammad / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Paras 1949 '' `` Dil Ki Mehfil Saji Hain Chale Aayiye , Aapki Bas Kami Hain , Chale Aayiya ( Waltz Solo - Naushad Ali / Khumar Barbankvi ) - Saaz Aur Awaz 1966 '' `` Dil Ki Tamanna Thi Masti Mein 1 ( Duet Asha Bhosle - N. Dutta aka Datta Naik / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Gyara Hazar Ladkiyan 1962 '' `` Dil Ki Tamanna Thi Masti Mein 2 ( Solo - N. Dutta aka Datta Naik / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Gyara Hazar Ladkiyan 1962 '' `` Dil Kisi Ko Dijiye Dil Kisi Ka Lijiye ( Duet Zohra Bai Ambalewali - C. Ramchandra / Rajendra Krishan ) - Ghungaroo 1952 '' `` Dil Ko Haay Dil Ko ~ o ~ Dil Ko Bahalaye Teri Tasveer Se Bahalaye Huye Hai ( Duet Suraiya - Naushad Ali / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Dastaan 1950 '' `` Dil Ko Humarein Chain Nahi Hain ( Solo - Parmathi - Ashwatham / Sant Kabir ) - Ram Aur Rahim 1968 '' `` Dil Ko Lagela Mohabbat Ka Chaska ( Solo - Hemant Kumar / Neelkanth Tiwari ) - Police 1958 '' `` Dil Ko Na Mere Tadpao Pyar Ko Mut Thookarao Ab To Humare Ho Jao Oye Oye Oye ( Solo - Shankar - Jaikishan / Shailendra ) - Budtameez 1966 '' `` Dil Ko Woh Chhedti Hain ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Moti Ram / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Lachak 1951 '' `` Dil Laga Ne Wale Aap Se ( Duet Sandhya Mukherjee - Bulo C. Rani / Raja Mehdi Ali Khan ) - Husn Ka Chor 1953 '' `` Dil Laya Main Bacha Ke Punjab Se ( Duet Suman Kalyanpur - Robin Banerjee / Farooq Qaiser ) - Aandhi Aur Toofan 1964 '' `` Dil Le Gaya Koi ( Punjabi Duet S. Balbir Singh Aatish - Hansraj Behl / M.R. Bhakri ) - Lachhi 1949 and 50 Glorious Years Of Punjabi Film Music Vol. 3 * * * * '' `` Dil Le Gayi Le Gayi Le Gayi Ik Chulbuli Chulbuli Nazani Mukhada Aisa Hai Us Zalim Ka Husn Bhara Hai Sare Aalam Ka ( Solo - Shankar - Jaikishan / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Laat Saab or Saheb 1967 '' `` Dil Le Ke Chhupne Wale Tu Hain Kahaan Bata De Surat Nahin Dikhata Aawaz Hi Suna De ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Ghulam Mohammad / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Paras 1949 '' `` Dil Leke Daga Denge Yaad Hain Matlab Ke Yeh Denge To Kya Denge ( Solo - O.P. Nayyar / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Naya Daur 1957 '' ( OOOOOO ... ) `` Dil Leke Dil Diya Hain Ehsaan Kya Kiya Hain Itna Guroor Kaisa Kya Muft De Diya Hain Kurban Iss Ada Ke Phir Dekh Muskura Ke Nazaron Se Dil Uda Ke Kabza Jama Liya Hain ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Husnlal - Bhagatram / Sarshar Sailani ) - Stage 1951 '' ( Two Diwali Songs in This Movie ) `` Dil Leke Naa Jaana ( Solo - Sardul Kwatra / Deena Nath Madhok ) - Goonj 1952 '' `` Dil Mein Basa Le Apna Bana Le ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Jamal Sen / Shamshul Huda Bihari ) - Rangeela 1953 '' `` Dil Mein Chhupa Ke Pyar Ka Toofan Le Chale Hum Apne Maut Ka Saamaan Le Chale ( Solo Horse - Cart - Naushad Ali / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Aan I 1952 '' `` Dil Mein Ek Jaane Tammana Ne Jagah Payi Hai ( Solo - S.D. Burman / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Benazir 1964 '' ( Aaj Shishe Mein Bar Bar ... ) `` Dil Mein Jo Aaya Apne Kiya Pap kiya Ya Punya Kiya Hum Se Na Poocho ( Solo - Sharda Sinha ) - Zamaane Se Poocho 1976 '' ( Kahin Chaman Khilaa Diyaa Kahin Dhuaa Udaa Diyaa ... ) `` Dil Mein Kya Hain , Dil Mein Hain Tu Hi Tu Hain Aarzoo Hain Justju Teri Hi Lab Pe Kya Hain ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Jigri Dost 1969 '' ( Aa Aa Aa Hun Hu Hu Hu ... ) `` Dil Mein Rahete Ho Parda Uthaao Saamne Aao ( Duet Shamshad Begum - Ghulam Mohammed / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Paak Daman 1957 '' `` Dil Mein Teri Yaad Sanam Lab Pe Tera Naam Tere Siwa Mujh Ko Kisi Aur Se Kya Kaam ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Hemant Kumar / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Bin Badal Barsaat 1963 '' `` Dil Mera Aaj Kho Gaya Hai Kahin Aap Ke Pao Ke Neeche To Nahin ( Solo - Ravi / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Door Ki Awaz 1964 '' `` Dil Mera Le Gayi Laal Batway Mein Hoy Dil Mera Le Gayi Laal Batway Mein ( Solo - C. RamChandra / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Rootha Na Karo 1970 '' `` Dil Mera Naache Thunak Thunak ( Multi Suman Kalyanpur and Seeta Agarwal - Sardar Malik / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Mera Ghar Mere Bachche 1960 '' `` Dil Mera Tumhari Adayein Le Gayi ( Solo - Ravi / Rajendra Krishan ) - Gauri 1968 '' `` Dil Mujh Ko Jalaata Hain ( Duet Shamshad Begum - Hanuman Prasad / Hanuman Prasad ) - Rasili 1946 '' `` Dil Ne Ae Ae Pyar Kiya Hai Ek Bewafa Se Pachhata Rahe Hain ( Piano - Ganesh ) - Shararat 1972 '' `` Dil Ne Dil Ko Pukara ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Do Raaste 1969 '' `` Dil Ne Phir Yaad Kiya Barf Si Lahar Aayi Hain ( Multi Mukesh and Suman Kalyanpur - Sonik - Omi / G.L. Rawal ) - Dil Ne Phir Yaad Kiya 1966 '' `` Dil Ne Pyar Kiya Hain Ek Bewafaa Se ( Piano Waltz Solo - Ganesh / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Shararat 1972 and Mohammed Rafi Collection Vol. 1 * * * * '' `` Dil Paltiyo Palti Ghadi ( Solo - Vasant Desai / Bharat Vyas ) - Samrat Prithviraj Chauhan 1959 '' `` Dil Pukare Aa Re Aa Re Abhi Na Jaa Mere Saathi ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - S.D. Burman / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Jewel Thief 1967 '' ( OOOOOO ... ) `` Dil Pukare Aana , Naa Tadpana , Main Tera Diwana , Jaise Ke Parwana ( Swing Duet Asha Bhosle - Nisar Bazmi / Saba Afghani ) - Halla Gulla 1954 '' ( OOOOOO ... ) `` Dil Se Dil Takara Lo Apna Koyi Bana Lo ( Multi Omi and Asha Bhosle - Sonik - Omi ) - Shahi Lutera 1976 '' `` Dil Se Dil Takraye Phir Dono Ghabaraye Sabra Ki Dori Tut Gayi To Love Marriage Kar Laye ( Duet Geeta Dutt - Shankar - Jaikishan / Shailendra ) - Love Mariage 1959 '' `` Dil Tadpe Tadpaye Jinke Milan Ko Tarse Woh To Na Aaye Mausam Aaye Jaye ( Solo - Salil Chowdhury / Shailendra ) - Poonam Ki Raat 1965 '' `` Dil Tera Diwana Hain Sanam ( Multi Lata Mangeshkar and Shammi Kapoor - Shankar - Jaikishan / Shailendra ) - Dil Tera Diwana 1962 '' ( Meena ... Bijali Gira Ke Aap Kuch Bijli Se Dar Gaye ... ) `` Dil Tham Chale Hum Aaj Kidhar ( Solo - Iqbal Qureshi / Rajendra Krishan ) - Love In Simla 1960 '' `` Dil To Dil Hain Dil To Dil Hain , Kisi Din Machal Jayega , Chahe Haan Kahiye , Chahe Naa Kahiye ( Solo - Kalyanji - Anandji / Anjaan ) - Kab Kyun Aur Kahan ? 1970 '' `` Dil To Hain Diwana Na ( Duet Asha Bhosle - S.D. Burman / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Manzil 1960 '' `` Dil To Kisi Ko Doge , Kisi Ke Aakhir Hoge , Ek Nazar Bhi Idhar To Daalo , Hum Kya Boore Hain ( Solo - Ravi / Prem Dhawan ) - Ek Saal 1957 '' `` Dil To Pehle Se Madhosh Hai ( Duet Asha Bhosle - O.P. Nayyar / Shewan Rizvi ) - Baharein Phir Bhi Aayengi 1966 '' `` Dil Tod Ne Wale Aaja Re ( Solo - Shanti Kumar Desai / Madhur ) - Tere Dwar Khade Bhagwan 1964 '' `` Dil Tod Ne Wale , Tujhe Dil Dhoondh Raha Hain , Tujhe Dil Dhoondh Raha Hain , Aawaz De Tu Kaun Si Nagari Mein Chupa Hain Dil Tod Ne Wale ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Naushad Ali / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Son Of India 1962 '' `` Dil Toota Aur Armaan Toote ( Solo - Hansraj Behl - Azeez Khan / Mulkraj Bhakti ) - Roomal 1949 '' `` Dil Tu Bhi Gaa , Pyar Mein , Muskura , ... Dil , Tu Bhi Gaa , Pyar Mein , Muskura Aa Aa Aa , ... Sapne Mein Jo Aate Hain Aksar , Mehfil Mein Un Ko Bula Lu Lu La , Kal , Jo Hua , So Hua , Bhool Ja Aa Aa Aa , Sapne Mein Jo Aate Hain Aksar Mehfil Mein Un Ko Bula Lu Lu La ( Outdoor - Shankar - Jaikishan / Shailendra ) - Humrahi 1963 '' `` Dil Tum Ko De Diya Jaan - E-Jigar Kanhin Fenk Na De Dena Idhar Udhar ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Ravi / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Pyar Kiya To Darna Kya 1963 '' `` Dil Use Do Jo Jaan De De Jaan Us Se Do Jo Dil De De ( New Year Games Duet Asha Bhosle - Shankar - Jaikishan / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Andaz II 1971 '' ( La Lu Lu La ... La Lu Lu La ... ) `` Dil Vil Pyar Vyar ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Shagird 1967 '' `` Dil Wale Ab Teri Gali Tak Aa ( Duet Asha Bhosle - S.D. Burman / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Kala Pani 1958 '' ( O Chhupnewale Ab Teri Chilman Ki Khair Ho ... ) `` Dil Wale Bhala , Kar Bhala ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Nisar Bazmi - Chik Choklet / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Kar Bhala 1956 '' `` Dil Zakhmon Se Choor ( Duet Geeta Roy - Husnlal - Bhagatram - Hansraj Behl / Sarshar Sailani ) - Aadhi Raat 1950 '' `` Dilbar Dilbar Ho Dilbar Hai Ya Habi Ho Dilbar Tera Shabab Woo Woo Aankhen Sharab Woo Woo Tera Shabab Woo Woo Aankhen Sharab Woo Woo Diwana Tera Hoon Ek Jaam Pila De ( Twist Solo - Usha Khanna / Rajendra Krishan ) - Aao Pyar Karen I 1964 '' ( Wyaay ~ a ( Scream ) ... ) `` Dilbar Dilbar Kehte ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Kalyanji - Anandji / Qamar Jalalabadi ) - Haseena Maan Jayegi 1968 '' `` Dilbar Dilbar Kehte Kehte Hua Diwana Ankh Meri Chhan Kar Dekho ( Twist Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Kalyanji - Anandji / Qamar Jalalabadi ) - Haseena Maan Jayegi 1968 '' `` Dilbar Pe Ho Na Kaabu ( Solo - Ravi / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Pehli Raat 1959 '' `` Dilbara Jab Tera Naam Liya ( Multi Mukesh , Lata Mangeshkar and Usha Mangeshkar - Iqbal Qureshi / Akhtar Warsi ) - Banarsi Thug 1962 '' `` Dildaar Humare Dil Ko Tum ( Multi Kishore Kumar and Anuradha Paudwal - Bappi Lahiri / Gauhar Kanpuri ) - Sangraam 1976 '' `` Dildaar Milenge Kahin Na Kahin ( Duet Manna Dey - Lala Asar Sattar / Farooq Qaiser ) - Watan Se Door 1968 '' `` Dilli Wale Sahab Ghazab Kar Dala Re ( Duet Binpani Mukherjee - Hansraj Behl / Pandit Indra ) - Bhikhari 1949 '' `` Dilli Wale Sahab Ghazab Kar Dala Re ( Duet Binpani Mukherjee - Hansraj Behl / Pandit Indra ) - Satyanarayan 1948 '' `` Dilruba Dil Pe Tu Yeh Sitam Kiye Jaa Kiye Jaa Hum Bhi To Aag Mein Jalte Rahe Pyar Ke Sholon Pe Chalte Rahe Ho Ho Ho ~ o ~ o ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Shankar - Jaikishan / Shailendra ) - RajKumar 1964 '' ( Slapping ) Un Un Un ... `` Dilruba Main Ne Tere Pyar Mein Kya Kya Na Kiya Dil Diya Dard Liya Kabhi Phoolo Mein Gujari Kabhi Kaaton Mein Jiya ( Solo - Naushad Ali / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Dil Diya Dard Liya 1966 '' `` Dilruba Meri Neeta ( Duet Unknown - Usha Khanna / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Dil Deke Dekho 1959 '' ( Kaun Yeh Aaya Mehfil Bijli Si Chamki Dil Mein Ujala Mukhda Kala Dil Hont Gulabi Jaise Dil Rang - e-badan Tauba Tauba Tu Na Mili To Kya Hoga Haye O ... ) `` Dilruba Sun Tujh Pe Mera Dil Nisaar Hain ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Baldev Nath Bali / Raja mehdi Ali Khan ) - Mastani 1955 '' `` Dilwaale Karte Hain Ghulami ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Shyamji Ghanshyamji / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Harfan Maula 1976 '' `` Dilwaalon Ki Toli Nikali ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Chitragupa / Kafil Azar ) - Mohammed Rafi : The Last Songs '' ( see note under `` Dekho Ji Wada Karo ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Chitragupa / Kafil Azar ) - Mohammed Rafi : The Last Songs '' ) `` Dilwaalon Se Pyar Kar Lo ( Multi Asha Bhosle and Usha Timothy - Kalyanji - Anandji / Verma Malik ) - Zoro 1975 '' `` Din Bure Hote Hain ( Solo - G.S. Kohli / Anjaan ) - Sangdil 1967 '' `` Din Dhal Jayein Haaye Raat Na Jaay Tu To Na Aaye Teri Yaad Sataay ( Solo - S.D. Burman / Shailendra ) - Guide 1965 and Mohammed Rafi Collection Vol. 3 and 6 * * * * '' ( Aa Aa Aa ... ) `` Din Ho Ya Raat Hum Rahe Tere Saath Yeh Humari Marzi , Din Ho Ya Raat Hum Rahe Tere Saath Yeh Humari Marzi , Tumhari Marzi , Ji Humari Marzi , Tumhari To Humari Bhi Yehi Hain Marz , i Din Ho Ya Raat Hum Rahe Tere Saath Yeh Humari Marzi ( Duet Suman Hemadi Kalyanpur - Hansraj Behl / Prem Dhawan ) - Miss Bombay 1957 '' ( OOOOOO ... ) `` Din Jawani Ke Chaar , Yaar Pyaar Kiye Jaa , Kahaan Baar - Baar Aataa Hain , Dil Deewana Ik Baar , Yaar Pyaar Kiye Ja ( Solo - Laxmikant - Pyarelal ) - Pyar Kiye Ja 1966 '' `` Din Pyar Ke Aaye Re ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Husnlal - Bhagatram / Qamar Jalalabadi ) - Aansoo 1953 '' `` Din Sara Guzara Tore Angana Ab Jaane De Mujhe More Sajana ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Shankar - Jaikishan / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Junglee 1961 '' `` Divso Judaina Jaay Chhe ( Gujarati Solo - Purushottam Upadhyay / Gani Dahinwala ) - Ghazal Ane Geeto ( Gujarati ) * * * * '' `` Diwana Aadmi Ko Banati Hain Rotiyaan , Diwana Aadmi Ko Banati Hain Rotiyaan , Khud Naachti Hain Sab Ko Nachaati Hain Rotiyaan , Diwana Aadmi Ko Banati Hain Rotiyaan ( Solo - Chitragupt / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Kali Topi Lal Rumal 1959 '' `` Diwana Hoon Diwana Ae Mahe Laqaab Bura Na Mano Meri Inn Baton Ka Ye Husne Husane Ki adat hai ( Solo - Iqbal Qureshi / M.A. Taj ) - Sarhadi Lutera 1966 '' `` Diwana Hua Badal Sawan Ki Ghata Chhayi ( Duet Asha Bhosle - O.P. Nayyar / Shamshul Huda Bihari ) - Kashmir Ki Kali 1964 '' ( O Ho Ho O Ho Ho Aa Ha Ha Hun Hun Hun Aa Ha Ha Yeh Dekh Ke Dil Jhumma Li Pyar ne Angdai ... ) `` Diwana Keh Ke Aaj Phir Mujhe Pukariyein ( Solo - Ravi / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Mulzim 1963 '' `` Diwana Sayano Ko Diwana Bana Gaya ( Multi Asha Bhosle and Usha Mangeshkar - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Khazana 1987 '' `` Diwane Ko Kuch Aaj Paana To Hai ... Badi Door Se Chal Kar Aaye Hain ( Qawali Aziz Nazan Qawwal - Rajesh Roshan ) - Jay - Vejay 1977 '' `` Diya Jale Chamke Taara ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Jamal Sen / Ehsan Rizvi ) - Rangeela 1953 '' `` Diya Yeh Dil Agar Usko Bashar Hain Kya Kahiye ( Urdu Ghazal Solo - Taj Ahmad Khan / Mirza Ghalib ) - The Golden Moments / Kitni Rahat Hain 1999 '' `` Diye Ja Maula Ke Naam ( Prayer Asha Bhosle - Ghani or Dhani Ram ) - Shahi Bazar 1957 '' ( Ae Khuda Tere Sahare Jee Rahe Hain Bande Tumhare ... ) `` Do Akalmand Huye Fikarmand Ab Soch Rahe Kya Karna Hain Dilbar Jaane ( Duet Kishore Kumar - O.P. Nayyar / Aziz Kashmiri ) - Akalmand I 1966 '' `` Do Chahne Walon Ki ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Ladies Tailor 1981 '' `` Do Char Din Pyar Se Gujar Diya Jay ( Paheli Qawali in Chaittsgarhi Dialact Duet Shamshad Begum - C. RamChandra / B.A. Moti ) - Nadiya Ke Paar 1949 '' ( Nanhi Si Jaan Mein Hain Jawani Ka Sitam Kyun ... ) `` Do Dil Jab Milte Hain Sajna ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Kalyanji - Anandji / M.G. Hashmat ) - Do Musafir 1978 '' `` Do Din Ginti Ke Umariya Beeti Jaayein ( Solo - Govind Ram / Deena Nath Madhok ) - Do Dil 1947 '' `` Do Din Ki Zindagi Hain ( Solo - Prem / Preetam Dehlvi ) - Zimbo Ki Beti 1959 '' `` Do Din Ki Zindagi Hain Ek Baar Muskurao ( Multi G. M Durrani and Shamshad Begum - Ghulam Mohammed / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Ajeeb Ladki 1952 '' `` Do Diwane Aaye Ek Tamash Laye ... Bas Dekhnewalon Jawani Ke Gun Gao ( Business Duet Asha Bhosle - Naushad Ali / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Tangewala 1972 '' ( Aao Aao Aao Aao Are Aao Aao Are Aao Aao Aao Aao ... ) `` Do Do Aane Chaaku , Char Aane Kataari ( Duet Geeta Dutt - Chitragupt / Anjum Jaipuri ) - Raj Singhsan 1958 '' `` Do Do Haath Aa Aa Aa Do Do Paon Aa Aa Aa Do Do Haath Do Do Paon Aa Aa Aa Kaam Karega Inn Charon Se Use Milegi Thundi Chhao ( Teamwork Solo - Madan Mohan Kohli / Rajendra Krishan ) - Sharabi 1964 '' ( Haiya Haiya Haiya ... ) `` Do Ekam Do , Do Duni Chaar , Thoda Thoda De De , Mere Dil Ko Karaar ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Usha Khanna / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Dil Deke Dekho 1959 '' ( Rock Rock Rock Baby Rock ... ) `` Do Ghadi Baitho Tumhara Roop Aankhon Mein Basa Loo ( Geet - A. Razak , Shankar Shambhu , Nisar Bazmi ) - Rafi - Geets and Ghazals 2003 '' `` Do Ghadi Woh Jo Paas Aa Baithe ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Madan Mohan Kohli / Rajendra Krishan ) - Gateway Of India 1957 '' `` Do Ghadi , Zara Chain Se , Jine Mujhe , Humraaz Do , Ho Sake To , Pyar Se , Mujhe Phir Wohin Awaz Do , Mujhe Phir Wohin Awaz Do , Awaz Do , Awaz Do , Awaz Do ( Solo - Robin Banerjee ) - Raaz Ki Baat 1970 '' `` Do Ghoont Main Ne Pee ( Solo - Madan Mohan Kohli / Rajendra Krishan ) - Sanjog 1961 '' `` Do Jasoos ( Duet Friendship Mukesh - Ravindra Jain / Hasrat Jaipuri - Ravindra Jain ) - Do Jasoos 1975 '' `` Do Kadam Aur ( Solo - S. Mohinder / Indeevar ) - Khoobsurat Dhokha 1959 '' `` Do Sitaron Ka Zameen Par Hain Milan Aaj Ki Raat ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Naushad Ali ) - Kohinoor 1960 '' ( Hun Hun Hun ... Aa Aa Aa ... ) `` Do Vidaa Do Pran MujhKo ( Solo - Datta Davjekar / Mahipal ) - Adalat I 1948 '' `` Dog Mog Doli ( Bhojpuri Asha Bhosle - Chitra Gupta ) - Nautanki 1980 '' ( Goriya ... Roop Na Samay ... ) `` Dol Gayi Dharti Ki Kayaa Suno Seeta Ki Kahani Ki Wah Mahalo Ki Rani ( Duet Anya Swar - Salil Chowdhury ) - Biraaj Bahu 1954 '' `` Doli , Ho Doli , Ho Doli Doli , Ho Doli , ... Jab Jab Gujri Tu Iss Dagar Se Bichada Koi Humjoli , Doli Ho Doli ( Bidai - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Rajput 1982 '' `` Dono Ne Kiya Tha Pyar Magar Mujhe Yaad Raha Tu Bhool Gayi ( Solo - Sonik - Omi / Qamar Jalalabadi ) - Mahua 1969 '' `` Doobi Naiyya Aa Ke Kinare ( Solo - Shaukat Hussain Dehlvi / Shewan Rizvi ) - Jeene Do 1948 '' `` Doobte Huye Dil Ko Tinke Ka Sahara Bhi Nahin Kin Isharon Par Jiyun Koi Ishara Bhi Nahin ( Solo - Shankar - Jaikishan / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Kahin Aur Chal 1968 '' `` Door Desh Ka Raja ( Duet Geeta Roy - Chitragupt / Anjum Jaipuri ) - Veer Babruwahan 1950 '' `` Door Hain Woh Anchal Jo Ponche Tere Aansoo , So Ja So Ja ( Father - To - Munni Lori Solo - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Wapas 1969 '' `` Door Hui Deepak Se Baati ( Solo - P. Nageshwar Rao / Saraswati Kumar Deepak ) - Chakravarty Vikramaditya 1964 '' `` Door Kahin Tu Chal , Dil Raha Hai Machal , Pyar Ki Rah Mein ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Kalyanji Veerji Shah / Bharat Vyas ) - Bedard Zamana Kya Jane 1959 '' `` Door Koi Gaaye Dhoon Yeh Sunaye Tere Bin Chhaliya Re Baaje Na Muraliya Re ( Janmashthami Lata Mangeshkar and Shamshad Begum - Naushad Ali ) - Baiju Bawra 1952 '' ( Baiju Bawra songs established Rafi as the number one male playback singer of that era . Originally , Talat Mahmood was to sing for this film , but Naushad Ali changed his mind and used Mohammed Rafi for this film . The film was Golden Jubilee Hit and also established newcomer as Tragic Hero similar to Meena Kumari . Originally Dilip Kumar and Nargis were to act for this Film . ) `` Door Rah Kar Na Karo Baat Kareeb Aa Jaao ( Solo - Ravi / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Amaanat I 1975 '' `` Door Se Ek Pardesi Aaya , Poochho Kya Kya Laya 1 ( Solo - Husnlal - Bhagatram / Rajendra Krishan - Gulshan Jalalbadi ) - Surajmukhi 1950 '' `` Door Se Tera Deewana Aaya Hain Ruk Jaa Na ( Duet Asha Bhosle - R.D. Burman / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Raaton Ka Raja 1970 '' `` Dori Pyar Ki Na Toote ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Shyamji Ghanshyamji / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Harfan Maula 1976 '' `` Dost Ban Ke Aaye Ho ( Duet Usha Khanna - Usha Khanna / Asad Bhopali ) - Bin Phere Hum Tere 1979 '' `` Doston Mein Koi Baat Chal Jati Hain ( Solo - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Prem Kahani 1975 '' `` Doud Dhoop , Doud Dhoop , Doud Dhoop ( Solo - S. Naresh - Hansraj Behl / Jeevan Kushwah ) - Doud Dhoop 1983 '' ( Woh Jeena Kis Kaam , Jo Kat Jaye Aaram Se , Char Chand Lag Jaate Is Mein , Doud Dhoop Ke Naam Se ) `` Dua Hain Yehi Taazdar Madina Ki Dekhe ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Allah Rakha Qureshi / Raja Mehdi Ali Khan ) - Shaan - E-Haatim 1958 '' `` Dukh Bhanjan Tera Naam ( Punjabi Prayer Solo - S. Mohinder / Shabad Gurbani ) - Shabad Devotional Songs * * * * '' `` Dukh Bhare Din Beete Re Bhaiya Rang Jivan Mein Naya Layo Re ( Multi Manna Dey , Asha Bhosle and Shamshad Begum - Naushad Ali / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Mother India 1957 '' `` Dukh Jo Diye Hain Duniya Ne Main Janu Ya Tu Jane , Uparwala Kya Jane , Main Janu Ya Tu Jane ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - N. Dutta aka Datta Naik / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Naach Ghar 1959 '' `` Dukh Sukh Dono Tan Ke Kapde ... Tujhe Kyun Samajh Na Aaye ( Solo - Sonik - Omi / Inderjeet Singh Tulsi ) - Bhakti Mein Shakti 1978 '' `` Dulhan Marwad Ki Aayi Chum Chum ( Dulha - Dulhan Dandiya Duet Asha Bhosle - Madan Mohan Kohli / Raja Mehdi Ali Khan ) - Anpadh I 1962 '' `` Dum Todte Hain Armaan Roti Hain Hasratein ( Solo - Husnlal Bagatram / Mulkraj Bhakri ) - Shagan 1951 '' `` Duniya Ameeron Ki ( New Year - Shankar as Suraj of Shankar - Jaikishan ) - Street Singer 1966 '' `` Duniya Badal Gayi ( Duet Shamshad Begum - Chitragupt / Bharat Vyas ) - Hamara Ghar 1950 '' ( O Teri Tirchi Nazar , Teri Patli Kamar , Lehrake Blkhake , Hum Pe Jadoo Kar Gayi , Haan Aakhonka Kasoor Chhori , Dil Pe Chal Gayi , O Meri Tirchi Nazar , Meri Patli Kamar , Main Kya Janu Haaye , Kaise Dil Pe Jadoo Kar Gayi , ... ) `` Duniya Chhoote , Yaar Na Chhoote , Duniya Choote , Yaar Na Choote , Jaan Se Badhakar , Yaari Hain , Dil Ke Dharam - Kaante Par Dekha , Pyar Ka Palla , Bhari Hain , Duniya Chhoote , Yaar Na Chhoote 1 ( Horse - Cart Duet Bhupinder Singh - Naushad Ali / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Dharam Kanta 1982 '' `` Duniya Door Se Duniya Door Se Suhani Duniya Door Se , Duniya Door Se Duniya Door Se Suhani Duniya Door Se , Der Ka Sagar Hain Yeh Pagle Iss Mein Kahaan Hain Paani ( Prayer Solo - Ram Nath / ) - Aadmi 1957 '' ( Radhe Shyam , Radhe Shyam , Radhe Shyam , ... Radhe Shyam , Radhe Shyam , Radhe Shyam , Radhe Shyam , Radhe Shyam , Radhe Shyam Radhe Shyam , Radhe Shyam , ... ) `` Duniya Ek Adalat Hain ... Hum Jhooth Bolte Hain Mante Hain 1 ( Duet Kishore Kumar - Laxmikant - Pyarelal ) - Imaan Dharam 1977 '' `` Duniya Ek Adalat Hain ... Hum Jhooth Bolte Hain Mante Hain 2 ( Duet Kishore Kumar - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Imaan Dharam 1977 '' `` Duniya Ek Kahani Re Bhaiyaa , Duniya Ek Kahani , Tu Ne Kah Do ( Solo - Husnlal - Bhagatram / Saraswati Kumar Deepak ) - Afsana I 1951 '' `` Duniya Hain Aisi Chaalbaaz ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Chitragupt / Prem Dhawan ) - Chaalbaaz 1958 '' `` Duniya Hain Badi Zaalim ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Nashad Ali / Indeevar ) - Hathkadi 1958 '' ( Nashad Ali was also known as Shaukat Ali , Shaukat Haidari , Shaukat Dehlvi , Shaukat Husain and Shaukat Husain Haidari . ) `` Duniya Hain Barbaad Dil Ki , Duniya Hain Barbaad , Barbaad , Duniya Hain Barbaad Dil Ki , Duniya Hain Barbaad , Barbaad ... Aa Aa Aa ... Meena Bazar Mela , Meena Bazar Mela ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Husnlal - Bhagatram / Qamar Jalalabadi ) - Meena Bazaar 1950 '' `` Duniya Hain Isi Ka Naam ( Solo - Naushad Ali / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Sohni Mahiwal 1958 '' `` Duniya Hain Isi Ka Naam Kahin Shadi Kahin Barbadi ( Bidai - Naushad Ali / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Sohni Mahiwal 1958 '' `` Duniya Hain Ye Gorakh - Dhandha ( Multi Satish and Rajkumari - Premnath / Manohar Khanna ) - Alakh Niranjan I 1950 '' `` Duniya Jawan Hain Dil Mehrbaan Hain ( Duet Gandhari - Ghulam Mohammad / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Rail Ka Dibba 1953 '' `` Duniya Jaye Bhaad Mein Mujhe Kya Padi ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Verma Malik ) - Kartavya 1979 '' `` Duniya Ke Bazar Mein Bhaiyaa , Chalta Khota Maal , Bade Bade Gunwale Dekho , Phire Yahan Kangal ( Duet Kishore Kumar - O.P. Nayyar / Jan Nisar Akhtar ) - Naya Andaz 1956 '' `` Duniya Ke Har Dhamaal Mein , Paisa Kamaal Hain ... Daulat Agar Ho Paas To Duniya Kharid Lo ( Qawali Duet Bulbul Kanpuri - M.S. Vishwanathan - T.K. Rammoorthy - Madan Mohan Kohli / Rajendra Krishan ) - Naya Aadmi 1956 '' `` Duniya Ke Sare Ghamon Se Begaana ( Solo - Madan Mohan Kohli / Rajendra Krishan ) - Mastana 1954 '' `` Duniya Ki Haalat Naram Naram ( Solo - Ghulam Mohammad / Raja Mehdi Ali Khan ) - Guzara 1954 '' `` Duniya Ki Kitabon Se Ek Din ( Solo - Shankar - Jaikishan / Shailendra ) - Jwala 1970 '' `` Duniya Ki Nazar Buri ( Duet Geeta Dutt - Roshan Lal / Prem Dhawan ) - Agra Road 1957 '' `` Duniya Ki Tijori Mein Dhedh Sara Maal Jo Chahe Dikhayein Haathon Ka Kamal ( Qawali Children Solo - Basu - Manohari / Nida Fazil ) - Kanhaiyaa 1980 '' `` Duniya Mein Aaya Hain To ( Solo - N. Dutta aka Datta Naik / Rajendra Krishan ) - Mere Apne Mere Sapne 1963 '' `` Duniya Mein Baadshah Hain , So Hain , Woh Bhi Aadmi ( Solo - Husnlal - Bhagatram / J. Nakhshab ) - Mr. Chakram 1956 '' `` Duniya Mein Dil Wale Honge Hazaron Phir Bhi Humari Wafa Dilruba Yaad Karoge ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Pyasi Shaam 1969 '' `` Duniya Mein Hain Bande Pyar Daulat Ke ( Solo - Bulo C. Rani / Pandit Chand - J.B.H. Wadia ) - Husn Ka Chor 1953 '' `` Duniya Mein Jo Baadshah Hain ( Duet Bande Hasan - Hemant Kumar / Rajendra Krishan ) - Duniya Jhukti Hain 1960 '' `` Duniya Mein Mere Aaj Andhera Hi Andhera ( Solo - S.D. Burman / Raja Mehdi Ali Khan ) - Do Bhai 1947 '' `` Duniya Mein Nahin Koi Yaar Wafadar , Zamana Sach Kehta Hain ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Ghulam Mohammed / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Amber 1952 '' ( Rafi Sings for Raj Kapoor ) `` Duniya Mein Paise Bina Kaise Hum Jiyenge ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - R.D. Burman / Anand Bakshi ) - Phandebaaz 1978 '' `` Duniya Mein Sab Kuch Paisa Hain , Sab Paise Hi Ka Jalwa Hain , Tujhe Bhi Ulfat Paise Se , Yanhin To Sara Lafada Hain ( Swing Geeta Dutt - Shri Nath Tripathi ) - Khuda Ka Banda 1957 '' ( Jab Bhi Tu Paise Ke Ho Jaaye , Aa Aa Aa Mohabbat Us Ko Kehte Hain , Bina Paise Ki Ulfat Ho To , Lanat Us Ko Kehte Hain ... ) `` Duniya Mein Ujala Hain Tum Se ( Duet S. Balbir - S. Mohinder / Saba Rampuri ) - Zarak Khan 1963 '' `` Duniya Na Bhaaye Mohe Ab To BulAa Le Charano Mein Charano Mein ( Prayer Solo - Shankar - Jaikishan / Shailendra ) - Basant Bahar 1956 and Tere Bharose Nandlal 1991 '' ( Aa Aa Aa ... ) `` Duniya Ne Mujh Ko Hain ( Solo - Kalyanji - Anandji / Verma Malik ) - Naalayak 1978 '' `` Duniya Pagal Hain Ya Phir Main Deewana Mujh Ko Chahati Hain Zulfon Mein Uljhana ( Twist solo - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Shagird 1967 and Mohammed Rafi Collection Vol. 6 * * * * '' ( Ha Ha Ha ( Laugh ) ... ) `` Duniya Pagalon Ka Bazar 1 ( Multi Shyam Kumar and Satish Batra - Madan Mohan Kohli / Rajendra Krishan ) - Chacha Chowdhary 1953 '' ( Duniya a Duniya Ye Duniya Toofan Mail ... ) `` Duniya Pagalon Ka Bazar 2 ( Multi Shyam Kumar and Satish Batra - Madan Mohan Kohli / Rajendra Krishan ) - Chacha Chowdhary 1953 '' `` Duniya Pakki Four Twenty ( Duet Asha Bhosle - O.P. Nayyar / Qamar Jalalabadi ) - Basant 1960 '' `` Duniya Sharabi Kaun Nahi Peeta ( Solo - Naushad Ali / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Tangewala 1972 '' `` Duniya Us Ki Sunti Hain ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Ravi / Prem Dhawan ) - Dus Lakh 1966 '' ( La LuLa Lula Lu lu lu laa O Du Du Du Ni Ni Ni O Ya Ya Ya Duniya ... ) `` Duniya Walon Hosh Sambhalo ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - C. Ramchandra / Raja Mehdi Ali Khan ) - Ustad Pedro 1951 '' `` Duniya Walon Mujhe Batao Kya Hain Sachcha Pyar ( Solo - Husnlal - Bhagatram / Qamar Jalalabadi ) - Balam 1949 '' `` Duniya Yeh Kehti Hain Meri Kismat Mein Likhi ( Car Duet Suman Kalyanpur - Hansraj Behl / Qamar Jalalabadi ) - Miss Bombay 1957 '' ( OOOOOO ... ) `` Duniya Yehi Duniya Hain To Duniya Ko Jala Do ( Duet Manna Dey - Shankar - Jaikishan ) - Rivaaj 1972 '' `` Dupatta Odhe Nikali Bahara , Dekho Yaara , Yeh Gulbadani , Dupatta Odhe Nikali Bahara , Dekho Yaara , Yeh Gulbadani , Jab Thami Ungali Mehandi Wali Chupke Dil Mein Haara , Dekho Yaara Yeh Gulbadani , Duppatta Odhe Nikali Bahara , Dekho Yaara , Yaa Gulbadani ( Solo - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Dillagi 1966 '' ( Whistling ... ) `` Dur Reh Kar Na Karo Baat ( Solo - Ravi / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Amaanat 1975 '' `` Dus Na Jaayein Tujh Ko Zulfein Kaaliyan ( Solo - Allah Rakha Qureshi / Tanveer Naqvi ) - Malika 1947 '' `` Dushman E Dil Kahoon ( Solo - Usha Khanna / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Murder In Circus 1971 '' `` Dushman Hain Ye Duniya Do Dil Ki Rone Bhi Na De Husne Bhi Na De ( Solo - Chitragupt ) - Hamari Shaan 1951 '' `` Dushman Hain Zamana ( Duet Mehmood - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Pathar Ke Sanam 1967 '' `` Dushmanon Saavdhan ( Patriotic Duet Hemant Kumar - Salil Chowdhary / Kavi Pradeep ) - Netaji Subhaschandra Bose 1966 '' `` Dusron Ke Waaste Jo Khilta Hain Jaan Par ( Solo - Shri Nath Tripathi ) - Hatimtai 1956 '' `` Dwaapar Yug Mein ( Solo - Shri Nath Tripathi / B.D. Mishra ) - Vishnu Puraan 1973 '' ( 78 ) `` Ek Jaanib Shamme - Mehfil ( Duet Manna Dey - R.D. Burman / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Abhilasha 1968 '' `` Ek Matwala Aaj Chala Apni Manzil Ko ( Solo - Madan Mohan / Raja Mehdi Ali Khan ) - Aap Ki Parchhaiyan 1964 '' `` Ek Nanhi Si Kali Roye ( Solo - Ved Sethi / Naqsh Lyallpuri ) - Aanchal Ke Phool 1968 '' `` Ek Taraf Hai Maan Ki Chhaya ( Solo - Robin Banerjee / Farooq Qaiser ) - Aandhi Aur Toofan 1964 '' `` Ee Se Banti Eemli ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Bipin Datta / Noor Devasi ) - Kya Yeh Bambai Hain 1959 '' `` Eent Ki Dukki Paan Ka Ikka Kahin Joker Kahin Patta ... Suno Ji Yeh Calcutta Hai ( Horse - Cart Card - Game Solo - O.P. Nayyar / Qamar Jalalabadi ) - Howrah Bridge 1958 '' `` Eh Mor Kyon Pehla Paon De ( Punjabi Dilraj Kaur - Chitragupt ) - Mahi Munda 1979 '' `` Ehsaan Mere Dil Pe Tumhara Hain Dosto , Yeh Dil Tumhare Pyar Ka Mara Hain Dosto ( Friendship - Shankar - Jaikishan ) - Gaban 1966 '' `` Ehsaan Tera Hoga Mujh Par Dil Chahta Hain Woh Kehne Do Mujhe Tum Se Mohabbat Ho Gayi Hain Mujhe Palkonki Chhao Pe Rehne Do ( Solo - Shankar - Jaikishan / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Junglee 1961 '' ( Album has two versions of this song . Originally , the Album Supposed to have only the Male version . The director , later decided to add a female version . To do so , the director used Rafi 's track as the dummy track to record Lata Mangeshkar 's version of the song . ) `` Eid Ka Din Tere Bin Hain Pheeka ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Naushad Ali / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Sohni Mahiwal 1958 '' `` Eid Ke Din Gale Mil Le Raja ( Eid Manna Dey and Krishna Kalle - Laxmikant Pyarelal ) - Teesri Aankh 1982 '' ( Yeh Yajmann Mubarak Ho Yeh Umeed Mubarak Ho Sab Ko Eid Mubarak Ho ... ) `` Ek Baar Azma Lai Mantar Santa Da ( Punjabi Asha Bhosle - Unknown ) - Sajjan Thug * * * * '' `` Ek Baar Hum Se Pyar Kar Ke Dekh Lo ( Solo - Vinod / Pandit Indra ) - Sheikh Chilli 1956 '' `` Ek Baar Rakh De Kadam Zara Jhoom Ke ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - R.D. Burman ) - Mela 1971 '' `` Ek Baar Unhe Mila De Phir Meri Tauba Maula ( Qawali Type Duet Shaym Ji - Naushad Ali / Nazim Panipat or D.N. Madhok ) - Pehle Aap 1944 '' `` Ek Baat Hain Kehne Ki ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Chitragupt / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Samson 1964 '' `` Ek Baat Poochhoon Poochho Dil Ki Baat Poochchoon Haan Poochho Dil Ki Hain Yeh Baat Kate Din Raat Tuhare Saath Bolo Bolo Kya Khayal Hain ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Kalyanji - Anandji ) - Kath Putli 1971 '' `` Ek Banjaara Gaaye Jeevan ( Solo - Laxmikant Pyarelal ) - Jeene Ki Raah 1969 '' `` Ek Bechara Haa Pyar Ka Mara Haa Rahon Se Teri Dekh Pada Hain ( Solo - R.D. Burman ) - Waris 1969 '' ( Saahilla ... Yaara Yah Harrah Yaara Yah Harrah Lalala Haa ... ) `` Ek But ( Statue ) Banaoonga Tera Aur Pooja Karoonga Are Mar Jaoonga Pyar Agar Main Dooja Karoonga ( Solo - Shankar - Jaikishan / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Asli Naqli I 1962 '' `` Ek Chai Pyali Ek Chai Banane Wali ( Solo - Iqbal Qureshi / Ha Rahabar ) - Zamana Badal Gaya 1961 '' `` Ek Chameli Ke Mandve Tale ... Do Badan Pyar Ki Aag Mein Jal Gaye ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Iqbal Qureshi / MakhDoom Mohiuddin ) - Cha Cha Cha 1964 '' ( Hun Hun Hun ... Aa Aa Aa ... ) `` Ek Chhatri Aur Hum Hain Do Ab Kya Ho Kuchch To Karo Bhigne Do Zara Bhigne Do Pyar Se Kore Man Ko Pani Se Gore Tan Ko ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Sonik Omi / Verma Malik ) - Maan Gaye Ustaad 1981 '' `` Ek Daal Par Tota Bole Ek Daal Par Maina Dur Dur Baithe Hain Lekin Pyar To Phir Bhi Hain Na ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Ravindra Jain ) - Chor Machaye Shor 1973 '' `` Ek Dil Humarein Paas Hain , Neelaam Karega Phir Apne Ghar Mein Baithke Aaraam Karega ( Swing Duet Asha Bhosle - Bipin Babul / Raja Mehdi Ali Khan ) - Chaubees ( 24 ) Ghante 1958 '' `` Ek Dil Ke Tukade Hazar Huye Koi Yahaan Gira Koi Wahaan Gira ( Solo - Husnlal - Bhagatram ) - Pyar Ki Jeet 1948 '' `` Ek Dil Liya Ek Dil Diya ( Duet Geeta Dutt - Chitragupt / Prem Dhawan ) - Daughter Of Sindbad 1958 '' `` Ek Dil Tera Ek Dil Mera ( Solo - Ajit Merchant / Prem Dhawan ) - Challenge 1964 '' `` Ek Din Laila Kis Ko ( Multi S. Balbir , Mirza Musharraf and Mubarak Begum - Ghulam Mohammed / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Paak Daman 1957 '' ( Amma Main Piya Ke Paas Kaise Jaon ... ) `` Ek Do Teen Dil Gayi Chheen ( Solo - S. Mohinder / Raja Mehdi Ali Khan ) - Naya Paisa 1958 '' `` Ek Dukhiya Apne Piya Ko ( Solo - Husnlal - Bhagatram / Unknown ) - Apsara 1961 '' ( May be re-make of song from Bansuriyan 1949 ) `` Ek Ek Ankh Teri Sawa Sawa ( Duet Asha Bhosle - O.P. Nayyar / Raja Mehdi Ali Khan ) - Mitti Mein Sona 1960 '' `` Ek Ek Ek Ek Chai Ki Pyaali Ek Ek Ek Ek Chai Ki Pyaali E-e-e-k Chai Banane Waali ( Parody - Iqbal Qureshi ) - Zamana Badal Gaya 1961 '' `` Ek Ek Tin Ke Par ( Solo - P.D. Sharma / Shamim Jaipuri ) - Baghi Haseena 1965 '' `` Ek Ganga Sab Ko Taare , Ek Jamuna Paar Utaare ... , Aur Teesari Yeh Saraswati Jo Chhupkar Bhi Uddhare ... Sangam Mein Naha Lo Aur Punya Kama Lo ( Solo - Jeetu - Tapan / Vishweshawar Sharma ) - Sampoorna Sant Darshanam 1978 '' `` Ek Ghar Banaoonga ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - S.D. Burman / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Tere Ghar Ke Samne 1963 '' ( Phir Bhi Main ... Phir Bhii Main ... Tere Ghar Ke Samne ... ) `` Ek Haath Mein Talwaar Thi , Baandhe Tha Kamarband , Aji Dil Lene Waale Ho Gaya ( Duet Shamshad Begum - Chitragupt / Gopal Singh Nepali ) - Raj Kanya 1955 '' `` Ek Hain Jharna Ek Hain Nadiya Ek Sagar Gehra Hain Behta Jal Kab Ek Jagah Par Thehra Hain Ek Hain Jharna ( Solo - Hridaynath Mangeshkar ) - Harshchandra Taramati 1970 '' `` Ek Haseen Sham Ko Dil Mera Aa Aa Aa Kho Gaya Pehle Apna , Hua Karta Tha Ab Kisi Ka Ho Gaya ( Outdoor - Madan Mohan Kohli ) - Dulhan Ek Raat Ki 1966 '' `` Ek Hi Baat Zamana Ki Keetabon Mein Nahin ( Kedara Raag Ghazal By Sudarshana Fakir - Taj Ahmed Khan ) - Finest Ghazals * * * * '' `` Ek Janib Shamme Mehfil , Ek Janib Shamme Mehfil , Ek Janib Ruye Jana OOO Girta Hain Dekhe Kahan Parwana Ek Janib Shamme Mehfil ( Duet Manna Dey - R.D. Burman / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Abhilasha 1968 '' ( Aa Aa Aa ... ) `` Ek Jhalak Dikha Gayi Bijaliyan Gira Gayi Pyar Ban Ke Zindagi Mein Koun Muskura Gayi ( Solo - Sardar Malik - Anil Biswas / Bharat Vyas ) - Roop Sundari 1964 '' `` Ek Khoobsurat Ladki Mujhe Raat Ko Mili Thi ... Hun Hun Hun ... Ek Khoobsurat Ladki Mujhe Raat Ko Mili Thi , Ek Khoobsurat Ladki Mujhe Raat Ko Mili Thi , Dil Ki Kali Khili Thi Jab Woh Mili Thi ( Solo - Sapan - Jagmohan / Gauhar Kanpuri ) - Shaadi Se Pahley 1979 '' `` Ek Ladka Ghar Nikal Gaya ( Duet Geeta Dutt - Shankar Lal / Gopal Singh Nepali ) - Khushboo 1954 '' `` Ek Ladki Bholi Bhali Si ( Solo - Madan Mohan Kohli / Rajendra Krishan ) - Chowkidar 1973 '' ( Kahan Chali Ho Ek Sharma Ke Munh Chhupaye Huye Kadam Kadam Pe Qayamat Si Ek Uthaye Huye ... ) `` Ek Ladki Hain Jis Ne Jina Mushkil Kar Diya Woh Tumhi Ho O Najani Woh Tumhi Ho O Mehjabi ( Solo - Shankar - Jaikishan / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Gumnaam 1965 '' `` Ek Lali Ghar Se Chali Tan SawAar Ke Kajara Dal Ke Aapne Sham Ki Kunj Gali ( Janmashthami - Iqbal Qureshi / Bharat Vyas ) - Cha Cha Cha 1964 '' ( Aa Aa Aa ... Mithi Mithi Madhur Madhur Jaise Hi Gunji Taan Kachche DhAage Se Bandh Ke Lo Aaye Kisi Ke DhAam ... ) `` Ek Mahal Ho Sapnon Ka Phoolon Bhara Angan Ho Saath Ho Apnon Ka ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Ravi / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Ek Mahal Ho Sapnon Ka 1975 '' `` Ek Mahal Ma Chum Chum Karti ( Duet Kishore Kumar - Rajesh Roshan ) - Swayamvar 1980 '' `` Ek Main Ek Tu Ek Main Ek Tu I Love You I Love You I love You ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Sonik Omi ) - Shankar Dada 1976 '' `` Ek Main Hoon Ek Tum Ho ( Duet Suman Kalyanpur - Chitragupt / Prem Dhawan ) - Rocket Girl 1962 '' `` Ek Matwala Aaj Chala Apni Manzil Ko Kismat Ne Aasaan Kiya Hain Har Mushkil Ko ( Outdoor Solo - Madan Mohan Kohli / Raja Mehdi Ali Khan ) - Aap Ki Parchchaiyan 1964 '' `` Ek Meri Gali Ka Ladka ( Duet Shamshad begum - Hansraj Behl / Prem Dhawan ) - Milan 1958 '' `` Ek Muddat Se Diwana Dil ( Duet S.D. Batish - S. Mohinder / Tanveer Naqvi ) - Naata 1955 '' `` Ek Musafir Ko Duniya Mein Kya Chahiye Sirf Thodisi Dil Mein Jagah chahiye Baith Jaaoon ( Solo - Ravi / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Door Ki Awaz 1964 '' `` Ek Nanhin Si Kali , Ek Nanhin Si Kali , Roye Daali Ke Liye , Jis Ne Tadapa Diya , Tadape Usi Maali Ke Liye , ... Ek Nanhin Si Kali , Roye Daali Ke Liye , Jis Ne Tadapa Diya , Tadape Usi Maali Ke Liye , ... Jis Ne Tadapa Liya Tadape Usi Maali Ke Liye ( Solo - Ved Sethi / ) - Aanchal Ke Phool 1968 '' `` Ek Nazar Ek Ada ( Solo - Bipin Babul / Vishwamitra Adil ) - Raat Ke Raahi 1959 '' `` Ek Nazar Teri Ek Nazar Meri ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Kalyanji - Anandji / Prem Dhawan ) - Gangu 1962 '' `` Ek Pal Ruk Jaana Sarkar ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Shyam Sundar / Aziz Kashmiri ) - Dholak 1951 '' `` Ek Pardesi Mera Dil le Gaya ( Duet Asha Bhosle - O.P. Nayyar / Qamar Jalalabadi ) - Phagun 1958 '' `` Ek Patthar Dil Ko Main Dil De Baithi Ek Bedardi Ko Main Dil De Baithi Shishe Se Patthar Ko Chiraya Mati Ke Budh Ko Pyar Kar Baithi ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Laxmikant Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Dil Ka Heera 1979 '' `` Ek Pind Do Lachhan ( Punjabi Shamshad Begum - Hansraj Behl ) - Unknown * * * * '' `` Ek Pyar Se Bhare Huye ( Duet Suman Kalynpur - P.D. Sharma / Mohammed Rafi ) - Baghi Haseena 1965 '' `` Ek Pyasa Tujhe Maikhana ( Solo - Ravi / Rajendra Krishan ) - Nazrana 1961 '' ( Album has 2 Diwali Songs ) `` Ek Raja Ki Sunlo Kahani ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Ravi ) - Mehrban 1967 '' `` Ek Rasta Do Rahi ( Duet Kishore Kumar - Laxmikant Pyarelal ) - Ram Balram 1980 '' `` Ek Saathi Mera Bada Purana ( Solo - Chitragupt / Rajendra Krishan ) - Maa Baap 1960 '' `` Ek Sapera Ek Lutera Do Ranga Hain Sajan Mera ( Duet Suman Kalyanpur - Usha Khanna / Asad Bhopali ) - Ek Sapera Ek Lutera 1965 '' `` Ek Sawaal Main Karoon , Ek Sawaal Tum Karo , Har Sawaal Ka Jawab Hi Sawaal Ho ( Jeopardi Game Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Shankar - Jaikishan / Shailendra ) - Sasural 1961 '' `` Ek Se Mujh Ko Do Kar De ( Duet Shaminder - Sardul Kwatra / Prem Dhawan ) - Son Of Alibaba 1955 '' `` Ek Shahenshah Ne Banwake Hansi TAaj Mahal Sari Duniya Ko ( Taj Mahal Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Naushad Ali / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Leader 1964 '' ( Aa Aa Aa ... Aa Aa Aa ... ) `` Ek Shararati Nazar Gayi Dil Mein Utar , Main Ne Chaha Loon Pakad Kar ( Solo - Baldev Nath Bali / Madan Mohan Kohli - Khawar Zama ) - Howrah Express 1961 '' `` Ek Shokh Haseena Se ( Duet Qawali Manna Dey - R.D. Burman ) - Chaandi Sona 1977 '' `` Ek Taraf Hain Maan Ki Chhaya Ek Taraf Hain Taaj , Raam Lakhan Ki Jodi Dekho , Bichhad Rahin Hain Aaj , Raam Lakhan Ki Jodi Dekho , Bichhad Rahin Hain Aaj , Raam Lakhan Ki Jodi Dekho , Bichhad Rahin Hain Aaj , Ek Taraf Hain Maan Ki Chhaya , Ek Taraf Hain Taaj , Raam Lakhan Ki Jodi Dekho , Bichhad Rahin Hain Aaj ( Solo - Robin Banerjee / Farooq Qaiser ) - Aandhi Aur Toofan 1964 '' `` Ek Taraf Hain Yeh Zamana Ek Taraf Hain Dil Diwana ( Qawali Manna Dey , Bhupinder Singh and Asha Bhosle - Laxmikant Pyarelal ) - Chor Sipahee 1976 '' ( Aa Bir Na Takht Jis Ne Pehle Nazar Ladayi Aur Jag Se Nazar Ladi Hain Ae Tab Se Hain Yeh LadAayi ... ) `` Ek Taraf Jan - E-Tamanna ( Solo - S.D. Batish / Rahil Gorakhpuri ) - Ek Armaan Mera 1959 '' `` Ek Taraf Joru Ne Nikala Hain Diwala ( Multi A.R. Ojha and Geeta Dutt - Bullo C. Rani / Raja Mehdi Ali Khan ) - Madur Milan 1955 '' `` Ek Tera Saath Humko Do Jahan Se Pyara Hai ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Laxmikant Pyarelal / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Wapas 1968 '' `` Ek Tha Gul Aur Ek Thi Bulbul Dono Chaman Mein Rehte The Hain Yeh Kahani Bilkul Sachchi Mere Nana Kehte The ( Duet Nanda ( Baby ) - Kalyanji - Anandji / Anand Bakshi ) - Jab Jab Phool Khile 1965 '' `` Ek Thi Maa Punyakoti Hai Usi Ki Yeh Katha ( Prayer Dilraj Kaur - Bhaskar Chandavarkar ) - Go Dhuli 1977 '' `` Ek To Soorat Pyari Aur Upar Se Yeh Naaz Dil Le Ne Ke Tauba Yeh Kaise Hain Andaz ( Horse - Cart Duet Asha Bhosle - Roshan Lal / Prem Dhawan ) - Vallah Kya Baat Hain 1962 '' `` Eni Zor Dee Marori Meri Baan ( Punjabi Narinder Biba - S. Mohinder ) - Teri Meri Ik Jindri 1975 '' ( 5 ) `` Falak Bola , Khuda Ke Noor Ka Main Aashiyana Hoon , Zameen Boli , Usi Jalawon Ka Main Bhi Aastana Hoon ( Prayer Solo - S.N. Tripathi / Shewan Rizvi ) - Khuda Ka Banda 1957 '' `` Falak Se Tod Kar Dekho Sitare Log Laye Hain Magar Main Woh Nahin Laya Jo Saare Log Laye Hain Koi Nazarana Le Kar Aaya Hoon Main Diwana Tere Liye Aaj Kal Ka Hain Khushiyon Ka Dil Ka Paimana Tere liye ( Bidai - Laxmikant Pyarelal ) - Aan Milo Sajna 1970 '' `` Falsafa Pyar Ka Tum Kya Jano Tum Ne Kabhi Pyar Na Kiya Tum Ne Intezar Na Kiya ( Solo - Shankar - Jaikishan ) - Duniya 1968 '' `` Falsafe Ishq Mein Pesh Aaye Sawalon Ki Tarah ( Solo - Taj Ahmed Khan ) - Finest Ghazals or Rafi / The Golden Momments / Kitni Rahat Hain * * * * '' `` Fulwa Niyar Naar Sukvaar Gagariya Chhal Chhal Chhalkena ( Bhojpuri - Ghulam Mohammad ) Saiyan Se Neha Lagaibe 1965 '' See also ( edit ) List of songs recorded by Mohammed Rafi Recorded songs ( A ) Recorded songs ( B-C ) Recorded songs ( G ) Recorded songs ( H-I ) Recorded songs ( J ) Recorded songs ( K ) Recorded songs ( L ) Recorded songs ( M ) Recorded songs ( N ) Recorded songs ( O ) Recorded songs ( P-R ) Recorded songs ( S ) Recorded songs ( T ) Recorded songs ( U-Z ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_songs_recorded_by_Mohammed_Rafi_(D -- F ) &oldid = 811118323 '' Categories : Lists of songs recorded by Indian singers Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 November 2017 , at 17 : 00 . 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List of Lucifer episodes

List of Lucifer episodes - wikipedia List of Lucifer episodes Lucifer is an American fantasy police procedural comedy - drama television series developed by Tom Kapinos that premiered on Fox on January 25 , 2016 . It features a character created by Neil Gaiman , Sam Kieth , and Mike Dringenberg taken from the comic book series The Sandman , which later became the protagonist of the spin - off comic book series Lucifer written by Mike Carey , both published by DC Comics ' Vertigo imprint . On May 11 , 2018 , Fox canceled the series after three seasons . On June 15 , 2018 , it was announced that Netflix had picked the series up for a fourth season of ten episodes , which is set to be released in 2019 . As of May 28 , 2018 , 57 episodes of Lucifer have aired , concluding the third season . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 2.4 Season 4 3 Ratings 3.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 4 Notes 5 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Network 13 January 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 25 ) April 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 25 ) Fox 18 September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) May 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 29 ) 26 October 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 02 ) May 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 28 ) 10 2019 ( 2019 ) Netflix Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Len Wiseman Tom Kapinos January 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 25 ) 276096 7.16 Lucifer Morningstar , the retired ruler of Hell , owns a high - end night club in Los Angeles . When the pop star he tries to help is murdered in front of him by a drug dealer , he uses his powers of persuasion to assist Detective Chloe Decker in apprehending the true culprit behind the murder . All the while , he must deal with his brother , the dark - winged angel Amenadiel , who is putting pressure on him from their father to return to running Hell . `` Lucifer , Stay . Good Devil . '' Nathan Hope Joe Henderson February 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 01 ) 4X6502 6.00 Lucifer and Chloe work together again to solve a homicide , this time that of a movie star 's son who was killed by an overeager paparazzo who frequently created volatile situations in order to get the `` first scoop '' on the story . `` The Would - Be Prince of Darkness '' Louis Milito Jason Ning & Jenn Kao February 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 08 ) 4X6510 5.47 When a football star whom Lucifer convinced to lose his virginity is arrested for the murder of the girl with whom he had sex , Lucifer works to prove his innocence . `` Manly Whatnots '' Matt Earl Beesley Ildy Modrovich February 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 15 ) 4X6503 5.13 Chloe and Lucifer investigate a missing persons case involving a girl , Lindsay Jolson , who was involved with a pick - up artist . The investigation is complicated by Lucifer 's repeated attempts to seduce Chloe in an effort to better understand her . Meanwhile , Amenadiel confronts a reluctant Mazikeen about Lucifer . At Lucifer 's encouragement , Chloe shoots him in the leg . To Lucifer 's bewilderment , he feels pain and bleeds . 5 5 `` Sweet Kicks '' Tim Matheson Sheri Elwood February 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 22 ) 4X6504 4.86 Chloe begs Lucifer to help her in a case involving an artist / high - end shoe designer who was once in a street gang . In doing so , Lucifer knowingly puts himself in danger , finding it exciting to test his mortality . He and Chloe are ultimately rescued from a hostile situation by Mazikeen . Meanwhile , Amenadiel surprises Dr. Martin by showing up at her office after hours , stating he is a fellow psychotherapist , who has just moved into the office next door . The two agree to have drinks and openly discuss patients . 6 6 `` Favorite Son '' David Paymer Jason Ning February 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 29 ) 4X6505 3.91 When a warehouse is robbed and the security guard murdered , it turns out that the stolen container belongs to Lucifer . He and Chloe then work to find the culprit , which Lucifer sees as protecting his reputation in the city . Meanwhile , Lucifer continues to struggle with his identity and Amenadiel continues to try to use Dr. Martin to get to Lucifer . It is revealed that the stolen shipping container holds Lucifer 's wings . 7 7 `` Wingman '' Eriq La Salle Alex Katsnelson March 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 07 ) 4X6506 4.24 Lucifer continues the search for his wings and turns to Amenadiel for help . Amenadiel rejects at first , so Lucifer enlists Chloe to assist him . Meanwhile , Chloe asks Dan for help in investigating the Palmetto case in the hopes that she can find something to confirm her suspicions against Malcolm , the cop who is in coma . The wings are apparently about to be sold at an auction . Lucifer goes to the auction where Amenadiel shows up to help Lucifer . Lucifer regains his wings , but burns them to anger Amenadiel and halt his own return to his former throne as the King of Hell . Whereas , Chloe and Dan find a new lead on the Palmetto case . 8 8 `` Et Tu , Doctor ? '' Eagle Egilsson Jenn Kao March 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 14 ) 4X6507 3.86 Feeling reborn , Lucifer celebrates his `` rebirthday '' at the Lux . And Malcolm , who wakes up from his coma , also celebrates his coming back . Chloe and Lucifer investigate the murder of a controversial therapist who advocates adultery as a means of saving relationships . Meanwhile , Lucifer shoehorns his own therapist , Dr. Linda Martin , into the case in an attempt to `` solve '' Chloe 's issue with Dan . While solving the murder case , Lucifer realizes what is happening to him . Malcolm meets Chloe to explain that whoever shot him dead clearly does not have a problem shooting cops . Chloe and Lucifer then look for Malcolm 's partner but find him dead with a suicide note , while Dan mysteriously meets with Malcolm . 9 9 `` A Priest Walks into a Bar '' David Frazee Chris Rafferty March 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 21 ) 4X6508 3.82 Lucifer and Chloe investigate when a priest asks for Lucifer 's help in stopping a drug ring he believes is being headed by the counselor at a local youth center . However , a problem arises when the youth counselor is found dead and suspicion quickly falls on the priest . Meanwhile , Amenadiel meets with Malcolm to discuss the reason he brought him back from Hell , which is to kill someone . 10 10 `` Pops '' Tara Nicole Weyr Alex Katsnelson & Mike Costa March 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 28 ) 4X6509 3.76 Chloe and Lucifer investigate the poisoning death of the owner / chef at an upscale Mexican restaurant whom Lucifer admires . Suspicion falls on the owner 's estranged son , a recovering drug addict , and the sous - chef , Anne , who would assume control of the restaurant if the son were out of the picture . The investigation is complicated by the surprise arrival of Chloe 's mother , Penelope Decker , whom Lucifer also much admires . At home , Chloe and Penelope argue about Trixie , causing Trixie to run away to find Lucifer , but she ends up making friends with Mazikeen . Meanwhile , Malcolm reveals to Dan his plan to kill Lucifer , as directed by Amenadiel , and Mazikeen starts visiting Dr. Martin as a patient . Dan meets with Malcolm again saying that he could not let Malcolm kill Lucifer , so they end up fighting and Dan is knocked unconscious . 11 11 `` St. Lucifer '' Mairzee Almas Sheri Elwood & David McMillan April 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 11 ) 4X6511 3.44 Lucifer finds doing charitable work thrilling and begins to explore it by donating to a local charity in honor of its murdered founder , Tim Dunlear . Amenadiel finds unlikely companionship . Meanwhile , Dan , held captive by Malcolm , tries to escape and warn Lucifer before Malcolm gets to him . Also , Lucifer learns something new about his mortality . 12 12 `` # TeamLucifer '' Greg Beeman Ildy Modrovich April 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 18 ) 4X6512 3.81 When a member of a satanic church is killed , Lucifer is greatly disturbed that anyone would kill in his name . When it turns out that Malcolm is the one killing those people to honor him , Lucifer threatens torment but then he is interrupted by Amenadiel , which allows Malcolm to run away . They start fighting each other until they are stopped by Mazikeen . Later , Chloe stops by the Lux to talk to Lucifer , but instead finds the dead body of the street preacher who was seen arguing with Lucifer on TV . Elsewhere , Lucifer 's realization that Chloe makes him physically vulnerable leads to him becoming paranoid . 13 13 `` Take Me Back to Hell '' Nathan Hope Joe Henderson April 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 25 ) 4X6513 3.89 Amenadiel saves Lucifer from being arrested by Chloe and they go to Amenadiel 's office to talk . Dr. Martin shows up and advises the brothers . They go looking for Malcolm while Mazikeen helps Chloe hunt for Lucifer . Amenadiel finds Malcolm , they fight and Malcolm wounds Amenadiel with one of Mazikeen 's daggers . Mazikeen saves the dying Amenadiel with the feather she kept from Lucifer 's wings . Dan turns himself in clearing Lucifer of the murder . Chloe seizes Malcolm 's money and he kidnaps Trixie to force her to give it back . At the exchange , Lucifer is fatally shot when he intervenes to try and save Chloe and Trixie . Lucifer prays to God offering to return to work for him if he saves Chloe . God restores Lucifer 's powers and they kill Malcolm . A worried Lucifer tells Amenadiel that God has asked him to hunt for a soul who has escaped from Hell , their mother . Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 14 `` Everything 's Coming Up Lucifer '' Nathan Hope Joe Henderson September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) T13. 20051 4.36 As Lucifer helps Chloe with a murder case involving a stand - in for a popular teen show actress , he becomes convinced that his mother 's soul is occupying the body of the murderer to torment him . Lucifer tells Dr. Martin the story of how the union of his father and mother created the universe , but his mother was ultimately banished to Hell forever . Chloe tells Lucifer that she has some of his blood from the shooting and plans to test it to either prove or disprove his claims of being the devil . When Amenadiel finds out about this , he makes up a story for Chloe that portrays Lucifer as delusional , but human . Like Lucifer , Amenadiel starts to show signs of losing his angelic powers on Earth . Dan is reinstated to the police force , but gets demoted . Maze also returns from her absence , saying that she went to see a friend and wants to figure out how she fits into this world . At the end of the episode , Lucifer 's mother shows up at his door , seeking help . 15 `` Liar , Liar , Slutty Dress on Fire '' Louis Milito Ildy Modrovich October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) T13. 20052 3.67 Lucifer 's mother is shown awakening in her new body in pain , finding a screwdriver lodged in her neck . She explains her story to Lucifer and they return to the hotel room that she last remembers being in , finding two murdered bodies . Lucifer is convinced his mother committed the crimes and gets Chloe and Dan to investigate . Lucifer later learns that the body his mother occupies is that of Charlotte Richards , a law firm 's managing partner who had been having an affair with the man she recently promoted to senior partner . Cocaine is also found hidden in Charlotte 's home , giving the team more suspects . The investigation ultimately shows that Charlotte was a victim and Charlotte was not the murderer . With the crime solved , Lucifer chastises Charlotte for abandoning him when he was banished to Hell . She replies that God initially wanted to end Lucifer 's existence , but she convinced God to send him to Hell instead . Lucifer seems to accept the explanation and walks away , after which Charlotte looks to the sky with a sly grin . 16 `` Sin - Eater '' Mairzee Almas Alex Katsnelson October 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 10 ) T13. 20053 3.67 Chloe and Dan bring Lucifer in on a case involving a serial killer , whose methods of torturing victims bother Lucifer because he sees it as someone usurping his role . They find a connection to an online video - sharing company headed by Leila Simms , as the murder victims are revealed to have shot and posted videos of other people being humiliated . Back at the precinct , Chloe and Dan discuss their effect on Trixie , with Dan finally saying they need to get a divorce . Charlotte insists that Lucifer let her see her other son , Amenadiel . Although Lucifer refuses to help , Charlotte manages to speak to Amenadiel at Lux while she is there alone . Lucifer walks in on the discussion and comes to a decision on the punishment he will give his mother for escaping Hell : she will be sentenced to live among the humanity that she so despises . 17 `` Lady Parts '' Ben Bray Sheri Elwood October 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 17 ) T13. 20054 3.63 Chloe , Dan , and Lucifer investigate a young woman 's dead body found discarded in the woods . The woman has a triangle - shaped stamp on her wrist which becomes a key clue when they find another female victim with the same stamp . With Chloe depressed over her pending divorce , Maze , Dr. Martin , and Ella take her to a bar for girls night . Chloe sees a man who has the triangle stamp on his wrist and soon learns the stamp comes from an underground sex club . They discover a man named Yuri had a connection to both victims and photos on his phone help them find the killer . Elsewhere , Charlotte struggles to adjust to her domestic life , while Amenadiel agonizes over his diminishing angelic powers . He then learns of Lucifer 's deal with God : return Charlotte to Hell in exchange for sparing Chloe 's life . Amenadiel says Lucifer 's punishment of Charlotte does not fulfill the deal and wonders if God will take back his half of the bargain . Just then , Chloe is shown driving when a car smashes into hers . 18 5 `` Weaponizer '' Karen Gaviola Jason Ning October 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 24 ) T13. 20055 3.55 Chloe 's car accident is revealed to have been caused by Uriel , Lucifer 's and Amenadiel 's brother who has the special ability to foresee patterns . Chloe is not badly hurt and she goes right back to work , starting the case of murdered action star Wesley Cabot . Uriel tells Lucifer that the accident was a message : return Charlotte to Hell within 24 hours or Chloe will die . Lucifer visits Charlotte , telling her Uriel is a sign of God 's anger and that others will come to take her to Hell if she does not go willingly . Charlotte refuses . Amenadiel and Uriel soon get in a fight . With Amenadiel 's weakness and Uriel anticipating his moves , Uriel easily wins . Lucifer finally sees that Amenadiel has lost his powers . Lucifer then confronts Uriel and sees him with Azrael 's dagger , acquired from the angel of death . Realizing Uriel intends to use the dagger to end Charlotte 's existence permanently , Lucifer fights with his brother and loses . Maze arrives to battle with Uriel and , in the scuffle , Uriel loses hold of the dagger . Lucifer retrieves the instrument and plunges the blade into Uriel , which kills him for good , but not before he says something in Lucifer 's ear . 19 6 `` Monster '' Eagle Egilsson Chris Rafferty October 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 31 ) T13. 20056 3.42 At a zombie - themed wedding , shots from an unseen source wound the groom and kill the bride . Chloe and Dan investigate and Lucifer later arrives hung over , still shaken from exterminating Uriel . Chloe reluctantly agrees to let Maze take Trixie out trick - or - treating so she can continue working the case . Maze reveals part of her true face to Trixie and Trixie thinks it is a costume . Amenadiel visits Charlotte , who praises the way he has always done what his Father asked . Amenadiel then starts to criticize God for allowing everything that has happened to the family . Chloe tracks the wedding sniper to a pharmaceutical company and Lucifer steps in front of the man 's next intended victim , hoping to be shot himself . Chloe then ambushes the shooter and arrests him without incident . Lucifer visits Dr. Martin and confesses to killing his brother . He says he has always been a punisher , but never killed anyone before . As Lucifer tells the story , Dr. Martin interrupts , asking him to stop speaking in metaphors and insisting he be honest . Lucifer then reveals his true face to Dr. Martin to prove he is not lying , leaving her in a state of shock . 20 7 `` My Little Monkey '' Tara Nicole Weyr Jenn Kao November 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 07 ) T13. 20057 3.52 Chloe gets a case that hits close to home , when she learns the man convicted of killing Officer John Decker , her father , is being released from prison under supervision to attend his granddaughter 's Christening . When the prisoner and his driver / guard subsequently end up murdered , Chloe and Dan reinvestigate and learn that the wrong man was in prison . During the case , Lucifer , still disgusted with himself , tries to look and act like Dan to feel more useful . Elsewhere , Dr. Martin says she has to drop Maze as a friend upon learning that she is a demon . Maze , meanwhile , is searching for a profession to fulfill her existence on earth . When she helps Chloe and the team find Deputy Warden Perry Smith , the man who ordered the killing of John Decker , Maze decides she will be a bounty hunter . 21 8 `` Trip to Stabby Town '' Nathan Hope Jeff Lieber November 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 14 ) T13. 20058 3.87 Chloe , Dan , and Lucifer take on the case of a female stabbing victim , who is revealed to have been a member of a yoga group that borders on a cult . Lucifer also asks Ella for help in his own case : finding out who stole Azrael 's dagger from Uriel 's grave . Ella helps lead Lucifer to Charlotte 's law firm . When confronted , Charlotte reveals she released the dagger into the world to get God 's attention . Chloe 's and Lucifer 's cases cross when several members of the yoga group are found stabbed to death with Azrael 's blade resting in the final victim . Dan briefly holds the blade and threatens Lucifer for ruining his family , but Dan manages to break free of the blade 's hold through sheer willpower . Later , Amenadiel tells Lucifer he wants things back in their proper places with Lucifer in Hell and Charlotte in Heaven , but Charlotte says she wants her entire family back in Heaven . Lucifer says he despised living in Hell , but the thought of Heaven is even worse . He says the only place he feels respected is on Earth . Meanwhile , Lucifer resumes his sessions with Dr. Martin , who begins to realize Lucifer is like a lot of her therapy patients : a damaged individual from a dysfunctional family . 22 9 `` Homewrecker '' Greg Beeman Mike Costa November 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 21 ) T13. 20059 3.63 Chloe , Dan , and Lucifer tackle the murder of a wealthy real estate mogul who owned the entire block that includes Lux . Their investigation turns up multiple people with motives , including the victim 's son , his fiancée who comes from modest means , and a rival real estate developer who wants to tear down the whole block , including Lux , to put up a shopping mall . The developer is about to get her wish until Chloe manages to get the building that houses Lux declared a historic landmark . Meanwhile , Charlotte becomes friendly with Dan and starts to strongly believe that Chloe is the reason Lucifer wants to stay on Earth . Charlotte meets with a bomb maker and plans to blow up Chloe when she steps into her car . 23 10 `` Quid Pro Ho '' Nathan Hope Ildy Modrovich & Julia Fontana November 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 28 ) T13. 20060 4.09 Charlotte 's attempt to kill Chloe is stopped by Amenadiel , who convinces her that eliminating Chloe would only cause Lucifer to be relentless in finding her killer . Lucifer later learns Charlotte tried to kill Chloe , but his thoughts soon turn to the trial of John Decker 's murder , with Charlotte assigned to defend Warden Smith . Lucifer takes the stand as a witness and testifies that Chloe was first on the scene , putting a conviction at risk because Chloe provides reasonable doubt . Charlotte tries to convince Chloe to lie on the stand and paint Lucifer 's testimony as false , which is the only way the warden could be convicted , but Chloe instead says Lucifer told the truth . Amenadiel later meets Chloe 's mother Penelope , who is distraught over her husband 's killer being set free . Amenadiel remembers meeting Penelope and John Decker 35 years ago , when he was sent by God to assist in a miracle , allowing Penelope to get pregnant . He then meets with Charlotte , telling her the story and stating that Lucifer 's coming to Earth and meeting Chloe was predestined . 24 11 `` Stewardess Interruptus '' Greg Beeman Sheri Elwood January 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 16 ) T13. 20061 3.97 When the only apparent connection between two murder victims is the fact that they 'd once shared Lucifer 's bed , Chloe interviews all of his lovers ( male and female ) from the past two months to try and find the culprit . Lucifer comes to the uncomfortable realization that he was never more to them than they were to him , in the process derailing his confidence in pursuing his burgeoning affections towards Chloe . Meanwhile , the actual connection in the murders is a mysterious figure for whom the victims were smuggling an unknown but deadly substance , which goes undiscovered by the police . Mazikeen continues to search for her own identity and learns a valuable truth from Dr. Linda , while Amenadiel tries to manipulate Lucifer towards Chloe at their mother 's behest . In the end , Lucifer decides to stop pursuing Chloe , telling her that she is special and he is not worthy of her . His extolling of the things that make her special makes Chloe see that he has come to care for her as more than just a conquest and she kisses him . 25 12 `` Love Handles '' Karen Gaviola Alex Katsnelson January 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 23 ) T13. 20062 4.17 Lucifer is a bit confused when Chloe acts more carefree and relaxed in his presence , exchanging barbs with him . Lucifer and Chloe keep trying to track down the owner of the mysterious package after a college student is found dead due to an unknown poison . Clues lead them to Professor Carlisle , who had been chastised for saving himself and his dissertation from a burning vehicle , leaving the driver to die . Carlisle is conducting morbid `` experiments '' to prove all humans would make the choice he did . Meanwhile , Maze hears about Chloe 's birth story from Charlotte , and agrees to meet with Lucifer to tell him the truth , in the very bar where Amenadiel met Penelope 35 years ago . As Maze changes her mind , Lucifer sees a photo of Amenadiel and a younger Penelope on the bar wall , and Charlotte confirms that Chloe is a miracle ordered by God . Lucifer goes to confront Chloe , and sees she has the symptoms of Carlisle 's poison . 26 13 `` A Good Day to Die '' Alrick Riley Joe Henderson & Chris Rafferty January 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 30 ) T13. 20063 4.19 Lucifer and Chloe desperately search for an antidote to save her , learning that the Professor sourced the ingredients for his poisons from an amateur artist . Chloe collapses and is hospitalized , while Dan and Lucifer learn that the formula for the antidote was known only to Carlisle . With no other options , Lucifer has Maze and Linda stop his heart , allowing him to enter Hell and find Carlisle 's soul , which is now eternally tormented by a recreation of the car accident . Lucifer offers him a chance at absolution in exchange for the formula , but Carlisle fails to assuage his guilt sufficiently . While waiting to be revived , however , Lucifer stumbles upon an illusion of Uriel , who forces Lucifer to kill him again and again . Charlotte sends herself to Hell to free him , but ends up succumbing to her own guilt , forcing Lucifer to drag her away . Upon being revived , Lucifer meets up with Dan and Ella , who have retrieved the ingredients , and creates the antidote . Charlotte tries to reconnect with her son , but he disowns her for deceiving him . When Chloe visits Lux later , she is shocked to find it closed for business with Lucifer nowhere to be found . 27 14 `` Candy Morningstar '' Claudia Yarmy Jenn Kao May 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 01 ) T13. 20064 3.41 Lucifer returns to Los Angeles after two weeks and introduces his wife Candy to Chloe and Dan . Chloe becomes upset , both with Lucifer 's cavalier attitude and his decision to marry . When Ash Corrigan , a musician in a local band , turns up dead , Lucifer tries to help Chloe , but she pushes him away . Meanwhile , Amenadiel and Charlotte also discover that Lucifer is married and Charlotte suspects that Lucifer is planning some sort of revenge . When Maze suggests that Chloe needs a mediator , Chloe impersonates Candy as a means of getting an appointment with the mediator Ash saw for his divorce . Amenadiel confronts Lucifer for hurting Chloe 's feelings . Lucifer tells him he is not trying to hurt her ; rather , he is protecting her . The two discover that Doug , the drummer of Ash 's band , is the murderer and take him into custody . Lucifer and Chloe agree to become partners again . It is revealed that Lucifer never married Candy , who turns out to be an actress who helped Lucifer in return for his saving her life in Las Vegas . 28 15 `` Deceptive Little Parasite '' Brad Tanenbaum Mike Costa & Julia Fontana May 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 08 ) T13. 20065 3.25 Lucifer retrieves Azrael 's blade , which turns out to be the Flaming Sword that once guarded Eden and can cut through the Gates of Heaven , allowing Charlotte to return home . As the Lightbringer , Lucifer is the only one who can reignite the blade , but fails to do so as it can only be triggered by extreme emotion . Chloe and Dan investigate the murder of an admissions officer at a prestigious elementary school ; despite uncovering embezzlement by the assistant dean , they are unable to find any leads . Chloe and Maze pose as a married couple and attend a party in honor of the deceased , where the real murderer , a teacher whose affair was discovered by the victim , is caught and subdued by Maze . Linda suggests to Lucifer that his inability to use the blade may be because he suppresses all of the pain and heartbreak in his life and , by channeling pain instead of anger , he is able to briefly ignite the Sword . It is revealed then that Charlotte is desperate to return to Heaven because her human form is weakening . 29 16 `` God Johnson '' Sherwin Shilati Jason Ning May 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 15 ) T13. 20066 3.05 Lucifer and Chloe investigate the murder of an orderly at a mental institution . The suspect is a patient calling himself `` God Johnson '' who proves to be immune to Lucifer 's powers and knows to call him Samael . Ella identifies the man as Earl Johnson , a businessman who was committed after giving away all his wealth . Lucifer feigns insanity to get himself committed . Upon seeing Johnson heal a woman that would have been the killer 's second victim , Lucifer believes that he is God . Learning that Johnson has no knowledge of Charlotte escaping Hell , Lucifer and Linda break him out and set up a surprise date between the two . Amenadiel reveals to Maze that Lucifer is returning to Heaven , leaving her behind . Johnson and Charlotte begin to reconcile , but Chloe takes him and Lucifer back to the hospital . Lucifer and Johnson are then abducted by the real killer , one of the nurses , and make peace with one another . After being rescued , Lucifer discovers that Johnson 's belt buckle was part of Azrael 's Blade and that Johnson was filled with the knowledge and power of God while wearing it . Realizing that his real Father would never reconcile with him , his hatred becomes even stronger . 30 17 `` Sympathy for the Goddess '' Louis Milito Joe Henderson May 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 22 ) T13. 20067 3.03 Lucifer , Amenadiel , and Charlotte cut a deal with a smuggler for the last piece of the Blade . However , the smuggler is robbed and murdered before he can turn over the piece . Lucifer gets Chloe assigned to the case , who discovers that the killer is Chet Ruiz , one of Charlotte 's clients and a powerful crime lord . Amenadiel and Dan bond over feeling unable to compete with Lucifer . Linda is stripped of her medical license for ethics violations and Lucifer unintentionally botches her appeal by revealing his sexual arrangement with her . Maze attacks Lucifer for manipulating her during their time on Earth . Charlotte is coerced into stealing Chet 's phone from the police , but Chloe finds out . She also learns that Charlotte is the `` ex-wife of Lucifer 's dad '' and gets her to take part in a sting operation . The piece turns out to be a rare tome that only Amenadiel can read . Maze forces the chairman of the ethics board to restore Linda 's license and Charlotte accidentally kills Chet by exposing him to divine light after he stabs her . Lucifer and Amenadiel discover that the latter 's necklace contains the third piece of the Blade and that Amenadiel is their Father 's favorite son . 31 18 `` The Good , the Bad , and the Crispy '' Karen Gaviola Ildy Modrovich May 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 29 ) T13. 20068 3.31 Linda attempts to conceal Charlotte 's wound but Lucifer recognizes that her body will soon burst . He sends Maze to find Amenadiel while he covers up Chet 's murder . Ella finds the cleaners Charlotte hired and Chloe confronts Lucifer about letting his personal problems interfere with work . Amenadiel refuses to reassemble the Blade , citing renewed loyalty to his Father . Charlotte escapes , apparently kills one of the cleaners , and forces Linda to reveal Lucifer 's plan . She then threatens to kill Chloe unless the last piece of the Blade , which is in Dan 's possession , is delivered to her . While Amenadiel stops time for Maze to help Linda , Chet 's brother , the cleaner 's real killer , attempts to shoot Lucifer and Charlotte . Lucifer ignites the Blade and opens a rift leading outside the universe , where his mother can create her own world free from God 's influence , and throws the Blade through with her . Later , the real Charlotte is revived , having no memory of the time her body was inhabited . At the hospital , Linda encourages Lucifer to reveal his true nature to Chloe . Before he can , however , he is knocked out cold and wakes up to find himself in the desert with his wings restored . Season 3 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 32 `` They 're Back , Are n't They ? '' Karen Gaviola Ildy Modrovich October 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 02 ) T13. 20751 3.92 Lucifer encounters a fleeing criminal and steals his clothes before getting the police to return him to Los Angeles . He asks Linda to remove his wings , but she refuses . Chloe brings him onto a new case , a dehydrated corpse found in the desert where Lucifer woke up , while overseen by her new lieutenant , Marcus Pierce . The body turns out to be that of a wealthy man and his close friend reveals that he paid `` kidnappers '' to prank the victim . While attempting to restore his wings , Amenadiel discovers a severed pair from Lucifer . Lucifer tries to show Chloe his true `` devilface , '' but can not . To lure out the `` kidnappers , '' Pierce instructs Dan to get himself kidnapped , which Lucifer arranges . However , he makes himself the target at the last moment because he suspects the kidnappers to be behind his own abduction . He interrogates them and learns that the dead man was turned over to another kidnapper . The man reveals that he was hired by the Sinnerman , a mysterious crime boss , to abduct Lucifer . Lucifer , whose wings grew back after he cut them off again , initially suspects that God restored his wings as punishment for sending Charlotte to a void , but eventually comes to believe that it is `` something darker '' connected to Sinnerman . 33 `` The One with the Baby Carrot '' Louis Milito Joe Henderson October 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) T13. 20752 3.33 After failing to connect a recent murder to the Sinnerman , Lucifer is told by Chloe that he has to either bring her evidence that he exists or allow the case to die . Pierce assigns them a new case : a murdered comedian who accused his rival , Bobby Lowe , of stealing his jokes . Amenadiel asks Linda to help him destroy Lucifer 's severed wings . While attending one of Bobby 's shows , Lucifer storms the stage and accidentally shoots him with a gun hidden in a hand puppet . It turns out that Bobby did steal the jokes and wanted to be fired from the show . Pierce warns Lucifer that the Sinnerman is real and killed someone close to him during his previous posting in Chicago . Lucifer and Dan run a sting operation , netting an old friend of Bobby 's who reveals that the dead man was working on a new set with Sheila , Bobby 's warm - up act . They find and arrest her and Pierce makes an agreement with Lucifer to help find the Sinnerman so long as he keeps Chloe out of it . Inspired by something Sheila said , Lucifer decides to focus not on his regrowing wings or the loss of his `` devilface , '' but on his skill as a granter of favors . 34 `` Mr. & Mrs. Mazikeen Smith '' Tara Nicole Weyr Joe Henderson & Alex Katsnelson October 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) T13. 20069 3.19 Bored with her life , Maze decides to hunt a more challenging target : a serial killer named Ben Rivers , who has evaded every attempt at capture . Tracking him to Canada , she eventually finds a witness and blackmails him into revealing the location of Rivers ' girlfriend . Lucifer and Chloe question Rivers ' former attorney and learn that he is a master manipulator . Against Chloe 's concerns that Maze might be in trouble , Lucifer sends her the bounty 's address . Rivers then reveals that he used to work as a bounty hunter for Lt. Herrera , the cop who sent Maze to catch him , and the two form an unlikely bond . Dan arrives at Chloe 's request , but Rivers escapes to avoid being returned to police custody . With Lucifer 's help , Chloe proves Rivers to be innocent , allowing them to bring Herrera , the real murderer , to justice . Despite her feelings for him , Maze decides to leave Rivers behind and return home . Rivers warns her that Herrera was working for someone very powerful and that she is likely now in danger . A shadowy figure is then shown placing a file on Maze into a drawer filled with files on all the protagonists . 35 `` What Would Lucifer Do ? '' Eagle Egilsson Jason Ning October 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 23 ) T13. 20753 3.26 When Amenadiel shares his insights with Lucifer , the latter suggests that Amenadiel needs to `` walk in his shoes '' in order to understand him . Marcus assigns Chloe a new case . The victim , a counselor who worked with troubled kids , is shown to have been murdered with a tool belonging to a missing resident . Lucifer calls in a favor , finds the resident , and brings him back to the station . He turns out to be innocent , despite Lucifer 's insistence that juveniles are incapable of reform . To prove his point , he sets up a marijuana distribution ring with the other kids , inadvertently providing Chloe with a lead that uncovers the murder weapon . Amenadiel gets arrested after assaulting a pimp , but Dan bails him out . The two talk and Amenadiel realizes that Lucifer 's excessive lifestyle just covers up how lonely he is . As Pierce and Chloe track the new murder suspect , Pierce is shot by the man while protecting Chloe . Lucifer , angered , tracks down the shooter and nearly kills him , but Amenadiel intervenes . Based on his experiences , Amenadiel concludes that his `` test '' is to have Lucifer 's back . Lucifer rebukes him , enraged by the thought that his feelings for Chloe are responsible for what he has become . 36 5 `` Welcome Back , Charlotte Richards '' Nathan Hope Chris Rafferty October 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 30 ) T13. 20754 3.37 Simon Fisher , a chemist at a pudding company , is found dead in one of his vats and the company 's owner turns out to be represented by Charlotte Richards , for whom Lucifer still has conflicting feelings . He and Chloe learn that the dead man wanted to sell his secret formula to a rival company and identify a fixer who had been spying on him . An encounter with Dan inspires Charlotte to visit Lucifer for help filling in her missing memories ; however , she mistakenly believes that they were romantically involved . After Lucifer clears things up , he discovers that she was trapped in Hell while his mother inhabited her body . He encourages her to confess her sins , which include withholding crucial evidence from Chloe . Using it , Ella determines that the pudding 's ingredients can cause renal failure and that Simon committed suicide to expose the company 's wrongdoing . Overwhelmed with guilt , Charlotte has a breakdown and holds the owner , fixer , and rival owner hostage to force them to reveal who killed Simon . Lucifer talks her down and Chloe uses a recording he made to charge them with endangering public health . Lucifer meets Charlotte and admits that she is not to blame for his mother 's actions ; the two agree to start a professional relationship . 37 6 `` Vegas with Some Radish '' Karen Gaviola Ildy Modrovich & Sheri Elwood November 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 06 ) T13. 20072 3.48 At Chloe 's birthday celebration , Lucifer receives word that Candy , his fake wife , has disappeared . Without telling Chloe , he and Ella travel to Las Vegas , where they find a woman dressed as Candy murdered in her apartment . Lucifer suspects that a loan shark who once tried to seize Candy 's father 's club was responsible , but he turns up dead as well . While investigating the loan shark 's wife , a pit boss at a nearby casino , Ella is caught counting cards at blackjack and she and Lucifer are thrown out . Candy , who had been posing as a waitress while following the same lead , admits that the dead woman was a friend of hers . Lucifer and Ella set a trap at the club and discover that Jedd , the bartender , was the killer ; Ella subdues him and they return home . Entering his apartment , Lucifer discovers that Chloe , Dan , and Linda threw a party and attempted unsuccessfully to break into his safe . After admitting to Chloe that he was wrong not to tell her why he was leaving , he opens the safe and presents her with a gift : a necklace made from the bullet she shot him with when they first started working together . 38 7 `` Off the Record '' Eduardo Sánchez Story by : Jen Graham Imada Teleplay by : Chris Rafferty & Mike Costa November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) T13. 20071 3.58 After waking up from a coma , Linda 's estranged husband Reese Getty , an investigative reporter , discovers her affair with Lucifer . Enraged , he decides to write an exposé to ruin his reputation . Lucifer and Chloe investigate a serial killer and Linda serves Reese with divorce papers . Lucifer confronts Reese and persuades him to drop his investigation ; just as Reese accepts that Lucifer is right , he witnesses him use his Devil face to obtain a confession . A year later , a nearly deranged Reese is asked by Chloe to assist in the still - ongoing investigation and decides to kill Lucifer , shooting him in the middle of a therapy session . Linda explains that she knows Lucifer 's true nature and considers him her friend , but Reese storms out . He then tracks down the killer and gets him to target Lucifer , but an innocent woman is killed instead . Reese blames Lucifer for his actions . Lucifer counters that humans like Reese are responsible for damning themselves . After attacking Linda in a rage , Reese uses himself as bait to lure the killer out , accepting his fate . It is then revealed that the whole episode was Reese 's damned soul seeking redemption , trapped in a time loop in Hell . 39 8 `` Chloe Does Lucifer '' Louis Milito Julia Fontana November 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 20 ) T13. 20755 3.26 Lucifer grows concerned when Amenadiel calls him `` boring '' sets out to prove him wrong . A woman named Kim Jones is murdered and Chloe traces the last call she made to Top Meet , a popular dating app . Chloe attends the company 's mixer and adopts Lucifer 's mannerisms to blend in . She and Dan locate a man who reveals that Kim was about to receive a large sum of money . It turns out that Kim founded Top Meet and wanted to make it more accessible , and that Mac , whom she chose as CEO , killed her to preserve the app 's exclusivity . While planning her ex-husband's funeral , Linda has an existential crisis , and reveals that Reese 's passing has made her fear death . Amenadiel manages to calm her by explaining that he once had a similar crisis , and they manage to fix their friendship . Wanting to avoid damnation , Charlotte lies to Ella about wanting to study forensics , giving her an excuse to follow the latter around . When Ella points out that being `` good '' means not just words , but actions , Charlotte decides to leave her practice and join the district attorney 's office . Lucifer briefly contemplates whether being boring is for him , before deciding it is not . 40 9 `` The Sinnerman '' Marisol Adler Jenn Kao December 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 04 ) T13. 20756 3.39 Pierce rejects Chloe 's request for a personal day . Joey Pileggi , who asked Lucifer for a favor months before , winds up murdered . Lucifer reveals the favor was getting him work as a mob courier . Maze becomes uneasy about Linda and Amenadiel growning closer . Charlotte , as a prosecutor , joins Chloe and Lucifer as they question Frankie Ferrante , the mobster who mentored Joey , and learn that his death was not mob - related . Another body turns up , which Lucifer recognizes as another client . Ella identifies the killer as the Sinnerman , who lures Lucifer into an abandoned building and traps him inside . With Charlotte 's help , Chloe manipulates Frankie into going after the Sinnerman , but Charlotte feels hurt that Chloe did n't tell her the plan . Maze finds Lucifer and forces him to acknowledge her feelings before freeing him . Pierce tells Chloe that he plans to get revenge against the Sinnerman for murdering his brother . The Sinnerman ambushes Frankie , but Chloe and Pierce manage to capture him . Maze asks Linda to stop seeing Amenadiel . Dan comforts Charlotte and tells her being `` good '' takes time and commitment . Lucifer tries using his powers on the Sinnerman , but the latter gouges his own eyes out before he can do so . 41 10 `` The Sin Bin '' Greg Beeman Sheri Elwood December 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 11 ) T13. 20757 3.36 The Sinnerman claims that a woman will soon be drowned in a spot only he knows . Chloe tracks a possible lead , which takes them to the woman 's car and a planted bomb . Realizing the only option , Chloe has Ella help her smuggle the Sinnerman out . Trixie encourages Charlotte to be a better mother . Pierce and Chloe manage to save the woman , but Lucifer and the Sinnerman vanish . The woman apparently owed the Sinnerman a debt , and set up her own kidnapping . The Sinnerman wakes up in Lucifer 's private estate , where Maze proceeds to torture him close to death . Despite a celestial rule dictating that angels may not take human lives , Lucifer concludes that killing him is the only solution . Maze abandons him in disgust . Lucifer realizes that the Sinnerman 's true desire is to die by his hand . Pierce arrives with Chloe and shoots the Sinnerman dead . Trixie gets Charlotte to go on a date with Dan . After deducing that the Sinnerman was working for someone more powerful , Lucifer calls Pierce to Lux . It is revealed that Pierce is in fact the immortal Cain , the world 's first murderer who is destined to wander the earth forever . 42 11 `` City of Angels ? '' Mark Tonderai Jason Ning & Jenn Kao January 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 01 ) T13. 20070 3.11 In 2011 , Lucifer leaves Hell for Los Angeles . His brother Amenadiel demands that he return to Hell , but Lucifer talks him into delaying their departure . Amenadiel is shot and his necklace is stolen . Knowing the danger of exposing humans to divinity , he persuades Lucifer to help him find it in return for a favor . Meanwhile , beat cop Chloe Decker and her husband , Det. Dan Espinoza , investigate the murder of MMA fighter Aiden Scott . Lucifer abducts the promoter who tried to fix Aiden 's last fight , summoning his demon torturer Mazikeen to interrogate him . Chloe visits the promoter 's lawyer , Charlotte Richards , and pressures her into setting up a sting operation with her client . Lucifer sets up a fight with Amenadiel to show that they are the same . Amenadiel dominates the fight , but allows Lucifer to win by submission to prove that , unlike Lucifer , he can control his pride . The sting nets Aiden 's mentor Gil , but Lucifer and Amenadiel snatch him up and force him to confess to murder and theft before leaving him to be arrested . Lucifer uses his favor to get Amenadiel to leave him on Earth . He takes over the promoter 's club and has Maze cut off his wings . 43 12 `` All About Her '' Tara Nicole Weyr Alex Katsnelson January 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 22 ) T13. 20758 3.77 Lucifer accuses Pierce of working for God , but he denies it . A surfer 's body is found on a private beach . Chloe , furious with Lucifer for going behind her back , blocks him from the investigation . Charlotte chastises Pierce for yelling at Ella , and Amenadiel learns , falsely , that he has contracted chlamydia . Linda advises Lucifer to pay more attention to Chloe 's needs and Dan tells him to be helpful without getting in her way . Chloe suspects that a surfer gang may have been involved in the murder , sending Dan to go undercover and work their leader , Wild Child . After learning that Pierce intends to skip town , Lucifer discovers that he wishes to die , and had previously put himself and Chloe in danger hoping to be killed after learning that Lucifer is vulnerable around Chloe . Wild Child tells Dan that the gang had nothing to do with the murder , and Chloe deduces that the `` owners '' of the beach were framing them to cover up their illegal acquisition of the land . Linda tells Amenadiel that she is not comfortable dating him due to Maze 's objections , but they kiss , and Maze sees them . Lucifer makes a deal with Pierce to end his life . 44 13 `` Til Death Do Us Part '' Sherwin Shilati Mike Costa January 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 29 ) T13. 20759 3.67 Pierce loses faith in Lucifer 's lack of progress . Maze theorizes that he must have an exploitable weakness . Murdered woman , June Lee , turns out to be a criminal named Sandra Jiang , whose death is found to be connected to her role cooking ecstasy . Lucifer collects the mobster who once employed Sandra . He agrees to cooperate with the investigation in return for one of Sandra 's recipes . To prove that Sandra was selling her product independently , Chloe decides to have Lucifer and Pierce pose as a married couple in order to infiltrate her neighborhood . Dan and Charlotte go on their first date , but Maze crashes it due to her attraction to Charlotte 's pain . The cops learn that a `` watchdog '' who has been terrorizing the neighborhood is connected Sandra 's death . Lucifer lures him out , but he turns out be innocent . His wife turns out to be the killer , having mistakingly believed Sandra to be having an affair with her husband . Charlotte decides that she needs some time away from relationships in order to refocus . Pierce notes that as much as Lucifer wants to help him , he is more interested in using him to get revenge on his father . 45 14 `` My Brother 's Keeper '' Claudia Yarmy Joe Henderson & Jason Ning February 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 05 ) T13. 20760 3.71 Lucifer , realizing that he understands nothing about Cain 's Mark , decides to ask Amenadiel for help , but he refuses . Ella 's older brother , Jay Lopez , disappears after a man he was meeting with is murdered . Chloe asks Ella to recuse herself from the investigation , but she and Maze go off to find him anyway . Charlotte is turned down by Linda when she asks for a consultation , as she still fears her . The victim is tied to a jewelry store heist , and Lucifer and Chloe check with the owner , who reveals that the `` robbery '' was actually insurance fraud . Pierce tracks down Amenadiel , who he knows gave him the mark , and assaults him in anger . Chloe and Dan confirm that Jay was , in fact , hired to `` clean '' the stolen diamonds . Jay flees , and goes after the real killer , the store 's investigator , but gets captured . Pierce points out that he and Amenadiel both tried to kill their brothers , but that Amenadiel 's failure makes him worse . Maze eliminates the killer and saves Jay . Linda decides to treat Charlotte . Lucifer catches Jay stealing the diamonds , and vows to punish him if he ever commits a crime again . Amenadiel decides that he will do whatever it takes to protect his brother from Pierce . 46 15 `` High School Poppycock '' Louis Milito Chris Rafferty & Jen Graham Imada February 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 26 ) T13. 20761 3.18 Lucifer has a nightmare about Chloe dying . On his quest to help Pierce , Lucifer uses murdered author Kathleen Pike 's latest work to overcome his lack of ideas . Linda and Amenadiel continue their romance in secret , unaware that Maze already knows . Chloe learns that the characters in Kathleen 's books are based on people from her high school days . Lucifer agrees to go undercover with her at an upcoming reunion to find the killer . Maze intentionally sets up Linda and Amenadiel on blind dates with herself and Todd , the man Lucifer impersonates at the reunion , as revenge for their deception . Maze angrily storms out after Linda defends her actions . Chloe and Lucifer discover that all of the party attendees have an alibi except for Todd , who explains that Kathleen had a different ending for her book from what her editor wanted . Chloe uses that information to set a trap for him . Lucifer has a breakdown when he realizes that Kathleen 's work was destroyed , and leaves . Linda breaks up with Amenadiel for Maze 's sake . Lucifer throws Chloe the prom she never had and also has an epiphany : to break Pierce 's curse , he has to prevent the circumstances that caused it . 47 16 `` Infernal Guinea Pig '' Eagle Egilsson Jenn Kao & Julia Fontana March 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 05 ) T13. 20762 3.13 To break Pierce 's curse , Lucifer proposes resurrecting Abel from Hell . However , the plan goes awry when Abel is revived in the body of Bree Garland , the assistant to B movie producer Alexa Lee , whose office was recently blown up by a bomb . Based on information provided by Maze , Lucifer and Pierce track Abel to a pool party . Amenadiel arrives and tries to persuade Abel to commit suicide by claiming he is still in Hell . Chloe 's investigation uncovers links between Alexa 's film studio and a Bolivian drug cartel , and she realizes that Bree , who had been aware of her employer 's crimes , was trying to expose her . Abel encounters Pierce and shoots him , but he is unharmed . Chloe takes Bree and Lucifer to Alexa 's office for evidence , where they narrowly manage to defuse another bomb . Using a recovered fingerprint , Chloe has Alexa arrested for money laundering . Charlotte makes progress in therapy with Linda , while Amenadiel , after fighting with Maze , calls her childish for ruining his chance at romance . Abel , having somewhat reconciled with his brother , asks for some space to figure himself out . Lucifer , concerned about Chloe 's safety , informs Pierce that he is ending their partnership and Abel is killed by an ambulance . 48 17 `` Let Pinhead Sing ! '' Alrick Riley Ildy Modrovich & Sheri Elwood March 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 12 ) T13. 20763 2.97 Pop singer Axara sees her life threatened when one of her backup dancers ( wearing a mask and the same outfit as Axara ) gets killed by a high - powered firework . Chloe investigates without much help from Lucifer , who is still worried about putting Chloe in danger and tries to avoid her . He does offer to quarantine Axara at Lux until the killer is found , though . Suspicion falls on a crazed fan , who is soon found dead himself , then to Axara 's manager , before evidence ultimately leads Chloe to Axara 's former high school friend and current tour manager , Cece . Elsewhere , Pierce is dejected over Lucifer backing off on helping him die and the fact that Abel could not kill him either . Ella convinces him to talk to Dan , which does no good , and Pierce also has a conversation with Amenadiel that seems to help . Pierce starts to believe again that Chloe is the key , and he asks her out on a date in full view of Lucifer . Meanwhile , Linda tries to reconcile her friendship with Maze , even getting Charlotte to mediate their dispute , but Maze will not budge off her high horse . 49 18 `` The Last Heartbreak '' Hanelle Culpepper Alex Katsnelson & Mike Costa March 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 19 ) T13. 20764 3.23 In 1958 , Pierce , an LAPD detective , is assigned to investigate a serial murderer known as the `` Broken Hearts Killer '' . In the present , two new victims are found that match the killer 's MO . Lucifer tries to get between what he suspects is a growing romance between Chloe and Pierce . Dan tells a drunken Maze to pull herself together for Chloe 's sake . More victims turn up , validating Pierce 's belief that a copycat is responsible . Amenadiel runs into Charlotte , and Linda advises him to keep his distance . Pierce visits the granddaughter of his partner in 1958 , getting back his files on the case . Maze and Dan argue , and Maze ends up insulting Trixie unaware that she is behind her . Using a radio call - in show to set up a sting , Chloe and Pierce pose as a cheating couple and lure out the killer , who turns out to be a man who found the original killer 's journals and became obsessed with them . Charlotte persuades Amenadiel to reveal the truth to her . Pierce decides to pursue a relationship with Chloe , with Lucifer 's blessing . 50 19 `` Orange Is the New Maze '' Nathan Hope Jenn Kao March 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 26 ) T13. 20765 3.19 Maze asks Lucifer to send her back to Hell ; Lucifer refuses and suggests that she needs to blow off some steam . Linda warns Charlotte not to see Amenadiel again . Security footage of a new murder seems to implicate Maze as the killer , and Chloe learns that the victim was one of her bounties . Maze subsequently turns herself in , claiming guilt , and even hands over the murder weapon . However , when Chloe presses her , it becomes clear that Maze only wants to take the fall . Charlotte forces Lucifer to tell her about his mother . Maze escapes custody , and Chloe determines that someone is framing her . Pierce becomes increasingly jealous of the `` special relationship '' between Lucifer and Chloe . A conversation with a former bounty leads them to a wealthy winery owner , who blames Maze for getting her son killed . Chloe persuades Maze to spare the owner 's life ; instead , she stabs her in the foot . Lucifer , prompted by Amenadiel , reveals his true self to Charlotte . When Lucifer tries to persuade her to stay , Maze , angry that he refuses to consider her feelings , prepares to leave town . However , Pierce stops her , and promises to help her if she helps him . 51 20 `` The Angel of San Bernardino '' Tara Nicole Weyr Jason Ning April 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 16 ) T13. 20766 3.18 A man is killed during a home invasion , but the homeowner survives due to the intervention of a `` guardian angel '' . A news story then surfaces of a guardian angel rescuing a victim in San Bernardino , leading Lucifer to wonder whether he could be responsible , even though he has no memory of the deeds . Pierce 's relationship with Chloe is strained by her refusal to let him meet Trixie . Linda suggests that Lucifer may not be aware of his actions because he is unconsciously trying to distract himself ; both he and Amenadiel suspect that God is responsible . Charlotte starts behaving outlandishly , as she believes that she will end up in Heaven no matter what she does . Chloe finds a video of a fight involving the victim , which leads them to an actor who was hired to keep him from breaking his addiction to heroin . Lucifer 's refusal to sleep interferes with his work , and Chloe accuses him of being jealous . Lucifer forces the murderer to confess , after which Maze visits him and reveals that she is the `` angel '' , having done so to keep Lucifer from figuring out Pierce 's plan to use Chloe . However , Pierce changes his mind and dumps Chloe , breaking her heart in the process . Furious , Lucifer attacks Pierce , whose mark has vanished , rendering him mortal . 52 21 `` Anything Pierce Can Do I Can Do Better '' Jim Vickers Alex Katsnelson April 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 23 ) T13. 20767 2.82 Pierce contemplates suicide , but realizes he truly loves Chloe . Seeing a chance for a normal life where he can grow old with her and die , he tries to win her back . A new murder case comes in : Reina Markova , a prima ballerina who was strangled while practicing . Lucifer decides that the only way to get Chloe back is to outshine Pierce in every way . Pierce reneges on his plan to frame Lucifer for his murder , which angers Maze . Reina 's former understudy reveals that she was set to host a reality competition show , but ultimately backed out ; it then turns out that the show 's creator was blackmailed into offering her the job . Amenadiel recruits Charlotte to help him expose Pierce as the Sinnerman . Lucifer and Chloe uncover an affair between Reina and the ballet company chairman , while Charlotte is caught trying to follow Pierce and attempts to seduce him , but fails . Ella and Dan deduce that Reina 's partner Miguel was behind the blackmail and killed her to protect himself . Pierce and Lucifer both invite Chloe to have dinner with them , but Pierce makes the decision to tell Chloe how he feels and proposes to her , just as Lucifer arrives to do the same thing . 53 22 `` All Hands on Decker '' Eduardo Sánchez Sheri Elwood April 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 30 ) T13. 20768 2.84 Ella plans Chloe 's bachelorette party . Lucifer and Dan investigate the murder of a dog trainer , with Lucifer taking the lead to `` understand '' Chloe better . Pierce 's Mark reappears , which Maze interprets as a sign that Chloe is unsure of her love . Amenadiel recruits Charlotte to break off the engagement . Dan enters a gambling den in search of a suspect , before Lucifer stages a surprise police raid . Maze intentionally throws a boring party , and Linda , Ella , and Charlotte hire a party bus instead . Amenadiel tries to persuade Pierce against losing his immortality . The murder suspect reveals that he is an amateur trainer , and that his purebred mastiff is expecting puppies which could fetch high prices . Ella figures out that Maze and Charlotte are both trying to manipulate Chloe , and stops the party . A drunken Chloe rides off in the bus , while Dan and Lucifer deduce that the victim 's partner is the killer and arrest him . Maze learns that Pierce 's Mark is fake and tries to kill him , but he uses Trixie to force her to leave . Dan expresses his feelings for Charlotte , and they begin a real relationship . Chloe ends her engagement and resumes working with Lucifer , to Pierce 's anger . 54 23 `` Quintessential Deckerstar '' Claudia Yarmy Ildy Modrovich May 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 07 ) T13. 20769 2.90 Charlotte continues to have nightmares of Hell . Lucifer struggles to tell Chloe how he feels . Retired baseball player Forest Clay 's wife is murdered . Charlotte identifies him as the killer , revealing that she destroyed evidence of another murder for him years before . Amenadiel tries to restore his wings . Ella discredits Clay 's alibi , and Chloe discovers that both he and his wife were cheating on each other . Pierce and Maze plan to kill Amenadiel so Pierce can get his Mark back . Charlotte stages a distraction while Amenadiel steals information from her former law firm , which leads them to a murder matching Charlotte 's version of events . Chloe contemplates her feelings for Lucifer . Charlotte assists Chloe in apprehending Clay . When Maze turns on Pierce , he sedates her and shoots at Amenadiel , only to kill Charlotte when she shields him . Lucifer confesses his feelings and that he is the Devil to Chloe , who says he is not , at least not to her , and they kiss . A grieving Amenadiel regains his wings , using them to bring Charlotte 's soul to Heaven as Lucifer and Chloe receive a phone call , leading to Chloe , Lucifer , and Dan arriving at the crime scene where they find Charlotte 's body . 55 24 `` A Devil of My Word '' Eagle Egilsson Joe Henderson May 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 14 ) T13. 20770 3.20 Pierce takes control of the investigation into Charlotte 's death . Dan finds Charlotte 's notes on Pierce , and informs Chloe and Lucifer that Pierce is the killer . Pierce arranges for one of the criminals Charlotte was prosecuting to be framed for her murder . Dan has Ella tip off Pierce on their progress , prompting him to send a hitman for Dan , but the hitman is captured . Believing that Linda is in danger , Maze escapes Pierce 's men to find her . Maze and Linda reconcile . Lucifer tells Ella that he suspects Amenadiel is right ; God is not responsible for changing him , he is . The captured hitman gives Chloe information that leads her and Lucifer into an ambush . Chloe is shot and Lucifer uses his wings to shield her . He carries her to safety before using his wings to subdue Pierce 's henchmen . Pierce confronts Lucifer with one of Maze 's daggers , but Lucifer kills Pierce with it instead . Pierce believes that he will be going to Heaven as he feels no regrets , but Lucifer reveals that Pierce will be haunted by the murder of Charlotte for eternity in Hell . The anger Lucifer feels causes his devil face to return , allowing Chloe to see his true nature . Bonus episodes 56 25 `` Boo Normal '' Lisa Demaine Jen Graham Imada May 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 28 ) T13. 20771 2.42 As Ella contemplates moving back to Detroit , she assists on the case of a murdered psychologist . While doing so , she is visited by Rae - Rae , a `` ghost '' who first appeared to Ella when she survived a car crash at the age of 8 . However , Ella had not seen or heard from Rae - Rae since leaving Detroit five years ago , and she tries to figure out why she has reappeared . After hearing the story , Lucifer realizes that Rae - Rae is Azrael , the Angel of Death . In a conversation between the two , Azrael tells Lucifer that she was behind Ella moving to California and working for the LAPD . She explains that because she could not be in either one 's lives , she wanted to ensure her `` favorite brother and favorite human '' would be together in the same place . 57 26 `` Once Upon a Time '' Kevin Alejandro Story by : Ricardo Lopez Jr . Teleplay by : Ildy Modrovich & Joe Henderson May 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 28 ) T13. 20772 2.42 God narrates events in an alternate timeline , where Chloe 's father , John Decker , survived the shooting that was supposed to take his life . Thus , Chloe is not inspired to become a cop and has instead remained an actress . The story ponders if Chloe and Lucifer would have still found each other . They do when Chloe 's friend , a stunt man in her current film , is murdered at Lux , and both Chloe and Lucifer become interested in finding the killer . They manage to solve the case with the help of Ella ( who in this reality is a professional carjacker and mechanic ) , and John confesses that while he is proud of his daughter , he does not want her to follow her dream of joining the police because of his fear that she would be in harm 's way . Nevertheless , Chloe decides that she wants to consider the possibility , and Lucifer jokes that perhaps they will get to work together again . The episode ends with God reflecting on the fact that , despite being in completely different circumstances , Chloe and Lucifer are destined to be together as in the original timeline . Season 4 ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Prod . code 58 `` Everything 's Okay '' Sherwin Shilati Joe Henderson 2019 ( 2019 ) TBA 59 `` Somebody 's Been Reading Dante 's Inferno '' Sam Hill Ildy Modrovich 2019 ( 2019 ) TBA 60 `` O , Ye Of Little Faith , Father '' Jessika Borsiczky Jason Ning 2019 ( 2019 ) TBA Ratings ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' January 25 , 2016 2.4 / 7 7.16 1.4 3.63 3.8 10.78 `` Lucifer , Stay . Good Devil . '' February 1 , 2016 2.0 / 6 6.00 1.1 3.30 3.1 9.30 `` The Would - Be Prince of Darkness '' February 8 , 2016 1.7 / 5 5.47 1.1 3.00 2.8 8.46 `` Manly Whatnots '' February 15 , 2016 1.6 / 4 5.13 1.1 2.97 2.7 8.10 5 `` Sweet Kicks '' February 22 , 2016 1.5 / 4 4.86 1.1 2.97 2.6 7.83 6 `` Favorite Son '' February 29 , 2016 1.3 / 4 3.91 1.1 3.00 2.4 6.91 7 `` Wingman '' March 7 , 2016 1.3 / 4 4.24 1.0 2.80 2.3 7.04 8 `` Et Tu , Doctor ? '' March 14 , 2016 1.2 / 4 3.86 1.1 3.05 2.3 6.91 9 `` A Priest Walks into a Bar '' March 21 , 2016 1.2 / 4 3.82 1.1 3.04 2.3 6.86 10 `` Pops '' March 28 , 2016 1.2 / 4 3.76 1.1 2.94 2.3 6.68 11 `` St. Lucifer '' April 11 , 2016 1.1 / 4 3.44 1.0 2.86 2.1 6.28 12 `` # TeamLucifer '' April 18 , 2016 1.3 / 4 3.81 0.9 2.68 2.2 6.49 13 `` Take Me Back to Hell '' April 25 , 2016 1.3 / 4 3.89 0.9 2.68 2.2 6.57 Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Everything 's Coming Up Lucifer '' September 19 , 2016 1.3 / 4 4.36 0.9 2.75 2.2 7.11 `` Liar , Liar , Slutty Dress on Fire '' October 3 , 2016 1.1 / 4 3.67 0.9 2.69 2.0 6.37 `` Sin - Eater '' October 10 , 2016 1.0 / 3 3.67 0.9 2.63 1.9 6.30 `` Lady Parts '' October 17 , 2016 1.1 / 4 3.63 0.7 2.30 1.8 5.92 5 `` Weaponizer '' October 24 , 2016 1.0 / 4 3.55 0.8 2.26 1.8 5.81 6 `` Monster '' October 31 , 2016 0.9 / 3 3.42 0.9 2.40 1.8 5.82 7 `` My Little Monkey '' November 7 , 2016 1.0 / 3 3.52 0.8 2.51 1.8 6.03 8 `` Trip to Stabby Town '' November 14 , 2016 1.1 / 4 3.87 0.7 2.26 1.8 6.13 9 `` Homewrecker '' November 21 , 2016 1.0 / 3 3.63 0.8 2.24 1.8 5.87 10 `` Quid Pro Ho '' November 28 , 2016 1.1 / 4 4.09 0.7 2.13 1.8 6.22 11 `` Stewardess Interruptus '' January 16 , 2017 1.1 / 4 3.97 0.8 2.28 1.9 6.25 12 `` Love Handles '' January 23 , 2017 1.2 / 4 4.17 0.7 2.23 1.9 6.40 13 `` A Good Day to Die '' January 30 , 2017 1.2 / 4 4.19 0.7 2.01 1.9 6.20 14 `` Candy Morningstar '' May 1 , 2017 1.0 / 4 3.41 0.7 2.09 1.7 5.50 15 `` Deceptive Little Parasite '' May 8 , 2017 0.9 / 3 3.25 0.7 1.91 1.6 5.16 16 `` God Johnson '' May 15 , 2017 0.8 / 3 3.05 0.7 2.05 1.5 5.10 17 `` Sympathy for the Goddess '' May 22 , 2017 0.8 / 3 3.03 0.7 2.07 1.5 5.10 18 `` The Good , the Bad , and the Crispy '' May 29 , 2017 0.9 / 3 3.31 0.7 2.00 1.6 5.30 Season 3 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` They 're Back , Are n't They ? '' October 2 , 2017 1.1 / 4 3.92 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` The One with the Baby Carrot '' October 9 , 2017 0.9 / 3 3.33 0.6 1.82 1.5 5.16 `` Mr. & Mrs. Mazikeen Smith '' October 16 , 2017 0.9 / 3 3.19 N / A 1.71 N / A 4.90 `` What Would Lucifer Do ? '' October 23 , 2017 0.8 / 3 3.26 N / A 1.87 N / A 5.13 5 `` Welcome Back , Charlotte Richards '' October 30 , 2017 0.9 / 3 3.37 N / A N / A N / A N / A 6 `` Vegas with Some Radish '' November 6 , 2017 1.0 / 4 3.48 N / A N / A N / A N / A 7 `` Off the Record '' November 13 , 2017 1.0 / 4 3.58 N / A N / A N / A N / A 8 `` Chloe Does Lucifer '' November 20 , 2017 0.9 / 3 3.26 0.5 1.73 1.4 4.99 9 `` The Sinnerman '' December 4 , 2017 0.9 / 4 3.39 N / A 1.87 N / A 5.26 10 `` The Sin Bin '' December 11 , 2017 0.8 / 3 3.36 N / A N / A N / A N / A 11 `` City of Angels ? '' January 1 , 2018 0.7 / 2 3.11 0.7 N / A 1.4 N / A 12 `` All About Her '' January 22 , 2018 0.9 / 3 3.77 0.6 1.73 1.5 5.51 13 `` Til Death Do Us Part '' January 29 , 2018 0.8 / 3 3.67 N / A N / A N / A N / A 14 `` My Brother 's Keeper '' February 5 , 2018 1.0 / 4 3.71 N / A 1.73 N / A 5.44 15 `` High School Poppycock '' February 26 , 2018 0.8 / 3 3.18 0.5 1.67 1.3 4.85 16 `` Infernal Guinea Pig '' March 5 , 2018 0.7 / 3 3.13 0.5 1.65 1.2 4.77 17 `` Let Pinhead Sing ! '' March 12 , 2018 0.7 / 3 2.97 0.5 1.69 1.2 4.66 18 `` The Last Heartbreak '' March 19 , 2018 0.8 / 3 3.23 0.4 1.58 1.2 4.69 19 `` Orange Is the New Maze '' March 26 , 2018 0.8 / 3 3.19 N / A N / A N / A N / A 20 `` The Angel of San Bernardino '' April 16 , 2018 0.7 / 3 3.18 N / A 1.52 N / A 4.70 21 `` Anything Pierce Can Do I Can Do Better '' April 23 , 2018 0.7 / 3 2.82 N / A 1.55 N / A 4.37 22 `` All Hands on Decker '' April 30 , 2018 0.6 / 3 2.84 N / A 1.49 N / A 4.33 23 `` Quintessential Deckerstar '' May 7 , 2018 0.7 / 3 2.90 N / A 1.49 N / A 4.39 24 `` A Devil of My Word '' May 14 , 2018 0.8 / 4 3.20 0.4 1.35 1.2 4.56 25 `` Boo Normal '' May 28 , 2018 0.5 / 2 2.42 N / A N / A N / A N / A 26 `` Once Upon a Time '' May 28 , 2018 0.5 / 2 2.42 N / A N / A N / A N / A Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Before the series was cancelled , co-showrunner Ildy Modrovich stated that two episodes produced for the third season were set to be moved to a potential fourth season . Both episodes were broadcast on Fox on May 28 , 2018 as a singular two - hour bonus episode . Jump up ^ Season 2 episodes 14 -- 17 were broadcast one day earlier in Canada . Jump up ^ Of the third season , episodes 1 - 4 , 15 and 18 - 24 were broadcast one day earlier in Canada . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 16 , 2014 ) . `` Fox Nabs DC Entertainment ' Lucifer ' Drama From Tom Kapinos As Put Pilot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Keveney , Bill ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` ' Idol , ' ' New Girl ' get Fox winter premiere dates '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Turchiano , Danielle ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Lucifer ' Canceled After Three Seasons at Fox '' . Variety . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( June 15 , 2018 ) . `` Lucifer Resurrected ! Netflix Picks Up Season 4 of Cancelled Fox Drama '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ingham , Alexandria ( August 6 , 2018 ) . `` FOX and Netflix 's reasons behind Lucifer decisions show something needs to change '' . HiddenRemote.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ildy Modrovich ( @ Ildymojo ) ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` Season finale was directed by @ eagleegilsson actually ! The last two episodes produced will air next season ... WHEN we get it . Right ? ? ? Everyone cross fingers . @ LuciferDaily # lucifer '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` FOX to Air Two `` Bonus '' Episodes of `` Lucifer '' on Monday `` . The Futon Critic . May 21 , 2018 . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Scorpion ' and ' Superstore ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' X-Files , ' ' Lucifer ' and ' The Bachelor ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Bachelor ' and ' Scorpion ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : Grammys and all other shows hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Bachelor ' adjusts up , ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Blindspot , ' ' Gotham ' and all others hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Jane the Virgin ' adjusts up , ' Blindspot ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Bachelor ' and ' Scorpion ' adjust up , ' Blindspot ' and ' After the Final Rose ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Blindspot ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick . `` Monday final ratings : ' Supergirl , ' ' Blindspot ' and everything else hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' and ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Supergirl ' finale adjusts up , ' NCIS : LA ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Gotham ' adjust up , ' Kevin ' and ' Good Place ' hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Conviction , Timeless , Kevin and Scorpion all adjust down , Big Bang and Voice adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Timeless , ' ' Conviction , ' ' DWTS , ' ' Lucifer ' adjust down , ' Big Bang ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Gotham , ' ' The Voice , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' DWTS ' adjust up , ' Conviction ' and ' 2 Broke Girls ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Kevin Can Wait ' adjusts up , ' Timeless , ' ' Supergirl , ' and ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Gotham ' adjusts up , CBS shows all adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' ' Odd Couple ' and ' Conviction ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' 2 Broke Girls ' adjusts up , ' Supergirl ' and ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Supergirl , ' ' Jane the Virgin , ' ' Odd Couple , ' ' Conviction ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' Voice ' adjusts up ; ' Gotham ' , ' Lucifer ' , ' Jane the Virgin ' and ABC adjust down ; Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Howie Mandel Comedy Gala ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Celebrity Apprentice ' adjusts up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Scorpion , ' ' Man with a Plan , ' ' Superior Donuts ' all adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gotham , ' ' Man with a Plan , ' ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars , ' ' Man with a Plan ' finale adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Jane the Virgin ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gotham ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CTV and CTV Two Fall 2017 Premiere Dates Announced # # # CTV is Home of Television 's Most - Anticipated Debuts of the Year '' . Bell Media . August 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CTV on Twitter : `` It 's not your typical high school reunion . Catch # Lucifer on a new day tonight at 8 / 9mt ... `` '' . twitter . February 25 , 2018 . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` citl - tv mar 17 - 23 '' ( PDF ) . CITL - DT . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` citl - tv mar 24 - 30 '' ( PDF ) . CITL - DT . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` citl - tv apr 14 - 20 '' ( PDF ) . CITL - DT . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` citl - tv apr 21 - 27 '' ( PDF ) . CITL - DT . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` citl - tv apr 28 - may 4 '' ( PDF ) . CITL - DT . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` citl - tv may 5 - 11 '' ( PDF ) . CITL - DT . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` citl - tv may 12 - 18 '' ( PDF ) . CITL - DT . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Voice ' adjust up ; ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' The Brave ' & ' Scorpion ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Good Doctor ' adjust up , other CBS shows and ' The Brave ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang , ' ' Voice , ' ' Lucifer , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' adjust up , ABC and ' 9JKL ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' adjusts down , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Voice ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lucifer ' adjusts up , ' Good Doctor ' and ' Dancing With the Stars ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' The Gifted , ' Luke Bryan special adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' The Gifted ' adjust up , ' DWTS ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Good Doctor , ' ' Dancing with the Stars , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' Man with a Plan ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` ABC , NBC adjust down with football pre-emptions : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Christmas Light Fight , ' ' Bachelor ' special and ' Better Late than Never ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Lucifer , ' ' The Bachelor , ' everything else unchanged : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Brave ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' 9JKL ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Resident , ' ' Man with a Plan , ' ' 9JKL ' and ' Scorpion ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Superior Donuts ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Superior Donuts ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' iZombie ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol , ' ' Good Girls , ' all others hold : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' and ' The Good Doctor ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' American Idol ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Resident ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Supergirl , ' ' Man with a Plan ' adjust up , ' The Resident ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Man with a Plan ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 30 , 2018 ) . `` Stanley Cup adjusts up , ' The Crossing ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lucifer Writers Room ( @ LUCIFERwriters ) ( August 6 , 2018 ) . `` The title of Ep. 401 is `` Everything 's Okay '' . Written by the incomparable @ Henderson_Joe , directed by the great @ sherwinshilati and on @ netflix ! # Lucifer # LuciferOnNetflix '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 6 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Lucifer Writers Room ( @ LUCIFERwriters ) ( August 17 , 2018 ) . `` The title of Ep. 402 is `` Somebody 's Been Reading Dante 's Inferno '' . Written by the incredible @ Ildymojo and directed by the excellent @ SamHill_KinoEye ! # Lucifer # LuciferOnNetflix '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Lucifer Writers Room ( @ LUCIFERwriters ) ( August 29 , 2018 ) . `` The title of Ep. 403 is `` O , Ye Of Little Faith , Father '' . Written by the great @ jkning and directed by the talented @ JessikaBTweets ! # Lucifer # LuciferOnNetflix '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Lucifer ' premiere shows solid growth in week 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' gains the most , ' Vampire Diaries ' and ' Shades of Blue ' double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' How to Get Away with Murder , ' 5 other shows double in a DVR - heavy week 21 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Blacklist ' and ' The Big Bang Theory ' lead week 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' has biggest week 23 gain , ' Jane the Virgin ' and 3 others double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Blindspot , ' ' Jane ' and ' Quantico ' top week 24 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Quantico ' lead week 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Modern Family ' and ' Blindspot ' gain the most for March 14 -- 20 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Modern Family ' tops the week of March 21 -- 27 , 4 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Empire ' lead the week of March 28 -- April 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' have biggest gains , 4 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' lead for April 18 -- 24 , 5 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' lead for April 25 -- May 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' is your premiere week DVR champion : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . 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Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Lucifer_episodes&oldid=857123989 '' Categories : Lucifer ( TV series ) Lists of American comedy - drama television series episodes Lists of American crime television series episodes Lists of American fantasy television series episodes Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Magyar Polski Português Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 18 : 31 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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The Moody Blues

The Moody Blues - wikipedia The Moody Blues Jump to : navigation , search The Moody Blues The Moody Blues in 1970 at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol . From left to right : Mike Pinder , Graeme Edge , Justin Hayward , Ray Thomas , John Lodge . Background information Origin Birmingham , England Genres Progressive rock art rock psychedelic rock pop rock symphonic rock proto - prog R&B ( early ) Years active 1964 ( 1964 ) -- present ( hiatus : 1974 -- 77 ) Labels Decca London Deram Threshold A.K.A. Polydor Universal Website moodybluestoday.com Members Graeme Edge Justin Hayward John Lodge Past members Denny Laine Mike Pinder Ray Thomas Clint Warwick Rodney Clark Patrick Moraz The Moody Blues are an English rock band formed in Birmingham , England in 1964 . They first came to prominence playing rhythm and blues music , but their second album , Days of Future Passed , which was released in 1967 , was a fusion of rock with classical music and established them as pioneers in the development of art rock and progressive rock . It has been described as a `` landmark '' and `` one of the first successful concept albums '' . The band became known internationally with singles including `` Go Now '' , `` Nights in White Satin '' , `` Tuesday Afternoon '' , and `` Question '' . They have been awarded 18 platinum and gold discs . The Moody Blues have sold 70 million albums worldwide . They will be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Founding and early history 1.1 Early years , Decca Records 1964 -- 1966 1.2 Arrival of Hayward and Lodge 2 Deram Records , Threshold Records , 1967 -- 1972 2.1 Days of Future Passed 2.2 In Search of the Lost Chord 2.3 On the Threshold of a Dream 2.4 To Our Children 's Children 's Children 2.5 A Question of Balance 2.6 Every Good Boy Deserves Favour and Seventh Sojourn 2.7 Threshold Records 3 Hiatus and solo work , 1974 -- 1977 4 Reunion , 1977 -- 1990 4.1 Reunion 4.2 Octave , Pinder departs and the arrival of Moraz , Long Distance Voyager and The Present 4.3 The Other Side of Life , Sur la Mer 5 1990s to present 5.1 Departure of Moraz and Court TV lawsuit 5.2 Keys of the Kingdom 5.3 Strange Times , 1990s tours 5.4 Thomas retires , December 5.5 Latest work 6 Legacy and honours 7 Moody Bluegrass 8 Members 9 Discography 10 References 11 External links Founding and early history ( edit ) Early years , Decca Records 1964 -- 1966 ( edit ) A Mitchells & Butlers Brewery in Birmingham , pictured 2005 -- a possible sponsorship from the brewery never materialised The Moody Blues formed in 1964 in Erdington , a suburb of Birmingham in the county of Warwickshire . Ray Thomas , a young John Lodge and ( occasionally ) Mike Pinder had been members of El Riot & the Rebels . They disbanded when Lodge , the youngest member , went to technical college and Pinder joined the army . Pinder then rejoined Thomas to form the Krew Cats . Back from a disappointing spell in the Hamburg region a few months later , the pair recruited guitarist / vocalist Denny Laine and band manager - turned - drummer Graeme Edge . Pinder and Thomas initially approached their former El Riot bandmate John Lodge about being the bass player , but Lodge declined as he was still in college . They instead recruited bassist Clint Warwick . The five appeared as the Moody Blues for the first time in Birmingham in 1964 . The name developed from a hoped - for sponsorship from the M&B Brewery which failed to materialise , the band calling themselves both `` The M Bs '' and `` The MB Five '' , and was also a subtle reference to the Duke Ellington song `` Mood Indigo '' . In an interview it was revealed that the band was named `` Moody Blues '' because Mike Pinder was interested in how music changes people 's moods and due to the fact that the band was playing blues at the time . Around this time the band were the resident group at the Carlton Ballroom , later to become rock music venue Mothers on Erdington High Street . The band soon obtained a London - based management company , ' Ridgepride ' , formed by Alex Murray ( Alex Wharton ) , who had been in the A&R division of Decca Records . Their recording contract was signed in the spring of 1964 with Ridgepride , which then leased their recordings to Decca . They released a single , `` Steal Your Heart Away '' , that year which failed to chart . They also appeared on the cult TV programme Ready Steady Go ! singing the uptempo ' B ' side `` Lose Your Money ( But Do n't Lose your Mind ) '' . But it was their second single , `` Go Now '' ( released later that year ) , that launched their career , being promoted on TV with one of the first purpose - made promotional films in the pop era , produced and directed by Alex Wharton . The single became a hit in Britain ( where it remains their only Number 1 single ) and in the United States , where it reached No. 10 . The band encountered management problems after the chart - topping hit and subsequently signed to Decca Records in the UK ( London Records in the US ) directly as recording artists . A four - track extended play release titled `` The Moody Blues '' featuring both sides of their first two Decca singles was issued in a colour picture sleeve in early 1965 . Their debut album The Magnificent Moodies , produced by Denny Cordell with a strong Merseybeat / R&B flavour , was released on Decca in mono only in 1965 . It contained the hit single together with one side of classic R&B covers , and a second side with four Laine - Pinder originals . Alex Wharton left the management firm , and the group released a series of relatively unsuccessful singles . They enjoyed a minor British hit with a cover of `` I Do n't Want To Go on Without You '' ( No. 33 ) in February 1965 , while the Pinder - Laine original `` From the Bottom of My Heart ( I Love You ) '' produced by Denny Cordell ( with a vocal choral sound towards the conclusion that anticipated their sound on `` Nights in White Satin '' ) was issued as a UK single in May 1965 and did a little better ( No. 22 ) . But then `` Everyday '' , another Pinder - Laine song , stalled at No. 44 in October 1965 and no further British singles were released for about a year . The group was still in demand for live gigs , though , and they had chart success in the US and in Europe during those months when `` Bye Bye Bird '' ( Decca AT 15048 ) was lifted from their album in December 1965 as an overseas single in France ( No. 3 ) . In June 1966 , Warwick retired from the group and the music business . He was briefly replaced by Rod Clark ( born Rodney Clark , 23 November 1942 , Surlingham , near Norwich , Norfolk ) , but in early October , Denny Laine also departed from the group , which made Decca release `` Boulevard de la Madeleine '' c / w `` This is My House ( But Nobody Calls ) '' ( Decca F 12498 , 1966 ) only a few days later , as the Moody Blues seemed to be disintegrating . Clark joined the Rockin Berries . In the November 1966 issue of Hit Week , Dutch interviewers Hans van Rij and Emie Havers presented their story , saying the Moody Blues had been in the process of recording their second album , Look Out , with Cordell producing . The album was not to be and `` Really Have n't Got the Time '' ( released as a single c / w `` Fly Me High '' some months later ) is the only song mentioned in the article but the authors say Laine had written all of the material , with Thomas , Pinder and Clark ( still the bass player ) singing lead vocals as well . A final ' Mark One ' Moodies single , Pinder - Laine 's `` Life 's Not Life '' , was scheduled for release in January 1967 ( Decca F 12543 ) c / w `` He Can Win '' even though Laine could n't perform it live because the group had relaunched themselves without him a few months earlier . ( This single 's release is often listed as being cancelled ; however , both promo and regular stock copies have been seen over the years ) . Arrival of Hayward and Lodge ( edit ) The group re-formed in November 1966 . By then , `` Boulevard de la Madeleine '' had made the Belgian charts and won them more fans , which came in handy when they relocated to Belgium for some time . The new members were John Lodge , their bassist from El Riot who was now finished with his education , and Justin Hayward , formerly of the Wilde Three . Hayward was recommended to Pinder by Eric Burdon of the Animals and was endorsed by famed UK singer Marty Wilde , the leader of the Wilde Three . Pinder phoned Hayward after reading his lead guitarist letter , and was impressed when Hayward played him his 45 rpm single `` London is Behind Me '' during their car ride to meet the other members in Esher . After financial misfortune and a confrontation with an audience member , the band soon realised that their style of American blues covers and novelty tunes was not working , and decided to perform primarily their own material . ( However , as appearances on French TV show , they continued to do two covers through at least the first half of 1968 : the Hayward - sung `` Do n't Let Me Be Misunderstood '' , and `` Bye Bye Bird '' , with the vocal and harmonica formerly done by Denny Laine now performed by Ray Thomas . ) They were introduced to Decca staff producer Tony Clarke , who produced a recording session which saw Justin Hayward 's `` Fly Me High '' and Mike Pinder 's older - styled `` Really Have n't Got the Time '' ( Decca F12607 ) as the ' Mark Two ' Moodies ' first single released in May 1967 . These picked up both radio airplay and favourable reviews , but failed to chart in the UK . However , the sound gave clues about the direction in which their music would evolve . Their new style , featuring the symphonic sounds of Pinder 's mellotron , was introduced on Pinder 's song `` Love And Beauty '' ( Decca F 12670 ) which was issued as a single c / w with Hayward 's rocker `` Leave This Man Alone '' in September 1967 . This too was not a UK hit , but further established their `` new '' Moodies identity . Ray Thomas 's flute had been in evidence earlier ( `` I 've Got a Dream '' ) on their debut album ; however , it became a far more featured instrument from this point onwards as they started incorporating distinct psychedelic influences , which was later developed in a concept album revolving around an archetypal day in the life of everyman . Deram Records , Threshold Records , 1967 -- 1972 ( edit ) Days of Future Passed ( edit ) The Moody Blues ' contract with Decca Records was set to expire and they owed the label several thousand pounds in advances . The second album had never materialised either . They had the support , however , of Decca A&R manager Hugh Mendl , who had been instrumental in the recent establishment of London / Decca 's new subsidiary imprint Deram Records . With Mendl 's backing , the Moody Blues were offered a deal to make a rock and roll version of Antonín Dvořák 's New World Symphony to promote the company 's new Deramic Stereo Sound audio format in return for which the group would be forgiven their debt . The Moody Blues agreed , but insisted that they be given artistic control of the project , and Mendl ( as executive producer ) was able to provide this despite Decca 's notoriously tight - fisted attitude to their artists . The group was unable to complete the assigned project , which was abandoned . However , they managed to convince Peter Knight , who had been assigned to arrange and conduct the orchestral interludes , to collaborate on a recording that used the band 's original material instead . Although Deram executives were initially sceptical about the hybrid style of the resulting concept album , Days of Future Passed ( released in November 1967 ) became one of the most successful pop / rock releases of the period , earning a gold record award and reaching No. 27 on the British LP chart . Five years later it reached No. 3 in the US / Billboard charts . The LP was a song cycle or concept album that takes place over the course of a single day . The album drew inspiration in production and arrangement from the pioneering use of the classical instrumentation by the Beatles , to whom Pinder had introduced the mellotron that year . It took the form to new heights using the London Festival Orchestra , a loose affiliation of Decca 's classical musicians given a fictitious name , adding the term `` London '' to sound impressive , to provide an orchestral linking framework to the Moodies ' already written and performed songs , plus overture and conclusion sections on the album , including backing up Graeme Edge 's opening and closing poems recited by Pinder . Strings were added to the latter portion of the album version of Hayward 's `` Nights in White Satin '' ( absent on the single ) but the orchestra and group never performed together on the recording , with the band 's rock instrumentation centred on Pinder 's mellotron . Despite being a lush concept album , the LP was cut in a very workmanlike manner , with the band recording a particular song , then the track being presented to Peter Knight who quickly composed a suitable `` linking '' orchestral portion , which the Decca musicians ( `` London Festival Orchestra '' ) then recorded . The album was as much an original work by Knight himself as the group . The composing credits were listed on the sleeve as : `` Redwave - Knight '' , although Hayward wrote `` Nights ... '' and `` Tuesday Afternoon '' , Thomas provided `` Another Morning '' and `` Twilight Time '' , Lodge penned `` Peak Hour '' and `` Evening ( Time To Get Away ) '' , and Edge contributed the opening and closing poems ( the first `` Morning Glory '' and the latter titled `` Late Lament '' ) read by Mike Pinder who composed both `` The Sun Set '' and `` Dawn is a Feeling '' ( sung by Hayward , with Pinder singing the bridge section ) . Clarke produced the album , and afterwards continued working with the band . Sometimes known to fans as `` The Sixth Moodie '' , he produced their albums and singles for the next eleven years . Engineer Derek Varnals also contributed heavily to the creation of the early Moody 's studio sound , working with Pinder and Clarke to create a more symphonic overlapping sound on the mellotron as opposed to the sharp ' cut off ' the instrument normally gave , partly achieved by removing all the `` sound effects '' tapes ( trains , whistles , cockerel crowing , etc . ) and then ' doubling up ' the tapes of orchestral instruments ' sounds , which combined with Pinder 's ability and sensitivity at playing ( Pinder having earlier worked for the company that manufactured the mellotron ) and Varnals ' recording skills at creating an orchestral ' wave ' sound that characterised their non-orchestra accompanied sound thereafter . The album , plus two singles therefrom , `` Nights in White Satin '' and `` Tuesday Afternoon '' ( as a medley with `` Forever Afternoon , '' listed as `` Forever Afternoon ( Tuesday ? ) '' on the album ) , took time to find an audience . In the Moody Blues ' native Britain , the two singles from the album did n't initially catch on ; `` Nights in White Satin '' made only No. 19 on the British singles chart in early 1968 , and `` Tuesday Afternoon '' did n't chart at all . However , the British public learned to appreciate `` Nights in White Satin '' subsequently ; it made No. 9 on the UK singles chart on re-issue in December 1972 and No. 14 on the charts on another reissue at the end of 1979 , and is now regarded as the Moody Blues signature song by British audiences . In the US , `` Nights in White Satin '' did not make the Billboard Hot 100 in 1968 , although it reached No. 2 on re-release in 1972 ; `` Tuesday Afternoon '' was more successful on initial release stateside , peaking at No. 24 on the Billboard Hot 100 . In Search of the Lost Chord ( edit ) The 1968 follow - up LP , In Search of the Lost Chord included `` Legend of a Mind '' , a song written by Ray Thomas in tribute to LSD guru Timothy Leary which encompassed a flute solo performed by Thomas -- four members of the group had taken LSD together at the start of 1967 . A promotional film for the song was filmed on location at Groot - Bijgaarden Castle near Brussels in Belgium . Lodge provided a two - part song `` House of Four Doors '' set either side of Thomas ' epic piece . Justin Hayward began playing sitar and incorporating it into Moody Blues music ( `` Voices ... '' , `` Visions of Paradise '' , `` Om '' , etc . ) , having been inspired by George Harrison . Hayward 's `` Voices in the Sky '' charted as a single in the UK ( No. 27 ) , as did Lodge 's `` Ride My See - Saw '' ( No. 42 , No. 15 in France ) -- still their concert finale number -- which featured Pinder 's non-album song `` A Simple Game '' as the ' B ' side . Pinder 's `` The Best Way to Travel '' was another high point , as was his closing song `` Om '' ( sung by Pinder and Thomas , again featuring Hayward on sitar ) . Graeme Edge found a significant secondary role in the band as a writer of poetry , and some of their early albums from the late 1960s began with various band members reciting poems by Edge that were conceptually related to the lyrics of the songs that followed . Edge narrated his brief `` Departure '' poem on `` Lost Chord '' , although Pinder recited the majority of Edge 's poetry , as according to Edge , he had the best voice for it due to smoking more cigarettes and drinking more whisky at the time . On the Threshold of a Dream ( edit ) On 1969 's On the Threshold of a Dream , Hayward , Edge and Pinder share the opening narration on Edge 's `` In The Beginning '' , leading into Hayward 's `` Lovely To See You '' . His `` Never Comes the Day '' was issued as a UK single , while Thomas ' wry observations of life in `` Dear Diary '' and `` Lazy Day '' were striking features . Pinder contributed the closing track on side one , `` So Deep Within You '' . Side two closed with the `` Dream Sequence '' , Edge 's poem `` The Dream '' leading into Pinder 's `` Have You Heard ? '' parts I and II with the two parts separated by his classically themed instrumental piece `` The Voyage '' . To Our Children 's Children 's Children ( edit ) The band 's music continued to become more complex and symphonic , with heavy amounts of reverberation on the vocal tracks , resulting in 1969 's To Our Children 's Children 's Children -- a concept album inspired by the first moon landing . The opening track `` Higher and Higher '' saw Pinder simulate a rocket blast - off on keyboards , then narrate Edge 's lyrics . Thomas ' `` Floating '' and `` Eternity Road '' stood out , as did Hayward 's `` Gypsy '' and a rare Pinder - Lodge collaboration `` Out and In '' . Lodge provided his two - part `` Eyes of a Child '' and `` Candle of Life '' while Pinder contributed `` Sun is Still Shining '' . The album closed with `` Watching and Waiting '' , composed by Ray Thomas and Justin Hayward and sung by Hayward . It was during 1969 that the band established their own label `` Threshold '' under licence to Decca Records . To Our Children 's Children 's Children was the first of their albums to be released on their own label . The song `` Watching and Waiting '' was issued as a single on the Threshold label , but failed to chart . A Question of Balance ( edit ) Although the Moodies had by now defined a somewhat psychedelic style and helped to define the progressive rock ( then also known as ' art rock ' ) sound , the group decided to record an album that could be played in concert , losing some of their full - blown sound for A Question of Balance ( 1970 ) . This album , reaching No. 3 in the American charts and No. 1 in the British charts , was indicative of the band 's growing success in America . Incidentally , it seems to have been one of the first rock albums broaching the issue of ecology ( e.g. line : We 'll spoil the seas with the rivers we 've lost , from Edge 's `` Do n't You Feel Small '' ) . Hayward 's `` Question '' ( in a differing version ) was issued as a single , reaching No. 2 in the UK ( kept from the top spot only by the England World Cup football team 's novelty record `` Back Home '' ) . Justin Hayward began an artful exploration of guitar tone through the use of numerous effects pedals and fuzzboxes and developed for himself a very melodic buzzing guitar - solo sound . The Moody Blues had by now become a bill - topping act in their own right . They appeared twice at the famous Isle of Wight Festival ( A DVD of their 1970 performance has been released ) . Pinder 's `` Melancholy Man '' ( a No. 1 single in France ) stood out beside Hayward 's `` Question '' on the 1970 album . Every Good Boy Deserves Favour and Seventh Sojourn ( edit ) For their next two albums , Every Good Boy Deserves Favour ( 1971 ) -- from which Hayward 's `` The Story in Your Eyes '' was taken as a US charting single ( No. 23 ) - and Seventh Sojourn ( 1972 ) ( which reached No. 1 in the US ) , the band returned to their signature orchestral sound which , while difficult to reproduce in concert , had become their trademark . The title `` Every Good Boy Deserves Favour '' was borrowed , tongue - in - cheek , from a mnemonic used to remember the musical notes that form the lines of the treble clef : EGBDF . The opening track `` Procession '' was the only item composed by all five band members , a fascinating track depicting the `` evolution '' of music , leading into Hayward 's `` Story in Your Eyes '' . Thomas 's reflective `` Our Guessing Game '' and whimsical `` Nice To Be Here '' offset the deeper drama of Hayward 's `` You Can Never Go Home '' , Lodge 's `` One More Time To Live '' and Pinder 's `` My Song '' . Edge , the long - standing drummer - poet , started writing lyrics intended to be sung , rather than verses to be spoken -- his `` After You Came '' ( 1971 ) featured each of the four lead singers taking a vocal section . Then in 1972 , Lodge 's songs `` Is n't Life Strange ? '' ( No. 13 ) and `` I 'm Just a Singer ( In a Rock and Roll Band ) '' ( No. 36 ) were lifted from Seventh Sojourn as charting UK singles . Sojourn also saw Pinder using the new Chamberlin instrument in place of the mellotron and Edge using an electronic drum kit . Pinder 's stirring lament `` Lost in a Lost World '' opened this last `` Core Seven '' outing , while his sympathetic ode to Timothy Leary `` When You 're a Free Man '' , Thomas 's romantic `` For My Lady '' , and Hayward 's serene `` New Horizons '' all stood out . In an interview following the release of Seventh Sojourn , Graeme Edge told Rolling Stone : `` We 've got two Christians , one Mystic , one Pedantic and one Mess , and we all get on a treat . '' By this time , other bands were picking up their work . Pinder 's songs `` A Simple Game '' ( 1968 ) and `` So Deep Within You '' ( 1969 ) were successfully covered by the Four Tops , Pinder winning an Ivor Novello Award for `` A Simple Game '' , Elkie Brooks later covered Hayward 's `` Nights in White Satin '' . Pinder also appeared on John Lennon 's `` Imagine '' album in 1971 , providing additional percussion on `` I Do n't Wanna Be a Soldier ( I Do n't Want to Die ) '' . The 1968 to 1972 album sleeves , plus several solo sets up to Ray Thomas 's `` Hopes , Wishes & Dreams '' in 1976 , were characterised by striking surreal scenic sleeve artwork ( mostly gatefold sleeves ) by artist Phil Travers . In late 1972 , a re-issue of the five - year - old `` Nights in White Satin '' became the Moody Blues ' biggest US hit , soaring to number two on the Billboard Hot 100 and becoming a certified million - seller ; the song had `` bubbled under '' the Hot 100 charts on its original release . The song also returned to the UK charts , reaching No. 9 , ten places higher than its original release in 1967 . Threshold Records ( edit ) The Moodies were also among the pioneers of the idea that a successful rock band could promote itself through their own label , following the Beatles ' creation of Apple Records . After their On the Threshold of a Dream album ( 1969 ) , they created Threshold Records , prompted in part by disputes with London / Deram over album design costs ( their gatefold record jackets and expensive cover art were not popular with company executives ) . The idea was for Threshold to produce new albums and deliver them to London / Decca who would act as distributor . The group attempted to build Threshold into a major label by developing new talent -- most notably the UK hard rock band Trapeze and the Portland , Oregon , classical - acoustic sextet Providence -- but these efforts were unsuccessful and the Moodies eventually returned to more traditional recording contracts . However , they helped lay groundwork for other major acts to set up similar personal labels and distribution deals , including the Rolling Stones ' own label and Led Zeppelin 's Swan Song , and all of the Moodies ' studio releases from 1969 to 1999 bore the Threshold logo on at least one of their format versions . Hiatus and solo work , 1974 -- 1977 ( edit ) In the spring of 1974 , after completing a vast world tour that culminated with a tour of Asia , the group took an extended break , erroneously reported as a break - up at the time , because of the other band members feeling exhausted and overshadowed ( this was said by Hayward in the final issue of Higher & Higher magazine 2006 ) . Although the band had typically featured four lead vocalists ( with Edge also contributing vocally ) , Hayward was the principal guitarist / vocalist whilst Pinder was considered to be the person most responsible for their symphonic sound , arrangements , and overall conceptual direction . Pinder and Thomas also doubled as the Moodies ' onstage MCs ( as the 1969 `` Caught Live + 5 '' album displayed ) . Before the band 's 1973 -- 74 world tour ( their last with Pinder ) , Hayward wrote a song called `` Island '' with the intention of including it on a potential follow - up album , which the Moodies recorded in 1973 before ultimately going their separate ways . An additional cause of the hiatus were the long tours that had by this time strained Pinder , who needed a rest . In 1974 the band oversaw preparation of the compilation album This Is The Moody Blues which was released that year . Hayward and Lodge released a duo album , the very successful Blue Jays ( 1975 ) , and a UK chart single , `` Blue Guitar '' ( no . 8 ) , which was credited to Hayward and Lodge even though it was just Hayward with 10cc backing him . The album had originally been a projected liaison between Hayward and Pinder , but after Pinder dropped out , John Lodge stepped in . ( Tony Clarke produced it . ) The members then released solo albums . Pinder said he hoped to get the band back together that year . `` Having moved to California in 1974 , I returned to Britain for a visit in summer 1975 . I was trying to get the band to do an album , but the response was so weak I returned to California with my two new Mk5 mellotrons and began work on my solo album The Promise . '' Edge produced two albums with guitarist Adrian Gurvitz , Kick Off Your Muddy Boots ( 1975 ) and Paradise Ballroom ( 1976 ) ; Hayward composed the acoustically textured Songwriter ( 1977 ) , which was followed up in later years by Night Flight ( 1980 ) , Moving Mountains ( 1985 ) , ( which Hayward dedicated to Peter Knight ) Classic Blue ( 1989 ) , The View From The Hill ( 1996 ) and Live in San Juan Capistrano ( 1998 ) ; Lodge released Natural Avenue ( 1977 ) ; Pinder produced The Promise ( 1976 ) ; and Thomas collaborated on two projects with songwriter Nicky James , producing From Mighty Oaks ( 1975 ) and Hopes , Wishes and Dreams ( 1976 ) . Reunion , 1977 -- 1990 ( edit ) Reunion ( edit ) 1978 -- 90 line - up . L-R : Patrick Moraz , Ray Thomas , Graeme Edge , Justin Hayward and John Lodge In 1977 , the group made a decision to record together again , with their record company Decca urging a reunion album . London Records decided to release a somewhat poorly mixed eight - year - old recording of the band performing at London 's Royal Albert Hall , against their artistic wishes . London / Decca did this in an attempt to re-energise public interest in the Moody Blues before their anticipated new album , but by this time Pinder had remarried and started a family in California , so for their reunion recording , the band decamped stateside with producer Clarke . The sessions were marked with tension and division : first there was a fire at the studios they were using , then after quickly relocating to Pinder 's home studio , a landslide following torrential rains effectively marooned them , inevitably causing tensions to rise ( with Pinder then dropping out before completion ) . Clarke was also forced to leave because of non-musical reasons before the album was completed , but by the spring of 1978 Octave was ready for release . Pinder , citing his young family , and by then probably considering the band 's touring days behind them , excused himself from the touring commitments that were to follow . His decision caused acrimony within the band ( notably from Edge ) and Ray Thomas had said Pinder was initially agreeable to touring , but his opting out later on ( with a major comeback tour already planned ) was a severely embarrassing blow to them . Attempts were made by their management to downplay Pinder 's absence , notably at a major UK music press party Decca organised , when the top Decca dignitary guest , while making a `` welcome back '' speech , openly referred to `` Mike Pinder being currently absent over in the States '' , much to their dismay . Octave , Pinder departs and the arrival of Moraz , long Distance Voyager and the Present ( edit ) During this period , the prog - rock band Yes had asked their Swiss - born keyboardist , Patrick Moraz , to leave . Moraz 's management had some contacts with the Moodies , and after a successful audition with the band in England in 1978 , he was engaged as keyboardist for the Octave World Tour that began in Germany in October . The album sold well and produced the hits `` Steppin ' in a Slide Zone '' , ( no . 39 US ) written by Lodge and `` Driftwood '' , ( no . 59 US ) written by Hayward . The music video produced for `` Driftwood '' featured Moraz , although Pinder was the one who played on the actual recording ; the video for `` Steppin ' in a Slide Zone '' simply showed the other four members without Pinder ( which was rather awkward as Pinder 's keyboards featured extensively on the song , notably on the distinctive intro and during a solo section of the piece ) . A group performance of Hayward 's `` Had to Fall in Love '' and Lodge 's `` Slide Zone '' on the `` Kenny Everett Show '' also depicted them as a four piece . On Octave , Hayward had some four solo composed songs ( more than on `` The Other Side of Life '' later in 1986 ) , Edge contributed `` I 'll Be Level With You '' ( aka `` Little Man '' ) one of only a few songs showing a complete group unity . Several songs sounded like solo efforts , while Lodge 's `` Survival '' , Hayward 's appropriate closing `` The Day We Meet Again '' and Pinder 's final contribution and lead vocal , `` One Step into the Light '' ( curiously as the band is depicted as doing so on the cover photo -- where Pinder is perhaps significantly barely glimpsed at all and almost out of focus ) were all high points on the album . Around this time , Justin Hayward enjoyed a solo hit ( No. 5 ) in the UK ( US No. 47 ) with the song `` Forever Autumn '' from Jeff Wayne 's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds . In recent times Hayward has sung both this and `` The Eve of the War '' live in the touring version of the album , as featured on Wayne 's original big - selling double album . The Moody Blues toured the US and Europe during much of 1979 . A live CD The Moody Blues Live in Seattle 1979 during the Octave tour of a concert at Seattle Center Coliseum recorded on 25 May 1979 was later issued in 2013 . By 1980 they were ready to record again , this time bringing in producer Pip Williams . Moraz was retained as the band 's permanent keyboardist , though Pinder had originally understood that he would continue to record even if not touring with the band . Pinder took legal action to prevent the new Moody Blues album from reaching the public without his contributions , but he was not successful , and ultimately , he never returned to the fold . Nevertheless , when released in 1981 , Long Distance Voyager was a colossal success , reaching No. 1 on Billboard and going Top 5 in the UK . The album yielded two hits , `` The Voice '' , ( No. 15 US ) written by Hayward , and `` Gemini Dream '' , ( No. 12 US ) written by Hayward and Lodge . John Lodge 's `` Talking out of Turn '' also charted in the US , reaching No. 65 . Edge provided `` 22,000 Days '' ( featuring Thomas as lead voice with Hayward and Lodge ) while Thomas ' contributions were the final portion of the set with his singing on the final two songs ; `` Painted Smile '' , `` Reflective Smile '' ( a poem narrated by a DJ friend of the band ) and `` Veteran Cosmic Rocker '' . By now , the mellotron had long been set aside as their primary keyboard instrument on their studio albums and the band embraced a more modern , less symphonic approach , though still retaining a lush keyboard - led sound as Moraz gave a more contemporary edge . In live concerts , the mellotron was still used heavily by Moraz until the mid-1980s , including on songs that did not originally feature it . The Present ( 1983 ) , again produced by Williams , was less successful than its predecessor , though it spawned a UK Top 40 hit ( No. 35 ) in `` Blue World '' ( No. 62 in the US ) and a US Top 40 hit in `` Sitting at the Wheel '' ( which failed to chart in the UK ) . Videos were also produced for both singles . The Present was released in conjunction with Talencora Ltd shortly before Decca was bought out by Polydor Records . The other side of Life , Sur La Mer ( edit ) In 1986 they enjoyed renewed success with their album The Other Side of Life and in particular with the track `` Your Wildest Dreams '' -- a US Top 10 hit ( and No. 1 on Billboard 's Adult Contemporary singles chart for two weeks ) which garnered a Billboard Video of the Year award after being frequently featured on MTV . It made them `` the first act in history to earn each of its first three top 10 singles in a different decade '' ( along with Go Now in 1965 and Nights In White Satin in 1972 ) . Newly employed producer Tony Visconti and Barry Radman , a synth programmer formerly engaged by Moraz , delivered a modern sound the Moodies had been seeking in order to remain competitive with their pop contemporaries and the album 's title song also charted in the US , at No. 58 . The renewed interest in the band ensured a younger audience , with many of their longtime followers remaining loyal despite a fair number of older fans finding the albums of this period far more lightweight in content - for example , Lodge had gone from writing powerfully reflective mystical or humanitarian themed pieces such as `` House of Four Doors '' , `` Candle of Life '' and `` One More Time to Live '' to quirkier items such as `` Here Comes the Weekend '' , `` Rock and Roll Over You '' and `` Love is on the Run ( From Me ) '' while Hayward 's songs seemed less the deeper drama of numbers such as `` The Actor '' , `` Dawning is the Day '' , `` You Can Never Go Home '' , `` The Land of Make Believe '' , etc. , to pleasant ( and more radio - friendly ) perennial far simpler songs about lost love and romance ( `` Your Wildest Dreams '' , `` No More Lies '' , `` I Know You 're Out There Somewhere '' etc . ) . There were still some deeper songs being created by the band , ( `` The Voice '' , `` 22,000 Days '' , `` The Other Side of Life '' , `` The Spirit '' , `` Deep '' , etc . ) but the overall tone had noticeably become a more lightweight commercialised one ; presumably this was with record company agreement to keep in accordance with the then prevailing times . Their live shows from this period included a good number of their 1980s album tracks . However , over time , more of the `` Core Seven '' album era favourites reappeared in their playlist , but Pinder 's compositions were permanently retired from their setlists after his departure . The Moody Blues performed live at the Birmingham Heart Beat Charity Concert 1986 which raised money for Birmingham Children 's Hospital . The band played four songs , and later provided backup with The Electric Light Orchestra for George Harrison . The Moodies continued their early video - generation success with Sur La Mer ( 1988 ) and its video and single , `` I Know You 're Out There Somewhere '' ( No. 30 US , No. 52 UK , No. 2 US Mainstream Rock ) , a sequel to `` Your Wildest Dreams '' . Their sound took on an ever - increasingly synthetic and technical quality as Moraz and Visconti began using modern sequencers , samplers and drum machines . Hayward and Lodge wrote and sang on most of the songs as the band came under pressure from their new record company , Polydor Records , to promote those it deemed to be the two more commercial looking and sounding members and they decided to exploit that aspect rather than catering for the band as a whole or retaining the five - way songwriting methods the group had done with Pinder . By then , Ray Thomas was playing a diminished role in the recording studio with the band evolving into a synthpop act , a genre that was unsuitable for the use of a flute . Thomas provided additional percussion , notably a brisk tambourine , on many more Moodies songs which continued to be featured , plus occasional harmonica , but by this point he was largely relegated to the status of a backup singer and he was also unwell during this period , further limiting his involvement with the band in the recording studio . Thomas provided some backing vocals for both The Other Side of Life and Sur La Mer ; however , for reasons unclear , multiple production considerations led Visconti to leave Thomas ' vocals off the latter of these two albums , thereby further reducing the texture of their overall vocal sound , which had previously been rich four - part harmonies ( Hayward , Lodge , Thomas and Pinder ) , then went down to three ( Thomas , Lodge and Hayward ) upon Pinder 's departure and reduced still further to just the more similar - sounding voices of Hayward and Lodge ( Lodge also providing falsetto vocals and high harmonies ) , with Pinder and Thomas each having provided both lower and higher - pitched vocal harmonies in the group 's earlier vocal sound . The band 's vocal `` sound '' had become the blend of just Hayward and Lodge , which was still recognisable , if less textured than the original four - part , more complex `` choral '' sound . Moraz was displeased with Visconti 's exclusion of Thomas from the final release of Sur La Mer and accused him of tailoring the album for radio , as revealed in a 1989 newspaper article where it revealed Moraz 's anger with the state of the band and at Visconti in particular . Despite his diminished participation in the recording process , Thomas ' high value remained on stage primarily from his continued ability to sing out his 1960s and 1970s Moodies classics , and also in flute and keyboard duets he composed with Moraz which were performed only during Moodies ' concerts . The band had begun to reinforce their concert sound in 1986 with the addition of a second keyboardist . ( Bias Boshell was the first , replaced in 1987 by Guy Allison before Boshell returned by 1990 ) , as well as female backing singers . 1990s to Present ( edit ) Departure of Moraz and Court TV lawsuit ( edit ) In 1991 , halfway through the production of their new studio album , Patrick Moraz did an interview with Keyboard Magazine and made some comments in the article that suggested dissatisfaction with his role in the Moodies . His complaints ranged from the Moodies ' music becoming too simple in structure to the other members ' reluctance to allow him to make significant contributions to the songwriting on their albums . He also was occupied with spending large amounts of time planning a music concert to celebrate his native Switzerland 's 700th anniversary instead of rehearsing with the Moodies and as a result , he was fired from the group before the project was completed , so Boshell and new keyboardist Paul Bliss were brought in to finish the new album 's keyboard tracks . Despite previous credits as an `` official band member '' and being included in group photos on the four ' 80s studio albums from `` Long Distance Voyager '' to `` Sur La Mer '' , subsequent Moodies compilations downplay Moraz to being merely an `` additional keyboardist '' and several band photos have him cropped or airbrushed out , notably on the covers to Gold ( which did not even mention him in the booklet liner notes , let alone include his picture ) and the more recent compilation `` Polydor Years 1986 - 1992 '' . Moraz later took legal action against the group in the United States and the lawsuit , which he won , was shown on Court TV , but he was awarded only $77,175 in back pay due to accounting slow - ups instead of the $4,000,000 he sought . Keys of the Kingdom ( edit ) Keys of the Kingdom , released in 1991 , had modest commercial success when released and once again , Hayward 's songs led off the album , with the new singles `` Say It with Love '' and `` Bless the Wings ( That Bring You Back ) . '' Also included was a new ambient flute piece by Ray Thomas entitled `` Celtic Sonant . '' Hayward and Thomas also co-wrote `` Never Blame the Rainbows for the Rain '' to close the album . Lodge made a defining shift in his songwriting on this album , leaving his trademark high - energy rock music , and instead gravitating towards slow love ballads such as `` Lean on Me ( Tonight ) '' ( though he had earlier contributed some songs in this gentler vein such as `` Emily 's Song '' for his daughter in 1971 , `` Survival '' in 1978 , and `` Talking Out of Turn '' in 1981 ) , while his more powerful songs continued with `` Magic '' and the Lennonesque `` Shadows on the Wall '' . This gentler trend continued on the two successive Moodies albums . Hayward wrote the driving two - part piece `` Say What You Mean . '' Tony Visconti produced some of the tracks on `` Keys '' , as did Christopher Neil and Alan Tarney . The ensuing tour saw them invited to play at the Montreux Jazz Festival . A non-album Hayward - Lodge song cut at these sessions , `` Highway '' , was included on the `` Say It with Love '' twelve - inch single and on a later box set and compilation album , while the vinyl album did not include their song `` Once is Enough '' as on the compact disc version . The group remained a steady concert draw , and a series of video and audio versions of their 1992 Night at Red Rocks concert enjoyed great success , particularly as a fund - raiser for American public television where it had been first broadcast . The concert was conducted and arranged by Larry Baird , who has participated in many other bands ' orchestral live concerts , such as Kansas , Michael Bolton , Three Dog Night , Al Jarreau and Alan Parsons . The group also continued their use of additional musicians on stage and in the studio , but after the two legal suits from both Pinder in 1981 and Moraz in 1992 , the band was careful not to recognise future keyboardists as official members . Following on from his contributions as keyboardist on the ' Keys of the Kingdom ' album , Paul Bliss continued to play keyboards for the band live , being promoted to first keyboardist in 2001 ( but was replaced in March 2010 after 19 years continuous service ) . Thomas and Bliss continued the tradition of a flute / keyboard duet for many tours . After Edge injured himself in 1991 , second drummer Gordon Marshall was brought in to back him up ; he stayed with the group after Edge returned and remained in the position until autumn of 2015 when he left to play in a Moody Blues cover band `` Legend of a Band '' and another cover band `` Reflections '' . Strange Times , 1990s tours ( edit ) From 1991 to 1998 the group took a hiatus from recording and spent time trying to perfect the art of performing live with an orchestra . The recording hiatus ended in 1999 , with the album Strange Times , their first album in almost two decades to be more than moderately received by British critics , although Justin Hayward was quoted as saying he was disappointed at the album 's chart performance -- probably not helped by the long recording hiatus -- which was notably less than `` Keys of the Kingdom '' in 1991 . It was recorded in Recco , Italy , at Hayward 's suggestion , and was the band 's first self - produced effort . The album featured keyboards and arrangements from Italian musician Danilo Madonia , who continued to work in - studio with the band . The album opened with English Sunset , a pop song featuring a modern , nearly techno arrangement . The song This is the Moment ( which is not on Strange Times ) , which was originally featured in the Broadway production of Jekyll and Hyde , was a minor hit in the US . Strange Times was also the first album since 1970 to include a new poem by Graeme Edge , Nothing Changes , narrated by Edge , with Hayward then singing the concluding portion of the track , and notably concluded by quoting Mike Pinder 's 1968 song title A Simple Game . Also in 1999 , the Moody Blues appeared in an episode of The Simpsons called Viva Ned Flanders . On Strange Times Ray Thomas appeared vocally with Hayward and Lodge on Sooner or Later ( Walkin ' on Air ) and his own brief song My Little Lovely , plus provided a vocal snippet and backing vocals on Hayward 's English Sunset ; this was his recorded vocal swan song with the band . In 2000 the band released Hall of Fame , a new live concert from the Royal Albert Hall , with a concurrent DVD release . This was taken from the last tour on which Boshell played . He left the live line - up in 2001 ; Bliss took over first keyboard duties , with his former second keyboard role filled by Bernie Barlow and Julie Ragins when Barlow took maternity leave from 2006 to 2009 . In 2001 an IMAX film was released entitled Journey into Amazing Caves , which featured two new songs written and performed by the Moody Blues . The soundtrack also featured Justin Hayward performing vocals and playing guitar throughout . One of these songs , entitled Water , is the Moody Blues ' first instrumental studio recording since their 1983 piece Hole in the World from The Present LP . Hayward and Lodge live in 2007 Thomas retires , December ( edit ) The new millennium saw the Moody Blues reducing their touring schedule . At the end of 2002 , founding member Ray Thomas retired from the group , reducing the Moody Blues to the trio of Hayward , Lodge and Edge , the last being the only original member . Flautist and rhythm guitarist Norda Mullen was recruited early the following year for their North American tour , and has worked with the band live and in the studio since then . Toward the end of 2003 , they released an album entitled December . The songs included originals and four covers : John Lennon 's `` Happy Xmas ( War Is Over ) '' , Mike Batt 's `` A Winter 's Tale '' , `` When A Child is Born '' and Irving Berlin 's `` White Christmas '' . December was the group 's first album to include covers since their 1965 debut album The Magnificent Moodies . In March 2006 , the first five of the band 's ' Core Seven ' albums ( the seven albums from Days of Future Passed to Seventh Sojourn ) were re-released in SACD format with Deluxe Editions , featuring bonus songs and some rare previously unreleased tracks . In April 2007 , the last two of these classic albums were re-released by Universal / Threshold . These deluxe editions were unique for an art rock group like the Moodies in that one of their members , Justin Hayward , was the one taken on to do the work , instead of a professional master technician . Hayward stated that he listened to virgin vinyl copies of these albums and used them as reference points for the new compact discs . On 21 May 2007 the Moodies released a forty - one track , two - disc compilation of sessions recorded at BBC Studios , various television appearances and a previously ' lost ' performance done on the Tom Jones Show titled Live at the BBC : 1967 - 1970 . Latest work ( edit ) The Moody Blues in concert at the Chumash Casino Resort in Santa Ynez , California in 2005 l-r : Justin Hayward , John Lodge , Graeme Edge In 2007 , the now defunct Hard Rock Park theme park in Myrtle Beach , South Carolina , announced the building of a dark ride entitled `` Nights in White Satin : The Trip '' . The ride incorporated multi-sensory experiences as well as a re-orchestrated version of the song by Justin Hayward . A re-recorded version of Graeme Edge 's `` Late Lament '' again followed , which had each group member reading a verse of the poem . In March 2009 , the ride closed because of the conversion of the park to the Freestyle Music Park , with the new owners desiring to make the park more `` family friendly . '' The group toured the UK , Canada and the US in 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 and 2010 . In addition , Hayward took part in the UK tour of Jeff Wayne 's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds in April 2006 , and a second tour in November 2007 , also with dates in 2009 . The Moody Blues also toured Australia and New Zealand in 2006 . Their long - time producer , Tony Clarke , died in January 2010 . The band added keyboardist Alan Hewitt for their 2010 UK and North American tours . They released a new compilation album called Timeless Flight in 2013 . On 19 July 2013 , it was announced that the band would be appearing on the second annual Moody Blues Cruise , from 2 to 7 April 2014 , on the cruise ship MSC Divina . Other bands on the cruise included The Zombies and Lighthouse . The Moody Blues toured in 2015 in both the USA and the UK in June of that year , culminating in a début appearance at the Glastonbury Festival on 27 June 2015 . Original vocalist and flautist Ray Thomas died on 4 January 2018 , at the age of 76 , just a few months before the band were due to be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Legacy and honours ( edit ) The Moody Blues ' `` rich symphonic sound '' influenced groups such as Yes , Genesis , the Electric Light Orchestra and Deep Purple . They also helped make synthesizers and philosophy `` part of the rock mainstream '' . The Moody Blues are members of the Vocal Group Hall of Fame . In 2013 , readers of Rolling Stone voted for them as one of the ten bands that should be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Ultimate Classic Rock called them `` perennial victims of an unaccountable snubbing '' and inducted them into its own Hall of Fame in 2014 . In December 2017 , the band were announced as inductees for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Writing for The Guardian in 2015 , Rob Chapman described the band as `` psychedelia 's forgotten heroes '' . He stated : `` Despite their success , rock critics rarely took the Moody Blues seriously , a pattern that continued for the next 45 years . '' He also wrote : `` Despite the critical disapproval , the best of the Moody Blues music between 1967 and 1970 possessed grace and beauty . Like the Beatles , they understood how pop songs worked as ensemble pieces . None of them were particularly virtuosic or showy as musicians and their music is refreshingly free of the noodling longeurs that characterised the output of their more self - indulgent contemporaries . '' Moody Bluegrass ( edit ) The Moody Bluegrass project is a group of Nashville artists who have recorded two tribute albums of Moody Blues songs in the bluegrass style . The first album , Moody Bluegrass -- A Nashville Tribute to the Moody Blues , was released in 2004 . Those involved included Alison Krauss , Harley Allen , Tim O'Brien , John Cowan , Larry Cordle , Jan Harvey , Emma Harvey , Sam Bush and Jon Randall . A second Moody Bluegrass album , Moody Bluegrass Two ... Much Love , was released in 2011 . In addition to many of the participants of the first album , a number of tracks included guest performances from Hayward , Lodge and Edge , ( each of whom is credited as the lead vocalist on one song ) plus Thomas and Pinder , making this the first time since 1978 that these five musicians all appeared on one newly recorded album . Members ( edit ) Main article : List of the Moody Blues band members Current members Graeme Edge -- drums , percussion , vocals ( 1964 -- present ) Justin Hayward -- guitar , vocals ( 1966 -- present ) John Lodge -- bass guitar , guitar , vocals ( 1966 -- present ) Former members Denny Laine -- guitar , vocals ( 1964 -- 1966 ) Mike Pinder -- keyboards , vocals ( 1964 -- 1978 ) Ray Thomas -- flute , percussion , harmonica , vocals ( 1964 -- 2002 ) Clint Warwick -- bass guitar , vocals ( 1964 -- 1966 ) Rodney Clark -- bass , vocals ( 1966 ) Patrick Moraz -- keyboards ( 1978 -- 1990 ) Discography ( edit ) Main article : The Moody Blues discography Studio albums The Magnificent Moodies ( 1965 ) Days of Future Passed ( 1967 ) In Search of the Lost Chord ( 1968 ) On the Threshold of a Dream ( 1969 ) To Our Children 's Children 's Children ( 1969 ) A Question of Balance ( 1970 ) Every Good Boy Deserves Favour ( 1971 ) Seventh Sojourn ( 1972 ) Octave ( 1978 ) Long Distance Voyager ( 1981 ) The Present ( 1983 ) The Other Side of Life ( 1986 ) Sur la Mer ( 1988 ) Keys of the Kingdom ( 1991 ) Strange Times ( 1999 ) December ( 2003 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : James E. Perone ( 2009 ) . Mods , Rockers , and the Music of the British Invasion . ABC - CLIO . p. 130 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 99860 - 8 . Archived from the original on 1 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Ray , ed. ( 2012 ) . Disco , punk , new wave , heavy metal , and more : Music in the 1970s and 1980s . Rosen Education Service . p. 107 . ISBN 978 - 1615309085 . Jump up ^ Nicholas E. Tawa ( 2005 ) . Supremely American : Popular Song in the 20th Century : Styles and Singers and what They Said about America . Scarecrow Press . p. 248 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 5295 - 2 . Archived from the original on 1 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Doyle Greene ( 10 March 2014 ) . The Rock Cover Song : Culture , History , Politics . McFarland . p. 124 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 1507 - 3 . Archived from the original on 1 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Macan , Edward ( 2005 ) . Endless Enigma : A Musical Biography of Emerson , Lake and Palmer . Open Court . p. 78 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8126 - 9596 - 0 . Archived from the original on 25 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eder , Bruce ( 2009 ) . `` The Moody Blues : Biography '' . AMG ( All Music Group , a subsidiary of Macrovision ) . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Greene , Andy ( 24 April 2013 ) . `` Readers ' Poll : 10 Bands Who Should Enter the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2014 '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Parker , Matt ( 25 July 2013 ) . `` Justin Hayward on The Moody Blues and writing in corners '' . MusicRadar . Archived from the original on 10 September 2015 . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ as told by Thomas in Pete Frame _́ s Rock Family Trees : Birmingham Beatsters Jump up ^ Brewer , Jon ( 2006 ) . Classic Artists : Moody Blues ( DVD ) . Archived from the original on 1 January 2018 . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ray Thomas -- The Moody Blues '' . The Strange Brew . Archived from the original on 13 June 2017 . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview With Mike Pinder '' . Classicbands.com . Archived from the original on 26 August 2015 . Retrieved 26 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Moody Blues - British Invasion Bands '' . britishinvasionbands.com . Archived from the original on 24 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Denny left on Saturday and we _́ re not sure what we _́ re going to do . We _́ re waiting to see Brian Epstein to talk things over with him . '' Ray Thomas , as quoted by Record Mirror , 8 October 1966 : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 16 July 2014 . Retrieved 22 December 2014 ... Epstein , however , dropped the band almost immediately ( same website ) Jump up ^ see article `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 17 December 2014 . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . on Tony Brown _́ s website , taken from Hit Week # 10 , November 1966 , page 5 . Jump up ^ `` I was n't content to just carry on this gig just to bring money in . Our management thing had all fallen apart . We 'd gone with Epstein and that was a disaster . '' Laine interviewed by Mark Murley in Higher & Higher # 36 , 1997 , page 18 . Jump up ^ Obituaries -- Hugh Mendl : Producer at Decca Records Archived 17 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine. ; The Independent , 25 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Show 49 - The British are Coming ! The British are Coming ! : With an emphasis on Donovan , the Bee Gees and the Who . ( Part 6 ) : UNT Digital Library '' . Digital.library.unt.edu. 21 August 2015 . Archived from the original on 19 September 2015 . Retrieved 26 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Moody Blues drummer Graeme Edge interviewed - TechnologyTell '' . TechnologyTell . Archived from the original on 29 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Author . `` Threshold Records ( The Shop ) in Moody Blues Hall Forum '' . Travellingeternityroad.yuku.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 20 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Stepping In A Slide Zone -- LIVE '' . YouTube . 15 May 2011 . Archived from the original on 25 June 2014 . Retrieved 17 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( 1986 - 07 - 26 ) . `` Chart Beat '' . Billboard : 6 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Moody Blues : In Review Sur La Mer ( 1988 ) '' . Runstop.de. 30 September 2006 . Archived from the original on 15 July 2015 . Retrieved 26 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Scully , Mike ( 2007 ) . The Simpsons The Complete tenth Season DVD commentary for the episode `` Viva Ned Flanders '' ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived 14 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Moody Blues : Live at the BBC : 1967 - 1970 '' . Webbeta.sov.uk.vvhp.net . Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 26 August 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived 7 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Moody Blues Cruise April 2 - 7 , 2014 - '' . moodiescruise.com . Archived from the original on 13 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Eavis on Kanye West 's Glastonbury set : ' I was n't there , I was at the Moody Blues ' '' . NME. 28 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Worrall , Hannah ( 24 June 2015 ) . `` ' I think he 's going to deliver ' : The Moody Blues ' Justin Hayward on his first Glastonbury set and watching Kanye West play live '' . St Albans & Harpenden Review . Jump up ^ Press , Associated ( 7 January 2018 ) . `` Ray Thomas of British rockers The Moody Blues dies at 76 '' . www.washingtonpost.com . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Giles , Jeff ( 30 December 2014 ) . `` Moody Blues Inducted Into the Ultimate Classic Rock Hall of Fame '' . Ultimate Classic Rock . Archived from the original on 4 September 2015 . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Greene , Andy ( 13 December 2017 ) . `` Moody Blues ' Justin Hayward on Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Honor : ' It 's Amazing ! ' '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 15 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Rob ( 17 September 2015 ) . `` The Moody Blues -- psychedelia 's forgotten heroes '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on 21 September 2016 . Retrieved 22 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Two Much Love : Moody Bluegrass 2 '' . Twomuchlove.com . Archived from the original on 4 July 2015 . Retrieved 26 August 2015 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutThe Moody Bluesat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website ( hide ) The Moody Blues Graeme Edge Justin Hayward John Lodge Ray Thomas Mike Pinder Denny Laine Clint Warwick Rodney Clark Patrick Moraz Studio albums The Magnificent Moodies Days of Future Passed In Search of the Lost Chord On the Threshold of a Dream To Our Children 's Children 's Children A Question of Balance Every Good Boy Deserves Favour Seventh Sojourn Octave Long Distance Voyager The Present The Other Side of Life Sur la Mer Keys of the Kingdom Strange Times December Live albums Caught Live + 5 A Night at Red Rocks with the Colorado Symphony Orchestra Hall of Fame Lovely to See You : Live Live at the BBC : 1967 - 1970 Live at the Isle of Wight Festival 1970 Compilations This Is The Moody Blues Voices in the Sky : The Best of The Moody Blues Prelude Greatest Hits Time Traveller The Best of The Moody Blues Anthology Gold An Introduction to The Moody Blues Singles `` Go Now '' `` I Do n't Want to Go On Without You '' `` Nights in White Satin '' `` Tuesday Afternoon '' `` Voices in the Sky '' `` Ride My See - Saw '' `` Never Comes the Day '' `` Watching and Waiting '' `` Question '' `` The Story in Your Eyes '' `` Is n't Life Strange '' `` I 'm Just a Singer ( In a Rock and Roll Band ) '' `` Steppin ' in a Slide Zone '' `` Driftwood '' `` Gemini Dream '' `` The Voice '' `` Talking Out of Turn '' `` Blue World '' `` Sitting at the Wheel '' `` Your Wildest Dreams '' `` The Other Side of Life '' `` I Know You 're Out There Somewhere '' `` No More Lies '' `` Say It with Love '' `` Bless the Wings ( That Bring You Back ) '' `` English Sunset '' Related articles Band members Discography Justin Hayward and Friends Sing the Moody Blues Classic Hits Moody Bluegrass Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Class of 2018 Performers Bon Jovi The Cars Dire Straits The Moody Blues Nina Simone Early influences Sister Rosetta Tharpe VIAF : 159575746 LCCN : n87151082 ISNI : 0000 0001 2375 8787 GND : 2104674 - 8 BNF : cb13905083v ( data ) MusicBrainz : 774666d2 - 2064 - 4d6c - 856c - f8cda0aaf9f0 NLA : 36017964 NKC : xx0097354 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Moody_Blues&oldid=835622955 '' Categories : The Moody Blues 1964 establishments in England Art rock musical groups British Invasion artists British psychedelic rock music groups British rhythm and blues boom musicians Counterculture of the 1960s Decca Records artists Deram Records artists English pop rock music groups English progressive rock groups Musical groups established in 1964 Musical groups disestablished in 1974 Musical groups reestablished in 1977 Musical groups from Birmingham , West Midlands Musical quartets Musical quintets Musical trios Polydor Records artists Proto - prog musicians Symphonic rock groups Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL EngvarB from March 2016 Use dmy dates from March 2016 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 20 : 13 . 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New Zealand dollar

New Zealand dollar - Wikipedia New Zealand dollar Jump to : navigation , search New Zealand dollar New Zealand dollar ( English ) Tāra o Aotearoa ( Māori ) $5 banknote obverse $1 coin reverse ISO 4217 Code NZD Number 554 Exponent Denominations Subunit 1 / 100 cent Symbol $ cent Nickname kiwi Banknotes $5 , $10 , $20 , $50 , $100 Coins 10c , 20c , 50c , $1 , $2 Demographics User ( s ) New Zealand 5 territories ( show ) Cook Islands ( New Zealand ) , alongside Cook Islands dollar Niue ( New Zealand ) Pitcairn Islands ( UK ) Ross Dependency ( New Zealand ) Tokelau ( New Zealand ) Issuance Central bank Reserve Bank of New Zealand Website www.rbnz.govt.nz Printer Note Printing Australia ( provides base polymer note material ) Website www.noteprinting.com Valuation Inflation 0.2 % ( New Zealand only ) Source Reserve Bank of New Zealand , November 2016 Pegged by Cook Islands dollar , Niue dollar and Pitcairn Islands dollar ( all at par ) The New Zealand dollar ( sign : $ ; code : NZD ) ( Māori : Tāra o Aotearoa ) is the currency and legal tender of New Zealand , the Cook Islands , Niue , the Ross Dependency , Tokelau , and a British territory , the Pitcairn Islands . Within New Zealand , it is almost always abbreviated with the dollar sign ( $ ) , with `` NZ $ '' sometimes used to distinguish it from other dollar - denominated currencies . In the context of currency trading , it is often informally called the `` Kiwi '' , since New Zealand is commonly associated with the indigenous bird and the one - dollar coin depicts a kiwi . Introduced in 1967 , the dollar is subdivided into 100 cents . Altogether there are ten denominations -- five coins and five banknotes -- with the smallest being the 10 - cent coin . Formerly there were lower denominations , but those were discontinued due to inflation and production costs . The New Zealand dollar is consistently one of the 10 most - traded currencies in the world , being approximately 2.0 % of global foreign exchange market daily turnover in 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Exchange rate 2 Coins 2.1 History 2.2 Current circulating coins 3 Banknotes 3.1 History 3.2 Current circulating banknotes 4 History of NZ $ foreign exchange rates in foreign countries 5 Global foreign exchange market 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Introduction ( edit ) Prior to the introduction of the New Zealand dollar in 1967 , the New Zealand pound was the currency of New Zealand , which had been distinct from the pound sterling since 1933 . The pound used the £ sd system , in which the pound was divided into 20 shillings and one shilling was divided into 12 pence , which by the 1950s was considered complicated and cumbersome . Switching to decimal currency had been proposed in New Zealand since the 1930s , although only in the 1950s did any plans come to fruition . In 1957 , a committee was set up by the Government to investigate decimal currency . The idea fell on fertile ground , and in 1963 , the Government decided to decimalise New Zealand currency . The Decimal Currency Act was passed in 1964 , setting the date of transition to 10 July 1967 . Words such as `` fern '' , `` kiwi '' and `` zeal '' were proposed to avoid confusion with the word `` dollar '' , which many people at the time associated with the United States dollar . In the end , the word `` dollar '' was chosen anyway , and an anthropomorphic dollar note cartoon character called `` Mr. Dollar '' became the symbol of transition in a huge publicity campaign . On Monday 10 July 1967 ( `` Decimal Currency Day '' ) , the New Zealand dollar was introduced to replace the pound at a rate of two dollars to one pound ( one dollar to ten shillings , ten cents to one shilling , ⁄ cent to a penny ) . Some 27 million new banknotes were printed and 165 million new coins were minted for the changeover . Exchange rate ( edit ) The New Zealand dollar was initially pegged to the US dollar at US $1.43 = NZ $1 . This rate changed on 21 November of the same year to US $1.12 = NZ $1 after the devaluation of the British pound ( see Bretton Woods system ) , although New Zealand devalued more than the UK . In 1971 the US devalued its dollar relative to gold , leading New Zealand on 23 December to peg its dollar at US $1.216 with a 4.5 % fluctuation range , keeping the same gold value . From 9 July 1973 to 4 March 1985 the dollar 's value was determined from a trade - weighted basket of currencies . The NZ $ was floated on 4 March 1985 at the initial rate of US $0.4444 . Since then the dollar 's value has been determined by the financial markets , and has been in the range of about US $0.39 to 0.88 . The dollar 's post-float low was US $0.3922 on 22 November 2000 , and it reached a post-float high on 9 July 2014 of US $0.8821 . Much of this medium - term variation in the exchange rate has been attributed to differences in interest rates . The New Zealand dollar 's value is often strongly affected by currency trading , and is among the 10 most - traded currencies . On 11 June 2007 the Reserve Bank sold an unknown worth of New Zealand dollars for nine billion USD in an attempt to drive down its value . This is the first intervention in the markets by the Bank since the float in 1985 . Two suspected interventions followed , but they were not as successful as the first : the first appeared to be initially effective , with the dollar dropping to approximately US $0.7490 from near US $0.7620 . However , within little more than a month it had risen to new post-float highs , reaching US $0.8103 on 23 July 2007 . After reaching its post-float record high in early 2008 , the value of the NZ $ plummeted throughout much of the 2nd half of 2008 and the first quarter of 2009 as a response to the global economic downturn and flight by investors away from `` riskier '' currencies such as the NZ $ . The NZ $ bottomed out at approximately US $0.50 on 6 March 2009 . However , it rebounded strongly as the year progressed , reaching the US $0.75 range by November 2009 . By late 2012 , the dollar was holding above 80 US cents , occasionally reaching 85c , prompting calls from the Green Party for quantitative easing . Unions also called on the Government and the Reserve Bank to take action , but as of February 2013 both had declined . As of early June , 2017 , the NZD was trading at approximately US $0.71 . Coins ( edit ) Main article : Coins of the New Zealand dollar History ( edit ) On the introduction of the dollar , coins came in denominations of 1c , 2c , 5c , 10c , 20c , and 50c . The 1c and 2c coins were bronze , the others were cupro - nickel . To ease transition , the 5c , 10c and 20c were the same size as the sixpence , shilling and florin that they respectively replaced . Until 1970 the 10c coin bore the additional legend `` One Shilling '' . The obverse designs of all the coins featured Arnold Machin 's portrait of Queen Elizabeth II , with the legend ELIZABETH II NEW ZEALAND ( date ) . The reverse sides of coins introduced in 1967 did not follow the designs that were originally intended for them . Those modern art and sculpture themed designs were leaked to a newspaper and met a very negative public reaction . The final releases were given more conservative designs in line with public expectations . In 1986 , New Zealand adopted Raphael Maklouf 's new portrait of the Queen . The 1c and 2c coins were last minted for circulation in 1987 , with collector coins being made for 1988 . The coins were demonetised on 30 April 1990 . The lack of 1c and 2c coins meant that cash transactions were normally rounded to the nearest 5c ( 10c from 2006 ) , a process known as Swedish rounding . On 11 February 1991 , aluminium - bronze $1 and $2 coins were introduced to replace existing $1 and $2 notes . In 1999 , Ian Rank - Broadley 's portrait of the Queen was introduced and the legend rearranged to read NEW ZEALAND ELIZABETH II . On 11 November 2004 the Reserve Bank announced that it proposed to take the 5c coin out of circulation and to make the 50c , 20c and 10c coins smaller and use plated steel to make them lighter . After a three - month public submission period that ended on 4 February 2005 , the Reserve Bank announced on 31 March that it would go ahead with the proposed changes . The changeover period started on 31 July 2006 , with the old coins usable until 31 October 2006 . The old 50c , 20c , 10c and 5c pieces are now no longer legal tender , but are still redeemable at the Reserve Bank . Prior to the change over these coins were similar , save for the legend and reverse artwork , to international ( mainly Commonwealth ) coins of the same British - derived sizes , which led to coins from other currencies , particularly older coins , being accepted by vending machines and many retailers . Current circulating coins ( edit ) The reverse designs of the current circulating New Zealand dollar coins . Image by Reserve Bank of New Zealand . Value Technical Parameters Description Date of issue Diameter Thickness Mass Composition Edge Obverse Reverse 10c 20.50 mm 1.58 mm 3.30 g Copper - plated steel Plain Queen Elizabeth II A Māori koruru , or carved head . 31 July 2006 20c 21.75 mm 1.56 mm 4.00 g Nickel - plated steel `` Spanish flower '' Queen Elizabeth II Māori carving of Pukaki , a chief of the Ngati Whakaue iwi 31 July 2006 50c 24.75 mm 1.70 mm 5.00 g Plain HM Bark Endeavour and Mount Taranaki $1 23.00 mm 2.74 mm 8 g Aluminium bronze Intermittent milling Queen Elizabeth II Kiwi and silver fern 11 February 1991 $2 26.50 mm 2.70 mm 10 g Grooved Kotuku ( great egret ) These images are to scale at 2.5 pixels per millimetre . For table standards , see the coin specification table . Banknotes ( edit ) Main article : Banknotes of the New Zealand dollar History ( edit ) In 1967 , notes were introduced in denominations of $1 , $2 , $5 , $10 , $20 and $100 , with all except the $5 replacing their pound predecessors . The original series of dollar notes featured on the obverse a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II wearing Queen Alexandra 's Kokoshnik tiara , King George 's VI festoon necklace , and Queen Mary 's floret earrings , while the reverse featured native birds and plants . The notes were changed slightly in 1981 due to a change of printer ( from De La Rue to Bradbury , Wilkinson & Co . ) - the most noticeable difference being the portrait based upon a photograph by Peter Grugeon , in which Queen Elizabeth II is wearing Grand Duchess Vladimir 's tiara and Queen Victoria 's golden jubilee necklace . The $50 note was added in 1983 to fill the long gap between the $20 and the $100 notes . $1 and $2 notes were discontinued in 1991 after being replaced with coins . A new series of notes was introduced in 1992 . The obverse of each note featured a notable New Zealander , while the reverse featured a native New Zealand bird and New Zealand scenery . In 1999 , polymer notes replaced the paper notes . The designs remained much the same , but were changed slightly to accommodate new security features , with the most obvious changes being the two transparent windows . New banknotes are being printed in New Zealand at the moment . The new notes are the same sizes and denominations as the older banknotes , and they will continue to be made of the same flexible plastic material . The themes of the notes remain the same , with the same respected New Zealanders , the Queen , and flora and fauna remaining central to the designs . The $5 and $10 notes were released in October 2015 , with the $20 , $50 and $100 notes set to release in April 2016 . The old New Zealand banknotes and the new ' Brighter Money ' banknotes can be used interchangeably for the time being . Since the older banknotes were first issued in 1999 , security features and the technology for designing and printing banknotes have all advanced considerably . And while counterfeiting rates in New Zealand are low compared to the rest of the world , the New Zealand public and government agree that it is in the best interest to `` stay one step ahead of the game '' , hence the new notes . Current circulating banknotes ( edit ) New Zealand $5 Note ( sixth - issue ) New Zealand $10 Note ( sixth - issue ) New Zealand $20 Note ( sixth - issue ) New Zealand $50 Note ( sixth - issue ) New Zealand $100 Note ( sixth - issue ) New Zealand 's five - dollar note has been named the banknote of the year for 2015 , a `` clear winner '' among nearly 40 eligible designs from a record 20 countries . The Reserve Bank of New Zealand released the new $5 and $10 notes in October as part of its Brighter Money range . The $5 shows mountaineer Sir Edmund Hillary facing the South Island 's Aoraki / Mount Cook , and , on the other side , a rare yellow - eyed penguin and local flora . Value Main Colour Description Date of issue Obverse Reverse Watermark $5 135 mm × 66 mm Orange Sir Edmund Hillary Aoraki / Mount Cook Massey Ferguson tractor Hoiho ( yellow - eyed penguin ) Campbell Island scene Queen Elizabeth II 1999 $5 ( 1 ) 135 mm × 66 mm Orange Sir Edmund Hillary Aoraki / Mount Cook Kaokao patterning Hoiho ( yellow - eyed penguin ) Campbell Island Campbell Island Daisy The number 5 2015 $10 140 mm × 68 mm Blue Kate Sheppard White camellia flowers Whio ( blue duck ) River scene Queen Elizabeth II 1999 $10 ( 2 ) 140 mm × 68 mm Blue Kate Sheppard White camellia flowers Mangaroa ( purapura whetu ) patterning Whio ( blue duck ) with ducklings Pineapple Scrub New Zealand Kiokio The number 10 2015 $20 145 mm × 70 mm Green Queen Elizabeth II New Zealand Parliament Buildings Kārearea ( New Zealand falcon ) New Zealand alpine scene Queen Elizabeth II 1999 $20 ( 3 ) 145 mm × 70 mm Green Queen Elizabeth II New Zealand Parliament Buildings Poutama patterning Kārearea ( New Zealand falcon ) Tapuae - o - Uenuku / Mount Tapuaenuku Marlborough rock daisy The number 20 2016 $50 150 mm × 72 mm Purple Sir Āpirana Ngata Porourangi Meeting House Kōkako ( blue wattled crow ) Conifer broadleaf forest scene Queen Elizabeth II 1999 $50 ( 4 ) 150 mm × 72 mm Purple Sir Āpirana Ngata Porourangi Meeting House Poutama patterning Kōkako ( blue wattled crow ) Pureora Forest Park Sky - blue mushroom The number 50 2016 $100 155 mm × 74 mm Red Lord Rutherford of Nelson Nobel Prize medal Mohua ( yellowhead ) South Island lichen moth ( Declana egregia ) Beech forest scene Queen Elizabeth II 1999 $100 ( 5 ) 155 mm × 74 mm Red Lord Rutherford of Nelson Nobel Prize medal Whakaaro Kotahi patterning Mohua ( yellowhead ) South Island lichen moth ( Declana egregia ) Eglinton Valley ( in Fiordland National Park ) The number 100 2016 History of NZ $ foreign exchange rates in foreign countries ( edit ) With the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system in 1971 , both Australia and New Zealand converted the mostly - fixed foreign exchange regimes to a moving peg against the US dollar . In September 1974 , Australia moved to a peg against a basket of currencies called the trade weighted index ( TWI ) in an effort to reduce fluctuations associated with its peg to the US dollar . The peg to the TWI was changed to a moving peg in November 1976 , causing the actual value of the peg to be periodically adjusted . Since the late 1990s , and certainly since the end of the Cold War the US dollar has had less and less overall influence over the value of both the NZ $ and A $ against other currencies . Current NZD exchange rates From Google Finance : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR CNY From Yahoo ! Finance : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR CNY From XE : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR CNY From OANDA : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR CNY From fxtop.com : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR CNY Global foreign exchange market ( edit ) Most traded currencies by value Currency distribution of global foreign exchange market turnover Rank Currency ISO 4217 code ( symbol ) % daily share ( April 2016 ) United States dollar USD ( $ ) 80.6 % Euro EUR ( € ) 37.4 % Japanese yen JPY ( ¥ ) 21.6 % Pound sterling GBP ( £ ) 12.8 % 5 Australian dollar AUD ( A $ ) 6.9 % 6 Canadian dollar CAD ( C $ ) 5.1 % 7 Swiss franc CHF ( Fr ) 4.8 % 8 Renminbi CNY ( 元 ) 4.0 % 9 Swedish krona SEK ( kr ) 2.2 % 10 New Zealand dollar NZD ( NZ $ ) 2.1 % 11 Mexican peso MXN ( $ ) 1.9 % 12 Singapore dollar SGD ( S $ ) 1.8 % 13 Hong Kong dollar HKD ( HK $ ) 1.7 % 14 Norwegian krone NOK ( kr ) 1.7 % 15 South Korean won KRW ( ₩ ) 1.7 % 16 Turkish lira TRY ( ₺ ) 1.4 % 17 Russian ruble RUB ( ₽ ) 1.1 % 18 Indian rupee INR ( ₹ ) 1.1 % 19 Brazilian real BRL ( R $ ) 1.0 % 20 South African rand ZAR ( R ) 1.0 % Other 7.1 % Total 200.0 % The New Zealand dollar contributes greatly to the total global exchange market - far in excess of New Zealand 's relative share of population or global GDP . According to the Bank for International Settlements , the New Zealand dollar 's share of global foreign exchange market daily turnover in 2016 was 2.1 % ( up from 1.6 % in 2010 ) giving it a rank of 11th . Trading in the currency has climbed steadily since the same survey in 1998 when the NZD 's ranking was 17th and the share of turnover was just 0.2 % . See also ( edit ) Economy of New Zealand Cook Islands dollar History of Chatham Islands numismatics Postal orders of the Chatham Islands Postal orders of New Zealand Pitcairn Islands dollar Australian dollar References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` New Zealand Dollar ( NZD ) Profile Foreign Exchange Conversion - Money Calculator '' . currency7.com . Retrieved 6 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Jazial Crossley ( 2012 - 03 - 12 ) . `` Currency Kiwi Follows Aussie Dollar Down '' . Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Triennial Central Bank Survey , April 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Triennial Central Bank Survey . Bank for International Settlements . Retrieved 25 March 2014 . ( pg. 10 of PDF ) Jump up ^ `` Explaining New Zealand 's currency '' ( PDF ) . Reserve Bank of New Zealand . Retrieved 17 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Decimal Currency Act 1964 No 27 ( as at 01 February 1990 ) , Public Act Contents -- New Zealand Legislation '' . www.legislation.govt.nz . Retrieved 6 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Zealand adopts decimal currency '' . nzhistory.govt.nz . Ministry for Culture and Heritage . 10 January 2017 . Retrieved 6 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand dollar '' . Global Exchange . Retrieved 6 February 2017 . Jump up ^ The Film Archive . `` Decimal Currency , Mr. Dollar '' . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ New Zealand official yearbook. 72 . New Zealand Department of Statistics . 1967 . p. 1126 . Retrieved 6 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Global Financial Data . `` New Zealand Dollar ( USD per NZD ) '' . Retrieved 21 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Victoria Batchelor and Chris Young , Cullen Says N.Z. Dollar Has ' Peaked , ' Expects Decline ( Update1 ) 2 August 2007 Bloomberg ( access date 10 February 2008 ) ^ Jump up to : 23 , 8 May : 00PM GMT . `` New Zealand Dollar : CURRENCY : NZD quotes & news - Google Finance '' . Google.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Greens call for quantitative easing '' . 3 News NZ. 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Labour sees merit in Green call to print cash '' . NZ Herald . 8 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Govt rejects call to print money '' . 3 News NZ. 27 October 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.xe.com/currencytables/?from=NZD&date=2017-06-01 ^ Jump up to : History of New Zealand Coinage , Reserve Bank of New Zealand . Accessed 4 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Tim Watkin , Figure of unity , NZ Listener , 13 -- 19 November 2004 , Vol 196 , No 3366 . Accessed 14 June 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Linzmayer , Owen ( 2012 ) . `` New Zealand '' . The Banknote Book . San Francisco , CA : www.BanknoteNews.com . ^ Jump up to : http://www.brightermoney.co.nz/ Jump up ^ `` Triennial Central Bank Survey Foreign exchange turnover in April 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Triennial Central Bank Survey . Basel , Switzerland : Bank for International Settlements. 11 December 2016 . p. 7 . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . Jump up ^ The total sum is 200 % because each currency trade always involves a currency pair . 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2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group D

2018 FIFA World Cup qualification -- UEFA group D - Wikipedia 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification -- UEFA group D The 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification UEFA Group D was one of the nine UEFA groups for 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification . The group consisted of six teams : Wales , Austria , Serbia , Republic of Ireland , Moldova , and Georgia . The draw for the first round ( group stage ) was held as part of the 2018 FIFA World Cup Preliminary Draw on 25 July 2015 , starting 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) , at the Konstantinovsky Palace in Strelna , Saint Petersburg , Russia . The group winners , Serbia , qualified directly for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . The group runners - up , Republic of Ireland , advanced to the play - offs as one of the best 8 runners - up , where they lost to Denmark and thus failed to qualify . Serbia - Georgia 1 - 0 , World Cup 2018 qualification match at Red Star Stadium Contents 1 Standings 2 Matches 3 Goalscorers 4 Discipline 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Standings ( edit ) show 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification tiebreakers In league format , the ranking of teams in each group is based on the following criteria ( regulations Articles 20.6 and 20.7 ) : Points ( 3 points for a win , 1 point for a draw , 0 points for a loss ) Overall goal difference Overall goals scored Points in matches between tied teams Goal difference in matches between tied teams Goals scored in matches between tied teams Away goals scored in matches between tied teams ( if the tie is only between two teams in home - and - away league format ) Fair play points first yellow card : minus 1 point indirect red card ( second yellow card ) : minus 3 points direct red card : minus 4 points yellow card and direct red card : minus 5 points Drawing of lots by the FIFA Organising Committee Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Serbia 10 6 20 10 + 10 21 Qualification to 2018 FIFA World Cup -- 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 3 -- 2 1 -- 0 3 -- 0 Republic of Ireland 10 5 12 6 + 6 19 Advance to second round 0 -- 1 -- 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 Wales 10 5 13 6 + 7 17 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 -- 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 4 -- 0 Austria 10 14 12 + 2 15 3 -- 2 0 -- 1 2 -- 2 -- 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 5 Georgia 10 0 5 5 8 14 − 6 5 1 -- 3 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 1 -- 2 -- 1 -- 1 6 Moldova 10 0 8 23 − 19 0 -- 3 1 -- 3 0 -- 2 0 -- 1 2 -- 2 -- Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Qualification tiebreakers Matches ( edit ) The fixture list was confirmed by UEFA on 26 July 2015 , the day following the draw . Times are CET / CEST , as listed by UEFA ( local times are in parentheses ) . 5 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 05 ) 18 : 00 ( 20 : 00 UTC + 4 ) Georgia 1 -- 2 Austria Ananidze 78 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Hinteregger 16 ' Janko 42 ' Boris Paichadze Dinamo Arena , Tbilisi Attendance : 28,500 Referee : Aleksei Kulbakov ( Belarus ) 5 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 05 ) 20 : 45 ( 20 : 45 UTC + 2 ) Serbia 2 -- 2 Republic of Ireland Kostić 62 ' Tadić 69 ' ( pen . ) Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Hendrick 3 ' Murphy 80 ' Red Star Stadium , Belgrade Attendance : 7,896 Referee : Viktor Kassai ( Hungary ) 5 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 05 ) 20 : 45 ( 19 : 45 UTC + 1 ) Wales 4 -- 0 Moldova Vokes 38 ' Allen 44 ' Bale 51 ' , 90 + 5 ' ( pen . ) Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Cardiff City Stadium , Cardiff Attendance : 31,731 Referee : Liran Liany ( Israel ) 6 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 06 ) 20 : 45 ( 20 : 45 UTC + 2 ) Austria 2 -- 2 Wales Arnautović 28 ' , 48 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Allen 22 ' Wimmer 45 + 1 ' ( o.g. ) Ernst - Happel - Stadion , Vienna Attendance : 44,200 Referee : Cüneyt Çakır ( Turkey ) 6 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 06 ) 20 : 45 ( 21 : 45 UTC + 3 ) Moldova 0 -- 3 Serbia Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Kostić 19 ' Ivanović 37 ' Tadić 59 ' Zimbru Stadium , Chișinău Attendance : 6,192 Referee : Aleksei Kulbakov ( Belarus ) 6 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 06 ) 20 : 45 ( 19 : 45 UTC + 1 ) Republic of Ireland 1 -- 0 Georgia Coleman 56 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Aviva Stadium , Dublin Attendance : 39,793 Referee : Tony Chapron ( France ) 9 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 09 ) 18 : 00 ( 17 : 00 UTC + 1 ) Wales 1 -- 1 Georgia Bale 10 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Okriashvili 57 ' Cardiff City Stadium , Cardiff Attendance : 32,652 Referee : Paolo Mazzoleni ( Italy ) 9 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 09 ) 20 : 45 ( 21 : 45 UTC + 3 ) Moldova 1 -- 3 Republic of Ireland Bugaiov 45 + 1 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Long 2 ' McClean 69 ' , 76 ' Zimbru Stadium , Chișinău Attendance : 6,089 Referee : Jakob Kehlet ( Denmark ) 9 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 09 ) 20 : 45 ( 20 : 45 UTC + 2 ) Serbia 3 -- 2 Austria A. Mitrović 6 ' , 23 ' Tadić 74 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Sabitzer 16 ' Janko 62 ' Red Star Stadium , Belgrade Attendance : 14,200 Referee : Jonas Eriksson ( Sweden ) 12 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 12 ) 18 : 00 ( 18 : 00 UTC + 1 ) Austria 0 -- 1 Republic of Ireland Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) McClean 48 ' Ernst - Happel - Stadion , Vienna Attendance : 48,500 Referee : Sergei Karasev ( Russia ) 12 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 12 ) 18 : 00 ( 21 : 00 UTC + 4 ) Georgia 1 -- 1 Moldova Qazaishvili 16 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Gațcan 78 ' Boris Paichadze Dinamo Arena , Tbilisi Attendance : 40,642 Referee : Georgi Kabakov ( Bulgaria ) 12 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 12 ) 20 : 45 ( 19 : 45 UTC ± 0 ) Wales 1 -- 1 Serbia Bale 30 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) A. Mitrović 86 ' Cardiff City Stadium , Cardiff Attendance : 32,879 Referee : Alberto Undiano Mallenco ( Spain ) 24 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) 18 : 00 ( 21 : 00 UTC + 4 ) Georgia 1 -- 3 Serbia Kacharava 6 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Tadić 45 ' ( pen . ) A. Mitrović 64 ' Gaćinović 86 ' Boris Paichadze Dinamo Arena , Tbilisi Attendance : 31,328 Referee : Felix Zwayer ( Germany ) 24 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) 20 : 45 ( 20 : 45 UTC + 1 ) Austria 2 -- 0 Moldova Arnautović 75 ' Harnik 90 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Ernst - Happel - Stadion , Vienna Attendance : 21,000 Referee : István Vad ( Hungary ) 24 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) 20 : 45 ( 19 : 45 UTC ± 0 ) Republic of Ireland 0 -- 0 Wales Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Aviva Stadium , Dublin Attendance : 49,989 Referee : Nicola Rizzoli ( Italy ) 11 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 11 ) 18 : 00 ( 19 : 00 UTC + 3 ) Moldova 2 -- 2 Georgia Gînsari 15 ' Dedov 36 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Merebashvili 66 ' Qazaishvili 70 ' Zimbru Stadium , Chișinău Attendance : 4,803 Referee : Andreas Ekberg ( Sweden ) 11 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 11 ) 18 : 00 ( 17 : 00 UTC + 1 ) Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Austria Walters 85 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Hinteregger 31 ' Aviva Stadium , Dublin Attendance : 50,000 Referee : David Fernández Borbalán ( Spain ) 11 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 11 ) 20 : 45 ( 20 : 45 UTC + 2 ) Serbia 1 -- 1 Wales A. Mitrović 74 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Ramsey 35 ' ( pen . ) Red Star Stadium , Belgrade Attendance : 46,673 Referee : Jorge Sousa ( Portugal ) 2 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 02 ) 18 : 00 ( 20 : 00 UTC + 4 ) Georgia 1 -- 1 Republic of Ireland Qazaishvili 34 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Duffy 4 ' Boris Paichadze Dinamo Arena , Tbilisi Attendance : 19,669 Referee : Ivan Kružliak ( Slovakia ) 2 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 02 ) 18 : 00 ( 18 : 00 UTC + 2 ) Serbia 3 -- 0 Moldova Gaćinović 20 ' Kolarov 30 ' A. Mitrović 81 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Partizan Stadium , Belgrade Attendance : 9,974 Referee : Tamás Bognár ( Hungary ) 2 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 02 ) 20 : 45 ( 19 : 45 UTC + 1 ) Wales 1 -- 0 Austria Woodburn 74 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Cardiff City Stadium , Cardiff Attendance : 32,633 Referee : Ovidiu Hațegan ( Romania ) 5 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 05 ) 20 : 45 ( 20 : 45 UTC + 2 ) Austria 1 -- 1 Georgia Schaub 43 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Gvilia 8 ' Ernst - Happel - Stadion , Vienna Attendance : 13,400 Referee : Orel Grinfeeld ( Israel ) 5 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 05 ) 20 : 45 ( 21 : 45 UTC + 3 ) Moldova 0 -- 2 Wales Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Robson - Kanu 80 ' Ramsey 90 + 3 ' Zimbru Stadium , Chișinău Attendance : 10,272 Referee : Paweł Raczkowski ( Poland ) 5 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 05 ) 20 : 45 ( 19 : 45 UTC + 1 ) Republic of Ireland 0 -- 1 Serbia Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Kolarov 55 ' Aviva Stadium , Dublin Attendance : 50,153 Referee : Cüneyt Çakır ( Turkey ) 6 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 18 : 00 ( 20 : 00 UTC + 4 ) Georgia 0 -- 1 Wales Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Lawrence 49 ' Boris Paichadze Dinamo Arena , Tbilisi Attendance : 22,290 Referee : Jesús Gil Manzano ( Spain ) 6 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 20 : 45 ( 20 : 45 UTC + 2 ) Austria 3 -- 2 Serbia Burgstaller 25 ' Arnautović 76 ' Schaub 89 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Milivojević 11 ' Matić 83 ' Ernst - Happel - Stadion , Vienna Attendance : 42,400 Referee : Pavel Královec ( Czech Republic ) 6 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 20 : 45 ( 19 : 45 UTC + 1 ) Republic of Ireland 2 -- 0 Moldova Murphy 2 ' , 19 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Aviva Stadium , Dublin Attendance : 50,560 Referee : Bas Nijhuis ( Netherlands ) 9 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 20 : 45 ( 21 : 45 UTC + 3 ) Moldova 0 -- 1 Austria Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Schaub 69 ' Zimbru Stadium , Chișinău Attendance : 5,542 Referee : Bart Vertenten ( Belgium ) 9 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 20 : 45 ( 20 : 45 UTC + 2 ) Serbia 1 -- 0 Georgia Prijović 74 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Red Star Stadium , Belgrade Attendance : 42,000 Referee : Paweł Gil ( Poland ) 9 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 20 : 45 ( 19 : 45 UTC + 1 ) Wales 0 -- 1 Republic of Ireland Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) McClean 57 ' Cardiff City Stadium , Cardiff Attendance : 32,711 Referee : Damir Skomina ( Slovenia ) Goalscorers ( edit ) There were 71 goals scored in 30 matches , for an average of 2.37 goals per match . 6 goals Aleksandar Mitrović 4 goals Marko Arnautović James McClean Dušan Tadić Gareth Bale 3 goals Louis Schaub Valeri Qazaishvili Daryl Murphy 2 goals Martin Hinteregger Marc Janko Mijat Gaćinović Aleksandar Kolarov Filip Kostić Joe Allen Aaron Ramsey 1 goal Guido Burgstaller Martin Harnik Marcel Sabitzer Jano Ananidze Valerian Gvilia Nika Kacharava Giorgi Merebashvili Tornike Okriashvili Igor Bugaiov Alexandru Dedov Alexandru Gațcan Radu Gînsari Séamus Coleman Shane Duffy Jeff Hendrick Shane Long Jonathan Walters Branislav Ivanović Nemanja Matić Luka Milivojević Aleksandar Prijović Tom Lawrence Hal Robson - Kanu Sam Vokes Ben Woodburn 1 own goal Kevin Wimmer ( against Wales ) Discipline ( edit ) A player is automatically suspended for the next match for the following offences : Receiving a red card ( red card suspensions may be extended for serious offences ) Receiving two yellow cards in two different matches ( yellow card suspensions are carried forward to the play - offs , but not the finals or any other future international matches ) The following suspensions were served during the qualifying matches : Player Team Offence ( s ) Suspended for match ( es ) Aleksandar Kolarov Serbia vs Portugal in UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying ( 11 October 2015 ) vs Republic of Ireland ( 5 September 2016 ) Nemanja Matić Serbia vs Portugal in UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying ( 11 October 2015 ) vs Republic of Ireland ( 5 September 2016 ) vs Moldova ( 6 October 2016 ) vs Austria ( 9 October 2016 ) Shane Duffy Republic of Ireland vs France in UEFA Euro 2016 ( 26 June 2016 ) vs Serbia ( 5 September 2016 ) Jeff Hendrick Republic of Ireland vs Serbia ( 5 September 2016 ) vs Georgia ( 6 October 2016 ) vs Moldova ( 9 October 2016 ) Andrei Cojocari Moldova vs Serbia ( 6 October 2016 ) vs Republic of Ireland ( 9 October 2016 ) vs Georgia ( 12 November 2016 ) Alexandru Dedov Moldova vs Wales ( 5 September 2016 ) vs Republic of Ireland ( 9 October 2016 ) vs Georgia ( 12 November 2016 ) Aleksandar Kolarov Serbia vs Moldova ( 6 October 2016 ) vs Austria ( 9 October 2016 ) vs Wales ( 12 November 2016 ) Julian Baumgartlinger Austria vs Serbia ( 9 November 2016 ) vs Republic of Ireland ( 12 November 2016 ) vs Moldova ( 24 March 2017 ) Murtaz Daushvili Georgia vs Wales ( 9 October 2016 ) vs Moldova ( 12 November 2016 ) vs Serbia ( 24 March 2017 ) Tornike Okriashvili Georgia vs Wales ( 9 October 2016 ) vs Moldova ( 12 November 2016 ) vs Serbia ( 24 March 2017 ) Robbie Brady Republic of Ireland vs Serbia ( 5 September 2016 ) vs Austria ( 12 November 2016 ) vs Wales ( 24 March 2017 ) Aleksandar Katai Serbia vs Republic of Ireland ( 5 September 2016 ) vs Wales ( 12 November 2016 ) vs Georgia ( 24 March 2017 ) Matija Nastasić Serbia vs Republic of Ireland ( 5 September 2016 ) vs Wales ( 12 November 2016 ) vs Georgia ( 24 March 2017 ) Marko Arnautović Austria vs Wales ( 6 October 2016 ) vs Moldova ( 24 March 2017 ) vs Republic of Ireland ( 11 June 2017 ) Stefan Ilsanker Austria vs Serbia ( 9 October 2016 ) vs Moldova ( 24 March 2017 ) vs Republic of Ireland ( 11 June 2017 ) Alexandru Gațcan Moldova vs Republic of Ireland ( 9 October 2016 ) vs Austria ( 24 March 2017 ) vs Georgia ( 11 June 2017 ) Gareth Bale Wales vs Serbia ( 12 November 2016 ) vs Republic of Ireland ( 24 March 2017 ) vs Serbia ( 11 June 2017 ) Neil Taylor Wales vs Republic of Ireland ( 24 March 2017 ) vs Serbia ( 11 June 2017 ) vs Austria ( 2 September 2017 ) Jaba Kankava Georgia vs Serbia ( 24 March 2017 ) vs Moldova ( 11 June 2017 ) vs Republic of Ireland ( 2 September 2017 ) Vitalie Bordian Moldova vs Georgia ( 12 November 2016 ) vs Georgia ( 11 June 2017 ) vs Serbia ( 2 September 2017 ) Luka Milivojević Serbia vs Austria ( 9 October 2016 ) vs Wales ( 11 June 2017 ) vs Moldova ( 2 September 2017 ) Vladimir Stojković Serbia vs Wales ( 12 November 2016 ) vs Wales ( 11 June 2017 ) vs Moldova ( 2 September 2017 ) Joe Allen Wales vs Serbia ( 12 November 2016 ) vs Serbia ( 11 June 2017 ) vs Austria ( 2 September 2017 ) Robbie Brady Republic of Ireland vs Austria ( 11 June 2017 ) vs Serbia ( 5 September 2017 ) vs Moldova ( 6 October 2017 ) James McClean Republic of Ireland vs Georgia ( 2 September 2017 ) vs Serbia ( 5 September 2017 ) vs Moldova ( 6 October 2017 ) Nikola Maksimović Serbia vs Republic of Ireland ( 5 September 2017 ) vs Austria ( 6 October 2017 ) Aleksandar Dragović Austria vs Republic of Ireland ( 12 November 2016 ) vs Serbia ( 6 October 2017 ) vs Moldova ( 9 October 2017 ) Alexandru Gațcan Moldova vs Republic of Ireland ( 6 October 2017 ) vs Austria ( 9 October 2017 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ CET ( UTC + 1 ) for matches on 12 November 2016 and 24 March 2017 , and CEST ( UTC + 2 ) for all other matches . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup qualifying draw format '' . UEFA.com. 16 June 2015 . Archived from the original on 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` European teams learn World Cup qualifying fate '' . UEFA.com. 25 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 5 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Regulations -- 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` World Cup European Qualifiers fixtures confirmed '' . UEFA.com. 26 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 8 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fixture List -- 2018 FIFA World Cup Preliminary Competition '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 6 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018 : Republic of Ireland held to draw in Georgia '' . 2 September 2017 . Archived from the original on 5 September 2017 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . External links ( edit ) Official FIFA World Cup website Qualifiers -- Europe : Round 1 , FIFA.com FIFA World Cup , UEFA.com Standings -- Qualifying round : Group D , UEFA.com 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification AFC First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round ( play - off ) CAF First Round Second Round Third Round CONCACAF First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round Fifth Round CONMEBOL Round Robin OFC First Round Second Round ( Nations Cup ) Third Round UEFA First Round Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Group I Second Round ( play - offs ) Play - offs CONCACAF v AFC OFC v CONMEBOL Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_ -- _UEFA_Group_D&oldid = 841108276 '' Categories : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( UEFA ) Serbia at the 2018 FIFA World Cup Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from February 2016 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Čeština Español Français Gaeilge 한국어 Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 03 : 38 ( UTC ) . 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Mount Shasta

Mount Shasta - wikipedia Mount Shasta Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the volcano in California . For the town , see Mount Shasta , California . For other peaks named Shasta , see List of peaks named Shasta . Mount Shasta Aerial view of Mount Shasta from the west Highest point Elevation 14,179 ft ( 4,322 m ) NAVD88 Prominence 9,772 ft ( 2,979 m ) Isolation 335 mi ( 539 km ) Parent peak North Palisade Listing World most prominent peaks 96th North America highest peaks 48th North America prominent peak 18th US most prominent peaks 11th North America isolated peaks 28th US highest major peaks 34th California highest major peaks 5th California fourteeners 5th California county high points 5th Coordinates 41 ° 24 ′ 33 '' N 122 ° 11 ′ 42 '' W  /  41.409196033 ° N 122.194888358 ° W  / 41.409196033 ; - 122.194888358 Coordinates : 41 ° 24 ′ 33 '' N 122 ° 11 ′ 42 '' W  /  41.409196033 ° N 122.194888358 ° W  / 41.409196033 ; - 122.194888358 Geography Location Siskiyou County , California Parent range Cascade Range Topo map USGS Mount Shasta Geology Age of rock About 593,000 years Mountain type Stratovolcano Volcanic arc Cascade Volcanic Arc Last eruption 1786 Climbing First ascent 1854 by E.D. Pearce and party Easiest route Avalanche Gulch ( `` John Muir '' ) route : talus / snow climb U.S. National Natural Landmark Designated 1976 Mount Shasta ( Karuk : Úytaahkoo or `` White Mountain '' ) is a potentially active volcano at the southern end of the Cascade Range in Siskiyou County , California . At an elevation of 14,179 feet ( 4321.8 m ) , it is the second - highest peak in the Cascades and the fifth - highest in the state . Mount Shasta has an estimated volume of 85 cubic miles ( 350 km ) , which makes it the most voluminous stratovolcano in the Cascade Volcanic Arc . The mountain and surrounding area are part of the Shasta -- Trinity National Forest . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 History 2.1 Religion and legends 3 Geology 3.1 Volcanic status 4 Climbing 5 See also 6 References 7 Sources 8 External links Description ( edit ) Mount Shasta is connected to its satellite cone of Shastina , and together they dominate the landscape . Shasta rises abruptly to tower nearly 10,000 feet ( 3,000 m ) above its surroundings . On a clear winter day , the mountain can be seen from the floor of the Central Valley 140 miles ( 230 km ) to the south . The mountain has attracted the attention of poets , authors , and presidents . The mountain consists of four overlapping volcanic cones that have built a complex shape , including the main summit and the prominent satellite cone of 12,330 ft ( 3,760 m ) Shastina , which has a visibly conical form . If Shastina were a separate mountain , it would rank as the fourth - highest peak of the Cascade Range ( after Mount Rainier , Rainier 's Liberty Cap , and Mount Shasta itself ) . Mount Shasta 's surface is relatively free of deep glacial erosion except , paradoxically , for its south side where Sargents Ridge runs parallel to the U-shaped Avalanche Gulch . This is the largest glacial valley on the volcano , although it does not now have a glacier in it . There are seven named glaciers on Mount Shasta , with the four largest ( Whitney , Bolam , Hotlum , and Wintun ) radiating down from high on the main summit cone to below 10,000 ft ( 3,000 m ) primarily on the north and east sides . The Whitney Glacier is the longest , and the Hotlum is the most voluminous glacier in the state of California . Three of the smaller named glaciers occupy cirques near and above 11,000 ft ( 3,400 m ) on the south and southeast sides , including the Watkins , Konwakiton , and Mud Creek glaciers . History ( edit ) The oldest - known human settlement in the area dates to about 7,000 years ago . At the time of Euro - American contact in the 1820s , the Native American tribes who lived within view of Mount Shasta included the Shasta , Okwanuchu , Modoc , Achomawi , Atsugewi , Karuk , Klamath , Wintu , and Yana tribes . The historic eruption of Mount Shasta in 1786 may have been observed by Lapérouse , but this is disputed . Although perhaps first seen by Spanish explorers , the first reliably reported land sighting of Mount Shasta by a European or American was by Peter Skene Ogden ( a leader of a Hudson 's Bay Company trapping brigade ) in 1826 . In 1827 , the name `` Sasty '' or `` Sastise '' was given to nearby Mount McLoughlin by Ogden . The name was transferred to present - day Mount Shasta in 1841 , partly as a result of work by the United States Exploring Expedition . Mount Shasta as seen from a small farm south of Weed , California Beginning in the 1820s , Mount Shasta was a prominent landmark along what became known as the Siskiyou Trail , which runs at Mount Shasta 's base . The Siskiyou Trail was on the track of an ancient trade and travel route of Native American footpaths between California 's Central Valley and the Pacific Northwest . The California Gold Rush brought the first Euro - American settlements into the area in the early 1850s , including at Yreka , California and Upper Soda Springs . The first recorded ascent of Mount Shasta occurred in 1854 ( by Elias Pearce ) , after several earlier failed attempts . In 1856 , the first women ( Harriette Eddy , Mary Campbell McCloud , and their party ) reached the summit . Clarence King exploring the Whitney Glacier in 1870 . This was the first glacier in the continental United States discovered and named . It was named for Josiah Whitney , head of the California Geological Survey . By the 1860s and 1870s , Mount Shasta was the subject of scientific and literary interest . A book by California pioneer and entrepreneur James Hutchings , titled Scenes of Wonder and Curiosity in California , contained an account of an early summit trip in 1855 . The summit was achieved ( or nearly achieved ) by John Muir , Josiah Whitney , Clarence King , and John Wesley Powell . In 1877 , Muir wrote a dramatic popular article about his surviving an overnight blizzard on Mount Shasta by lying in the hot sulfur springs near the summit . This experience was inspiration to Kim Stanley Robinson 's short story `` Muir on Shasta '' . The 1887 completion of the Central Pacific Railroad , built along the line of the Siskiyou Trail between California and Oregon , brought a substantial increase in tourism , lumbering , and population into the area around Mount Shasta . Early resorts and hotels , such as Shasta Springs and Upper Soda Springs , grew up along the Siskiyou Trail around Mount Shasta , catering to these early adventuresome tourists and mountaineers . In the early 20th century , the Pacific Highway followed the track of the Siskiyou Trail to the base of Mount Shasta , leading to still more access to the mountain . Today 's version of the Siskiyou Trail , Interstate 5 , brings thousands of people each year to Mount Shasta . From February 13 -- 19 , 1959 , the Mount Shasta Ski Bowl obtained the record for the most snowfall during one storm in the U.S. , with a total of 15.75 feet ( 480 cm ) . Mount Shasta was declared a National Natural Landmark in December 1976 . Religion and legends ( edit ) Main article : Legends of Mount Shasta Sunrise on Mount Shasta The lore of some of the Klamath Tribes in the area held that Mount Shasta is inhabited by the Spirit of the Above - World , Skell , who descended from heaven to the mountain 's summit at the request of a Klamath chief . Skell fought with Spirit of the Below - World , Llao , who resided at Mount Mazama by throwing hot rocks and lava , probably representing the volcanic eruptions at both mountains . Italian settlers arrived in the early 1900s to work in the mills as stonemasons and established a strong Catholic presence in the area . Many other faiths have been attracted to Mount Shasta over the years -- more than any other Cascade volcano . Mount Shasta City and Dunsmuir , California , small towns near Shasta 's western base , are focal points for many of these , which range from a Buddhist monastery ( Shasta Abbey , founded by Houn Jiyu - Kennett in 1971 ) to modern - day Native American rituals . A group of Native Americans from the McCloud River area practice rituals on the mountain . Mount Shasta has also been a focus for non-Native American legends , centered on a hidden city of advanced beings from the lost continent of Lemuria . The legend grew from an offhand mention of Lemuria in the 1880s , to a description of a hidden Lemurian village in 1925 . In 1931 , Wisar Spenle Cerve wrote Lemuria : the lost continent of the Pacific , published by the Rosicrucians , about the hidden Lemurians of Mount Shasta that cemented the legend in many readers ' minds . In August 1987 , believers in the spiritual significance of the Harmonic Convergence described Mount Shasta as one of a small number of global `` power centers '' . Mount Shasta remains a focus of `` New Age '' attention . Geology ( edit ) Satellite ( Landsat 8 ) view of Mount Shasta About 593,000 years ago , andesitic lavas erupted in what is now Mount Shasta 's western flank near McBride Spring . Over time , an ancestral Mount Shasta stratovolcano was built to a large but unknown height ; sometime between 300,000 and 360,000 years ago the entire north side of the volcano collapsed , creating an enormous landslide or debris avalanche , 6.5 cu mi ( 27 km ) in volume . The slide flowed northwestward into Shasta Valley , where the Shasta River now cuts through the 28 - mile - long ( 45 km ) flow . What remains of the oldest of Mount Shasta 's four cones is exposed at Sargents Ridge on the south side of the mountain . Lavas from the Sargents Ridge vent cover the Everitt Hill shield at Mount Shasta 's southern foot . The last lavas to erupt from the vent were hornblende - pyroxene andesites with a hornblende dacite dome at its summit . Glacial erosion has since modified its shape . The next cone to form is exposed south of Mount Shasta 's current summit and is called Misery Hill . It was formed 15,000 to 20,000 years ago from pyroxene andesite flows and has since been intruded by a hornblende dacite dome . Nearby Black Butte from Weed , California There are many buried glacial scars on the mountain which were created in recent glacial periods ( `` ice ages '' ) of the present Wisconsinian glaciation . Most have since been filled in with andesite lava , pyroclastic flows , and talus from lava domes . Shastina , by comparison , has a fully intact summit crater indicating Shastina developed after the last ice age . Shastina has been built by mostly pyroxene andesite lava flows . Some 9,500 years ago , these flows reached about 6.8 mi ( 10.9 km ) south and 3 mi ( 4.8 km ) north of the area now occupied by nearby Black Butte . The last eruptions formed Shastina 's present summit about a hundred years later . But before that , Shastina , along with the then forming Black Butte dacite plug dome complex to the west , created numerous pyroclastic flows that covered 43 sq mi ( 110 km ) , including large parts of what is now Mount Shasta , California and Weed , California . Diller Canyon ( 400 ft ( 120 m ) deep and 0.25 mi ( 400 m ) wide ) is an avalanche chute that was probably carved into Shastina 's western face by these flows . The last to form , and the highest cone , the Hotlum Cone , formed about 8,000 years ago . It is named after the Hotlum glacier on its northern face ; its longest lava flow , the 500 - foot - thick ( 150 - metre ) Military Pass flow , extends 5.5 mi ( 8.9 km ) down its northeast face . Since the creation of the Hotlum Cone , a dacite dome intruded the cone and now forms the summit . The rock at the 600 - foot - wide ( 180 - metre ) summit crater has been extensively hydrothermally altered by sulfurous hot springs and fumaroles there ( only a few examples still remain ) . In the last 8,000 years , the Hotlum Cone has erupted at least eight or nine times . About 200 years ago the last significant Mount Shasta eruption came from this cone and created a pyroclastic flow , a hot lahar ( mudflow ) , and three cold lahars , which streamed 7.5 mi ( 12.1 km ) down Mount Shasta 's east flank via Ash Creek . A separate hot lahar went 12 mi ( 19 km ) down Mud Creek . This eruption was thought to have been observed by the explorer La Pérouse , from his ship off the California coast , in 1786 , but this has been disputed . Volcanic status ( edit ) During the last 10,000 years , Mount Shasta has erupted an average of every 800 years , but in the past 4,500 years the volcano has erupted an average of every 600 years . The last significant eruption on Mount Shasta may have occurred about two centuries ago . Diller Canyon on Shastina from Weed Mount Shasta can release volcanic ash , pyroclastic flows or dacite and andesite lava . Its deposits can be detected under nearby small towns . Mount Shasta has an explosive , eruptive history . There are fumaroles on the mountain , which show Mount Shasta is still alive . The worst - case scenario for an eruption is a large pyroclastic flow , such as what occurred in the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens . Since there is ice , such as Whitney Glacier and Mud Creek Glacier , lahars would also result . Ash would probably blow inland , perhaps as far as eastern Nevada . There is a small chance an eruption could result in a collapse of the mountain , as happened when Mount Mazama in Oregon collapsed to form what is now called Crater Lake , but this is of much lower probability . The United States Geological Survey monitors Mount Shasta and rates it as a very high - threat volcano . Climbing ( edit ) Mount Shasta 's west face , June 2009 Many climbers attempt the summit of Mount Shasta . The summer climbing season runs from late April until October , although many attempts are made in the winter . In winter , Sargents Ridge and Casaval Ridge , to the east and west of Avalanche Gulch , respectively , become the most traveled routes , to avoid avalanche danger . Mount Shasta is also a popular destination for backcountry skiing . Many of the climbing routes can be descended by experienced skiers , and there are numerous lower - angled areas around the base of the mountain . The most popular route on Mount Shasta is Avalanche Gulch route , which begins at the Bunny Flat Trailhead and gains about 7,300 feet ( 2,200 m ) of elevation in approximately 11.5 miles ( 18.5 km ) round trip . The crux of this route is considered to be to climb from Lake Helen , at approximately 10,443 feet ( 3,183 m ) , to the top of Red Banks . The Red Banks are the most technical portion of the climb , as they are usually full of snow / ice , are very steep , and top out at around 13,000 feet ( 4,000 m ) before the route heads to Misery Hill . The Casaval Ridge route is a steeper , more technical route on the mountain 's southwest ridge best climbed when there 's a lot of snow pack . This route tops out to the left ( north ) of the Red Banks , directly west of Misery Hill . So the final sections involve a trudge up Misery Hill to the summit plateau , similar to the Avalanche Gulch route . Mount Shasta 's west face as seen from Hidden Valley high on the mountain . The west face gulley is an alternate climbing route to the summit . No quota system currently exists for climbing Mount Shasta , and reservations are not required . However , climbers must obtain a summit pass and a wilderness permit to climb the mountain . Permits and passes are available at the ranger station in Mount Shasta and the ranger station in McCloud , or climbers can obtain self - issue permits and passes at any of the trailheads 24 hours a day . See also ( edit ) List of mountain peaks of California List of highest points in California by county List of Ultras of the United States List of volcanoes in the United States Volcanic Legacy Scenic Byway References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Mount Shasta , California '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` MT SHASTA '' . NGS data sheet . U.S. National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Global Volcanism Program - Shasta '' . volcano.si.edu . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Selters , Andy ; Michael Zanger ( 2006 ) . The Mount Shasta Book ( 3rd ed . ) . Wilderness Press . ISBN 0 - 89997 - 404 - X . Jump up ^ Bright , William ; Susan Gehr . `` Karuk Dictionary and Texts '' . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ The origin of the name `` Shasta '' is vague , perhaps from Russian ( Чистая , meaning `` white , clean , pure '' or Счастье , meaning `` happiness , luck , fortune , felicity '' ) ; the name might have been given to the mountain by the early Russian settlers in California . Jump up ^ Dan Dzurisin ; Peter H. Stauffer ; James W. Hendley II ; Sara Boore ; Bobbie Myers ; Susan Mayfield ( 1997 ) . `` Living with Volcanic Risk in the Cascades '' ( PDF ) . USGS . USGS . p. 2 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Orr , Elizabeth L. ; William N. Orr ( 1996 ) . Geology of the Pacific Northwest . New York : The McGraw - Hill Companies . p. 115 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 048018 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Shasta and Vicinity , California '' . USGS . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ In 1878 the Coast and Geodetic Survey triangulated between heliotropes atop Mount Shasta and Mount St. Helena , 192 miles ( 309 km ) south . Jump up ^ Miller , Joaquin ; Malcolm Margolin ; Alan Rosenus ( January 1996 ) ( 1873 ) . Life amongst the Modocs : unwritten history . Berkeley : Urion Press ( distributed by Heyday Books ) . ISBN 0 - 930588 - 79 - 7 . Jump up ^ Muir , John 1838 - 1914 . Letters , 1874 - 1888 , of a personal nature , about Mount Shasta . In : Bade , William Frederic . The Life and Letters of John Muir . New York : Houghton Mifflin Co. , 1923 . Vol. II , pp. 29 - 41 , 49 - 50 , 82 - 85 , 219 . Two Volumes . Cited at Mount Shasta Collection MS176 Archived 2008 - 05 - 13 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Theodore 1858 - 1919 . Letter to Harrie Cassie Best , dated Nov. 12 , 1908 , White House . In : James , George Wharton 1858 - 1923 . Harry Cassie Best : Painter of the Yosemite Valley , California Oaks , and California Mountains. 1930 ? p. 18 . Cited at Mount Shasta Collection MS1032 Archived 2008 - 05 - 13 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Sargents Ridge '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . College of the Siskiyous. 1989 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ http://www.siskiyous.edu/library/shasta/documents/upshasta.pdf Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Scenes of Wonder and Curiosity in California , ( 1862 ) by James M. Hutchings Jump up ^ `` Snow - Storm on Mount Shasta '' ( PDF ) . siskiyous.edu . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sierra Snowfall '' . Welcome to the Storm King . Mic Mac Publishing . 28 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Shasta '' . NPS : Nature & Science '' National Natural Landmarks . National Park Service . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` History of Crater Lake '' . Oregon Explorer . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` In The Light of Reverence '' . POV . Public Broadcasting Service . ^ Jump up to : `` The Origin of the Lemurian Legend '' . Folklore of Mount Shasta . College of the Siskiyous . Jump up ^ `` Harmonic Convergence '' . College of the Siskiyous. 1989 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Legends : Ascended Masters '' . College of the Siskiyous. 1989 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Sigurdsson , Haraldur ( 2001 ) . Encyclopedia of Volcanoes . Academic Press . ISBN 0 - 12 - 643140 - X . Jump up ^ http://www.siskiyous.edu/shasta/his/ Jump up ^ Program , Volcano Hazards . `` USGS : Volcano Hazards Program CalVO Mount Shasta '' . volcanoes.usgs.gov . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` An Assessment of Volcanic Threat and Monitoring Capabilities in the United States : NVEWS Framework for a National Volcano Early Warning System '' ( PDF ) . USGS. 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Avalanche Gulch '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Avalanche Gulch '' . Mount Shasta Avalanche Center . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Casaval Ridge '' . SummitPost . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Shasta Wilderness Permits and Summit Passes '' . U.S. Forest Service . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 26 . Sources ( edit ) Crandell , D.R. ; C.D. Miller ; H.X. Glicken ; R.L. Christiansen ; C.G. Newhall ( March 1984 ) . `` Catastrophic debris avalanche from ancestral Mount Shasta volcano , California '' . Geology. 12 ( 3 ) : 143 -- 146 . Bibcode : 1984Geo ... 12 ... 143C . ISSN 0091 - 7613 . doi : 10.1130 / 0091 - 7613 ( 1984 ) 12 < 143 : CDAFAM > 2.0.CO ; 2 . Crandell , D.R. ; Nichols , D.R. ( 1987 ) . Volcanic hazards at Mount Shasta , California . Reston , Va. : U.S. Department of the Interior , U.S. Geological Survey . Harris , Stephen L. ( 2005 ) . Fire Mountains of the West : The Cascade and Mono Lake Volcanoes ( 3rd ed . ) . Mountain Press Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 87842 - 511 - X . `` Mount Shasta Collection '' . College of the Siskiyous Library . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 21 . Miesse , William C. ( June 17 , 2005 ) . `` Mount Shasta Fact Sheet '' . College of the Siskiyous Library . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 03 . Retrieved 2006 - 02 - 11 . Miesse , William C. `` The Name ' Shasta ' '' . Mount Shasta Annotated Bibliography . College of the Siskiyous Library . Retrieved 2006 - 02 - 11 . Peterson , Robyn ; Miesse , William C. ( 2008 ) . Sudden and solitary : Mount Shasta and its artistic legacy , 1841 - 2008 . Redding , California : Turtle Bay Exploration Park . ISBN 1 - 59714 - 088 - 0 . `` Peninsula Geological Society and Stanford GES - 052Q combined field trip , Mount Shasta - Klamathnorthern Coast Range area , NW California , 05 / 17 - 05 / 20 / 2001 '' ( PDF ) . Peninsula Geological Society . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 21 . Wood , Charles A. ; Kienle , Jürgen , eds. ( 1990 ) . Volcanoes of North America . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 43811 - X . Zanger , Michael ( 1992 ) . Mount Shasta : History , Legend , Lore . Celestial Arts . ISBN 0 - 89087 - 674 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Mount Shasta ( category ) `` Mount Shasta Webcam '' . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 . `` Live webcam '' . SnowCrest Inc . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 . `` Sisson Museum '' . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 . `` Mount Shasta '' . SummitPost.org . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 07 . `` Mount Shasta '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 07 . `` Geology of Mount Shasta '' . College of the Siskiyous . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 . `` Summiting the Volcano '' . Vimeo.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 . `` Land of the Giants '' . Vimeo.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 . `` Mount Shasta Climbing Above Red Banks '' . Timberline Trails . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 . The 124 highest major summits of greater North America Denali Mount Logan Pico de Orizaba Mount Saint Elias Popocatépetl Mount Foraker Mount Lucania Iztaccíhuatl King Peak Mount Bona Mount Steele Mount Blackburn Mount Sanford Mount Wood Mount Vancouver Mount Slaggard Nevado de Toluca Mount Fairweather Mount Hubbard Mount Bear Mount Walsh Mount Hunter La Malinche Mount Whitney Mount Alverstone University Peak Mount Elbert Mount Massive Mount Harvard Mount Rainier Mount Williamson McArthur Peak Blanca Peak La Plata Peak Uncompahgre Peak Crestone Peak Mount Lincoln Castle Peak Grays Peak Mount Antero Mount Evans Longs Peak Mount Wilson White Mountain Peak North Palisade Mount Princeton Mount Yale Mount Shasta Maroon Peak Mount Wrangell Mount Sneffels Capitol Peak Pikes Peak Windom Peak / Mount Eolus Mount Augusta Handies Peak Culebra Peak San Luis Peak Mount of the Holy Cross Nevado de Colima Grizzly Peak Mount Humphreys Mount Keith Mount Strickland Mount Ouray Vermilion Peak Avalanche Peak Atna Peaks Volcán Tajumulco Regal Mountain Mount Darwin Mount Hayes Mount Silverheels Rio Grande Pyramid Cofre de Perote Gannett Peak Mount Kaweah Grand Teton Mount Cook Mount Morgan Mount Gabb Bald Mountain Mount Oso Mount Jackson Mount Tom Bard Peak West Spanish Peak Mount Powell Hagues Peak Mount Dubois Tower Mountain Treasure Mountain Kings Peak North Arapaho Peak Mount Pinchot Mount Natazhat Mount Jarvis Parry Peak Bill Williams Peak Sultan Mountain Mount Herard Volcán Tacaná West Buffalo Peak Mount Craig Tressider Peak Summit Peak Middle Peak / Dolores Peak Antora Peak Henry Mountain Hesperus Mountain Mount Silverthrone Jacque Peak Bennett Peak Wind River Peak Mount Waddington Conejos Peak Mount Marcus Baker Cloud Peak Wheeler Peak Francs Peak Twilight Peak South River Peak Mount Ritter Red Slate Mountain The 100 most prominent summits of greater North America Denali Mount Logan Pico de Orizaba Mount Rainier Volcán Tajumulco Mount Fairweather Chirripó Grande Gunnbjørn Fjeld Mount Blackburn Mount Hayes Mount Saint Elias Mount Waddington Mount Marcus Baker Pico Duarte Mount Lucania Mount Whitney Popocatépetl Mount Shasta Monarch Mountain Shishaldin Volcano Mount Robson Redoubt Volcano Mount Elbert Mount Sir Wilfrid Laurier Nevado de Colima Mount Vancouver Mount Sir Sandford Mount Baker Mount Torbert Pic la Selle Barbeau Peak San Jacinto Peak San Gorgonio Mountain Charleston Peak Pavlof Volcano Mount Veniaminof Mount Adams Skihist Mountain Mount Hubbard Mount Ratz Mount Odin Mount Isto Mount Monashee Iliamna Volcano Mount Olympus Mount Columbia Mount Queen Bess Mount Cook Mount Hood Mount Sanford Mount Tom White Mount Cooper Wheeler Peak Ulysses Mountain Glacier Peak Mount Kimball Blue Mountain Peak Wedge Mountain Otter Mountain Mount Griggs Nevado de Toluca Kwatna Peak Outlook Peak Mount Foraker Golden Hinde White Mountain Peak Mount Crillon Stauning Alper Cerro Teotepec Scud Peak Keele Peak Cloud Peak Gannett Peak Razorback Mountain Mount Vsevidof Mount Odin Cerro el Nacimiento Mount Hesperus Picacho del Diablo Mount Farnham Palup Qaqa HP Mount Bona Oscar Peak Pic Macaya Montaña de Santa Bárbara Mount Assiniboine Mount Jancowski Cerro Las Minas Mount Drum Gladsheim Peak Milne Land HP Mount Dawson Payers Tinde Beitstad Peak Mount Chiginagak Mount Edith Cavell Alsek Peak Mount Valpy Perserajoq Mount Cairnes The 107 most isolated major summits of greater North America Denali Gunnbjørn Fjeld Pico de Orizaba Mount Whitney Mount Mitchell Mount Washington Mount Rainier Mount Elbert Pico Duarte Chirripó Grande Shishaldin Volcano Barbeau Peak Mount Caubvick Volcán Tajumulco Melville Island HP La Grande Soufrière Tanaga Volcano Avannaarsua HP Mount Isto Cerro San Rafael Mathiassen Mountain Mount Logan Angilaaq Mountain Signal Hill Mount Odin Cerro el Potosí Mount Waddington Melville Hills HP Keele Peak Mount Shasta Perserajoq Mealy Mountains HP Peary Land HP The Cabox Volcán Everman Greenland Ice Sheet HP Gannett Peak Mont Yapeitso Mount Robson Mount Osborn Mount Igikpak Ulysses Mountain Cerro de Punta Cerro Gordo Pico San Juan Mont Jacques - Cartier Nevado de Colima Sukkertoppen Humphreys Peak Haffner Bjerg Victoria Island HP Wheeler Peak Revaltoppe Kisimngiuqtuq Peak Mount Vsevidof Mont Forel Beitstad Peak Hahn Land HP Pico La Laguna Volcán Las Tres Vírgenes Isla Guadalupe HP Mount Veniaminof Picacho del Diablo Cerro el Nacimiento Mount Ratz Hall Island HP Dillingham HP Mount Paatusoq Petermann Bjerg Spruce Knob Blue Mountain Peak Kings Peak Outlook Peak Sierra Blanca Peak Devon Ice Cap HP Point 1740 San Gorgonio Mountain Manuel Peak Katahdin Peak 4030 Howson Peak Mount Baldy Borah Peak Sierra Fría Cloud Peak Cerro Mohinora Fox Mountain Cap Mountain Sierra la Madera Black Elk Peak Mount Frank Rae Mount Nirvana Slide Mountain Durham Heights Mount Griggs Charleston Peak Pico Turquino Pic Macaya Junipero Serra Peak Mount Baker Mount Marcy Mont Raoul - Blanchard Mount Marcus Baker Mount Hayes Sacajawea Peak Steens Mountain Mount Fairweather The 46 highest major summits of California Mount Whitney Mount Williamson White Mountain Peak North Palisade Mount Shasta Mount Humphreys Mount Keith Mount Darwin Mount Kaweah Mount Morgan Mount Gabb Mount Tom Mount Dubois Mount Pinchot Mount Ritter Red Slate Mountain Mount Lyell Mount Dana Mount Conness Needham Mountain Twin Peaks Olancha Peak Eagle Peak Tower Peak Mount Patterson San Joaquin Mountain Leavitt Peak Kern Peak San Gorgonio Mountain Sonora Peak Waucoba Mountain Glass Mountain Keynot Peak Telescope Peak Mammoth Mountain Highland Peak Freel Peak Mount Hoffmann San Jacinto Peak Lassen Peak Round Top Mount San Antonio Pyramid Peak Peak 9980 Sugarloaf Mountain Eagle Peak California Fourteeners Mount Whitney Mount Williamson White Mountain Peak North Palisade Mount Shasta Mount Sill Mount Russell Split Mountain Mount Langley Mount Tyndall Mount Muir Middle Palisade Glaciers of Mount Shasta Bolam Hotlum Konwakiton Mud Creek Watkins Whitney Wintun Cascade Volcanoes British Columbia Silverthrone Caldera Franklin Glacier Volcano Mount Meager Mount Cayley Mount Garibaldi Washington Mount Baker Black Buttes Glacier Peak Mount Rainier Goat Rocks Mount St. Helens Mount Adams Indian Heaven Oregon Mount Hood Mount Jefferson Three Sisters Broken Top Mount Bachelor Newberry Volcano Diamond Peak Mount Thielsen Mount Mazama ( Crater Lake ) Yamsay Mountain Mount McLoughlin California Medicine Lake Volcano Mount Shasta Mount Tehama Lassen Peak State of California Sacramento ( capital ) Topics Culture Food Music `` Myth '' Sports Demographics Earthquakes Economy Education Environment Geography Climate Ecology Flora Fauna Government Districts Congressional delegations Healthcare History Law Landmarks State Historic Landmarks National Historic Landmarks National Natural Landmarks NRHP listings Politics Elections People Protected areas State parks State symbols Transportation Water Index of articles Regions Antelope Valley Big Sur California Coast Ranges Cascade Range Central California Central Coast Central Valley Channel Islands Coachella Valley Coastal California Conejo Valley Cucamonga Valley Death Valley East Bay ( SF Bay Area ) East County ( SD ) Eastern California Emerald Triangle Gold Country Great Basin Greater San Bernardino Inland Empire Klamath Basin Lake Tahoe Greater Los Angeles Los Angeles Basin Lost Coast Mojave Desert Mountain Empire North Bay ( SF ) North Coast North Coast ( SD ) Northern California Owens Valley Oxnard Plain Peninsular Ranges Pomona Valley Sacramento Valley Salinas Valley San Fernando Valley San Francisco Bay Area San Francisco Peninsula San Gabriel Valley San Joaquin Valley Santa Clara Valley Santa Clara River Valley Santa Clarita Valley Santa Ynez Valley Shasta Cascade Sierra Nevada Silicon Valley South Bay ( LA ) South Bay ( SD ) South Bay ( SF ) South Coast Southern Border Region Southern California Tech Coast Transverse Ranges Tri-Valley Victor Valley Wine Country Metro regions Metropolitan Fresno Los Angeles metropolitan area Greater Sacramento San Bernardino - 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Pandemic 2: The Startling

Pandemic 2 : the Startling - wikipedia Pandemic 2 : the Startling Jump to : navigation , search `` Pandemic 2 : The Startling '' South Park episode Episode no . Season 12 Episode 11 Directed by Trey Parker Written by Trey Parker Production code 1211 Original air date October 29 , 2008 Episode chronology ← Previous `` Pandemic '' Next → `` About Last Night ... '' South Park ( season 12 ) List of South Park episodes `` Pandemic 2 : The Startling '' is the eleventh episode in the twelfth season of the American animated television series South Park . The 178th episode of the series overall , it originally aired on Comedy Central in the United States on October 29 , 2008 . It is the conclusion to the previous episode , `` Pandemic '' . In the episode , the boys discover the source of the havoc unleashed in the previous episode , and attempt to overthrow Michael Chertoff 's plot for world domination . The episode was written and directed by series co-creator Trey Parker . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Reception 4 Home release 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) The episode opens with a monologue recap by Craig Tucker , who is relating the events up until now in his journal . Craig is stranded in the Andes Mountains with the four main characters and two pilots at a false rendezvous point . They look for help in the jungle , but find only a `` land of the giant lost world '' , filled with giant fruits . The two pilots are killed by baby Guinea bee larvae , and the boys flee . Craig and the boys discover a temple , inside of which are carvings depicting a prophecy that details all of the events of the previous episode . They learn from this that the Peruvian flute bands kept the murderous guinea pigs within the jungle . Craig is featured in the final carving . In spite of the intrigue of the carving , Craig refuses to do any more investigating and begins walking back through the jungle . The other boys follow him , complaining of boredom . Interspersed throughout this story are various flashes in Colorado with Randy , Sharon and Shelley hiding from giant guinea pig monsters ( all of which are portrayed by real live - action guinea pigs wearing costumes ) , a parody of the movie Cloverfield . They hide at home , in a damaged bus , on the roof of a Best Buy , a grocery store , and an Outback Steakhouse . Randy does not stop filming the entire time , and uses unnecessarily shaky camera work , as well as constant zooms and heavy breathing to convey just how `` startled '' he is by the whole ordeal . The other townspeople , especially Sharon , begin to grow very annoyed by his obsessive taping of the event . Eventually , Sharon has had enough and angrily demands Randy to stop filming , but he says that the video `` will be a very important family relic , years from now '' ; frustrated , Sharon attacks his camera . Also , the townsfolk discover that the guinea pigs take on various other permutations , including guinea rabbits , guinea bees , guinea mice , and guinea - saurus rexes , all of which supposedly originate from the aforementioned `` giant world '' . The Guinea Pirate . Meanwhile , Homeland Security Michael Chertoff travels to Machu Picchu to finalize his plan for world domination . He accidentally runs into the boys and orders his guards to kill them , claiming they are a Peruvian flute band ( which in the previous episode were all prosecuted and ordered sent to Guantanamo Bay ) . Stan insists that they are not , and that the bands are the only forces which could stop the guinea pigs . Michael Chertoff snaps , revealing his plan to take over the world . One of the guards , who has had enough of all this , shoots him in the back , but that does not stop the director , since there was no human blood in him . He then reveals his true form , that of a `` guinea pirate '' ( a live - action guinea pig in a pirate outfit ) . Craig insists that he wants no part of this ; he just wants to go home , and he walks away from the scene . But by doing this he accidentally steps on a stone tile , activating some sort of magical ritual in which `` sparks '' shoot from his eyes and paralyze the Guinea pirate . While concerned by this , Craig 's dry tone does not change as he states flatly , `` Okay , now there are sparks shooting out of my eyes ... '' When it 's over , he sighs , realizing that there are some things you ca n't control . The episode ends with a second monologue by Craig , telling the aftermath of the incident , as a pan flute cover of Gary Numan 's `` Cars '' plays in the background . The U.S. government releases all the pan flute bands , who then drive the guinea pigs back to the jungle . Craig concludes that you never know what life has in store for you , and also that he will never trust anyone who asks him for money again . He is shown shutting his front door on the boys , who have come to his house dressed as a Mariachi band , presumably beginning the cycle over again . It is also revealed at this time that Randy forgot to put a tape in his camera after buying it , therefore making his entire effort to tape the ordeal pointless . Meanwhile , back at the office of Homeland Security , the new Director is informed that the guinea pirate has broken out of jail and has begun to attack the city . The ending sequence shows the escaped giant guinea pirate roaming through the streets of Washington D.C. in his black - and - white prison uniform . Production ( edit ) The monsters and shaky camera style of cinematography are a reference to the 2008 American monster movie Cloverfield . The subplot , in which the giant guinea pigs attack a small town is a parody of Night of the Lepus . The guinea pig costumes were purchased online . According to the creator commentary , the guinea pigs used in filming refused to move when put into the costumes and it took hours of filming to get one usable shot for the episode . The Guinny Valley where the guinea pig monsters originate from is a parody of Land of the Giants and Land of the Lost ( referenced to in the episode as `` Land of the Giants Lost World '' ) . Reception ( edit ) The episode received mixed reviews . The A.V. Club graded the episode a C - , stating `` That was too damn long to tell a story with so little substance and so few real laughs . Kinda like Cloverfield . Maybe that was the point '' . Home release ( edit ) `` Pandemic 2 : The Startling '' , along with the thirteen other episodes from South Park 's twelfth season , were released on a three - disc DVD set and two - disc Blu - ray set in the United States on March 10 , 2009 . The sets included brief audio commentaries by Parker and Stone for each episode , a collection of deleted scenes , and two special mini-features , The Making of ' Major Boobage and Six Days to South Park . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` South Park Episode Guide -- 1211 '' . South Park Studios . Accessed October 25 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Episode 1211 -- Pandemic 2 : The Startling '' . spscriptorium.com ( 2008 - 11 - 16 ) . Jump up ^ Entry from Tuesday , November 4 , 2008 FAQ archive at South Park Studios Jump up ^ http://www.guineapigtoday.com/2011/10/16/guinea-pig-costumes-at-cuddly-cavies-creations/ Jump up ^ Parker , Trey ( November 2008 ) . South Park : The Complete Twelfth Season : `` TPandemic 2 : The Startling '' ( Audio commentary ) ( DVD ) . Paramount Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Modell , Josh ( 2008 - 10 - 29 ) . `` Pandemic 2 , The Startling '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Liebman , Martin ( February 26 , 2009 ) . `` South Park : The Complete Twelfth Season Blu - ray Review '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) `` Pandemic 2 : The Startling '' Full episode at South Park Studios `` Pandemic 2 : The Startling '' Episode guide at South Park Studios `` Pandemic 2 : The Startling '' on IMDb `` Pandemic 2 : The Startling '' at TV.com ( hide ) South Park episodes Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Season 12 `` Tonsil Trouble '' `` Britney 's New Look '' `` Major Boobage '' `` Canada on Strike '' `` Eek , a Penis ! '' `` Over Logging '' `` Super Fun Time '' `` The China Probrem '' `` Breast Cancer Show Ever '' `` Pandemic '' `` Pandemic 2 : The Startling '' `` About Last Night ... '' `` Elementary School Musical '' `` The Ungroundable '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pandemic_2:_The_Startling&oldid=820527714 '' Categories : South Park ( season 12 ) episodes Guinea pigs Peru in fiction South Park episodes in multiple parts Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Nederlands Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 15 January 2018 , at 04 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

south park pandemic 2 the startling full episode

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Fly Me to the Moon

Fly Me to the Moon - wikipedia Fly Me to the Moon Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Fly Me to the Moon ( disambiguation ) . `` In Other Words '' First recording titled `` In Other Words '' Song by Kaye Ballard Released April 1954 Recorded 1954 Genre Jazz Length 2 : 14 Label Decca Songwriter ( s ) Bart Howard `` Fly Me to the Moon '' , originally titled `` In Other Words '' , is a song written in 1954 by Bart Howard . Kaye Ballard made the first recording of the song in 1954 . Since then it has become a frequently recorded jazz standard often featured in popular culture ; Frank Sinatra 's 1964 version was closely associated with the Apollo missions to the Moon , and the Japanese animated series Neon Genesis Evangelion played the song ( as covered by various artists ) at the end of every episode . In 1999 , the US - based Songwriters Hall of Fame recognized the importance of `` Fly Me to the Moon '' by inducting it as a `` Towering Song '' which is an award `` ... presented each year to the creators of an individual song that has influenced our culture in a unique way over many years . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and composition 2 Early recordings 3 `` Fly Me to the Moon '' 3.1 Other releases 4 In popular culture 4.1 NASA association 5 References 6 External links Background and composition ( edit ) In 1954 , when writing the song which would become `` Fly Me to the Moon '' , Bart Howard had been pursuing a career in music for more than 20 years . He played piano to accompany cabaret singers but also wrote songs with Cole Porter , his idol , in mind . In response to a publisher 's request for a simpler song , Bart Howard wrote a cabaret ballad in waltz time which he titled `` In Other Words '' . A publisher tried to make him change some lyrics from `` fly me to the moon '' to `` take me to the moon '' but Howard refused to do this . Many years later Howard commented that `` ... it took me 20 years to find out how to write a song in 20 minutes '' . He used his position as a piano accompanist and presenter at the Blue Angel cabaret venue to promote the song , and it was soon introduced in cabaret performances by Felicia Sanders . Early recordings ( edit ) Kaye Ballard circa late 1950s Kaye Ballard made the first commercial recording of `` In Other Words '' . It was released by Decca in April 1954 . A brief review published on 8 May 1954 in Billboard said that `` In Other Words '' was `` A love song sung with feeling by Miss Ballard . '' This recording was released as the flipside of `` Lazy Afternoon '' which Kaye Ballard was currently performing as star of the stage show The Golden Apple . During the next few years jazz and cabaret singers released cover versions of `` In Other Words '' on EP or LP record albums including Chris Connor , Johnny Mathis , Portia Nelson and Nancy Wilson . Eydie Gormé featured the song on her 1958 album `` Eydie In Love '' which reached # 20 in the Cashbox Album Charts and was nominated for a Grammy award . `` Fly Me to the Moon '' ( edit ) In 1960 Peggy Lee recorded the song then made it more popular when she performed it in front of a large television audience on The Ed Sullivan Show . As the song 's popularity increased , it became better known as `` Fly Me to the Moon '' and in 1963 Peggy Lee convinced Bart Howard to make the name change official . In the early 1960s versions of the song were released under its new name by many well known singers , including Nat King Cole , Sarah Vaughan and Brenda Lee . Connie Francis released two non-English versions of the song in 1963 : in Italian as `` Portami Con Te '' and in Spanish as `` Llévame a la Luna '' . Fly Me to the Moon Bossa Nova 1963 album by Joe Harnell In 1962 Joe Harnell arranged and recorded an instrumental version in a bossa nova style . It was released as a single in late 1962 , reached # 14 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in early 1963 and won Harnell a Grammy award . Harnell 's version was included on his album Fly Me to the Moon and the Bossa Nova Pops released in early 1963 which reached # 3 stereo album on the Billboard 200 chart . Versions of the song were released by many other 1960s instrumental artists , including Roy Haynes Al Hirt and Oscar Peterson . Frank Sinatra included the song on his 1964 album It Might as Well Be Swing accompanied by Count Basie . The music for this album was arranged by Quincy Jones who had worked with Count Basie a year earlier on the album This Time by Basie which also included a version of `` Fly Me to the Moon '' . Will Friedwald comments that : `` Jones boosted the tempo and put it into an even four / four '' for Basie 's version but `` when Sinatra decided to address it with the Basie / Jones combination they recharged it into a straight swinger ... ( which ) ... all but explodes with energy '' . Other releases ( edit ) Bart Howard estimated that by the time Frank Sinatra covered the song in 1964 , more than 100 other versions had been recorded . By 1995 it had been recorded more than 300 times . A search of the website Second Hand Songs will list more than 150 versions of the song in chronological order . Other releases include these by : Harry James on his 1981 album For Listening And Dancing ( Reader 's Digest RD4A 213 ) Anita O'Day on his 2013 album `` '' The Complete Anita O'day Verve Clef Sessions In popular culture ( edit ) Quincy Jones presents platinum copies of Frank Sinatra 's album to Senator John Glenn and Apollo 11 Commander Neil Armstrong `` Fly Me to the Moon '' has often been used or referenced in popular culture including television shows , films and video games . In 1967 an episode of I Dream of Jeannie was titled `` Fly Me to the Moon '' . In the 1978 - 82 series WKRP in Cincinnati , character Jennifer Marlowe 's doorbell plays the song . In 1998 Sesame Street featured Tony Bennett performing a parody of the song for an action sequence in which the show 's character Slimey the Worm took a trip to the moon . The song has been featured in film soundtracks , including the 1987 film Wall Street and the 2001 films Space Cowboys and Bridget Jones 's Diary . Multiple modern recordings of `` Fly Me to the Moon '' were individually used as the end of each episode for the closing credits of the anime series Neon Genesis Evangelion , as well as the basis for several background non-vocal themes used in the TV show . The song was also used extensively in the 2009 video game Bayonetta . In 2014 , the song was played in the scene of the movie RoboCop where the main protagonist was waking up after being made into a cyborg . NASA association ( edit ) Frank Sinatra 's 1964 recording of `` Fly Me to the Moon '' became closely associated with NASA 's Apollo space program . A copy of the song was played on the Apollo 10 mission which orbited the Moon . It became the first music heard on the Moon when played on a portable cassette player by Apollo 11 astronaut Buzz Aldrin after he stepped onto the Moon . The song 's association with Apollo 11 was reprised many years later when Diana Krall sang it at the mission 's 40th anniversary commemoration ceremony . She also sang a `` slow and solemn version '' in 2012 at the national memorial service for Apollo 11 mission commander Neil Armstrong . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 1999 Award and Induction Ceremony '' . Songwriters Hall of Fame . 1999 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Towering Song '' . Songwriters Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Famous Iowans - Bart Howard The Des Moines Register DesMoinesRegister.com '' . Data.desmoinesregister.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : STEPHEN HOLDEN ( 2004 - 02 - 23 ) . `` Bart Howard , 88 , Songwriter Known for ' Fly Me to the Moon ' - New York Times '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Fly Me to the Moon `` : Song History , Commentary , Discography , Performances on Video '' . Greatamericansongbook.net. 2004 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Will Friedwald , `` Sinatra ! The Song Is You : A Singer 's Art '' , Scribner , New York , 1995 , page 411 ^ Jump up to : Stephen Holden ( December 19 , 1988 ) . `` Product of 20 Minutes : A Million Dollar Song '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kaye Ballard - In Other Words / Lazy Afternoon ( Vinyl ) '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Kaye Ballard - In Other Words / Lazy Afternoon - Decca - USA - 9 - 29114 '' . 45cat.com. 2012 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Billboard . Books.google.com. 1954 - 05 - 08 . p. 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Liz Smith , Liner Notes for the CD Portia Nelson , `` Let Me Love You : Portia Nelson Sings the Songs of Bart Howard '' , DRG 91442 , 1995 Jump up ^ `` Chris Connor - Chris ( Vinyl , LP ) '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Mathis - Johnny Mathis '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Portia Nelson - Let Me Love You ( Vinyl , LP , Album ) '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Nancy Wilson - Like In Love '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` ABC - Paramount Album Discography , Part 2 '' . Bsnpubs.com. 2005 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Carolyn Hope ( 2007 - 09 - 11 ) . `` Barry 's Hits of All Decades Pop rock n roll Music Chart Hits '' . Hitsofalldecades.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Peggy Lee - Pretty Eyes '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Bart Howard : 1915 - 2004 '' . Jazzhouse.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Nat King Cole & George Shearing - Nat King Cole Sings / George Shearing Plays ( Vinyl , LP , Album ) '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Sarah Vaughan , `` You 're Mine You '' , Roulette Records `` . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Brenda Lee - All Alone Am I ( Vinyl , LP ) '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Connie Francis - Mala Femmena / Portami Con Te ( Fly Me To The Moon ) - MGM - Italy - K 2078 '' . 45cat.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Connie Francis - Connie Francis Canta En Español - MGM - Spain '' . 45cat.com. 2015 - 02 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Harnell And His Orchestra * - Fly Me To The Moon / Harlem Nocturne '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Billboard . Books.google.com. 1963 - 02 - 23 . p. 14 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Harnell , 80 ; Pianist , Conductor , Composer , Arranger - Los Angeles Times '' . Articles.latimes.com. 1994 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Harnell His Piano And Orchestra * - Fly Me To The Moon And The Bossa Nova Pops '' . Discogs.com. 2015 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard '' . Books.google.com. 1963 - 03 - 16 . p. 78 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Roy Haynes Quartet - Out Of The Afternoon '' . Discogs.com. 2016 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Al Hirt - Honey In The Horn ( Vinyl , LP , Album ) '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Oscar Peterson Trio - The Oscar Peterson Trio Plays '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Frank Sinatra Count Basie And His Orchestra * - It Might As Well Be Swing ( Vinyl , LP , Album ) '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Count Basie - This Time By Basie - Hits Of The 50 's & 60 's ! ( Vinyl , LP , Album ) '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Cover versions of In Other Words written by Bart Howard '' . SecondHandSongs . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` '' I Dream of Jeannie '' Series 3 , Episode 1 `` . IMDB.com . Retrieved 1 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Michael B. Kassel ( 1993 - 06 - 15 ) . America 's Favorite Radio Station : WKRP in Cincinnati . Books.google.com . p. 49 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` ` Sesame Street ' Jumps The Gun On Its 30th - but So What ? - Page 2 - tribunedigital - chicagotribune '' . Articles.chicagotribune.com. 1998 - 02 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Wall Street ( 1987 ) , Soundtrack '' . IMBd.com . Retrieved 30 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 2001 ) Soundtracks '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SEGA Tunes : Bayonetta 's Fly Me to the Moon '' . SEGAbits.com. 2012 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Lunar Collections : April 2006 '' . Apollotribute2.blogspot.com.au. 2006 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Diane K. Shah ( November 18 , 1990 ) . `` '' On Q `` '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 1 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - NASA TV 's This Week @ NASA , July 24 '' . Nasa.gov. 2009 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Armstrong remembered at public memorial '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ASCAP Foundation : Bart Howard Provides A Musical Gift `` Fly Me to the Moon ( In Other Words ) '' at MusicBrainz ( information & list of recordings ) Brenda Lee Albums Grandma , What Great Songs You Sang ! Brenda Lee This Is ... Brenda Emotions All the Way Sincerely , Brenda Lee All Alone Am I ... `` Let Me Sing '' Brenda , That 's All Gospel Duets with Treasured Friends Other albums The Winning Hand Singles `` Jambalaya ( On the Bayou ) '' `` One Step at a Time '' `` Let 's Jump the Broomstick '' `` Rockin ' Around the Christmas Tree '' `` Sweet Nothin 's '' `` That 's All You Gotta Do '' `` I 'm Sorry '' `` I Want to Be Wanted '' `` Emotions '' `` You Can Depend on Me '' `` Dum Dum '' `` Fool # 1 `` Break It to Me Gently '' `` Speak to Me Pretty '' `` Everybody Loves Me But You '' `` Here Comes That Feeling '' `` Heart in Hand '' `` It Started All Over Again '' `` All Alone Am I '' `` Your Used to Be '' `` She 'll Never Know '' `` Losing You '' `` I Wonder '' `` My Whole World Is Falling Down '' `` The Grass Is Greener '' `` As Usual '' `` Think '' `` Alone with You '' `` When You Loved Me '' `` Truly , Truly True '' `` Is It True '' `` Jingle Bell Rock '' `` Too Many Rivers '' `` Rusty Bells '' `` Coming on Strong '' `` Johnny One Time '' `` Let It Be Me '' `` Always on My Mind '' `` Sunday Sunrise '' `` Wrong Ideas '' `` Big Four Poster Bed '' `` Rock on Baby '' `` He 's My Rock '' `` Tell Me What It 's Like '' `` The Cowgirl and the Dandy '' `` Broken Trust '' Other singles `` Hallelujah , I Love You So '' `` America the Beautiful '' Songs `` Fly Me to the Moon '' `` The Letter '' `` Our Day Will Come '' Related topics Discography Connie Francis Skeeter Davis Ricky Nelson Lesley Gore Red Foley Muruga Booker Book : Brenda Lee Perry Como Albums So Smooth ( 1955 ) We Get Letters ( 1956 ) Saturday Night with Mr. C ( 1958 ) When You Come to the End of the Day ( 1958 ) Como Swings ( 1959 ) Season 's Greetings from Perry Como ( 1959 ) For the Young at Heart ( 1960 ) Sing to Me Mr. C ( 1961 ) By Request ( 1962 ) The Best of Irving Berlin 's Songs from Mr. President ( 1962 ) The Songs I Love ( 1963 ) The Scene Changes ( 1965 ) Lightly Latin ( 1966 ) Perry Como in Italy ( 1966 ) The Perry Como Christmas Album ( 1968 ) Look to Your Heart ( 1968 ) Seattle ( 1969 ) Perry Como in Person at the International Hotel , Las Vegas ( 1970 ) It 's Impossible ( 1970 ) I Think of You ( 1971 ) And I Love You So ( 1973 ) Perry ( 1974 ) Just Out of Reach ( 1975 ) 40 Greatest Hits ( 1975 ) The Best of British ( UK and Canada ) ( 1977 ) Where You 're Concerned ( US ) ( 1978 ) Perry Como ( 1980 ) Perry Como Live on Tour ( 1981 ) So It Goes / Goodbye for Now ( 1983 ) Today ( 1987 ) Perry Como 's Christmas Concert ( 1994 ) On the Radio -- The Perry Como Shows 1943 ( 2009 ) At the Supper Club ( 2010 ) At the Supper Club Part II ( 2011 ) At the Supper Club Part III ( 2011 ) Songs `` ' A ' You 're Adorable '' `` Ac - Cent - Tchu - Ate the Positive '' `` And I Love You So '' `` As Time Goes By '' `` Bali Ha'i '' `` Because '' `` Beyond Tomorrow '' `` Bibbidi - Bobbidi - Boo '' `` Blue Room '' `` A Bushel and a Peck '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` Catch a Falling Star '' `` Chi - Baba , Chi - Baba ( My Bambino Go to Sleep ) '' `` Confessin ' '' `` Days of Wine and Roses '' `` Deep in the Heart of Texas '' `` Delaware '' `` Do n't Let the Stars Get in Your Eyes '' `` Dream Along with Me ( I 'm on My Way to a Star ) '' `` A Dreamer 's Holiday '' `` El Cóndor Pasa '' `` Feelings '' `` Fly Me to the Moon '' `` For the Good Times '' `` Forever and Ever '' `` Forget Domani '' `` Give Me Your Hand '' `` Glendora '' `` The Gypsy in My Soul '' `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' `` He 's Got the Whole World in His Hands '' `` Hello , Young Lovers '' `` Here , There and Everywhere '' `` Home for the Holidays '' `` Hot Diggity ( Dog Ziggity Boom ) '' `` A House Is Not a Home '' `` I Do n't See Me in Your Eyes Anymore '' `` I Dream of You ( More Than You Dream I Do ) '' `` I Think I Love You '' `` I 'll Be Home for Christmas '' `` If ( They Made Me a King ) '' `` It 's Been a Long , Long Time '' `` It 's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas '' `` Kewpie Doll '' `` The Lord 's Prayer '' `` Magic Moments '' `` Mandolins in the Moonlight '' `` Maria '' `` Moon River '' `` More '' `` No Other Love '' `` Papa Loves Mambo '' `` Prisoner of Love '' `` Round and Round '' `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' `` Seattle '' `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' `` Some Enchanted Evening '' `` Somos Novios ( It 's Impossible ) '' `` The Songs I Love '' `` Stop ! And Think It Over '' `` Till the End of Time '' `` Unchained Melody '' `` Wanted '' `` The Way You Look Tonight '' `` What 'll I Do '' `` When You and I Were Young , Maggie '' `` Young at Heart '' Related articles Perry Como discography Perry Como television and radio shows Beat the Band The Chesterfield Supper Club List of songs recorded by Perry Como Goodman Ace Mitchell Ayres Ray Charles Frank Gallop Nick Perito Category Westlife singles Discography Westlife `` Swear It Again '' `` If I Let You Go '' `` Flying Without Wings '' `` I Have a Dream '' / `` Seasons in the Sun '' `` Fool Again '' Coast to Coast `` Against All Odds '' `` My Love '' `` What Makes a Man '' `` I Lay My Love on You '' `` Uptown Girl '' `` When You 're Looking Like That '' World of Our Own `` Queen of My Heart '' `` Evergreen '' `` World of Our Own '' `` Bop Bop Baby '' Unbreakable `` Unbreakable '' `` Tonight / Miss You Nights '' Turnaround `` Hey Whatever '' `` Mandy '' `` Obvious '' Allow Us to Be Frank `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head '' `` Fly Me To The Moon '' `` Smile '' Face to Face `` You Raise Me Up '' `` When You Tell Me That You Love Me '' `` Amazing '' The Love Album `` The Rose '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' Back Home `` Home '' `` Us Against the World '' `` Something Right '' Where We Are `` What About Now '' Gravity `` Safe '' Greatest Hits `` Lighthouse '' `` Beautiful World '' Book Category Neon Genesis Evangelion Media Anime episodes Manga chapters Angelic Days Petit Eva : Evangelion@School Campus Apocalypse Films Death & Rebirth The End of Evangelion Rebuild of Evangelion 1.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 + 1.0 Video games Ayanami Raising Project Shinji Ikari Raising Project Girlfriend of Steel 2nd Neon Genesis Evangelion Shinji and Good Friends Battle Orchestra Misato Katsuragi 's Reporting Plan Music `` A Cruel Angel 's Thesis '' `` Fly Me to the Moon '' `` Beautiful World '' `` Sakura Nagashi '' Studios Gainax Khara Production I.G Tatsunoko Characters Shinji Ikari Rei Ayanami Asuka Langley Soryu Misato Katsuragi Gendo Ikari Kaworu Nagisa People Hideaki Anno Mahiro Maeda Yoshiyuki Sadamoto Shirō Sagisu Kazuya Tsurumaki Related Angels Evangelions Themes Aoki Uru `` Arue '' Japan Animator Expo Antônio Carlos Jobim Studio albums The Composer of Desafinado , Plays ( 1963 ) The Wonderful World of Antonio Carlos Jobim ( 1965 ) A Certain Mr. Jobim ( 1967 ) Wave ( 1967 ) Tide ( 1970 ) Stone Flower ( 1970 ) Jobim ( 1973 ) Urubu ( 1976 ) Terra Brasilis ( 1980 ) Antonio Brasileiro ( 1995 ) Live albums Jazzvisions ( 1986 ) Compilations Sinatra -- Jobim Sessions ( 1979 ) Soundtracks Lost Highway ( 1997 ) Collaborations Getz / Gilberto ( 1963 , Stan Getz ) Jazz Samba Encore ! ( 1963 , Stan Getz and Luiz Bonfá ) Getz / Gilberto Vol. 2 ( 1963 , Stan Getz ) Francis Albert Sinatra & Antonio Carlos Jobim ( 1967 , Frank Sinatra ) Sinatra & Company ( 1971 , Frank Sinatra ) Elis & Tom ( 1974 , Elis Regina ) `` Fly Me to the Moon '' ( 1994 , Frank Sinatra ) Compositions `` Água de Beber '' ( Drinking - Water ) `` Waters of March '' `` Chega de Saudade '' ( No More Blues ) `` Corcovado '' ( Quiet Nights of Quiet Stars ) `` Desafinado '' ( Slightly Out of Tune ) `` Dindi '' `` The Girl from Ipanema '' `` How Insensitive '' `` Inútil Paisagem '' ( If You Never Come to Me ) `` Look to the Sky '' `` Meditation '' `` One Note Samba '' `` Someone to Light Up My Life '' `` Wave '' As contributor Canção do Amor Demais ( 1958 , Elizete Cardoso ) Chega de Saudade ( 1959 , João Gilberto ) Do the Bossa Nova with Herbie Mann , Latin Fever ( 1962 , Herbie Mann ) The Swinger from Rio ( 1965 , Sérgio Mendes ) Love , Strings and Jobim ( 1966 , various ) Abandoned Garden ( 1995 , Michael Franks ) VIAF : 177805984 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fly_Me_to_the_Moon&oldid=799073187 '' Categories : 1954 songs 1962 singles Songs written by Bart Howard Frank Sinatra songs Trini Lopez songs Tony Bennett songs Judy Garland songs Perry Como songs Patti Page songs Bobby Womack songs Westlife songs Nancy Wilson ( jazz singer ) songs Ella Fitzgerald songs Johnny Mathis songs Michael Bolton songs Al Hirt songs Neon Genesis Evangelion songs Bossa nova jazz standards Pop standards Outer space themed songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats MusicBrainz work same as Wikidata Articles with MusicBrainz work links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Kiswahili 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 September 2017 , at 13 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who sings the song fly me to the moon

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Great Barrier Reef

Great Barrier Reef - Wikipedia Great Barrier Reef Coral reef system off the east coast of Australia , World Heritage Site Great Barrier Reef UNESCO World Heritage site Satellite image of part of the Great Barrier Reef adjacent to the Queensland coastal areas of Airlie Beach and Mackay . Location Off the east coast of the Queensland mainland , Australia Criteria Natural : vii , viii , ix , x Reference 154 Inscription 1981 ( 5th Session ) Area 34,870,000 ha Website www.gbrmpa.gov.au Coordinates 18 ° 17 ′ 10 '' S 147 ° 42 ′ 00 '' E  /  18.28611 ° S 147.70000 ° E  / - 18.28611 ; 147.70000 Coordinates : 18 ° 17 ′ 10 '' S 147 ° 42 ′ 00 '' E  /  18.28611 ° S 147.70000 ° E  / - 18.28611 ; 147.70000 Center of the Great Barrier Reef Great Barrier Reef ( Australia ) Show map of Queensland Show map of Australia Show all The Great Barrier Reef is the world 's largest coral reef system composed of over 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands stretching for over 2,300 kilometres ( 1,400 mi ) over an area of approximately 344,400 square kilometres ( 133,000 sq mi ) . The reef is located in the Coral Sea , off the coast of Queensland , Australia . The Great Barrier Reef can be seen from outer space and is the world 's biggest single structure made by living organisms . This reef structure is composed of and built by billions of tiny organisms , known as coral polyps . It supports a wide diversity of life and was selected as a World Heritage Site in 1981 . CNN labelled it one of the seven natural wonders of the world . The Queensland National Trust named it a state icon of Queensland . A large part of the reef is protected by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park , which helps to limit the impact of human use , such as fishing and tourism . Other environmental pressures on the reef and its ecosystem include runoff , climate change accompanied by mass coral bleaching , and cyclic population outbreaks of the crown - of - thorns starfish . According to a study published in October 2012 by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , the reef has lost more than half its coral cover since 1985 . The Great Barrier Reef has long been known to and used by the Aboriginal Australian and Torres Strait Islander peoples , and is an important part of local groups ' cultures and spirituality . The reef is a very popular destination for tourists , especially in the Whitsunday Islands and Cairns regions . Tourism is an important economic activity for the region , generating over AUD $ 3 billion per year . In November 2014 , Google launched Google Underwater Street View in 3D of the Great Barrier Reef . A March 2016 report stated that coral bleaching was more widespread than previously thought , seriously affecting the northern parts of the reef as a result of warming ocean temperatures . In October 2016 , Outside published an obituary for the reef ; the article was criticized for being premature and hindering efforts to bolster the resilience of the reef . In March 2017 , the journal Nature published a paper showing that huge sections of a 800 - kilometre ( 500 mi ) stretch in the northern part of the reef had died in the course of 2016 due to high water temperatures , an event that the authors put down to the effects of global climate change . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geology and geography 2 Ecology 3 Environmental threats 3.1 Climate change 3.2 Pollution 3.2. 1 Loss of coastal wetland 3.2. 2 Eutrophication 3.2. 3 Sediment runoff 3.2. 4 Pesticides 3.2. 5 Pollution from mining 3.3 Crown of thorns 3.4 Overfishing 3.5 Shipping 4 Protection and preservation 5 Human use 5.1 Management 5.1. 1 Abbot Point coal port dredge dumping controversy 5.2 Tourism 5.3 Fishing 5.4 Dugong hunting 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Geology and geography Aerial photography The Great Barrier Reef is a distinct feature of the East Australian Cordillera division . It reaches from Torres Strait ( between Bramble Cay , its northernmost island , and the south coast of Papua New Guinea ) in the north to the unnamed passage between Lady Elliot Island ( its southernmost island ) and Fraser Island in the south . Lady Elliot Island is located 1,915 km ( 1,190 mi ) southeast of Bramble Cay as the crow flies . It includes the smaller Murray Islands . The Plate tectonic theory indicates Australia has moved northwards at a rate of 7 cm ( 2.8 in ) per year , starting during the Cenozoic . Eastern Australia experienced a period of tectonic uplift , which moved the drainage divide in Queensland 400 km ( 250 mi ) inland . Also during this time , Queensland experienced volcanic eruptions leading to central and shield volcanoes and basalt flows . Some of these became high islands . After the Coral Sea Basin formed , coral reefs began to grow in the Basin , but until about 25 million years ago , northern Queensland was still in temperate waters south of the tropics -- too cool to support coral growth . The Great Barrier Reef 's development history is complex ; after Queensland drifted into tropical waters , it was largely influenced by reef growth and decline as sea level changed . Reefs can increase in diameter by 1 to 3 centimetres ( 0.39 to 1.18 in ) per year , and grow vertically anywhere from 1 to 25 cm ( 0.39 to 9.84 in ) per year ; however , they grow only above a depth of 150 metres ( 490 ft ) due to their need for sunlight , and can not grow above sea level . When Queensland edged into tropical waters 24 million years ago , some coral grew , but a sedimentation regime quickly developed with erosion of the Great Dividing Range ; creating river deltas , oozes and turbidites , unsuitable conditions for coral growth . 10 million years ago , the sea level significantly lowered , which further enabled sedimentation . The reef 's substrate may have needed to build up from the sediment until its edge was too far away for suspended sediments to inhibit coral growth . In addition , approximately 400,000 years ago there was a particularly warm interglacial period with higher sea levels and a 4 ° C ( 7 ° F ) water temperature change . The Great Barrier Reef is clearly visible from aircraft flying over it . Heron Island , a coral cay in the southern Great Barrier Reef The land that formed the substrate of the current Great Barrier Reef was a coastal plain formed from the eroded sediments of the Great Dividing Range with some larger hills ( most of which were themselves remnants of older reefs or , in rare cases , volcanoes ) . The Reef Research Centre , a Cooperative Research Centre , has found coral ' skeleton ' deposits that date back half a million years . The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( GBRMPA ) considers the earliest evidence of complete reef structures to have been 600,000 years ago . According to the GBRMPA , the current , living reef structure is believed to have begun growing on the older platform about 20,000 years ago . The Australian Institute of Marine Science agrees , placing the beginning of the growth of the current reef at the time of the Last Glacial Maximum . At around that time , sea level was 120 metres ( 390 ft ) lower than it is today . From 20,000 years ago until 6,000 years ago , sea level rose steadily around the world . As it rose , the corals could then grow higher on the newly submerged maritime margins of the hills of the coastal plain . By around 13,000 years ago the sea level was only 60 metres ( 200 ft ) lower than the present day , and corals began to surround the hills of the coastal plain , which were , by then , continental islands . As the sea level rose further still , most of the continental islands were submerged . The corals could then overgrow the submerged hills , to form the present cays and reefs . Sea level here has not risen significantly in the last 6,000 years . The CRC Reef Research Centre estimates the age of the present , living reef structure at 6,000 to 8,000 years old . The shallow water reefs that can be seen in air - photographs and satellite images cover an area of 20,679 km2 , most ( about 80 % ) of which has grown on top of limestone platforms that are relics of past ( Pleistocene ) phases of reef growth . The remains of an ancient barrier reef similar to the Great Barrier Reef can be found in The Kimberley , Western Australia . The Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area has been divided into 70 bioregions , of which 30 are reef bioregions . In the northern part of the Great Barrier Reef , ribbon reefs and deltaic reefs have formed ; these structures are not found in the rest of the reef system . There are no atolls in the system , and reefs attached to the mainland are rare . Fringing reefs are distributed widely , but are most common towards the southern part of the Great Barrier Reef , attached to high islands , for example , the Whitsunday Islands . Lagoonal reefs are found in the southern Great Barrier Reef , and further north , off the coast of Princess Charlotte Bay . Cresentic reefs are the most common shape of reef in the middle of the system , for example the reefs surrounding Lizard Island . Cresentic reefs are also found in the far north of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park , and in the Swain Reefs ( 20 -- 22 degrees south ) . Planar reefs are found in the northern and southern parts , near Cape York Peninsula , Princess Charlotte Bay , and Cairns . Most of the islands on the reef are found on planar reefs . Ecology Main article : Threatened species known to occur in the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area A variety of colourful corals on Flynn Reef near Cairns The Great Barrier Reef supports a diversity of life , including many vulnerable or endangered species , some of which may be endemic to the reef system . A green sea turtle on the Great Barrier Reef Thirty species of whales , dolphins , and porpoises have been recorded in the Great Barrier Reef , including the dwarf minke whale , Indo - Pacific humpback dolphin , and the humpback whale . Large populations of dugongs live there . More than 1,500 fish species live on the reef , including the clownfish , red bass , red - throat emperor , and several species of snapper and coral trout . Forty - nine species mass spawn , while eighty - four other species spawn elsewhere in their range . Seventeen species of sea snake live on the Great Barrier Reef in warm waters up to 50 metres ( 160 ft ) deep and are more common in the southern than in the northern section . None found in the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area are endemic , nor are any endangered . Six species of sea turtles come to the reef to breed : the green sea turtle , leatherback sea turtle , hawksbill turtle , loggerhead sea turtle , flatback turtle , and the Olive Ridley . The green sea turtles on the Great Barrier Reef have two genetically distinct populations , one in the northern part of the reef and the other in the southern part . Fifteen species of seagrass in beds attract the dugongs and turtles , and provide fish habitat . The most common genera of seagrasses are Halophila and Halodule . Saltwater crocodiles live in mangrove and salt marshes on the coast near the reef . Nesting has not been reported , and the salt water crocodile population in the GBRWHA is wide - ranging but low density . Around 125 species of shark , stingray , skates or chimaera live on the reef . Close to 5,000 species of mollusc have been recorded on the reef , including the giant clam and various nudibranchs and cone snails . Forty - nine species of pipefish and nine species of seahorse have been recorded . At least seven species of frog inhabit the islands . 215 species of birds ( including 22 species of seabirds and 32 species of shorebirds ) visit the reef or nest or roost on the islands , including the white - bellied sea eagle and roseate tern . Most nesting sites are on islands in the northern and southern regions of the Great Barrier Reef , with 1.4 to 1.7 million birds using the sites to breed . The islands of the Great Barrier Reef also support 2,195 known plant species ; three of these are endemic . The northern islands have 300 -- 350 plant species which tend to be woody , whereas the southern islands have 200 which tend to be herbaceous ; the Whitsunday region is the most diverse , supporting 1,141 species . The plants are propagated by birds . A Striped surgeonfish amongst the coral on Flynn Reef There are at least 330 species of ascidians on the reef system with the diameter of 1 -- 10 cm ( 0.4 -- 4 in ) . Between 300 -- 500 species of bryozoans live on the reef . Four hundred coral species , both hard corals and soft corals inhabit the reef . The majority of these spawn gametes , breeding in mass spawning events that are triggered by the rising sea temperatures of spring and summer , the lunar cycle , and the diurnal cycle . Reefs in the inner Great Barrier Reef spawn during the week after the full moon in October , while the outer reefs spawn in November and December . Its common soft corals belong to 36 genera . Five hundred species of marine algae or seaweed live on the reef , including thirteen species of genus Halimeda , which deposit calcareous mounds up to 100 metres ( 110 yd ) wide , creating mini-ecosystems on their surface which have been compared to rainforest cover . Environmental threats Main article : Environmental threats to the Great Barrier Reef Sea temperature and bleaching of the Great Barrier Reef Climate change , pollution , crown - of - thorns starfish and fishing are the primary threats to the health of this reef system . Other threats include shipping accidents , oil spills , and tropical cyclones . Skeletal Eroding Band , a disease of bony corals caused by the protozoan Halofolliculina corallasia , affects 31 coral species . According to a 2012 study by the National Academy of Science , since 1985 , the Great Barrier Reef has lost more than half of its corals with two - thirds of the loss occurring from 1998 due to the factors listed before . Climate change The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority considers the greatest threat to the Great Barrier Reef to be climate change , causing ocean warming which increases coral bleaching . Mass coral bleaching events due to elevated ocean temperatures occurred in the summers of 1998 , 2002 and 2006 , and coral bleaching is expected to become an annual occurrence . As global warming continues , corals will not be able to keep up with increasing ocean temperatures . Coral bleaching events lead to increased disease susceptibility , which causes detrimental ecological effects for reef communities . World Heritage Committee meeting will take place in Kraków , Poland , in July 2017 . UNESCO , in a draft decision published in June 2017 as part of the agenda for the meeting , expressed serious concern about the impact of coral bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef . The draft decision also warned Australia that it will not meet the targets of the Reef 2050 report without considerable work to improve water quality . Climate change has implications for other forms of reef life -- some fish 's preferred temperature range leads them to seek new habitat , thus increasing chick mortality in predatory seabirds . Climate change will also affect the population and sea turtle 's available habitat . Bleaching events in benthic coral communities ( deeper than 20 metres or 66 feet ) in the Great Barrier reef are not as well documented as those at shallower depths , but recent research has shown that benthic communities are just as negatively impacted in the face of rising ocean temperatures . Five Great Barrier Reef species of large benthic corals were found bleached under elevated temperatures , affirming that benthic corals are vulnerable to thermal stress . Pollution Another key threat faced by the Great Barrier Reef is pollution and declining water quality . The rivers of north eastern Australia pollute the Reef during tropical flood events . Over 90 % of this pollution comes from farm runoff. 80 % of the land adjacent to the Great Barrier Reef is used for farming including intensive cropping of sugar cane , and major beef cattle grazing . Farming practices damage the reef due to overgrazing , increased run - off of agricultural sediments , nutrients and chemicals including fertilisers , herbicides and pesticides representing a major health risk for the coral and biodiversity of the reefs . Sediments containing high levels of copper and other heavy metals sourced from the Ok Tedi Mine in Papua New Guinea are a potential pollution risk for the far northern Great Barrier Reef and Torres Strait regions . Some 67 % of corals died in the reef 's worst - hit northern section , the ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies report said . Loss of coastal Wetland The runoff problem is exacerbated by the loss of coastal wetlands which act as a natural filter for toxins and help deposit sediment . It is thought that the poor water quality is due to increased light and oxygen competition from algae . Eutrophication Farming fertiliser runoff release nitrogen , phosphorus , and potassium into the oceanic ecosystem , these limiting nutrients cause massive algal growth which leads to depletion in oxygen available for other creatures which decreases the biodiversity in the affected areas , altering the species composition . A study by Katharina Fabricius and Glen Death of Australian Institute of Marine Science found that hard corals numbers were almost double on reefs that were far from agricultural areas . Fertilizers also increase the amount of phytoplankton available for the crown - of - thorns starfish larvae to consume . A study showed that a doubling of the chlorophyll in the water leads to a tenfold increase in the crown - of - thorns starfish larvae 's survival rate . Sediment runoff Sediment runoff from farming carries chemicals into the reef environment also reduces the amount of light available to the corals decreasing their ability to extract energy from their environment . Pesticides Pesticides used in farming are made up of heavy metals such as lead , mercury , arsenic and other toxins are released into the wider environment due to erosion of farm soil , which has a detrimental effect on the coral . Pollution from mining Mining company Queensland Nickel discharged nitrate - laden water into the Great Barrier Reef in 2009 and 2011 -- on the later occasion releasing 516 tonnes ( 508 long tons ; 569 short tons ) of waste water . The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( GBRMPA ) stated `` We have strongly encouraged the company to investigate options that do not entail releasing the material to the environment and to develop a management plan to eliminate this potential hazard ; however , GBRMPA does not have legislative control over how the Yabulu tailings dam is managed '' . Crown of thorns Crown - of - thorns starfish The crown - of - thorns starfish preys on coral polyps . Large outbreaks of these starfish can devastate reefs . In 2000 , an outbreak contributed to a loss of 66 % of live coral cover on sampled reefs in a study by the RRC ( Reefs Research Centre . ) Outbreaks are believed to occur in natural cycles , worsened by poor water quality and overfishing of the starfish 's predators . Overfishing The unsustainable overfishing of keystone species , such as the Giant Triton , can disrupt food chains vital to reef life . Fishing also impacts the reef through increased water pollution from boats , by - catch of unwanted species ( such as dolphins and turtles ) and habitat destruction from trawling , anchors and nets . As of the middle of 2004 , approximately one - third of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park is protected from species removal of any kind , including fishing , without written permission . The Shen Neng 1 aground on the Great Barrier Reef , 5 April 2010 . Shipping Shipping accidents are a pressing concern , as several commercial shipping routes pass through the Great Barrier Reef . Although the route through the Great Barrier Reef is not easy , reef pilots consider it safer than outside the reef in the event of mechanical failure , since a ship can sit safely while being repaired . There have been over 1,600 known shipwrecks in the Great Barrier Reef region . On 3 April 2010 , bulk coal carrier Shen Neng 1 ran aground on Douglas Shoals , spilling up to four tonnes of oil into the water and causing extensive damage to the reef . Protection and preservation The 2050 Plan In March 2015 , the Australian and Queensland 's governments formed a plan for the protection and preservation of the reef 's universal heritage until 2050 . This 35 years plan , titled ' Reef 2050 Plan ' is a document proposing possible measures for the long - term management of the pollution , climate change and other issues that threaten the life span and value of this global heritage . The plan contains all the elements for measurement and improvements , including ; long - term sustainability plan , water quality improvement plan and the investment plan for the protection and preservation of The Reef until 2050 . Human Use The Great Barrier Reef has long been known to and used by the Aboriginal Australian and Torres Strait Islander peoples . Aboriginal Australians have been living in the area for at least 40,000 years , and Torres Strait Islanders since about 10,000 years ago . For these 70 or so clan groups , the reef is also an important cultural feature . In 1768 Louis de Bougainville found the reef during an exploratory mission , but did not claim the area for the French . On 11 June 1770 , the HM Bark Endeavour , captained by explorer James Cook , ran aground on the Great Barrier Reef , sustaining considerable damage . Lightening the ship and re-floating it during an incoming tide eventually saved it . One of the most famous wrecks was the HMS Pandora , which sank on 29 August 1791 , killing 35 men . The Queensland Museum has led archaeological digs to the Pandora since 1983 . Because the reef had no atolls , it was largely unstudied in the 19th century . During this time , some of the reef 's islands were mined for deposits of guano , and lighthouses were built as beacons throughout the system . as in Raine Island , the earliest example . In 1922 , the Great Barrier Reef Committee began carrying out much of the early research on the reef . Management This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Map showing the extent of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Royal Commissions disallowed oil drilling in the Great Barrier Reef , in 1975 the Government of Australia created the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park and prohibited various activities . The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park does not include the entire Great Barrier Reef Province . The park is managed , in partnership with the Government of Queensland , through the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority to ensure that it is used in a sustainable manner . A combination of zoning , management plans , permits , education and incentives ( such as eco-tourism certification ) are employed in the effort to conserve the reef . In 1999 , the Australian Parliament passed the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act , which improved the operation of national environmental law by providing guidance about regional biodiversity conservation priorities . The marine bioregional planning process came from the implementation of this law . This process conserves marine biodiversity by considering the whole ecosystem a species is in and how different species interact in the marine environment . There are two steps to this process . The first step is to identify regional conservation priorities in the five ( currently ) different marine regions . The second step is to identify marine reserves ( protected areas or marine parks ) to be added to Australia 's National Representative System of Marine Protected Areas . Like protected areas on land , marine reserves are created to protect biodiversity for generations to come . Marine reserves are identified based on criteria written in a document created by Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council called `` Guidelines for establishing the national representative system of marine protected areas '' , also known as just `` the Guidelines '' . These guidelines are nationally recognised and implemented at the local level based on the Australian policy for implementation outlined in the `` Goals and Principles for the Establishment of the National Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in Commonwealth Waters '' . These policies are in place to make sure that a marine reserve is only added to the NRSMPA after careful evaluation of different data . The priorities for each region are created based on human and environmental threats and the Marine Bioregional Plans are drafted to address these priorities . To assess different region 's priorities , three steps are taken , first , a bioregional profile is created , second , a bioregional plan is drafted , and third , the plan is finalised . After the plan is finalised , activity in different bioregions may become limited based on particular threats an activity may pose . In 2001 , the GBRMPA released a report about the declining water quality in the Great Barrier Reef and detailed the importance of this issue . In response to this report , in 2003 , the Australian and Queensland governments launched a joint initiative to improve the quality of water entering the Great Barrier Reef . The decline in the quality of water over the past 150 years ( due to development ) has contributed to coral bleaching , algal blooms , and pesticide pollution . These forms of pollution have made the reef less resilient to climate change . When the plan was introduced in October 2003 , it originally contained 65 actions built on previous legislation . Their immediate goal was to halt and reverse the decline in water quality entering the reef by 2013 . By 2020 , they hope that the quality of the water entering in the reef improves enough so that it does n't have a detrimental impact on the health of the Great Barrier Reef . To achieve these goals they decided to reduce pollutants in the water entering the reef and to rehabilitate and conserve areas of the reef that naturally help reduce water pollutants . To achieve the objectives described above , this plan focuses on non-point sources of pollution , which can not be traced to a single source such as a waste outlet . The plan specifically targets nutrients , pesticides and sediment that make their way into the reef as a result of agricultural activities . Other non-point sources of pollution that are attributed to urban areas are covered under different legislation . In 2009 , the plan was updated . The updated version states that to date , none of the efforts undertaken to improve the quality of water entering the reef has been successful . The new plan attempts to address this issue by `` targeting priority outcomes , integrating industry and community initiatives and incorporating new policy and regulatory frameworks ( Reef Plan 5 ) '' . This updated version has improved the clarity of the previous plan and targets set by that plan , have improved accountability and further improved monitoring and assessment . The 2009 report found that 41 out of the 65 actions met their original goals , however , 18 were not progressing well according to evaluation criteria as well as 6 were rated as having unsatisfactory levels of progress . Some key achievements made since the plan 's initial passing in 2003 were the establishment of the Reef Quality Partnership to set targets , report findings and monitor progress towards targets , improved land condition by landowners was rewarded with extended leases , Water Quality Improvement Plans were created to identify regional targets and identified management changes that needed to be made to reach those targets , Nutrient Management Zones have been created to combat sediment loss in particular areas , education programs have been started to help gather support for sustainable agriculture , changes to land management practices have taken place through the implementation of the Farm Management Systems and codes of practice , the creation of the Queensland Wetland program and other achievements were made to help improve the water quality flowing into the coral reefs . A taskforce of scientists was also created to assess the impact of different parts of the plan on the quality of water flowing into the coral reefs . They found that many of the goals have yet to be reached but found more evidence that states that improving the water quality of the Great Barrier Reef will improve its resilience to climate change . The Reefocus summit in 2008 , which is also detailed in the report , came to similar conclusions . After this , a stakeholder working group was formed that worked between several groups as well as the Australian and Queensland governments to update reef goals and objectives . The updated version of the plan focuses on strategic priority areas and actions to achieve 2013 goals . Also quantitative targets have been made to critically assess whether targets are being met . Some examples of the water quality goals outlined by this plan are that by 2013 , there will be a 50 % reduction in nitrogen and phosphorus loads at the end of catchments and that by 2020 , there will be a reduction in sediment load by 20 % . The plan also outlines a number of steps that must be taken by landholders to help improve grazing , soil , nutrient , and chemical management practices . There are also a number of supporting initiatives to take place outlined in the plan to help create a framework to improve land use practices which will in turn improve water quality . Through these means the governments of Australia and Queensland hope to improve water quality by 2013 . The 2013 outlook report and revised water quality plan will assess what needs to be done in the future to improve water quality and the livelihoods of the wildlife that resides there . A Blue Starfish ( Linckia laevigata ) resting on hard Acropora and Porites corals . In July 2004 , a new zoning plan took effect for the entire Marine Park , and has been widely acclaimed as a new global benchmark for marine ecosystem conservation . The rezoning was based on the application of systematic conservation planning techniques , using marxan software . While protection across the Marine Park was improved , the highly protected zones increased from 4.5 % to over 33.3 % . At the time , it was the largest Marine Protected Area in the world , although in 2006 , the new Northwestern Hawaiian Islands National Monument became the largest . In 2006 , a review of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Act of 1975 recommended are that there should be no further zoning plan changes until 2013 , and that every five years , a peer - reviewed outlook report should be published , examining the reef 's health , management , and environmental pressures . In each outlook report , several assessments are required . Each assessment has a set of assessment criteria that allows for better presentation of available evidence . Each assessment is judged by these criteria and given a grade . Every outlook report follows the same judging and grading process so that information can be tracked over time . No new research is done to produce the report . Only readily available information goes into the report so little of what is known about the Reef is actually featured in each outlook report . Abbot Point coal port dredge dumping controversy In December 2013 , Greg Hunt , the Australian environment minister , approved a plan for dredging to create three shipping terminals as part of the construction of a coalport . According to corresponding approval documents , the process will create around 3 million cubic metres of dredged seabed that will be dumped within the Great Barrier Reef marine park area . On 31 January 2014 , the GBRMPA issued a dumping permit that will allow three million cubic metres of sea bed from Abbot Point , north of Bowen , to be transported and unloaded in the waters of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park . Potential significant harms have been identified in relation to dredge spoil and the process of churning up the sea floor in the area and exposing it to air : firstly , new research shows the finer particles of dredge spoil can cloud the water and block sunlight , thereby starving sea grass and coral up to distances of 80 km away from the point of origin due to the actions of wind and currents . Furthermore , dredge spoil can literally smother reef or sea grass to death , while storms can repeatedly resuspend these particles so that the harm caused is ongoing ; secondly , disturbed sea floor can release toxic substances into the surrounding environment . The dredge spoil from the Abbot Point port project is to be dumped 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) away , near Bowen in north Queensland , and the approval from the Authority will result in the production of an extra 70 million tonnes of coal annually , worth between A $1.4 billion and $2.8 billion . Authority chairman , Dr Russell Reichelt , stated after the confirmation of the approval : This approval is in line with the agency 's view that port development along the Great Barrier Reef coastline should be limited to existing ports . As a deepwater port that has been in operation for nearly 30 years , Abbot Point is better placed than other ports along the Great Barrier Reef coastline to undertake expansion as the capital and maintenance dredging required will be significantly less than what would be required in other areas . It 's important to note the seafloor of the approved disposal area consists of sand , silt and clay and does not contain coral reefs or seagrass beds . The approval was provided with a corresponding set of 47 new environmental conditions that include the following : A long - term water quality monitoring plan extending five years after the disposal activity is completed . A heritage management plan to protect the Catalina second world war aircraft wreck in Abbot Bay . The establishment of an independent dredging and disposal technical advice panel and a management response group , to include community representatives . The Australian Federal Government announced on 13 November that there would now be a ban on the dumping of dredge spoil in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park . The World Heritage Committee asked Environment Minister Greg Hunt to investigate alternative options to dump on land instead . The Queensland government and the Commonwealth have now accepted the alternative option and advice from The World Heritage Committee and will now commence dumping on land . Tourism Main article : Tourism on the Great Barrier Reef A scuba diver looking at a giant clam on the Great Barrier Reef Helicopter view of the reef and boats Due to its vast biodiversity , warm clear waters and accessibility from the tourist boats called `` live aboards '' , the reef is a very popular destination , especially for scuba divers . Tourism on the Great Barrier Reef is concentrated in Cairns and also The Whitsundays due to their accessibility . These areas make up 7 % -- 8 % of the Park 's area . The Whitsundays and Cairns have their own Plans of Management . Many cities along the Queensland coast offer daily boat trips . Several continental and coral cay islands are now resorts , including Green Island and Lady Elliot Island . As of 1996 , 27 islands on the Great Barrier Reef supported resorts . In 1996 , most of the tourism in the region was domestically generated and the most popular visiting times were during the Australian winter . At this time , it was estimated that tourists to the Great Barrier Reef contributed A $ 776 million per annum . As the largest commercial activity in the region , it was estimated in 2003 that tourism generated over A $4 billion annually , and the 2005 estimate increased to A $5.1 billion . A Deloitte report published by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority in March 2013 states that the Reef 's 2,000 kilometres of coastline attracts tourism worth A $6.4 billion annually and employs more than 64,000 people . Approximately two million people visit the Great Barrier Reef each year . Although most of these visits are managed in partnership with the marine tourism industry , there is a concern among the general public that tourism is harmful to the Great Barrier Reef . A variety of boat tours and cruises are offered , from single day trips , to longer voyages . Boat sizes range from dinghies to superyachts . Glass - bottomed boats and underwater observatories are also popular , as are helicopter flights . By far , the most popular tourist activities on the Great Barrier Reef are snorkelling and diving , for which pontoons are often used , and the area is often enclosed by nets . The outer part of the Great Barrier Reef is favoured for such activities , due to water quality . Management of tourism in the Great Barrier Reef is geared towards making tourism ecologically sustainable . A daily fee is levied that goes towards research of the Great Barrier Reef . This fee ends up being 20 % of the GBRMPA 's income . Policies on cruise ships , bareboat charters , and anchorages limit the traffic on the Great Barrier Reef . The problems that surround ecotourism in the Great Barrier Reef revolve around permanent tourism platforms . Platforms are large , ship - like vessels that act as a base for tourists while scuba diving and snorkelling in the Great Barrier Reef . Seabirds will land on the platforms and defecate which will eventually be washed into the sea . The feces carry nitrogen , phosphorus and often DDT and mercury , which cause aspergillosis , yellow - band disease , and black band disease . Areas without tourism platforms have 14 out of 9,468 ( 1.1 % ) diseased corals versus areas with tourism platforms that have 172 out of 7,043 ( 12 % ) diseased corals . Tourism is a major economic activity for the region . Thus , while non-permanent platforms could be possible in some areas , overall , permanent platforms are likely a necessity . Solutions have been suggested to siphon bird waste into gutters connecting to tanks helping lower runoff that causes coral disease . The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority has also placed many permanent anchorage points around the general use areas . These act to reduce damage to the reef due to anchoring destroying soft coral , chipping hard coral , and disturbing sediment as it is dragged across the bottom . Tourism operators also must comply with speed limits when travelling to or from tourist destinations , to prevent excessive wake from the boats disturbing the reef ecosystem . Fishing The fishing industry in the Great Barrier Reef , controlled by the Queensland Government , is worth A $ 1 billion annually . It employs approximately 2000 people , and fishing in the Great Barrier Reef is pursued commercially , for recreation , and as a traditional means for feeding one 's family . Dugong hunting Under the Native Title Act 1993 , native title holders retain the right to legally hunt dugongs and green turtles for `` personal , domestic or non-commercial communal needs '' . Four traditional owners groups agreed to cease the hunting of dugongs in the area in 2011 due to their declining numbers , partially accelerated by seagrass damage from Cyclone Yasi . See also Australia portal Queensland portal Oceania portal Islands portal Marine life portal Catlin Seaview Survey Islands on the Great Barrier Reef Galápagos Islands Komodo National Park List of reefs Sixth extinction Valdes Peninsula References ^ Jump up to : UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre ( 1980 ) . `` Protected Areas and World Heritage -- Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area '' . Department of the Environment and Heritage . Archived from the original on 11 May 2008 . Retrieved 14 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Values '' . Archived from the original on 14 April 2013 . Retrieved 3 September 2008 . Jump up ^ The Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area , which is 348,000 km squared , has 2900 reefs . However , this does not include the reefs found in the Torres Strait , which has an estimated area of 37,000 km squared and with a possible 750 reefs and shoals . Hopley , Smithers & Parnell 2007 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Fodor 's . `` Great Barrier Reef Travel Guide '' . Archived from the original on 14 April 2013 . Retrieved 8 August 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Department of the Environment and Heritage . `` Review of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Act 1975 '' . Archived from the original on 18 October 2006 . Retrieved 2 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Sarah Belfield ( 8 February 2002 ) . `` Great Barrier Reef : no buried treasure '' . Geoscience Australia ( Australian Government ) . Archived from the original on 1 October 2007 . Retrieved 11 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Sharon Guynup ( 4 September 2000 ) . `` Australia 's Great Barrier Reef '' . Science World . Archived from the original on 8 July 2012 . Retrieved 11 June 2007 . Jump up ^ CNN ( 1997 ) . `` The Seven Natural Wonders of the World '' . Archived from the original on 21 July 2006 . Retrieved 6 August 2006 . Jump up ^ National Trust Queensland . `` Queensland Icons '' . Archived from the original on 19 September 2006 . Retrieved 17 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Eilperin , Juliet ( 1 October 2012 ) . `` Great Barrier Reef has lost half its corals since 1985 , new study says '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 14 April 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Access Economics Pty Ltd ( 2005 ) . `` Measuring the economic and financial value of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 14 April 2013 . Retrieved 2 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Google Launches Underwater Street View '' . 16 November 2014 . Archived from the original on 29 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Great Barrier Reef coral bleaching more widespread than first thought '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 31 March 2016 . Archived from the original on 3 April 2016 . Retrieved 2 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Jacobsen , Rowan ( 11 October 2016 ) . `` Obituary : Great Barrier Reef ( 25 Million BC - 2016 ) '' . Archived from the original on 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ CNN , Sophie Lewis . `` The Great Barrier Reef is not actually dead '' . Archived from the original on 12 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Cave , Damien ; Gillis , Justin ( 15 March 2017 ) . `` Large Sections of Australia 's Great Reef Are Now Dead , Scientists Find '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Archived from the original on 20 February 2018 . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Great Barrier Reef General Reference Map '' ( PDF ) . Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . September 2004 . Retrieved 14 March 2009 . Jump up ^ A.K. Lobeck ( 1951 ) . Physiographic Diagram of Australia . New York : The Geological Press , Columbia University . to accompany text description and geological sections which were prepared by Joseph Gentili and R.W. Fairbridge of the University of Western Australia Jump up ^ Davies , P.J. , Symonds , P.A. , Feary , D.A. , Pigram , C.J. ( 1987 ) . `` Horizontal plate motion : a key allocyclic factor in the evolution of the Great Barrier Reef '' . Science . 238 ( 4834 ) : 1697 -- 1700 . Bibcode : 1987Sci ... 238.1697 D . doi : 10.1126 / science. 238.4834. 1697 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Hopley , David ; Smithers , Scott G. ; Parnell , Kevin ( 17 May 2007 ) . The Geomorphology of the Great Barrier Reef : Development , Diversity and Change . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 46392 - 8 . Jump up ^ MSN Encarta ( 2006 ) . Great Barrier Reef . Archived from the original on 1 November 2009 . Retrieved 11 December 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Tobin , Barry ( 2003 ) ( revised from 1998 edition ) . `` How the Great Barrier Reef Was Formed '' . Australian Institute of Marine Science . Archived from the original on 17 September 2010 . Retrieved 22 November 2006 . ^ Jump up to : CRC Reef Research Centre Ltd . `` What is the Great Barrier Reef ? '' . Archived from the original on 22 August 2006 . Retrieved 28 May 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( 2006 ) . `` A `` big picture '' view of the Great Barrier Reef '' ( PDF ) . Reef Facts for Tour Guides . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 June 2007 . Retrieved 18 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Harris , Peter T. ; Bridge , Thomas C.L. ; Beaman , Robin J. ; Webster , Jody M. ; Nichol , Scott L. ; Brooke , Brendan P. ( 1 March 2013 ) . `` Submerged banks in the Great Barrier Reef , Australia , greatly increase available coral reef habitat '' . ICES Journal of Marine Science . 70 ( 2 ) : 284 -- 293 . doi : 10.1093 / icesjms / fss165 . ISSN 1054 - 3139 . Archived from the original on 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Western Australia 's Department of Environment and Conservation ( 2007 ) . `` The Devonian ' Great Barrier Reef ' '' . Archived from the original on 11 September 2007 . Retrieved 12 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . `` Representative Areas in the Marine Park '' . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 23 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Marine Park Authority . `` Protecting the Bioregions of the Great Barrier Reef '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . `` Bio-region Information Sheets '' . Archived from the original on 31 August 2007 . Retrieved 23 March 2007 . Jump up ^ CSIRO ( 2006 ) . `` Snapshot of life deep in the Great Barrier Reef '' . Archived from the original on 30 August 2007 . Retrieved 13 March 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( 2000 ) . `` Fauna and Flora of the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area '' . Archived from the original on 14 October 2006 . Retrieved 24 November 2006 . ^ Jump up to : CRC Reef Research Centre Ltd . `` Reef facts : Plants and Animals on the Great Barrier Reef '' . Archived from the original on 21 August 2006 . Retrieved 14 July 2006 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( 2004 ) . `` Environmental Status : Marine Mammals '' . The State of the Great Barrier Reef Report -- latest updates . Archived from the original on 2 October 2006 . Retrieved 13 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . `` Fish Spawning Aggregation Sites on the Great Barrier Reef '' . Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 . Retrieved 14 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Appendix 2 -- Listed Marine Species '' . Fauna and Flora of the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area . 2000 . Retrieved 23 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Dobbs , Kirstin ( 2007 ) . Marine turtle and dugong habitats in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park used to implement biophysical operational principles for the Representative Areas Program ( PDF ) . Great Barrier Marine Park Authority . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( 2005 ) . `` Environmental Status : Seagrasses '' . The State of the Great Barrier Reef Report -- latest updates . Archived from the original on 2 October 2006 . Retrieved 23 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( 2005 ) . `` Environmental Status : Marine Reptiles '' . Archived from the original on 2 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Environmental Status : Sharks and rays '' . The State of the Great Barrier Reef Report -- latest updates . Archived from the original on 29 March 2007 . Retrieved 23 May 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Appendix 4 - Other species of conservation concern '' . Fauna and Flora of the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area . 2000 . Archived from the original on 31 August 2007 . Retrieved 13 September 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Appendix 5 - Island Flora and Fauna '' . Fauna and Flora of the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area . 2000 . Archived from the original on 31 August 2007 . Retrieved 13 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . `` Environmental status : birds '' . The State of the Great Barrier Reef Report -- latest updates . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 23 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Environmental status : birds Condition '' . The State of the Great Barrier Reef Report -- latest updates . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 23 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( 2006 ) . `` Information Fact Sheets No. 20 Coral Spawning '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 June 2007 . Retrieved 27 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Australian Institute of Marine Science ( 2002 ) . `` Soft coral atlas of the Great Barrier Reef '' . Archived from the original on 6 April 2007 . Retrieved 27 May 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Harriott , V.J. ( 2002 ) . `` Marine tourism impacts and their management on the Great Barrier Reef '' ( PDF ) . CRC Reef Research Centre Technical Report No. 46 . CRC Reef Research Centre . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 March 2009 . Retrieved 8 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` AIMS Longterm Monitoring -- Coral Diseases on the Great Barrier Reef -- Skeletal Eroding Band '' . www.aims.gov.au . Archived from the original on 13 July 2009 . Retrieved 22 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Eilperin , Juliet ( 2 October 2012 ) . `` Great Barrier Reef has ' lost half its coral since 1985 ' '' . Washington Post . London : The Independent . Archived from the original on 3 October 2012 . Retrieved 3 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Rothwell , Don ; Stephens , Tim ( 19 November 2004 ) . `` Global climate change , the Great Barrier Reef and our obligations '' . Melbourne : The National Forum . Archived from the original on 12 October 2007 . Retrieved 26 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . `` Our changing climate '' . Archived from the original on 29 October 2007 . Retrieved 26 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . `` Coral Bleaching and Mass Bleaching Events '' . Archived from the original on 20 April 2006 . Retrieved 30 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Online version '' . The Daily Telegraph . 30 January 2007 . Archived from the original on 26 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Littman , Raechel ; Willis , Bette L. ; Bourne , David G. ( 2011 ) . `` Metagenomic analysis of the coral holobiont during a natural bleaching event on the Great Barrier Reef '' . Environmental Microbiology Reports . 3 ( 6 ) : 651 -- 660 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1758 - 2229.2010. 00234. x . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef : Australia must act urgently on water quality , says Unesco . Archived 3 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine . The Guardian Retrieved on 3 June 2017 Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . `` Climate change and the Great Barrier Reef '' . Archived from the original on 8 December 2006 . Retrieved 16 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , C. ; Heinz , P. ; Kucera , M. ; Uthicke , Sven ( 2011 ) . `` Temperature - induced stress leads to bleaching in larger benthic foraminifera hosting endosymbiotic diatoms '' ( PDF ) . Limnology and Oceanography. 56 ( 5 ) : 1587 -- 1602 . doi : 10.4319 / lo. 2011.56. 5.1587 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Coastal water quality '' ( PDF ) . The State of the Environment Report Queensland 2003 . Environment Protection Agency Queensland. 2003 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 June 2007 . Retrieved 7 June 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Human Impact on the Great Barrier Reef '' . University of Michigan . Archived from the original on 29 April 2013 . Retrieved 12 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Harris , P.T. , 2001 . Environmental Management of Torres Strait : a Marine Geologist 's Perspective , in : Gostin , V.A. ( Ed . ) , Gondwana to Greenhouse : environmental geoscience - an Australian perspective . Geological Society of Australia Special Publication , Adelaide , pp. 317 - 328 Jump up ^ Griffith , Hywel ( 28 November 2016 ) . `` Great Barrier Reef suffered worst bleaching on record in 2016 , report finds '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on 28 November 2016 . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . `` Wetlands '' . Archived from the original on 2 October 2006 . Retrieved 13 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Brodie , J. ( 2007 ) . `` Nutrient management zones in the Great Barrier Reef Catchment : A decision system for zone selection '' ( PDF ) . Australian Centre for Tropical Freshwater Research . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 25 March 2017 . Retrieved 14 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Australian Government Productivity Commission ( 2003 ) . `` Industries , Land Use and Water Quality in the Great Barrier Reef Catchment -- Key Points '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 16 . Retrieved 14 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( 2006 ) . `` Principal water quality influences on Great Barrier Reef ecosystems '' . Archived from the original on 16 October 2006 . Retrieved 22 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Milman , Oliver ( 12 February 2014 ) . `` Clive Palmer 's nickel refinery pumped toxic waste into Great Barrier Reef park '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 23 February 2014 . Retrieved 12 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` CRC Reef Research Centre Technical Report No. 32 -- Crown - of - thorns starfish ( Acanthaster planci ) in the central Great Barrier Reef region . Results of fine - scale surveys conducted in 1999 -- 2000 '' . Archived from the original on 29 August 2007 . Retrieved 7 June 2007 . Jump up ^ RRC Reef Research Centre . `` Crown - of - thorns starfish on the Great Barrier Reef '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 August 2006 . Retrieved 28 August 2006 . Jump up ^ CSIRO Marine Research ( 1998 ) . `` Environmental Effects of Prawn Trawling '' . Archived from the original on 18 February 2006 . Retrieved 28 May 2006 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . `` Marine Park Zoning '' . Archived from the original on 19 July 2006 . Retrieved 8 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . `` Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority : : Shipping '' . Archived from the original on 2 October 2006 . Retrieved 13 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Reef Dreams : Working The Reef TV documentary , Australian Broadcasting Corporation , broadcast 6 July 2006 `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 21 May 2012 . Retrieved 23 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Environmental Protection Agency / Queensland Parks and Wildlife Services . `` About the Reef '' . Archived from the original on 15 August 2007 . Retrieved 23 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Marine Safety Investigation Report -- Preliminary -- Independent investigation into the grounding of the Chinese registered bulk carrier Shen Neng 1 at Douglas Shoal , Queensland , on 3 April 2010 '' . Australian Transport Safety Bureau . 15 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 15 May 2010 . Retrieved 14 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Coal being removed at sea from stricken Shen Neng 1 carrier '' . The Australian . News Ltd. 13 May 2010 . Retrieved 13 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Griffith , Hywel ( 28 November 2016 ) . `` Barrier Reef coral bleaching ' worst ever ' '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on 15 December 2017 . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Department of the Environment and Energy '' . Department of the Environment and Energy . Archived from the original on 4 March 2018 . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( 2006 ) . `` Fact Sheet No. 4 -- Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People and the Great Barrier Reef . Region '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 June 2007 . Retrieved 28 May 2006 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . `` reefED -- GBR Traditional Owners '' . Archived from the original on 14 April 2013 . Retrieved 14 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . `` Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Culture & Dugongs and Turtles '' . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 23 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Bell , Peter . `` A history of exploration and research on the Great Barrier Reef '' . Australian Institute of Marine Science . Archived from the original on 16 October 2009 . Retrieved 11 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Captain Cook 's Journal During the First Voyage Round the World at Project Gutenberg Jump up ^ Queensland Museum . `` HMS Pandora '' . Archived from the original on 29 August 2006 . Retrieved 12 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Raine Island Corporation '' . Archived from the original on 2 November 2007 . Retrieved 20 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Commonwealth of Australia ( 1975 ) . `` Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Act 1975 '' . Archived from the original on 23 February 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Rewards Program '' . Onboard : The Tourism Operator 's Handbook for the Great Barrier Reef . Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . Archived from the original on 27 August 2008 . Retrieved 14 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` FACT SHEET -- MARINE BIOREGIONAL PLANNING -- THE PROCESS '' ( PDF ) . environment.gov.au . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Archived from the original on 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Reef Water Quality Protection Plan 2009 '' ( PDF ) . reefplan.qld.gov.au. 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( 2003 ) . `` Zoning Plan 2003 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 November 2008 . Retrieved 14 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Fernandes et al. ( 2005 ) Establishing representative no - take areas in the Great Barrier Reef : large - scale implementation of theory on marine protected areas , Conservation Biology , 19 ( 6 ) , 1733 -- 1744 . Jump up ^ World Wildlife Fund Australia . `` Great Barrier Reef -- WWF - Australia '' . Archived from the original on 7 May 2010 . Retrieved 10 November 2006 . Jump up ^ BBC News ( 15 June 2006 ) . `` Bush creates new marine sanctuary '' . Archived from the original on 24 February 2011 . Retrieved 28 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Great Barrier Reef Outlook Report '' . Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . 2007 . Archived from the original on 23 February 2011 . Retrieved 31 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Great Barrier Reef Outlook Report 2009 in Brief '' ( PDF ) . Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 September 2009 . Retrieved 10 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Oliver Milman ( 10 December 2013 ) . `` Greg Hunt approves dredging off Queensland to create huge coalport '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 17 December 2013 . Retrieved 18 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dermot O'Gorman ( 31 January 2014 ) . `` Dredge dumping : just because you can does n't mean you should '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on 3 February 2014 . Retrieved 1 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Marine Parks dredge dumping permit '' ( PDF ) . Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . Retrieved 12 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dredge dumping banned on Great Barrier Reef '' . Australian Geographic . 13 November 2014 . Archived from the original on 29 November 2014 . Retrieved 17 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( 2005 ) . `` Protecting Biodiversity Brochure 2005 '' . Archived from the original on 17 October 2006 . Retrieved 11 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Driml , Sally ; Common , Mick ( 1996 ) . `` Ecological Economics Criteria for Sustainable Tourism : Application to the Great Barrier Reef and Wet Tropics World Heritage Areas , Australia '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 4 ( 1 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 December 2008 . Retrieved 31 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( 2003 ) . `` Summary report of the social and economic impacts of the rezoning of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 September 2008 . Retrieved 14 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Ove Hoegh - Guldberg ( 14 March 2014 ) . `` Is Australia shooting itself in the foot with reef port expansions ? '' . The Conversation . Archived from the original on 14 March 2014 . Retrieved 14 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . `` Number of Tourists Visiting The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park '' . Retrieved 19 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( 2005 ) . `` What You Do '' . Onboard -- The Tourism Operator 's Handbook for the Great Barrier Reef . Archived from the original on 20 September 2006 . Retrieved 14 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Saltzer , Rebecca ( February 2002 ) . `` Understanding Great Barrier Reef visitors preliminary results '' ( PDF ) . CRC Reef Project B2. 1.1 : Understanding Tourist Use of the GBRWHA . Cooperative Research Centre for the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 July 2005 . Retrieved 14 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Hildebrandt , Amy ( January 2003 ) . `` Understanding Tourist Use of the Great Barrier Reef : The Whitsundays Visitor '' ( PDF ) . CRC Reef Project B2. 1.1 : Understanding Tourist Use of the GBRWHA . Cooperative Research Centre for the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 July 2005 . Retrieved 14 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( 2005 ) . `` How is the Money Used ? '' . Onboard -- The Tourism Operator 's Handbook for the Great Barrier Reef . Archived from the original on 20 September 2006 . Retrieved 11 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Lamb , Joleah ; Bette Willis ( August 2011 ) . `` Using coral disease prevalence to assess the effects of concentrating tourism activities on offshore reefs in a tropical marine park '' . Conservation Biology . 25 ( 5 ) : 1044 -- 1052 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1523 - 1739.2011. 01724. x . PMID 21848962 . Jump up ^ Kight , Caitlin . `` Are Coral Reefs Literally Sick of Ecotourists ? '' . Archived from the original on 29 April 2012 . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` DUGONGS AND TURTLES '' . Archived from the original on 11 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Turtle and dugong footage causes controversy '' . Archived from the original on 18 October 2016 . Further reading Bell , Peter ( 1998 ) . AIMS : The First Twenty - five Years . Townsville : Australian Institute of Marine Science . ISBN 978 - 0 - 642 - 32212 - 8 . Bowen , James ; Bowen , Margarita ( 2002 ) . The Great Barrier Reef : history , science , heritage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 82430 - 3 . Done , T.J. ( 1982 ) . `` Patterns in the distribution of coral communities across the central Great Barrier Reef '' . Coral Reefs. 1 ( 2 ) : 95 -- 107 . Bibcode : 1982CorRe ... 1 ... 95D . doi : 10.1007 / BF00301691 . `` Research Publications '' . Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . Archived from the original on 18 July 2011 . Hutchings , Pat ; Kingsford , Mike ; Hoegh - Guldberg , Ove ( 2008 ) . The Great Barrier Reef : Biology , Environment and Management . CSIRO Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 643 - 09557 - 1 . Lucas , P.H.C. ; et al. ( 1997 ) . The outstanding universal value of the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area . Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . ISBN 0 - 642 - 23028 - 5 . Mather , P. ; Bennett , I. , eds. ( 1993 ) . A Coral Reef Handbook : A Guide to the Geology , Flora and Fauna of the Great Barrier Reef ( 3rd ed . ) . Chipping North : Surrey Beatty & Sons Pty Ltd . ISBN 0 - 949324 - 47 - 7 . External links Media related to Great Barrier Reef at Wikimedia Commons `` How the Great Barrier Reef Works '' . howstuffworks.com . Great Barrier Reef travel guide from Wikivoyage World heritage listing for Great Barrier Reef Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority CRC Reef Research Centre `` Dive into the Great Barrier Reef '' . National Geographic . Battle for the Reef -- Four Corners -- ABC.au Great Barrier Reef scientists confirm largest die - off of corals recorded . The Guardian . 28 November 2016 . hide World Heritage Sites in Australia New South Wales Australian Convict Sites Gondwana Rainforests Blue Mountains Lord Howe Island Group Sydney Opera House Willandra Lakes Region Northern Territory Kakadu National Park Uluṟu - Kata Tjuṯa National Park Queensland Australian fossil mammal sites Riversleigh Fraser Island Gondwana Rainforests Great Barrier Reef Wet Tropics of Queensland South Australia Australian fossil mammal sites Naracoorte Tasmania Australian Convict Sites Macquarie Island Tasmanian Wilderness Victoria Royal Exhibition Building Carlton Gardens Western Australia Australian Convict Sites Ningaloo Coast Purnululu National Park Shark Bay External territories ( Norfolk Island ) Australian Convict Sites Heard Island and McDonald Islands Shared with other states / territories hide Corals and coral reefs Stony corals Blue Brain Elegance Elkhorn Hermatypic Chalice Pillar Staghorn Table Soft corals Bamboo Black Organ pipe Sea fans Sea pens Coral reefs Atoll Cay Coral Fringing Microatoll Coral reef fish Census of Coral Reefs The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs Catlin Seaview Survey Spur and groove formation Coral regions List of reefs Deep - water coral African coral reefs Amazon Reef Andros , Bahamas Belize Barrier Reef Coral Sea Islands Coral Triangle Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Great Barrier Reef Maldives Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System New Caledonia barrier reef Pulley Ridge Raja Ampat Islands Red Sea Southeast Asian coral reefs Coral diseases Coral bleaching Black band disease Skeletal eroding band White band disease White pox disease Protection Coral Reef Alliance Coral reef protection Green Fins International Society for Reef Studies Project AWARE Reef Check Reef Ball Other Artificial reef Aquaculture of coral Coral dermatitis Precious coral Coral rag Coral reef organizations Coral sand Coralline algae Environmental issues with coral reefs Fire coral Reef resilience Rugosa ( extinct ) Symbiodinium Tabulata GND : 4072111 - 5 ISNI : 0000 0001 0662 4816 NDL : 00628461 VIAF : 235918380 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Barrier_Reef&oldid=846461030 '' Categories : World Heritage Sites in Australia Great Barrier Reef Landforms of the Coral Sea Reefs of Australia Marine ecoregions Underwater diving sites in Australia Tourist attractions in Queensland Physiographic provinces Australian National Heritage List Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with short description Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use Australian English from November 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from November 2015 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles needing additional references from March 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from September 2017 All articles that may contain original research All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikivoyage Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 贛 語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Tarandíne ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Võro 文言 Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ 111 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 22 : 39 ( UTC ) . 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Grace Zabriskie

Grace Zabriskie - wikipedia Grace Zabriskie Jump to : navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Grace Zabriskie Grace Caplinger ( 1941 - 05 - 17 ) May 17 , 1941 ( age 76 ) New Orleans , Louisiana , U.S. Occupation Actress Years active 1978 -- present Grace Zabriskie ( born Grace Caplinger ; May 17 , 1941 ) is an American actress . She is best known for her role as Sarah Palmer in Twin Peaks ( 1990 -- 1991 ; 2017 ) and its film prequel Twin Peaks : Fire Walk with Me ( 1992 ) , as well as in cult films such as two of David Lynch 's films : Juana Durango in Wild at Heart ( 1990 ) and Visitor # 1 in Inland Empire ( 2006 ) . Other film roles include Nickel Mountain ( 1984 ) , Child 's Play 2 ( 1990 ) , and The Grudge ( 2004 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Filmography 4 References 5 External links Early life ( edit ) Zabriskie was born in New Orleans , Louisiana , the daughter of Marion Grace ( Zabriskie ) and Roger Thomas `` Tom '' Caplinger . Her mother had distant Polish ancestry , and was a relative of James Zabriskie , a 19th - century railroad industrialist and early pioneer of California . Zabriskie has said that her family was visited by Tennessee Williams , Gore Vidal and Truman Capote during her childhood . Her father owned the famous French quarter gay bar , Cafe Lafitte in Exile . In the early 1960s , Zabriskie was among a circle of Kerry Thornley 's New Orleans friends . At one point , Thornley began work on a novel about her called Can Grace Come Out and Play ? Thornley later claimed to have had an `` eight - year - long , off - again - on - again , affair / friendship / rivalry / ego - game / karmic unraveling '' with her , though Zabriskie described it as `` four and a half minutes in bed '' . Her sister Jane Caplinger worked as a typist in New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison 's office . Caplinger is reputed to have covertly produced all five copies of the first edition of the Principia Discordia in 1965 . Career ( edit ) After making her major film debut in 1979 's Norma Rae , Zabriskie went on to appear in dozens of other works , including the 1981 Roger Corman horror film Galaxy of Terror , and the 1981 miniseries adaptation of John Steinbeck 's East of Eden . She played the nanny in 1980 's The Private Eyes , Debra Winger 's mother in An Officer and a Gentleman , Heather Langenkamp 's mother in Nickel Mountain , and Paul Le Mat 's mother in 1984 's The Burning Bed ( starring Farrah Fawcett ) . She also appeared in 1989 's Drugstore Cowboy and as the ill - fated orphanage owner Grace Poole in Child 's Play 2 . Other movies include the 1991 film adaptation Fried Green Tomatoes and Philip Ridley 's 1995 film The Passion of Darkly Noon . Zabriskie is perhaps most familiar for her television work . After a recurring role on the soap opera Santa Barbara , she played a major role on the David Lynch series Twin Peaks and its spin - off film , Twin Peaks : Fire Walk with Me as Sarah Palmer , the eerily psychic mother of the doomed Laura Palmer . Zabriskie also appeared in Lynch 's Wild at Heart -- notably as the twin sister of a character played by Isabella Rossellini , an actress eleven years her junior . David Lynch later cast her as a sinister Polish neighbour in Inland Empire in 2006 . Zabriskie may best be remembered as Mrs. Ross , a recurring character on the sitcom Seinfeld . She played the mother of another doomed daughter , Susan Ross -- George Costanza 's fiancée -- who died after licking cheap envelope adhesive when mailing out her wedding invitations . Zabriskie 's character 's husband on the series , who also appeared in a recurring role , was played by her former Twin Peaks co-star , Warren Frost . She also made a brief but memorable appearance in the episode `` S'ai n't Valentine 's '' on the CBS sitcom The King of Queens , as the emotionally disturbed and alcoholic mother of Spence Olchin ( played by Patton Oswalt ) . While the character Veronica Olchin would reappear throughout the series , Zabriskie would not portray her again , having been replaced by Anne Meara . She also stars as Lois Henrickson in Big Love , an HBO drama series that seriously explores the issue of polygamy , and appeared in several episodes of Aaron Spelling 's series Charmed as The Crone . She has worked in radio , collaborating with radio dramatist / monologist Joe Frank several times . In one episode of Frank 's show , `` Home ( Original ) '' , she talks at length about her childhood in New Orleans , with a focus on her father . Zabriskie recently appeared in the American remake of The Grudge , in which she played a senile elderly woman sensitive to the paranormal occurrences in her home . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes 1978 They Went That - A-Way & That - A-Way Lem 's Wife 1979 Norma Rae Linette Odum 1980 The Private Eyes Nanny 1981 Galaxy of Terror Captain Trantor 1982 An Officer and a Gentleman Esther Pokrifiki 1984 Nickel Mountain Ellie Wells 1984 Body Rock Chilly 's Mother 1986 Big Easy , The The Big Easy Mama Rampage Naomi Reece Leonard Part 6 Jefferson 1988 Boost , The The Boost Sheryl 1989 Drugstore Cowboy Bob 's Mother 1990 Megaville Mrs. Jessica Palinov 1990 Wild at Heart Juana Durango 1990 Child 's Play 2 Grace Poole 1991 Ambition Mrs. Wendy Merrick 1991 Servants of Twilight Grace Spivey 1991 My Own Private Idaho Alena 1991 Fried Green Tomatoes Eva Bates 1992 Waterdance , The The Waterdance Pat 1992 FernGully : The Last Rainforest Magi Lune ( voice ) 1992 Twin Peaks : Fire Walk with Me Sarah Palmer 1992 Chain of Desire Linda Bailey 1993 Stone Soup Olympia 1993 Even Cowgirls Get the Blues Mrs. Maria Hankshaw 1994 Last Laugh , The The Last Laugh Louise Short film 1994 Crew , The The Crew Gloria Pierce 1994 Drop Zone Winona 1995 Desert Winds Jackie 's Mother 1995 Passion of Darkly Noon , The The Passion of Darkly Noon Roxy Family Thing , AA Family Thing Ruby Bastard Out of Carolina Granny 1997 Seed Mother 's Voice Short film 1997 Psycho Sushi Great Aunt 1997 George B . The Mother 1997 Dead Men Ca n't Dance Brig. Gen. Burke 1997 Annie 's Garden Mrs. Felicity Barnes 1997 Sparkler Sherri 1998 Armageddon Dottie 1998 Dante 's View Geraldine 1999 Trash Mrs. Wendy DeMarie 1999 Texas Funeral , AA Texas Funeral Murtis 1999 Me and Will Edith 2000 Home the Horror Story Grace Parkinson 2000 Fate Foretold , AA Fate Foretold Olga Short film 2000 Puppy Love Jeanette Foley Short film 2000 Gone in 60 Seconds Helen Raines They Crawl Mrs. Gage 2002 R.S.V.P. Mary Franklin 2002 No Good Deed Mrs. Karen Quarre 2003 Wind Effect , The The Wind Effect Allison Short film Last Letter , The The Last Letter Mrs. Stella Allison Chrystal Gladys Grudge , The The Grudge Emma Sabine and the Two - Headed Baby Sabine Short film 2006 Inland Empire Visitor # 1 2007 Careless Adrienne 2007 License to Wed Grandma Jones 2007 Alternate Endings Mom Short film 2008 Brothel , The The Brothel Madam 2009 Bob Funk Mrs. June Funk 2009 My Son , My Son , What Have Ye Done ? Mrs. Joan McCullum 2013 Wrong Cops Donna 2013 Trancers : City of Lost Angels The Warden Short film 2014 Blind Malice Nanna 2014 The Judge Mrs. Anita Blackwell 2014 The Makings of You Margaret Also producer 2015 Only Child Delores 2015 Rosemont Josephine Television Year Title Role Notes 1978 Million Dollar Dixie Deliverance , The The Million Dollar Dixie Deliverance Widow Cummins TV movie 1979 Concrete Cowboys Mrs. Kate Barnaby Episode : `` Concrete Cowboys '' 1979 Freedom Road Ruth Lait TV movie 1980 CBS Afternoon Playhouse Episode : `` Lost in Death Valley '' 1980 Blinded by the Light TV movie 1981 East of Eden Mrs. Catherine Ames TV miniseries 1981 Hart to Hart Ethyl Episode : `` A Couple of Harts '' 1982 Executioner 's Song , The The Executioner 's Song Kathryne Baker TV movie Tales of the Gold Monkey Dr. Clouet Episode : `` Last Chance Louie '' M.A.D.D. : Mothers Against Drunk Drivers Silvie Alice Kohler TV movie Cagney & Lacey Adele Episode : `` Affirmative Action '' 1984 My Mother 's Secret Life Maggie Ryan TV movie 1984 Knots Landing Chambermaid Episode : `` Negotiations '' 1984 Burning Bed , The The Burning Bed Flossie Hughes TV movie 1984 Paper Dolls Cathy Episode : `` 1.8 '' 1985 ABC Afterschool Special Mrs. Linton Episode : `` One Too Many '' 1985 Santa Barbara Theda Bassett 17 episodes 1985 North Beach and Rawhide Hearings Officer TV movie 1985 Shadow Chasers Mary Komatar Episode : `` Shadow Chasers : Part 1 '' 1986 Hill Street Blues Terry Sylvestri Episode : `` Das Blues '' Episode : `` Scales of Justice '' 1986 Cagney & Lacey Eva Sikorski Episode : `` Model Citizens '' Falcon Crest Mabel Burton Episode : `` When the Bough Breaks '' Episode : `` The Cradle Will Fall '' Mistress Deanie TV movie 1988 Bronx Zoo , The The Bronx Zoo Mrs. Barris Episode : `` Ties That Bind '' 1988 My Father , My Son Mouza TV movie 1988 Shooter Sister Marie TV movie 1988 Empty Nest Eva Barrett Episode : `` Pilot '' 1989 The Ryan White Story Gloria White TV movie 1989 Unsub Alma Episode : `` White Bone Demon '' 1989 Deadly Silence , AA Deadly Silence Psychologist TV movie 1989 Moonlighting ( uncredited ) Episode : `` In ' N Outlaws '' 1990 Tales from the Crypt Mrs. Colbert Episode : `` The Secret '' 1990 Hometown Boy Makes Good Helen Geary TV movie 1990 -- 1991 Twin Peaks Sarah Palmer 13 episodes 1991 Prison Stories : Women on the Inside Genevieve TV movie 1991 Blood Ties The Woman TV movie 1991 Intimate Stranger Dana P. Ashley TV movie 1992 Freshman Dorm Episode : `` Pilot '' 1992 House of Secrets and Lies , AA House of Secrets and Lies Ruby TV movie 1992 Seinfeld Mrs. Ross Episode : `` The Cheever Letters '' 1993 Bonds of Love Emma TV movie 1993 Miracle Child Adeleine Newberry TV movie 1993 Black Widow Murders : The Blanche Taylor Moore Story Ethel TV movie 1993 Banner Times Momma TV movie 1993 Double Deception TV movie 1993 Sirens Female Store Owner Episode : `` Keeping the Peace '' 1993 Angel Falls Cuema 1 episode 1994 Lifestories : Families in Crisis Sandy Henry Episode : `` A Body to Die For : The Aaron Henry Story '' 1995 Crazy for a Kiss Pearl Kinross TV movie 1995 Children of the Dust Rose TV movie 1995 Under Suspicion Lily Cassins Episode : `` Hostage Standoff '' Episode : `` Wrongful Shooting '' 1995 Empty Nest Scarlett Episode : `` Life Goes On : Part 1 '' Episode : `` Life Goes On : Part 2 '' 1995 Fallen Angels Virna Episode : `` The Black Bargain '' 1995 NYPD Blue Wanda Padzik Episode : `` The Bookie and the Kooky Cookie '' Promise to Carolyn , AA Promise to Carolyn Francie Harper TV movie Second Noah Mrs. Cheval Episode : `` Stormy Weather '' Murder at My Door Grandma TV movie Burning Zone , The The Burning Zone Retired CIA Agent Episode : `` Touch of the Dead '' 1996 - 1998 Seinfeld Mrs. Ross 4 episodes 1997 NYPD Blue Millie Banks Episode : `` A Remington Original '' 1997 High Incident Episode : `` Remote Control '' 1997 Over the Top Dolly Episode : `` The Southern Story '' 1997 Devil 's Child , The The Devil 's Child Rose DeMarco TV movie 1998 Dharma & Greg Naomi Episode : `` It Takes a Village '' 1998 Houdini Mrs. Weiss TV movie 1998 Profiler Mrs. Boudreaux Episode : `` The Sum of Her Parts '' 1999 King of Queens , The The King of Queens Veronica Episode : `` S'ai n't Valentine 's '' 2000 Jesse Grandma Rose Episode : `` Jesse Gives Birth '' 2000 West Wing , The The West Wing Isabel Episode : `` In the Shadow of Two Gunmen : Part II '' 2002 Guardian , The The Guardian Judith Episode : `` The Dead '' 2002 Glow , The The Glow Sylvia Goodstein TV movie 2002 -- 2003 John Doe Yellow Teeth 6 episodes 2003 Charmed The Crone Episode : `` Baby 's First Demon '' Episode : `` Sense and Sense Ability '' 2005 Medium Connie Buckley Episode : `` The Other Side of the Tracks '' 2006 -- 2011 Big Love Lois Henrickson 52 episodes 2013 The Killing Mama Dips 3 episodes 2015 Ray Donovan Miss Monassian 6 episodes 2016 Outcast Mildred 4 episodes 2017 Santa Clarita Diet Mrs. Baković 2 episodes 2017 Twin Peaks Sarah Palmer 6 episodes References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gorightly , Adam ( 2003 ) . The Prankster and the Conspiracy . New York : Paraview Press . p. 265 . ISBN 1 - 931044 - 66 - X . Jump up ^ http://www.nola.com/tv/index.ssf/2011/03/nola-born_grace_zabriskie_conc.html Jump up ^ http://polishamericancenter.org/PANews/April12/page10.pdf Jump up ^ Wanda Tomczykowska . The Silent Heroes : Polish Contributions to California . Polish Arts and Culture Foundation , 1994 Jump up ^ HBO : Big Love - Interviews - Grace Zabriskie Jump up ^ Gorightly , Adam ( 3 October 2014 ) . `` Kerry Thornley 's Paranoid Flash '' . Historia Discordia . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Gorightly , Adam ( 2014 ) . Historia Discordia The Origins of the Discordian Society . New York : RVP Press . p. 221 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61861 - 321 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Grace Zabriskie on IMDb Official website VIAF : 61083142 LCCN : no00014573 GND : 1062333721 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grace_Zabriskie&oldid=798976578 '' Categories : 1941 births American film actresses American television actresses 20th - century American actresses Living people Actresses from New Orleans American people of Polish descent Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from March 2013 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 4 September 2017 , at 22 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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Secret of the Wings

Secret of the wings - Wikipedia Secret of the wings Jump to : navigation , search Secret of the Wings DVD cover Directed by Peggy Holmes Produced by Michael Wigert Screenplay by Bobs Gannaway Peggy Holmes Ryan Rowe Tom Rogers Starring Mae Whitman Lucy Hale Lucy Liu Angela Bartys Raven - Symoné Megan Hilty Timothy Dalton Narrated by Anjelica Huston Music by Joel McNeely Edited by Mark Rosenbaum Production company DisneyToon Studios Prana Studios Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment ( DVD ) Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures ( Theatrical ) Release date August 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 16 ) ( Ukraine ) August 31 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 31 ) ( United States ( limited ) ) October 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 23 ) ( DVD release ) Running time 75 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $30 -- $35 million Box office $67,537,798 Secret of the Wings , also known as Tinker Bell : Secret of the Wings , is a 2012 computer - animated fantasy film , and the fourth in the Disney Fairies franchise , produced by DisneyToon Studios . It revolves around Tinker Bell , a fairy character created by J.M. Barrie in his play , Peter Pan , or The Boy Who Would n't Grow Up , and featured in subsequent adaptations , especially in Disney 's animated works , and how she ventures to the Winter Woods and meets her twin sister , Periwinkle , who is a frost fairy . The film was directed by Peggy Holmes , and co-directed by Bobs Gannaway . Starring the voices of Mae Whitman , Lucy Liu , Megan Hilty , Raven - Symoné and Angela Bartys , it also features new cast members who include Matt Lanter , Timothy Dalton , Lucy Hale and Debby Ryan , while Anjelica Huston narrates . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Release 4 Soundtrack 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) At the beginning of winter , everyone prepares for the final season of the year . Out of curiosity , Tinker Bell wants to go to the Winter Woods . The tinker fairies make snowflake baskets which are delivered by snowy owls . Later that day , she helps Fawn take the animals to the Woods to hibernate . While Fawn is busy , Tink crosses the border , and her wings start to glow . Seeing this , Tink is convinced that she is meant to explore the Woods . But Fawn warns her that her wings are freezing and rushes her to the fairy hospital . After being examined , she remains curious about her wings . Tink then flies off to the Book Nook , where she finds a book on Wingology , but finds the page on `` Sparkling Wings '' chewed up by bookworms . A reading fairy tells her that the Keeper , the author who lives in the Winter Woods , might be able to help her . Preparing herself and using the final shipment as her only chance , she sneaks into the workshop and climbs inside one of the baskets . She gets picked up by a novice owl and makes her way across the border . The owl then accidentally drops the basket , and she crashes into the ice . Realizing her book has been flung from her bag , she tries to get it back . However , Milori , the Lord of the Woods , finds the book and asks Sled to return it to the Keeper . Tink then follows him to the Winter Library . Upon arriving , she spots the Keeper , Dewey . But before she can talk to him , another winter fairy rushes into the room and proclaims that her wings sparkled the day before . Tink meets the fairy , whose name is Periwinkle . Suddenly , the girls ' wings start to glow . Astonished , Dewey brings the two to a platform and positions their wings before the whole chamber becomes filled with images explaining their origins : that Tinkerbell and Periwinkle were born of the same baby laughter . The two then realize that this would make them sisters . Suddenly , Lord Milori arrives , concerned about the book , warning him to send any warm fairy back . Dewey tells the two they can spend a day together before Tink has to return home . Periwinkle shows Tink her world , meeting Peri 's friends and spending the day together . That night at Peri 's home , as Tink builds a fire , she realizes that if she can make it warm there , she can , in turn , make it cooler at her home . Suddenly , the floor melts beneath them . Seeing this , Dewey tells them that Tink has to go home . She then comes up with a plan . When they reach the border , she tells Peri to meet her at the border tomorrow . When Tink arrives home , she asks Clank and Bobble for help , and they bring her other friends to help . The next day , Tink arrives at the border with Bobble and Clank , pulling along a snow - maker . Now able to keep her cold enough , Peri crosses the border to the warm side of Pixie Hollow . She meets Tink 's friends and continues her tour . After a while , Tink then notices Peri 's wings wilting ; the machine is running out of ice . They then return to the border . Lord Milori appears and instructs Peri on how to fix her wings . Queen Clarion also arrives and sadly explains that they can never see each other again . As the girls leave , the machine gets knocked by Milori into the stream and creates a massive snowstorm . Later that day , Queen Clarion tries to explain to Tink why the rule is important , as does Lord Milori with Periwinkle . They are told the story of two fairies , one warm and the other a winter fairy , who met and fell in love . As their romance grew stronger , they disregarded the dangers across the border . Sadly , one of them broke a wing , for which there is no cure . From that day , Queen Clarion realized that some fairies should remain apart . Meanwhile , the trapped snow - maker begins to freeze the Autumn Woods . They , along with Tink 's friends and the Ministers , arrive at the stream and find Clank and Bobble attempting to free it . They succeed , but a freeze is coming . Queen Clarion tells everyone to save the tree for the freeze will kill it , eternally stopping the flow of pixie dust . They try everything they can to save the tree . Tink then notices that a Periwinkle that Peri had covered in frost is still alive , despite its cold surroundings . She flies to the Winter Woods but , on her way , falls into the snow . She then asks Peri and her friends about the frost around the flower , and Gliss explains that frost acts like a blanket , keeping the warm air inside . This gives Peri the idea that they could frost the tree before the freeze comes , and they then head to the tree . Meanwhile , at the tree , their plan is failing , to the Queen 's disappointment , but then Tink and the others arrive . They explain the power of their frost , but Spike realizes that the tree is too big for three of them to finish in time . The rest of the frost fairies then arrive to help . Accomplishing the frosting of the whole Hollow , Milori states that they 've done all they can . He then warns the warm fairies that the freeze is upon them and they must take cover , including the Queen whom he gives his cape to , revealing his broken wing and that he and Queen Clarion were the fairies in the story . He then orders all the winter fairies to stand guard over the tree . Some time later , the freeze begins to melt and pixie dust begins to flow again . All the fairies celebrate . However , Tink reveals that she broke a wing when she flew to the Woods and warns Periwinkle to go back before her wings wilt . As the twins hold hands and say goodbye , they touch their wings and blindingly white light bursts from their wings , which slowly heals Tink 's broken wing . In an epilogue , it is shown that warm fairies now cross over into the Winter Woods and that the two `` seasons '' now interact and become good friends , even lovers . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Tinker Bell cast members Mae Whitman as Tinker Bell , a tinker fairy and Periwinkle 's twin sister . Lucy Hale as Periwinkle , a frost fairy and Tinker Bell 's twin sister . Timothy Dalton as Lord Milori , the lord of the Winter Woods and Queen Clarion 's love interest . Jeff Bennett as Dewey , a frost fairy . Lucy Liu as Silvermist , a water fairy . Raven - Symone as Iridessa , a light fairy . Megan Hilty as Rosetta , a garden fairy . Pamela Adlon as Vidia , a fast - flying fairy . Angela Bartys as Fawn , an animal fairy . Matt Lanter as Sled , a frost fairy and Rosetta 's love interest . Debby Ryan as Spike , a frost fairy and Periwinkle 's best friend . Grey DeLisle as Gliss , a frost fairy and Periwinkle 's secondary best friend . Rob Paulsen as Bobble , a wispy tinker fairy with large glasses and Clank 's best friend . Jeff Bennett as Clank , a large tinker fairy . Jane Horrocks as Fairy Mary , the oversee of all tinker fairies . Jodi Benson as Healing Fairy . Kari Wahlgren as Receptionist . Thomas Lennon as Reading Fairy . Ben Diskin as Slush , a Glacier Fairy . Jesse McCartney as Terence , a dust fairy . Jeff Bennett as Fairy Gary , the oversee of all dust fairy . Kathy Najimy as The Minister of Summer . John DiMaggio as The Minister of Autumn . Steve Valentine as The Minister of Spring . Dee Bradley Baker as Cheese / Fiona / Blaze . Anjelica Huston as Queen Clarion , the queen of all Pixie Hollow and Lord Milori 's love interest . Release ( edit ) The film was given a limited theatre release in the United States between August 31 , 2012 and September 13 , 2012 . It was released on DVD and Blu - ray on October 23 , 2012 . It was the first film in the Disney Fairies franchise that was released in 3D . The Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D , DVD releases also include the short film Pixie Hollow Games as a `` Bonus Adventure '' . The film was released theatrically in many countries and grossed $51,507,647 worldwide . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Disney Fairies : Faith , Trust , and Pixie Dust References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` How Tinker Bell Became Disney 's Stealthy $300 Million Franchise '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 ... each were made for $30 million to $35 million and together have grossed $225 million in U.S. DVD sales , ... ^ Jump up to : `` Tinker Bell - The Secret of the Wings ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Secret of the Wings ( 2012 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Adams , Mark ( December 3 , 2012 ) . `` Tinker Bell And The Secret Of The Wings '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` El Capitan Theatre Screens SECRET OF THE WINGS , Now thru 9 / 13 '' . Broadway World . August 12 , 2012 . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zahed , Ramin ( October 22 , 2012 ) . `` Disney 's ' Secret of the Wings ' Flies to DVD / Blu - ray '' . Animation Magazine . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Sheila ( August 19 , 2012 ) . `` 25 Things to Know from Our Visit to DisneyToon Studios for SECRET OF THE WINGS '' . Collider . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nachman , Brett ( October 25 , 2012 ) . `` Disney In Depth : Blu - ray Review : Secret Of The Wings '' . Geeks of Doom . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website Tinker Bell : Secret of the Wings on IMDb Secret of the Wings at Rotten Tomatoes J.M. Barrie 's Peter Pan Characters and setting Main Peter Pan Wendy Darling Captain Hook Mr. Smee Tinker Bell Tiger Lily Other Neverland Lost Boys Pixie Hollow Cast members Literary adaptations Official books / plays The Little White Bird Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens Peter and Wendy ( play , book ) Peter Pan in Scarlet Starcatchers books Peter and the Starcatchers Peter and the Shadow Thieves Peter and the Secret of Rundoon Peter and the Sword of Mercy The Bridge to Never Land Never Land Books Film adaptations Peter Pan films Peter Pan ( 1924 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Peter Pan ( 1988 ) Hook Return to Never Land Neverland Peter Pan ( 2003 ) Pan Tinker Bell films Tinker Bell Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue Pixie Hollow Games Secret of the Wings Pixie Hollow Bake Off The Pirate Fairy Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast Adaptations Television 1976 musical The Adventures of Peter Pan Peter Pan & the Pirates Jake and the Never Land Pirates Once Upon a Time Neverland Peter Pan Live ! Peter and Wendy Stage 1950 musical 1954 musical Peter Pan : A Musical Adventure Peter and the Starcatcher Peter Pan 360 Peter and Alice Finding Neverland ( musical ) Wendy & Peter Pan Peter Pan Goes Wrong Disney 's Peter Pan Jr . Video games Peter Pan and the Pirates Peter Pan : Adventures in Never Land Kingdom Hearts Hook Prose The Child Thief Graphic novels Peter Pank Lost Girls Marvel Fairy Tales Music Albums The Wendy Trilogy Faith , Trust , and Pixie Dust `` Lost Boy '' ( Ruth B song ) Somewhere in Neverland `` Peter Pan '' ( Kelsea Ballerini song ) Attractions Disney on Ice Fantasmic ! Peter Pan 's Flight ( ride ) Pixie Hollow Allusions Never Never Land Biographies The Lost Boys Finding Neverland Related Llewelyn Davies boys Peter Pan syndrome / Wendy dilemma Peter Pan copyright Disney franchise Peter Pan statue John Lasseter Directed Feature films Toy Story ( 1995 ) A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Cars ( 2006 ) Cars 2 ( 2011 ) Toy Story 4 ( 2019 ) Short films Luxo Jr. ( 1986 ) Red 's Dream ( 1987 ) Tin Toy ( 1988 ) Knick Knack ( 1989 ) Mater and the Ghostlight ( 2006 ) Cars Toons ( 2008 ) Produced Short films The Adventures of André and Wally B. ( 1984 ) Luxo Jr. ( 1986 ) Written Feature films Toy Story ( 1995 ) A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Cars ( 2006 ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Cars 2 ( 2011 ) Planes ( 2013 ) The Pirate Fairy ( 2014 ) Short films Luxo Jr. ( 1986 ) Red 's Dream ( 1987 ) Tin Toy ( 1988 ) Knick Knack ( 1989 ) Mater and the Ghostlight ( 2006 ) Studios Walt Disney Animation Studios Pixar Animation Studios DisneyToon Studios Other businesses Lasseter Family Winery Disney home entertainment animated features Sequels / Followups The Return of Jafar ( 1994 ) Aladdin and the King of Thieves ( 1996 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Pocahontas II : Journey to a New World ( 1998 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) An Extremely Goofy Movie ( 2000 ) The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea ( 2000 ) Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure ( 2001 ) Cinderella II : Dreams Come True ( 2002 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame II ( 2002 ) Atlantis : Milo 's Return ( 2003 ) 101 Dalmatians II : Patch 's London Adventure ( 2003 ) The Lion King 11⁄2 ( 2004 ) Mulan II ( 2004 ) Tarzan II ( 2005 ) Lilo & Stitch 2 : Stitch Has a Glitch ( 2005 ) Kronk 's New Groove ( 2005 ) Bambi II ( 2006 ) Brother Bear 2 ( 2006 ) The Fox and the Hound 2 ( 2006 ) Cinderella III : A Twist in Time ( 2007 ) The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning ( 2008 ) Films based on TV series Recess Christmas : Miracle on Third Street ( 2001 ) Recess : Taking the Fifth Grade ( 2003 ) Recess : All Growed Down ( 2003 ) Leroy & Stitch ( 2006 ) TV series pilots and compilations Gargoyles the Movie : The Heroes Awaken ( 1995 ) Mighty Ducks the Movie : The First Face - Off ( 1997 ) Hercules : Zero to Hero ( 1998 ) Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins ( 2000 ) Tarzan & Jane ( 2002 ) A Very Merry Pooh Year ( 2002 ) Stitch ! The Movie ( 2003 ) Once Upon a Halloween ( 2005 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Halloween Movie ( 2005 ) Tangled : Before Ever After ( 2017 ) Original stories Pooh 's Grand Adventure : The Search for Christopher Robin ( 1997 ) Mickey 's Once Upon a Christmas ( 1999 ) Springtime with Roo ( 2004 ) Mickey , Donald , Goofy : The Three Musketeers ( 2004 ) Mickey 's Twice Upon a Christmas ( 2004 ) Spin - offs Disney Princess Enchanted Tales : Follow Your Dreams ( 2007 ) Tinker Bell ( 2008 ) Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure ( 2009 ) Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue ( 2010 ) Secret of the Wings ( 2012 ) The Pirate Fairy ( 2014 ) Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast ( 2015 ) Adaptations Winnie the Pooh : Seasons of Giving ( 1999 ) Mickey 's Magical Christmas : Snowed in at the House of Mouse ( 2001 ) Tarzan & Jane ( 2002 ) Mickey 's House of Villains ( 2002 ) Disney Sing Along Songs series ( 1986 -- 2006 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Secret_of_the_Wings&oldid=790949554 '' Categories : 2012 films English - language films American films 2010s American animated films 2012 computer - animated films 2012 direct - to - video films Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Tinker Bell films DisneyToon Studios animated films Disney direct - to - video animated films Film scores by Joel McNeely Hidden categories : Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Polski Português Русский සිංහල Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 17 July 2017 , at 03 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who does lucy hale play in secret of the wings

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Bee Gees

Bee Gees - wikipedia Bee Gees Jump to : navigation , search Bee Gees Bee Gees in 1978 ( top to bottom ) Barry , Robin and Maurice Gibb Background information Genres Pop soul disco rock soft rock Years active 1958 -- 2003 2009 -- 2012 Labels Leedon Spin Festival Polydor Philips Atlantic RSO Mercury Capitol United Artists Warner Bros . Website beegees.com Past members Principal Barry Gibb Robin Gibb Maurice Gibb Other Colin Petersen Vince Melouney Geoff Bridgford Alan Kendall Dennis Bryon Blue Weaver The Bee Gees were a pop music group formed in 1958 . Their lineup consisted of brothers Barry , Robin , and Maurice Gibb . The trio were successful for most of their decades of recording music , but they had two distinct periods of exceptional success : as a popular music act in the late 1960s and early 1970s , and as prominent performers of the disco music era in the mid-to - late 1970s . The group sang recognisable three - part tight harmonies ; Robin 's clear vibrato lead vocals were a hallmark of their earlier hits , while Barry 's R&B falsetto became their signature sound during the mid-to - late 1970s and 1980s . The Bee Gees wrote all of their own hits , as well as writing and producing several major hits for other artists . Born on the Isle of Man to English parents , the Gibb brothers lived in Chorlton , Manchester , England , until the late 1950s . There , in 1955 , they formed the Rattlesnakes . The family then moved to Redcliffe , in Queensland , Australia , and then to Cribb Island . After achieving their first chart success in Australia as the Bee Gees with `` Spicks and Specks '' ( their 12th single ) , they returned to the UK in January 1967 , when producer Robert Stigwood began promoting them to a worldwide audience . As of July 2013 , the Bee Gees have sold more than 220 million records worldwide , placing them among the world 's best - selling music artists of all time . They were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1997 ; the presenter of the award to `` Britain 's first family of harmony '' was Brian Wilson , historical leader of The Beach Boys , another `` family act '' featuring three harmonising brothers . The Bee Gees ' Hall of Fame citation says , `` Only Elvis Presley , the Beatles , Michael Jackson , Garth Brooks and Paul McCartney have outsold the Bee Gees . '' Following Maurice 's death in January 2003 , at the age of 53 , Barry and Robin retired the group 's name after 45 years of activity . In 2009 , Robin announced that he and Barry had agreed the Bee Gees would re-form and perform again . Robin died in May 2012 , aged 62 , after a prolonged struggle with cancer and other health problems , leaving Barry as the only surviving member of the group 's final line - up . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1955 -- 1966 : Music origins , Bee Gees formation and popularity in Australia 1.2 1967 -- 1969 : International fame and touring years 1.2. 1 Bee Gees ' 1st , Horizontal and Idea 1.2. 2 Odessa , Cucumber Castle and breakup 1.3 1970 -- 1974 : Reformation 1.4 1975 -- 1979 : Turning to disco 1.4. 1 Main Course and Children of the World 1.4. 2 Saturday Night Fever and Spirits Having Flown 1.5 1980 -- 1986 : Outside projects , band turmoil , solo efforts and decline 1.6 1987 -- 1999 : Comeback and return to popularity 1.7 2000 -- 2008 : This is Where I Came In and Maurice 's death 1.8 2009 -- 2012 : Return to performing and Robin 's death 1.9 2013 -- present : Looking back at a lifetime of music 2 Influences 3 Legacy 3.1 Songwriting 4 Accolades and achievements 4.1 Awards and nominations 5 Band members 5.1 Timeline 6 Discography 6.1 Studio albums 7 Song catalogue 8 Filmography 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links History ( edit ) 1955 -- 1966 : music origins , Bee Gees formation and popularity in Australia ( edit ) Plaque at Maitland Terrace / Strang Road intersection in Union Mills , Isle of Man In 1955 , the brothers Barry , Robin and Maurice Gibb moved back to their father Hugh Gibb 's hometown of Chorlton - cum - Hardy , Manchester , England , and formed a skiffle / rock - and - roll group , the Rattlesnakes , which consisted of Barry on guitar and vocals , Robin and Maurice on vocals , and friends Paul Frost on drums and Kenny Horrocks on tea - chest bass . In December 1957 , the boys began to sing in harmony . The story is told that they were going to lip sync to a record in the local Gaumont cinema ( as other children had done on previous weeks ) , but as they were running to the theatre , the fragile shellac 78 - RPM record broke . The brothers had to sing live and received such a positive response from the audience that they decided to pursue a singing career . In May 1958 , the Rattlesnakes were disbanded when Frost and Horrocks left , so the Gibb brothers then formed Wee Johnny Hayes and the Blue Cats , with Barry as Johnny Hayes . In August 1958 , the Gibb family , including older sister Lesley and infant brother Andy , emigrated to Redcliffe , just north - east of Brisbane in Queensland , Australia . The young brothers began performing to raise pocket money . They were introduced to leading Brisbane radio DJ Bill Gates by speedway promoter and driver Bill Goode , who had hired the brothers to entertain the crowd at the Redcliffe Speedway in 1960 . The crowd at the speedway would throw money onto the track for the boys , who generally performed during the interval of meetings ( usually on the back of a truck that drove around the track ) , and in a deal with Goode , any money they collected from the crowd they were allowed to keep . Gates renamed them the BG 's ( later changed to `` Bee Gees '' ) after his ( Goode 's ) and Barry Gibb 's initials -- thus the name was not specifically a reference to `` Brothers Gibb '' , despite popular belief . The family moved to a house at Cribb Island which was later demolished to allow the expansion of Brisbane Airport . While there , the brothers attended Northgate State School . By 1960 , the Bee Gees were featured on television shows , including their performance of `` Time Is Passing By '' . In the next few years they began working regularly at resorts on the Queensland coast . For his songwriting , Barry sparked the interest of Australian star Col Joye , who helped them get a recording deal in 1963 with Festival Records subsidiary Leedon Records , under the name `` Bee Gees '' . The three released two or three singles a year , while Barry supplied additional songs to other Australian artists . In 1962 , the Bee Gees were chosen as the supporting act for Chubby Checker 's concert at Sydney Stadium . From 1963 to 1966 , the Gibb family lived at 171 Bunnerong Road , Maroubra in Sydney . Just prior to his death , Robin Gibb recorded the song `` Sydney '' , about the brothers ' experience of living in that city . It was released on his posthumous album 50 St. Catherine 's Drive . The house was demolished in 2016 . A minor hit in 1965 , `` Wine and Women '' , led to the group 's first LP , The Bee Gees Sing and Play 14 Barry Gibb Songs . By 1966 Festival was , however , on the verge of dropping them from the Leedon roster because of their perceived lack of commercial success . It was at this time that they met the American - born songwriter , producer and entrepreneur Nat Kipner , who had just been appointed A&R manager of a new independent label , Spin Records . Kipner briefly took over as the group 's manager and successfully negotiated their transfer to Spin in exchange for granting Festival the Australian distribution rights to the group 's recordings . Through Kipner the Bee Gees met engineer - producer , Ossie Byrne , who produced ( or co-produced with Kipner ) many of the earlier Spin recordings , most of which were cut at his own small , self - built St Clair Studio in the Sydney suburb of Hurstville . Byrne gave the Gibb brothers virtually unlimited access to St Clair Studio over a period of several months in mid-1966 . The group later acknowledged that this enabled them to greatly improve their skills as recording artists . During this productive time they recorded a large batch of original material -- including the song that would become their first major hit , `` Spicks and Specks '' ( on which Byrne played the trumpet coda ) -- as well as cover versions of current hits by overseas acts such as the Beatles . They regularly collaborated with other local musicians , including members of beat band Steve & The Board , led by Steve Kipner , Nat 's teenage son . Frustrated by their lack of success , the Gibbs decided to return to England in late 1966 . Ossie Byrne travelled with them , and Colin Petersen , who eventually became the group 's drummer , followed soon afterward . While at sea in January 1967 , the Gibbs learned that `` Spicks and Specks '' had been awarded Best Single of the Year by Go - Set , Australia 's most popular and influential music newspaper . 1967 -- 1969 : international Fame and touring years ( edit ) Bee Gees ' 1st , Horizontal and Idea ( edit ) See also : The Bee Gees ' concerts in 1967 and 1968 The Bee Gees in 1967 ( left to right : Barry Gibb , Robin Gibb , Vince Melouney , Maurice Gibb and Colin Petersen ) Before their departure from Australia to England , Hugh Gibb sent demos to Brian Epstein , who managed the Beatles and directed NEMS , a British music store . Epstein passed the demo tapes to Robert Stigwood , who had recently joined NEMS . After an audition with Stigwood in February 1967 , the Bee Gees signed a five - year contract whereby Polydor Records would release their records in the UK , and Atco Records would do so in the US . Work quickly began on the group 's first international album , and Stigwood launched a promotional campaign to coincide with its release . Stigwood proclaimed that the Bee Gees were `` The Most Significant New Talent of 1967 '' , thus initiating the comparison of the Bee Gees to the Beatles . Before recording the first album , the group expanded to include Colin Petersen and Vince Melouney . `` New York Mining Disaster 1941 '' , their second British single ( their first - issued UK 45 rpm was `` Spicks and Specks '' ) , was issued to radio stations with a blank white label listing only the song title . Some DJs immediately assumed this was a new single by the Beatles and started playing the song in heavy rotation . This helped the song climb into the top 20 in both the UK and US . No such chicanery was needed to boost the Bee Gees ' second single , `` To Love Somebody '' , into the US Top 20 . Originally written for Otis Redding , `` To Love Somebody '' , a soulful ballad sung by Barry , has since become a pop standard covered by many artists including the Flying Burrito Brothers , Rod Stewart , Bonnie Tyler , Janis Joplin , the Animals , Gary Puckett and the Union Gap , Nina Simone , Jimmy Somerville , Billy Corgan and Michael Bolton . Another single , `` Holiday '' , released in the US , peaked at No. 16 . The parent album , Bee Gees 1st ( their first internationally ) , peaked at No. 7 in the US and No. 8 in the UK . Bill Shepherd was credited as the arranger . After recording that album , the group recorded their first BBC session at the Playhouse Theatre , Northumberland Avenue , in London , with Bill Bebb as the producer , and they performed three songs . That session is included on BBC Sessions : 1967 -- 1973 ( 2008 ) . Following the release of Bee Gees ' 1st , the group was first introduced in New York as `` the English surprise '' . At that time , the band made their first British TV appearance on Top of the Pops . Maurice recalled : `` Jimmy Savile was on it and that was amazing because we 'd seen pictures of him in the Beatles fan club book , so we thought we were really there ! That show had Lulu , us , the Move , and the Stones doing ' Let 's Spend the Night Together ' . You have to remember this was really before the superstar was invented so you were all in it together . '' In late 1967 , they began recording for the second album . On 21 December 1967 , for a live broadcast from Liverpool Anglican Cathedral , they performed their own song , `` Thank You For Christmas '' ( which was recorded in the Horizontal sessions but was not released until 2008 ) , as well as `` Silent Night '' and `` Hark ! The Herald Angels Sing '' . The folk group the Settlers also performed on that programme and were conducted by the Very Reverend Edward H. Patey , dean of the cathedral . Ten days later , the band finished the year off with their Christmas Eve special , How on Earth ? January 1968 began with a promotional trip to the US . Los Angeles Police was on alert in anticipation of a Beatles - type reception , and special security arrangements were being put in place . In February , Horizontal repeated the success of their first album , featuring the group 's first UK No. 1 single `` Massachusetts '' ( a No. 11 US hit ) and the No. 7 UK single `` World '' . The sound of the album Horizontal had a more `` rock '' sound than their previous release , although ballads like `` And the Sun Will Shine '' and `` Really and Sincerely '' were also prominent . The Horizontal album reached No. 12 in the US and No. 16 in the UK . Promoting the record , the group made their first appearance on US television on The Smothers Brothers Show , on CBS . Tommy Smothers had first encountered the band on a trip to London , and became their friend as well as a fan . That evening , Smothers wore a shirt which Maurice had bought for him at the Beatles ' Apple Boutique . With the release of Horizontal , they also embarked on a Scandinavian tour with concerts in Copenhagen . Around the same time , the Bee Gees turned down an offer to write and perform the soundtrack for the film Wonderwall , according to director Joe Massot . On 27 February 1968 , the band , backed by the 17 - piece Massachusetts String Orchestra , began their first tour of Germany with two concerts at Hamburg Musikhalle . In March 1968 , the band was supported by Procol Harum ( who had a well - known hit `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' ) on their German tour . As Robin 's partner Molly Hullis recalls : `` Germans were wilder than the fans in England at the heights of Beatlemania . '' The tour schedule took them to 11 venues in as many days with 18 concerts played , finishing with a brace of shows at the Stadthalle , Braunschweig . After that , the group was off to Switzerland . As Maurice described it : `` There were over 5,000 kids at the airport in Zurich . The entire ride to Bern , the kids were waving Union Jacks . When we got to the hotel , the police were n't there to meet us and the kids crushed the car . We were inside and the windows were all getting smashed in , and we were on the floor . '' On 17 March , the band performed `` Words '' on The Ed Sullivan Show . The other artists who performed on that night 's show were Lucille Ball , George Hamilton and Fran Jeffries . On 27 March 1968 , the band performed at the Royal Albert Hall in London . The Bee Gees performing on Dutch television Twien in 1968 Two more singles followed in early 1968 : the ballad `` Words '' ( No. 8 UK , No. 15 US ) and the double A-sided single `` Jumbo '' b / w `` The Singer Sang His Song '' . `` Jumbo '' , the Bee Gees ' least successful single to date , only reached No. 25 in the UK and No. 57 in the US . The Bee Gees felt `` The Singer Sang His Song '' was the stronger of the two sides , an opinion shared by listeners in the Netherlands who made it a No. 3 hit . Further Bee Gees chart singles followed : `` I 've Gotta Get a Message to You '' , their second UK No. 1 ( No. 8 US ) , and `` I Started a Joke '' ( No. 6 US ) , both culled from the band 's third album Idea . Idea reached No. 4 in the UK and was another top 20 album in the US ( No. 17 ) . Following the tour and TV special to promote the album , Vince Melouney left the group , desiring to play more of a blues style music than the Gibbs were writing . Melouney did achieve one feat while with the Bee Gees : his composition `` Such a Shame '' ( from Idea ) is the only song on any Bee Gees album not written by a Gibb brother . The group also filmed a BBC television special with Frankie Howerd , called Frankie Howerd Meets the Bee Gees , written by Ray Galton and Alan Simpson . This gave the group the opportunity to display their comedy skills in sketches with Howerd . The band were due to begin a seven - week tour of the US on 2 August 1968 , but on 27 July , Robin collapsed and fell unconscious . He was admitted to a London nursing home suffering from nervous exhaustion , and the American tour was postponed . The band began recording their sixth album , which resulted in their spending a week recording at Atlantic Studios in New York . Robin , still feeling poorly , missed the New York sessions , but the rest of the band put away instrumental tracks and demos . Odessa , Cucumber Castle and breakup ( edit ) The Bee Gees performing at The Tom Jones Show in early 1969 , one of the last performances with Robin as he left the group later in March By 1969 , the cracks started to show within the group , as Robin began to feel that Stigwood had been favouring Barry as the frontman . The Bee Gees ' performances in early 1969 on the Top of the Pops and The Tom Jones Show performing `` I Started a Joke '' and `` First of May '' as a medley was one of the last live performances of the group with Robin . Their next album , which was to have been a concept album called Masterpeace , evolved into the double - album Odessa . Most rock critics felt this was the best Bee Gees album of the 1960s with its progressive rock feel on the title track , the country - flavoured `` Marley Purt Drive '' and `` Give Your Best '' , and ballads such as `` Melody Fair '' and `` First of May '' ( the last of which became the only single from the album and was a minor hit ) . Feeling the flipside , `` Lamplight '' , should have been the A-side , Robin quit the group in mid-1969 and launched a solo career . The first of many Bee Gees compilations , Best of Bee Gees , was released featuring the non-LP single `` Words '' plus the Australian hit `` Spicks and Specks '' . The single `` Tomorrow Tomorrow '' was also released and was a moderate hit in the UK , where it reached No. 23 , but it was only No. 54 in the US . The compilation reached the top 10 in both the UK and the US . While Robin pursued his solo career , Barry , Maurice and Petersen continued on as the Bee Gees recording their next album , Cucumber Castle . The band made their debut performance without Robin at Talk of the Town . They had recruited their sister , Lesley , into the group at this time . To accompany the album , they also filmed a TV special which aired on the BBC in 1971 . Petersen played drums on the tracks recorded for the album but was fired from the group after filming began ( he went on to form the Humpy Bong with Jonathan Kelly ) . His parts were edited out of the final cut of the film and Pentangle drummer Terry Cox was recruited to complete the recording of songs for the album . After the album was released in early 1970 , it seemed that the Bee Gees were finished . The leadoff single , `` Do n't Forget to Remember '' , was a big hit in the UK , reaching No. 2 , but a disappointment in the US , only reaching No. 73 . The next two singles , `` I.O.I.O. '' and `` If I Only Had My Mind on Something Else '' barely scraped the charts . On 1 December 1969 , Barry and Maurice parted ways professionally . Maurice started to record his first solo album , The Loner , which was not released . Meanwhile , he released the single `` Railroad '' and starred in the West End musical , Sing a Rude Song . In February 1970 , Barry recorded a solo album which never saw official release either , although `` I 'll Kiss Your Memory '' was released as a single backed by `` This Time '' without much interest . Meanwhile , Robin saw success in Europe with his No. 2 hit `` Saved by the Bell '' and the album Robin 's Reign . 1970 -- 1974 : reformation ( edit ) The Bee Gees performing at The Midnight Special in 1973 In the summer of 1970 , according to Barry , `` Robin rang me in Spain where I was on holiday ( saying ) ' let 's do it again ' '' . By 21 August 1970 , after they had reunited , Barry announced that the Bee Gees `` are there and they will never , ever part again '' . Maurice said , `` We just discussed it and re-formed . We want to apologise publicly to Robin for the things that have been said . '' Earlier in June 1970 , Robin and Maurice recorded a dozen songs before Barry joined and included two songs that were on their reunion album . Around the same time , Barry and Robin were about to publish the book , On the Other Hand . They also recruited Geoff Bridgford as the group 's official drummer ; Bridgford had previously worked with the Groove and Tin Tin , and played drums on Maurice 's unreleased first solo album . In 1970 , 2 Years On was released in October in the US and November in the UK . The lead single `` Lonely Days '' reached at No. 3 on the United States , promoted by appearances on The Johnny Cash Show , Johnny Carson 's Tonight Show , The Andy Williams Show , The Dick Cavett Show and The Ed Sullivan Show . Their ninth album , Trafalgar , was released in late 1971 . The single `` How Can You Mend a Broken Heart '' was the first to hit No 1 on the US Charts , while `` Israel '' reached No. 22 in the Netherlands . `` How Can You Mend a Broken Heart '' also brought the Bee Gees their first Grammy Award nomination for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals . Later that year , the group 's songs were included in the soundtrack for the film Melody . In 1972 , they hit No. 16 in the US with the non-album single `` My World '' , backed by Maurice 's composition `` On Time '' . Another 1972 single , `` Run To Me '' from the LP To Whom It May Concern , returned them to the UK top 10 for the first time in three years . On 24 November 1972 , the band headlined the `` Woodstock of the West '' Festival at the Los Angeles Coliseum ( which was a West Coast answer to Woodstock in New York ) , which also featured Sly & The Family Stone , Stevie Wonder and the Eagles . Also in 1972 , the group sang `` Hey Jude '' with Wilson Pickett . By 1973 , however , the Bee Gees were in a rut . The album , Life in a Tin Can , released on Robert Stigwood 's newly formed RSO Records , and its lead - off single , `` Saw a New Morning '' , sold poorly with the single peaking at No. 94 . This was followed by an unreleased album ( known as A Kick in the Head Is Worth Eight in the Pants ) . A second compilation album , Best of Bee Gees , Volume 2 , was released in 1973 , although it did not repeat the success of Volume 1 . On the 6 April 1973 episode of The Midnight Special they performed `` Money ( That 's What I Want ) '' with Jerry Lee Lewis . Also in 1973 , they were invited by Chuck Berry to perform two songs with him onstage at The Midnight Special : `` Johnny B. Goode '' and `` Reelin ' and Rockin ' '' . After a tour of United States in early 1974 and a Canadian tour later in the year , the group ended up playing small clubs . As Barry joked , `` We ended up in , have you ever heard of Batley 's the variety club in ( West Yorkshire ) England ? '' . On the advice of Ahmet Ertegün , head of their US label Atlantic Records , Stigwood arranged for the group to record with soul music producer Arif Mardin . The resulting LP , Mr. Natural , included fewer ballads and foreshadowed the R&B direction of the rest of their career . When it , too , failed to attract much interest , Mardin encouraged them to work within the soul music style . The brothers attempted to assemble a live stage band that could replicate their studio sound . Lead guitarist Alan Kendall had come on board in 1971 but did not have much to do until Mr. Natural . For that album , they added drummer Dennis Bryon , and they later added ex-Strawbs keyboard player Blue Weaver , completing the Bee Gees band that lasted through the late ' 70s . Maurice , who had previously performed on piano , guitar , harpsichord , electric piano , organ , mellotron and bass guitar , as well as mandolin and Moog synthesiser , now confined himself to bass onstage . 1975 -- 1979 : turning to disco ( edit ) Main Course and Children of the World ( edit ) Bee Gees ' wordmark logo ( 1975 -- 81 ) At Eric Clapton 's suggestion , the brothers moved to Miami , Florida , early in 1975 to record . After starting off with ballads , they eventually heeded the urging of Mardin and Stigwood , and crafted more dance - oriented disco songs , including their second US No. 1 , `` Jive Talkin ' '' , along with US No. 7 `` Nights on Broadway '' . The band liked the resulting new sound . This time the public agreed by sending the LP Main Course up the charts . This album included the first Bee Gees songs wherein Barry used falsetto , something that would later become a trademark of the band . This was also the first Bee Gees album to have two US top - 10 singles since 1968 's Idea . Main Course also became their first charting R&B album . On the Bee Gees ' appearance on The Midnight Special in 1975 , to promote Main Course , they sang `` To Love Somebody '' with Helen Reddy . Around the same time , the Bee Gees recorded three Beatles covers -- `` Golden Slumbers / Carry That Weight '' , `` She Came in Through the Bathroom Window '' with Barry providing lead vocals , and `` Sun King '' with Maurice providing lead vocals , for the unsuccessful musical / documentary All This and World War II . The next album , Children of the World released in September 1976 , was drenched in Barry 's new - found falsetto and Weaver 's synthesizer disco licks . Mardin was unavailable to produce , so the Bee Gees enlisted Albhy Galuten and Karl Richardson , who had worked with Mardin during the Main Course sessions . This production team would carry the Bee Gees through the rest of the 1970s . The first single from the album was `` You Should Be Dancing '' ( which features percussion work by musician Stephen Stills ) . The song pushed the Bee Gees to a level of stardom they had not previously achieved in the US , though their new R&B / disco sound was not as popular with some die hard fans . The pop ballad `` Love So Right '' reached No. 3 in the US , and `` Boogie Child '' reached US No. 12 in January 1977 . The album peaked at No. 8 in the US . A compilation Bee Gees Gold was released in November , containing the group 's hits from 1967 - 1972 . Saturday Night Fever and Spirits Having Flown ( edit ) Following a successful live album , Here at Last ... Bee Gees ... Live , the Bee Gees agreed with Stigwood to participate in the creation of the Saturday Night Fever soundtrack . It would be the turning point of their career . The cultural impact of both the film and the soundtrack was seismic throughout the world , prolonging the disco scene 's mainstream appeal . The band 's involvement in the film did not begin until post-production . As John Travolta asserted , `` The Bee Gees were n't even involved in the movie in the beginning ... I was dancing to Stevie Wonder and Boz Scaggs . '' Producer Robert Stigwood commissioned the Bee Gees to create the songs for the film . The brothers wrote the songs `` virtually in a single weekend '' at Château d'Hérouville studio in France . Barry Gibb remembered the reaction when Stigwood and music supervisor Bill Oakes arrived and listened to the demos : They flipped out and said these will be great . We still had no concept of the movie , except some kind of rough script that they 'd brought with them ... You 've got to remember , we were fairly dead in the water at that point , 1975 , somewhere in that zone -- the Bee Gees ' sound was basically tired . We needed something new . We had n't had a hit record in about three years . So we felt , Oh Jeez , that 's it . That 's our life span , like most groups in the late ' 60s . So , we had to find something . We did n't know what was going to happen . Bill Oakes , who supervised the soundtrack , asserts that Saturday Night Fever did not begin the disco craze ; rather , it prolonged it : `` Disco had run its course . These days , Fever is credited with kicking off the whole disco thing -- it really did n't . Truth is , it breathed new life into a genre that was actually dying . '' Three Bee Gees singles - `` How Deep Is Your Love '' ( US No. 1 , UK No. 3 ) , `` Stayin ' Alive '' ( US No. 1 , UK No. 4 ) and `` Night Fever '' ( US No. 1 , UK No. 1 ) - charted high in many countries around the world , launching the most popular period of the disco era . They also penned the song `` If I Ca n't Have You '' , which became a US No. 1 hit for Yvonne Elliman , while the Bee Gees ' own version was the B - Side of `` Stayin ' Alive '' . Such was the popularity of Saturday Night Fever that two different versions of the song `` More Than a Woman '' received airplay , one by the Bee Gees , which was relegated to album track , and another by Tavares , which was the hit . The Gibb sound was inescapable . During a nine - month period beginning in the Christmas season of 1977 , seven songs written by the brothers held the No. 1 position on the US charts for 27 of 37 consecutive weeks : three of their own releases , two for brother Andy Gibb , the Yvonne Elliman single , and `` Grease '' , performed by Frankie Valli . Fuelled by the film 's success , the soundtrack broke multiple industry records , becoming the highest - selling album in recording history to that point . With more than 40 million copies sold , Saturday Night Fever is among music 's top five best selling soundtrack albums . As of 2010 , it is calculated as the 4th highest - selling album worldwide . In March 1978 , the Bee Gees held the top 2 positions on the US Charts with `` Night Fever '' and `` Stayin ' Alive '' , the first time this had happened since the Beatles . On the US Billboard Hot 100 chart for 25 March 1978 , five songs written by the Gibbs were in the US top 10 at the same time : `` Night Fever '' , `` Stayin ' Alive '' , `` If I Ca n't Have You '' , `` Emotion '' and `` Love is Thicker Than Water '' . Such chart dominance had not been seen since April 1964 , when the Beatles had all five of the top five American singles . Barry Gibb became the only songwriter to have four consecutive number one hits in the US , breaking the John Lennon and Paul McCartney 1964 record . These songs were `` Stayin ' Alive '' , `` Love Is Thicker Than Water '' , `` Night Fever '' and `` If I Ca n't Have You '' . The Bee Gees won five Grammy Awards for Saturday Night Fever over two years : Album of the Year , Producer of the Year ( with Albhy Galuten and Karl Richardson ) , two awards for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals ( one in 1978 for `` How Deep Is Your Love '' and one in 1979 for `` Stayin ' Alive '' ) , and Best Vocal Arrangement for Two or More Voices for `` Stayin ' Alive '' . During this era , Barry and Robin also wrote `` Emotion '' for an old friend , Australian vocalist Samantha Sang , who made it a Top 10 hit , with the Bee Gees singing backing vocals . Barry also wrote the title song to the film version of the Broadway musical Grease for Frankie Valli to perform , which went to No. 1 . The Bee Gees ' younger brother Andy now followed his older siblings into a music career and enjoyed considerable success . Produced by Barry , Andy Gibb 's first three singles all topped the US charts . The Bee Gees also co-starred with Peter Frampton in Robert Stigwood 's film Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( 1978 ) , loosely inspired by the classic 1967 album by The Beatles . The movie had been heavily promoted prior to release and was expected to enjoy great commercial success . However , it was savaged by the movie critics as a disjointed mess and ignored by the public . Though some of its tracks charted , the soundtrack too was a high - profile flop . The single `` Oh ! Darling '' , credited to Robin Gibb , reached No. 15 in the US . The Bee Gees ' follow - up to Saturday Night Fever was the Spirits Having Flown album . It yielded three more hits : `` Too Much Heaven '' ( US No. 1 , UK No. 3 ) , `` Tragedy '' ( US No. 1 , UK No. 1 ) , and `` Love You Inside Out '' ( US No. 1 ) . This gave the act six consecutive No. 1 singles in the US within a year and a half , equalling the Beatles and surpassed only by Whitney Houston . In January 1979 , the Bee Gees performed `` Too Much Heaven '' as their contribution to the Music for UNICEF Concert at the United Nations General Assembly , a benefit organised by the Bee Gees , Robert Stigwood , and David Frost for UNICEF that was broadcast worldwide . The brothers donated the royalties from the song to the charity . Up to 2007 , this song has earned over $11 million for UNICEF . During the summer of 1979 , the Bee Gees embarked on their largest concert tour covering the US and Canada . The Spirits Having Flown tour capitalised on Bee Gees fever that was sweeping the nation , with sold out concerts in 38 cities . The Bee Gees produced a video for the title track `` Too Much Heaven '' , directed by Miami - based filmmaker Martin Pitts and produced by Charles Allen . With this video , Pitts and Allen began a long association with the brothers . The Bee Gees even had a country hit in 1979 with `` Rest Your Love on Me '' , the flip side of their pop hit `` Too Much Heaven '' , which made Top 40 on the country charts . It was also a 1981 hit for Conway Twitty topping the country music charts . The Bee Gees ' overwhelming success rose and fell with the disco bubble . By the end of 1979 , disco was rapidly declining in popularity , and the backlash against disco put the Bee Gees ' American career in a tailspin . Radio stations around the US began promoting `` Bee Gee - Free Weekends '' . Following their remarkable run from 1975 to 1979 , the act would have only one more Top 10 single in the US , and that would not come until 1989 . Barry Gibb considered the success of the Saturday Night Fever soundtrack both a blessing and a curse : Fever was No. 1 every week ... It was n't just like a hit album . It was No. 1 every single week for 25 weeks . It was just an amazing , crazy , extraordinary time . I remember not being able to answer the phone , and I remember people climbing over my walls . I was quite grateful when it stopped . It was too unreal . In the long run , your life is better if it 's not like that on a constant basis . Nice though it was . 1980 -- 1986 : outside projects , band turmoil , solo efforts and decline ( edit ) Robin co-produced Jimmy Ruffin 's Sunrise released in May 1980 , but the songs were started in 1979 ; the album contains songs written by the Gibb brothers . In March 1980 , Barry Gibb worked with Barbra Streisand on her album Guilty . He co-produced , and wrote or co-wrote all nine of the album 's tracks ( four of them written with Robin , and the title track with both Robin and Maurice ) . Barry also appeared on the album 's cover with Streisand and duetted with her on two tracks . The album reached No. 1 in both the US and the UK , as did the single `` Woman in Love '' ( written by Barry and Robin ) , becoming Streisand 's most successful single and album to date . Both of the Streisand / Gibb duets , `` Guilty '' and `` What Kind of Fool '' , also reached the US Top 10 . In October , the Bee Gees regrouped to record songs that would go on to their upcoming album , but it was n't continued , and Weaver , Kendall ( who returned in 1987 ) , and Bryon left the group . The brothers later recruited some studio musicians . In 1981 , the Bee Gees released the album Living Eyes , their last full - length album release on RSO . This album was the first CD ever played in public , when it was played to viewers of the BBC show Tomorrow 's World . With the disco backlash still running strong , the album failed to make the UK or US Top 40 -- breaking their streak of Top 40 hits , which started in 1975 with `` Jive Talkin ' '' . Two singles from the album fared little better -- `` He 's a Liar '' , which reached No. 30 in the US , and `` Living Eyes '' , which reached No. 45 . In 1982 , Dionne Warwick enjoyed a UK No. 2 and US Adult Contemporary No. 1 hit with her comeback single , `` Heartbreaker '' , taken from her eponymous album written largely by the Bee Gees and co-produced by Barry Gibb . The album reached No. 3 in the UK and the Top 30 in the US , where it was certified Gold . A year later , Dolly Parton and Kenny Rogers recorded the Bee Gees - penned track `` Islands in the Stream '' , which became a US No. 1 hit and entered the Top 10 in the UK . Rogers ' 1983 album , Eyes That See in the Dark , was written entirely by the Bee Gees and co-produced by Barry . The album was a Top 10 hit in the US and was certified Double Platinum . The Bee Gees had greater success with the soundtrack to Staying Alive in 1983 , the sequel to Saturday Night Fever . The soundtrack was certified platinum in the US , and included their Top 30 hit `` The Woman in You '' . Also in 1983 , the band was sued by Chicago songwriter Ronald Selle , who claimed the brothers stole melodic material from one of his songs , `` Let It End '' , and used it in `` How Deep Is Your Love '' . At first , the Bee Gees lost the case ; one juror said that a factor in the jury 's decision was the Gibbs ' failure to introduce expert testimony rebutting the plaintiff 's expert testimony that it was `` impossible '' for the two songs to have been written independently . However , the verdict was overturned a few months later . In August 1983 , Barry signed a solo deal with MCA Records and spent much of late 1983 and 1984 writing songs for this first solo effort , Now Voyager . Robin released three solo albums in the ' 80s , How Old Are You ? , Secret Agent and Walls Have Eyes . And Maurice released his second single to date , `` Hold Her in Your Hand '' , for the first time since 1970 . In 1985 , Diana Ross released the album Eaten Alive , written by the Bee Gees , with the title track co-written with Michael Jackson ( who also performed on the track ) . The album was again co-produced by Barry Gibb , and the single `` Chain Reaction '' gave Ross a UK and Australian No. 1 hit . 1987 -- 1999 : comeback and return to popularity ( edit ) The Bee Gees released the album E.S.P. in 1987 , which sold over 3 million copies . It was their first album in six years , and their first for Warner Bros. Records . The single `` You Win Again '' went to No. 1 in numerous countries , including the UK , and made the Bee Gees the first group to score a UK No. 1 hit in each of three decades : the 1960s , 1970s , and 1980s . The single was a disappointment in the US , charting at No. 75 , and the Bee Gees voiced their frustration over American radio stations ' not playing their new European hit single , an omission which the group felt led to poor sales of their current album in the US . The song won the Bee Gees the 1987 British Academy 's Ivor Novello award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically , and in February 1988 the band received a Brit Award nomination for Best British Group . On 10 March 1988 , younger brother Andy died , aged 30 , as a result of myocarditis , an inflammation of the heart muscle due to a recent viral infection . His brothers acknowledge that Andy 's past drug and alcohol use probably made his heart more susceptible to this illness . Just before Andy 's death , the brothers had decided that Andy would join them , which would have made them a four - member group . Instead , the Bee Gees got together with Eric Clapton to create a group called ' the Bunburys ' to raise money for English charities . The group recorded three songs for The Bunbury Tails : `` We 're the Bunburys '' , `` Bunbury Afternoon '' , and `` Fight ( No Matter How Long ) '' . The last song reached No. 8 on the rock music chart and appeared on The 1988 Summer Olympics Album . The Bee Gees ' following album , One ( 1989 ) , featured a song dedicated to Andy , `` Wish You Were Here '' . The album also contained their first US Top 10 hit ( No. 7 ) in a decade , `` One '' ( an Adult Contemporary No. 1 ) . After the album 's release , the band embarked on its first world tour in 10 years . In 1990 , Polydor Records issued the box set Tales from the Brothers Gibb : A History in Song , which contains all singles released ( except 1981 's `` Living Eyes '' ) , rare B - sides , unreleased tracks , solo material and live performances . Many songs received new stereo mixes by Bill Inglot , and some songs made their CD debut . At the time of its release , Tales was one of the first box sets issued in the music business , and it was considered an honour for a group to have one . In the UK , Polydor issued a single disc hits collection from Tales called The Very Best of the Bee Gees , which contained their biggest UK hits . The album became one of their best selling albums in that country , and was eventually certified Triple Platinum . Bee Gees in Los Angeles in 1992 Following their next album , High Civilization ( 1991 ) , which contained the UK top five hit `` Secret Love '' , the Bee Gees went on a European tour . After the tour , Barry Gibb began to battle a serious back problem , which required surgery . In addition , he suffered from arthritis , which at one point was so severe that it was doubtful that he would be able to play guitar for much longer . Also in the early 1990s , Maurice Gibb finally sought treatment for his alcoholism , which he had battled for many years with the help of Alcoholics Anonymous . In 1993 , the group returned to the Polydor label and released the album Size Is n't Everything , which contained the UK top five hit `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' . Success still eluded them in the US , however , as the first single released , `` Paying the Price of Love '' , only managed to reach No. 74 on the Billboard Hot 100 , while the parent album stalled at No. 153 . In 1997 , they released the album Still Waters , which sold over four million copies and reached No. 2 in the UK ( their highest album chart position there since 1979 ) and No. 11 in the US . The album 's first single , `` Alone '' , gave them another UK Top 5 hit and a top 30 hit in the US . Still Waters would be the band 's most successful US release of their post-RSO era . At the 1997 BRIT Awards held in Earls Court , London on 24 February , the Bee Gees received the award for Outstanding Contribution to Music . On 14 November 1997 , the Bee Gees performed a live concert in Las Vegas called One Night Only . The show included a performance of `` Our Love ( Do n't Throw It All Away ) '' synchronised with a vocal by their deceased brother Andy and a cameo appearance by Celine Dion singing `` Immortality '' . The CD of the performance sold over 5 million copies . The `` One Night Only '' name grew out of the band 's declaration that , due to Barry 's health issues , the Las Vegas show was to be the final live performance of their career . After the immensely positive audience response to the Vegas concert , Barry decided to continue despite the pain , and the concert expanded into their last full - blown world tour of `` One Night Only '' concerts . The tour included playing to 56,000 people at London 's Wembley Stadium on 5 September 1998 and concluded in the newly built Olympic Stadium in Sydney , Australia on 27 March 1999 to 72,000 people . In 1998 , the group 's soundtrack for Saturday Night Fever was incorporated into a stage production produced first in the West End and then on Broadway . They wrote three new songs for the adaptation . Also in 1998 the brothers recorded Ellan Vannin for Manx charities . Known as the unofficial national anthem of the Isle of Man , the brothers performed the song during their world tour to reflect their pride in the place of their birth . The Bee Gees closed the decade with what turned out to be their last full - sized concert , known as BG2K , on 31 December 1999 . 2000 -- 2008 : this is where I came in and Maurice 's death ( edit ) In 2001 , the group released what turned out to be their final album of new material as a group , This Is Where I Came In . The album was another success , reaching the Top 10 in the UK ( being certified Gold ) , and the Top 20 in the US . The title track was also a UK Top 20 hit single . The album gave each member of the group a chance to write in his own way , as well as composing songs together . For example , Maurice 's compositions and leads are the `` Man in the Middle '' and `` Walking on Air '' , while Robin contributed `` Déjà Vu '' , `` Promise the Earth '' , and `` Embrace '' , and Barry contributed `` Loose Talk Costs Lives '' , `` Technicolour Dreams '' and `` Voice in the Wilderness '' . The other songs are collaborative in writing and vocals . They performed many tracks from This Is Where I Came In , plus many of their biggest hits , on the live televised concert series Live by Request , shown on the A&E Network . The last concert of the Bee Gees as a trio was at the Love and Hope Ball in 2002 . Maurice , who had been the musical director of the Bee Gees during their final years as a group , died unexpectedly on 12 January 2003 , at age 53 , from a heart attack , while awaiting emergency surgery to repair a strangulated intestine . Initially , his surviving brothers announced that they intended to carry on the name `` Bee Gees '' in his memory , but as time passed they decided to retire the group 's name , leaving it to represent the three brothers together . The same week that Maurice died , Robin 's solo album Magnet was released . On 23 February 2003 , the Bee Gees received the Grammy Legend Award , they also became the first recipients of that award in the 21st century . Barry and Robin accepted as well as Maurice 's son , Adam , in a tearful ceremony . Although there was talk of a memorial concert featuring both surviving brothers and invited guests , nothing materialised . Barry and Robin continued to work independently , and both released recordings with other artists , occasionally coming together to perform at special events . In late 2004 , Robin embarked on a solo tour of Germany , Russia and Asia . During January 2005 , Barry , Robin and several legendary rock artists recorded `` Grief Never Grows Old '' , the official tsunami relief record for the Disasters Emergency Committee . Later that year , Barry reunited with Barbra Streisand for her top - selling album Guilty Pleasures , released as Guilty Too in the UK as a sequel album to the previous Guilty . Robin continued touring in Europe . Also in 2004 , Barry recorded his song `` I Cannot Give You My Love '' with Cliff Richard , which became a UK top 20 hit single . In February 2006 , Barry and Robin reunited on stage for a Miami charity concert to benefit the Diabetes Research Institute . It was their first public performance together since Maurice 's death . The pair also played at the 30th annual Prince 's Trust Concert in the UK on 20 May 2006 . In October 2008 , Robin performed a couple of songs in London as part of the BBC Electric Proms Saturday Night Fever performance . This involved various other performers and the BBC Concert Orchestra , and was screened on the BBC and BBC interactive services . 2009 -- 2012 : return to performing and Robin 's death ( edit ) In an interview with Easy Mix radio host Tim Roxborough on 1 September 2009 , Barry 's 63rd birthday , Barry commented on future tours saying that `` they will be back '' ; but in an agreement with Warner / Rhino they would not make an announcement at that time . On 7 September 2009 , Robin disclosed to Jonathan Agnew that he had been in touch with Barry and that they had agreed that the Bee Gees would re-form and `` perform again '' . Barry and Robin performed on the BBC 's Strictly Come Dancing on 31 October 2009 and appeared on ABC - TV 's Dancing with the Stars on 17 November 2009 . On 15 March 2010 , Barry and Robin inducted the Swedish group ABBA into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . On 26 May 2010 , the two made a surprise appearance on the ninth - season finale of American Idol . On 20 November 2011 it was announced that Robin Gibb , at 61 years old , had been diagnosed with liver cancer , a condition he had become aware of several months earlier . He had become noticeably thinner in previous months and had to cancel several appearances due to issues with severe abdominal pain . On 13 February 2012 , Robin joined British military trio the Soldiers for the Coming Home charity concert at the London Palladium , in support of injured servicemen . It was his first public appearance for almost five months and his final . On 14 April 2012 , it was reported that Robin had contracted pneumonia in a Chelsea hospital and was in a coma . Although he came out of his coma on 20 April 2012 , his condition deteriorated rapidly , and he died on 20 May 2012 of liver and kidney failure . With Robin 's death , Barry became the last surviving Gibb brother , and the Bee Gees dissolved as a musical group . 2013 -- present : looking back at a lifetime of music ( edit ) In September and October 2013 , Barry performed his first solo tour `` in honour of his brothers and a lifetime of music '' . In addition to the Rhino collection , The Studio Albums : 1967 -- 1968 , Warner Bros. released a box set in 2014 called The Warner Bros Years : 1987 -- 1991 that included the studio albums E.S.P. , One and High Civilisation as well as extended mixes and B - sides . It also included the band 's entire 1989 concert in Melbourne , Australia , available only on video as `` All For One '' prior to this release . The documentary The Joy of the Bee Gees is aired on BBC Four on 19 December 2014 . In 2015 , 13STAR Records released a box set 1974 -- 1979 by March 23 which included the studio albums Mr. Natural , Main Course , Children of the World and Spirits Having Flown . A fifth disc called The Miami Years includes all the tracks from Saturday Night Fever as well as B - Sides . No unreleased tracks from the era were included . After a hiatus from performing , Barry Gibb returned to solo and guest singing performances . He occasionally appears with his son , Steve Gibb , who declined to use the Bee Gees brand mainly because of his much more different style . In 2016 , he released In the Now , his first solo effort since 1984 's Now Voyager . It was the first release of new Bee Gees - related music since the posthumous release of Robin Gibb 's 50 St. Catherine 's Drive . The Bee Gees have signed a new distribution deal with Capitol Records , bringing them back to Universal . Influences ( edit ) The Bee Gees were influenced by the Beatles , the Everly Brothers , the Mills Brothers , Elvis Presley , the Rolling Stones , Roy Orbison the Beach Boys and Stevie Wonder . On the 2014 documentary The Joy of the Bee Gees , Barry claimed that the Bee Gees were also influenced by the Hollies and Otis Redding . Legacy ( edit ) Brian May of Queen said : `` Of course I was , and am a huge fan of the Bee Gees ' creations in music . Undoubtedly at the pinnacle of song - writing considered over the last -- 30 years , is it ? ! My fondest recollections are not of the SNF days , which were really a re-birth in the Bee Gees ' popularity , but the early ground - breaking songs ... I remember singing these ( songs ) with my pal Tim Staffell ( of Smile ) and Freddie ( Mercury ) in the real old days . '' May also praised the song `` You Win Again '' as one of the greatest songs of the ' 80s . In his 1980 Playboy magazine interview , John Lennon praised the Bee Gees , `` Try to tell the kids in the seventies who were screaming to the Bee Gees that their music was just the Beatles redone . There is nothing wrong with the Bee Gees . They do a damn good job . There was nothing else going on then '' . Michael Jackson , who was also influenced by the Bee Gees said , `` I cried listening to their music . I knew every note , every instrument '' . Paul McCartney recalled , `` It was the ' Mining Disaster ' song that Robert Stigwood played me , I said ' sign them , they 're great ' '' . Ringo Starr said , `` The Bee Gees from our era were quite important , especially the harmonies . '' In a 2007 interview with Duane Hitchings , who co-wrote Rod Stewart 's 1978 disco song `` Da Ya Think I 'm Sexy ? '' , noted that the song was : `` a spoof on guys from the ' cocaine lounge lizards ' of the Saturday Night Fever days . We Rock and Roll guys thought we were dead meat when that movie and the Bee Gees came out . The Bee Gees were brilliant musicians and really nice people . No big egos . Rod , in his brilliance , decided to do a spoof on disco . VERY smart man . There is no such thing as a `` dumb '' super success in the music business . '' Kevin Parker of Tame Impala has said that listening to the Bee Gees after taking mushrooms inspired him to change the sound of the music he was making in his album Currents . Barry Gibb once said : `` When we first came out , Jimi Hendrix said we were two - year old Beatles . He was just giving an opinion at the time . People just like to have go at other artists . But we are very good friends with Jimi now '' . Years later , Gibb recalled : `` He was a great mate of mine . He came to my twenty - first birthday . He was an extremely polite bloke . I never knew about the drugs then . I thought he was acting a bit weird and saying kind of remote things , but I was too naive to even consider that it might be drugs , I never caught on with Jimi and the drugs . I saw him drunk a few times because I remember thinking he was always really quiet until he had a few drinks '' ... The English indie rock band the Cribs was also influenced by the Bee Gees . Cribs member Ryan Jarman said : `` It must have had quite a big influence on us -- pop melodies is something we always revert to . I always want to get back to pop melodies and I 'm sure that 's due to that Bee Gees phase we went through '' . Following Robin 's death on 20 May 2012 , Beyoncé remarked : `` The Bee Gees were an early inspiration for me , Kelly Rowland and Michelle . We loved their songwriting and beautiful harmonies . Recording their classic song , ' Emotion ' was a special time for Destiny 's Child . Sadly we lost Robin Gibb this week . My heart goes out to his brother Barry and the rest of his family . Singer Jordin Sparks remarked that her favorite Bee Gees songs are `` Too Much Heaven '' , `` Emotion '' ( although performed by Samantha Sang with Barry on the background vocals using his falsetto ) , and `` Stayin ' Alive '' . Carrie Underwood said , about discovering the Bee Gees during her childhood , `` My parents listened to the Bee Gees quite a bit when I was little , so I was definitely exposed to them at an early age . They just had a sound that was all their own , obviously , ( it was ) never duplicated '' . Other artists who were influenced by the Bee Gees include : The Pet Shop Boys , George Michael , Billy Joel , Paul Simon of Simon & Garfunkel , David Bowie , Brian Wilson of the Beach Boys , Debbie Harry of Blondie , Madonna , Andy Bell of Beady Eye , Noel Gallagher and Elton John . The electropop / synth - pop band Hyperbubble even released a dedicated EP , Christmas with The Bee Gees . The Bee Gees have sold in excess of 220 million records worldwide . Songwriting ( edit ) `` Everyone should be aware that the Bee Gees are second only to Lennon and McCartney as the most successful songwriting unit in British popular music . '' -- Music historian Paul Gambaccini . At one point in 1978 , the Gibb brothers were responsible for writing and / or performing nine of the songs in the Billboard Hot 100 . In all , the Gibbs placed 13 singles onto the Hot 100 in 1978 , with 12 making the Top 40 . The Gibb brothers are fellows of the British Academy of Songwriters , Composers and Authors ( BASCA ) . At least 2,500 artists have recorded their songs . Singer - songwriter Gavin DeGraw spoke to the Bee Gees ' influence with their own music as well as their songwriting : `` Let 's talk about the Bee Gees . That 's an iconic group . Not just a great band , but a great group of songwriters . Even long after the Bee Gees ' success on the pop charts , they were still writing songs for other people , huge hit songs . Their talent went far beyond their moment of normal pop success . It is a loss to the music industry and a loss of an iconic group . The beauty of this industry is that we do pay tribute and every artist coming up is a fan of a generation prior to it , so there 's a real tradition element to it '' . Among the artists who have covered their songs are Michael Bolton , Boyzone , Eric Clapton , Billy Corgan , Destiny 's Child , Faith No More , the Flaming Lips , John Frusciante , Al Green , Engelbert Humperdinck , Elton John , Tom Jones , Janis Joplin , Demi Lovato , Lulu , N - Trance , the Pet Shop Boys , Elvis Presley , Nina Simone , Percy Sledge , Robert Smith , Status Quo , Steps and Take That . In 2009 , as part of the Q150 celebrations , the Bee Gees were announced as one of the Q150 Icons of Queensland for their role as `` Influential Artists '' . Accolades and achievements ( edit ) Bee Gees ' star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame In October 1999 the Isle of Man Post Office unveiled a set of 6 stamps honouring their native sons ' music . The official launch took place at the London Palladium where the stage show of Saturday Night Fever was playing . A similar launch was held in New York shortly after to coincide with the show opening across the Atlantic . The songs depicted on the stamps are `` Massachusetts '' , `` Words '' , `` I 've Gotta Get A Message To You '' , `` Night Fever '' , `` Stayin ' Alive '' and `` Immortality '' . In 1978 , following the success of Saturday Night Fever , and the single `` Night Fever '' in particular , Reubin Askew , the Governor of the US state of Florida , named the Bee Gees honorary citizens of the state , since they resided in Miami at the time . In 1979 , the Bee Gees got their star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . They were inducted in 1994 on the Songwriters Hall of Fame , as well as Florida 's Artists Hall of Fame in 1995 , ARIA Hall of Fame in 1997 . Also in 1997 , the Bee Gees were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . In 2001 , they were inducted on the Vocal Group Hall of Fame . After Maurice 's death , the Bee Gees inducted in Dance Music Hall of Fame in 2001 , London 's Walk of Fame in 2006 and Musically Speaking Hall Of Fame in 2008 . And on 15 May 2007 , the Bee Gees were named BMI Icons at the 55th annual BMI Pop Awards . Collectively , Barry , Maurice and Robin Gibb have earned 109 BMI Pop , Country and Latin Awards . All three brothers ( including Maurice , posthumously ) were appointed Commanders in the Order of the British Empire in December 2001 with the ceremony taking place at Buckingham Palace on 27 May 2004 . On 10 July 2009 , the Isle of Man 's capital bestowed the Freedom of the Borough of Douglas honour on Barry and Robin , as well as posthumously on Maurice . On 20 November 2009 , the Douglas Borough Council released a limited edition commemorative DVD to mark their naming as Freemen of the Borough . On 14 February 2013 , Barry Gibb unveiled a statue of the Bee Gees , as well as unveiling `` Bee Gees Way '' ( a walkway filled with photos of the Bee Gees ) , in honour of the Bee Gees in Redcliffe , Queensland , Australia . Awards and nominations ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Year Association Category Nominated work Result Ref . 1978 Grammy Awards Best Pop Vocal Performance by a Group `` How Deep Is Your Love '' Won 1979 Best Pop Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group Saturday Night Fever Won Best Arrangement of Voices `` Stayin ' Alive '' Won Album of the Year Saturday Night Fever Won Producer of the Year Saturday Night Fever Won American Music Awards Favorite Pop / Rock Band , Duo or Group Bee Gees Won Favorite Soul / R&B Album Saturday Night Fever Won 1980 Favorite Pop / Rock Band , Duo or Group Bee Gees Won Favorite Pop / Rock Album Spirits Having Flown Won 1997 International Artist Award Bee Gees Won BRIT Awards Outstanding Contribution To Music Bee Gees Won World Music Awards Legend Award Bee Gees Won 2003 Grammy Awards Special award of merit Legend Award Bee Gees Won Hall of Fame Award Saturday Night Fever Won 2015 Lifetime Achievement Award Bee Gees Won Band members ( edit ) Barry Gibb played rhythm guitar . During the early 1970s , Robin Gibb played piano and violin occasionally , after which , he only played strings and keyboards privately . Maurice Gibb played bass guitar , acoustic guitar , lead guitar , harmonica , piano , organ , mellotron , keyboard , synthesizer and drums . From 1966 to 1972 he played multiple instruments on many records . During the late 1970s he played mainly bass guitar . From about 1986 onward he usually played keyboards and guitars . Maurice was credited by the brothers as being the most technologically savvy member of the band . Principal members Barry Gibb -- vocals , rhythm guitar ( 1958 -- 2003 , 2009 -- 2012 ) Robin Gibb -- vocals , guitar , keyboards , harmonica ( 1958 -- 1969 , 1970 - 2003 , 2009 -- 12 ; d . 2012 ) Maurice Gibb -- vocals , lead guitar , bass , keyboards , rhythm guitar , drums , synthesizer , mellotron , piano , organ , harmonica ( 1958 -- 2003 ; d . 2003 ) These musicians were considered members of the band : Colin Petersen -- drums ( 1967 -- 1969 ) Vince Melouney -- lead guitar ( 1967 -- 1968 ) Geoff Bridgford -- drums ( 1971 -- 1972 ) Touring members Alan Kendall - lead guitar ( 1971 - 1981 , 1989 - 2003 ) Chris Karan - drums ( 1972 ) Geoff Westley - keyboards , piano ( 1973 - 1976 ) Dennis Byron - drums ( 1973 - 1981 ) Blue Weaver - synthesizers , keyboards ( 1975 - 1981 ) Joe Lala - percussion ( 1976 , 1979 ) Joey Murcia - rhythm guitar ( 1976 , 1979 ) Harold Cowart - bass ( 1979 ) Tim Cansfield - lead guitar ( 1989 ) Vic Martin - keyboard , synthesizer ( 1989 ) Gary Moberly - keyboard , synthesizer ( 1989 ) George Perry - bass ( 1989 ) Chester Thompson - drums ( 1989 ) Ben Stivers -- keyboard ( 1996 - 1999 ) Matt Bonelli -- bass ( 1996 - 1999 ) Steve Rucker -- drums ( 1996 - 1999 ) Timeline ( edit ) Discography ( edit ) Main articles : Bee Gees discography and List of songs recorded by The Bee Gees See also : Robin Gibb discography Soundtracks Saturday Night Fever ( 1977 ) and Staying Alive ( 1983 ) contain music not released on their original albums . All their officially released albums included on this list ; A Kick in the Head Is Worth Eight in the Pants have not been included on the list because it only appeared on numerous bootlegs and was not officially released . Studio albums ( edit ) The Bee Gees Sing and Play 14 Barry Gibb Songs ( 1965 ) Spicks and Specks ( 1966 ) Bee Gees ' 1st ( 1967 ) Horizontal ( 1968 ) Idea ( 1968 ) Odessa ( 1969 ) Cucumber Castle ( 1970 ) 2 Years On ( 1970 ) Trafalgar ( 1971 ) To Whom It May Concern ( 1972 ) Life in a Tin Can ( 1973 ) Mr. Natural ( 1974 ) Main Course ( 1975 ) Children of the World ( 1976 ) Spirits Having Flown ( 1979 ) Living Eyes ( 1981 ) E.S.P. ( 1987 ) One ( 1989 ) High Civilization ( 1991 ) Size Is n't Everything ( 1993 ) Still Waters ( 1997 ) This Is Where I Came In ( 2001 ) Song catalogue ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Gibbs gained ownership rights to their back catalogue , returning distribution rights to Warner Music Group ( which had purchased Atco ) , where they subsequently reissued digitally remastered versions of Saturday Night Fever , their later Bee Gees Greatest album , and a new boxed set : The Studio Albums : 1967 -- 1968 under the Reprise Records / Rhino Records labels . Additionally , more recent titles such as Still Waters and This Is Where I Came In were among the first batch of re-releases . The band 's three Warner Bros. releases , E.S.P. , One and High Civilisation were also made available on iTunes for the first time since the albums went out of print in North America in the mid-90s . According to Robin Gibb 's website , three more reissues were planned for the 2008 holiday season : Best of Bee Gees , Best of Bee Gees , Volume 2 and Love Songs . The double album Odessa was released on 13 January 2009 in a special 3 - disc deluxe edition complete with the original red velvet cover with remastered stereo and mono versions of the album as well as alternate versions and unreleased tracks . Since the remastered release of Odessa , Rhino has stopped reissuing original Bee Gees albums and there has not been any announcement as to when the remaining albums will be remastered . In December , 2016 , Capitol Records assumed distribution rights for the entire Bee Gees catalog . Ellan Vannin was recorded in 1997 as a 1,000 quantity limited edition single for Isle of Man charities . The song was featured in the Bee Gees World Tour and on ITV 's `` An Evening With ... '' but to date has not been released generally . The single was subsequently also available as part of the 1999 Bee Gees Stamp issue . In conjunction with the 50th anniversary of the Bee Gees ( when they started calling themselves `` Bee Gees '' in 1959 ) , Rhino Records have released two new collections . Mythology is a four - disc collection highlighting each brother , including Andy , with tracks personally selected by Barry , Robin , Maurice 's wife Yvonne ( with his children Adam and Samantha ) , and Andy 's daughter Peta . Maurice 's disc contains two unreleased tracks called `` Angel of Mercy '' and `` The Bridge '' . Andy 's disc contains the unreleased track `` Arrow Through The Heart '' . Mythology also features a scrapbook of family photos , many never - before published , along with tributes from artists such as George Martin , Brian Wilson , Elton John , Graham Nash and the band 's longtime manager Robert Stigwood . The second collection , The Ultimate Bee Gees , is a more modest two - disc 40 - track collection highlighting their biggest hits and includes a bonus DVD of unreleased videos , previously unreleased television appearances , live performances and promo videos . Each disc is themed , with the first disc being the more upbeat songs called `` A Night Out '' and the second disc being more ballad - focused called `` A Night In '' . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Director 1969 Cucumber Castle Hugh Gladwish 1978 Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Michael Schultz 1997 Keppel Road Tony Cash In Our Own Time Martyn Atkins Television series Year Title Director 1979 The Bee Gees Special Louis J. Horvitz 1994 Space Ghost Coast to Coast C. Martin Croker , Jeff Doud 2001 This Is Where I Came In David Leaf , John Scheinfield 2002 Live By Request Lawrence Jordan Videography Year Title Director 1990 One For All Tour Adrian Woods , Peter Demetris 1997 One Night Only Bee Gees See also ( edit ) List of Bee Gees world tours References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pop / Rock '' Soft Rock '' Soft Rock . `` Soft Rock Music Artists '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 21 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Petridis , Alexis ( 18 July 2013 ) . `` Barry Gibb of the Bee Gees : ' I want to keep the music alive ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Music Blog , The L.A. Times ( 20 May 2012 ) . `` Robin Gibb dead : Bee Gees singer , 62 , had battled cancer '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Bee Gees biography '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum . 1997 . Archived from the original on 28 June 2011 . Retrieved 28 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Beach Boys '' . Reason to Rock . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Inductees : Bee Gees '' . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum . 1997 . Archived from the original on 16 June 2005 . Retrieved 27 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Michaels , Sean ( 8 September 2009 ) . `` Bee Gees to re-form for live comeback '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 26 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Robin Gibb , Bee Gees Co-Founder , Dead at 62 '' . Rolling Stone . 20 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Adriaensen , Marion . `` The story about The Bee Gees / Part 2 -- 1950 -- 1960 '' . Brothers Gibb . Retrieved 9 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes , Andrew . The Bee Gees - Tales of the Brothers Gibb . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Dolgins , Adam ( 1998 ) , Rock Names : From Abba to ZZ Top ( 3rd ed . ) , Citadel , p. 24 Jump up ^ Songfacts.com . `` Time Is Passing By by Bee Gees '' . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . 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Jump up ^ `` Barry Gibb unveils a Bee Gees statue in Australia '' , Express , UK Jump up ^ `` Gibb returns to Redcliffe to unveil Bee Gees statue '' , ABC , AU , 14 February 2013 Jump up ^ `` Barry Gibb remembers barefoot days as Bee Gees celebrated in bronze '' , Brisbane Times , Queen 's land , AU , 14 February 2013 Jump up ^ `` Bee Gees statue set to be unveiled '' , News , AU : Yahoo ! Jump up ^ `` 1977 Grammy Award Winners '' . Grammy.com . Retrieved 19 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1978 Grammy Winners '' . Grammy.com . Retrieved 19 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bee Gees Head Lists For 6 Grammy Awards '' . Daytona Beach Morning Journal . The News - Journal Corporation . January 9 , 1979 . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Music Awards : : Awards '' . Retrieved 6 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Grammy Award Winners '' . Grammy.com . Retrieved 19 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 Grammy Award Winners '' . Grammy.com . Retrieved 19 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Awards 2015 : winners and performances -- as it happened '' . Guardian . February 9 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Colin Petersen '' . starclustermusic.de . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 19 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vince Maloney '' . starclustermusic.de . Retrieved 19 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Geoff Bridgford Bio '' . MTV . Retrieved 19 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beegees '' . Beegees . Archived from the original on 7 July 2011 . Retrieved 9 July 2011 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bilyeu , Melinda ; Cook , Hector ; Hughes , Andrew Môn ( 2009 ) ( 2003 ) . The Bee Gees -- Tales of The Brothers Gibb . Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85712 - 004 - 5 . Retrieved 14 May 2013 ... External links ( edit ) Book : Bee Gees Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bee Gees . Bee Gees -- official website Barry Gibb -- official website Robin Gibb -- official website Bee Gees at Rolling Stone Bee Gees at AllMusic Bee Gees ' Vocal Group Hall of Fame webpage Bee Gees at bmi.com Robin Gibb sadly passes away after losing his battle with cancer Who Do You Think You Are ? -- Bee Gees Family History Bee Gees interviewed on the Pop Chronicles ( 1970 ) Bee Gees Bee Gees Barry Gibb Robin Gibb Maurice Gibb Colin Petersen Vince Melouney Alan Kendall Dennis Bryon Blue Weaver Studio albums The Bee Gees Sing and Play 14 Barry Gibb Songs Spicks and Specks Bee Gees ' 1st Horizontal Idea Odessa Cucumber Castle 2 Years On Trafalgar To Whom It May Concern Life in a Tin Can Mr. Natural Main Course Children of the World Spirits Having Flown Living Eyes E.S.P. One High Civilization Size Is n't Everything Still Waters This Is Where I Came In Extended plays The Bee Gees New York Mining Disaster 1941 Soundtracks Melody Saturday Night Fever Live albums Here at Last ... Bee Gees ... Live One Night Only Compilation albums Turn Around , Look at Us Rare , Precious and Beautiful Rare , Precious and Beautiful , Volume 2 Best of Bee Gees Inception / Nostalgia Best of Bee Gees , Volume 2 Bee Gees Gold Bee Gees Greatest Tales from the Brothers Gibb The Very Best of the Bee Gees Their Greatest Hits : The Record Number Ones Love Songs The Ultimate Bee Gees Mythology Timeless : The All - Time Greatest Hits Videography Idea Cucumber Castle The Bee Gees Special One for All Tour One Night Only The Ultimate Bee Gees In Our Own Time Tours The Bee Gees ' concerts in 1967 and 1968 Spirits Having Flown Tour Articles Discography List of songs recorded List of unreleased material A Kick in the Head Is Worth Eight in the Pants The Barry Gibb Talk Show IBC Studios Hither Green rail crash Bands The Rattlesnakes Humpy Bong The Fut The Bloomfields Tin Tin The Groove Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs Toe Fat Amen Corner One World Project People Hugh Gibb Andy Gibb Steve Gibb Spencer Gibb Robert Stigwood Arif Mardin Ossie Byrne Steve Kipner Albhy Galuten Book Category Bee Gees singles discography 1960s 1963 `` The Battle of the Blue and the Grey '' / `` The Three Kisses of Love '' `` Timber ! '' / `` Take Hold of That Star '' 1964 `` Peace of Mind '' / `` Do n't Say Goodbye '' `` Claustrophobia '' / `` Could It Be '' `` Turn Around , Look at Me '' / `` ( Theme From ) The Travels of Jamie McPheeters '' 1965 `` Every Day I Have to Cry '' / `` You Would n't Know '' `` Wine and Women '' / `` Follow the Wind '' `` I Was A Lover , A Leader of Men '' / `` And the Children Laughing '' 1966 `` I Want Home '' / `` Cherry Red '' `` Monday 's Rain '' / `` All of My Life '' `` Spicks and Specks '' / `` I Am the World '' 1967 `` Born a Man '' / `` Big Chance '' `` New York Mining Disaster 1941 '' / `` I Ca n't See Nobody '' `` To Love Somebody '' / `` Close Another Door '' `` Holiday '' / `` Every Christian Lion Hearted Man Will Show You '' `` Massachusetts '' / `` Barker of the UFO '' `` World '' / `` Sir Geoffrey Saved the World '' 1968 `` Words '' / `` Sinking Ships '' `` Jumbo '' / `` The Singer Sang His Song '' `` I 've Gotta Get a Message to You '' / `` Kitty Can '' `` I Started a Joke '' / `` Kilburn Towers '' 1969 `` First of May '' / `` Lamplight '' `` Tomorrow Tomorrow '' / `` Sun in My Morning '' `` Do n't Forget to Remember '' / `` The Lord '' 1970s 1970 `` If Only I Had My Mind on Something Else '' / `` Sweetheart '' ( US ) `` I.O.I.O. '' / `` Sweetheart '' `` Lonely Days '' / `` Man for All Seasons '' 1971 `` How Can You Mend a Broken Heart '' / `` Country Woman '' `` Do n't Wanna Live Inside Myself '' / `` Walking Back to Waterloo '' 1972 `` My World '' / `` On Time '' `` Run to Me '' / `` Road to Alaska '' `` Alive '' / Paper Mache , Cabbages and Kings '' 1973 `` Saw a New Morning '' / `` My Life Has Been a Song '' `` Would n't I Be Someone '' / `` Elisa '' `` Mr. Natural '' / `` It Does n't Matter Much to Me '' `` Throw a Penny '' / `` I Ca n't Let You Go '' `` Charade '' / `` Heavy Breathing '' `` Jive Talkin ' '' / `` Wind of Change '' `` Nights on Broadway '' / `` Edge of the Universe '' 1976 `` Fanny ( Be Tender with My Love ) '' / `` Country Lanes '' `` You Should Be Dancing '' / `` Subway '' `` Love So Right '' / `` You Stepped Into My Life '' 1977 `` Boogie Child '' / `` Lovers '' `` Edge of the Universe ( live ) '' / `` Words ( live ) '' `` How Deep Is Your Love '' / `` Ca n't Keep a Good Man Down '' ( live ) `` Stayin ' Alive '' / `` If I Ca n't Have You '' 1978 `` Night Fever '' / `` Down the Road ( live ) '' `` Too Much Heaven '' / `` Rest Your Love on Me '' 1979 `` Tragedy '' / `` Until '' `` Love You Inside Out '' / `` I 'm Satisfied '' 1980s 1981 `` He 's a Liar '' `` Living Eyes '' / `` I Still Love You '' `` The Woman in You '' / `` Stayin ' Alive '' `` Someone Belonging to Someone '' / `` I Love You Too Much '' ( instrumental ) `` You Win Again '' / `` Backtafunk '' `` E.S.P. '' / `` Overnight '' 1989 `` Ordinary Lives '' / `` Wing and a Prayer '' `` One '' / `` Flesh and Blood '' 1990s 1990 `` Bodyguard '' / `` Will You Ever Let Me '' 1991 `` Secret Love '' / `` Party with No Name '' `` When He 's Gone '' / `` True Confessions '' `` The Only Love '' / `` You Win Again '' ( live ) `` Happy Ever After '' / `` Evolution '' `` Paying the Price of Love '' / `` My Destiny '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' / `` Decadance '' 1994 `` How to Fall in Love , Part 1 '' / `` Fallen Angel '' `` Kiss of Life '' / `` 855 - 7019 '' 1997 `` Alone '' / `` Rings Around the Moon '' `` I Could Not Love You More '' / `` Love Never Dies '' ( EUR ) `` Still Waters ( Run Deep ) '' / `` Love Never Dies '' 2000s 2001 `` This Is Where I Came In '' / `` Just in Case '' Other countries 1968 `` And the Sun Will Shine '' / `` Really and Sincerely '' ( France ) 1970 `` Let There Be Love '' / `` Really and Sincerely '' ( Netherlands ) 1971 `` When the Swallows Fly '' / `` Give Your Best '' ( Netherlands ) `` Morning of my Life '' / `` To Love Somebody '' 1972 `` Israel '' / `` Dearest '' ( Netherlands ) `` Sea of Smiling Faces '' / `` Please Do n't Turn Out the Lights '' 1977 `` Children of the World '' / `` Boogie Child '' ( Australia ) `` Crazy for Your Love '' / `` You Win Again ( Remix ) '' `` Angela '' / `` You Win Again ( Remix ) '' ( Germany , Netherlands ) Saturday Night Fever Films Saturday Night Fever Staying Alive People John Travolta Robert Stigwood Norman Wexler John Badham Sylvester Stallone Music Saturday Night Fever soundtrack Staying Alive soundtrack `` Far from Over '' Bee Gees David Shire Related topics Stage adaptation Nik Cohn `` Tribal Rites of the New Saturday Night '' `` Saturday Night Glee - ver '' Tony Manero Grammy Award for Album of the Year 1959 -- 1979 The Music from Peter Gunn -- Henry Mancini ( 1959 ) Come Dance with Me ! -- Frank Sinatra ( 1960 ) The Button - Down Mind of Bob Newhart -- Bob Newhart ( 1961 ) Judy at Carnegie Hall -- Judy Garland ( 1962 ) The First Family -- Vaughn Meader ( 1963 ) The Barbra Streisand Album -- Barbra Streisand ( 1964 ) Getz / Gilberto -- Stan Getz , João Gilberto ( 1965 ) September of My Years -- Frank Sinatra ( 1966 ) A Man and His Music -- Frank Sinatra ( 1967 ) Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band -- The Beatles ( 1968 ) By the Time I Get to Phoenix -- Glen Campbell ( 1969 ) Blood , Sweat & Tears -- Blood , Sweat & Tears ( 1970 ) Bridge over Troubled Water -- Simon & Garfunkel ( 1971 ) Tapestry -- Carole King ( 1972 ) The Concert for Bangladesh -- Various ( 1973 ) Innervisions -- Stevie Wonder ( 1974 ) Fulfillingness ' First Finale -- Stevie Wonder ( 1975 ) Still Crazy After All These Years -- Paul Simon ( 1976 ) Songs in the Key of Life -- Stevie Wonder ( 1977 ) Rumours -- Fleetwood Mac ( 1978 ) Saturday Night Fever -- Bee Gees / Various ( 1979 ) 1980 -- 2000 52nd Street -- Billy Joel ( 1980 ) Christopher Cross -- Christopher Cross ( 1981 ) Double Fantasy -- John Lennon and Yoko Ono ( 1982 ) Toto IV -- Toto ( 1983 ) Thriller -- Michael Jackson ( 1984 ) Ca n't Slow Down -- Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) No Jacket Required -- Phil Collins ( 1986 ) Graceland -- Paul Simon ( 1987 ) The Joshua Tree -- U2 ( 1988 ) Faith -- George Michael ( 1989 ) Nick of Time -- Bonnie Raitt ( 1990 ) Back on the Block -- Quincy Jones and various artists ( 1991 ) Unforgettable ... with Love -- Natalie Cole ( 1992 ) Unplugged -- Eric Clapton ( 1993 ) The Bodyguard -- Whitney Houston ( 1994 ) MTV Unplugged -- Tony Bennett ( 1995 ) Jagged Little Pill -- Alanis Morissette ( 1996 ) Falling into You -- Celine Dion ( 1997 ) Time Out of Mind -- Bob Dylan ( 1998 ) The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill -- Lauryn Hill ( 1999 ) Supernatural -- Santana ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Two Against Nature -- Steely Dan ( 2001 ) O Brother , Where Art Thou ? Soundtrack ( 2002 ) Come Away with Me -- Norah Jones ( 2003 ) Speakerboxxx / The Love Below -- Outkast ( 2004 ) Genius Loves Company -- Ray Charles and various artists ( 2005 ) How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb -- U2 ( 2006 ) Taking the Long Way -- Dixie Chicks ( 2007 ) River : The Joni Letters -- Herbie Hancock ( 2008 ) Raising Sand -- Robert Plant & Alison Krauss ( 2009 ) Fearless -- Taylor Swift ( 2010 ) The Suburbs -- Arcade Fire ( 2011 ) 21 -- Adele ( 2012 ) Babel -- Mumford & Sons ( 2013 ) Random Access Memories -- Daft Punk ( 2014 ) Morning Phase -- Beck ( 2015 ) 1989 -- Taylor Swift ( 2016 ) 25 -- Adele ( 2017 ) Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Class of 1997 Performers Bee Gees ( Barry Gibb , Maurice Gibb , Robin Gibb ) Buffalo Springfield ( Richie Furay , Dewey Martin , Bruce Palmer , Stephen Stills , Neil Young ) Crosby , Stills , & Nash ( David Crosby , Graham Nash , Stephen Stills ) The Jackson 5 ( Jackie Jackson , Jermaine Jackson , Marlon Jackson , Michael Jackson , Tito Jackson ) Joni Mitchell Parliament - Funkadelic ( Jerome Brailey , George Clinton , Bootsy Collins , Raymond Davis , Tiki Fulwood , Glenn Goins , Michael Hampton , Fuzzy Haskins , Eddie Hazel , Walter Morrison , Cordell Mosson , Billy Bass Nelson , Garry Shider , Calvin Simon , Grady Thomas , Bernie Worrell ) The ( Young ) Rascals ( Eddie Brigati , Felix Cavaliere , Gene Cornish , Dino Danelli ) Early influences Mahalia Jackson Bill Monroe Non-performers ( Ahmet Ertegun Award ) Syd Nathan VIAF : 139205291 LCCN : n81036981 ISNI : 0000 0001 1940 4062 GND : 5137690 - 8 SUDOC : 052588173 BNF : cb139018984 ( data ) MusicBrainz : bf0f7e29 - dfe1 - 416c - b5c6 - f9ebc19ea810 NKC : ko2002161838 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bee_Gees&oldid=818343922 '' Categories : Bee Gees ARIA Award winners ARIA Hall of Fame inductees Atlantic Records artists Barry Gibb Brit Award winners British disco groups Grammy Award winners Grammy Legend Award Maurice Gibb Musical groups established in 1958 Musical groups disestablished in 2003 Musical groups reestablished in 2009 Musical groups disestablished in 2012 Musical groups from Manchester Musical trios English pop music groups Queensland musical groups Philips Records artists Robin Gibb Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees English rock music groups RSO Records artists Mercury Records artists Sibling musical trios UNICEF people United Artists Records artists Warner Bros. Records artists British soft rock music groups British soul musical groups English expatriates in Australia English expatriates in the United States Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners Capitol Records artists Show business families of the United Kingdom Q150 Icons Child musical groups 1958 establishments in Australia Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links EngvarB from January 2017 Use dmy dates from June 2014 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2013 Articles needing additional references from December 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from December 2015 Articles containing Manx - language text Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 January 2018 , at 00 : 44 . 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Bad Blood (2004)

Bad Blood ( 2004 ) - wikipedia Bad Blood ( 2004 ) Jump to : navigation , search Bad Blood ( 2004 ) Promotional poster featuring Edge Tagline ( s ) He 's Back . Watch Yours . Theme song ( s ) `` Sold Me '' by Seether Information Promotion World Wrestling Entertainment Brand ( s ) Raw Sponsor ( s ) Subway Date June 13 , 2004 Attendance 9,000 Venue Nationwide Arena City Columbus , Ohio Pay - per - view chronology Judgment Day ( 2004 ) Bad Blood ( 2004 ) The Great American Bash ( 2004 ) Bad Blood chronology Bad Blood ( 2003 ) Bad Blood ( 2004 ) Final Bad Blood ( 2004 ) was a professional wrestling pay - per - view ( PPV ) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) and presented by Subway , which took place on June 13 , 2004 , at the Nationwide Arena in Columbus , Ohio . It was the third and final annual Bad Blood event . The main event was a Hell in a Cell match , in which Triple H defeated Shawn Michaels in a ring surrounded by a steel structure of metal . Two bouts were featured on the undercard . In respective singles matches , World Heavyweight Champion Chris Benoit defeated Kane to retain his title and WWE Intercontinental Champion Randy Orton defeated Shelton Benjamin to retain his title . The event marked the third time the Hell in a Cell format was used by WWE in a Bad Blood event ; the first was at Badd Blood : In Your House in 1997 . Bad Blood grossed over $ 494,000 ticket sales from an attendance of 9,000 and received 264,000 pay - per - view buys , and was instrumental in helping WWE increase its pay - per - view revenue by $4.7 million compared to the previous year . When the event was released on DVD , it reached a peak position of third on Billboard 's DVD Sales Chart . Contents ( hide ) 1 Storylines 2 Event 2.1 Preliminary matches 2.2 Main event matches 3 Aftermath 3.1 Reception 4 Results 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Storylines ( edit ) Seven professional wrestling matches were scheduled on the event 's card beforehand , which were planned with predetermined outcomes by WWE 's script writers . The buildup to these matches and scenarios that took place before , during and after the event were also planned by the script writers . The event featured wrestlers and other talent from Raw 's brand -- a storyline expansion in which WWE assigned its employees . Wrestlers portrayed either a villainous or fan favorite gimmick , as they followed a series of events which generally built tension , leading to a wrestling match . Triple H faced Shawn Michaels inside Hell in a Cell The main event scripted into Bad Blood was fought in a Hell in a Cell match between Triple H and Shawn Michaels , a match where the ring is surrounded by a structure of metal . The buildup to the match began after Backlash , WWE 's previous pay - per - view event , where the main event was a rematch of the main event of WrestleMania XX where Michaels and Triple H took on Chris Benoit in a Triple Threat Match for the World Heavyweight Championship , which saw Benoit retain by forcing Michaels to submit . On the May 3 episode of Raw , one of WWE 's primary television programs , General Manager Eric Bischoff signed a title defense between Benoit and Michaels . The title match saw Benoit successfully retain the title after interference by Triple H. On the May 10 episode of Raw , at the start of the program , a singles match between Triple H and Shelton Benjamin resulted in a no contest after Michaels attacked Triple H ; this resulted in a storyline suspension of Michaels from WWE by Bischoff . The following week on Raw , a number one contender 's battle royal was contested , with the winner facing Benoit for the World Heavyweight title at Bad Blood . During the match , Michaels interfered and eliminated Triple H. On the May 24 episode of Raw , Bischoff scheduled Michaels and Triple H in a Hell in a Cell match at the Bad Blood event . Chris Benoit , heading into Bad Blood as World Heavyweight Champion One of the featured matches was contested for the World Heavyweight Championship pitting Benoit against the winner of the aforementioned battle royal , which turned out to be Kane . The following week , Kane held a promotional interview , in which he revealed that he envied Benoit for having the World Heavyweight Championship and concluded that he would win the championship . On the May 31 episode of Raw , Kane was scheduled in a match against Eugene . The match ended in a disqualification , after Kane hit Eugene with a folding chair . After the match ended , Kane chokeslammed Eugene and began to assault him . Benoit , however , came down to the ring to Eugene 's aid . The following week , Benoit and Edge faced off against La Résistance ( Sylvain Grenier and Robért Conway ) and Kane in a handicap tag team match . The match saw Kane perform a chokeslam and pin Benoit for the win . The other featured preliminary match was Randy Orton versus Shelton Benjamin in a singles match for Orton 's Intercontinental Championship . On the May 17 episode of Raw , Randy Orton , who was a villain , was giving a speech . Shelton Benjamin interrupted Orton 's speech and challenged Orton to an Intercontinental Championship match . The challenge , however , was denied by Orton , in which prompted Benjamin to attack Orton . The following week , an all - out brawl ensued between Orton and Chris Jericho . The brawl brought out fellow Evolution member , a group of wrestlers , Batista , to Orton 's aid . Benjamin also made his way to the ring and evened the sides . As a result of the brawl , Bischoff announced a tag team match , in which Benjamin and Jericho defeated Orton and Batista . On the May 31 episode of Raw , it was announced that Orton would defend the Intercontinental Championship against Benjamin at Bad Blood . Event ( edit ) Other on - screen personnel Role : Name : Commentator Jerry Lawler Jim Ross Carlos Cabrera ( Spanish ) Hugo Savinovich ( Spanish ) Interviewer Jonathan Coachman Todd Grisham Ring announcer Lilian Garcia Referee Chad Patton Jack Doan Earl Hebner Mike Chioda Before the event went live on pay - per - view , Batista defeated Maven in a match taped for Heat , one of WWE 's secondary television programs . Preliminary matches ( edit ) Randy Orton defended the Intercontinental Championship After Heat , the pay - per - view began with a tag team match for the World Tag Team Championship , where La Résistance ( Sylvain Grenier and Robért Conway ) defended the title against Chris Benoit and Edge . La Résistance gained the early advantage when Conway grabbed Edge and rammed him onto the security wall , back first . At one point , Benoit applied a crossface submission hold on Grenier . Kane 's pyrotechnics went off and made his way to the ring , as he entered the ring and delivered a Big Boot to Benoit , prompting the referee to end the match in a disqualification , thus La Résistance retained the World Tag Team title . The second match was Tyson Tomko , accompanied by Trish Stratus , versus Chris Jericho . In the early stages both competitors wrestled inconclusively , reversed each other 's attacks , before Tyson backed Jericho into the ring corner and hit him numerous times with his elbows . Afterwards , Jericho attempted to perform the Lionsault , but Tomko rolled out of the way . The match concluded as Jericho performed an enzuigiri on Tomko for the win . The next match was for the WWE Intercontinental Championship , in which Randy Orton defended the championship against Shelton Benjamin . The match began with Benjamin performing a drop kick on Orton , which knocked him out to the outside of the ring . Benjamin proceeded to knock Orton over the security barricade into the crowd . Orton got the advantage , after Ric Flair made his way to the ring , distracting Benjamin in the process . The match came to an end when Benjamin went off the top rope and dove onto Orton , but Orton rolled through and hooked Benjamin 's tights to pin Benjamin for the three count and retaining the Intercontinental Championship . Victoria as WWE Women 's Champion The match that followed was a Fatal 4 - Way Match for the WWE Women 's Championship , with Victoria defending the title against Trish Stratus , Lita , and Gail Kim . The start of the match saw Victoria and Lita double team Stratus , however , Stratus avoided the assault , as she rolled out of the ring . Lita and Victoria went on to double team Kim , however , Stratus pulled Lita out of the ring , afterward Victoria performed a moonsault and landed on Kim 's torso . Lita then drove Kim 's head into the mat . Stratus then went on to use a roll up on Lita to gain a pinfall victory , becoming Women 's champion for a fifth time . The fifth match was between Eugene and Jonathan Coachman . The match started with Eugene hitting an arm drag on Coachman and hitting numerous headbutts . An unknown woman in a bikini came out to the ringside area with some cookies , Coachman offered cookies to Eugene . The woman lured Eugene out of the ring and Eugene went over and grabbed some cookies . As Eugene went to grab more cookies , Coachman slammed Eugene 's head into the cookie tray . A spot in the match saw Garrison Cade come out to ringside with a stuffed animal , which prompted Cade to tear up said toy animal . Cade tried to hold Eugene so Coachman could get the advantage , however , Eugene was able dodge the attack , as Coachman ended up hitting Cade instead . Eugene Rock bottomed Coachman and pinned him for the win . Main event matches ( edit ) Shawn Michaels lost to Triple H in a Hell in a Cell match The featured preliminary match was for the World Heavyweight Championship in which Chris Benoit defended the championship against Kane . Benoit started the match by delivering chops to Kane . Mid-way in the match , Benoit charged towards Kane , but Kane delivered a sidewalk slam and tossed him over the top rope to the arena floor . Kane then stepped out of the ring and grabbed Benoit to launch him into the ring post , but Benoit was able to reverse Kane 's attack , and slammed him into the ring post . After blocking a Crippler crossface attempt , Kane chokeslammed Benoit for a near - fall . The match concluded when Kane attempted a flying clothesline but Benoit countered it with the Crippler crossface , which Kane fought out of . Benoit rolled Kane up in a pin to retain the World Heavyweight Championship . The main event was the Hell in a Cell match between Shawn Michaels and Triple H. The match began with Michaels delivering a Thesz Press and slamming Triple H into the cell wall , resulting in Triple H bleeding . Triple H got the advantage , as he was able to counter a piledriver and performed a back body drop on Michaels . Another attack saw Triple H hit Michaels with the steel steps , which resulted in Michaels bleeding . A spot in the match saw Michaels lay Triple H on a table , as he climbed onto a ladder that he took out from under the ring , and performed a diving elbow drop onto Triple H through the table . Triple H performed a Pedigree on Michaels for a near - fall . Michaels performed Sweet Chin Music on Triple H for a near - fall . Triple H performed two Pedigrees on Michaels for the win . After the match , Michaels was given a standing ovation by the audience . Aftermath ( edit ) Following Bad Blood , Raw commentator Jim Ross tried making amends between Shawn Michaels and Triple H by making them shake hands . As Michaels and Triple H extended their hands to shake , however , Kane came out and attacked Michaels , with Kane , in storyline , crushing Michaels ' throat with a wedged chair . Michaels was then taken out in an ambulance for medical attention . Lita 's pregnancy was scripted into a storyline . On the June 21 episode of Raw , it appeared that Lita 's then - boyfriend , Matt Hardy was going to propose to Lita , having found out she was pregnant , but he was interrupted by Kane , who claimed to be the father of Lita 's child . Two months later , it was revealed that Kane was , indeed , the father . At SummerSlam , the rivalry between Kane and Hardy intensified , when they were booked in a `` Till Death Do Us Part '' match , with the stipulation that Lita would be obliged to marry Kane should Hardy lose . Kane won the match , leading to he and a reluctant Lita marrying one another on an episode of Raw . On the August 30 episode of Raw , Kane revealed that Eric Bischoff 's wedding gift to them was to name any match he wanted for at the September annual event , Unforgiven . Continuing with the scripted angle , Lita informed Kane that his opponent at the event was Shawn Michaels . At Unforgiven , Michaels defeated Kane in a no disqualification match . On the June 21 episode of Raw , a number one contender 's match between Eugene and Triple H was scheduled in which the winner would face Chris Benoit for the World Heavyweight Championship . The match , however , ended in a No Contest . On the June 28 episode of Raw , a rematch for the World Heavyweight Championship between Benoit and Kane took place . A stipulation was placed that Benoit had to win the match by submission , while Kane could win by pinfall , submission , disqualification or countout . Benoit won the match , after he made Kane submit to a crossface . At Vengeance , Benoit defeated Triple H to retain his Championship . A heated confrontation between Randy Orton and Edge was seen , with Edge spearing Orton . The following week , it was announced that Orton would defend the Intercontinental Championship against Edge at Vengeance . Weeks leading to the event , both men took the upper hand over one another . At the scheduled event , Orton lost the Intercontinental Championship to Edge . Reception ( edit ) The Nationwide Arena usually can accommodate 19,500 , but the capacity was reduced for the event . This event grossed over $494,000 from an approximate attendance of 9,000 . It also received 264,000 pay - per - view buys . Bad Blood helped WWE earn $21.6 million in revenue from pay - per - view events versus $16.9 million the previous year , which was later confirmed by Linda McMahon , the CEO of WWE , on September 7 , 2005 in a quarterly result . Canadian Online Explorer 's professional wrestling section rated the event a five out of 10 stars . The rating was higher than the Bad Blood event in 2003 , which rated a four out of 10 stars . The World Heavyweight Championship match between Chris Benoit and Kane was rated an eight out of 10 stars . Additionally , the match between Eugene and Jonathan Coachman was rated zero out of 10 stars . The event was released on DVD on July 13 , 2004 . The DVD was distributed by the label , Sony Music Entertainment . The DVD reached third on Billboard 's DVD Sales Chart for recreational sports during the week of August 28 , 2004 , although falling thereafter . It remained in the chart for two consecutive weeks , until the week of September 25 , 2004 , when it ranked 19th . Results ( edit ) No . Results Stipulations Times Batista defeated Maven Singles match 3 : 44 Chris Benoit and Edge defeated La Résistance ( Robért Conway and Sylvain Grenier ) ( c ) by disqualification Tag team match for the World Tag Team Championship 10 : 15 Chris Jericho defeated Tyson Tomko ( with Trish Stratus ) Singles match 05 : 57 Randy Orton ( c ) defeated Shelton Benjamin Singles match for the WWE Intercontinental Championship 15 : 02 5 Trish Stratus ( with Tyson Tomko ) defeated Gail Kim , Lita and Victoria ( c ) Fatal - 4 - Way match for the WWE Women 's Championship 04 : 43 6 Eugene defeated Jonathan Coachman Singles match 07 : 37 7 Chris Benoit ( c ) defeated Kane Singles match for the World Heavyweight Championship 17 : 49 8 Triple H defeated Shawn Michaels Hell in a Cell match 47 : 26 ( c ) -- refers to the champion ( s ) heading into the match H -- indicates the match was broadcast prior to the pay - per - view on Sunday Night Heat Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Clevett , Jason ( June 14 , 2004 ) . `` Badd Blood a total bore '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved January 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Powell , John ( April 19 , 2004 ) . `` Feature bouts save BackLash '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved September 26 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Adam ( May 3 , 2004 ) . `` Full WWE Raw Results -- 5 / 3 / 04 -- Phoenix , Arizona ( Benoit / HBK -- World Title ) '' . WrestleView . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2008 . Retrieved September 7 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Keller , Wade ( May 3 , 2004 ) . `` 5 / 3 WWE Raw review : Keller 's ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of live show `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved September 7 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Adam ( May 10 , 2004 ) . `` Full WWE Raw Results -- 5 / 10 / 04 -- San Jose , CA ( Five big matches and more ) '' . WrestleView . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2008 . Retrieved September 26 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Mahling , Mallory ( May 10 , 2004 ) . `` 5 / 10 WWE Raw Review : Mallory 's ongoing `` alt . perspective '' coverage `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved September 26 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Adam ( May 17 , 2004 ) . `` Full WWE Raw Results -- 5 / 17 / 04 -- San Diego , CA ( 20 - Man Battle Royal , more ) '' . WrestleView . Retrieved September 7 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Mahling , Mallory ( May 17 , 2004 ) . `` 5 / 17 WWE Raw Report : Mallory 's Virtual Time `` Alt . Perspective '' Coverage `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved September 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Martin , Adam ( May 24 , 2004 ) . `` Full WWE Raw Results -- 5 / 24 / 04 -- Rockford , Illinois ( Triple H & HBK and more ) '' . WrestleView . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2008 . Retrieved September 7 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Mahling , Mallory ( May 24 , 2004 ) . `` 5 / 24 WWE Raw Review : Mallory 's virtual time `` alt . perspective '' coverage `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved September 7 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Martin ) , Adam ( May 31 , 2004 ) . `` Full WWE Raw Results -- 5 / 31 / 04 -- Montreal , QC ( New World Tag Team Champs ) '' . WrestleView . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2008 . Retrieved September 7 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Mahling , Mallory ( May 24 , 2004 ) . `` 5 / 31 WWE Raw Report : Mallory 's `` Virtual Time '' Coverage `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved September 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ryan Allen and Nathan Fleck ( June 7 , 2004 ) . `` Full WWE Raw Results -- 6 / 7 / 04 -- Albany , New York ( Bad Blood , Orton vs. HBK ) '' . WrestleView . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2008 . Retrieved September 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Mahling , Mallory ( June 7 , 2004 ) . `` 6 / 7 WWE Raw Report : Mallory 's virtual time `` alt . perspective '' coverage `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved September 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Intercontinental Championship : Randy Orton '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2008 . Retrieved August 18 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Keller , Wade ( June 13 , 2004 ) . `` 6 / 13 WWE Bad Blood PPV review : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of live event `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved September 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Women 's Championship : Trish Stratus ( 5 ) '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2008 . Retrieved August 18 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Adam Martin and Nathan Fleck ( June 14 , 2004 ) . `` Full WWE Raw Results -- 6 / 14 / 04 -- Dayton , OH ( Six Man Tag Elimination Match ) '' . WrestleView . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2008 . Retrieved September 7 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Mahling , Mallory ( June 14 , 2004 ) . `` 6 / 14 WWE Raw : Mallory 's `` Virtual Time '' Alt . Perspective Coverage `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved September 7 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full WWE Raw Results -- 6 / 21 / 04 -- Miami , FL ( Triple H vs. Eugene , Kane , more ) '' . WrestleView . June 21 , 2004 . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2008 . Retrieved September 7 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Keller , Wade ( June 21 , 2004 ) . `` 6 / 21 WWE Raw review : Keller 's ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of live show `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved September 7 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Crippling Circumstances '' . WrestleView . August 9 , 2004 . Retrieved September 7 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Keller , Wade ( August 9 , 2004 ) . `` 8 / 9 WWE Raw review : Keller 's ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of live show `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved September 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` SummerSlam 2004 results '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2008 . Retrieved August 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Adam Martin and Paul Nemer ( August 23 , 2004 ) . `` Full WWE Raw Results -- 8 / 23 / 04 -- Anaheim , CA ( Kane - Lita wedding , The Rock ) '' . WrestleView . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2008 . Retrieved September 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade ( August 23 , 2004 ) . `` 8 / 23 WWE Raw review : Keller 's ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of live show `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved September 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Orton becomes the Hunter '' . WrestleView . August 30 , 2004 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2008 . Retrieved September 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Mahling , Mallory ( August 30 , 2004 ) . `` 8 / 30 WWE Raw Report : Mallory 's `` Virtual Time '' Alternative Perspective Coverage `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved September 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sokol , Chris ( September 13 , 2004 ) . `` Unforgiven a good night for HHH '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved January 15 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan Allen and Nathan Fleck ( June 28 , 2004 ) . `` Full WWE Raw Results -- 06 / 28 / 04 -- Chris Benoit vs. Kane , HHH vs. Regal , more '' . WrestleView . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2008 . Retrieved September 7 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Keller , Wade ( June 28 , 2004 ) . `` 6 / 28 WWE Raw review : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of live show `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved September 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Martin , Adam ( July 11 , 2004 ) . `` Full WWE Vengeance ( Raw ) PPV Results -- 7 / 11 / 04 from Hartford , Connecticut '' . WrestleView . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2008 . Retrieved September 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sokol , Chris ( July 12 , 2004 ) . `` Canadians have Edge at Vengeance '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved February 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nationwide Arena : Columbus Blue Jacket Stadium '' . BuySellTix . Retrieved August 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Nationwide Arena in Columbus , Ohio '' . Hockey Arenas . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2008 . Retrieved August 19 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Wrestling Entertainment , Inc . Reports Q1 Results '' ( PDF ) . World Wrestling Entertainment Corporation . September 7 , 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 12 , 2006 . Retrieved August 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Powell , John ( June 16 , 2003 ) . `` Bad Blood just plain bad '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved August 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` WWE Bad Blood DVD '' . For Your Entertainment . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2008 . Retrieved August 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bad Blood 2004 DVD Sales '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2009 . Retrieved August 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bad Blood 2004 DVD Sales '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2009 . Retrieved August 19 , 2008 . References ( edit ) ( 2004 ) . Bad Blood ( DVD ) . World Wrestling Entertainment . External links ( edit ) Professional wrestling portal Bad Blood 2004 results ← 2003 2004 ( 2004 ) WWE pay - per - view events 2005 → Royal Rumble No Way Out WrestleMania XX Backlash Judgment Day Bad Blood The Great American Bash Vengeance SummerSlam Unforgiven No Mercy Taboo Tuesday Survivor Series Armageddon WWE pay - per - view and WWE Network events Bad Blood Badd Blood : In Your House 2003 Current Royal Rumble ( 1989 -- present ) Elimination Chamber ( 2010 -- 2015 , 2017 -- present ) Fastlane ( 2015 -- present ) WrestleMania ( 1985 -- present ) Greatest Royal Rumble ( 2018 -- present ) Backlash ( 1999 -- 2009 , 2016 -- present ) Money in the Bank ( 2010 -- present ) United Kingdom Championship Tournament ( 2017 -- present ) Extreme Rules ( 2009 -- present ) SummerSlam ( 1988 -- present ) Hell in a Cell ( 2009 -- present ) TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs ( 2009 -- present ) Survivor Series ( 1987 -- present ) Clash of Champions ( 2016 -- present ) NXT TakeOver ( 2014 -- present ) Former The Wrestling Classic ( 1985 ) No Holds Barred ( 1989 ) This Tuesday in Texas ( 1991 ) One Night Only ( 1997 ) Capital Carnage ( 1998 ) In Your House ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Over the Edge ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Fully Loaded ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Invasion ( 2001 ) Rebellion ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Insurrextion ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Bad Blood ( 1997 , 2003 -- 2004 ) Taboo Tuesday ( 2004 -- 2005 ) December to Dismember ( 2006 ) New Year 's Revolution ( 2005 -- 2007 ) One Night Stand ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Unforgiven ( 1998 -- 2008 ) Cyber Sunday ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Armageddon ( 1999 -- 2000 , 2002 -- 2008 ) Judgment Day ( 1998 , 2000 -- 2009 ) The Great American Bash ( 2004 -- 2009 ) Breaking Point ( 2009 ) Fatal 4 - Way ( 2010 ) Bragging Rights ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Capitol Punishment ( 2011 ) Vengeance ( 2001 -- 2007 , 2011 ) Over the Limit ( 2010 -- 2012 ) No Way Out ( 1998 , 2000 -- 2009 , 2012 ) NXT Arrival ( 2014 ) King of the Ring ( 1993 -- 2002 , 2015 ) The Beast in the East ( 2015 ) Live from Madison Square Garden ( 2015 ) Night of Champions ( 2008 -- 2015 ) Cruiserweight Classic Finale ( 2016 ) Roadblock ( 2016 ) United Kingdom Championship Special ( 2017 ) Great Balls of Fire ( 2017 ) Battleground ( 2013 -- 2017 ) No Mercy ( 1999 -- 2008 , 2016 -- 2017 ) Payback ( 2013 -- 2017 ) Mae Young Classic Finale ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bad_Blood_(2004)&oldid=832244582 '' Categories : 2004 in Ohio Events in Columbus , Ohio WWE Bad Blood Professional wrestling in Columbus , Ohio 2004 WWE pay - per - view events June 2004 events Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2014 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Nederlands Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 19 : 00 . 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Rise of the Planet of the Apes

Rise of the Planet of the Apes - wikipedia Rise of the Planet of the Apes Jump to : navigation , search Rise of the Planet of the Apes Theatrical release poster Directed by Rupert Wyatt Produced by Peter Chernin Dylan Clark Rick Jaffa Amanda Silver Written by Rick Jaffa Amanda Silver Based on Premise suggested by Planet of the Apes by Pierre Boulle Starring James Franco Freida Pinto John Lithgow Brian Cox Tom Felton Andy Serkis Music by Patrick Doyle Cinematography Andrew Lesnie Edited by Conrad Buff Mark Goldblatt Production company Chernin Entertainment Dune Entertainment Big Screen Productions Ingenious Film Partners Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date August 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 05 ) Running time 110 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $93 million Box office $481.8 million Rise of the Planet of the Apes is a 2011 American science fiction film directed by Rupert Wyatt and starring James Franco , Freida Pinto , John Lithgow , Brian Cox , Tom Felton , David Oyelowo , and Andy Serkis . Written by Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver , it is 20th Century Fox 's reboot of the Planet of the Apes series , intended to act as an origin story for a new series of films . Its premise is similar to the fourth film in the original series , Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) , but it is not a direct remake of that film . Rise of the Planet of the Apes was released on August 5 , 2011 , to critical and commercial success . The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects . It was also nominated for five Saturn Awards including Best Director for Wyatt and Best Writing for Jaffa and Silver , winning Best Science Fiction Film , Best Supporting Actor for Serkis and Best Special Effects . Serkis 's performance as Caesar was widely acclaimed , earning him many nominations from associations which do not usually recognize performance capture as traditional acting . A sequel to the film , Dawn of the Planet of the Apes , was released on July 11 , 2014 , and a third film , War for the Planet of the Apes , was released on July 14 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Humans 2.2 Apes 3 Production 3.1 Development and writing 3.2 Filming 3.3 Visual effects 3.4 Music 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Box office 4.3 Home media 4.4 Awards 5 Sequels 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Will Rodman , a scientist at the San Francisco biotech company Gen - Sys , is testing the viral - based drug ALZ - 112 on chimpanzees to find a cure for Alzheimer 's disease . ALZ - 112 is given to a chimp named Bright Eyes , greatly increasing her intelligence . But then , during Will 's presentation for the drug , Bright Eyes is forced from her cage , goes on a rampage , and is shot to death . Will 's boss Steven Jacobs terminates the project and has the chimps slaughtered . However , Will 's assistant Robert Franklin discovers that the reason for Bright Eyes ' rampage was that she had recently given birth to an infant chimp . Will reluctantly agrees to take in the chimp , who is named Caesar . Will learns that Caesar has inherited his mother 's intelligence and decides to raise him . Three years later , Will introduces Caesar to the redwood forest at Muir Woods National Monument . Meanwhile , Will treats his dementia - suffering father Charles with ALZ - 112 , which seems to restore his cognitive ability . Five years later , when Caesar reaches adolescence and sees a dog on a leash like his own , he questions his identity and learns of his origins from Will . Meanwhile , Charles 's condition returns as he becomes resistant to ALZ - 112 . Caesar injures a neighbor , Douglas Hunsiker , while defending a confused Charles . As a result , he is placed in a primate shelter where he is tormented by a chimp named Rocket and the chief guard , Dodge Landon , but also where he befriends an orangutan named Maurice who came from a circus . Caesar learns how to unlock his cage , gaining free access to the common area . With the assistance of a gorilla named Buck , he confronts the sanctuary 's alpha , Rocket and claims that position . Meanwhile , Jacobs clears development of a more powerful , gaseous version of the drug -- ALZ - 113 -- when Will tells him it can also improve intelligence . Will takes the drug home to try to save his father , but Charles declines further treatment and dies overnight . After attempting to test the drug on a scarred bonobo test subject named Koba , Franklin becomes exposed to ALZ - 113 and becomes ill . Attempting to warn Will at his home , he sneezes blood onto Hunsiker and is later discovered dead . Will attempts to reclaim Caesar , but the chimp refuses to go home with him so he could look after the other apes . Instead , he escapes from the facility and returns to Will 's house , where he takes canisters of the ALZ - 113 . Upon returning , Caesar releases the gas and allows it to enhance the intelligence of the other apes . When Dodge attempts to get him back into his cage , Caesar speaks for the first time , yelling `` No ! '' and gets in a fight which inadvertently leads to Dodge 's death . The apes flee the facility , release the remaining chimps from Gen - Sys , and free more apes from the San Francisco Zoo on the way . A battle ensues as the ape army fights their way past a police blockade on the Golden Gate Bridge to escape into the redwood forest . Buck sacrifices himself to save Caesar by jumping into the helicopter in which Jacobs is riding . The helicopter crashes onto the bridge , trapping Jacobs in the wreckage . Koba seizes his chance for revenge and sends Jacobs falling to his death in the bay below . As the apes find their way into the forest , Will arrives and warns Caesar that the humans will hunt them down , and begs him to return home . In response , Caesar hugs him and says that , `` Caesar is home . '' Will , realizing that this is indeed their last goodbye , respects Caesar 's wishes . The apes embrace their new lifestyle in the forest . In a mid-credits scene , an infected Hunsiker leaves his house for work as an airline pilot , arriving at San Francisco International Airport for his flight to Paris . His nose begins to drip blood onto the floor . A graphic traces the spread of the humanity - ravaging virus around the globe via international flight routes . Cast ( edit ) Humans ( edit ) James Franco as Dr. William `` Will '' Rodman , a biologist who is trying to discover a cure for his father 's Alzheimer 's disease by testing ALZ - 112 on chimps . He is a father figure to Caesar . James Franco was cast after talks with Tobey Maguire broke down . Freida Pinto as Caroline Aranha , a primatologist who starts a relationship with Will and grows attached to Caesar . John Lithgow as Charles Rodman , Will 's Alzheimer 's - afflicted father and a former music teacher who improves after Will gives him the ALZ - 112 and forms a grandfatherly bond with Caesar . Brian Cox as John Landon , manager of the San Bruno Primate Shelter where Caesar is confined for a time . His full name is a reference to one of the astronauts in the original Planet of the Apes . Tom Felton as Dodge Landon , John 's son and an animal caretaker at the shelter , who abuses the apes for sport . His first and last name are references to two of the astronauts in the original Planet of the Apes . David Oyelowo as Steven Jacobs , Will 's arrogant boss . His last name is a reference to Arthur P. Jacobs , the producer of the original Planet of the Apes series . Tyler Labine as Robert Franklin , a chimp handler at Gen - Sys and one of Will 's friends . His surname is a reference to Franklin Schaffner , the director of the original film . Jamie Harris as Rodney , a caretaker and a nightwatchman who is much kinder to the apes at the sanctuary and is regularly mocked by Dodge for this . David Hewlett as Douglas Hunsiker , Will 's hot - headed neighbor . Chelah Horsdal as Irena , a nurse who is looking after Charles . Apes ( edit ) Andy Serkis as Caesar , a common chimpanzee whose intelligence is increased from inheriting ALZ - 112 from his mother during her pregnancy , and who is raised by Will for eight years . Karin Konoval as Maurice , a wise and benevolent Bornean orangutan who was retired from the circus and knows sign language ; he becomes Caesar 's closest ally . Konoval also cameos as the court clerk whom Will briefly argues with about his appeal . His name is a reference to Maurice Evans who portray Dr. Zaius in the original Planet of the Apes . Terry Notary as Rocket , the dominant common chimpanzee at the ape sanctuary , until Caesar overthrows him . Notary also plays Bright Eyes , Caesar 's mother who was captured in Africa . Richard Ridings as Buck , a Western lowland gorilla who pledges his allegiance to Caesar after he is freed by him . Devyn Dalton as Cornelia , a female common chimpanzee in the ape sanctuary . Jay Caputo as Alpha , the dominant male common chimpanzee of Bright Eyes ' troop and Caesar 's father . Christopher Gordon as Koba , a scarred and aggressive bonobo who has spent most of his life in laboratories and holds a grudge against humans . Production ( edit ) Development and writing ( edit ) In 2006 , screenwriter - producer Rick Jaffa was searching for a script idea . As Jaffa searched a newspaper articles clipping , one about pet chimpanzees that become troublesome to their owners and heartbroken for not adapting well to the human environment intrigued him . As Jaffa eventually realized it fit the Planet of the Apes series , he called his wife and screenwriting partner Amanda Silver to express his ideas of such a chimpanzee eventually starting the ape revolution , and then the couple started developing the character of Caesar . Jaffa indicated that `` it 's a reinvention '' and if he had to pick between calling it a prequel or a reboot he would say it is a reboot : `` It 's a different story of who Caesar is , and how he came to be . So it 's really kind of hard to put a label on it . We are hopefully rebooting it . '' He went on to say that `` we tried really hard to create a story that would stand on its own and yet also pay homage and honor the movies that came before us . '' Jaffa and Silver then wrote a script and sold it to Fox , producers of the Apes franchise . The script added other elements which the couple had researched , such as genetic engineering . Several tributes to specific scenes , characters , and cast and crew from the previous Apes film series were added in the script . In particular , Caesar 's treatment at the primate sanctuary parallels Taylor 's treatment as a captive in the original film . In a segment of a video blog post , director Rupert Wyatt commented on the originality of the plot : `` This is part of the mythology and it should be seen as that . It 's not a continuation of the other films ; it 's an original story . It does satisfy the people who enjoy those films . The point of this film is to achieve that and to bring that fan base into this film exactly like Batman Begins . '' In a 2009 interview , Wyatt said , `` We 've incorporated elements from Conquest of the Planet of the Apes , in terms of how the apes begin to revolt , but this is primarily a prequel to the 1968 film ... Caesar is a revolutionary figure who will be talked about by his fellow apes for centuries ... This is just the first step in the evolution of the apes , and there 's a lot more stories to tell after this . I imagine the next film will be about the all - out war between the apes and humans . '' Mark Bomback did an uncredited rewrite of the script . Filming ( edit ) Filming began in July 2010 in Vancouver , British Columbia . Filming also happened in San Francisco , California ( the primary setting of the film ) , and around Oahu , Hawaii , which doubled for the African jungle as the schedule and budget did not allow for location shooting in Africa . Visual effects ( edit ) As the apes in Rise were meant to be actual apes , the producers decided not to use actors in ape suits . After considering real apes , instead Weta Digital created the apes digitally in almost every case through performance capture . Advances in the technology allowed the use of performance capture in an exterior environment , affording the film - makers the freedom to shoot much of the film on location with other actors , as opposed to the confines of a soundstage . The main breakthrough was a camera that enabled viewing the motion capture dots in daylight , employed mostly for the Golden Gate Bridge battle . A maximum of six actors could have their movements captured , with larger ape crowds using fully digital animals animated using Weta 's move library . The Golden Gate Bridge set used both a physical set which was extended digitally , and a fully computer - generated model of the bridge that also included the ocean and nearby hills . After shooting the actors playing humans interacting with others wearing the motion capture suits , a clean plate was shot with actors for extra reference . Actor - stuntman Terry Notary guided the actors on realistic ape movement , while Weta studied the chimps in the Wellington Zoo for reference . The digital apes also received detailed models with skeletons , muscles and nerve tissue layers for accurate animation . Cast models of apes ' heads and limbs helped the texture department replicate skin details such as wrinkles and pores . Given the difference between human and chimpanzee facial muscles , the animators tweaked the performance through a new facial muscle system adding dynamics , ballistics , and secondary motion . As the silent performance required expressive eyes , a new eye model was made to depict both greater accuracy in muscle movement in and around the eyes , and also tears , pupil dilation , and light refraction . While Andy Serkis was the primary performer for Caesar , as the effects team considered that at times `` Andy overcame the character , '' other motion capture team actors were also used , especially Devyn Dalton , whose height matched that of a chimpanzee . Along with that , they used Notary to play Caesar in stunt - filled scenes such as the Golden Gate Bridge scene . Music ( edit ) The score for the film was written by Patrick Doyle and performed by the Hollywood Studio Symphony conducted by James Shearman . The main concern was to have the music help progress the plot in the scenes without dialogue , for instance , conveying the emotions of Caesar 's relationships with Will and Charles . To turn the score into a `` driving force that keeps audiences paying attention , '' Doyle employed an African - American chorus and focused on percussion and `` low and deep '' orchestra sounds . Doyle collaborated closely with the sound department to make the music complement the sound effects , including writing a recurring theme based on their recording of a chimpanzee . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 81 % based on 252 reviews , with an average rating of 7.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Led by Rupert Wyatt 's stylish direction , some impressive special effects , and a mesmerizing performance by Andy Serkis , Rise of the Planet of the Apes breathes unlikely new life into a long - running franchise . '' Another review aggregator , Metacritic , gave the film a score of 68 out of 100 , based on 39 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Roger Ebert gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and praised the role of Caesar and Andy Serkis by stating it was a `` wonderfully executed character '' and `` one never knows exactly where the human ends and the effects begin , but Serkis and / or Caesar gives the best performance in the movie . '' Giving the film 5 out of 5 stars , Joe Neumaier of Daily News labelled Rise of the Planet of the Apes as the summer 's best popcorn flick . Nick Pinkerton of The Village Voice wrote , `` Caesar 's prison conversion to charismatic pan-ape revolutionist is near - silent filmmaking , with simple and precise images illustrating Caesar 's General - like divining of personalities and his organization of a group from chaos to order . '' Roger Moore of Orlando Sentinel wrote , `` Audacious , violent and disquieting , `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' is a summer sequel that 's better than it has any right to be . '' He gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars . Manohla Dargis of The New York Times praised the film by saying , `` Precisely the kind of summer diversion that the studios have such a hard time making now . It 's good , canny - dumb fun . '' She also gave it 3.5 out of 4 stars . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone noted that the film has mixed `` twists lifted from 1972 's Conquest of the Planet of the Apes and 1999 's Deep Blue Sea '' . Box Office ( edit ) Rise of the Planet of the Apes made its debut in the United States and Canada on roughly 5,400 screens within 3,648 theaters . It grossed $19,534,699 on opening day and $54,806,191 in its entire opening weekend , making it # 1 for that weekend as well as the fourth - highest - grossing August opening ever . The film held on to the # 1 spot in its second weekend , dropping 49.2 % , and grossing $27,832,307 . Rise of the Planet of the Apes crossed the $150 million mark in the United States and Canada on its 26th day of release . Entertainment Weekly said that this was quite an accomplishment for the film since the month of August is a difficult time for films to make money . The film ended its run at the box office on December 15 , 2011 , with a gross of $176,760,185 in the U.S. and Canada as well as $305,040,864 internationally , for a total of $481,801,049 worldwide . Home media ( edit ) Rise of the Planet of the Apes was released on Blu - ray Disc , DVD , and Digital Copy on December 13 , 2011 . Awards ( edit ) Award Recipient Result 84th Academy Awards Best Visual Effects Joe Letteri , Dan Lemmon , R. Christopher White and Daniel Barrett Nominated Alliance of Women Film Journalists Best Supporting Actor Andy Serkis Nominated Annie Awards Character Animation in a Live Action Production Eric Reynolds Won Broadcast Film Critics Association Best Supporting Actor Andy Serkis Nominated Best Visual Effects Won Best Action Film Nominated Empire Awards Best Film Nominated Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy Nominated Best Director Rupert Wyatt Nominated Best Actor Andy Serkis Nominated Genesis Awards Best Feature Film Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver Won Houston Film Critics Society Best Supporting Actor Andy Serkis Nominated Technical Achievement Won IGN Best of 2011 Best Movie Nominated Best Sci - Fi Movie Won Best Movie Actor Andy Serkis ( also for The Adventures of Tintin ) Nominated Best Movie Director Rupert Wyatt Nominated IGN Summer Movie Awards Best Summer Movie Nominated Funniest Line `` Why cookie Rocket ? '' Nominated Best All - Out Brawl Apes vs. Humans on the Golden Gate Bridge Nominated Favorite Kill Helicopter Pushed Over the Golden Gate Bridge Nominated Coolest Creature Caesar Won Favorite Hero Caesar -- Andy Serkis Won Las Vegas Film Critics Society Best Visual Effects Won London Film Critics Circle Technical Achievement Joe Letteri Nominated Phoenix Film Critics Society Best Visual Effects Nominated San Diego Film Critics Society Best Supporting Actor Andy Serkis Nominated Satellite Awards Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture Andy Serkis Nominated Best Visual Effects Jeff Capogreco , Joe Letteri , R. Christopher White Nominated Saturn Awards Best Science Fiction Film Won Best Supporting Actor Andy Serkis Won Best Director Rupert Wyatt Nominated Best Writing Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver Nominated Best Special Effects Dan Lemmon , Joe Letteri , R. Christopher White , and Daniel Barrett Won Visual Effects Society Outstanding Visual Effects in a Visual Effects - Driven Feature Motion Picture Dan Lemmon , Joe Letteri , Cyndi Ochs , Kurt Williams Won Outstanding Animated Character in a Live Action Feature Motion Picture Caesar -- Daniel Barrett , Florian Fernandez , Matthew Muntean , Eric Reynolds Won Outstanding Virtual Cinematography in a Live Action Feature Motion Picture Thelvin Cabezas , Mike Perry , R. Christopher White , Erik Winquist Nominated Outstanding Compositing in a Feature Motion Picture Jean - Luc Azzis , Quentin Hema , Simon Jung , Christoph Salzmann Nominated Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Best Supporting Actor Andy Serkis Nominated Sequels ( edit ) Main articles : Dawn of the Planet of the Apes and War for the Planet of the Apes Regarding the story setting up possible sequels , director Rupert Wyatt commented : `` I think we 're ending with certain questions , which is quite exciting . To me , I can think of all sorts of sequels to this film , but this is just the beginning . '' Screenwriter and producer Rick Jaffa also stated that Rise of the Planet of the Apes would feature several clues as to future sequels : `` I hope that we 're building a platform for future films . We 're trying to plant a lot of the seeds for a lot of the things you are talking about in terms of the different apes and so forth . '' On May 31 , 2012 , 20th Century Fox announced that the sequel would be named Dawn of the Planet of the Apes . Reports said that Wyatt was leaving the sequel due to his concern that a May 2014 release date would not give him enough time to properly make the film ; he was replaced by Cloverfield director Matt Reeves . Jaffa and Silver returned as producers and to pen the screenplay , with rewrites from Scott Z . Burns and Mark Bomback . Taking place ten years after Rise , Dawn follows Caesar 's growing nation of evolved apes threatened by human survivors that put both sides in the brink of war . Andy Serkis , Terry Notary and Karin Konoval reprised their roles as Caesar , Rocket and Maurice . James Franco returned as Will Rodman in a `` cameo via video '' . Judy Greer and Toby Kebbell replace Devyn Dalton and Christopher Gordon as Cornelia and Koba , respectively . Filming of Dawn of the Planet of the Apes started on North Vancouver Island in April 2013 . The film was released July 11 , 2014 . On January 6 , 2014 , 20th Century Fox announced a third installment with Reeves returning to direct and co-write along with Bomback , with a planned July 2016 release . In January 2015 , Fox delayed the release to July 14 , 2017 . On May 14 , 2015 , the title was given as War of the Planet of the Apes , later re-titled to War for the Planet of the Apes . See also ( edit ) Uplift ( science fiction ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LUMIERE : Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) '' . AllMovie . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Amy ( August 4 , 2011 ) . `` Movie Projector : ' Apes ' will rise above ' Change - Up ' at box office '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Lussier , Germain ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` Collider Visits The Set of RISE OF THE PLANET OF THE APES ; Plus Video Blog '' . Collider.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` James Franco plays lead in Apes prequel '' . CBC.ca . May 22 , 2010 . Retrieved August 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` How Spider - Man lost the lead role in ' Rise Of The Apes ' to the Green Goblin '' . HitFix . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hasan , Zaki ( August 17 , 2011 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : Rise of the Planet of the Apes Writers Amanda Silver and Rick Jaffa '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver audio commentary , Rise of the Planet of the Apes Blu - Ray Jump up ^ `` Mythology of the Apes '' , Rise of the Planet of the Apes Blu - Ray Jump up ^ Rebecca Keegan ( August 11 , 2011 ) . `` ' Rise of the Planet of the Apes ' : 21 nods to classic ' Apes ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Sci - Fi Magazine ( August 2011 ) '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( October 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Wolverine ' Writer Tapped for ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tom Felton Begins Shooting `` Rise of the Apes , '' Stars in Ashley Greene Film `` . OnTheRedCarpet.com . July 27 , 2010 . Retrieved August 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rupert Wyatt audio commentary , Rise of the Planet of the Apes Blu - ray ^ Jump up to : `` A New Generation of Apes , '' Rise of the Planet of the Apes Blu - ray Jump up ^ `` Andy Serkis : ' Rise of the Planet of the Apes was a challenge ' '' . Blockbuster.co.uk . July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hart , Hugh ( July 19 , 2011 ) . `` Hail Caesar : Motion - Capturing Rise of the Planet of the Apes ' Lead Simian '' Wired.com . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Breaking Motion Capture Boundaries , '' Rise of the Planet of the Apes Blu - Ray Jump up ^ `` Weta Digital Monkey Business '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Genius of Andy Serkis , '' Rise of the Planet of the Apes Blu - Ray Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( Patrick Doyle ) '' . Filmtracks. 2011 - 08 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Composing the Score with Patrick Doyle , '' Rise of the Planet of the Apes Blu - ray Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) , '' Rotten Tomatoes . Accessed June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Ebert 's review of Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Rise of the Planet of the Apes ' review : James Franco and Freida Pinto star in best flick of summer '' . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Simian Disobedience '' . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Moore 's review of `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes `` '' . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Manohla Dargis 's review of Rise of the Planet of the apes '' . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Peter Travers ( 2011 - 08 - 04 ) . `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes Movie Reviews '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Report : ' Apes ' Rise '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Report : Hail the Conquering ' Apes ' '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Report : ' Apes ' Cling to Top Spot , ' Help ' Cleans Up '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Help ' crosses $100 million at box office ; ' Rise of the Planet of the Apes ' climbs past $150 million '' . InsideMovies.EW.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 EDA Awards Nominees -- Alliance of Women Film Journalists '' . Alliance of Women Film Journalists . Retrieved December 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Annie Awards '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Awards Blog 17th Annual Critics ' Choice Movie Awards ( 2012 ) '' . Broadcast Film Critics Association . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Empire Awards Nominees '' . Jump up ^ `` Houston Film Critics Society Nominees '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` IGN Awards 2011 '' . IGN . Jump up ^ `` IGN Summer Movie Awards 2011 '' . IGN . Jump up ^ `` award listings '' . Las Vegas Film Critics Society . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego Film Critics Select Top Films for 2011 '' . San Diego Film Critics Society . Retrieved December 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Current Nominees International Press Academy '' . Satellite Award . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RISE OF THE PLANET OF THE APES and SUPER 8 lead Saturn Awards with 3 awards each . '' . saturnawards.org . July 26 , 2012 . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 10th Annual VES Awards Nominees Visual Effects Society '' . Visual Effects Society . Retrieved February 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Washington DC Critics Winners : THE ARTIST , George Clooney , Michelle Williams , THE SKIN I LIVE IN '' . Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Director Rupert Wyatt on ' Rise of the Planet of the Apes ' and The End of Cinema '' . FilmSchoolProjects.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Davis , Edward ( May 31 , 2012 ) . `` ' X-Men : First Class ' & ' Rise Of The Planet Of The Apes ' Sequels Set For Summer 2014 ; ' Independence Day 3D ' Hits July 3 , 2013 '' . indiewire.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike Jr . ( September 17 , 2012 ) . `` Another Fox Shocker : Is Rupert Wyatt Exiting ' Dawn Of The Planet Of The Apes ? ' '' . www.deadline.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain . `` Matt Reeves Confirmed to Helm ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' '' . Slashfilm.com . Jump up ^ `` ' Contagion ' Writer Tapped to Pen ' Rise of the Planet of the Apes ' Sequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 2012 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike Jr . ( November 3 , 2011 ) . `` Andy Serkis Closes Big ' Planet Of The Apes ' Deal ; Should Fox Campaign For Oscar ? '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` No One Bothered Telling James Franco He 's In Dawn Of The Planet Of The Apes '' . CinemaBlend.com. 2014 - 04 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Campbell River gets ready for ape invasion '' . CTV News . March 20 , 2013 . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Reeves To Helm ' Planet Of The Apes 3 ′ '' . Deadline . January 8 , 2014 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / ERCboxoffice : The damn dirty apes will return yet again , as UNTITLED PLANET OF THE APES ( not the official title ) stakes out 7 / 29 / 16 . '' . Twitter.com. 2014 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 5 , 2015 ) . `` Channing Tatum 's X-Men Spinoff to Hit Theaters in 2016 '' . Variety . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( January 5 , 2015 ) . `` Channing Tatum 's ' Gambit ' Gets 2016 Release Date , ' Fantastic Four ' Sequel Moves Up '' . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Planet of the Apes Movie Title Revealed '' . Collider . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website Rise of the Planet of the Apes on IMDb Planet of the Apes Films Original series Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) Remake Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Reboot series Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Television Planet of the Apes ( 1974 ) Return to the Planet of the Apes ( 1975 ) Behind the Planet of the Apes ( 1998 ) Video games Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Revenge of the Apes ( 2003 ) Planet of the Apes : Last Frontier ( 2017 ) Other La Planète des Singes Characters Comics Star Trek / Planet of the Apes : The Primate Directive Tarzan on the Planet of the Apes Planet of the Apes / Green Lantern Films directed by Rupert Wyatt The Escapist ( 2008 ) Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) The Gambler ( 2014 ) Captive State ( 2018 ) Films by Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver Written and produced Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) Written The Hand That Rocks the Cradle ( 1992 , Silver only ) Eye for an Eye ( 1996 ) The Relic ( 1997 ) Jurassic World ( 2015 ) In the Heart of the Sea ( 2015 ) Produced Love Shack ( 2010 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film Slaughterhouse - Five ( 1972 ) Soylent Green ( 1973 ) Rollerball ( 1974 / 1975 ) Logan 's Run ( 1976 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) Superman ( 1978 ) Alien ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Superman II ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) The Terminator ( 1984 ) Back to the Future ( 1985 ) Aliens ( 1986 ) RoboCop ( 1987 ) Alien Nation ( 1988 ) Total Recall ( 1989 / 1990 ) Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1991 ) Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country ( 1992 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Stargate ( 1994 ) 12 Monkeys ( 1995 ) Independence Day ( 1996 ) Men in Black ( 1997 ) Armageddon / Dark City ( 1998 ) The Matrix ( 1999 ) X-Men ( 2000 ) A.I. Artificial Intelligence ( 2001 ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) X2 : X-Men United ( 2003 ) Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind ( 2004 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Children of Men ( 2006 ) Cloverfield ( 2007 ) Iron Man ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) Inception ( 2010 ) Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) The Avengers ( 2012 ) Gravity ( 2013 ) Interstellar ( 2014 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ( 2016 ) VIAF : 181353993 LCCN : no2011120634 GND : 1057944262 BNF : cb169401537 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rise_of_the_Planet_of_the_Apes&oldid=799957079 '' Categories : 2011 films English - language films Planet of the Apes films 2010s science fiction films 20th Century Fox films American films American science fiction films American Sign Language films Annie Award winners Dune Entertainment films Films about Alzheimer 's disease Films about animal rights Films about rebellions Films about viral outbreaks Films directed by Rupert Wyatt Films set in Africa Films set in forests Films set in San Francisco Films set in the future Films shot in Hawaii Films shot in San Francisco Films shot in Vancouver Performance capture in film Reboot films Techno - thriller films Films produced by Peter Chernin Film scores by Patrick Doyle Dystopian films Smart drugs in fiction Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca भोजपुरी Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 20 : 40 . 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which is first dawn of the planet of the apes or rise of the planet of the apes

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United States presidential visits to Canada

United States presidential visits to Canada - wikipedia United States presidential visits to Canada Jump to : navigation , search Governor General Michaëlle Jean escorts President Barack Obama from Air Force One , in Ottawa , Ontario , during his February , 2009 presidential visit to Canada . There have been thirty - seven United States presidential visits to Canada by twelve presidents over the past century . As the U.S. president is both head of state and head of government , these visits have taken many forms , ranging from formal state visits , to official visits , working visits , or private visits ( or , as in the case of Franklin D. Roosevelt , personal vacations ) . Since the first presidential visit , made by Warren G. Harding in 1923 ( just a few weeks before his death ) , Canada has become one of the most common presidential international travel destinations . Since the Franklin Roosevelt Administration , only Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter , never visited Canada while in office . Incumbent president Donald Trump has not yet visited Canada . Seven presidents have addressed a joint session of the Canadian parliament , with Dwight D. Eisenhower and Ronald Reagan both speaking twice . Contents ( hide ) 1 Table of visits 2 Dominion of Newfoundland 3 See also 4 References Table of visits ( edit ) President Dates Locations Notes Warren G. Harding 01 ! July 26 , 1923 Vancouver Official reception during return from Alaska , hosted by British Columbia Premier John Oliver and Vancouver mayor Charles Tisdall . Franklin D. Roosevelt 02 ! June 29 -- July 1 , 1933 Campobello Island Vacation . 03 ! July 28 -- 30 , 1936 Campobello Island Vacation . 04 ! July 31 , 1936 Quebec City Official visit ; met with Governor General John Buchan . 05 ! August 18 , 1938 Kingston Received honorary degree from Queen 's University and together with Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King , and the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario , Albert Edward Matthews , dedicated the Thousand Islands Bridge . 06 ! August 14 -- 16 , 1939 Campobello Island , Sydney Vacation . 07 ! August 21 -- 23 , 1939 Halifax Stopped while returning to the United States . 08 ! August 17 -- 25 , 1943 Quebec City Ottawa Attended First Quebec Conference with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King . Addressed senators , Members of Parliament , and the general public outside the houses of parliament . 09 ! September 11 -- 16 , 1944 Quebec City Attended Second Quebec Conference with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and the Allied Combined Chiefs of Staff . Harry S. Truman 10 ! June 10 -- 12 , 1947 Ottawa Official visit ; met with the Governor General , the Earl of Athlone and Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King and addressed Parliament . Dwight D. Eisenhower 11 ! November 13 -- 15 , 1953 Ottawa State visit ; Met with Governor General Vincent Massey and Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent and addressed Parliament . 12 ! July 8 -- 11 , 1958 Ottawa Informal visit ; met with Governor General Vincent Massey and Prime Minister John Diefenbaker and addressed Parliament . 13 ! June 26 , 1959 Montreal Joined Queen Elizabeth II in ceremony opening the St. Lawrence Seaway . John F. Kennedy 14 ! May 16 -- 18 , 1961 Ottawa State visit ; met with Governor General Georges Vanier and Prime Minister John Diefenbaker and addressed Parliament . Lyndon B. Johnson 15 ! September 16 , 1964 Vancouver Informal visit ; met with Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson in ceremonies related to the Columbia River Treaty . 16 ! August 21 -- 22 , 1966 Campobello Island , Chamcook Laid cornerstone at Roosevelt Campobello International Park and conferred informally with Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson . 17 ! May 25 , 1967 Montreal , Ottawa Attended Expo 67 , and met privately with the Governor General Roland Michener and Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson . Richard M. Nixon 18 ! April 13 -- 15 , 1972 Ottawa State visit ; met with Governor General Michener and Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau , addressed parliament , and signed the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement . Ronald Reagan 19 ! March 10 -- 11 , 1981 Ottawa State visit ; met with Governor General Edward Schreyer and Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau and addressed Parliament . 20 ! July 19 -- 21 , 1981 Ottawa , Montebello Attended 7th G7 summit with heads of state and government from Canada , France , the Federal Republic of Germany , Italy , Japan , and the United Kingdom . 21 ! March 17 -- 18 , 1985 Quebec City Met with Prime Minister Brian Mulroney . The meeting was commonly known as the Shamrock Summit . 22 ! April 4 -- 6 , 1987 Ottawa Official visit ; met with Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and addressed Parliament . 22 ! June 19 -- 21 , 1988 Toronto Attended 14th G7 summit with heads of state and government from Canada , France , the Federal Republic of Germany , Italy , Japan , and the United Kingdom . George H.W. Bush 23 ! February 10 , 1989 Ottawa Working visit ; met with Prime Minister Brian Mulroney . 24 ! April 10 , 1990 Toronto Informal meeting with Prime Minister Brian Mulroney . 25 ! March 13 -- 14 , 1991 Ottawa Met with Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and signed an Air Quality Agreement . 26 ! July 9 , 1991 Toronto Informal meeting with Prime Minister Brian Mulroney . Bill Clinton 27 ! April 3 -- 4 , 1993 Vancouver Summit meeting with Russian President Boris Yeltsin ; also met with Prime Minister Brian Mulroney . 28 ! February 23 -- 24 , 1995 Ottawa State visit ; met with Governor General Roméo LeBlanc and Prime Minister Jean Chrétien and addressed Parliament . 29 ! June 15 -- 17 , 1995 Halifax Attended 21st G7 summit with heads of state and government from Canada , France , the Federal Republic of Germany , Italy , Japan , and the United Kingdom . Also met with Russian President Yeltsin . 30 ! November 23 -- 25 , 1997 Vancouver Attended APEC Summit meeting . 31 ! October 7 -- 8 , 1999 Ottawa , Mont - Tremblant Working visit . Met with Prime Minister Jean Chrétien and Quebec Premier Lucien Bouchard , attended Federalism Conference , and dedicated new American Embassy building . George W. Bush 32 ! April 20 -- 22 , 2001 Quebec City Attended the 3rd Summit of the Americas . 33 ! June 25 -- 27 , 2002 Kananaskis Attended the 28th G8 summit . 34 ! November 30 -- December 1 , 2004 Ottawa , Gatineau , Halifax Delivered a speech at Pier 21 in Halifax , met with Prime Minister Paul Martin and conducted a series of other events . 35 ! August 20 -- 21 , 2007 Montebello Attended the North American Leaders ' Summit , with Prime Minister Stephen Harper and Mexican President Felipe Calderón . Barack Obama 36 ! February 19 , 2009 Ottawa Working visit . Met with Governor General Michaëlle Jean and Prime Minister Stephen Harper . 37 ! June 25 -- 27 , 2010 Huntsville , Toronto Attended the 36th G8 summit and G - 20 Summit Meeting . 38 ! June 29 , 2016 Ottawa State visit . Met with Governor General David Johnston and Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and addressed Parliament . Attended the North American Leaders ' Summit with Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto . Dominion of Newfoundland ( edit ) Prior to becoming a Canadian province in 1949 , Newfoundland was a separate British dominion . President Franklin Roosevelt visited there twice . He vacationed at Bay of Islands and Bonne Bay on August 17 -- 20 , 1939 . Two years later , August 9 -- 12 , 1941 , he returned to Newfoundland , ostensibly for another vacation . In actuality , he conferred with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill aboard ship ( HMS Prince of Wales and USS Augusta ) in Placentia Bay . At the conclusion of the conference they issued the Atlantic Charter . See also ( edit ) Canada -- United States relations Foreign policy of the United States Foreign relations of the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Presidential visits to Canada '' . Toronto Sun . 17 February 2009 . Retrieved 8 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Travels of President Warren G. Harding '' . U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian . Jump up ^ `` Warren G. Harding & Stanley Park '' . The History of Metropolitan Vancouver . ^ Jump up to : `` Travels of President Franklin D. Roosevelt '' . U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian . Jump up ^ Parliament of Canada . `` Heads of States and of Governments who have addressed Joint Sessions of the Senate and House of Commons of Canada '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Travels of President Harry S. Truman '' . U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian . ^ Jump up to : `` Travels of President Dwight D. Eisenhower '' . U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian . Jump up ^ `` Travels of President John F. Kennedy '' . U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian . ^ Jump up to : `` Travels of President Lyndon B. Johnson '' . U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian . Jump up ^ `` Travels of President Richard M. Nixon '' . U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian . Jump up ^ National Research Council ( U.S. ) ; Royal Society of Canada ( 1985 ) . The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement : an evolving instrument for ecosystem management . Washington , D.C. : National Academy Press . p. 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Travels of President Ronald Reagan '' . U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian . ^ Jump up to : `` Travels of President George H.W. Bush '' . U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian . ^ Jump up to : `` Travels of President William J. Clinton '' . U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian . ^ Jump up to : `` Travels of President George W. Bush '' . U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian . ^ Jump up to : `` Travels of President Barack Obama '' . U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian . Jump up ^ Gratwick , Harry ( 2009 ) . Penobscot Bay : People , Ports & Pastimes . The History Press . p. 72 . ( hide ) International trips made by the President of the United States By place Africa North Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Americas Canada Caribbean Central America Mexico South America Eurasia East Asia Eastern Europe & Northern Asia Middle East Northern Europe South Asia Southeast Asia Southern Europe United Kingdom and Ireland Western Europe Oceania Australia and New Zealand By president Wilson Hoover F.D. Roosevelt Harry S. Truman Eisenhower Kennedy L.B. Johnson Nixon Ford Carter Reagan G.H.W. Bush Clinton G.W. Bush Obama Trump Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_visits_to_Canada&oldid=788387224 '' Categories : Lists relating to the United States presidency Canada -- United States relations United States presidential visits United States history - related lists Diplomacy - related lists Diplomatic visits by heads of government Diplomatic visits by heads of state Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 July 2017 , at 03 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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Veto

Veto - wikipedia Veto Jump to : navigation , search For other uses of `` Veto '' , see Veto ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A veto -- Latin for `` I forbid '' -- is the power ( used by an officer of the state , for example ) to unilaterally stop an official action , especially the enactment of legislation . A veto can be absolute , as for instance in the United Nations Security Council , whose permanent members ( China , France , Russia , United Kingdom , United States of America ) can block any resolution , or it can be limited , as in the legislative process of the United States , where a two - thirds vote in both the House and Senate may override a Presidential veto of legislation . A veto may give power only to stop changes ( thus allowing its holder to protect the status quo ) , like the US legislative veto mentioned before , or to also adopt them ( an `` amendatory veto '' ) , like the legislative veto of the Indian President , which allows him to propose amendments to bills returned to the Parliament for reconsideration . The concept of a veto body originated with the Roman consuls and tribunes . Either of the two consuls holding office in a given year could block a military or civil decision by the other ; any tribune had the power to unilaterally block legislation passed by the Roman Senate . Contents ( hide ) 1 Roman veto 2 Westminster systems 2.1 Australia 2.2 Canada 2.3 India 2.4 Spain 2.5 United Kingdom 3 United States 3.1 According to the Constitution 3.2 Modifications declared unconstitutional 3.3 Early history 3.3. 1 Intent of the Framers 3.3. 2 Under the Articles and Constitution 3.4 U.S. states , veto powers , and override authority 4 European republican systems 4.1 Presidential veto 5 Liberum veto 6 Philippines 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Roman veto ( edit ) The institution of the veto , known to the Romans as the intercessio , was adopted by the Roman Republic in the 6th century BC to enable the tribunes to protect the interests of the plebs ( common citizenry ) from the encroachments of the patricians , who dominated the Senate . A tribune 's veto did not prevent the senate from passing a bill , but meant that it was denied the force of law . The tribunes could also use the veto to prevent a bill from being brought before the plebeian assembly . The consuls also had the power of veto , as decision - making generally required the assent of both consuls . If one disagreed , either could invoke the intercessio to block the action of the other . The veto was an essential component of the Roman conception of power being wielded not only to manage state affairs but to moderate and restrict the power of the state 's high officials and institutions . Westminster systems ( edit ) In Westminster systems and most constitutional monarchies , the power to veto legislation by withholding the Royal Assent is a rarely used reserve power of the monarch . In practice , the Crown follows the convention of exercising its prerogative on the advice of its chief advisor , the prime minister . Australia ( edit ) Since the Statute of Westminster ( 1931 ) , the United Kingdom Parliament may not repeal any Act of the Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia on the grounds that is repugnant to the laws and interests of the United Kingdom . Other countries in the Commonwealth of Nations ( not to be confused with the Commonwealth of Australia ) , such as Canada and New Zealand , are likewise affected . However , according to the Australian Constitution ( sec. 59 ) , the Queen may veto a bill that has been given royal assent by the Governor - General within one year of the legislation being assented to . This power has never been used . The Australian Governor - General himself or herself has , in theory , power to veto , or more technically , withhold assent to , a bill passed by both houses of the Australian Parliament , and contrary to the advice of the prime minister . This may be done without consulting the sovereign as per Section 58 of the constitution : When a proposed law passed by both Houses of the Parliament is presented to the Governor - General for the Queen 's assent , he shall declare , according to his discretion , but subject to this Constitution , that he assents in the Queen 's name , or that he withholds assent , or that he reserves the law for the Queen 's pleasure . The Governor - General may return to the house in which it originated any proposed law so presented to him , and may transmit therewith any amendments which he may recommend , and the Houses may deal with the recommendation . This reserve power is however , constitutionally arguable , and it is difficult to foresee an occasion when such a power would need to be exercised . It is possible that a Governor - general might so act if a bill passed by the Parliament was in violation of the Constitution . One might argue , however , that a government would be hardly likely to present a bill which is so open to rejection . Many of the viceregal reserve powers are untested , because of the brief constitutional history of the Commonwealth of Australia , and the observance of the convention that the head of state acts upon the advice of his or her chief minister . The power may also be used in a situation where the parliament , usually a hung parliament , passes a bill without the blessing of the executive . The governor general on the advice of the executive could withhold consent from the bill thereby preventing its passage into law . With regard to the six governors of the states which are federated under the Australian Commonwealth , a somewhat different situation exists . Until the Australia Act 1986 , each state was constitutionally dependent upon the British Crown directly . Since 1986 , however , they are fully independent entities , although the Queen still appoints governors on the advice of the state head of government , the premier . So the Crown may not veto ( nor the UK Parliament overturn ) any act of a state governor or state legislature . Paradoxically , the states are more independent of the Crown than the federal government and legislature . State constitutions determine what role a governor plays . In general the governor exercises the powers the sovereign would have , including the power to withhold the Royal Assent . Canada ( edit ) According to the Constitution Act , 1867 , the Governor General of Canada may veto a bill by refusing Royal Assent . If the Governor General withholds the Queen 's assent , the sovereign may within two years disallow the bill , thereby vetoing the law in question . However , this power has never been used . Provincial viceroys , called `` Lieutenant Governors '' ( plural ) , however are able to reserve Royal Assent to provincial bills for the governor general ; this clause was last invoked in 1961 by the Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan . India ( edit ) See also : President of India § Important presidential interventions in the past In India , the president has three veto powers i.e. absolute , suspension & pocket . The president can send the bill back to parliament for changes , which constitutes a limited veto that can be overridden by a simple majority . But the Bill reconsidered by the parliament becomes a law with or without the assents of President after 14 days . The president can also take no action indefinitely on a bill , sometimes referred to as a pocket veto. The president can refuse to assent , which constitutes an absolute veto . Spain ( edit ) In Spain , Section 91 of the Constitution provides that the King shall give his assent to laws passed by the General Courts within 15 days after their final passing by them . The absence of the royal assent , although not constitutionally provided , would mean the bill did not become a part of the law . Section 90 of the Constitution states that `` Within two months after receiving the text , the Senate may , by a message stating the reasons for it , adopt a veto or approve amendments thereto . The veto must be adopted by overall majority . '' United Kingdom ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , the royal veto ( `` withholding Royal Assent '' ) was last exercised in 1708 by Queen Anne with the Scottish Militia Bill 1708 . The House of Lords used to have an effective power of veto by refusing to concur in bills adopted by the House of Commons . However , reform first by a Liberal government and then by a Labour government has limited its powers . The Parliament Acts of 1911 and 1949 reduced its powers : they can now only amend and delay legislation . They can delay legislation for up to one year . Under the 1911 Act , money bills ( those concerning finance ) can not be delayed , and under the Salisbury Convention , the Lords , by convention , can not delay any bills set out in the governing party 's manifesto . United States ( edit ) According to the Constitution ( edit ) See also : List of United States presidential vetoes , Line - item veto in the United States , and Pocket veto All legislation passed by both houses of Congress must be presented to the President . This presentation is in the President 's capacity as Head of Government . If the President approves of the legislation , then the President signs it into law . According to Article 1 . Section 7 of the Constitution , when the President chooses not to sign or does not approve of the bill , the President must return the bill , unsigned , within ten days , excluding Sundays , to the house of the United States Congress in which it originated , while the Congress is in session . The President is constitutionally required to state any objections to the bill in writing , and the Congress is constitutionally required to consider them , and to reconsider the legislation . This action , in effect , is a veto . If the Congress overrides the veto by a two - thirds vote in each house , it becomes law without the President 's signature . Otherwise , the bill fails to become law unless it is presented to the President again and the President chooses to sign it . Historically , the Congress overrides the Presidential veto 7 % of the time . A bill can also become law without the President 's signature if , after its presentment , the President simply fails to sign it within the ten days noted . If there are fewer than ten days left in the session before Congress adjourns , and if Congress does so adjourn before the ten days have expired in which the President might sign the bill , then the bill fails to become law . This procedure , when used as a formal device , is called a pocket veto . Modifications declared unconstitutional ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1983 , the Supreme Court had struck down the one - house legislative veto , on separation of powers grounds and on grounds that the action by one house of Congress violated the Constitutional requirement of bicameralism . The case was INS v. Chadha , concerning a foreign exchange student in Ohio who had been born in Kenya but whose parents were from India . Because he was not born in India , he was not an Indian citizen . Because his parents were not Kenyan citizens , he was not Kenyan . Thus , he had nowhere to go when his student visa expired because neither country would take him , so he overstayed his visa and was ordered to show cause why he should not be deported from the United States . The Immigration and Nationality Act was one of many acts of Congress passed since the 1930s , which contained a provision allowing either house of that legislature to nullify decisions of agencies in the executive branch simply by passing a resolution . In this case , Chadha 's deportation was suspended and the House of Representatives passed a resolution overturning the suspension , so that the deportation proceedings would continue . This , the Court held , amounted to the House of Representatives passing legislation without the concurrence of the Senate , and without presenting the legislation to the President for consideration and approval ( or veto ) . Thus , the Constitutional principle of bicameralism and the separation of powers doctrine were disregarded in this case , and this legislative veto of executive decisions was struck down . In 1996 , the United States Congress passed , and President Bill Clinton signed , the Line Item Veto Act of 1996 . This act allowed the President to veto individual items of budgeted expenditures from appropriations bills instead of vetoing the entire bill and sending it back to the Congress . However , this line - item veto was immediately challenged by members of Congress who disagreed with it . In 1998 , the Supreme Court declared the line - item veto unconstitutional . The Court found the language of the Constitution required each bill presented to the President to be either approved or rejected as a whole . An action by which the President might pick and choose which parts of the bill to approve or not approve amounted to the President acting as a legislator instead of an executive and head of state -- and particularly as a single legislator acting in place of the entire Congress -- thereby violating the separation of powers doctrine . ( See Clinton v. City of New York , 524 U.S. 417 ( 1998 ) . ) In 2006 , Senator Bill Frist introduced the Legislative Line Item Veto Act of 2006 in the United States Senate . Rather than provide for an actual legislative veto , however , the procedure created by the Act provides that , if the President should recommend rescission of a budgetary line item from a budget bill he previously signed into law -- a power he already possesses pursuant to U.S. Const . Art . II -- the Congress must vote on his request within ten days . Because the legislation that is the subject of the President 's request ( or `` Special Message '' , in the language of the bill ) was already enacted and signed into law , the vote by the Congress would be ordinary legislative action , not any kind of veto -- whether line - item , legislative or any other sort . The House passed this measure , but the Senate never considered it , so the bill expired and never became law . Early history ( edit ) Intent of the framers ( edit ) During the Constitutional Convention , the veto was routinely referred to as a ' revisionary power ' . The Veto was constructed not as an absolute veto , but rather with limits , such as that Congress can override a veto , and that a President must state their objections in writing . These limits would have been important in the minds of the Founders , given that in Britain the monarch retained an absolute veto ( though by this time the power had become a formality ) . Further , as Elbridge Gerry explained in the final days of the Convention : `` The primary object of the revisionary check of the President is not to protect the general interest , but to defend his own department . '' During the Constitutional Convention the framers overwhelmingly rejected three proposals for an absolute veto . Under the articles and Constitution ( edit ) The Presidents of the Continental Congress ( 1774 -- 81 ) did not have the power of veto . The President could not veto an act of Congress under the Articles of Confederation ( 1781 -- 89 ) , but he possessed certain recess and reserve powers that were not necessarily available to the predecessor President of the Continental Congress . It was only with the enactment of the United States Constitution ( drafted 1787 ; ratified 1788 ; fully effective since 4 March 1789 ) that veto power was conferred upon the person titled `` President of the United States '' . The presidential veto power was first exercised on 5 April 1792 when President George Washington vetoed a bill outlining a new apportionment formula submitted by then Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson . Apportionment described how Congress divides seats in the House of Representatives among the states based on the US census figures . President Washington thought the bill gave an unfair advantage to the northern states. ( ( fact ) The Congress first overrode a presidential veto ( passed a bill into law notwithstanding the President 's objections ) on 3 March 1845 . U.S. States , veto powers , and override authority ( edit ) All U.S. states also have a provision by which legislative decisions can be vetoed by the governor . In addition to the ability to veto an entire bill as a `` package , '' many states allow the governor to exercise specialty veto authority to strike or revise portions of a bill without striking the whole bill . Amendatory veto Allows a governor to amend bills that have been passed by the legislature . Revisions are subject to confirmation or rejection by the legislature . Line item veto Allows a governor to remove specific sections of a bill ( usually only spending bills ) that has been passed by the legislature . Deletions can be overridden by the legislature . Pocket veto Any bill presented to a governor after a session has ended must be signed to become law . A governor can refuse to sign such a bill and it will expire . Such vetoes can not be overridden . Reduction veto Allows a governor to reduce the amounts budgeted for spending items . Reductions can be overridden by the legislature . Package veto Allows a governor to veto the entire bill . Package vetoes can be overridden by the legislature . Veto power and override authority by state State Veto Powers Veto Override Standard Alabama Amendatory , Pocket , Line Item , Package Majority elected Alaska Reduction , Line Item , Package Regular bills : 2 / 3 elected ; Budget bills : 3 / 4 elected Arizona Line Item , Package 2 / 3 elected ( Misc items have 3 / 4 elected standard ) Arkansas Line Item , Package Majority elected California Reduction , Line Item , Package 2 / 3 elected Colorado Line Item , Package 2 / 3 elected Connecticut Line Item , Package 2 / 3 elected Delaware Pocket , Line Item , Package 3 / 5 elected Florida Line Item , Package 2 / 3 present Georgia Line Item , Package 2 / 3 elected Hawaii Line Item , Package 2 / 3 elected Idaho Line Item , Package 2 / 3 present Illinois Amendatory , Reduction , Line Item ( spending only ) , Package 3 / 5 elected for package , majority elected for reduction / line item , majority elected required to affirm amendments Indiana Package Majority elected Iowa Pocket , Line Item , Package 2 / 3 elected Kansas Line Item , Package 2 / 3 membership Kentucky Line Item , Package Majority elected Louisiana Line Item , Package 2 / 3 elected Maine Reduction , Line Item , Package 2 / 3 elected Maryland Line Item , Package 3 / 5ths elected Massachusetts Amendatory , Pocket , Reduction , Line Item , Package 2 / 3 elected ; normal majority required to accept amendments Michigan Pocket , Reduction , Line Item , Package 2 / 3rds elected Minnesota Pocket , Line Item , Package 2 / 3 elected -- min . 90 House , 45 Senate Mississippi Line Item , Package 2 / 3 elected Missouri Line Item , Package 2 / 3 elected Montana Amendatory , Line Item , Package 2 / 3 present Nebraska Reduction , Line Item , Package 3 / 5 elected Nevada Package 2 / 3 elected New Hampshire Package 2 / 3 present New Jersey Amendatory , Pocket , Reduction , Line Item , Package 2 / 3 elected New Mexico Line Item , Package , Pocket 2 / 3 present New York Pocket , Line Item , Package 2 / 3 votes in each house North Carolina Package 3 / 5 elected North Dakota Line Item , Package 2 / 3 elected Ohio Line Item , Package 3 / 5 elected Oklahoma Pocket , Line Item , Package 2 / 3 elected Oregon Line Item , Package 2 / 3 present Pennsylvania Reduction , Line Item , Package 2 / 3 elected Rhode Island Line Item , Package 3 / 5 present South Carolina Line Item , Package 2 / 3 elected South Dakota Amendatory , Line Item , Package 2 / 3 elected Tennessee Reduction , Line Item , Package Constitutional majority ( Majority elected ) Texas Line Item , Package 2 / 3 elected Utah Line Item , Package 2 / 3 elected Vermont Pocket , Package 2 / 3 present Virginia Amendatory , Line Item , Package 2 / 3 present ( must include majority of elected members ) Washington Line Item , Package 2 / 3 present West Virginia Reduction , Line Item , Package Majority elected Wisconsin Amendatory , Reduction , Line Item , Package 2 / 3 present Wyoming Line Item , Package 2 / 3 elected European republican systems ( edit ) Presidential veto ( edit ) Many European republics allow some form of presidential veto on legislation , which may vary , according to their constitutional form or by convention . These include France , Italy , Portugal , the Republic of Ireland , Latvia , Lithuania , Ukraine , and Hungary . The President of Austria has no veto power , but signs bills into law . The President of Iceland may refuse to sign a bill , which is then put to referendum . This right was not exercised until 2004 , by President Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson , who has since refused to sign two other bills . The first bill was withdrawn , but the latter two resulted in referenda . The President of France has only a very limited form of suspensive veto : when presented with a law , he or she can request another reading of it by the Assembly , but only once per law . Aside from it , the President can only refer bills to the Constitutional Council . The President of Hungary has two options to veto a bill : submit it to the Constitutional Court if he suspects that it violates the constitution or send it back to the Parliament and ask for a second debate and vote on the bill . If the Court rules that the bill is constitutional or it is passed by the Parliament again , respectively , the President must sign it . The President of Ireland may refuse to grant assent to a bill that he or she considers to be unconstitutional , after consulting the Council of State ; in this case , the bill is referred to the Supreme Court , which finally determines the matter . This is the most widely used reserve power . The President may also , on request of a majority of Seanad Éireann ( the upper house of parliament ) and a third of Dáil Éireann ( the lower house of parliament ) , after consulting the Council of State , decline to sign a bill `` of such national importance that the will of the people thereon ought to be ascertained '' in an ordinary referendum or a new Dáil reassembling after a general election held within eighteen months . This latter power has never been used because the government of the day almost always commands a majority of the Seanad , preventing the third of the Dáil that usually makes up the opposition from combining with it . The President of Italy may request a second deliberation of a bill passed by Parliament before it is promulgated . This is a very weak form of veto as the Parliament can override the veto by an ordinary majority . The same provision exists in France and Latvia . While such a limited veto can not thwart the will of a determined parliamentary majority , it may have a delaying effect and may cause the parliamentary majority to reconsider the matter . The President of Republic can also call a new election for parliament . The President of Estonia may effectively veto a law adopted by Estonian parliament by refusing to proclaim it and demanding a new debate and decision . The parliament , in its turn , may override this veto by passing the law unamended for the second time ( a simple majority is enough ) . In this case the President is obliged to proclaim the law or to request the Supreme Court of Estonia to declare the law unconstitutional . If the Supreme Court rules that the law does not violate the Constitution , the President may not object any more and is obliged to finally proclaim the law . The President of Latvia may suspend a bill for a period of two months , during which it may be referred to the people in a referendum if a certain number of signatures are gathered . This is potentially a much stronger form of veto , as it enables the President to appeal to the people against the wishes of the Parliament and Government . The President of Poland may submit a bill to the Constitutional Tribunal if he suspects that bill is unconstitutional or send it back to the Sejm for a second voting . If the Tribunal says that the bill is constitutional or if Sejm passes it by at least three - fifths of the votes , the President must sign the bill . The President of Portugal may refuse to sign a bill or refer it , or parts of it , to the Constitutional Court . If the President refuses to sign bill without it being declared unconstitutional , the Assembly of the Republic ( parliament ) may pass it again , in which case it becomes law . The President of Ukraine may refuse to sign a bill and return it to Parliament with his proposals . If the parliament agrees on his proposals , the President must sign the bill . Parliament may overturn a veto by a two - thirds majority . If Parliament overturns his veto , the President must sign the bill within 10 days . Liberum veto ( edit ) In the constitution Poland or the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 17th and 18th centuries , there was an institution called the liberum veto . All bills had to pass the Sejm or `` Seimas '' ( Parliament ) by unanimous consent , and if any legislator voted nay on anything , this not only vetoed that bill but also dissolved that legislative session itself . The concept originated in the idea of `` Polish democracy '' as any Pole of noble extraction was considered as good as any other , no matter how low or high his material condition might be . It was never exercised , however , under the rule of the strong Polish royal dynasties , which came to an end in the mid-17th century . These were followed by an elective kingship . As might be expected , the more and more frequent use of this veto power paralyzed the power of the legislature and , combined with a string of weak figurehead kings , led ultimately to the partitioning and the dissolution of the Polish state in the late 18th century . Philippines ( edit ) The President of the Philippines may refuse to sign a bill , sending the bill back to the house where it originated along with his objections . Congress can override the veto via a two - thirds vote with both houses voting separately , after which the bill becomes law . The president may also veto specific provisions on money bills without affecting other provisions on the same bill . The president can not veto a bill due to inaction ; once the bill has been received by the president , the chief executive has thirty days to veto the bill . Once the thirty - day period expires , the bill becomes law as if the president had signed it . See also ( edit ) Constitution of the Roman Republic Pocket veto Popular referendum United Nations Security Council veto power Jus exclusivae , a veto power exercised by certain Catholic monarchs by means of their crown - cardinals in papal conclaves to prevent papabili objectionable to them from being elected Pope . Sign into law References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Article I , Section 7 , Clause 2 of the United States Constitution ^ Jump up to : Spitzer , Robert J. ( 1988 ) . The presidential veto : touchstone of the American presidency . SUNY Press . pp. 1 -- 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88706 - 802 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` Documenting Democracy '' . Foundingdocs.gov.au. 9 October 1942 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Hamer , David ( 2002 ) ( 1994 , University of Canberra ) . `` Curiously ill - defined -- the role of the head of state '' . Can Responsible Government Survive in Australia ? . Canberra : Australian Government -- Department of the Senate . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter I . The Parliament . Part V -- Powers of the Parliament , Section 58 '' . Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act . Parliament of Australia : Department of the Senate . Archived from the original on 14 October 2011 . Retrieved 13 October 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 14 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Mediation Communications , Level 3 , 414 Bourke Street , Melbourne Vic 3000 , Phone 9602 2992 , www.mediacomms.com.au . `` Government House '' . Governor.vic.gov.au . Archived from the original on 14 July 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 13 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Bastedo , Frank Lindsay , Encyclopedia of Saskatachewan Jump up ^ Sharma , B.k. ( 2007 ) . Introduction to the Constitution of India . New Delhi : Prentice - Hall of India Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 145 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 203 - 3246 - 1 . Jump up ^ Gupta , V.P. ( 26 August 2002 ) . `` The President 's role '' . Times of India . Retrieved 4 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Kosar , Kevin R. ( 18 July 2008 ) , Regular Vetoes and Pocket Vetoes : An Overview ( PDF ) Jump up ^ `` US Senate Glossary '' . US Senate Glossary . US Senate . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Sollenberger , Mitchel A. ( April 7 , 2004 ) . `` Congressional Overrides of Presidential Vetoes '' ( PDF ) . CRS Report for Congress . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Madison , James ( 1787 ) . `` Notes on the Debates in the Federal Convention '' . Jump up ^ Spitzer , Robert J. ( 1988 ) . The Presidential Veto . New York : State University of New York Press . pp. 18 -- 19 . ISBN 978 - 0887068027 . Jump up ^ Madison , James ( 12 September 1787 ) . `` Notes on the Debates in the Federal Convention '' . Jump up ^ Pfiffner , James P. ( 2009 ) . Power Play : The Bush Presidency and the Constitution . Washington , DC : Brookings Institution Press . pp. 210 -- 220 . ISBN 081570335X . Jump up ^ May , Christopher N. ( 1998 ) . Presidential Defiance of `` unconstitutional '' Laws : Reviving the Royal Prerogative . Greenwood Press . pp. 876 -- 881 . ISBN 031330064X . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Vetoes , 1789 to 1988 '' ( PDF ) . The U.S. Government Printing Office . February 1992 . Retrieved 2 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Vock , Daniel . `` Govs enjoy quirky veto power '' . pewstates.org . Retrieved 24 April 2007 . Jump up ^ The Book of the States 2010 ( PDF ) . The Council of State Governments. 2010 . pp. 140 -- 142 . Jump up ^ Constitution of Illinois ( 1970 ) Article IV , Section 9 Jump up ^ Constitution of Maryland , Article II , Sec. 17 ( a ) Jump up ^ Constitution of Massachusetts , Amendments , Article XC . Jump up ^ Constitution of Michigan ( 1963 ) , Article IV § 33 Jump up ^ Tennessee Constitution , art . III , sec. 18 External links ( edit ) `` Vetoes '' . Virtual Reference Desk . United States Senate . BNF : cb11978384x ( data ) NDL : 00567131 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veto&oldid=793912515 '' Categories : Veto Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use dmy dates from September 2012 Articles needing additional references from February 2008 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2012 Articles needing additional references from July 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 August 2017 , at 18 : 25 . 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who has the power to veto a bill

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America's Got Talent (season 12)

America 's Got Talent ( Season 12 ) - wikipedia America 's Got Talent ( Season 12 ) Jump to : navigation , search America 's Got Talent Season 12 Broadcast from May 30 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) -- September 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 20 ) Judges Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell Host ( s ) Tyra Banks Broadcaster NBC Winner Darci Lynne Farmer Origin Oklahoma City Genre ( s ) Ventriloquism Runner - up Angelica Hale Chronology ◀ 2017 Season twelve of the reality competition series America 's Got Talent was ordered on August 2 , 2016 and premiered on NBC on Tuesday , May 30 , 2017 . Howie Mandel , Mel B , Heidi Klum and Simon Cowell returned as judges for their respective eighth , fifth , fifth and second seasons . Supermodel and businesswoman Tyra Banks replaced Nick Cannon , who hosted the show for eight seasons , making her the first female host of the show . The live shows returned to the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles beginning August 15 , 2017 . The format of the show was the same as in season eleven , and Dunkin Donuts sponsors the show for a third consecutive season . A guest judge joined the panel for each episode of the Judge Cuts round : Chris Hardwick , DJ Khaled , Laverne Cox and Seal . Darci Lynne Farmer was named the winner on the season finale , September 20 , 2017 . She was the third ventriloquist , third child and third female to win a season of America 's Got Talent. 10 - year - old singer Angelica Hale placed second , and glow light dance troupe Light Balance came in third . Farmer won the show 's prize of $1 million and a headlining performance in Las Vegas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Season changes 2 Preliminary auditions 2.1 Golden buzzer 2.2 Death of Brandon Rogers 3 Judge Cuts 3.1 Week 1 3.2 Week 2 3.3 Week 3 3.4 Week 4 4 Quarterfinals 4.1 Week 1 ( August 15 -- 16 ) 4.2 Week 2 ( August 22 -- 23 ) 4.3 Week 3 ( August 29 -- 30 ) 5 Semifinals 5.1 Week 1 ( September 5 -- 6 ) 5.2 Week 2 ( September 12 -- 13 ) 6 Finals 6.1 Finale 7 Top 36 acts 8 Ratings 8.1 U.S. Nielsen ratings 8.2 Specials 9 Contestants who appeared on other seasons or shows 10 References 11 External links Season changes Season 12 judging panel and host Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell Tyra Banks On October 4 , 2016 , Simon Cowell signed a contract to remain as a judge through 2019 . Long - time host Nick Cannon announced , on February 13 , 2017 , that he would not return as host for the twelfth season , soon after he made disparaging remarks about NBC in his 2017 Showtime comedy special , Stand Up , Do n't Shoot . Cannon was still under contract to host , and NBC executives did not initially accept his resignation , but they ultimately searched for a new host . On March 12 , 2017 , NBC announced supermodel and host Tyra Banks as the host for Season 12 . Preliminary auditions The season had preliminary open call auditions in Chicago , Austin , Cleveland , Jacksonville , Philadelphia , Las Vegas , San Diego , New York City , Charleston , Memphis , and Los Angeles . As in years past , prospective contestants could also submit online auditions . Judges ' auditions were taped in March at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Los Angeles . The premiere aired May 30 , 2017 . Golden buzzer The Golden Buzzer returned for its fourth consecutive season . Any act that received a golden buzzer during the preliminary auditions was sent directly to the live shows and did not compete in the Judge Cuts round . In the first episode of preliminary auditions , Mel B pressed the golden buzzer for 12 - year - old singing ventriloquist Darci Lynne Farmer . In subsequent episodes , Simon Cowell pressed it for 29 - year - old deaf singer Mandy Harvey , Howie Mandel chose 16 - year - old former blind singer Christian Guardino , Tyra Banks pressed it for Light Balance dance crew , and Heidi Klum chose 13 - year - old singer Angelina Green . Each Judge Cuts act that received a golden buzzer advanced to the live shows without any voting by the judges . During the Judge Cuts round , guest judges Chris Hardwick pressed his golden buzzer for 9 - year old singer Angelica Hale , DJ Khaled pressed it for 21 - year old singer - songwriter and guitarist Chase Goehring , Laverne Cox pressed it for 9 - year old singer Celine Tam , and Seal pressed it for soul singer Johnny Manuel . Death of Brandon Rogers On June 11 , 2017 , contestant Brandon Rogers died in an automobile accident . Rogers was an American physician who specialized in family medicine . Earlier in 2017 , after seeing YouTube videos of Rogers singing , Boyz II Men invited him to sing with them as a guest in three of their Las Vegas shows . His successful AGT audition aired on July 11 , 2017 , in his memory . He competed in the Judge Cuts round , but his performance in that round was not televised . Judge Cuts The Judge Cuts round began on Tuesday , July 18 , 2017 . Like the previous season , one guest judge joined the judges ' panel each show and was given one golden buzzer opportunity to send an act straight to the live shows . Twenty acts were shown each week and seven advanced , including the guest judge 's golden buzzer choice . Guest judges were not given a red buzzer to use . Any act that received all four red buzzers was immediately eliminated from the competition . The four guest judges were Chris Hardwick , DJ Khaled , Laverne Cox , and Seal . After the Judge Cuts , three wildcards were chosen from eliminated acts to perform in the live shows : Final Draft , Bello Nock and Oskar and Gaspar ( who did not perform in the Judge Cuts round ) . All three of these acts were eliminated in the Quarterfinals . Key Buzzed Golden buzzer Advanced Quarterfinal Wildcard Eliminated Eliminated Immediately Advanced Immediately Week 1 Guest judge : Chris Hardwick Date : July 18 , 2017 Act Order Performance type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum Hardwick Brown Mandel Sara and Hero Dog Act Advanced The Baker Family Bluegrass Band Eliminated Mariachi Nuevo Santander Mariachi Group Eliminated The Masqueraders Vocal Group Advanced Eric Jennifer 5 Comedian Eliminated Harrison Greenbaum 6 Comedian Eliminated Dancing Pumpkin Man 7 Dancer Eliminated Tom London 8 Close - Up Magician Eliminated Eric Jones 9 Close - Up Magician Advanced Angelica Hale 10 Singer Advanced Immediately Danylo and Oskar 11 Acrobat Duo Eliminated Lera and Nika Tomanova 12 Aerial Duo Eliminated Yosein Chi 13 Hand Balancer Eliminated Darcy Callus 14 Singer And Keyboardist Eliminated Carlos De Antonis 15 Opera Singer Eliminated Canion Shijirbat 16 Multimedia Dancer Eliminated Just Jerk 17 Hip - Hop Dance Group Advanced Maw Kitty 18 Singer Eliminated The Singing Trump 19 Singing Trump Impersonator Advanced Demian Aditya 20 Escape Artist Advanced Week 2 Guest judge : DJ Khaled Date : July 25 , 2017 As of 2017 , this is the only Judge Cuts episode in the show 's history in which an act with at least one `` X '' buzzer was nevertheless promoted to the live shows . This was also the only Judge Cuts episode of the season in which an act received 4 red buzzers . Act Order Performance type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum Khaled Brown Mandel Sammulous Cabaret Singer Eliminated Steven Scott Comedian Eliminated The Quiddlers Novelty Puppet Group Eliminated Str8jacket Dance Group Eliminated Solto & T Dot 5 Dance Duo Eliminated Junior and Emily 6 Salsa Dance Duo Advanced Jokgu and Aichan 7 Piano - Playing Chickens Eliminated Immediately Dakota Striplin 8 Singer and Guitarist Eliminated Chase Goehring 9 Singer and Guitarist Advanced Immediately Azeri Brothers 10 Danger Act Eliminated The Godfathers 11 Acrobat Group Eliminated Tulga 12 Strongman Eliminated Mirror Image 13 Vocal / Dance Duo Advanced Evie Clair 14 Singer Advanced Kyle Eschen 15 Magician Eliminated Xavier Mortimer 16 Digital Magician Eliminated Colin Cloud 17 Mentalist Advanced Pelican212 18 Family Band Eliminated Puddles Pity Party 19 Singing Clown Advanced Yoli Mayor 20 Singer Advanced Week 3 Guest judge : Laverne Cox Date : August 1 , 2017 This was the first Judge Cuts episode in which no acts received a red buzzer from any of the judges . Act Order Performance type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum Cox Brown Mandel Oscar Hernandez Dancer Advanced Tony and Jordan Digital Magicians Eliminated The Naked Magicians Magicians Eliminated Jeki Yoo Magician Eliminated Herbie Russ 5 Singer And Saxophonist Eliminated Mike Yung 6 Singer Advanced 5 Alive 7 Boy Band Eliminated Final Draft 8 R&B Vocal Group Quarterfinal Wild Card Brobots & Mandroidz 9 Hip - Hop Dance Group Advanced Marisa McKaye 10 Singer Eliminated Celine Tam 11 Singer Advanced Immediately Aileen George 12 Pole Dancer Eliminated Shemika Charles 13 Limbo Dancer Eliminated Jay Jay Phillips 14 Comedic Keyboardist Eliminated Diavolo 15 Acrobatic Dance Group Advanced Jonathan Rinny 16 Balancing Acrobat Eliminated Bello Nock 17 Comedic Daredevil Quarterfinal Wild Card Daniel Ferguson 18 Singing Impressionist Eliminated Preacher Lawson 19 Comedian Advanced Billy & Emily England 20 Extreme Rollerskating Duo Advanced Week 4 Guest judge : Seal Date : August 8 , 2017 Act Order Performance type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum Seal Brown Mandel Artyon & Paige Dance Duo Advanced Britt Saasen Singer Eliminated In The Stairwell A Capella Group Advanced Will Tsai Visualist Eliminated Henry Richardson 5 Magician Eliminated Elena and Sasha 6 Acrobatic Duo Eliminated Lost Legends 7 Dance Group Eliminated Nick Uhas 8 Scientist Eliminated Veronica Gonzalez 9 Foot Puppeteer Eliminated Sirqus Alfon 10 Comedy Trio Eliminated DaNell Daymon & Greater Works 11 Gospel Choir Advanced Pompeyo Family Dogs 12 Dog Act Advanced Johnny Manuel 13 Singer Advanced Immediately Maria Popazov 14 Hand Balancer / Contortionist Eliminated Maxim Popazov 15 Hand Balancer Eliminated German Cornejo Dance Company 16 Dance Group Eliminated The Honeybee - z Plus 17 Dance Group Eliminated Merrick Hanna 18 Dancer Advanced Kechi Okwuchi 19 Singer Advanced Brandon Rogers N / A Singer Did Not Advance Footnotes Jump up ^ Rogers competed in this round before he died , but his performance was omitted from the episode . Quarterfinals The quarterfinals were broadcast live from the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles starting on August 15 , 2017 . They featured the nine golden buzzer acts , the 24 other acts promoted during the Judge Cuts round , and three wildcard acts chosen by the producers and judges . Twelve acts performed each week , with results announced the on following nights ; each week seven acts were sent through to the semifinals . Puddles Pity Party and Mirror Image received an `` X '' in the Quarterfinals . Demian Aditya received `` X 's '' by Brown and Cowell in the second Quarterfinals . Key Buzzed Advanced Judges ' Choice Won Judges ' Choice Lost Judges ' Choice Dunkin ' Save Judges ' Wildcard Week 1 ( August 15 -- 16 ) Guests : Grace VanderWaal , August 16 Act Order Performance Type Buzzes and judges ' choices Result Cowell Klum Brown Mandel Christian Guardino Singer Dunkin ' Save Artyon & Paige Dancing Duo Eliminated In The Stairwell A Cappella Group Advanced The Singing Trump Singing Donald Trump Impersonator Eliminated Angelica Hale 5 Singer Advanced Bello Nock 6 Comedic Daredevil Eliminated Just Jerk 7 Hip - Hop Dance Group Lost Judges ' Choice Puddles Pity Party 8 Singing Clown Eliminated Preacher Lawson 9 Comedian Advanced Yoli Mayor 10 Singer Won Judges ' Choice Billy & Emily England 11 Extreme Rollerskating Duo Advanced Darci Lynne Farmer 12 Singing Ventriloquist Advanced ^ 1 After the judges split evenly in the Judges ' Choice , Yoli Mayor was announced to have received more of America 's votes than Just Jerk , and she advanced to the semi-finals . Week 2 ( August 22 -- 23 ) Guests : Circus 1903 , August 23 Act Order Performance type Buzzes and judges ' choices Result Cowell Klum Brown Mandel Brobots & Mandroidz Hip - Hop Dance Group Eliminated Celine Tam Singer Advanced Mirror Image Vocal Dance Duo Eliminated Johnny Manuel Singer Advanced Merrick Hanna 5 Dancer Advanced Eric Jones 6 Close - up Magician Won Judges ' Choice The Masqueraders 7 Vocal Group Lost Judges ' Choice Light Balance 8 Light - Up Dance Group Advanced Evie Clair 9 Singer Dunkin ' Save Demian Aditya 10 Escape Artist Eliminated Pompeyo Family Dogs 11 Dog Act Wild Card Mandy Harvey 12 Singer - Songwriter / Ukulelist Advanced ^ 1 After the judges split evenly in the Judges ' Choice , Eric Jones was announced to have received more of America 's votes than The Masqueraders , and he advanced to the semi-finals . ^ 2 Due to a technical issue , Light Balance 's performance was based on their dress rehearsal . ^ 3 Another technical issue occurred when the sealed box Aditya was in did n't fall as planned . Week 3 ( August 29 -- 30 ) Guests : Mat Franco , Piff the Magic Dragon , and Jon Dorenbos , August 30 Act Order Performance Type Buzzes and judges ' choices Result Cowell Klum Brown Mandel DaNell Daymon & Greater Works Gospel Choir Won Judges ' Choice Junior and Emily Alabi Salsa Dance Duo Eliminated Final Draft Vocal Group Eliminated Oscar Hernandez Dancer Eliminated Angelina Green 5 Singer Lost Judges ' Choice Colin Cloud 6 Mentalist Dunkin ' Save Mike Yung 7 Singer Advanced Oskar and Gaspar 8 Videomapping Act Eliminated Sara and Hero 9 Dog Act Advanced Chase Goehring 10 Singer - Songwriter / Guitarist Advanced Diavolo 11 Acrobatic Dance Group Advanced Kechi Okwuchi 12 Singer Advanced ^ 1 Sara added another dog named Loki in her act . Loki performed throughout the rest of the competition . Semifinals The live semifinals started on September 5 , 2017 . They featured the 21 acts voted to the semifinals , plus the judges ' semifinal wildcard pick . Each week , eleven acts performed ; five went through to the finals , and six were eliminated . No acts were buzzed . Key Advanced Judges ' Choice Won Judges ' Choice Lost Judges ' Choice Dunkin ' Save Week 1 ( September 5 -- 6 ) Guests : The Clairvoyants Act Order Performance Description Buzzes and judges ' choices Result Cowell Klum Brown Mandel Yoli Mayor Singer ; performed `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' by James Arthur Eliminated Eric Jones Close - up magician : The judges are seated on the stage . A $2 bill in Eric 's hand turns into 4 coins . Simon hands him a signed hundred - dollar bill in exchange for the 4 coins . He shakes the coins together between his palms , and one of the coins disappears . Eric gives Heidi the three coins , asks her to focus on one of them , and makes that coin disappear . Howie holds the two coins between his thumb and middle finger , and when he drops them , only one coin remains . Eric then places it onto Mel B 's hand , teleports it to her shoulder , and that coin disappears as well . All four coins are found under Simon 's 100 - dollar bill , and Eric changes them into the $2 bill . Lost Judges ' Choice DaNell Daymon & Greater Works Gospel choir ; performed `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' by Aerosmith Eliminated Preacher Lawson Comedian ; laments being single , explains why he broke up with his ex-girlfriend , Tyra , and worries about passing his big lips on to his future offspring . He ends with a joke about his reaction to his 4 - year - old cousin calling him ugly . Advanced Johnny Manuel 5 Singer ; performed an original song called `` Blind Faith '' Eliminated Billy and Emily England 6 Extreme rollerblading duo : rollerblades on a high platform in which Emily hangs on to Billy in several positions while they spin around . Billy then flings Emily off the edge of the platform into the jaws of animated dragons . Eliminated Evie Clair 7 Singer ; performs `` Yours '' by Ella Henderson Dunkin ' Save Sara & Hero 8 Dog act : Hero pretended to perform CPR on Sara before she `` revives '' and they play volleyball together . Guest performer Loki , Sara 's younger dog , circles backwards around a standing Hero , who then gets on a skateboard and catches frisbees . Sara and Loki get on a surfboard , and then Hero jumps through a hoop before Sara jumps through the hoop with Hero . The act ends with Loki in Sara 's arms . Advanced Chase Goehring 9 Singer - songwriter / Guitarist ; performed an original song called `` What Is Love '' . Won Judges ' Choice Darci Lynne Farmer 10 Singing ventriloquist 's puppet , Edna Doorknocker , complains about being stuck in the elevator with The Singing Trump , while gushing about Simon . She then sings `` ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman '' by Aretha Franklin to him , eventually cuddling a blushing Simon . Advanced Mike Yung 11 Singer ; performed `` Do n't Give Up on Me '' by Solomon Burke Eliminated ^ 1 Chase Goehring , DaNell Daymon & Greater Works , and Mike Yung were not initially announced as performing on week one of semifinals . Week 2 ( September 12 -- 13 ) Act Order Performance Description Buzzes and judges ' choices Result Cowell Klum Brown Mandel Celine Tam Singer ; performed `` How Far I 'll Go '' from Moana . Eliminated Colin Cloud Mentalist ; printed thousands of tweets collected from the public , each listing a random celebrity , city and object , on cards ( each containing a couple dozen of the tweets ) distributed to the live audience members . Judges collected some of the cards from the audience at random . Mel B selected one card from these , and Heidi chose one tweet on the card at random , which contained a unique list : Ellen , Rome , cheese . Cloud demonstrated with prerecorded video snippets of himself and the judges that he had correctly predicted the list . A picture on stage , when flipped upside down , gave the same list in reverse order . Lost Judges ' Choice Christian Guardino Singer ; performed `` What 's Going On '' by Marvin Gaye . Eliminated In the Stairwell A Cappella Group ; performed `` Castle on the Hill '' by Ed Sheeran Eliminated Merrick Hanna 5 Dancer ; performed robot - themed urban dance routine that involved some flying . Eliminated Mandy Harvey 6 Singer ; performed an original song , `` Release Me '' , while translating the song into American Sign Language . Advanced Pompeyo Family Dogs 7 Dog Act ; dogs of varying sizes , dressed as Arctic / Antarctic animals such as a polar bear and penguins , performed agility and acrobatic tricks including walking and handstanding on two legs , sometimes in size order , leaping through hoops and over humans , jumping rope with a human and climbing a ladder . Eliminated Diavolo 8 Acrobatic Dance Group ; dancers rose into the air hanging artfully , or climbing on , and leaping from , various moving , transforming apparatuses , with a post-apocalyptic or futuristic theme . Won Judges ' Choice Kechi Okwuchi 9 Singer ; performed `` Do n't Worry About Me '' by Frances . Dunkin ' Save Light Balance 10 Light - Up Dance Group ; urban dance employing darkness and chromatic lights on set and costumes with a video game effect . Advanced Angelica Hale 11 Singer ; performed `` Without You '' by David Guetta Advanced ^ 1 Merrick Hanna and Mandy Harvey were switched to perform on Week 2 although they were on the Week 1 promo . ^ 2 Klum 's voting intention was not revealed . Finals The final performances took place on September 19 , followed by the final results show on September 20 , 2017 . No acts were buzzed . Key Advanced to the top 5 Top 10 Act Order Performance Description Result Angelica Hale Singer ; performed `` Symphony '' by Clean Bandit featuring Zara Larsson . Advanced Chase Goehring Singer - Songwriter / Guitarist ; performed an original song called `` Mirror '' . Top 10 Sara and Hero Dog Act ; Hero freed Sara from a glass cube by pressing a button . Hero danced around Sara 's legs before Loki ran out and performed alongside Hero . Hero balanced on Sara 's feet and put his front legs in the air . Loki jumped over obstacles and ran through a tube , then Loki jumped rope , with Sara and Hero holding the ends . Hero jumped on his hind legs with Sara , then Sara made hoops with her hands for Loki to jump through . The act ended with Hero running up a ramp and jumping high through the air over a ball pit to grab a dangling bone . Advanced Diavolo Dance / Acrobat Crew ; Two acrobats danced around a door before opening it up to reveal acrobats dancing , jumping and sliding on ramps . They then transferred to a large rocking apparatus , climbing on and leaping off of it , and catching each other , with themes of fire and thunder in the background . Top 10 Evie Clair 5 Singer ; performed `` What a Wonderful World '' by Louis Armstrong . Top 10 Preacher Lawson 6 Stand - Up Comedian ; recalled an interaction on the street with a mostly naked man who proclaimed `` Black Power '' despite being white . He said the man asked to borrow $75 , and noted that the man would definitely use it for drugs . He then performed an energetic physical bit , imitating the man by shaking and repeating the same phrase over and over . He ended by making a meta observation that while some audience members die laughing from this joke , others say , `` How long is he gon na do this for ? '' Top 10 Kechi Okwuchi 7 Singer ; performed `` Conqueror '' by Estelle . Top 10 Darci Lynne Farmer 8 Singing Ventriloquist ; puppets Oscar and Petunia bickered over who should sing for the Finals . The two puppets then told Darci to keep her mouth closed while they both performed a version of `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' by The Beatles . Advanced Mandy Harvey 9 Singer - Songwriter / Ukeleleist ; performed an original song called `` This Time '' . Advanced Light Balance 10 Light - Up Dance Group ; urban dance with chromatic lights . At the beginning , echoing the group 's past performances , a dancer in a top hat sat on a chair ( Preliminary auditions ) , followed by a werewolf ( Quarterfinals ) that seemingly tore one of the android dancers in half , although its top and bottom halves soon rejoined , and ended with a person resembling a video game character ( Semifinals ) . Advanced Finale Guest performers in the finale included Kelly Clarkson , Shania Twain , James Arthur , Derek Hough and Terry Fator . Other celebrity appearances included Marlee Matlin . The following chart describes the acts , appearances and segments presented during the finale . Act ( s ) Performance Description Angelica Hale & Kechi Okwuchi Singers ; Guest performer Kelly Clarkson sang , with the two contestants , a trio of her song `` Stronger '' . Chase Goehring Singer - Songwriter / Guitarist ; Guest performer James Arthur sang a duet with Goehring of his song ' `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . Sara and Hero Dog Act ; Instead of performing an act , Sara worked to train the Judges ' dogs to perform several tricks . Diavolo Dance / Acrobat Crew ; performed in a space - like setting with asteroids crashing into each other in the background and the dancers jumping off of a moon - like structure . Evie Clair Singer ; Guest performer James Arthur performed a duet with Clair of her song `` Okay Day '' . Preacher Lawson Comedian ; Clips were shown of Lawson performing at the Laugh Factory with Judge Howie Mandel and Kevin Nealon . Darci Lynne Farmer Singing Ventriloquist ; Guest performer Terry Fator , with his turtle puppet , Winston , joked around with Farmer and her bunny , Petunia . The two puppets then performed the comic song `` Anything You Can Do '' . Mandy Harvey Singer - Songwriter / Ukeleleist ; Guest performer Shania Twain sang a duet with Harvey of Twain 's song `` You 're Still The One '' . Light Balance Light - Up Dance Group ; Guest performer Derek Hough led the group in a dance routine similar to the group 's preliminary auditions routine . Key 1st place ( Winner ) 2nd place ( Runner - up ) 3rd place 4th place 5th place Act Result Darci Lynne Farmer Winner Angelica Hale Runner - Up Light Balance 3rd place Mandy Harvey 4th place Sara and Hero 5th place Top 36 acts Key Winner Runner - up Third Place Top 5 Finalist Semifinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Semifinalist ( lost audience vote ) Quarterfinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Quarterfinalist ( lost audience vote ) Golden buzzer ( Auditions ) Golden buzzer ( Judge Cuts ) Judges ' wild card ( quarterfinals ) Judges ' wild card ( semifinals ) Name of Act Age ( s ) Genre Act Hometown Quarterfinal Semifinal Result Darci Lynne Farmer 12 Comedy & Singing Singing Ventriloquist Oklahoma City , Oklahoma Winner Angelica Hale 9 Singing Singer Atlanta , Georgia Runner - Up Light Balance 22 - 36 Dance Light - Up Dance Group Ukraine 3rd Place Mandy Harvey 29 Singing Singer - Songwriter / Ukulelist St. Cloud , Florida 4th Place Sara and Hero 22 & 5 Animal Dog Act North Bay , Ontario , Canada 5th Place Chase Goehring 21 Singing Singer - Songwriter / Guitarist Nolensville , Tennessee Finalist ( Won Judges ' Vote ) Diavolo 21 - 39 Acrobatic Dance Acrobatic Dance Group Los Angeles , California Finalist ( Won Judges ' Vote ) Evie Clair 13 Singing Singer Florence , Arizona Finalist ( Won Dunkin ' Save Vote ) Kechi Okwuchi 27 Singing Singer Houston , Texas Finalist ( Won Dunkin ' Save Vote ) Preacher Lawson 25 Comedy Stand - up Comedian Memphis , Tennessee Finalist ( Won Public Vote ) Colin Cloud 30 Magic Mentalist Edinburgh , Scotland Semifinalist ( Lost Judges ' Vote ) Eric Jones 36 Magic Close - up Magician Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Semifinalist ( Lost Judges ' Vote ) Billy & Emily England 30 , 27 Danger Extreme Rollerskating Duo Las Vegas , Nevada Eliminated Celine Tam 9 Singing Singer Hong Kong Eliminated Christian Guardino 16 Singing Singer Patchogue , New York Eliminated DaNell Daymon & Greater Works 24 - 59 Singing Gospel Choir Various Eliminated In The Stairwell 18 - 22 Singing A Cappella Group Colorado Springs , Colorado Eliminated Johnny Manuel 32 Singing Singer Flint , Michigan Eliminated Merrick Hanna 12 Dance Dancer Encinitas , California Eliminated Mike Yung 56 Singing Singer New York , New York Eliminated Pompeyo Family Dogs 7 - 35 Animal Dog Act Sarasota , Florida Eliminated Yoli Mayor 21 Singing Singer Miami , Florida Eliminated Angelina Green 13 Singing Singer Miami , Florida N / A Quarterfinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Just Jerk 18 - 27 Dance Hip - Hop Dance Group Seoul , South Korea N / A Quarterfinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) The Masqueraders 72 - 74 Singing Vocal Group Nashville , Tennessee N / A Quarterfinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Artyon & Paige 9 & 8 Dance Dancing Duo Murrieta , California N / A Eliminated Bello Nock 47 Danger Comedic Daredevil Sarasota , Florida N / A Eliminated Brobots & Mandroidz 16 - 24 Dance Hip - Hop Dance Group Torrance , California N / A Eliminated Demian Aditya 36 Magic Escape Artist Jakarta , Indonesia N / A Eliminated Final Draft 22 - 26 Singing Vocal Group Atlanta , Georgia N / A Eliminated Junior and Emily 31 & 27 Dance Salsa Dance Duo Los Angeles , California N / A Eliminated Mirror Image 16 Singing & Dance Vocal Dance Duo Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania N / A Eliminated Oscar Hernandez 34 Dance Dancer Orange County , California N / A Eliminated Oskar and Gaspar Unknown Variety Videomapping Act Unknown N / A Eliminated Puddles Pity Party 52 Singing Singing Clown Atlanta , Georgia N / A Eliminated The Singing Trump 56 Comedy & Singing Singing Trump Impersonator Palm Springs , California N / A Eliminated Ratings Us nielsen ratings Show Episode title First air date Timeslot ( EDT ) Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) Nightly Rank Weekly Rank Auditions Week 1 May 30 , 2017 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.7 11 12.32 Auditions Week 2 June 6 , 2017 2.7 11 12.53 Auditions Week 3 June 13 , 2017 2.6 11 12.70 Auditions Week 4 June 20 , 2017 2.6 11 12.74 5 Auditions Week 5 June 27 , 2017 2.5 10 12.36 6 Auditions Week 6 July 11 , 2017 2.5 10 12.59 7 Judge Cuts 1 July 18 , 2017 2.5 11 12.57 8 Judge Cuts 2 July 25 , 2017 2.6 11 13.08 9 Judge Cuts 3 August 1 , 2017 2.8 12 13.33 10 Judge Cuts 4 August 8 , 2017 2.7 11 13.32 11 Quarterfinals , Week 1 ( Performances ) August 15 , 2017 2.8 11 13.44 12 Quarterfinals , Week 1 ( Results ) August 16 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.1 9 10.89 13 Quarterfinals , Week 2 ( Performances ) August 22 , 2017 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.6 10 12.76 14 Quarterfinals , Week 2 ( Results ) August 23 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.0 9 10.84 15 Quarterfinals , Week 3 ( Performances ) August 29 , 2017 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.6 11 13.13 16 Quarterfinals , Week 3 ( Results ) August 30 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.9 8 11.07 17 Semifinals , Week 1 ( Performances ) September 5 , 2017 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.6 10 13.29 18 Semifinals , Week 1 ( Results ) September 6 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.1 8 11.99 6 19 Semifinals , Week 2 ( Performances ) September 12 , 2017 Tuesday 9 : 00 p.m. 2.3 9 11.57 20 Semifinals , Week 2 ( Results ) September 13 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.1 8 11.59 21 The Finals September 19 , 2017 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 3.0 12 14.70 22 Season Finale September 20 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 3.0 11 15.64 Footnotes Jump up ^ This episode was delayed by one hour to follow Hand in Hand : A Benefit for Hurricane Relief . Specials Show Episode title First air date Timeslot ( EDT ) Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) Nightly Rank Weekly Rank S1 Best of Season 12 Auditions July 13 , 2017 Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.3 6 7.10 10 S2 Road to Finals August 9 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.3 6 7.01 8 Contestants who appeared on other seasons or shows Demian Aditya appeared as a guest performer on Indonesia 's Got Talent . German Cornejo & Gisela Galeassi ( `` German Cornejo Dance Company '' ) appeared on and were the tango dancer winners of ¡ Q'Viva ! The Chosen in 2012 , performing after the show in Las Vegas with ¡ Q'Viva ! The Chosen Live . They also were guest artists in Buenos Aires at the Dance Again World Tour by Jennifer Lopez . Ezequiel Lopez ( `` German Cornejo Dance Company '' ) appeared on and was one of the malambo dancer winners of ¡ Q'Viva ! The Chosen in 2012 . Canion Shijirbat appeared on and was the runner - up of Mongolia 's Got Talent in 2016 . He appeared on Asia 's Got Talent a few months after America 's Got Talent and was given a Golden Buzzer by the hosts . Nick Uhas was a houseguest on Big Brother 15 and was the second houseguest evicted from the house . Merrick Hanna auditioned for So You Think You Can Dance : The Next Generation . He made it into the top 40 at Dance Academy , but was eliminated before reaching the top 30 . He has also appeared as a lip sync battler on Nickelodeon 's Lip Sync Battle Shorties and on The Ellen DeGeneres Show . Artyon , half of the dancing duo Artyon and Paige , appeared as a lip sync battler on Nickelodeon 's Lip Sync Battle Shorties . Darci Lynne Farmer appeared on Little Big Shots in 2016 and on Little Big Shots ( UK TV series ) in 2017 . Billy and Emily England appeared on Britain 's Got Talent ( series 9 ) and reached the Semifinals . In 2008 , Emily was the runner - up on Big Brother UK : Celebrity Hijack , competing under the name of `` Emilia . '' Tony and Jordan ( `` The French Twins '' ) appeared on series 11 of La France a un incroyable talent ( the French version of Got Talent ) in 2016 . Chase Goehring appeared on The X Factor ( U.S. season 3 ) . Light Balance appeared on Britain 's Got Talent ( series 8 ) and reached the Semifinals . Junior and Emily appeared on Season 3 of America 's Got Talent , but were eliminated before the live shows . Shemika Charles appeared on Season 6 of America 's Got Talent , but was eliminated during Vegas week . Celine Tam appeared on Little Big Shots in 2016 and Britain 's Got Talent ( series 10 ) but had to drop out due to a visa issue . Vinny Grosso ( `` The Naked Magician '' ) previously appeared on `` Penn and Teller : Fool Us '' , performing the same routine as his AGT Audition , and successfully fooling the magic duo . The Quiddlers participated in the third season and appeared on I Can Do That , performing with Ciara and Nicole Scherzinger during their time on the show . Eric Jones previously appeared on `` Penn and Teller : Fool us , and he was successful in fooling them . Kyle Eschen & Xavier Mortimer also appeared on Fool Us ( Mortimer twice ) , but were unsuccessful in fooling Penn & Teller . Xavier Mortimer auditioned in Season 10 , but was eliminated at the judge cuts after receiving four buzzers . Pelican 212 appeared on Little Big Shots in 2016 . Kyle Eschen appeared on Season 3 , episode 2 of Penn & Teller : Fool Us , Masters of Illusion , and The World Magic Awards . Colin Cloud appeared on Britain 's Got Talent in 2012 , but he did not make it through to the live semifinals . Cloud also appeared on Season 1 of Penn and Teller Fool Us . His trick did n't however fool Penn and Teller . At both BGT and Penn and Teller Fool Us he went under his real name Colin McLeod . References Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` NBC Sets Summer Premieres : ' Marlon , ' ' Midnight , Texas , ' ' Carmichael Show , ' Reality & More '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' renewed for Season 12 , judges all returning '' . Zap2it . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Sets Tyra Banks As New Host For Season 12 '' . March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dunkin ' Donuts returns to NBC 's ' America 's Got Talent ' for shows ' 12th Season '' . May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Sets Chris Hardwick and DJ Khaled as Season 12 Guest Judges '' . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Season 12 Adds Laverne Cox as Guest Judge '' . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Heidi Klum and Seal Reunite on ' America 's Got Talent ' '' . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metz , Brooke . `` Darci Lynne Farmer , 12 , is the new champion of America 's Got Talent '' , USA Today , September 20 , 2017 Jump up ^ France , Lisa Respers . `` The winner of America 's Got Talent is ... '' , CNN , September 21 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Simon Cowell Signs New Deal & Returns as Judge on NBC 's ' America 's Got Talent ' for Next Three Seasons '' . October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Cannon Quits America 's Got Talent After Threats of Firing over Race Joke '' . TV Guide . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony , Kiyonna ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Got Talent Execs Have This to Say About Nick Cannon 's Departure '' . Globalgrind . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Paul ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stand my ground ' : Nick Cannon resolves to ' stay firm ' after quitting AGT and picks Ryan Seacrest as heir '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent Season 12 Auditions : Cities , Dates , Video Tips '' . September 12 , 2016 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mallenbaum , Carly . `` America 's Got Talent : A look at Season 12 's Golden Buzzer acts '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stone , Natalie ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Got Talent Rising Star Dies in Car Crash at Age 29 '' . People . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Garcera , Mark Zeanreh . `` Some drama on AGT when Mel B splashes Simon 's face '' , BlastingNews.com , August 23 , 2017 , accessed September 30 , 2017 ; and King , Bill . `` America 's Got Talent Recap : The Quarterfinals Get Underway '' , BuddyTV.com , August 15 , 2017 , accessed September 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Watch America 's Got Talent Live Results 1 online '' . FanSided. 2017 - 08 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` ' Live Results 1 ' '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Witness the spectacular ... ' '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stagnitta , Ali . `` America 's Got Talent Recap : 2 Onstage Disasters Prevent Fan - Favorite Acts from Performing '' , Hollywood Life , August 22 , 2017 , accessed September 13 , 2017 Jump up ^ www.justjared.com/2017/08/22/demian-adityas-escape-stunt-on-agt-goes-wrong-during-live-show-video/ Jump up ^ `` ' TV ALERT ... ' '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' YOU HEAR THAT ? ... ' '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ www.thewrap.com/americas-got-talent-agt-clairvoyants-video/ Jump up ^ Mizoguchi , Karen . `` America 's Got Talent Fans React to THAT Shocking Season Finale -- See Which Fan - Favorites Got Eliminated ! '' , People magazine , September 20 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` The Singing Trump from Palm Springs wowed on ' America 's Got Talent ' with his song and dance skills '' . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Imaginary Mary ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` NBA Finals give ABC a big bump : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for May 29 - June 4 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` NBA Finals , ' America 's Got Talent ' on top again : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for June 5 -- 11 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` NBA Finals carries ABC again : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for June 12 -- 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' and ' American Housewife ' encores adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' leads NBC to victory : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for June 19 -- 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' World of Dance ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` NBC and ' AGT ' stay on top : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for June 26 - July 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' and All - Star Game adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent , ' MLB All - Stars go 1 - 2 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for July 10 -- 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' streak continues : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for July 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' World of Dance ' and ' Somewhere Between ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Another week on top for ' America 's Got Talent ' : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for July 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' World of Dance ' and ' Somewhere Between ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent , ' NFL lead NBC to victory : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for July 31 - Aug. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Somewhere Between ' and ' World of Dance ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bachelorette ' finale gives ABC a bump : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for Aug. 7 - 13 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood Game Night and Somewhere Between adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Got Talent , Big Brother dominate the broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for Aug. 14 - 20 '' . August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Masterchef ' adjusts up , ' The F Word ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' reruns adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` NBC runs winning streak to 10 weeks : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for Aug. 21 - 27 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' Marlon ' and ' Salvation ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Got Talent and Hollywood Game Night adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` College football pushes ABC to No. 1 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for Aug. 28 - Sept. 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' and ' Marlon ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bachelor in Paradise ' and ' AGT ' adjust up , ' Hollywood Game Night ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Football gives NBC a big win : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for Sept. 4 - 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' Marlon ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' rerun adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday Night Football falls but remains on top : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for Sept. 11 - 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Midnight , Texas ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Will & Grace ' special adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` NBC caps yearlong win with ' AGT ' finale , football : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for Sept. 18 - 24 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Got Talent , ' ' Big Brother , ' ' Masterchef ' ajdust up , ' The Good Place ' and ' Salvation ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Road to Finals ' '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother , ' ' Salvation , ' ' Story of Diana , ' ' Carmichael ' and ' AGT ' all adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` So You Think You Can Dance 2016 Recap : So You Think You Can Make The Top 10 ? '' . gossipandgab.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Merrick Hanna '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 02 . External links Official website IMDB America 's Got Talent website Preceded by Season 11 ( 2016 ) America 's Got Talent Season 12 ( 2017 ) Succeeded by Season 13 ( 2018 ) ( hide ) America 's Got Talent Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Winners Bianca Ryan Terry Fator Neal E. Boyd Kevin Skinner Michael Grimm Landau Eugene Murphy Jr . Olate Dogs Kenichi Ebina Mat Franco Paul Zerdin Grace VanderWaal Darci Lynne Farmer Runners - up The Millers Cas Haley Eli Mattson Bárbara Padilla Jackie Evancho Silhouettes Tom Cotter Taylor Williamson Emily West Drew Lynch Angelica Hale Third place Butterscotch Nuttin ' But Stringz Recycled Percussion Team iLuminate Oz Pearlman Jon Dorenbos Light Balance Other notable contestants Season 1 Taylor Ware Alexis Jordan Celtic Spring The Passing Zone Rappin ' Granny Leonid the Magnificent Jessica Sanchez Season 2 Jabbawockeez Julienne Irwin Kevin James Season 3 Kaitlyn Maher ZOOperstars ! Derrick Barry Season 4 Grandma Lee The Texas Tenors Thia Megia Season 5 ArcAttack Haspop Alice Tan Ridley Prince Poppycock Connor Doran The Strange Familiar Lindsey Stirling Season 6 Geechy Guy Anna Graceman POPLYFE Professor Splash Melissa Villaseñor Season 7 David Garibaldi and His CMYK 's Rudy Coby Trish Paytas Season 8 Cami Bradley Marty Brown Brad Byers Forte Branden James Jim Meskimen John Wing Jr . Season 9 Dan Naturman Wendy Liebman Miguel Dakota Quintavious Johnson The Willis Clan Mike Super Season 10 Stevie Starr Piff the Magic Dragon Myq Kaplan Freelusion Dance Company Metal Mulisha Fitz Army Kacey Jones Kayvon Zand Season 11 Ryan Stock & AmberLynn Tape Face Brian Justin Crum Cory Kahaney The Passing Zone Laura Bretan Zach Sherwin Season 12 Bello Nock Colin Cloud Mandy Harvey Merrick Hanna Preacher Lawson Puddles Pity Party The Singing Trump Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America%27s_Got_Talent_(season_12)&oldid=808714219 '' Categories : America 's Got Talent seasons 2017 American television seasons Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from March 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Official website not in Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 17 : 39 . 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Coriolis force

Coriolis force - wikipedia Coriolis force Jump to : navigation , search For the psychophysical perception effect , see Coriolis effect ( perception ) . In the inertial frame of reference ( upper part of the picture ) , the black ball moves in a straight line . However , the observer ( brown dot ) who is standing in the rotating / non-inertial frame of reference ( lower part of the picture ) sees the object as following a curved path due to the Coriolis and centrifugal forces present in this frame . In physics , the Coriolis force is an inertial force that acts on objects that are in motion relative to a rotating reference frame . In a reference frame with clockwise rotation , the force acts to the left of the motion of the object . In one with anticlockwise rotation , the force acts to the right . Deflection of an object due to the Coriolis force is called the Coriolis effect . Though recognized previously by others , the mathematical expression for the Coriolis force appeared in an 1835 paper by French scientist Gaspard - Gustave de Coriolis , in connection with the theory of water wheels . Early in the 20th century , the term Coriolis force began to be used in connection with meteorology . Newton 's laws of motion describe the motion of an object in an inertial ( non-accelerating ) frame of reference . When Newton 's laws are transformed to a rotating frame of reference , the Coriolis force and centrifugal force appear . Both forces are proportional to the mass of the object . The Coriolis force is proportional to the rotation rate and the centrifugal force is proportional to its square . The Coriolis force acts in a direction perpendicular to the rotation axis and to the velocity of the body in the rotating frame and is proportional to the object 's speed in the rotating frame ( more precisely , to the component of its velocity that is perpendicular to the axis of rotation ) . The centrifugal force acts outwards in the radial direction and is proportional to the distance of the body from the axis of the rotating frame . These additional forces are termed inertial forces , fictitious forces or pseudo forces . They allow the application of Newton 's laws to a rotating system . They are correction factors that do not exist in a non-accelerating or inertial reference frame . In popular ( non-technical ) usage of the term `` Coriolis effect '' , the rotating reference frame implied is almost always the Earth . Because the Earth spins , Earth - bound observers need to account for the Coriolis force to correctly analyze the motion of objects . The Earth completes one rotation per day , so for motions of everyday objects the Coriolis force is usually quite small compared to other forces ; its effects generally become noticeable only for motions occurring over large distances and long periods of time , such as large - scale movement of air in the atmosphere or water in the ocean . Such motions are constrained by the surface of the Earth , so only the horizontal component of the Coriolis force is generally important . This force causes moving objects on the surface of the Earth to be deflected to the right ( with respect to the direction of travel ) in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere . The horizontal deflection effect is greater near the poles , since the effective rotation rate about a local vertical axis is largest there , and decreases to zero at the equator . Rather than flowing directly from areas of high pressure to low pressure , as they would in a non-rotating system , winds and currents tend to flow to the right of this direction north of the equator and to the left of this direction south of it . This effect is responsible for the rotation of large cyclones ( see Coriolis effects in meteorology ) . For an intuitive explanation of the origin of the Coriolis force , consider an object moving northward in the northern hemisphere . Viewed from outer space , the object does not appear to go due north , but has an eastward motion ( it rotates around toward the right along with the surface of the Earth ) . The further north you go , the smaller the `` horizontal diameter '' of the Earth , and so the slower the eastward motion of its surface . As the object moves north , to higher latitudes , it has a tendency to maintain the eastward speed it started with ( rather than slowing down to match the reduced eastward speed of local objects on the Earth 's surface ) , so it veers east ( i.e. to the right of its initial motion ) . Though not obvious from this example , which considers northward motion , the horizontal deflection occurs equally for objects moving east or west ( or any other direction ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Formula 3 Causes 4 Length scales and the Rossby number 5 Simple cases 5.1 Cannon on turntable 5.1. 1 Trajectory in the inertial frame 5.1. 1.1 Accelerations 5.1. 1.1. 1 Components of acceleration 5.1. 1.1. 2 Producing accelerations 5.2 Tossed ball on a rotating carousel 5.3 Bounced ball 6 Applied to the Earth 6.1 Intuitive explanation 6.2 Rotating sphere 6.3 Meteorology 6.3. 1 Flow around a low - pressure area 6.3. 2 Inertial circles 6.3. 3 Other terrestrial effects 6.4 Eötvös effect 6.4. 1 Intuitive example 6.5 Draining in bathtubs and toilets 6.6 Ballistic trajectories 7 Visualization of the Coriolis effect 8 Coriolis effects in other areas 8.1 Coriolis flow meter 8.2 Molecular physics 8.3 Gyroscopic precession 8.4 Insect flight 8.5 Lagrangian point stability 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Further reading 10.1. 1 Physics and meteorology 10.1. 2 Historical 11 External links History ( edit ) Image from Cursus seu Mundus Mathematicus ( 1674 ) of C.F.M. Dechales , showing how a cannonball should deflect to the right of its target on a rotating Earth , because the rightward motion of the ball is faster than that of the tower . Image from Cursus seu Mundus Mathematicus ( 1674 ) of C.F.M. Dechales , showing how a ball should fall from a tower on a rotating Earth . The ball is released from F. The top of the tower moves faster than its base , so while the ball falls , the base of the tower moves to I , but the ball , which has the eastward speed of the tower 's top , outruns the tower 's base and lands further to the east at L . Italian scientist Giovanni Battista Riccioli and his assistant Francesco Maria Grimaldi described the effect in connection with artillery in the 1651 Almagestum Novum , writing that rotation of the Earth should cause a cannonball fired to the north to deflect to the east . In 1674 Claude François Milliet Dechales described in his Cursus seu Mundus Mathematicus how the rotation of the earth should cause a deflection in the trajectories of both falling bodies and projectiles aimed toward one of the planet 's poles . Riccioli , Grimaldi , and Dechales all described the effect as part of an argument against the heliocentric system of Copernicus . In other words , they argued that the Earth 's rotation should create the effect , and so failure to detect the effect was evidence for an immobile Earth . The Coriolis acceleration equation was derived by Euler in 1749 and the effect was described in the tidal equations of Pierre - Simon Laplace in 1778 . Gaspard - Gustave Coriolis published a paper in 1835 on the energy yield of machines with rotating parts , such as waterwheels . That paper considered the supplementary forces that are detected in a rotating frame of reference . Coriolis divided these supplementary forces into two categories . The second category contained a force that arises from the cross product of the angular velocity of a coordinate system and the projection of a particle 's velocity into a plane perpendicular to the system 's axis of rotation . Coriolis referred to this force as the `` compound centrifugal force '' due to its analogies with the centrifugal force already considered in category one . The effect was known in the early 20th century as the `` acceleration of Coriolis '' , and by 1920 as `` Coriolis force '' . In 1856 , William Ferrel proposed the existence of a circulation cell in the mid-latitudes with air being deflected by the Coriolis force to create the prevailing westerly winds . The understanding of the kinematics of how exactly the rotation of the Earth affects airflow was partial at first . Late in the 19th century , the full extent of the large scale interaction of pressure gradient force and deflecting force that in the end causes air masses to move ' along ' isobars was understood . Formula ( edit ) See also : Fictitious force In non-vector terms : at a given rate of rotation of the observer , the magnitude of the Coriolis acceleration of the object is proportional to the velocity of the object and also to the sine of the angle between the direction of movement of the object and the axis of rotation . The vector formula for the magnitude and direction of the Coriolis acceleration is derived through vector analysis and is a C = − 2 Ω × v ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( a ) ) _ ( C ) = - 2 \ , ( \ boldsymbol ( \ Omega \ times v ) ) ) where ( here and below ) a C ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( a ) ) _ ( C ) ) is the acceleration of the particle in the rotating system , v ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( v ) ) \ , ) is the velocity of the particle with respect to the rotating system , and Ω is the angular velocity vector having magnitude equal to the rotation rate ω , with direction along the axis of rotation of the rotating reference frame , and the × ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( \ times ) ) ) symbol represents the cross product operator . The equation may be multiplied by the mass of the relevant object to produce the Coriolis force : F C = − 2 m Ω × v ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( F ) ) _ ( C ) = - 2 \ , m \ , ( \ boldsymbol ( \ Omega \ times v ) ) ) . See fictitious force for a derivation . The Coriolis effect is the behavior added by the Coriolis acceleration . The formula implies that the Coriolis acceleration is perpendicular both to the direction of the velocity of the moving mass and to the frame 's rotation axis . So in particular : if the velocity is parallel to the rotation axis , the Coriolis acceleration is zero . ( For example , on Earth , this situation occurs for a body on the equator moving north or south relative to Earth 's surface . ) if the velocity is straight inward to the axis , the acceleration is in the direction of local rotation . ( For example , on Earth , this situation occurs for a body on the equator falling downward , as in the Dechales illustration above , where the falling ball travels further to the east than does the tower . ) if the velocity is straight outward from the axis , the acceleration is against the direction of local rotation . ( In the tower example , a ball launched upward would move toward the west . ) if the velocity is in the direction of local rotation , the acceleration is outward from the axis . ( For example , on Earth , this situation occurs for a body on the equator moving east relative to Earth 's surface . It would move upward as seen by an observer on the surface . This effect ( see Eötvös effect below ) was discussed by Galileo Galilei in 1632 and by Riccioli in 1651 . ) if the velocity is against the direction of local rotation , the acceleration is inward to the axis . ( On Earth , this situation occurs for a body on the equator moving west , which would deflect downward as seen by an observer . ) Causes ( edit ) The Coriolis force exists only when one uses a rotating reference frame . In the rotating frame it behaves exactly like a real force ( that is to say , it causes acceleration and has real effects ) . However , the Coriolis force is a consequence of inertia , and is not attributable to an identifiable originating body , as is the case for electromagnetic or nuclear forces , for example . From an analytical viewpoint , to use Newton 's second law in a rotating system , the Coriolis force is mathematically necessary , but it disappears in a non-accelerating , inertial frame of reference . For example , consider two children on opposite sides of a spinning roundabout ( Merry - go - round ) , who are throwing a ball to each other . From the children 's point of view , this ball 's path is curved sideways by the Coriolis force . Suppose the roundabout spins anticlockwise when viewed from above . From the thrower 's perspective , the deflection is to the right . From the non-thrower's perspective , deflection is to the left . For a mathematical formulation see Mathematical derivation of fictitious forces . In meteorology , a rotating frame ( the Earth ) with its Coriolis force provides a more natural framework for explanation of air movements than a non-rotating , inertial frame without Coriolis forces . In long - range gunnery , sight corrections for the Earth 's rotation are based upon the Coriolis force . These examples are described in more detail below . The acceleration entering the Coriolis force arises from two sources of change in velocity that result from rotation : the first is the change of the velocity of an object in time . The same velocity ( in an inertial frame of reference where the normal laws of physics apply ) is seen as different velocities at different times in a rotating frame of reference . The apparent acceleration is proportional to the angular velocity of the reference frame ( the rate at which the coordinate axes change direction ) , and to the component of velocity of the object in a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation . This gives a term − Ω × v ( \ displaystyle - ( \ boldsymbol ( \ Omega ) ) \ times ( \ boldsymbol ( v ) ) ) . The minus sign arises from the traditional definition of the cross product ( right hand rule ) , and from the sign convention for angular velocity vectors . The second is the change of velocity in space . Different positions in a rotating frame of reference have different velocities ( as seen from an inertial frame of reference ) . For an object to move in a straight line , it must accelerate so that its velocity changes from point to point by the same amount as the velocities of the frame of reference . The force is proportional to the angular velocity ( which determines the relative speed of two different points in the rotating frame of reference ) , and to the component of the velocity of the object in a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation ( which determines how quickly it moves between those points ) . This also gives a term − Ω × v ( \ displaystyle - ( \ boldsymbol ( \ Omega ) ) \ times ( \ boldsymbol ( v ) ) ) . Length scales and the Rossby number ( edit ) Further information : Rossby number The time , space and velocity scales are important in determining the importance of the Coriolis force . Whether rotation is important in a system can be determined by its Rossby number , which is the ratio of the velocity , U , of a system to the product of the Coriolis parameter , f = 2 ω sin ⁡ φ ( \ displaystyle f = 2 \ omega \ sin \ varphi \ , ) , and the length scale , L , of the motion : R o = U f L . ( \ displaystyle Ro = ( \ frac ( U ) ( fL ) ) . ) The Rossby number is the ratio of inertial to Coriolis forces . A small Rossby number indicates a system is strongly affected by Coriolis forces , and a large Rossby number indicates a system in which inertial forces dominate . For example , in tornadoes , the Rossby number is large , in low - pressure systems it is low , and in oceanic systems it is around 1 . As a result , in tornadoes the Coriolis force is negligible , and balance is between pressure and centrifugal forces . In low - pressure systems , centrifugal force is negligible and balance is between Coriolis and pressure forces . In the oceans all three forces are comparable . An atmospheric system moving at U = 10 m / s ( 22 mph ) occupying a spatial distance of L = 1,000 km ( 621 mi ) , has a Rossby number of approximately 0.1 . A baseball pitcher may throw the ball at U = 45 m / s ( 100 mph ) for a distance of L = 18.3 m ( 60 ft ) . The Rossby number in this case would be 32,000 . Baseball players do n't care about which hemisphere they 're playing in . However , an unguided missile obeys exactly the same physics as a baseball , but can travel far enough and be in the air long enough to experience the effect of Coriolis force . Long - range shells in the Northern Hemisphere landed close to , but to the right of , where they were aimed until this was noted . ( Those fired in the Southern Hemisphere landed to the left . ) In fact , it was this effect that first got the attention of Coriolis himself . Simple cases ( edit ) This section may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( March 2014 ) Cannon on turntable ( edit ) This section may be too technical for most readers to understand . Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts , without removing the technical details . The talk page may contain suggestions . ( June 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Fictitious force § Crossing a carousel Cannon at the center of a rotating turntable . To hit the target located at position 1 on the perimeter at time t = 0 s , the cannon must be aimed ahead of the target at angle θ . That way , by the time the cannonball reaches position 3 on the periphery , the target is also at that position . In an inertial frame of reference , the cannonball travels a straight radial path to the target ( curve y ) . However , in the frame of the turntable , the path is arched ( curve y ) , as also shown in the figure . Successful trajectory of cannonball as seen from the turntable for three angles of launch θ . Plotted points are for the same equally spaced times steps on each curve . Cannonball speed v is held constant and angular rate of rotation ω is varied to achieve a successful `` hit '' for selected θ . For example , for a radius of 1 m and a cannonball speed of 1 m / s , the time of flight t = 1 s , and ωt = θ → ω and θ have the same numerical value if θ is expressed in radians . The wider spacing of the plotted points as the target is approached show the speed of the cannonball is accelerating as seen on the turntable , due to fictitious Coriolis and centrifugal forces . Acceleration components at an earlier time ( top ) and at arrival time at the target ( bottom ) Coriolis acceleration , centrifugal acceleration and net acceleration vectors at three selected points on the trajectory as seen on the turntable . The animation at the top of this article is a classic illustration of Coriolis force . Another visualization of the Coriolis and centrifugal forces is this animation clip . Given the radius R of the turntable in that animation , the rate of angular rotation ω , and the speed of the cannonball ( assumed constant ) v , the correct angle θ to aim so as to hit the target at the edge of the turntable can be calculated . The inertial frame of reference provides one way to handle the question : calculate the time to interception , which is t = R / v . Then , the turntable revolves an angle ω t in this time . If the cannon is pointed an angle θ = ω t = ω R / v , then the cannonball arrives at the periphery at position number 3 at the same time as the target . No discussion of Coriolis force can arrive at this solution as simply , so the reason to treat this problem is to demonstrate Coriolis formalism in an easily visualized situation . Trajectory in the inertial frame ( edit ) The trajectory in the inertial frame ( denoted A ) is a straight line radial path at angle θ . The position of the cannonball in ( x , y ) coordinates at time t is : r A ( t ) = v t ( cos ⁡ θ , sin ⁡ θ ) . ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( r ) _ ( A ) ( t ) = vt \ \ left ( \ cos \ theta , \ \ sin \ theta \ right ) \ . ) In the turntable frame ( denoted B ) , the x - y axes rotate at angular rate ω , so the trajectory becomes : r B ( t ) = v t ( cos ⁡ ( θ − ω t ) , sin ⁡ ( θ − ω t ) ) , ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( r ) _ ( B ) ( t ) = vt \ \ left ( \ cos ( \ theta - \ omega t ) , \ \ sin ( \ theta - \ omega t ) \ right ) \ , ) and three examples of this result are plotted in the figure . Accelerations ( edit ) Components of acceleration ( edit ) To determine the components of acceleration , a general expression is used from the article fictitious force : a B = a A ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( a ) _ ( B ) = \ mathbf ( a ) _ ( A ) ) − 2 Ω × v B ( \ displaystyle ( ) - 2 ( \ boldsymbol ( \ Omega ) ) \ times \ mathbf ( v ) _ ( B ) ) − Ω × ( Ω × r B ) ( \ displaystyle ( ) - ( \ boldsymbol ( \ Omega ) ) \ times ( ( \ boldsymbol ( \ Omega ) ) \ times \ mathbf ( r ) _ ( B ) ) ) − d Ω d t × r B , ( \ displaystyle ( ) - ( \ frac ( d ( \ boldsymbol ( \ Omega ) ) ) ( dt ) ) \ times \ mathbf ( r ) _ ( B ) \ , ) in which the term in Ω × v is the Coriolis acceleration and the term in Ω × ( Ω × r ) is the centrifugal acceleration . The results are ( let α = θ − ωt ) : Ω × r B ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( \ Omega ) ) \ mathbf ( \ times r_ ( B ) ) ) = i j k 0 0 ω v t cos ⁡ α v t sin ⁡ α 0 ( \ displaystyle = ( \ begin ( vmatrix ) ( \ boldsymbol ( i ) ) & ( \ boldsymbol ( j ) ) & ( \ boldsymbol ( k ) ) \ \ 0&0& \ omega \ \ vt \ cos \ alpha &vt \ sin \ alpha &0 \ end ( vmatrix ) ) \ ) = ω t v ( − sin ⁡ α , cos ⁡ α ) , ( \ displaystyle = \ omega tv \ left ( - \ sin \ alpha , \ cos \ alpha \ right ) \ , ) Ω × ( Ω × r B ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( \ Omega \ \ times ) ) \ left ( ( \ boldsymbol ( \ Omega ) ) \ mathbf ( \ times r_ ( B ) ) \ right ) ) = i j k 0 0 ω − ω t v sin ⁡ α ω t v cos ⁡ α 0 , ( \ displaystyle = ( \ begin ( vmatrix ) ( \ boldsymbol ( i ) ) & ( \ boldsymbol ( j ) ) & ( \ boldsymbol ( k ) ) \ \ 0&0& \ omega \ \ - \ omega tv \ sin \ alpha & \ omega tv \ cos \ alpha &0 \ end ( vmatrix ) ) \ \ , ) Producing accelerations ( edit ) Producing a centrifugal acceleration : a C f g l ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( a_ ( \ mathrm ( Cfgl ) ) ) ) = ω 2 v t ( cos ⁡ α , sin ⁡ α ) = ω 2 r B ( t ) . ( \ displaystyle = \ omega ^ ( 2 ) vt \ left ( \ cos \ alpha , \ sin \ alpha \ right ) = \ omega ^ ( 2 ) \ mathbf ( r_ ( B ) ) ( t ) \ . ) Also : v B = d r B ( t ) d t = ( v cos ⁡ α + ω t v sin ⁡ α , ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( v_ ( B ) ) = ( \ frac ( d \ mathbf ( r_ ( B ) ) ( t ) ) ( dt ) ) = ( v \ cos \ alpha + \ omega t \ v \ sin \ alpha , ) v sin ⁡ α − ω t v cos ⁡ α , 0 ) , ( \ displaystyle \ v \ sin \ alpha - \ omega t \ v \ cos \ alpha , \ 0 ) \ \ , ) Ω × v B ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( \ Omega ) ) \ mathbf ( \ times v_ ( B ) ) ) = i j k 0 0 ω v cos ⁡ α v sin ⁡ α + ω t v sin ⁡ α − ω t v cos ⁡ α 0 , ( \ displaystyle = ( \ begin ( vmatrix ) \ ! ( \ boldsymbol ( i ) ) & \ ! ( \ boldsymbol ( j ) ) & \ ! ( \ boldsymbol ( k ) ) \ \ 0&0& \ omega \ \ v \ cos \ alpha \ quad &v \ sin \ alpha \ quad & \ quad \ \ \ ; + \ omega t \ v \ sin \ alpha & \ ; - \ omega t \ v \ cos \ alpha &0 \ end ( vmatrix ) ) \ \ , ) producing a Coriolis acceleration : a C o r ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( a_ ( \ mathrm ( Cor ) ) ) ) = − 2 ( − ω v ( sin ⁡ α − ω t cos ⁡ α ) , ( \ displaystyle = - 2 \ left ( - \ omega v \ left ( \ sin \ alpha - \ omega t \ cos \ alpha \ right ) , \ right . ) ... ω v ( cos ⁡ α + ω t sin ⁡ α ) ) ( \ displaystyle \ left. ( \ color ( white ) ... ) \ \ omega v \ left ( \ cos \ alpha + \ omega t \ sin \ alpha \ right ) \ right ) \ ) = 2 ω v ( sin ⁡ α , − cos ⁡ α ) ( \ displaystyle = 2 \ omega v \ left ( \ sin \ alpha , \ - \ cos \ alpha \ right ) ) − 2 ω 2 r B ( t ) . ( \ displaystyle - 2 \ omega ^ ( 2 ) \ mathbf ( r_ ( B ) ) ( t ) \ . ) These accelerations are shown in the diagrams for a particular example . It is seen that the Coriolis acceleration not only cancels the centrifugal acceleration , but together they provide a net `` centripetal '' , radially inward component of acceleration ( that is , directed toward the center of rotation ) : a C p t l = − ω 2 r B ( t ) , ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( a_ ( \ mathrm ( Cptl ) ) ) = - \ omega ^ ( 2 ) \ mathbf ( r_ ( B ) ) ( t ) \ , ) and an additional component of acceleration perpendicular to r ( t ) : a C ⊥ ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( a_ ( C \ perp ) ) ) = 2 ω v ( sin ⁡ α , − cos ⁡ α ) . ( \ displaystyle = 2 \ omega v \ left ( \ sin \ alpha , \ - \ cos \ alpha \ right ) \ . ) The `` centripetal '' component of acceleration resembles that for circular motion at radius r , while the perpendicular component is velocity dependent , increasing with the radial velocity v and directed to the right of the velocity . The situation could be described as a circular motion combined with an `` apparent Coriolis acceleration '' of 2ωv . However , this is a rough labelling : a careful designation of the true centripetal force refers to a local reference frame that employs the directions normal and tangential to the path , not coordinates referred to the axis of rotation . These results also can be obtained directly by two time differentiations of r ( t ) . Agreement of the two approaches demonstrates that one could start from the general expression for fictitious acceleration above and derive the trajectories shown here . However , working from the acceleration to the trajectory is more complicated than the reverse procedure used here , which , of course , is made possible in this example by knowing the answer in advance . As a result of this analysis an important point appears : all the fictitious accelerations must be included to obtain the correct trajectory . In particular , besides the Coriolis acceleration , the centrifugal force plays an essential role . It is easy to get the impression from verbal discussions of the cannonball problem , which focus on displaying the Coriolis effect particularly , that the Coriolis force is the only factor that must be considered , but that is not so . A turntable for which the Coriolis force is the only factor is the parabolic turntable . A somewhat more complex situation is the idealized example of flight routes over long distances , where the centrifugal force of the path and aeronautical lift are countered by gravitational attraction . Tossed ball on a rotating carousel ( edit ) A carousel is rotating counter-clockwise . Left panel : a ball is tossed by a thrower at 12 : 00 o'clock and travels in a straight line to the center of the carousel . While it travels , the thrower circles in a counter-clockwise direction . Right panel : The ball 's motion as seen by the thrower , who now remains at 12 : 00 o'clock , because there is no rotation from their viewpoint . The figure illustrates a ball tossed from 12 : 00 o'clock toward the center of a counter-clockwise rotating carousel . On the left , the ball is seen by a stationary observer above the carousel , and the ball travels in a straight line to the center , while the ball - thrower rotates counter-clockwise with the carousel . On the right the ball is seen by an observer rotating with the carousel , so the ball - thrower appears to stay at 12 : 00 o'clock . The figure shows how the trajectory of the ball as seen by the rotating observer can be constructed . On the left , two arrows locate the ball relative to the ball - thrower . One of these arrows is from the thrower to the center of the carousel ( providing the ball - thrower 's line of sight ) , and the other points from the center of the carousel to the ball. ( This arrow gets shorter as the ball approaches the center . ) A shifted version of the two arrows is shown dotted . On the right is shown this same dotted pair of arrows , but now the pair are rigidly rotated so the arrow corresponding to the line of sight of the ball - thrower toward the center of the carousel is aligned with 12 : 00 o'clock . The other arrow of the pair locates the ball relative to the center of the carousel , providing the position of the ball as seen by the rotating observer . By following this procedure for several positions , the trajectory in the rotating frame of reference is established as shown by the curved path in the right - hand panel . The ball travels in the air , and there is no net force upon it . To the stationary observer the ball follows a straight - line path , so there is no problem squaring this trajectory with zero net force . However , the rotating observer sees a curved path . Kinematics insists that a force ( pushing to the right of the instantaneous direction of travel for a counter-clockwise rotation ) must be present to cause this curvature , so the rotating observer is forced to invoke a combination of centrifugal and Coriolis forces to provide the net force required to cause the curved trajectory . Bounced ball ( edit ) Bird 's - eye view of carousel . The carousel rotates clockwise . Two viewpoints are illustrated : that of the camera at the center of rotation rotating with the carousel ( left panel ) and that of the inertial ( stationary ) observer ( right panel ) . Both observers agree at any given time just how far the ball is from the center of the carousel , but not on its orientation . Time intervals are 1 / 10 of time from launch to bounce . The figure describes a more complex situation where the tossed ball on a turntable bounces off the edge of the carousel and then returns to the tosser , who catches the ball . The effect of Coriolis force on its trajectory is shown again as seen by two observers : an observer ( referred to as the `` camera '' ) that rotates with the carousel , and an inertial observer . The figure shows a bird 's - eye view based upon the same ball speed on forward and return paths . Within each circle , plotted dots show the same time points . In the left panel , from the camera 's viewpoint at the center of rotation , the tosser ( smiley face ) and the rail both are at fixed locations , and the ball makes a very considerable arc on its travel toward the rail , and takes a more direct route on the way back . From the ball tosser 's viewpoint , the ball seems to return more quickly than it went ( because the tosser is rotating toward the ball on the return flight ) . On the carousel , instead of tossing the ball straight at a rail to bounce back , the tosser must throw the ball toward the right of the target and the ball then seems to the camera to bear continuously to the left of its direction of travel to hit the rail ( left because the carousel is turning clockwise ) . The ball appears to bear to the left from direction of travel on both inward and return trajectories . The curved path demands this observer to recognize a leftward net force on the ball . ( This force is `` fictitious '' because it disappears for a stationary observer , as is discussed shortly . ) For some angles of launch , a path has portions where the trajectory is approximately radial , and Coriolis force is primarily responsible for the apparent deflection of the ball ( centrifugal force is radial from the center of rotation , and causes little deflection on these segments ) . When a path curves away from radial , however , centrifugal force contributes significantly to deflection . The ball 's path through the air is straight when viewed by observers standing on the ground ( right panel ) . In the right panel ( stationary observer ) , the ball tosser ( smiley face ) is at 12 o'clock and the rail the ball bounces from is at position one ( 1 ) . From the inertial viewer 's standpoint , positions one ( 1 ) , two ( 2 ) , three ( 3 ) are occupied in sequence . At position 2 the ball strikes the rail , and at position 3 the ball returns to the tosser . Straight - line paths are followed because the ball is in free flight , so this observer requires that no net force is applied . Applied to the Earth ( edit ) An important case where the Coriolis force is observed is the rotating Earth . Unless otherwise stated , directions of forces and motion apply to the Northern Hemisphere . Intuitive explanation ( edit ) As the Earth turns around its axis , everything attached to it turns with it ( imperceptibly to our senses ) . An object that is moving without being dragged along with this rotation travels in a straight motion over the turning Earth . From our rotating perspective on the planet , its direction of motion changes as it moves , bending in the opposite direction to our actual motion . When viewed from a stationary point in space directly above the north pole , any land feature in the Northern Hemisphere turns anticlockwise -- and , fixing our gaze on that location , any other location in that hemisphere rotates around it the same way . The traced ground path of a freely moving body travelling from one point to another therefore bends the opposite way , clockwise , which is conventionally labeled as `` right , '' where it will be if the direction of motion is considered `` ahead , '' and `` down '' is defined naturally . Rotating sphere ( edit ) Coordinate system at latitude φ with x-axis east , y - axis north and z - axis upward ( that is , radially outward from center of sphere ) . Consider a location with latitude φ on a sphere that is rotating around the north - south axis . A local coordinate system is set up with the x axis horizontally due east , the y axis horizontally due north and the z axis vertically upwards . The rotation vector , velocity of movement and Coriolis acceleration expressed in this local coordinate system ( listing components in the order east ( e ) , north ( n ) and upward ( u ) ) are : Ω = ω ( 0 cos ⁡ φ sin ⁡ φ ) , ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( \ Omega ) ) = \ omega ( \ begin ( pmatrix ) 0 \ \ \ cos \ varphi \ \ \ sin \ varphi \ end ( pmatrix ) ) \ , ) v = ( v e v n v u ) , ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( v ) ) = ( \ begin ( pmatrix ) v_ ( e ) \ \ v_ ( n ) \ \ v_ ( u ) \ end ( pmatrix ) ) \ , ) a C = − 2 Ω × v = 2 ω ( v n sin ⁡ φ − v u cos ⁡ φ − v e sin ⁡ φ v e cos ⁡ φ ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( a ) ) _ ( C ) = - 2 ( \ boldsymbol ( \ Omega \ times v ) ) = 2 \ , \ omega \ , ( \ begin ( pmatrix ) v_ ( n ) \ sin \ varphi - v_ ( u ) \ cos \ varphi \ \ - v_ ( e ) \ sin \ varphi \ \ v_ ( e ) \ cos \ varphi \ end ( pmatrix ) ) \ . ) When considering atmospheric or oceanic dynamics , the vertical velocity is small , and the vertical component of the Coriolis acceleration is small compared to gravity . For such cases , only the horizontal ( east and north ) components matter . The restriction of the above to the horizontal plane is ( setting v = 0 ) : v = ( v e v n ) , ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( v ) ) = ( \ begin ( pmatrix ) v_ ( e ) \ \ v_ ( n ) \ end ( pmatrix ) ) \ , ) a c = ( v n − v e ) f , ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( a ) ) _ ( c ) = ( \ begin ( pmatrix ) v_ ( n ) \ \ - v_ ( e ) \ end ( pmatrix ) ) \ f \ , ) where f = 2 ω sin ⁡ φ ( \ displaystyle f = 2 \ omega \ sin \ varphi \ , ) is called the Coriolis parameter . By setting v = 0 , it can be seen immediately that ( for positive φ and ω ) a movement due east results in an acceleration due south . Similarly , setting v = 0 , it is seen that a movement due north results in an acceleration due east . In general , observed horizontally , looking along the direction of the movement causing the acceleration , the acceleration always is turned 90 ° to the right and of the same size regardless of the horizontal orientation . As a different case , consider equatorial motion setting φ = 0 ° . In this case , Ω is parallel to the north or n - axis , and : Ω = ω ( 0 1 0 ) , ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( \ Omega ) ) = \ omega ( \ begin ( pmatrix ) 0 \ \ 1 \ \ 0 \ end ( pmatrix ) ) \ , ) v = ( v e v n v u ) , ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( v ) ) = ( \ begin ( pmatrix ) v_ ( e ) \ \ v_ ( n ) \ \ v_ ( u ) \ end ( pmatrix ) ) \ , ) a C = − 2 Ω × v = 2 ω ( − v u 0 v e ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( a ) ) _ ( C ) = - 2 ( \ boldsymbol ( \ Omega \ times v ) ) = 2 \ , \ omega \ , ( \ begin ( pmatrix ) - v_ ( u ) \ \ 0 \ \ v_ ( e ) \ end ( pmatrix ) ) \ . ) Accordingly , an eastward motion ( that is , in the same direction as the rotation of the sphere ) provides an upward acceleration known as the Eötvös effect , and an upward motion produces an acceleration due west . For additional examples in this article see cannon on turntable and tossed ball . In other articles , see rotating spheres , apparent motion of stationary objects , and carousel . Meteorology ( edit ) This low - pressure system over Iceland spins counterclockwise due to balance between the Coriolis force and the pressure gradient force . Schematic representation of flow around a low - pressure area in the Northern Hemisphere . The Rossby number is low , so the centrifugal force is virtually negligible . The pressure - gradient force is represented by blue arrows , the Coriolis acceleration ( always perpendicular to the velocity ) by red arrows Schematic representation of inertial circles of air masses in the absence of other forces , calculated for a wind speed of approximately 50 to 70 m / s ( 110 to 160 mph ) . Cloud formations in a famous image of Earth from Apollo 17 , makes similar circulation directly visible Perhaps the most important impact of the Coriolis effect is in the large - scale dynamics of the oceans and the atmosphere . In meteorology and oceanography , it is convenient to postulate a rotating frame of reference wherein the Earth is stationary . In accommodation of that provisional postulation , the centrifugal and Coriolis forces are introduced . Their relative importance is determined by the applicable Rossby numbers . Tornadoes have high Rossby numbers , so , while tornado - associated centrifugal forces are quite substantial , Coriolis forces associated with tornadoes are for practical purposes negligible . Because surface ocean currents are driven by the movement of wind over the water 's surface , the Coriolis force also affects the movement of ocean currents and cyclones as well . Many of the ocean 's largest currents circulate around warm , high - pressure areas called gyres . Though the circulation is not as significant as that in the air , the deflection caused by the Coriolis effect is what creates the spiraling pattern in these gyres . The spiraling wind pattern helps the hurricane form . The stronger the force from the Coriolis effect , the faster the wind spins and picks up additional energy , increasing the strength of the hurricane . Air within high - pressure systems rotates in a direction such that the Coriolis force is directed radially inwards , and nearly balanced by the outwardly radial pressure gradient . As a result , air travels clockwise around high pressure in the Northern Hemisphere and anticlockwise in the Southern Hemisphere . Air around low - pressure rotates in the opposite direction , so that the Coriolis force is directed radially outward and nearly balances an inwardly radial pressure gradient . Flow around a low - pressure area ( edit ) Main article : Low - pressure area If a low - pressure area forms in the atmosphere , air tends to flow in towards it , but is deflected perpendicular to its velocity by the Coriolis force . A system of equilibrium can then establish itself creating circular movement , or a cyclonic flow . Because the Rossby number is low , the force balance is largely between the pressure gradient force acting towards the low - pressure area and the Coriolis force acting away from the center of the low pressure . Instead of flowing down the gradient , large scale motions in the atmosphere and ocean tend to occur perpendicular to the pressure gradient . This is known as geostrophic flow . On a non-rotating planet , fluid would flow along the straightest possible line , quickly eliminating pressure gradients . Note that the geostrophic balance is thus very different from the case of `` inertial motions '' ( see below ) , which explains why mid-latitude cyclones are larger by an order of magnitude than inertial circle flow would be . This pattern of deflection , and the direction of movement , is called Buys - Ballot 's law . In the atmosphere , the pattern of flow is called a cyclone . In the Northern Hemisphere the direction of movement around a low - pressure area is anticlockwise . In the Southern Hemisphere , the direction of movement is clockwise because the rotational dynamics is a mirror image there . At high altitudes , outward - spreading air rotates in the opposite direction . Cyclones rarely form along the equator due to the weak Coriolis effect present in this region . Inertial circles ( edit ) An air or water mass moving with speed v ( \ displaystyle v \ , ) subject only to the Coriolis force travels in a circular trajectory called an ' inertial circle ' . Since the force is directed at right angles to the motion of the particle , it moves with a constant speed around a circle whose radius R ( \ displaystyle R ) is given by : R = v f ( \ displaystyle R = ( \ frac ( v ) ( f ) ) \ , ) where f ( \ displaystyle f ) is the Coriolis parameter 2 Ω sin ⁡ φ ( \ displaystyle 2 \ Omega \ sin \ varphi ) , introduced above ( where φ ( \ displaystyle \ varphi ) is the latitude ) . The time taken for the mass to complete a full circle is therefore 2 π / f ( \ displaystyle 2 \ pi / f ) . The Coriolis parameter typically has a mid-latitude value of about 10 s ; hence for a typical atmospheric speed of 10 m / s ( 22 mph ) the radius is 100 km ( 62 mi ) , with a period of about 17 hours . For an ocean current with a typical speed of 10 cm / s ( 0.22 mph ) , the radius of an inertial circle is 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) . These inertial circles are clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere ( where trajectories are bent to the right ) and anticlockwise in the Southern Hemisphere . If the rotating system is a parabolic turntable , then f ( \ displaystyle f ) is constant and the trajectories are exact circles . On a rotating planet , f ( \ displaystyle f ) varies with latitude and the paths of particles do not form exact circles . Since the parameter f ( \ displaystyle f ) varies as the sine of the latitude , the radius of the oscillations associated with a given speed are smallest at the poles ( latitude = ± 90 ° ) , and increase toward the equator . Other terrestrial effects ( edit ) The Coriolis effect strongly affects the large - scale oceanic and atmospheric circulation , leading to the formation of robust features like jet streams and western boundary currents . Such features are in geostrophic balance , meaning that the Coriolis and pressure gradient forces balance each other . Coriolis acceleration is also responsible for the propagation of many types of waves in the ocean and atmosphere , including Rossby waves and Kelvin waves . It is also instrumental in the so - called Ekman dynamics in the ocean , and in the establishment of the large - scale ocean flow pattern called the Sverdrup balance . Eötvös effect ( edit ) Main article : Eötvös effect The practical impact of the `` Coriolis effect '' is mostly caused by the horizontal acceleration component produced by horizontal motion . There are other components of the Coriolis effect . Westward - travelling objects are deflected downwards ( feel heavier ) , while Eastward - travelling objects are deflected upwards ( feel lighter ) . This is known as the Eötvös effect . This aspect of the Coriolis effect is greatest near the equator . The force produced by this effect is similar to the horizontal component , but the much larger vertical forces due to gravity and pressure mean that it is generally unimportant dynamically . In addition , objects travelling upwards ( i.e. , out ) or downwards ( i.e. , in ) are deflected to the west or east respectively . This effect is also the greatest near the equator . Since vertical movement is usually of limited extent and duration , the size of the effect is smaller and requires precise instruments to detect . However , in the case of large changes of momentum , such as a spacecraft being launched into orbit , the effect becomes significant . The fastest and most fuel - efficient path to orbit is a launch from the equator that curves to a directly eastward heading . Intuitive example ( edit ) Imagine a train that travels through a frictionless railway line along the equator . Assume that , when in motion , it moves at the necessary speed to complete a trip around the world in one day ( 465 m / s ) . The Coriolis effect can be considered in three cases : when the train travels west , when it is at rest , and when it travels east . In each case , the Coriolis effect can be calculated from the rotating frame of reference on Earth first , and then checked against a fixed inertial frame . The image below illustrates the three cases in an inertial frame as observed from a fixed point above Earth along its axis of rotation : 1 . The train travels toward the west : In that case , it moves against the direction of rotation . Therefore , on the Earth 's rotating frame the Coriolis term is pointed inwards towards the axis of rotation ( down ) . This additional force downwards should cause the train to be heavier while moving in that direction . If one looks at this train from the fixed non-rotating frame on top of the center of the Earth , at that speed it remains stationary as the Earth spins beneath it . Hence , the only force acting on it is gravity and the reaction from the track . This force is greater ( by 0.34 % ) than the force that the passengers and the train experience when at rest ( rotating along with Earth ) . This difference is what the Coriolis effect accounts for in the rotating frame of reference . 2 . The train comes to a stop : From the point of view on the Earth 's rotating frame , the velocity of the train is zero , thus the Coriolis force is also zero and the train and its passengers recuperate their usual weight . From the fixed inertial frame of reference above Earth , the train now rotates along with the rest of the Earth. 0.34 % of the force of gravity provides the centripetal force needed to achieve the circular motion on that frame of reference . The remaining force , as measured by a scale , makes the train and passengers `` lighter '' than in the previous case . 3 . The train travels east . In this case , because it moves in the direction of Earth 's rotating frame , the Coriolis term is directed outward from the axis of rotation ( up ) . This upward force makes the train seem lighter still than when at rest . Graph of the force experienced by a 10 kilograms object as a function of its speed moving along Earth 's equator ( as measured within the rotating frame ) . ( Positive force in the graph is directed upward . Positive speed is directed eastward and negative speed is directed westward ) . From the fixed inertial frame of reference above Earth , the train travelling east now rotates at twice the rate as when it was at rest -- so the amount of centripetal force needed to cause that circular path increases leaving less force from gravity to act on the track . This is what the Coriolis term accounts for on the previous paragraph . As a final check one can imagine a frame of reference rotating along with the train . Such frame would be rotating at twice the angular velocity as Earth 's rotating frame . The resulting centrifugal force component for that imaginary frame would be greater . Since the train and its passengers are at rest , that would be the only component in that frame explaining again why the train and the passengers are lighter than in the previous two cases . This also explains why high speed projectiles that travel west are deflected down , and those that travel east are deflected up . This vertical component of the Coriolis effect is called the Eötvös effect . The above example can be used to explain why the Eötvös effect starts diminishing when an object is travelling westward as its tangential speed increases above Earth 's rotation ( 465 m / s ) . If the westward train in the above example increases speed , part of the force of gravity that pushes against the track accounts for the centripetal force needed to keep it in circular motion on the inertial frame . Once the train doubles its westward speed at 930 m / s that centripetal force becomes equal to the force the train experiences when it stops . From the inertial frame , in both cases it rotates at the same speed but in the opposite directions . Thus , the force is the same cancelling completely the Eötvös effect . Any object that moves westward at a speed above 930 m / s experiences an upward force instead . In the figure , the Eötvös effect is illustrated for a 10 kilogram object on the train at different speeds . The parabolic shape is because the centripetal force is proportional to the square of the tangential speed . On the inertial frame , the bottom of the parabola is centered at the origin . The offset is because this argument uses the Earth 's rotating frame of reference . The graph shows that the Eötvös effect is not symmetrical , and that the resulting downward force experienced by an object that travels west at high velocity is less than the resulting upward force when it travels east at the same speed . Draining in bathtubs and toilets ( edit ) Contrary to popular misconception , water rotation in home bathrooms under normal circumstances is not related to the Coriolis effect or to the rotation of the Earth , and no consistent difference in rotation direction between toilet drainage in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres can be observed . The formation of a vortex over the plug hole may be explained by the conservation of angular momentum : The radius of rotation decreases as water approaches the plug hole , so the rate of rotation increases , for the same reason that an ice skater 's rate of spin increases as they pull their arms in . Any rotation around the plug hole that is initially present accelerates as water moves inward . Of course , the Coriolis force does still impact the direction of the flow of water , but only minutely . Only if the water is so still that the effective rotation rate of the Earth is faster than that of the water relative to its container , and if externally applied torques ( such as might be caused by flow over an uneven bottom surface ) are small enough , the Coriolis effect may indeed determine the direction of the vortex . Without such careful preparation , the Coriolis effect is likely to be much smaller than various other influences on drain direction such as any residual rotation of the water and the geometry of the container . Despite this , the idea that toilets and bathtubs drain differently in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres has been popularized by several television programs and films , including Escape Plan , Wedding Crashers , The Simpsons episode `` Bart vs. Australia '' , Pole to Pole , and The X-Files episode `` Die Hand Die Verletzt '' . Several science broadcasts and publications , including at least one college - level physics textbook , have also stated this . In 1908 , the Austrian physicist Ottokar Tumlirz described careful and effective experiments that demonstrated the effect of the rotation of the Earth on the outflow of water through a central aperture . The subject was later popularized in a famous 1962 article in the journal Nature , which described an experiment in which all other forces to the system were removed by filling a 6 ft ( 1.8 m ) tank with 300 U.S. gal ( 1,100 L ) of water and allowing it to settle for 24 hours ( to allow any movement due to filling the tank to die away ) , in a room where the temperature had stabilized . The drain plug was then very slowly removed , and tiny pieces of floating wood were used to observe rotation . During the first 12 to 15 minutes , no rotation was observed . Then , a vortex appeared and consistently began to rotate in an anticlockwise direction ( the experiment was performed in Boston , Massachusetts , in the Northern Hemisphere ) . This was repeated and the results averaged to make sure the effect was real . The report noted that the vortex rotated , `` about 30,000 times faster than the effective rotation of the Earth in 42 ° North ( the experiment 's location ) '' . This shows that the small initial rotation due to the Earth is amplified by gravitational draining and conservation of angular momentum to become a rapid vortex and may be observed under carefully controlled laboratory conditions . Ballistic trajectories ( edit ) The Coriolis force is important in external ballistics for calculating the trajectories of very long - range artillery shells . The most famous historical example was the Paris gun , used by the Germans during World War I to bombard Paris from a range of about 120 km ( 75 mi ) . The Coriolis force minutely changes the trajectory of a bullet , affecting accuracy at extremely long distances . It is adjusted for by accurate long - distance shooters , such as snipers . Unlike large - scale motions of air in the atmosphere or water in the ocean , a bullet 's path is not constrained to be horizontal , and the vertical component of the Coriolis force is often more important than the horizontal component : westward shots hit low , and eastward shots hit high . The effects of the Coriolis force on ballistic trajectories should not be confused with the curvature of the paths of missiles , satellites , and similar objects when the paths are plotted on two - dimensional ( flat ) maps , such as the Mercator projection . The projections of the three - dimensional curved surface of the Earth to a two - dimensional surface ( the map ) necessarily results in distorted features . The apparent curvature of the path is a consequence of the sphericity of the Earth and would occur even in a non-rotating frame . Visualization of the Coriolis effect ( edit ) Fluid assuming a parabolic shape as it is rotating Object moving frictionlessly over the surface of a very shallow parabolic dish . The object has been released in such a way that it follows an elliptical trajectory . Left : The inertial point of view . Right : The co-rotating point of view . The forces at play in the case of a curved surface . Red : gravity Green : the normal force Blue : the net resultant centripetal force . To demonstrate the Coriolis effect , a parabolic turntable can be used . On a flat turntable , the inertia of a co-rotating object forces it off the edge . However , if the turntable surface has the correct paraboloid ( parabolic bowl ) shape ( see the figure ) and rotates at the corresponding rate , the force components shown in the figure make the component of gravity tangential to the bowl surface exactly equal to the centripetal force necessary to keep the object rotating at its velocity and radius of curvature ( assuming no friction ) . ( See banked turn . ) This carefully contoured surface allows the Coriolis force to be displayed in isolation . Discs cut from cylinders of dry ice can be used as pucks , moving around almost frictionlessly over the surface of the parabolic turntable , allowing effects of Coriolis on dynamic phenomena to show themselves . To get a view of the motions as seen from the reference frame rotating with the turntable , a video camera is attached to the turntable so as to co-rotate with the turntable , with results as shown in the figure . In the left panel of the figure , which is the viewpoint of a stationary observer , the gravitational force in the inertial frame pulling the object toward the center ( bottom ) of the dish is proportional to the distance of the object from the center . A centripetal force of this form causes the elliptical motion . In the right panel , which shows the viewpoint of the rotating frame , the inward gravitational force in the rotating frame ( the same force as in the inertial frame ) is balanced by the outward centrifugal force ( present only in the rotating frame ) . With these two forces balanced , in the rotating frame the only unbalanced force is Coriolis ( also present only in the rotating frame ) , and the motion is an inertial circle . Analysis and observation of circular motion in the rotating frame is a simplification compared to analysis or observation of elliptical motion in the inertial frame . Because this reference frame rotates several times a minute rather than only once a day like the Earth , the Coriolis acceleration produced is many times larger and so easier to observe on small time and spatial scales than is the Coriolis acceleration caused by the rotation of the Earth . In a manner of speaking , the Earth is analogous to such a turntable . The rotation has caused the planet to settle on a spheroid shape , such that the normal force , the gravitational force and the centrifugal force exactly balance each other on a `` horizontal '' surface . ( See equatorial bulge . ) The Coriolis effect caused by the rotation of the Earth can be seen indirectly through the motion of a Foucault pendulum . Coriolis effects in other areas ( edit ) Coriolis flow meter ( edit ) A practical application of the Coriolis effect is the mass flow meter , an instrument that measures the mass flow rate and density of a fluid flowing through a tube . The operating principle involves inducing a vibration of the tube through which the fluid passes . The vibration , though not completely circular , provides the rotating reference frame that gives rise to the Coriolis effect . While specific methods vary according to the design of the flow meter , sensors monitor and analyze changes in frequency , phase shift , and amplitude of the vibrating flow tubes . The changes observed represent the mass flow rate and density of the fluid . Molecular physics ( edit ) In polyatomic molecules , the molecule motion can be described by a rigid body rotation and internal vibration of atoms about their equilibrium position . As a result of the vibrations of the atoms , the atoms are in motion relative to the rotating coordinate system of the molecule . Coriolis effects are therefore present , and make the atoms move in a direction perpendicular to the original oscillations . This leads to a mixing in molecular spectra between the rotational and vibrational levels , from which Coriolis coupling constants can be determined . Gyroscopic precession ( edit ) When an external torque is applied to a spinning gyroscope along an axis that is at right angles to the spin axis , the rim velocity that is associated with the spin becomes radially directed in relation to the external torque axis . This causes a Coriolis force to act on the rim in such a way as to tilt the gyroscope at right angles to the direction that the external torque would have tilted it . This tendency has the effect of keeping spinning bodies stably aligned in space . Insect flight ( edit ) Flies ( Diptera ) and some moths ( Lepidoptera ) exploit the Coriolis effect in flight with specialized appendages and organs that relay information about the angular velocity of their bodies . Coriolis forces resulting from linear motion of these appendages are detected within the rotating frame of reference of the insects ' bodies . In the case of flies , their specialized appendages are dumbbell shaped organs located just behind their wings called `` halteres '' . The fly 's halteres oscillate in a plane at the same beat frequency as the main wings so that any body rotation results in lateral deviation of the halteres from their plane of motion . In moths , their antennae are known to be responsible for the sensing of Coriolis forces in the similar manner as with the halteres in flies . In both flies and moths , a collection of mechanosensors at the base of the appendage are sensitive to deviations at the beat frequency , correlating to rotation in the pitch and roll planes , and at twice the beat frequency , correlating to rotation in the yaw plane . Lagrangian point stability ( edit ) In astronomy , Lagrangian points are five positions in the orbital plane of two large orbiting bodies where a small object affected only by gravity can maintain a stable position relative to the two large bodies . The first three Lagrangian points ( L , L , L ) lie along the line connecting the two large bodies , while the last two points ( L and L ) each form an equilateral triangle with the two large bodies . The L and L points , although they correspond to maxima of the effective potential in the coordinate frame that rotates with the two large bodies , are stable due to the Coriolis effect . The stability can result in orbits around just L or L , known as Tadpole orbits , where trojans can be found . It can also result in orbits that encircle L , L , and L , known as horseshoe orbits . See also ( edit ) Physics portal Analytical mechanics Applied mechanics Classical mechanics Dynamics ( physics ) Earth 's rotation Equatorial Rossby wave Frenet -- Serret formulas Gyroscope Kinetics ( physics ) Mechanics of planar particle motion Reactive centrifugal force Secondary flow Statics Uniform circular motion References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Frautschi , Steven C. ; Olenick , Richard P. ; Apostol , Tom M. ; Goodstein , David L. ( 2007 ) . The Mechanical Universe : Mechanics and Heat , Advanced Edition ( illustrated ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 208 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 71590 - 4 . Extract of page 208 Jump up ^ Bhatia , V.B. ( 1997 ) . Classical Mechanics : With introduction to Nonlinear Oscillations and Chaos . Narosa Publishing House . p. 201 . ISBN 81 - 7319 - 105 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Coriolis Effect : Because the Earth turns -- Teacher 's guide '' ( PDF ) . Project ATMOSPHERE . American Meteorological Society . Retrieved 10 April 2015 . 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Springer Science & Business Media , 2012. , p. 225 Jump up ^ Persson , A . `` The Coriolis Effect : Four centuries of conflict between common sense and mathematics , Part I : A history to 1885 . '' History of Meteorology 2 ( 2005 ) : 1 - 24 . Jump up ^ Cartwright , David Edgar ( 2000 ) . Tides : A Scientific History . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 74 . Jump up ^ G-G Coriolis ( 1835 ) . `` Sur les équations du mouvement relatif des systèmes de corps '' . J. de l'Ecole royale polytechnique. 15 : 144 -- 154 . Jump up ^ Dugas , René and J.R. Maddox ( 1988 ) . A History of Mechanics . Courier Dover Publications : p. 374 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 65632 - 2 Jump up ^ Bartholomew Price ( 1862 ) . A Treatise on Infinitesimal Calculus : Vol. IV . The dynamics of material systems . Oxford : University Press . pp. 418 -- 420 . Jump up ^ Arthur Gordon Webster ( 1912 ) . The Dynamics of Particles and of Rigid , Elastic , and Fluid Bodies . B.G. Teubner . p. 320 . ISBN 1 - 113 - 14861 - 6 . 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Fundamentals of Scientific Mathematics ( original edition published by Harper & Row , New York , 1964 ed . ) . Courier Dover Publications . p. 23 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 42808 - 7 . Jump up ^ Morton Tavel ( 2002 ) . Contemporary Physics and the Limits of Knowledge . Rutgers University Press . p. 88 . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 3077 - 6 . Jump up ^ James R Ogden ; M Fogiel ( 1995 ) . High School Earth Science Tutor . Research & Education Assoc . p. 167 . ISBN 0 - 87891 - 975 - 9 . Jump up ^ James Greig McCully ( 2006 ) . Beyond the moon : A Conversational , Common Sense Guide to Understanding the Tides . World Scientific . pp. 74 -- 76 . ISBN 981 - 256 - 643 - 0 . Jump up ^ William Menke ; Dallas Abbott ( 1990 ) . Geophysical Theory . Columbia University Press . pp. 124 -- 126 . ISBN 0 - 231 - 06792 - 5 . Jump up ^ James R. Holton ( 2004 ) . An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology . Burlington , MA : Elsevier Academic Press . p. 64 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 354015 - 1 . 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Cengage Learning . pp. 168 -- 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 01088 - 3 . Retrieved 1 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Y.A. Stepanyants ; G.H. Yeoh ( 2008 ) . `` Stationary bathtub vortices and a critical regime of liquid discharge '' . Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 604 ( 1 ) : 77 -- 98 . Bibcode : 2008JFM ... 604 ... 77S . doi : 10.1017 / S0022112008001080 . Jump up ^ Creative Media Applications ( 2004 ) . A Student 's Guide to Earth Science : Words and terms . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32902 - 9 . Jump up ^ Plait , Philip C. ( 2002 ) . Bad Astronomy : Misconceptions and Misuses Revealed , from Astrology to the Moon Landing `` Hoax '' ( illustrated ed . ) . Wiley . p. 22 , 26 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 40976 - 2 . Jump up ^ Palin , Michael ( 1992 ) . Pole to Pole with Michael Palin ( illustrated ed . ) . BBC Books . p. 201 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 563 - 36283 - 8 . Jump up ^ Emery , C. Eugene , Jr . ( May 1 , 1995 ) . `` X-Files coriolis error leaves viewers wondering '' . Skeptical Inquirer Jump up ^ Fraser , Alistair . `` Bad Coriolis '' . Bad Meteorology . Pennsylvania State College of Earth and Mineral Science . Retrieved 17 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Tipler , Paul ( 1998 ) . Physics for Engineers and Scientists ( 4th ed . ) . W.H. Freeman , Worth Publishers . p. 128 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57259 - 616 - 0 ... on a smaller scale , the coriolis effect causes water draining out a bathtub to rotate anticlockwise in the northern hemisphere ... Jump up ^ Tumlirz , Ottokar ( 1908 ) . `` Ein neuer physikalischer Beweis für die Achsendrehung der Erde '' . Sitzungsberichte der math. - nat . Klasse der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften IIa. 117 : 819 -- 841 . Jump up ^ Shapiro , Ascher H. ( 1962 ) . `` Bath - Tub Vortex '' . Nature . 196 ( 4859 ) : 1080 -- 1081 . Bibcode : 1962Natur. 196.1080 S . doi : 10.1038 / 1961080b0 . Jump up ^ ( Vorticity , Part 1 ) . Web.mit.edu . Retrieved 8 November 2011 . Jump up ^ When a container of fluid is rotating on a turntable , the surface of the fluid naturally assumes the correct parabolic shape . This fact may be exploited to make a parabolic turntable by using a fluid that sets after several hours , such as a synthetic resin . For a video of the Coriolis effect on such a parabolic surface , see Geophysical fluid dynamics lab demonstration Archived 20 November 2005 at the Wayback Machine . John Marshall , Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Jump up ^ For a java applet of the Coriolis effect on such a parabolic surface , see Brian Fiedler Archived 21 March 2006 at the Wayback Machine . School of Meteorology at the University of Oklahoma . Jump up ^ John Marshall ; R. Alan Plumb ( 2007 ) . Atmosphere , Ocean , and Climate Dynamics : An Introductory Text . Academic Press . p. 101 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 558691 - 4 . Jump up ^ Omega Engineering . `` Mass Flowmeters '' . Jump up ^ califano , S ( 1976 ) . Vibrational states . Wiley . pp. 226 -- 227 . ISBN 0471129968 . Jump up ^ Fraenkel , G. ; Pringle , W.S. ( 21 May 1938 ) . `` Halteres of Flies as Gyroscopic Organs of Equilibrium '' . Nature . 141 ( 3577 ) : 919 -- 920 . Bibcode : 1938Natur. 141 ... 919F . doi : 10.1038 / 141919a0 . Jump up ^ Dickinson , M. ( 1999 ) . `` Haltere - mediated equilibrium reflexes of the fruit fly , Drosophila melanogaster '' ( PDF ) . Phil . Trans . R. Soc . Lond. 354 ( 1385 ) : 903 -- 916 . PMC 1692594 . PMID 10382224 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 1999.0442 . ^ Jump up to : Sane S. , Dieudonné , A. , Willis , M. , Daniel , T. ( February 2007 ) . `` Antennal mechanosensors mediate flight control in moths '' ( PDF ) . Science . 315 : 863 -- 866 . Bibcode : 2007Sci ... 315 ... 863S . PMID 17290001 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1133598 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Fox , J ; Daniel , T ( 2008 ) . `` A neural basis for gyroscopic force measurement in the halteres of Holorusia '' . Journal of Comparative Physiology. 194 ( 10 ) : 887 -- 897 . PMID 18751714 . doi : 10.1007 / s00359 - 008 - 0361 - z . Jump up ^ Spohn , Tilman ; Breuer , Doris ; Johnson , Torrence ( 2014 ) . Encyclopedia of the Solar System . Elsevier . p. 60 . ISBN 0124160344 . Further reading ( edit ) Physics and Meteorology ( edit ) Riccioli , G.B. , 1651 : Almagestum Novum , Bologna , pp. 425 -- 427 ( Original book ( in Latin ) , scanned images of complete pages . ) Coriolis , G.G. , 1832 : `` Mémoire sur le principe des forces vives dans les mouvements relatifs des machines . '' Journal de l'école Polytechnique , Vol 13 , pp. 268 -- 302 . ( Original article ( in French ) , PDF file , 1.6 MB , scanned images of complete pages . ) Coriolis , G.G. , 1835 : `` Mémoire sur les équations du mouvement relatif des systèmes de corps . '' Journal de l'école Polytechnique , Vol 15 , pp. 142 -- 154 ( Original article ( in French ) PDF file , 400 KB , scanned images of complete pages . ) Gill , A.E. Atmosphere - Ocean dynamics , Academic Press , 1982 . Robert Ehrlich ( 1990 ) . Turning the World Inside Out and 174 Other Simple Physics Demonstrations . Princeton University Press . p . Rolling a ball on a rotating turntable ; p. 80 ff . ISBN 0 - 691 - 02395 - 6 . Durran , D.R. , 1993 : Is the Coriolis force really responsible for the inertial oscillation ? , Bull . Amer . Meteor . Soc. , 74 , pp. 2179 -- 2184 ; Corrigenda . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society , 75 , p. 261 Durran , D.R. , and S.K. Domonkos , 1996 : An apparatus for demonstrating the inertial oscillation , Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society , 77 , pp. 557 -- 559 . Marion , Jerry B. 1970 , Classical Dynamics of Particles and Systems , Academic Press . Persson , A. , 1998 ( 1 ) How do we Understand the Coriolis Force ? Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 79 , pp. 1373 -- 1385 . Symon , Keith . 1971 , Mechanics , Addison -- Wesley Akira Kageyama & Mamoru Hyodo : Eulerian derivation of the Coriolis force James F. Price : A Coriolis tutorial Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute ( 2003 ) McDonald , James E. ( May 1952 ) . `` The Coriolis Effect '' ( PDF ) . Scientific American : 72 -- 78 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 04 . Everything that moves over the surface of the Earth -- water , air , animals , machines and projectiles -- sidles to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern . Elementary , non-mathematical ; but well written . Historical ( edit ) Grattan - Guinness , I. , Ed. , 1994 : Companion Encyclopedia of the History and Philosophy of the Mathematical Sciences . Vols . I and II . Routledge , 1840 pp . 1997 : The Fontana History of the Mathematical Sciences . Fontana , 817 pp. 710 pp . Khrgian , A. , 1970 : Meteorology : A Historical Survey . Vol. 1 . Keter Press , 387 pp . Kuhn , T.S. , 1977 : Energy conservation as an example of simultaneous discovery . The Essential Tension , Selected Studies in Scientific Tradition and Change , University of Chicago Press , 66 -- 104 . Kutzbach , G. , 1979 : The Thermal Theory of Cyclones . A History of Meteorological Thought in the Nineteenth Century . Amer . Meteor . Soc. , 254 pp . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coriolis effect . The definition of the Coriolis effect from the Glossary of Meteorology The Coriolis Effect -- a conflict between common sense and mathematics PDF - file . 20 pages . A general discussion by Anders Persson of various aspects of the coriolis effect , including Foucault 's Pendulum and Taylor columns . 10 Coriolis Effect Videos and Games - from the About.com Weather Page Coriolis Force -- from ScienceWorld Coriolis Effect and Drains An article from the NEWTON web site hosted by the Argonne National Laboratory . Catalog of Coriolis videos Coriolis Effect : A graphical animation , a visual Earth animation with precise explanation An introduction to fluid dynamics SPINLab Educational Film explains the Coriolis effect with the aid of lab experiments Do bathtubs drain counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere ? by Cecil Adams . Bad Coriolis . An article uncovering misinformation about the Coriolis effect . By Alistair B. Fraser , Emeritus Professor of Meteorology at Pennsylvania State University The Coriolis Effect : A ( Fairly ) Simple Explanation , an explanation for the layperson Observe an animation of the Coriolis effect over Earth 's surface Animation clip showing scenes as viewed from both an inertial frame and a rotating frame of reference , visualizing the Coriolis and centrifugal forces . Vincent Mallette The Coriolis Force @ INWIT NASA notes Interactive Coriolis Fountain lets you control rotation speed , droplet speed and frame of reference to explore the Coriolis effect . 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Protein (nutrient)

Protein ( nutrient ) - wikipedia Protein ( nutrient ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about protein as nutrient . For protein as class of molecule , see protein . For other uses , see bodybuilding supplement . Amino acids are the building blocks of protein . Amino acids are necessary nutrients . Present in every cell , they are also precursors to nucleic acids , co-enzymes , hormones , immune response , repair and other molecules essential for life . Proteins are essential nutrients for the human body . They are one of the building blocks of body tissue , and can also serve as a fuel source . As a fuel , proteins provide as much energy density as carbohydrates : 4 kcal ( 17 kJ ) per gram ; in contrast , lipids provide 9 kcal ( 37 kJ ) per gram . The most important aspect and defining characteristic of protein from a nutritional standpoint is its amino acid composition . Proteins are polymer chains made of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds . During human digestion , proteins are broken down in the stomach to smaller polypeptide chains via hydrochloric acid and protease actions . This is crucial for the absorption of the essential amino acids that can not be biosynthesized by the body . There are nine essential amino acids which humans must obtain from their diet in order to prevent protein - energy malnutrition and resulting death . They are phenylalanine , valine , threonine , tryptophan , methionine , leucine , isoleucine , lysine , and histidine . There has been debate as to whether there are 8 or 9 essential amino acids . The consensus seems to lean towards 9 since Histidine is not synthesized in adults . There are five dispensable amino acids which humans are able to synthesize in the body . These five are alanine , aspartic acid , asparagine , glutamic acid and serine . There are six conditionally essential amino acids whose synthesis can be limited under special pathophysiological conditions , such as prematurity in the infant or individuals in severe catabolic distress . These six are arginine , cysteine , glycine , glutamine , proline and tyrosine . Some protein sources contain amino acids in a more or less ' complete ' sense . This has given rise to various ranking systems for protein sources , as described in the article . Dietary sources of protein include both animals and plants : meats , dairy products , fish and eggs as well as grains , legumes and nuts . Vegans can get enough essential amino acids by eating a variety of plant proteins . It is commonly believed that athletes should consume a higher - than - normal protein intake to maintain optimal physical performance . Contents ( hide ) 1 Protein functions in body 2 Sources 2.1 Protein quality 3 Digestion 3.1 Newborn 4 Dietary requirements 5 Dietary Recommendations 5.1 Active people 5.2 Aerobic exercise protein needs 5.3 Anaerobic exercise protein needs 5.4 Special populations 5.4. 1 Protein allergies 5.4. 2 Phenylketonuria 5.4. 3 Maple syrup urine disease 6 Excess consumption 7 Testing in foods 8 Protein deficiency 9 See also 10 References Protein functions in body ( edit ) Protein is a nutrient needed by the human body for growth and maintenance . Aside from water , proteins are the most abundant kind of molecules in the body . Protein can be found in all cells of the body and is the major structural component of all cells in the body , especially muscle . This also includes body organs , hair and skin . Proteins are also used in membranes , such as glycoproteins . When broken down into amino acids , they are used as precursors to nucleic acid , co-enzymes , hormones , immune response , cellular repair , and other molecules essential for life . Additionally , protein is needed to form blood cells . Sources ( edit ) Animal sources of protein . Protein can be found in a wide range of food . The best combination of protein sources depends on the region of the world , access , cost , amino acid types and nutrition balance , as well as acquired tastes . Some foods are high in certain amino acids , but their digestibility and the anti-nutritional factors present in these foods make them of limited value in human nutrition . Therefore , one must consider digestibility and secondary nutrition profile such as calories , cholesterol , vitamins and essential mineral density of the protein source . On a worldwide basis , plant protein foods contribute over 60 percent of the per capita supply of protein , on average . In North America , animal - derived foods contribute about 70 percent of protein sources . Meat , products from milk , eggs , soy , and fish are sources of complete protein . Whole grains and cereals are another source of proteins . However , these tend to be limiting in the amino acid lysine or threonine , which are available in other vegetarian sources and meats . Examples of food staples and cereal sources of protein , each with a concentration greater than 7.0 % , are ( in no particular order ) buckwheat , oats , rye , millet , maize ( corn ) , rice , wheat , sorghum , amaranth , and quinoa . Vegetarian sources of proteins include legumes , nuts , seeds and fruits . Legumes , some of which are called pulses in certain parts of the world , have higher concentrations of amino acids and are more complete sources of protein than whole grains and cereals . Examples of vegetarian foods with protein concentrations greater than 7 percent include soybeans , lentils , kidney beans , white beans , mung beans , chickpeas , cowpeas , lima beans , pigeon peas , lupines , wing beans , almonds , Brazil nuts , cashews , pecans , walnuts , cotton seeds , pumpkin seeds , hemp seeds , sesame seeds , and sunflower seeds . Plant sources of protein . Food staples that are poor sources of protein include roots and tubers such as yams , cassava and sweet potato . Plantains , another major staple , are also a poor source of essential amino acids . Fruits , while rich in other essential nutrients , are another poor source of amino acids . The protein content in roots , tubers and fruits is between 0 and 2 percent . Food staples with low protein content must be complemented with foods with complete , quality protein content for a healthy life , particularly in children for proper development . A good source of protein is often a combination of various foods , because different foods are rich in different amino acids . A good source of dietary protein meets two requirements : The requirement for the nutritionally indispensable amino acids ( histidine , isoleucine , leucine , lysine , methionine , phenylalanine , threonine , tryptophan , and valine ) under all conditions and for conditionally indispensable amino acids ( cystine , tyrosine , taurine , glycine , arginine , glutamine , proline ) under specific physiological and pathological conditions The requirement for nonspecific nitrogen for the synthesis of the nutritionally dispensable amino acids ( aspartic acid , asparagine , glutamic acid , alanine , serine ) and other physiologically important nitrogen - containing compounds such as nucleic acids , creatine , and porphyrins . Healthy people eating a balanced diet rarely need protein supplements . The table below presents the most important food groups as protein sources , from a worldwide perspective . It also lists their respective performance as source of the commonly limiting amino acids , in milligrams of limiting amino acid per gram of total protein in the food source . The table reiterates the need for a balanced mix of foods to ensure adequate amino acid source . Food source Lysine Threonine Tryptophan Sulfur - containing amino acids Legumes 64 38 12 25 Cereals and whole grains 31 32 12 37 Nuts and seeds 45 36 17 46 Fruits 45 29 11 27 Animal 85 44 12 38 Protein source with highest density of respective amino acid . Protein source with lowest density of respective amino acid . Protein milkshakes , made from protein powder ( center ) and milk ( left ) , are a common bodybuilding supplement . Protein powders -- such as casein , whey , egg , rice and soy -- are processed and manufactured sources of protein . These protein powders may provide an additional source of protein for bodybuilders . The type of protein is important in terms of its influence on protein metabolic response and possibly on the muscle 's exercise performance . The different physical and / or chemical properties within the various types of protein may affect the rate of protein digestion . As a result , the amino acid availability and the accumulation of tissue protein is altered because of the various protein metabolic responses . Protein quality ( edit ) Further information : Protein quality and Amino acid score The most important aspect and defining characteristic of protein from a nutritional standpoint is its amino acid composition . There are multiple systems which rate proteins by their usefulness to an organism based on their relative percentage of amino acids and , in some systems , the digestibility of the protein source . They include biological value , net protein utilization , and PDCAAS ( Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acids Score ) . Also see complete protein , nitrogen balance and protein combining . The PDCAAS was developed by the FDA as an improvement over the Protein efficiency ratio ( PER ) method . The PDCAAS rating is a fairly recent evaluation method ; it was adopted by the US Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) and the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations / World Health Organization ( FAO / WHO ) in 1993 as `` the preferred ' best ' '' method to determine protein quality . These organizations have suggested that other methods for evaluating the quality of protein are inferior . Digestion ( edit ) Most proteins are decomposed to single amino acids by digestion in the gastro - intestinal tract . Digestion typically begins in the stomach when pepsinogen is converted to pepsin by the action of hydrochloric acid , and continued by trypsin and chymotrypsin in the small intestine . Before the absorption in the small intestine , most proteins are already reduced to single amino acid or peptides of several amino acids . Most peptides longer than four amino acids are not absorbed . Absorption into the intestinal absorptive cells is not the end . There , most of the peptides are broken into single amino acids . Absorption of the amino acids and their derivatives into which dietary protein is degraded is done by the gastrointestinal tract . The absorption rates of individual amino acids are highly dependent on the protein source ; for example , the digestibilities of many amino acids in humans , the difference between soy and milk proteins and between individual milk proteins , beta - lactoglobulin and casein . For milk proteins , about 50 % of the ingested protein is absorbed between the stomach and the jejunum and 90 % is absorbed by the time the digested food reaches the ileum . Biological value ( BV ) is a measure of the proportion of absorbed protein from a food which becomes incorporated into the proteins of the organism 's body . Newborn ( edit ) Newborns of mammals are exceptional in protein digestion and assimilation in that they can absorb intact proteins at the small intestine . This enables passive immunity , i.e. , transfer of immunoglobulins from the mother to the newborn , via milk . Dietary requirements ( edit ) An education campaign launched by the United States Department of Agriculture about 100 years ago , on cottage cheese as a lower - cost protein substitute for meat . Considerable debate has taken place regarding issues surrounding protein intake requirements . The amount of protein required in a person 's diet is determined in large part by overall energy intake , the body 's need for nitrogen and essential amino acids , body weight and composition , rate of growth in the individual , physical activity level , individual 's energy and carbohydrate intake , as well as the presence of illness or injury . Physical activity and exertion as well as enhanced muscular mass increase the need for protein . Requirements are also greater during childhood for growth and development , during pregnancy or when breast - feeding in order to nourish a baby , or when the body needs to recover from malnutrition or trauma or after an operation . If not enough energy is taken in through diet , as in the process of starvation , the body will use protein from the muscle mass to meet its energy needs , leading to muscle wasting over time . If the individual does not consume adequate protein in nutrition , then muscle will also waste as more vital cellular processes ( e.g. respiration enzymes , blood cells ) recycle muscle protein for their own requirements . Dietary recommendations ( edit ) According to US & Canadian Dietary Reference Intake guidelines , women aged 19 -- 70 need to consume 46 grams of protein per day , while men aged 19 -- 70 need to consume 56 grams of protein per day to minimize risk of deficiency . These Recommended Dietary Allowances ( RDAs ) were calculated based on 0.8 grams protein per kilogram body weight and average body weights of 57 kg ( 126 pounds ) and 70 kg ( 154 pounds ) respectively . However , this recommendation is based on structural requirements , but disregards use of protein for energy metabolism . This requirement is for a normal sedentary person . In the United States , average protein consumption is higher than the RDA . According to the most recently published results of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ( NHANES 2013 - 2014 ) average protein consumption for women ages 20 and older was 69.8 grams and for men 98.3 grams / day . Active people ( edit ) Several studies have concluded that active people and athletes may require elevated protein intake ( compared to 0.8 g / kg ) due to increase in muscle mass and sweat losses , as well as need for body repair and energy source . Suggested amounts vary between 1.6 g / kg and 1.8 g / kg , while a proposed maximum daily protein intake would be approximately 25 % of energy requirements i.e. approximately 2 to 2.5 g / kg . However , many questions still remain to be resolved . In addition , some have suggested that athletes using restricted - calorie diets for weight loss should further increase their protein consumption , possibly to 1.8 -- 2.0 g / kg , in order to avoid loss of lean muscle mass . Aerobic exercise protein needs ( edit ) Endurance athletes differ from strength - building athletes in that endurance athletes do not build as much muscle mass from training as strength - building athletes do . Research suggests that individuals performing endurance activity require more protein intake than sedentary individuals so that muscles broken down during endurance workouts can be repaired . Although the protein requirement for athletes still remains controversial ( for instance see Lamont , Nutrition Research Reviews , pages 142 - 149 , 2012 ) , research does show that endurance athletes can benefit from increasing protein intake because the type of exercise endurance athletes participate in still alters the protein metabolism pathway . The overall protein requirement increases because of amino acid oxidation in endurance - trained athletes . Endurance athletes who exercise over a long period ( 2 -- 5 hours per training session ) use protein as a source of 5 -- 10 % of their total energy expended . Therefore , a slight increase in protein intake may be beneficial to endurance athletes by replacing the protein lost in energy expenditure and protein lost in repairing muscles . Some scientists suggest that endurance athletes may increase daily protein intake to a maximum of 1.2 -- 1.4 g per kg body weight . Anaerobic exercise protein needs ( edit ) Research also indicates that individuals performing strength - training activity require more protein than sedentary individuals . Strength - training athletes may increase their daily protein intake to a maximum of 1.4 -- 1.8 g per kg body weight to enhance muscle protein synthesis , or to make up for the loss of amino acid oxidation during exercise . Many athletes maintain a high - protein diet as part of their training . In fact , some athletes who specialize in anaerobic sports ( e.g. , weightlifting ) believe a very high level of protein intake is necessary , and so consume high protein meals and also protein supplements . Special populations ( edit ) Protein allergies ( edit ) Main article : Food allergy A food allergy is an abnormal immune response to proteins in food . The signs and symptoms may range from mild to severe . They may include itchiness , swelling of the tongue , vomiting , diarrhea , hives , trouble breathing , or low blood pressure . These symptoms typically occurs within minutes to one hour after exposure . When the symptoms are severe , it is known as anaphylaxis . The following eight foods are responsible for about 90 % of allergic reactions : cow 's milk , eggs , wheat , shellfish , fish , peanuts , tree nuts and soy . Phenylketonuria ( edit ) Individuals with phenylketonuria ( PKU ) must keep their intake of phenylalanine - an essential amino acid - extremely low to prevent a mental disability and other metabolic complications . Phenylalanine is a component of the artificial sweetener aspartame , so people with PKU need to avoid low calorie beverages and foods with this ingredient . Maple syrup urine disease ( edit ) Maple syrup urine disease is associated with genetic anomalies in the metabolism of branched - chain amino acids ( BCAAs ) . They have high blood levels of BCAAs and must severely restrict their intake of BCAAs in order to prevent mental retardation and death . The amino acids in question are leucine , isoleucine and valine . The condition gets its name from the distinctive sweet odor of affected infants ' urine . Children of Amish , Mennonite , and Ashkenazi Jewish descent have a high prevalence of this disease compared to other populations . Excess consumption ( edit ) The U.S. and Canadian Dietary Reference Intake review for protein concluded that there was not sufficient evidence to establish a Tolerable upper intake level , i.e. , an upper limit for how much protein can be safely consumed . The body is unable to store excess protein . Dietary protein is converted to individual amino acids by the digestive process , which are then absorbed . When amino acids are in excess of needs the liver takes up the amino acids and subjects them to deamination , a process that converts the nitrogen from the amino acids into ammonia , further processed in the liver into urea via the urea cycle . Excretion of urea is performed by the kidneys . Other parts of the amino acid molecules can be converted into glucose and used for fuel . When food protein intake is periodically high or low , the body tries to keep protein levels at an equilibrium by using the `` labile protein reserve '' to compensate for daily variations in protein intake . However , unlike body fat as a reserve for future caloric needs , there is no protein storage for future needs . Research has supported a theory that excessive intake of protein increases calcium excretion in urine , occurring to compensate for the pH imbalance from oxidation of sulfur amino acids . This may lead to a higher risk of kidney stone formation from calcium in the renal circulatory system . In theory , this calcium excretion from bone resorption could contribute to osteoporosis , but a meta - analysis by the National Osteoporosis Foundation reported no adverse effects of higher protein intakes on bone density A meta - analysis reported a small decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure with diets higher in protein , with no differences between animal and plant protein . The 2015 -- 2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends that men and teenage boys increase their consumption of fruits , vegetables and other under - consumed foods , and that a means of accomplishing this would be to reduce overall intake of protein foods . Testing in foods ( edit ) The classic assays for protein concentration in food are the Kjeldahl method and the Dumas method . These tests determine the total nitrogen in a sample . The only major component of most food which contains nitrogen is protein ( fat , carbohydrate and dietary fiber do not contain nitrogen ) . If the amount of nitrogen is multiplied by a factor depending on the kinds of protein expected in the food the total protein can be determined . This value is known as the `` crude protein '' content . On food labels the protein is given by the nitrogen multiplied by 6.25 , because the average nitrogen content of proteins is about 16 % . The Kjeldahl test is typically used because it is the method the AOAC International has adopted and is therefore used by many food standards agencies around the world , though the Dumas method is also approved by some standards organizations . Accidental contamination and intentional adulteration of protein meals with non-protein nitrogen sources that inflate crude protein content measurements have been known to occur in the food industry for decades . To ensure food quality , purchasers of protein meals routinely conduct quality control tests designed to detect the most common non-protein nitrogen contaminants , such as urea and ammonium nitrate . In at least one segment of the food industry , the dairy industry , some countries ( at least the U.S. , Australia , France and Hungary ) have adopted `` true protein '' measurement , as opposed to crude protein measurement , as the standard for payment and testing : `` True protein is a measure of only the proteins in milk , whereas crude protein is a measure of all sources of nitrogen and includes nonprotein nitrogen , such as urea , which has no food value to humans ... Current milk - testing equipment measures peptide bonds , a direct measure of true protein . '' Measuring peptide bonds in grains has also been put into practice in several countries including Canada , the UK , Australia , Russia and Argentina where near - infrared reflectance ( NIR ) technology , a type of infrared spectroscopy is used . The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ( FAO ) recommends that only amino acid analysis be used to determine protein in , inter alia , foods used as the sole source of nourishment , such as infant formula , but also provides : `` When data on amino acids analyses are not available , determination of protein based on total N content by Kjeldahl ( AOAC , 2000 ) or similar method ... is considered acceptable . '' The limitations of the Kjeldahl method were at the heart of the Chinese protein export contamination in 2007 and the 2008 China milk scandal in which the industrial chemical melamine was added to the milk or glutens to increase the measured `` protein '' . Protein deficiency ( edit ) Main article : Protein - energy malnutrition A child in Nigeria during the Biafra War suffering from kwashiorkor -- one of the three protein energy malnutrition ailments afflicting over 10 million children in developing countries . Protein deficiency and malnutrition ( PEM ) can lead to variety of ailments including mental retardation and kwashiorkor . Symptoms of kwashiorkor include apathy , diarrhea , inactivity , failure to grow , flaky skin , fatty liver , and edema of the belly and legs . This edema is explained by the action of lipoxygenase on arachidonic acid to form leukotrienes and the normal functioning of proteins in fluid balance and lipoprotein transport . PEM is fairly common worldwide in both children and adults and accounts for 6 million deaths annually . In the industrialized world , PEM is predominantly seen in hospitals , is associated with disease , or is often found in the elderly . See also ( edit ) Food portal Protein bar Bodybuilding supplement Biological value High - protein diet Low - protein diet Azotorrhea References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hermann , Janice R. `` Protein and the Body '' ( PDF ) . Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service , Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Oklahoma State University : T -- 3163 -- 1 -- T -- 3163 -- 4 . ^ Jump up to : Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy , Carbohydrate , Fiber , Fat , Fatty Acids , Cholesterol , Protein and Amino Acids , Institute of Medicine . National Academy Press , 2005 ^ Jump up to : Genton , Laurence ; Melzer , Katarina ; Pichard , Claude ( 2010 ) . `` Energy and macronutrient requirements for physical fitness in exercising subjects '' . Clinical Nutrition. 29 ( 4 ) : 413 -- 423 . doi : 10.1016 / j. clnu. 2010.02. 002 . PMID 20189694 . Jump up ^ Young VR ( 1994 ) . `` Adult amino acid requirements : the case for a major revision in current recommendations '' ( PDF ) . J. Nutr. 124 ( 8 Suppl ) : 1517S -- 1523S . PMID 8064412 . Jump up ^ Rosane Oliveira , `` The Essentials -- Part One '' , UC Davis Integrative Medicine , Feb 4 , 2016 . July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kopple , JD ; Swendseid , ME ( 1975 ) . `` Evidence that histidine is an essential amino acid in normal and chronically uremic man '' . Journal of Clinical Investigation . 55 ( 5 ) : 881 -- 891 . PMC 301830 . ^ Jump up to : `` Protein in diet '' . United States National Library of Medicine , National Institutes of Health . 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Vernon Young ; Peter Pellett ( 1994 ) . `` Plant proteins in relation to human protein and amino acid nutrition '' ( PDF ) . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 59 : 1203S -- l2S . Jump up ^ Steinke , Waggle ; et al. ( 1992 ) . New protein foods in human health : nutrition , prevention and therapy . CRC Press . pp. 91 -- 100 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8493 - 6904 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Amino acid content of foods and biological data on proteins ( FAO nutritional studies number 24 ) . Food and Agriculture Organization . 1985 . ISBN 92 - 5 - 001102 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Michael C. Latham ( 1997 ) . `` Human nutrition in the developing world '' . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations . ^ Jump up to : Lemon , PW ( 1995 ) . `` Do athletes need more dietary protein and amino acids ? '' . Int J Sport Nutr. 5 Suppl : S39 -- 61 . PMID 7550257 . Jump up ^ Boutrif , E. , Food Quality and Consumer Protection Group , Food Policy and Nutrition Division , FAO , Rome : `` Recent Developments in Protein Quality Evaluation '' Food , Nutrition and Agriculture , Issue 2 / 3 , 1991 ^ Jump up to : Digestion of Dietary Proteins in the Gastro - Intestinal Tract Jump up ^ Gaudichon C , Bos C , Morens C , Petzke KJ , Mariotti F , Everwand J , Benamouzig R , Dare S , Tome D , Metges CC ( 2002 ) . `` Ileal losses of nitrogen and amino acids in humans and their importance to the assessment of amino acid requirements '' . Gastroenterology. 123 ( 1 ) : 50 -- 9 . doi : 10.1053 / gast. 2002.34233 . PMID 12105833 . Jump up ^ Mahe S , Roos N , Benamouzig R , Davin L , Luengo C , Gagnon L , Gausserges N , Rautureau J , Tome D ( 1996 ) . `` Gastrojejunal kinetics and the digestion of ( 15N ) beta - lactoglobulin and casein in humans : the influence of the nature and quantity of the protein '' . Am J Clin Nutr. 63 ( 4 ) : 546 -- 52 . PMID 8599318 . Jump up ^ Mahe S , Marteau P , Huneau JF , Thuillier F , Tome D ( 1994 ) . `` Intestinal nitrogen and electrolyte movements following fermented milk ingestion in man '' . Br J Nutr. 71 ( 2 ) : 169 -- 80 . doi : 10.1079 / BJN19940124 . PMID 8142329 . Jump up ^ Hurley WL , Theil PK ( 2011 ) . `` Perspectives on immunoglobulins in colostrum and milk '' . Nutrients. 3 ( 4 ) : 442 -- 74 . doi : 10.3390 / nu3040442 . PMC 3257684 . PMID 22254105 . ^ Jump up to : Bilsborough , Shane ; Neil Mann ( 2006 ) . `` A Review of Issues of Dietary Protein Intake in Humans '' . International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 16 ( 2 ) : 129 -- 152 . doi : 10.1123 / ijsnem. 16.2. 129 . Retrieved 6 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lemon , Peter ( 2000 ) . `` Beyond the Zone : Protein Needs of Active Individuals '' . Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 19 ( 5 ) : 513 -- 521 . doi : 10.1080 / 07315724.2000. 10718974 . PMID 11023001 . Jump up ^ WHO , FAO , UNU ( 2007 ) . `` Protein and amino acid requirements in human nutrition '' ( PDF ) . WHO Press . Retrieved 8 July 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Tarnopolsky MA , Atkinson SA , MacDougall JD , Chesley A , Phillips S , Schwarcz HP ( 1992 ) . `` Evaluation of protein requirements for trained strength athletes '' . Journal of Applied Physiology. 73 ( 5 ) : 1986 -- 95 . PMID 1474076 . Jump up ^ What We Eat in America , NHANES 2013 - 2014 ( PDF ) , U.S. Department of Agriculture , Agricultural Research Service , 2016 Jump up ^ Phillips , Stuart M. ; Loon , Luc J.C. Van ( 2011 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Dietary protein for athletes : From requirements to optimum adaptation '' . Journal of Sports Sciences . 29 ( sup1 ) : S29 -- S38 . doi : 10.1080 / 02640414.2011. 619204 . ISSN 0264 - 0414 . PMID 22150425 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips , Stuart ( 2006 ) . `` Dietary protein for athletes : from requirements to metabolic advantage '' . Appl . Physiol . Nutr . Metab. 31 ( 6 ) : 647 -- 654 . doi : 10.1139 / H06 - 035 . PMID 17213878 . Jump up ^ Nutrition Working Group of the International Olympic Committee ( 2003 ) . `` Nutrition for Athletes '' . IOC Consensus Conference on Nutrition for Sport . Lausanne . Jump up ^ National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases ( July 2012 ) . `` Food Allergy An Overview '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 2016 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` phenylketonuria '' . Genetics Home Reference . September 8 , 2016 . Archived from the original on 27 July 2016 . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Ten Have , Gabriella A.M. ; Engelen , Marielle P.K.J. ; Luiking , Yvette C. ; Deutz , Nicolaas E.P. ( 2007 ) . `` Absorption Kinetics of Amino Acids , Peptides , and Intact Proteins '' . International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 17 : S23 -- S36 . Jump up ^ Smith , Jack L. ; Gropper , Sareen Annora Stepnick ; Groff , James L. ( 2009 ) . Advanced nutrition and human metabolism . Belmont , CA : Wadsworth Cengage Learning . ISBN 0 - 495 - 11657 - 2 . Jump up ^ Shams - White MM , Chung M , Du M , Fu Z , Insogna KL , Karlsen MC , LeBoff MS , Shapses SA , Sackey J , Wallace TC , Weaver CM ( 2017 ) . `` Dietary protein and bone health : a systematic review and meta - analysis from the National Osteoporosis Foundation '' . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 105 ( 6 ) : 1528 -- 1543 . doi : 10.3945 / ajcn. 116.145110 . PMID 28404575 . Jump up ^ Rebholz CM , Friedman EE , Powers LJ , Arroyave WD , He J , Kelly TN ( 2012 ) . `` Dietary protein intake and blood pressure : a meta - analysis of randomized controlled trials '' . Am. J. Epidemiol. 176 Suppl 7 : S27 -- 43 . doi : 10.1093 / aje / kws245 . PMID 23035142 . Jump up ^ `` Some individuals , especially teen boys and adult men , also need to reduce overall intake of protein foods by decreasing intakes of meats , poultry , and eggs and increasing amounts of vegetables or other under - consumed food groups . '' in `` 2015 -- 2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans : Shifts Needed To Align With Healthy Eating Patterns : A Closer Look at Current Intakes and Recommended Shifts : Protein Foods '' ( 8 ed . ) . U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture . December 2015 . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D. Julian McClements . `` Analysis of Proteins '' . University of Massachusetts Amherst . Retrieved 27 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Weise , Elizabeth ( 24 April 2007 ) . `` Food tests promise tough task for FDA '' . USA Today . Retrieved 29 April 2007 . Jump up ^ P.M. VanRaden ; R.L. Powell . `` Genetic evaluations for true protein '' . United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 27 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Alison ( August 2007 ) . `` Protein Pretense : Cheating the standard protein tests is easy , but industry hesitates on alternatives '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 9 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Food energy -- methods of analysis and conversion factors '' . FAO . Retrieved 9 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Stephen Chen ( 18 September 2008 ) . `` Melamine -- an industry staple '' . South China Morning Post . pp. Page A2 . Jump up ^ Moore , J.C. ; Devries , Jonathan W. ; Lipp , Markus ; Griffiths , James C. ; Abernethy , Darrell R. ( 17 August 2010 ) . `` Total Protein Methods and Their Potential Utility to Reduce the Risk of Food Protein Adulteration '' . Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety . 9 ( 4 ) : 330 -- 357 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1541 - 4337.2010. 00114. x . Jump up ^ `` Marasmus and Kwashiorkor '' . Medscape Reference . May 2009 . Jump up ^ Jeffery Schwartz ; Bryant , Carol A. ; DeWalt , Kathleen Musante ; Anita Courtney ( 2003 ) . The cultural feast : an introduction to food and society . Belmont , California : Thomson / Wadsworth . pp. 282 , 283 . ISBN 0 - 534 - 52582 - 2 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protein_(nutrient)&oldid=817938134 '' Categories : Proteins Nutrition Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Use dmy dates from May 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Italiano Bahasa Melayu Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 12 : 57 . 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which of the following is a high biological value food for protein

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Leviathan (book)

Leviathan ( book ) - wikipedia Leviathan ( book ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Leviathan ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Leviathan Frontispiece of Leviathan by Abraham Bosse , with input from Hobbes . Author Thomas Hobbes Country England Language English , Latin ( Hobbes produced a new version of Leviathan in Latin in 1668 : Leviathan , sive De materia , forma , & potestate civitatis ecclesiasticae et civilis . Many passages in the Latin version differ from the English version . Genre Political philosophy Publication date 1651 ISBN 978 - 1439297254 Leviathan or The Matter , Forme and Power of a Common - Wealth Ecclesiasticall and Civil -- commonly referred to as Leviathan -- is a book written by Thomas Hobbes ( 1588 -- 1679 ) and published in 1651 ( revised Latin edition 1668 ) . Its name derives from the biblical Leviathan . The work concerns the structure of society and legitimate government , and is regarded as one of the earliest and most influential examples of social contract theory . Leviathan ranks as a classic western work on statecraft comparable to Machiavelli 's The Prince . Written during the English Civil War ( 1642 -- 1651 ) , Leviathan argues for a social contract and rule by an absolute sovereign . Hobbes wrote that civil war and the brute situation of a state of nature ( `` the war of all against all '' ) could only be avoided by strong , undivided government . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 1.1 Frontispiece 1.2 Part I : Of Man 1.3 Part II : Of Common - wealth 1.3. 1 Types of commonwealth 1.3. 2 Succession 1.3. 3 Religion 1.3. 4 Taxation 1.4 Part III : Of a Christian Common - wealth 1.5 Part IV : Of the Kingdom of Darkness 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading 4.1 Editions of Leviathan 4.2 Critical studies 5 External links Content ( edit ) Frontispiece ( edit ) After lengthy discussion with Thomas Hobbes , the Parisian Abraham Bosse created the etching for the book 's famous frontispiece in the géometrique style which Bosse himself had refined . It is similar in organisation to the frontispiece of Hobbes ' De Cive ( 1642 ) , created by Jean Matheus . The frontispiece has two main elements , of which the upper part is by far the more striking . In it , a giant crowned figure is seen emerging from the landscape , clutching a sword and a crosier , beneath a quote from the Book of Job -- `` Non est potestas Super Terram quae Comparetur ei . Iob. 41 . 24 '' ( `` There is no power on earth to be compared to him . Job 41 . 24 '' ) -- linking the figure to the monster of that book . ( Due to disagreements over the precise location of the chapters and verses when they were divided in the late Middle Ages , the verse Hobbes quotes is usually given as Job 41 : 33 in modern Christian translations into English , Job 41 : 25 in the Masoretic text , Septuagint , and the Luther Bible ; it is 41 : 24 in the Vulgate . ) The torso and arms of the figure are composed of over three hundred persons , in the style of Giuseppe Arcimboldo ; all are facing inwards with just the giant 's head having visible features . ( A manuscript of Leviathan created for Charles II in 1651 has notable differences -- a different main head but significantly the body is also composed of many faces , all looking outwards from the body and with a range of expressions . ) The lower portion is a triptych , framed in a wooden border . The centre form contains the title on an ornate curtain . The two sides reflect the sword and crosier of the main figure -- earthly power on the left and the powers of the church on the right . Each side element reflects the equivalent power -- castle to church , crown to mitre , cannon to excommunication , weapons to logic , and the battlefield to the religious courts . The giant holds the symbols of both sides , reflecting the union of secular , and spiritual in the sovereign , but the construction of the torso also makes the figure the state . Part I : of man ( edit ) Hobbes begins his treatise on politics with an account of human nature . He presents an image of man as matter in motion , attempting to show through example how everything about humanity can be explained materialistically , that is , without recourse to an incorporeal , immaterial soul or a faculty for understanding ideas that are external to the human mind . Hobbes proceeds by defining terms clearly and unsentimentally . Good and evil are nothing more than terms used to denote an individual 's appetites and desires , while these appetites and desires are nothing more than the tendency to move toward or away from an object . Hope is nothing more than an appetite for a thing combined with opinion that it can be had . He suggests the dominant political theology of the time , Scholasticism , thrives on confused definitions of everyday words , such as incorporeal substance , which for Hobbes is a contradiction in terms . Hobbes describes human psychology without any reference to the summum bonum , or greatest good , as previous thought had done . Not only is the concept of a summum bonum superfluous , but given the variability of human desires , there could be no such thing . Consequently , any political community that sought to provide the greatest good to its members would find itself driven by competing conceptions of that good with no way to decide among them . The result would be civil war . However , Hobbes states that there is a summum malum , or greatest evil . This is the fear of violent death . A political community can be oriented around this fear . Since there is no summum bonum , the natural state of man is not to be found in a political community that pursues the greatest good . But to be outside of a political community is to be in an anarchic condition . Given human nature , the variability of human desires , and need for scarce resources to fulfill those desires , the state of nature , as Hobbes calls this anarchic condition , must be a war of all against all . Even when two men are not fighting , there is no guarantee that the other will not try to kill him for his property or just out of an aggrieved sense of honour , and so they must constantly be on guard against one another . It is even reasonable to preemptively attack one 's neighbour . In such condition there is no place for industry , because the fruit thereof is uncertain , and consequently no culture of the earth , no navigation nor the use of commodities that may be imported by sea , no commodious building , no instruments of moving and removing such things as require much force , no knowledge of the face of the earth , no account of time , no arts , no letters , no society , and which is worst of all , continual fear and danger of violent death , and the life of man , solitary , poor , nasty , brutish , and short . The desire to avoid the state of nature , as the place where the summum malum of violent death is most likely to occur , forms the polestar of political reasoning . It suggests a number of laws of nature , although Hobbes is quick to point out that they can not properly speaking be called `` laws , '' since there is no one to enforce them . The first thing that reason suggests is to seek peace , but that where peace can not be had , to use all of the advantages of war . Hobbes is explicit that in the state of nature nothing can be considered just or unjust , and every man must be considered to have a right to all things . The second law of nature is that one ought to be willing to renounce one 's right to all things where others are willing to do the same , to quit the state of nature , and to erect a commonwealth with the authority to command them in all things . Hobbes concludes Part One by articulating an additional seventeen laws of nature that make the performance of the first two possible and by explaining what it would mean for a sovereign to represent the people even when they disagree with the sovereign . Part II : of Common - Wealth ( edit ) The purpose of a commonwealth is given at the start of Part II : THE final cause , end , or design of men ( who naturally love liberty , and dominion over others ) in the introduction of that restraint upon themselves , in which we see them live in Commonwealths , is the foresight of their own preservation , and of a more contented life thereby ; that is to say , of getting themselves out from that miserable condition of war which is necessarily consequent , as hath been shown , to the natural passions of men when there is no visible power to keep them in awe , and tie them by fear of punishment to the performance of their covenants ... The commonwealth is instituted when all agree in the following manner : I authorise and give up my right of governing myself to this man , or to this assembly of men , on this condition ; that thou give up , thy right to him , and authorise all his actions in like manner . The sovereign has twelve principal rights : Because a successive covenant can not override a prior one , the subjects can not ( lawfully ) change the form of government . Because the covenant forming the commonwealth results from subjects giving to the sovereign the right to act for them , the sovereign can not possibly breach the covenant ; and therefore the subjects can never argue to be freed from the covenant because of the actions of the sovereign . The sovereign exists because the majority has consented to his rule ; the minority have agreed to abide by this arrangement and must then assent to the sovereign 's actions . Every subject is author of the acts of the sovereign : hence the sovereign can not injure any of his subjects and can not be accused of injustice . Following this , the sovereign can not justly be put to death by the subjects . because the purpose of the commonwealth is peace , and the sovereign has the right to do whatever he thinks necessary for the preserving of peace and security and prevention of discord . Therefore , the sovereign may judge what opinions and doctrines are averse , who shall be allowed to speak to multitudes , and who shall examine the doctrines of all books before they are published . To prescribe the rules of civil law and property . To be judge in all cases . To make war and peace as he sees fit and to command the army . To choose counsellors , ministers , magistrates and officers . To reward with riches and honour or to punish with corporal or pecuniary punishment or ignominy . To establish laws about honour and a scale of worth . Hobbes explicitly rejects the idea of Separation of Powers , in particular the form that would later become the separation of powers under the United States Constitution . Part 6 is perhaps an under - emphasised feature of Hobbes 's argument : he is explicitly in favour of censorship of the press and restrictions on the rights of free speech should they be considered desirable by the sovereign to promote order . Types of commonwealth ( edit ) There are three ( monarchy , aristocracy and democracy ) : The difference of Commonwealths consisted in the difference of the sovereign , or the person representative of all and every one of the multitude . And because the sovereignty is either in one man , or in an assembly of more than one ; and into that assembly either every man hath right to enter , or not every one , but certain men distinguished from the rest ; it is manifest there can be but three kinds of Commonwealth . For the representative must needs be one man , or more ; and if more , then it is the assembly of all , or but of a part . When the representative is one man , then is the Commonwealth a monarchy ; when an assembly of all that will come together , then it is a democracy , or popular Commonwealth ; when an assembly of a part only , then it is called an aristocracy . And only three : Other kind of Commonwealth there can be none : for either one , or more , or all , must have the sovereign power ( which I have shown to be indivisible ) entire . There be other names of government in the histories and books of policy ; as tyranny and oligarchy ; but they are not the names of other forms of government , but of the same forms misliked . For they that are discontented under monarchy call it tyranny ; and they that are displeased with aristocracy call it oligarchy : so also , they which find themselves grieved under a democracy call it anarchy , which signifies want of government ; and yet I think no man believes that want of government is any new kind of government : nor by the same reason ought they to believe that the government is of one kind when they like it , and another when they mislike it or are oppressed by the governors . And monarchy is the best , on practical grounds : The difference between these three kinds of Commonwealth consisteth not in the difference of power , but in the difference of convenience or aptitude to produce the peace and security of the people ; for which end they were instituted . And to compare monarchy with the other two , we may observe : first , that whosoever beareth the person of the people , or is one of that assembly that bears it , beareth also his own natural person . And though he be careful in his politic person to procure the common interest , yet he is more , or no less , careful to procure the private good of himself , his family , kindred and friends ; and for the most part , if the public interest chance to cross the private , he prefers the private : for the passions of men are commonly more potent than their reason . From whence it follows that where the public and private interest are most closely united , there is the public most advanced . Now in monarchy the private interest is the same with the public . The riches , power , and honour of a monarch arise only from the riches , strength , and reputation of his subjects . For no king can be rich , nor glorious , nor secure , whose subjects are either poor , or contemptible , or too weak through want , or dissension , to maintain a war against their enemies ; whereas in a democracy , or aristocracy , the public prosperity confers not so much to the private fortune of one that is corrupt , or ambitious , as doth many times a perfidious advice , a treacherous action , or a civil war . Succession ( edit ) The right of succession always lies with the sovereign . Democracies and aristocracies have easy succession ; monarchy is harder : The greatest difficulty about the right of succession is in monarchy : and the difficulty ariseth from this , that at first sight , it is not manifest who is to appoint the successor ; nor many times who it is whom he hath appointed . For in both these cases , there is required a more exact ratiocination than every man is accustomed to use . Because in general people have n't thought carefully . However , the succession is definitely in the gift of the monarch : As to the question who shall appoint the successor of a monarch that hath the sovereign authority ... we are to consider that either he that is in possession has right to dispose of the succession , or else that right is again in the dissolved multitude ... Therefore it is manifest that by the institution of monarchy , the disposing of the successor is always left to the judgement and will of the present possessor . But , it is not always obvious who the monarch has appointed : And for the question which may arise sometimes , who it is that the monarch in possession hath designed to the succession and inheritance of his power However , the answer is : it is determined by his express words and testament ; or by other tacit signs sufficient . And this means : By express words , or testament , when it is declared by him in his lifetime , viva voce , or by writing ; as the first emperors of Rome declared who should be their heirs . Note that ( perhaps rather radically ) this does not have to be any blood relative : For the word heir does not of itself imply the children or nearest kindred of a man ; but whomsoever a man shall any way declare he would have to succeed him in his estate . If therefore a monarch declare expressly that such a man shall be his heir , either by word or writing , then is that man immediately after the decease of his predecessor invested in the right of being monarch . However , practically this means : But where testament and express words are wanting , other natural signs of the will are to be followed : whereof the one is custom . And therefore where the custom is that the next of kindred absolutely succeedeth , there also the next of kindred hath right to the succession ; for that , if the will of him that was in possession had been otherwise , he might easily have declared the same in his lifetime ... Religion ( edit ) In Leviathan , Hobbes explicitly states that the sovereign has authority to assert power over matters of faith and doctrine , and that if he does not do so , he invites discord . Hobbes presents his own religious theory , but states that he would defer to the will of the sovereign ( when that was re-established : again , Leviathan was written during the Civil War ) as to whether his theory was acceptable . Tuck argues that it further marks Hobbes as a supporter of the religious policy of the post-Civil War English republic , Independency . Taxation ( edit ) Thomas Hobbes also touched upon the sovereign 's ability to tax in Leviathan , although he is not as widely cited for his economic theories as he is for his political theories . Hobbes believed that equal justice includes the equal imposition of taxes . The equality of taxes does n't depend on equality of wealth , but on the equality of the debt that every man owes to the commonwealth for his defence and the maintenance of the rule of law . Hobbes also championed public support for those unable to maintain themselves by labour , which would presumably be funded by taxation . He advocated public encouragement of works of Navigation etc. to usefully employ the poor who could work . Part III : of a Christian Common - Wealth ( edit ) In Part III Hobbes seeks to investigate the nature of a Christian commonwealth . This immediately raises the question of which scriptures we should trust , and why . If any person may claim supernatural revelation superior to the civil law , then there would be chaos , and Hobbes ' fervent desire is to avoid this . Hobbes thus begins by establishing that we can not infallibly know another 's personal word to be divine revelation : When God speaketh to man , it must be either immediately or by mediation of another man , to whom He had formerly spoken by Himself immediately . How God speaketh to a man immediately may be understood by those well enough to whom He hath so spoken ; but how the same should be understood by another is hard , if not impossible , to know . For if a man pretend to me that God hath spoken to him supernaturally , and immediately , and I make doubt of it , I can not easily perceive what argument he can produce to oblige me to believe it . This is good , but if applied too fervently would lead to all the Bible being rejected . So , Hobbes says , we need a test : and the true test is established by examining the books of scripture , and is : So that it is manifest that the teaching of the religion which God hath established , and the showing of a present miracle , joined together , were the only marks whereby the Scripture would have a true prophet , that is to say , immediate revelation , to be acknowledged ; of them being singly sufficient to oblige any other man to regard what he saith . Seeing therefore miracles now cease , we have no sign left whereby to acknowledge the pretended revelations or inspirations of any private man ; nor obligation to give ear to any doctrine , farther than it is conformable to the Holy Scriptures , which since the time of our Saviour supply the place and sufficiently recompense the want of all other prophecy `` Seeing therefore miracles now cease '' means that only the books of the Bible can be trusted . Hobbes then discusses the various books which are accepted by various sects , and the `` question much disputed between the diverse sects of Christian religion , from whence the Scriptures derive their authority '' . To Hobbes , `` it is manifest that none can know they are God 's word ( though all true Christians believe it ) but those to whom God Himself hath revealed it supernaturally '' . And therefore `` The question truly stated is : by what authority they are made law ? '' Unsurprisingly , Hobbes concludes that ultimately there is no way to determine this other than the civil power : He therefore to whom God hath not supernaturally revealed that they are His , nor that those that published them were sent by Him , is not obliged to obey them by any authority but his whose commands have already the force of laws ; that is to say , by any other authority than that of the Commonwealth , residing in the sovereign , who only has the legislative power . He discusses the Ten Commandments , and asks `` who it was that gave to these written tables the obligatory force of laws . There is no doubt but they were made laws by God Himself : but because a law obliges not , nor is law to any but to them that acknowledge it to be the act of the sovereign , how could the people of Israel , that were forbidden to approach the mountain to hear what God said to Moses , be obliged to obedience to all those laws which Moses propounded to them ? '' and concludes , as before , that `` making of the Scripture law , belonged to the civil sovereign . '' Finally : `` We are to consider now what office in the Church those persons have who , being civil sovereigns , have embraced also the Christian faith ? '' to which the answer is : `` Christian kings are still the supreme pastors of their people , and have power to ordain what pastors they please , to teach the Church , that is , to teach the people committed to their charge . '' There is an enormous amount of biblical scholarship in this third part . However , once Hobbes ' initial argument is accepted ( that no - one can know for sure anyone else 's divine revelation ) his conclusion ( the religious power is subordinate to the civil ) follows from his logic . The very extensive discussions of the chapter were probably necessary for its time . The need ( as Hobbes saw it ) for the civil sovereign to be supreme arose partly from the many sects that arose around the civil war , and to quash the Pope of Rome 's challenge , to which Hobbes devotes an extensive section . Part IV : of the kingdom of darkness ( edit ) Hobbes named Part IV of his book Kingdom of Darkness . By this , Hobbes does not mean Hell ( he did not believe in Hell or Purgatory ) but the darkness of ignorance as opposed to the light of true knowledge . Hobbes ' interpretation is largely unorthodox and so sees much darkness in what he sees as the misinterpretation of Scripture . This considered , the kingdom of darkness ... is nothing else but a confederacy of deceivers that , to obtain dominion over men in this present world , endeavour , by dark and erroneous doctrines , to extinguish in them the light ... Hobbes enumerates four causes of this darkness . The first is by extinguishing the light of scripture through misinterpretation . Hobbes sees the main abuse as teaching that the kingdom of God can be found in the church , thus undermining the authority of the civil sovereign . Another general abuse of scripture , in his view , is the turning of consecration into conjuration , or silly ritual . The second cause is the demonology of the heathen poets : in Hobbes 's opinion , demons are nothing more than constructs of the brain . Hobbes then goes on to criticize what he sees as many of the practices of Catholicism : `` Now for the worship of saints , and images , and relics , and other things at this day practiced in the Church of Rome , I say they are not allowed by the word of God '' . The third is by mixing with the Scripture diverse relics of the religion , and much of the vain and erroneous philosophy of the Greeks , especially of Aristotle . Hobbes has little time for the various disputing sects of philosophers and objects to what people have taken `` From Aristotle 's civil philosophy , they have learned to call all manner of Commonwealths but the popular ( such as was at that time the state of Athens ) , tyranny '' . At the end of this comes an interesting section ( darkness is suppressing true knowledge as well as introducing falsehoods ) , which would appear to bear on the discoveries of Galileo Galilei . `` Our own navigations make manifest , and all men learned in human sciences now acknowledge , there are antipodes '' ( i.e. , the Earth is round ) `` ... Nevertheless , men ... have been punished for it by authority ecclesiastical . But what reason is there for it ? Is it because such opinions are contrary to true religion ? That can not be , if they be true . '' However , Hobbes is quite happy for the truth to be suppressed if necessary : if `` they tend to disorder in government , as countenancing rebellion or sedition ? Then let them be silenced , and the teachers punished '' -- but only by the civil authority . The fourth is by mingling with both these , false or uncertain traditions , and feigned or uncertain history . Hobbes finishes by inquiring who benefits from the errors he diagnoses : Cicero maketh honourable mention of one of the Cassii , a severe judge amongst the Romans , for a custom he had in criminal causes , when the testimony of the witnesses was not sufficient , to ask the accusers , cui bono ; that is to say , what profit , honour , or other contentment the accused obtained or expected by the fact . For amongst presumptions , there is none that so evidently declareth the author as doth the benefit of the action . Hobbes concludes that the beneficiaries are the churches and churchmen . See also ( edit ) Behemoth by Thomas Hobbes Classical republicanism John Locke Scientia potentia est References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Glen Newey , Routledge Philosophy GuideBook to Hobbes and Leviathan , Routledge , 2008 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Thomas Hobbes : Leviathan -- Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Hilary Brown , Luise Gottsched the Translator , Camden House , 2012 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ It 's in this edition that Hobbes coined the expression auctoritas non veritas facit legem , which means `` authority , not truth , makes law '' : book 2 , chapter 26 , p. 133 . Jump up ^ `` Hobbes 's Moral and Political Philosophy '' . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . ( Retrieved 11 March 2009 ) Jump up ^ Hobbes , Leviathan , XIII. 9 . Jump up ^ Hobbes , Leviathan , XIV. 4 . Jump up ^ Hobbes , Leviathan , XIII. 13 . Jump up ^ Aaron Levy ( October 1954 ) . `` Economic Views of Thomas Hobbes '' . Journal of the History of Ideas. 15 ( 4 ) : 589 -- 595 . doi : 10.2307 / 2707677 . JSTOR 2707677 . Jump up ^ `` Leviathan : Part II . Commonwealth ; Chapters 17 -- 31 '' ( PDF ) . Early Modern Texts . Jump up ^ Chapter XLVI : Lastly , for the errors brought in from false or uncertain history , what is all the legend of fictitious miracles in the lives of the saints ; and all the histories of apparitions and ghosts alleged by the doctors of the Roman Church , to make good their doctrines of hell and purgatory , the power of exorcism , and other doctrines which have no warrant , neither in reason nor Scripture ; as also all those traditions which they call the unwritten word of God ; but old wives ' fables ? , Jump up ^ Chapter XLIV Further reading ( edit ) Editions of Leviathan ( edit ) Leviathan . Revised Edition , eds . A.P. Martinich and Brian Battiste . Peterborough , ON : Broadview Press , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55481 - 003 - 1. ( 1 ) Leviathan : Or the Matter , Forme , and Power of a Common - Wealth Ecclesiasticall and Civill , ed. by Ian Shapiro ( Yale University Press ; 2010 ) . Leviathan , Critical edition by Noel Malcolm in three volumes : 1 . Editorial Introduction ; 2 and 3 . The English and Latin Texts , Oxford University Press , 2012 ( Clarendon Edition of the Works of Thomas Hobbes ) . Critical studies ( edit ) Bagby , Laurie M. Hobbes 's Leviathan : Reader 's Guide , New York : Continuum , 2007 . Baumrin , Bernard Herbert ( ed . ) Hobbes 's Leviathan -- interpretation and criticism Belmont , CA : Wadsworth , 1969 . Harrison , Ross . Hobbes , Locke , and Confusion 's Empire : an Examination of Seventeenth - Century Political Philosophy . Cambridge University Press , 2003 . Hood , Francis Campbell . The divine politics of Thomas Hobbes -- an interpretation of Leviathan , Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1964 . Johnston , David . The rhetoric of Leviathan -- Thomas Hobbes and the politics of cultural transformation , Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press , 1986 . Newey , Glen . Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Hobbes and Leviathan , New York : Routledge , 2008 . Rogers , Graham Alan John . Leviathan -- contemporary responses to the political theory of Thomas Hobbes Bristol : Thoemmes Press , 1995 . Schmitt , Carl . The Leviathan in the state theory of Thomas Hobbes -- meaning and failure of a political symbol , Chicago : The University of Chicago Press , 2008 ( earlier : Greenwood Press , 1996 ) . Springborg , Patricia . The Cambridge Companion to Hobbes 's Leviathan , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2007 . Windolph , Francis Lyman . Leviathan and natural law , Princeton NJ : Princeton University Press , 1951 . Zagorin , Perez . Hobbes and the Law of Nature , Princeton : Princeton University Press , 2009 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leviathan . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Leviathan Reprint from the 1651 edition Leviathan at Project Gutenberg Leviathan public domain audiobook at LibriVox Full text online at oregonstate.edu A reduced version of Leviathan at earlymoderntexts.com Scan of 1651 edition VIAF : 180243883 LCCN : n84233406 GND : 4231132 - 9 SUDOC : 027324931 BNF : cb119391676 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leviathan_(book)&oldid=805758152 '' Categories : 1651 books Books by Thomas Hobbes Books critical of Christianity Books in political philosophy Ethics books Oligarchy 17th - century Latin books Books about sovereignty Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Articles needing additional references from February 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Alemannisch বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Македонски Baso Minangkabau Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2017 , at 13 : 05 . 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Moore's law

Moore 's law - wikipedia Moore 's law Jump to : navigation , search A plot of CPU transistor counts against dates of introduction . Moore 's law is the observation that the number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit doubles about every two years . The observation is named after Gordon Moore , the co-founder of Fairchild Semiconductor and Intel , whose 1965 paper described a doubling every year in the number of components per integrated circuit , and projected this rate of growth would continue for at least another decade . In 1975 , looking forward to the next decade , he revised the forecast to doubling every two years . The period is often quoted as 18 months because of Intel executive David House , who predicted that chip performance would double every 18 months ( being a combination of the effect of more transistors and the transistors being faster ) . Moore 's prediction proved accurate for several decades , and has been used in the semiconductor industry to guide long - term planning and to set targets for research and development . Advancements in digital electronics are strongly linked to Moore 's law : quality - adjusted microprocessor prices , memory capacity , sensors and even the number and size of pixels in digital cameras . Digital electronics has contributed to world economic growth in the late twentieth and early twenty - first centuries . Moore 's law describes a driving force of technological and social change , productivity , and economic growth . Moore 's law is an observation and projection of an historical trend and not a physical or natural law . Although the rate held steady from 1975 until around 2012 , the rate was faster during the first decade . In general , it is not logically sound to extrapolate from the historical growth rate into the indefinite future . For example , the 2010 update to the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors , predicted that growth would slow around 2013 , and in 2015 Gordon Moore foresaw that the rate of progress would reach saturation : `` I see Moore 's law dying here in the next decade or so . '' Intel stated in 2015 that the pace of advancement has slowed , starting at the 22 nm feature width around 2012 , and continuing at 14 nm . Brian Krzanich , CEO of Intel , announced , `` Our cadence today is closer to two and a half years than two . '' Intel is expected to reach the 10 nm node in 2018 , a three - year cadence . He cited Moore 's 1975 revision as a precedent for the current deceleration , which results from technical challenges and is `` a natural part of the history of Moore 's law '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 As an evolving target for industry 2.1 Moore 's second law 3 Major enabling factors 3.1 Future trends 3.2 Alternative materials research 3.3 Near - term limits 4 Consequences and limitations 5 Other formulations and similar observations 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) Gordon Moore in 2004 In 1959 , Douglas Engelbart discussed the projected downscaling of integrated circuit size in the article `` Microelectronics , and the Art of Similitude '' . Engelbart presented his ideas at the 1960 International Solid - State Circuits Conference , where Moore was present in the audience . For the thirty - fifth anniversary issue of Electronics magazine , which was published on April 19 , 1965 , Gordon E. Moore , who was working as the director of research and development at Fairchild Semiconductor at the time , was asked to predict what was going to happen in the semiconductor components industry over the next ten years . His response was a brief article entitled , `` Cramming more components onto integrated circuits '' . Within his editorial , he speculated that by 1975 it would be possible to contain as many as 65,000 components on a single quarter - inch semiconductor . The complexity for minimum component costs has increased at a rate of roughly a factor of two per year . Certainly over the short term this rate can be expected to continue , if not to increase . Over the longer term , the rate of increase is a bit more uncertain , although there is no reason to believe it will not remain nearly constant for at least 10 years . His reasoning was a log - linear relationship between device complexity ( higher circuit density at reduced cost ) and time . At the 1975 IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting , Moore revised the forecast rate . Semiconductor complexity would continue to double annually until about 1980 after which it would decrease to a rate of doubling approximately every two years . He outlined several contributing factors for this exponential behavior : die sizes were increasing at an exponential rate and as defective densities decreased , chip manufacturers could work with larger areas without losing reduction yields ; simultaneous evolution to finer minimum dimensions ; and what Moore called `` circuit and device cleverness '' . Shortly after 1975 , Caltech professor Carver Mead popularized the term `` Moore 's law '' . Despite a popular misconception , Moore is adamant that he did not predict a doubling `` every 18 months '' . Rather , David House , an Intel colleague , had factored in the increasing performance of transistors to conclude that integrated circuits would double in performance every 18 months . In April 2005 , Intel offered US $10,000 to purchase a copy of the original Electronics issue in which Moore 's article appeared . An engineer living in the United Kingdom was the first to find a copy and offer it to Intel . As an evolving target for industry ( edit ) An Osborne Executive portable computer , from 1982 , with a Zilog Z80 4 MHz CPU , and a 2007 Apple iPhone with a 412 MHz ARM11 CPU ; the Executive weighs 100 times as much , has nearly 500 times the volume , costs approximately 10 times as much ( adjusted for inflation ) , and has about 1 / 100th the clock frequency of the smartphone . Moore 's law came to be widely accepted as a goal for the industry , and it was cited by competitive semiconductor manufacturers as they strove to increase processing power . Moore viewed his eponymous law as surprising and optimistic : `` Moore 's law is a violation of Murphy 's law . Everything gets better and better . '' The observation was even seen as a self - fulfilling prophecy . However , the rate of improvement in physical dimensions known as Dennard scaling has slowed in recent years ; and , formal revisions to the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors were discontinued as of 2016 . Moore 's second law ( edit ) Further information : Rock 's law As the cost of computer power to the consumer falls , the cost for producers to fulfill Moore 's law follows an opposite trend : R&D , manufacturing , and test costs have increased steadily with each new generation of chips . Rising manufacturing costs are an important consideration for the sustaining of Moore 's law . This had led to the formulation of Moore 's second law , also called Rock 's law , which is that the capital cost of a semiconductor fab also increases exponentially over time . Major Enabling factors ( edit ) The trend of scaling for NAND flash memory allows doubling of components manufactured in the same wafer area in less than 18 months . Numerous innovations by scientists and engineers have sustained Moore 's law since the beginning of the integrated circuit ( IC ) era . Some of the key innovations are listed below , as examples of breakthroughs that have advanced integrated circuit technology by more than seven orders of magnitude in less than five decades : The foremost contribution , which is the raison d'être for Moore 's law , is the invention of the integrated circuit , credited contemporaneously to Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor . The invention of the complementary metal - oxide - semiconductor ( CMOS ) process by Frank Wanlass in 1963 , and a number of advances in CMOS technology by many workers in the semiconductor field since the work of Wanlass , have enabled the extremely dense and high - performance ICs that the industry makes today . The invention of dynamic random - access memory ( DRAM ) technology by Robert Dennard at IBM in 1967 made it possible to fabricate single - transistor memory cells , and the invention of flash memory by Fujio Masuoka at Toshiba in the 1980s led to low - cost , high - capacity memory in diverse electronic products . The invention of chemically - amplified photoresist by Hiroshi Ito , C. Grant Willson and J.M.J. Fréchet at IBM c. 1980 that was 5 - 10 times more sensitive to ultraviolet light . IBM introduced chemically amplified photoresist for DRAM production in the mid-1980s . The invention of deep UV excimer laser photolithography by Kanti Jain at IBM c. 1980 has enabled the smallest features in ICs to shrink from 800 nanometers in 1990 to as low as 10 nanometers in 2016 . Prior to this , excimer lasers had been mainly used as research devices since their development in the 1970s . From a broader scientific perspective , the invention of excimer laser lithography has been highlighted as one of the major milestones in the 50 - year history of the laser . The interconnect innovations of the late 1990s , including chemical - mechanical polishing or chemical mechanical planarization ( CMP ) , trench isolation , and copper interconnects -- although not directly a factor in creating smaller transistors -- have enabled improved wafer yield , additional layers of metal wires , closer spacing of devices , and lower electrical resistance . Computer industry technology road maps predict ( as of 2001 ) that Moore 's law will continue for several generations of semiconductor chips . Depending on the doubling time used in the calculations , this could mean up to a hundredfold increase in transistor count per chip within a decade . The semiconductor industry technology roadmap uses a three - year doubling time for microprocessors , leading to a tenfold increase in the next decade . Intel was reported in 2005 as stating that the downsizing of silicon chips with good economics can continue during the next decade , and in 2008 as predicting the trend through 2029 . Future Trends ( edit ) An atomistic simulation for electron density as gate voltage ( Vg ) varies in a nanowire MOSFET . The threshold voltage is around 0.45 V. Nanowire MOSFETs lie toward the end of the ITRS road map for scaling devices below 10 nm gate lengths . A FinFET has three sides of the channel covered by gate , while some nanowire transistors have gate - all - around structure , providing better gate control . One of the key challenges of engineering future nanoscale transistors is the design of gates . As device dimension shrinks , controlling the current flow in the thin channel becomes more difficult . Compared to FinFETs , which have gate dielectric on three sides of the channel , gate - all - around structure has ever better gate control . In 2010 , researchers at the Tyndall National Institute in Cork , Ireland announced a junctionless transistor . A control gate wrapped around a silicon nanowire can control the passage of electrons without the use of junctions or doping . They claim these may be produced at 10 - nanometer scale using existing fabrication techniques . In 2011 , researchers at the University of Pittsburgh announced the development of a single - electron transistor , 1.5 nanometers in diameter , made out of oxide based materials . Three `` wires '' converge on a central `` island '' that can house one or two electrons . Electrons tunnel from one wire to another through the island . Conditions on the third wire result in distinct conductive properties including the ability of the transistor to act as a solid state memory . Nanowire transistors could spur the creation of microscopic computers . In 2012 , a research team at the University of New South Wales announced the development of the first working transistor consisting of a single atom placed precisely in a silicon crystal ( not just picked from a large sample of random transistors ) . Moore 's law predicted this milestone to be reached for ICs in the lab by 2020 . In 2015 , IBM demonstrated 7 nm node chips with silicon - germanium transistors produced using EUVL . The company believes this transistor density would be four times that of current 14 nm chips . Revolutionary technology advances may help sustain Moore 's law through improved performance with or without reduced feature size . In 2008 , researchers at HP Labs announced a working memristor , a fourth basic passive circuit element whose existence only had been theorized previously . The memristor 's unique properties permit the creation of smaller and better - performing electronic devices . In 2014 , bioengineers at Stanford University developed a circuit modeled on the human brain . Sixteen `` Neurocore '' chips simulate one million neurons and billions of synaptic connections , claimed to be 9,000 times faster as well as more energy efficient than a typical PC . In 2015 , Intel and Micron announced 3D XPoint , a non-volatile memory claimed to be significantly faster with similar density compared to NAND . Production scheduled to begin in 2016 was delayed until the second half of 2017 . Alternative materials research ( edit ) The vast majority of current transistors on ICs are composed principally of doped silicon and its alloys . As silicon is fabricated into single nanometer transistors , short - channel effects adversely change desired material properties of silicon as a functional transistor . Below are several non-silicon substitutes in the fabrication of small nanometer transistors . One proposed material is indium gallium arsenide , or InGaAs . Compared to their silicon and germanium counterparts , InGaAs transistors are more promising for future high - speed , low - power logic applications . Because of intrinsic characteristics of III - V compound semiconductors , quantum well and tunnel effect transistors based on InGaAs have been proposed as alternatives to more traditional MOSFET designs . In 2009 , Intel announced the development of 80 - nanometer InGaAs quantum well transistors . Quantum well devices contain a material sandwiched between two layers of material with a wider band gap . Despite being double the size of leading pure silicon transistors at the time , the company reported that they performed equally as well while consuming less power . In 2011 , researchers at Intel demonstrated 3 - D tri-gate InGaAs transistors with improved leakage characteristics compared to traditional planar designs . The company claims that their design achieved the best electrostatics of any III - V compound semiconductor transistor . At the 2015 International Solid - State Circuits Conference , Intel mentioned the use of III - V compounds based on such an architecture for their 7 nanometer node . In 2011 , researchers at the University of Texas at Austin developed an InGaAs tunneling field - effect transistors capable of higher operating currents than previous designs . The first III - V TFET designs were demonstrated in 2009 by a joint team from Cornell University and Pennsylvania State University . In 2012 , a team in MIT 's Microsystems Technology Laboratories developed a 22 nm transistor based on InGaAs which , at the time , was the smallest non-silicon transistor ever built . The team used techniques currently used in silicon device fabrication and aims for better electrical performance and a reduction to 10 - nanometer scale . Research is also showing how biological micro-cells are capable of impressive computational power while being energy efficient . Scanning probe microscopy image of graphene in its hexagonal lattice structure Alternatively , carbon - based compounds like graphene have also been proposed . First identified in the nineteenth century , an easy method of producing graphene was not available until 2004 . Being a particular form of carbon , graphene typically exists in its stable form of graphite , a widely used material in many applications -- the `` lead '' in a mechanical pencil being an example . When a single monolayer of carbon atoms is extracted from nonconductive bulk graphite , electrical properties are observed contributing to semiconductor behavior , making it a viable substitute for silicon . More research will need to be performed , however , on sub 50 nm graphene layers , as its resistivity value increases and thus electron mobility decreases . Graphene nanoribbon transistors have shown great promise since its appearance in publications in 2008 . Bulk graphene has a band gap of zero and thus can not be used in transistors because of its constant conductivity , an inability to turn off . The zigzag edges of the nanoribbons introduce localized energy states in the conduction and valence bands and thus a bandgap that enables switching when fabricated as a transistor . As an example , a typical GNR of width of 10 nm has a desirable bandgap energy of 0.4 eV . Near - term limits ( edit ) Most semiconductor industry forecasters , including Gordon Moore , expect Moore 's law will end by around 2025 . In April 2005 , Gordon Moore stated in an interview that the projection can not be sustained indefinitely : `` It ca n't continue forever . The nature of exponentials is that you push them out and eventually disaster happens . '' He also noted that transistors eventually would reach the limits of miniaturization at atomic levels : In terms of size ( of transistors ) you can see that we 're approaching the size of atoms which is a fundamental barrier , but it 'll be two or three generations before we get that far -- but that 's as far out as we 've ever been able to see . We have another 10 to 20 years before we reach a fundamental limit . By then they 'll be able to make bigger chips and have transistor budgets in the billions . Consequences and limitations ( edit ) Technological change is a combination of more and of better technology . A 2011 study in the journal Science showed that the peak of the rate of change of the world 's capacity to compute information was in 1998 , when the world 's technological capacity to compute information on general - purpose computers grew at 88 % per year . Since then , technological change clearly has slowed . In recent times , every new year allowed humans to carry out roughly 60 % more computation than possibly could have been executed by all existing general - purpose computers in the year before . This still is exponential , but shows the varying nature of technological change . The primary driving force of economic growth is the growth of productivity , and Moore 's law factors into productivity . Moore ( 1995 ) expected that `` the rate of technological progress is going to be controlled from financial realities '' . The reverse could and did occur around the late - 1990s , however , with economists reporting that `` Productivity growth is the key economic indicator of innovation . '' An acceleration in the rate of semiconductor progress contributed to a surge in U.S. productivity growth , which reached 3.4 % per year in 1997 -- 2004 , outpacing the 1.6 % per year during both 1972 -- 1996 and 2005 -- 2013 . As economist Richard G. Anderson notes , `` Numerous studies have traced the cause of the productivity acceleration to technological innovations in the production of semiconductors that sharply reduced the prices of such components and of the products that contain them ( as well as expanding the capabilities of such products ) . '' Intel transistor gate length trend -- transistor scaling has slowed down significantly at advanced ( smaller ) nodes While physical limits to transistor scaling such as source - to - drain leakage , limited gate metals , and limited options for channel material have been reached , new avenues for continued scaling are open . The most promising of these approaches rely on using the spin state of electron spintronics , tunnel junctions , and advanced confinement of channel materials via nano - wire geometry . A comprehensive list of available device choices shows that a wide range of device options is open for continuing Moore 's law into the next few decades . Spin - based logic and memory options are being developed actively in industrial labs , as well as academic labs . Another source of improved performance is in microarchitecture techniques exploiting the growth of available transistor count . Out - of - order execution and on - chip caching and prefetching reduce the memory latency bottleneck at the expense of using more transistors and increasing the processor complexity . These increases are described empirically by Pollack 's Rule , which states that performance increases due to microarchitecture techniques are square root of the number of transistors or the area of a processor . For years , processor makers delivered increases in clock rates and instruction - level parallelism , so that single - threaded code executed faster on newer processors with no modification . Now , to manage CPU power dissipation , processor makers favor multi-core chip designs , and software has to be written in a multi-threaded manner to take full advantage of the hardware . Many multi-threaded development paradigms introduce overhead , and will not see a linear increase in speed vs number of processors . This is particularly true while accessing shared or dependent resources , due to lock contention . This effect becomes more noticeable as the number of processors increases . There are cases where a roughly 45 % increase in processor transistors has translated to roughly 10 -- 20 % increase in processing power . On the other hand , processor manufacturers are taking advantage of the ' extra space ' that the transistor shrinkage provides to add specialized processing units to deal with features such as graphics , video , and cryptography . For one example , Intel 's Parallel JavaScript extension not only adds support for multiple cores , but also for the other non-general processing features of their chips , as part of the migration in client side scripting toward HTML5 . A negative implication of Moore 's law is obsolescence , that is , as technologies continue to rapidly `` improve '' , these improvements may be significant enough to render predecessor technologies obsolete rapidly . In situations in which security and survivability of hardware or data are paramount , or in which resources are limited , rapid obsolescence may pose obstacles to smooth or continued operations . Because of the toxic materials used in the production of modern computers , obsolescence , if not properly managed , may lead to harmful environmental impacts . On the other hand , obsolescence may sometimes be desirable to a company which can profit immensely from the regular purchase of what is often expensive new equipment instead of retaining one device for a longer period of time . Those in the industry are well aware of this , and may utilize planned obsolescence as a method of increasing profits . Moore 's law has affected the performance of other technologies significantly : Michael S. Malone wrote of a Moore 's War following the apparent success of shock and awe in the early days of the Iraq War . Progress in the development of guided weapons depends on electronic technology . Improvements in circuit density and low - power operation associated with Moore 's law also have contributed to the development of technologies including mobile telephones and 3 - D printing . Other formulations and similar observations ( edit ) Several measures of digital technology are improving at exponential rates related to Moore 's law , including the size , cost , density , and speed of components . Moore wrote only about the density of components , `` a component being a transistor , resistor , diode or capacitor '' , at minimum cost . Transistors per integrated circuit -- The most popular formulation is of the doubling of the number of transistors on integrated circuits every two years . At the end of the 1970s , Moore 's law became known as the limit for the number of transistors on the most complex chips . The graph at the top shows this trend holds true today . As of 2016 , the commercially available processor possessing the highest number of transistors is the 24 core Xeon Broadwell - WS with over 5.7 billion transistors . Density at minimum cost per transistor -- This is the formulation given in Moore 's 1965 paper . It is not just about the density of transistors that can be achieved , but about the density of transistors at which the cost per transistor is the lowest . As more transistors are put on a chip , the cost to make each transistor decreases , but the chance that the chip will not work due to a defect increases . In 1965 , Moore examined the density of transistors at which cost is minimized , and observed that , as transistors were made smaller through advances in photolithography , this number would increase at `` a rate of roughly a factor of two per year '' . Dennard scaling -- This suggests that power requirements are proportional to area ( both voltage and current being proportional to length ) for transistors . Combined with Moore 's law , performance per watt would grow at roughly the same rate as transistor density , doubling every 1 -- 2 years . According to Dennard scaling transistor dimensions are scaled by 30 % ( 0.7 x ) every technology generation , thus reducing their area by 50 % . This reduces the delay by 30 % ( 0.7 x ) and therefore increases operating frequency by about 40 % ( 1.4 x ) . Finally , to keep electric field constant , voltage is reduced by 30 % , reducing energy by 65 % and power ( at 1.4 x frequency ) by 50 % . Therefore , in every technology generation transistor density doubles , circuit becomes 40 % faster , while power consumption ( with twice the number of transistors ) stays the same . The exponential processor transistor growth predicted by Moore does not always translate into exponentially greater practical CPU performance . Since around 2005 -- 2007 , Dennard scaling appears to have broken down , so even though Moore 's law continued for several years after that , it has not yielded dividends in improved performance . The primary reason cited for the breakdown is that at small sizes , current leakage poses greater challenges , and also causes the chip to heat up , which creates a threat of thermal runaway and therefore , further increases energy costs . The breakdown of Dennard scaling prompted a switch among some chip manufacturers to a greater focus on multicore processors , but the gains offered by switching to more cores are lower than the gains that would be achieved had Dennard scaling continued . In another departure from Dennard scaling , Intel microprocessors adopted a non-planar tri-gate FinFET at 22 nm in 2012 that is faster and consumes less power than a conventional planar transistor . Quality adjusted price of IT equipment -- The price of information technology ( IT ) , computers and peripheral equipment , adjusted for quality and inflation , declined 16 % per year on average over the five decades from 1959 to 2009 . The pace accelerated , however , to 23 % per year in 1995 -- 1999 triggered by faster IT innovation , and later , slowed to 2 % per year in 2010 -- 2013 . The rate of quality - adjusted microprocessor price improvement likewise varies , and is not linear on a log scale . Microprocessor price improvement accelerated during the late 1990s , reaching 60 % per year ( halving every nine months ) versus the typical 30 % improvement rate ( halving every two years ) during the years earlier and later . Laptop microprocessors in particular improved 25 -- 35 % per year in 2004 -- 2010 , and slowed to 15 -- 25 % per year in 2010 -- 2013 . The number of transistors per chip can not explain quality - adjusted microprocessor prices fully . Moore 's 1995 paper does not limit Moore 's law to strict linearity or to transistor count , `` The definition of ' Moore 's Law ' has come to refer to almost anything related to the semiconductor industry that when plotted on semi-log paper approximates a straight line . I hesitate to review its origins and by doing so restrict its definition . '' Hard disk drive areal density -- A similar observation ( sometimes called Kryder 's law ) was made in 2005 for hard disk drive areal density . Several decades of rapid progress resulted from the use of error correcting codes , the magnetoresistive effect , and the giant magnetoresistive effect . The Kryder rate of areal density advancement slowed significantly around 2010 , because of noise related to smaller grain size of the disk media , thermal stability , and writability using available magnetic fields . Fiber - optic capacity -- The number of bits per second that can be sent down an optical fiber increases exponentially , faster than Moore 's law . Keck 's law , in honor of Donald Keck . Network capacity -- According to Gerry / Gerald Butters , the former head of Lucent 's Optical Networking Group at Bell Labs , there is another version , called Butters ' Law of Photonics , a formulation that deliberately parallels Moore 's law . Butters ' law says that the amount of data coming out of an optical fiber is doubling every nine months . Thus , the cost of transmitting a bit over an optical network decreases by half every nine months . The availability of wavelength - division multiplexing ( sometimes called WDM ) increased the capacity that could be placed on a single fiber by as much as a factor of 100 . Optical networking and dense wavelength - division multiplexing ( DWDM ) is rapidly bringing down the cost of networking , and further progress seems assured . As a result , the wholesale price of data traffic collapsed in the dot - com bubble . Nielsen 's Law says that the bandwidth available to users increases by 50 % annually . Pixels per dollar -- Similarly , Barry Hendy of Kodak Australia has plotted pixels per dollar as a basic measure of value for a digital camera , demonstrating the historical linearity ( on a log scale ) of this market and the opportunity to predict the future trend of digital camera price , LCD and LED screens , and resolution . The great Moore 's law compensator ( TGMLC ) , also known as Wirth 's law -- generally is referred to as software bloat and is the principle that successive generations of computer software increase in size and complexity , thereby offsetting the performance gains predicted by Moore 's law . In a 2008 article in InfoWorld , Randall C. Kennedy , formerly of Intel , introduces this term using successive versions of Microsoft Office between the year 2000 and 2007 as his premise . Despite the gains in computational performance during this time period according to Moore 's law , Office 2007 performed the same task at half the speed on a prototypical year 2007 computer as compared to Office 2000 on a year 2000 computer . Library expansion -- was calculated in 1945 by Fremont Rider to double in capacity every 16 years , if sufficient space were made available . He advocated replacing bulky , decaying printed works with miniaturized microform analog photographs , which could be duplicated on - demand for library patrons or other institutions . He did not foresee the digital technology that would follow decades later to replace analog microform with digital imaging , storage , and transmission media . Automated , potentially lossless digital technologies allowed vast increases in the rapidity of information growth in an era that now sometimes is called the Information Age . Carlson Curve -- is a term coined by The Economist to describe the biotechnological equivalent of Moore 's law , and is named after author Rob Carlson . Carlson accurately predicted that the doubling time of DNA sequencing technologies ( measured by cost and performance ) would be at least as fast as Moore 's law . Carlson Curves illustrate the rapid ( in some cases hyperexponential ) decreases in cost , and increases in performance , of a variety of technologies , including DNA sequencing , DNA synthesis , and a range of physical and computational tools used in protein expression and in determining protein structures . Eroom 's Law -- is a pharmaceutical drug development observation which was deliberately written as Moore 's Law spelled backwards in order to contrast it with the exponential advancements of other forms of technology ( such as transistors ) over time . It states that the cost of developing a new drug roughly doubles every nine years . Experience curve effects says that each doubling of the cumulative production of virtually any product or service is accompanied by an approximate constant percentage reduction in the unit cost . The acknowledged first documented qualitative description of this dates from 1885 . A power curve was used to describe this phenomenon in a 1936 discussion of the cost of airplanes . See also ( edit ) 5 nm The Quantum Tunneling Wall Accelerating change Amdahl 's law Bell 's law Beyond CMOS Dennard scaling Engelbart 's law Empirical relationship Ephemeralization Eroom 's law Grosch 's law Gustafson 's law Haitz 's law -- analog to Moore 's law for LEDs Intel Tick - Tock Koomey 's law Landauer 's principle List of eponymous laws Metcalfe 's law Microprocessor chronology Quantum computing Quantum tunneling Reversible computing Swanson 's law Zimmerman 's law Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The trend begins with the invention of the integrated circuit in 1958 . See the graph on the bottom of page 3 of Moore 's original presentation of the idea . Jump up ^ Active power = CV f References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Moore , Gordon E. ( 1965 - 04 - 19 ) . `` Cramming more components onto integrated circuits '' . Electronics . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ The trend begins with the invention of the integrated circuit in 1958 . See the graph on the bottom of page 3 of Moore 's original presentation of the idea . ^ Jump up to : Moore , Gordon E. ( 1965 ) . `` Cramming more components onto integrated circuits '' ( PDF ) . Electronics Magazine . p. 4 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Moore , Gordon . `` Progress In Digital Integrated Electronics '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Krzanich , Brian ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` Edited Transcript of INTC earnings conference call '' . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Just last quarter , we celebrated the 50th anniversary of Moore 's Law . In 1965 when Gordon 's paper was first published , he predicted a doubling of transistor density every year for at least the next 10 years . His prediction proved to be right and in fact , in 1975 , looking ahead to the next 10 years , he updated his estimate to a doubling every 24 months . ^ Jump up to : Takahashi , Dean ( April 18 , 2005 ) . `` Forty years of Moore 's law '' . Seattle Times . San Jose , CA . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . A decade later , he revised what had become known as Moore 's Law : The number of transistors on a chip would double every two years . Jump up ^ Moore , Gordon ( 2006 ) . `` Chapter 7 : Moore 's law at 40 '' . In Brock , David . Understanding Moore 's Law : Four Decades of Innovation ( PDF ) . Chemical Heritage Foundation . pp. 67 -- 84 . ISBN 0 - 941901 - 41 - 6 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Over 6 Decades of Continued Transistor Shrinkage , Innovation '' ( Press release ) . Santa Clara , California : Intel Corporation . Intel Corporation . 2011 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 15 . 1965 : Moore 's Law is born when Gordon Moore predicts that the number of transistors on a chip will double roughly every year ( a decade later , revised to every 2 years ) Jump up ^ `` Moore 's Law to roll on for another decade '' . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 27 . Moore also affirmed he never said transistor count would double every 18 months , as is commonly said . Initially , he said transistors on a chip would double every year . He then recalibrated it to every two years in 1975 . David House , an Intel executive at the time , noted that the changes would cause computer performance to double every 18 months . ^ Jump up to : Disco , Cornelius ; van der Meulen , Barend ( 1998 ) . Getting new technologies together . New York : Walter de Gruyter . pp. 206 -- 207 . ISBN 3 - 11 - 015630 - X . OCLC 39391108 . Retrieved August 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Byrne , David M. ; Oliner , Stephen D. ; Sichel , Daniel E. ( March 2013 ) . Is the Information Technology Revolution Over ? ( PDF ) . Finance and Economics Discussion Series Divisions of Research & Statistics and Monetary Affairs Federal Reserve Board . Washington , D.C. : Federal Reserve Board Finance and Economics Discussion Series ( FEDS ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2014 - 06 - 09 . technical progress in the semiconductor industry has continued to proceed at a rapid pace ... Advances in semiconductor technology have driven down the constant - quality prices of MPUs and other chips at a rapid rate over the past several decades . Jump up ^ Myhrvold , Nathan ( June 7 , 2006 ) . `` Moore 's Law Corollary : Pixel Power '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ Rauch , Jonathan ( January 2001 ) . `` The New Old Economy : Oil , Computers , and the Reinvention of the Earth '' . The Atlantic Monthly . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Keyes , Robert W. ( September 2006 ) . `` The Impact of Moore 's Law '' . Solid State Circuits Newsletter . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Liddle , David E. ( September 2006 ) . `` The Wider Impact of Moore 's Law '' . Solid State Circuits Newsletter . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Kendrick , John W. ( 1961 ) . Productivity Trends in the United States . Princeton University Press for NBER . p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Jorgenson , Dale W. ; Ho , Mun S. ; Samuels , Jon D. ( 2014 ) . `` Long - term Estimates of U.S. Productivity and Growth '' ( PDF ) . World KLEMS Conference . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Overall Technology Roadmap Characteristics '' . International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors. 2010 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Moore , Gordon ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` Gordon Moore : The Man Whose Name Means Progress , The visionary engineer reflects on 50 years of Moore 's Law '' . IEEE Spectrum : Special Report : 50 Years of Moore 's Law ( Interview ) . Interview with Rachel Courtland . We wo n't have the rate of progress that we 've had over the last few decades . I think that 's inevitable with any technology ; it eventually saturates out . I guess I see Moore 's law dying here in the next decade or so , but that 's not surprising . Jump up ^ INTEL CORP , FORM 10 - K ( Annual Report ) , Filed 02 / 12 / 16 for the Period Ending 12 / 26 / 15 Jump up ^ Hruska , Joel ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Details Leak on Intel 's Upcoming Ice Lake CPU , 10nm Schedule '' . ExtremeTech . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Clark , Don ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` Intel Rechisels the Tablet on Moore 's Law '' . Wall Street Journal Digits Tech News and Analysis . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 16 . The last two technology transitions have signaled that our cadence today is closer to two and a half years than two Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Tim ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` Intel chief raises doubts over Moore 's law '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Waters , Richard ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` As Intel co-founder's law slows , a rethinking of the chip is needed '' . Financial Times . Jump up ^ Niccolai , James ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` Intel pushes 10nm chip - making process to 2017 , slowing Moore 's Law '' . Infoworld . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 16 . It 's official : Moore 's Law is slowing down ... `` These transitions are a natural part of the history of Moore 's Law and are a by - product of the technical challenges of shrinking transistors while ensuring they can be manufactured in high volume '' , Krzanich said . Jump up ^ Markoff , John ( April 18 , 2005 ) . `` It 's Moore 's Law But Another Had The Idea First '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2011 . Retrieved October 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Markoff , John ( August 31 , 2009 ) . `` After the Transistor , a Leap Into the Microcosm '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Markoff , John ( September 27 , 2015 ) . `` Smaller , Faster , Cheaper , Over : The Future of Computer Chips '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Evans , Dean . `` Moore 's Law : how long will it last ? '' . www.techradar.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Schaller , Bob ( September 26 , 1996 ) . `` The Origin , Nature , and Implications of `` MOORE 'S LAW '' `` . Microsoft . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Tuomi , I. ( 2002 ) . `` The Lives and Death of Moore 's Law '' . First Monday . 7 ( 11 ) . doi : 10.5210 / fm. v7i11. 1000 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , Gordon ( 1975 ) . `` IEEE Technical Digest 1975 '' ( PDF ) . Intel Corp . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 ... the rate of increase of complexity can be expected to change slope in the next few years as shown in Figure 5 . The new slope might approximate a doubling every two years , rather than every year , by the end of the decade . Jump up ^ Brock , David C. , ed. ( 2006 ) . Understanding Moore 's law : four decades of innovation . Philadelphia , Pa : Chemical Heritage Foundation . ISBN 0941901416 . Jump up ^ in reference to Gordon E. Moore 's statements at the IEEE . `` Moore 's Law -- The Genius Lives On '' . IEEE solid - state circuits society newsletter . September 2006 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Kanellos , Michael ( 2005 - 04 - 11 ) . `` Intel offers $10,000 for Moore 's Law magazine '' . ZDNET News.com . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Moore 's Law original issue found '' . BBC News Online . 2005 - 04 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Moore 's Law at 40 -- Happy birthday '' . 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Jump up ^ The chips are down for Moore 's law Nature , February 2016 Jump up ^ Smaller , Faster , Cheaper , Over : The Future of Computer Chips NY Times , September 2015 Jump up ^ Dubash , Manek ( 2005 - 04 - 13 ) . `` Moore 's Law is dead , says Gordon Moore '' . Techworld . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Hilbert , Martin ; López , Priscila ( 2011 ) . `` The World 's Technological Capacity to Store , Communicate , and Compute Information '' . Science . 332 ( 6025 ) : 60 -- 65 . Bibcode : 2011Sci ... 332 ... 60H . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1200970 . PMID 21310967 . Free access to the study through www.martinhilbert.net/WorldInfoCapacity.html and video animation ideas.economist.com/video/giant-sifting-sound-0 Archived 2012 - 01 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Technological guideposts and innovation avenuesn '' , Sahal , Devendra ( 1985 ) , Research Policy , 14 , 61 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , Gordon E. ( 1995 ) . `` Lithography and the future of Moore 's law '' ( PDF ) . SPIE . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Jorgenson , Dale W. ( 2000 ) . `` Information Technology and the U.S. Economy : Presidential Address to the American Economic Association '' . American Economic Association . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.198. 9555 . Jump up ^ Jorgenson , Dale W. ; Ho , Mun S. ; Stiroh , Kevin J. ( 2008 ) . `` A Retrospective Look at the U.S. Productivity Growth Resurgence '' . Journal of Economic Perspectives . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Grimm , Bruce T. ; Moulton , Brent R. ; Wasshausen , David B. ( 2002 ) . `` Information Processing Equipment and Software in the National Accounts '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of Commerce Bureau of Economic Analysis . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Nonfarm Business Sector : Real Output Per Hour of All Persons '' . Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Economic Data . 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Richard G. 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Jump up ^ Hruska , Joel ( February 1 , 2012 ) . `` The death of CPU scaling : From one core to many -- and why we 're still stuck '' . ExtremeTech . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mistry , Kaizad ( 2011 ) . `` Tri-Gate Transistors : Enabling Moore 's Law at 22nm and Beyond '' ( PDF ) . Intel Corporation at semiconwest.org . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Private fixed investment , chained price index : Nonresidential : Equipment : Information processing equipment : Computers and peripheral equipment '' . Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Nambiar , Raghunath ; Poess , Meikel ( 2011 ) . `` Transaction Performance vs. Moore 's Law : A Trend Analysis '' . Springer . Jump up ^ Feroli , Michael ( 2013 ) . `` US : is I.T. over ? '' ( PDF ) . JPMorgan Chase Bank NA Economic Research . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Aizcorbe , Ana ; Oliner , Stephen D. ; Sichel , Daniel E. ( 2006 ) . `` Shifting Trends in Semiconductor Prices and the Pace of Technological Progress '' . The Federal Reserve Board Finance and Economics Discussion Series . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Aizcorbe , Ana ( 2005 ) . `` Why Are Semiconductor Price Indexes Falling So Fast ? Industry Estimates and Implications for Productivity Measurement '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of Commerce Bureau of Economic Analysis . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Sun , Liyang ( 2014 - 04 - 25 ) . `` What We Are Paying for : A Quality Adjusted Price Index for Laptop Microprocessors '' . Wellesley College . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 07 ... compared with − 25 % to − 35 % per year over 2004 -- 2010 , the annual decline plateaus around − 15 % to − 25 % over 2010 -- 2013 . Jump up ^ Aizcorbe , Ana ; Kortum , Samuel ( 2004 ) . `` Moore 's Law and the Semiconductor Industry : A Vintage Model '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of Commerce Bureau of Economic Analysis . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Markoff , John ( 2004 ) . `` Intel 's Big Shift After Hitting Technical Wall '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Walter , Chip ( 2005 - 07 - 25 ) . `` Kryder 's Law '' . Scientific American . ( Verlagsgruppe Georg von Holtzbrinck GmbH ) . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Plumer et . al , Martin L. ( March 2011 ) . `` New Paradigms in Magnetic Recording '' ( PDF ) . Physics in Canada . 67 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 29 . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mellor , Chris ( 2014 - 11 - 10 ) . `` Kryder 's law craps out : Race to UBER - CHEAP STORAGE is OVER '' . theregister.co.uk . UK : The Register . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 12 . Currently 2.5 - inch drives are at 500GB / platter with some at 600GB or even 667GB / platter -- a long way from 20TB / platter . To reach 20TB by 2020 , the 500GB / platter drives will have to increase areal density 44 times in six years . It is n't going to happen ... Rosenthal writes : `` The technical difficulties of migrating from PMR to HAMR , meant that already in 2010 the Kryder rate had slowed significantly and was not expected to return to its trend in the near future . The floods reinforced this . '' Jump up ^ Jeff Hecht . `` Is Keck 's Law Coming to an End ? '' . IEEE Spectrum. 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gerald Butters is a communications industry veteran '' . Forbes.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Board of Directors '' . LAMBDA OpticalSystems . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Tehrani , Rich . `` As We May Communicate '' . Tmcnet.com . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Gail ( 2000 - 09 - 26 ) . `` Speeding net traffic with tiny mirrors '' . EE Times . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Nielsen , Jakob ( 1998 - 04 - 05 ) . `` Nielsen 's Law of Internet Bandwidth '' . Alertbox . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Switkowski , Ziggy ( 2009 - 04 - 09 ) . `` Trust the power of technology '' . The Australian . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Günsirer , Emin ; Farrow , Rik . `` Some Lesser - Known Laws of Computer Science '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Using Moore 's Law to Predict Future Memory Trends '' . 2011 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Randall C. ( 2008 - 04 - 14 ) . `` Fat , fatter , fattest : Microsoft 's kings of bloat '' . InfoWorld . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Rider ( 1944 ) . The Scholar and the Future of the Research Library . New York City : Hadham Press . Jump up ^ Life 2.0 . ( August 31 , 2006 ) . The Economist Jump up ^ Carlson , Robert H. ( 2010 ) . `` Biology Is Technology : The Promise , Peril , and New Business of Engineering Life '' . Cambridge , MA : Harvard UP . Jump up ^ Carlson , Robert ( September 2003 ) . `` The Pace and Proliferation of Biological Technologies '' . Biosecurity and Bioterrorism : Biodefense Strategy , Practice , and Science . 1 ( 3 ) : 203 -- 214 . doi : 10.1089 / 153871303769201851 . Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=oRSMDF6y3l8C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 42 , Fig 2 Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=ikEMAAAAIAAJ&q=%22learning+curve%22#v=snippet&q=%22learning%20curve%22&f=false The American Journal of Psychology , Volume 14 1903 By Granville Stanley Hall , Edward Bradford Titchene Jump up ^ Wright , T.P. , Factors Affecting the Cost of Airplanes , Journal of Aeronautical Sciences , 3 ( 4 ) ( 1936 ) : 122 - 128 . Further reading ( edit ) Moore 's Law : The Life of Gordon Moore , Silicon Valley 's Quiet Revolutionary . Arnold Thackray , David C. Brock , and Rachel Jones . New York : Basic Books , ( May ) 2015 . Understanding Moore 's Law : Four Decades of Innovation . Edited by David C. Brock . Philadelphia : Chemical Heritage Foundation , 2006 . ISBN 0 - 941901 - 41 - 6 . OCLC 66463488 . External links ( edit ) Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : The Information Age Intel press kit -- released for Moore 's Law 's 40th anniversary , with a 1965 sketch by Moore The Lives and Death of Moore 's Law -- by Ilkka Tuomi ; a detailed study on Moore 's Law and its historical evolution and its criticism by Kurzweil No Technology has been more disruptive ... Slide show of microchip growth Intel ( IA - 32 ) CPU speeds 1994 -- 2005 -- speed increases in recent years have seemed to slow down with regard to percentage increase per year ( available in PDF or PNG format ) International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors ( ITRS ) Gordon Moore His Law and Integrated Circuit , Dream 2047 October 2006 AC net FAQ about Moore 's Law at Archive.is ( archived 2013 - 01 - 02 ) ASML 's ' Our Stories ' , Gordon Moore about Moore 's Law , ASML Holding Computer laws Amdahl 's law Bell 's law Grosch 's law Gustafson 's law Haitz 's law Koomey 's law Linus 's Law Metcalfe 's law Moore 's law Moore 's second law Pollack 's rule Wirth 's law Emerging technologies Fields Agriculture Agricultural robot Closed ecological systems Cultured meat Genetically modified food Precision agriculture Vertical farming Architecture Arcology Building printing Contour crafting Domed city Biomedical Artificial uterus Ampakine Brain transplant Cryonics Cryoprotectant Cryopreservation Vitrification Suspended animation De-extinction Genetic engineering Gene therapy Head transplant Isolated brain Life extension Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence Nanomedicine Nanosensors Personalized medicine Regenerative medicine Stem - cell therapy Tissue engineering Robot - assisted surgery Synthetic biology Synthetic genomics Virotherapy Oncolytic virus Tricorder Whole genome sequencing Displays Next generation FED FLCD iMoD Laser LPD OLED OLET QD - LED SED TPD TDEL TMOS Screenless Bionic contact lens Head - mounted display Head - up display Optical head - mounted display Virtual retinal display Other Autostereoscopy Flexible display Holographic display Computer - generated holography Multi-primary color display Ultra HD Volumetric display Electronics Electronic nose E-textiles Flexible electronics Molecular electronics Nanoelectromechanical systems Memristor Spintronics Thermal copper pillar bump Energy Production Airborne wind turbine Artificial photosynthesis Biofuels Carbon - neutral fuel Concentrated solar power Fusion power Home fuel cell Hydrogen economy Methanol economy Molten salt reactor Nantenna Photovoltaic pavement Space - based solar power Vortex engine Storage Beltway battery Compressed air energy storage Flywheel energy storage Grid energy storage Lithium -- air battery Molten - salt battery Nanowire battery Research in lithium - ion batteries Silicon -- air battery Thermal energy storage Ultracapacitor Other Smart grid Wireless power Information and communications Ambient intelligence Internet of things Artificial intelligence Applications of artificial intelligence Progress in artificial intelligence Machine translation Mobile translation Machine vision Semantic Web Speech recognition Atomtronics Carbon nanotube field - effect transistor Cybermethodology Fourth - generation optical discs 3D optical data storage Holographic data storage GPGPU Memory CBRAM FRAM Millipede MRAM NRAM PRAM Racetrack memory RRAM SONOS Optical computing RFID Chipless RFID Software - defined radio Three - dimensional integrated circuit Manufacturing 3D printing Claytronics Molecular assembler Utility fog Materials science Aerogel Amorphous metal Artificial muscle Conductive polymer Femtotechnology Fullerene Graphene High - temperature superconductivity High - temperature superfluidity Linear acetylenic carbon Metamaterials Metamaterial cloaking Metal foam Multi-function structures Nanotechnology Carbon nanotubes Molecular nanotechnology Nanomaterials Picotechnology Programmable matter Quantum dots Silicene Superalloy Synthetic diamond Military Antimatter weapon Caseless ammunition Directed - energy weapon Laser Maser Particle - beam weapon Sonic weapon Coilgun Railgun Plasma weapon Pure fusion weapon Stealth technology Vortex ring gun Neuroscience Artificial brain Brain -- computer interface Electroencephalography Mind uploading Brain - reading Neuroinformatics Neuroprosthetics Bionic eye Brain implant Exocortex Retinal implant Quantum Quantum algorithms Quantum amplifier Quantum bus Quantum channel Quantum circuit Quantum complexity theory Quantum computing Quantum cryptography Quantum dynamics Quantum electronics Quantum error correction Quantum imaging Quantum information Quantum key distribution Quantum logic Quantum logic gates Quantum machine Quantum machine learning Quantum metamaterial Quantum metrology Quantum network Quantum neural network Quantum optics Quantum programming Quantum sensing Quantum simulator Quantum teleportation Robotics Domotics Nanorobotics Powered exoskeleton Self - reconfiguring modular robot Swarm robotics Uncrewed vehicle Space science Launch Fusion rocket Non-rocket spacelaunch Mass driver Orbital ring Skyhook Space elevator Space fountain Space tether Reusable launch system Propulsion Beam - 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Somebody's Watching Me

Somebody 's Watching Me - wikipedia Somebody 's Watching Me Jump to : navigation , search For the album , see Somebody 's Watching Me ( album ) . `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' Side - A label of US 12 - inch vinyl single Single by Rockwell from the album Somebody 's Watching Me B - side `` Somebody 's Watching Me ( Instrumental ) '' Released 1984 Format 7 '' single cassette single Genre Synth - funk Length 4 : 59 ( Album version ) 4 : 00 ( Single version ) 3 : 33 ( Radio version ) Label Motown M 1702 Songwriter ( s ) Kennedy `` Rockwell '' Gordy Producer ( s ) Curtis Anthony Nolen Rockwell Rockwell singles chronology `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( 1984 ) `` Obscene Phone Caller '' ( 1984 ) `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( 1984 ) `` Obscene Phone Caller '' ( 1984 ) Music video `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' on YouTube `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' is a song by American singer Rockwell from his debut studio album Somebody 's Watching Me ( 1984 ) . It was released as Rockwell 's debut single and lead single from the album on January 14 , 1984 , by Motown . It features former Jackson 5 members Michael Jackson ( vocals in the chorus ) and Jermaine Jackson ( additional backing vocals ) . `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' became a commercial success internationally , topping the charts in Belgium , France and Spain . `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' also peaked at number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 , as well as reaching number six on the UK Singles Chart . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Music video 3.1 Plot 4 Charts and certifications 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 4.3 Sales and certifications 5 DJ BoBo version : `` Somebody Dance with Me '' 6 Beatfreakz version 6.1 Track listing 6.2 Chart performance 7 Other cover versions 8 Sampling 9 Appearances in other media 9.1 TV 9.2 Film 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Background ( edit ) Rockwell is a son of Motown CEO Berry Gordy . At the time of the recording , Rockwell was estranged from his father and living with Ray Singleton , his father 's ex-wife and the mother of his older half - brother , Kerry Gordy . Singleton served as executive producer on the project and would occasionally play some demo tracks to Berry . The elder Gordy was less than enthusiastic about Rockwell 's music until he heard the single with a familiar voice featured prominently on background vocals . Produced by Curtis Anthony Nolen , the song featured backing vocals by Michael Jackson and Alan Murray on percussion . Due in part to the popularity of the music video , the song is sometimes used for Halloween celebrations , with cover versions found in various collections of Halloween music . Composition ( edit ) The song is written in the key of C - sharp minor in 4 4 time with a tempo of 124 beats per minute . The vocals span from C to C . Music video ( edit ) The single 's music video underscores the song 's paranoid tone with a haunted house - inspired theme , including imagery of floating heads , ravens , graveyards , and shower scenes referencing Psycho . Plot ( edit ) The video opens with Rockwell coming home to discover that the wrong newspaper has been delivered to his doorstep . As he takes a quick shower , he begins to have strange visions ( in a manner recalling The Dead Zone ) of himself being pursued around his house by assorted ghoulish appartions , of the looming figure of a cadaverous - looking man , and of finding a tombstone engraved with his own name . His shower is interrupted when he hears something outside and goes out on his balcony to investigate . He is shocked to see the man from his visions standing at his gate , but as he struggles to get a better look in spite of the sun in his face he is greatly relieved to see that he is merely a mailman , come to deliver the correct newspaper . As the mailman walks up the path towards the front porch , however , a brief close - up of his arm reveals that he is , in fact , a zombie . Rockwell emerges onto the porch to receive the paper , which the mailman genially hands over . As the mailman brings his other arm around to strike , Rockwell has just enough time to notice that he is not human . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 12 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 14 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) France ( IFOP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 6 Italy ( FIMI ) 14 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5 Norway ( VG - lista ) 7 South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) 5 Spain ( AFYVE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 6 US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Cash Box US Dance / Disco Top 80 ( Billboard ) US Top Tracks ( Billboard ) 31 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 ) Position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 13 Canada ( RPM Top 100 Singles ) 28 France ( IFOP ) 46 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 46 Italy ( FIMI ) 84 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 16 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 46 US Billboard Hot 100 26 US Cash Box 21 US Top Black Singles ( Billboard ) 12 Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 5,000 France 354,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone DJ BoBo version : `` Somebody Dance with Me '' ( edit ) Main article : Somebody Dance with Me DJ BoBo based his 1992 single `` Somebody Dance with Me '' on `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' with new lyrics and rap . The DJ BoBo single peaked at no . 1 in Sweden and Switzerland , no . 3 in Austria , Netherlands and Norway , at no . 4 in Germany and no . 13 in Australia . In 2012 , a remix of the hit was made by Remady titled `` Somebody Dance With Me ( Remady 2013 Mix ) '' by DJ BoBo featuring Manu - L. Released early in 2013 , it charted in Swiss Hitparade reaching no . 4 . The mix was made on the 20th anniversary of the initial hit by DJ BoBo in November 1992 . Beatfreakz version ( edit ) `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' Single by Beatfreakz Released April 24 , 2006 ( UK ) June 9 , 2006 ( US ) Format CD single Genre Dance , house Length 2 : 48 Songwriter ( s ) Kennedy `` Rockwell '' Gordy Producer ( s ) Beatfreakz Beatfreakz singles chronology `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( 2006 ) `` Superfreak '' ( 2006 ) `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( 2006 ) `` Superfreak '' ( 2006 ) Music video `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' on YouTube In 2006 , Dutch dance group Beatfreakz recorded a pseudo-cover of the song which sampled the chorus but omitted the verses . Their version peaked at no . 1 in Spain , no . 3 in the UK Singles Chart , no . 3 in the German Official Dance Chart , no . 4 in Russia , no . 5 in Ireland , no . 7 in Finland and New Zealand , no . 12 in the Dutch Top 40 , no . 18 in France , no . 36 in the Belgium Ultratop 50 , and no . 38 in Australia . Track listing ( edit ) CD single Somebody 's Watching Me ( Hi Tack Edit ) Somebody 's Watching Me ( Hi Tack Club Mix ) Somebody 's Watching Me ( E-Craig's 2006 Remix ) Somebody 's Watching Me ( DeNnis Christopher Remix ) Somebody 's Watching Me ( Ian Carey Club Mix ) Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 38 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Dance Flanders ) 17 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Dance Wallonia ) 17 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 28 France ( SNEP ) 18 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 7 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 41 Ireland ( IRMA ) 5 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 12 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 21 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) 28 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 65 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Other cover versions ( edit ) A cover of the song by Morris Day ( lead singer of The Time ) was included on The Haunted Mansion : Haunted Hits , the soundtrack album for the 2003 Walt Disney Pictures film The Haunted Mansion . Finnish power metal band Warmen included a cover of the song on their 2005 album Accept the Fact . Their version featured melodic death metal singer Alexi Laiho . Danish industrial metal band Raunchy covered the song for their 2008 album Wasteland Discotheque . Electro / hip hop artist / DJ / producers , Mysto & Pizzi , recorded a cover of the song for a series of GEICO television commercials . Sampling ( edit ) TRU incorporated the lyrics and main melody of the chorus into their 1997 single `` I Always Feel Like ( Somebody 's Watching Me ) '' . Jamaican dancehall group T.O.K. sampled the song with additional rap lyrics for their 2001 album My Crew , My Dawgs as a hidden track . Christian pop artist tobyMac sampled the chorus for his song `` Somebody 's Watching '' from his 2001 album Momentum . In 2001 , French hip hop group Fonky Family sampled the song in `` Art de Rue '' . R&B artist Ciara incorporated a portion of `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' for her 2006 hit single `` Get Up '' . Hip hop group The Pack incorporates parts of the song , including the chorus , in their single `` I 'm Shinin ' '' from their 2007 album Based Boys . In 2008 , Internet celebrity Jeffree Star used the chorus of the song in his own track `` Starstruck '' which features the band Danger Radio . In 2009 , Christian hip hop artist Andy Mineo released a song entitled `` Who 's Watching '' ( from the album `` Sin Is Wack '' ) that samples both the melody and parts of the chorus , which he altered to produce a seemingly entirely different song . For the 2011 Cirque du Soleil show Michael Jackson : The Immortal World Tour , the background vocals from this song found their way into a medley that included `` Is It Scary ? '' , `` Threatened '' , and `` Thriller . '' It was released on Michael Jackson 's album Immortal in 2011 . In Nephew 's 2012 album , they sample the song in the chorus of their song `` Åh Gud ( Jeg Håber Du Holder Øje Med Mig ) '' . The title literally means : Oh God ( I Hope That You Are Watching Me . ) In 2016 , Canadian singer - songwriter Virginia to Vegas sampled the song on his single `` Lights Out '' . Appearances in other Media ( edit ) TV ( edit ) It was featured in the pilot episode of the hit 1980s TV show , Miami Vice . The song appears in the Season 1 episode `` Everybody Hates Playboy '' of Everybody Hates Chris , as Chris and Greg plan to steal the titular magazine back from the assistant principal 's office . The song was comically sung in a television commercial for NHL 08 . The Mysto & Pizzi cover version was featured in a series of commercials for GEICO that began airing in December 2008 and throughout 2009 . The campaign , created by The Martin Agency , consisted of various advertisements in which people would happen upon Kash , a stack of money with googly eyes , while the song is played in the background . The song was used in The Cleveland Show 's series 3 episode 6 `` Sex and the Biddy '' . A remixed clip of the song is used in promotional sequences for the upcoming ABC television show , The Glass House . The song was featured in Ellen 's Halloween dance mix . Film ( edit ) The song was featured in the classic 1999 skateboarding film Round 2 . The song was also featured in You Do n't Mess with the Zohan ( 2008 ) . The song was used as Number Four 's ringtone in the 2011 film adaptation of I Am Number Four . See also ( edit ) List of number - one R&B singles of 1984 ( U.S. ) Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1984 List of number - one singles of 1984 ( France ) List of number - one singles of 1984 ( Spain ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Huey , Steve . `` Rockwell -- Artist Biography '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Son of Berry Gordy who scored a number two Hot 100 hit with the 1983 synth - funk single `` Somebody 's Watching Me . '' ^ Jump up to : Somebody 's Watching Me ( Media notes ) . Rockwell . Hollywood , California : Motown Records . 1984 . Jump up ^ Gordy Singleton , Raynoma ( 1990 ) . `` Super Three '' . Berry , Me and Motown ( 1st ed . ) . Chicago : Contemporary Books . pp. 297 -- 299 . ISBN 0 - 8092 - 4340 - 7 . As they finished mixing down the record , I could barely wait to rush it over and play it for Berry . Jump up ^ Higginson , Cheryl ( May 1 , 1984 ) . `` Rockwell Rockets Up The Popular Charts '' . Luddington Daily News . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Somebody 's Watching Me By Rockwell -- Digital Sheet Music '' . Musicnotes . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 6316 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Toutes les Chansons N ° 1 des Années 80 's '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` I singoli più venduti del 1984 '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Creative Commons . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Rockwell - Somebody 's Watching Me search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . VG - lista . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` South African Rock Lists Website SA Charts 1969 -- 1989 Acts ( R ) '' . Rock.co.za . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( in Spanish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rockwell -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Rockwell . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rockwell -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs for Rockwell . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending MARCH 24 , 1984 '' . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2012 ... Cash Box . ^ Jump up to : `` BB - 1984 - 03 - 10 '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . March 10 , 1984 . pp. 22 , 57 . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1984 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 41 , No. 17 , January 05 1985 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TOP -- 1984 '' ( in French ) . Top-france.fr . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jahrescharts -- 1984 '' ( in German ) . Offiziellecharts.de . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 1984 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 1984 '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` BB - 1984 - 12 - 22 '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . December 22 , 1984 . pp. 14 , TA -- 19 , TA -- 21 . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The CASH BOX Year - End Charts : 1984 '' . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2012 ... Cash Box . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Les Meilleures Ventes Tout Temps de 45 T. / Singles '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2014 . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ultratop.be -- 50 DANCE 03 / 06 / 2006 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ultratop.be -- 50 DANCE 03 / 06 / 2006 '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Beatfreakz : Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Somebodys Watching Me '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Beatfreakz - Somebody 's Watching Me search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( in Romanian ) `` Issue nr : 23 / 2006 ( 12 Iunie -- 18 Iunie 2006 ) '' . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2006 ... see last week position . Romanian Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GEICO -- The Remake of Somebody 's Watching Me ... '' . January 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TRU 's I Always Feel Like ... sample of Rockwell feat . Michael Jackson 's Somebody 's Watching Me '' . WhoSampled . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` tobyMac feat . Joanna Valencia 's Somebody 's Watching sample of Rockwell feat . Michael Jackson 's Somebody 's Watching Me '' . WhoSampled . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jean ( July 29 , 2015 ) . `` Isleym : Premier album ' Où ça nous mène ' en 2014 '' . Evous ( in French ) . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Pack 's I 'm Shinin ' sample of Rockwell feat . Michael Jackson 's Somebody 's Watching Me '' . WhoSampled . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Parpis , Elefteria ( December 25 , 2008 ) . `` Kash Debuts for Geico '' . Adweek . Retrieved December 19 , 2008 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Michael Jackson songs Discography Got to Be There `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' `` I Wanna Be Where You Are '' `` Got to Be There '' `` Rockin ' Robin '' `` Love Is Here and Now You 're Gone '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' Ben `` Ben '' `` Everybody 's Somebody 's Fool '' `` My Girl '' `` Shoo - Be-Doo - Be-Doo - Da - Day '' Music & Me `` With a Child 's Heart '' `` All the Things You Are '' `` Happy '' `` Too Young '' `` Doggin ' Around '' `` Music & Me '' Forever , Michael `` We 're Almost There '' `` One Day in Your Life '' `` Just a Little Bit of You '' Off the Wall `` Do n't Stop ' Til You Get Enough '' `` Rock with You '' `` Workin ' Day and Night '' `` Off the Wall '' `` Girlfriend '' `` She 's Out of My Life '' `` It 's the Falling in Love '' Thriller `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' `` The Girl Is Mine '' `` Thriller '' `` Beat It '' `` Billie Jean '' `` Human Nature '' `` P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) '' Bad `` Bad '' `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' `` Speed Demon '' `` Liberian Girl '' `` Just Good Friends '' `` Another Part of Me '' `` Man in the Mirror '' `` I Just Ca n't Stop Loving You '' `` Dirty Diana '' `` Smooth Criminal '' `` Leave Me Alone '' Dangerous `` Jam '' `` In the Closet '' `` Remember the Time '' `` Ca n't Let Her Get Away '' `` Heal the World '' `` Black or White '' `` Who Is It '' `` Give In to Me '' `` Will You Be There '' `` Gone Too Soon '' `` Dangerous '' HIStory `` Scream '' `` They Do n't Care About Us '' `` Stranger in Moscow '' `` This Time Around '' `` Earth Song '' `` D.S. '' `` Come Together '' `` You Are Not Alone '' `` Childhood '' `` Tabloid Junkie '' `` HIStory '' `` Smile '' Blood on the Dance Floor `` Blood on the Dance Floor '' `` Ghosts '' `` Is It Scary '' Invincible `` Heaven Can Wait '' `` You Rock My World '' `` Butterflies '' `` Speechless '' `` Cry '' Michael `` Hold My Hand '' `` Hollywood Tonight '' `` ( I Like ) The Way You Love Me '' `` Monster '' `` Breaking News '' `` ( I Ca n't Make It ) Another Day '' `` Behind the Mask '' Xscape `` Love Never Felt So Good '' `` Chicago '' `` Loving You '' `` A Place with No Name '' `` Slave to the Rhythm '' `` Blue Gangsta '' Other `` We Are the World '' `` Twenty - Five Miles '' `` On the Line '' `` What More Can I Give '' `` One More Chance '' `` Cheater '' `` Fall Again '' `` This Is It '' `` Mind Is the Magic '' `` Do n't Be Messin ' ' Round '' `` Price of Fame '' Featured `` Night Time Lover '' `` Say Say Say '' `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' `` Tell Me I 'm Not Dreamin ' ( Too Good to Be True ) '' `` Get It '' `` 2300 Jackson Street '' `` Do the Bartman '' `` Whatzupwitu '' `` Why '' `` I Need You '' `` We Be Ballin ' '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' `` All in Your Name '' `` There Must Be More To Life Than This '' Book Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Somebody%27s_Watching_Me&oldid=801462966 '' Categories : 1984 songs 1984 singles 2006 singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Halloween songs Michael Jackson songs Motown singles Debut singles Number - one singles in France Number - one singles in Spain Rockwell ( musician ) songs Songs about loneliness Ultratop 50 Singles ( Flanders ) number - one singles Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles with Romanian - language external links Use mdy dates from November 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for United States Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch Français Italiano Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 20 : 33 . 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who sings i always feel like somebody's watching me

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List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders

List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders - wikipedia List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( March 2018 ) Kareem Abdul - Jabbar has scored the most career points in NBA history . This article provides two lists : A list of National Basketball Association players by total career regular season points scored . A progressive list of scoring leaders showing how the record increased through the past seasons . Contents 1 Scoring leaders 2 Progressive list of scoring leaders 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Scoring leaders ( edit ) The following is a list of National Basketball Association players by total career regular season points scored . Statistics accurate as of the conclusion of the 2017 -- 18 NBA season on April 11 , 2018 . Active NBA player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame † Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration Rank Player Position ( s ) Team ( s ) played for ( years ) Total points Games played Points per game average Field goals made Three - point field goals made Free throws made Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * Milwaukee Bucks ( 1969 -- 1975 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1975 -- 1989 ) 38,387 1,560 24.6 15,837 6,712 Karl Malone * PF Utah Jazz ( 1985 -- 2003 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2003 -- 2004 ) 36,928 1,476 25.0 13,528 85 9,787 Kobe Bryant SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1996 -- 2016 ) 33,643 1,346 25.0 11,719 1,827 8,378 Michael Jordan * SG Chicago Bulls ( 1984 -- 1993 , 1995 -- 1998 ) Washington Wizards ( 2001 -- 2003 ) 32,292 1,072 30.1 12,192 581 7,327 5 Wilt Chamberlain * Philadelphia / San Francisco Warriors ( 1959 -- 1965 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1965 -- 1968 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1968 -- 1973 ) 31,419 1,045 30.1 12,681 0 6,057 6 Dirk Nowitzki ^ PF / C Dallas Mavericks ( 1999 -- present ) 31,187 1,471 21.2 11,034 1,918 7,201 7 LeBron James ^ SF / PF Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2003 -- 2010 , 2014 -- 2018 ) Miami Heat ( 2010 -- 2014 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2018 -- present ) 31,038 1,143 27.2 11,280 1,616 6,862 8 Shaquille O'Neal * Orlando Magic ( 1992 -- 1996 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1996 -- 2004 ) Miami Heat ( 2004 -- 2008 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Boston Celtics ( 2010 -- 2011 ) 28,596 1,207 23.7 11,330 5,935 9 Moses Malone * Buffalo Braves ( 1976 ) Houston Rockets ( 1976 -- 1982 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1982 -- 1986 , 1993 -- 1994 ) Washington Bullets ( 1986 -- 1988 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1991 -- 1993 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1994 -- 1995 ) 27,409 1,329 20.6 9,435 8 8,531 10 Elvin Hayes * PF / C San Diego / Houston Rockets ( 1968 -- 1972 , 1981 -- 1984 ) Baltimore / Capital / Washington Bullets ( 1972 -- 1981 ) 27,313 1,303 21.0 10,976 5 5,356 11 Hakeem Olajuwon * Houston Rockets ( 1984 -- 2001 ) Toronto Raptors ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 26,946 1,238 21.8 10,749 25 5,423 12 Oscar Robertson * PG Cincinnati Royals ( 1960 -- 1970 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1970 -- 1974 ) 26,710 1,040 25.7 9,508 0 7,694 13 Dominique Wilkins * SF Atlanta Hawks ( 1982 -- 1994 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 1994 ) Boston Celtics ( 1994 -- 1995 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Orlando Magic ( 1999 ) 26,668 1,074 24.8 9,963 711 6,031 14 Tim Duncan PF / C San Antonio Spurs ( 1997 -- 2016 ) 26,496 1,392 19.0 10,285 30 5,896 15 Paul Pierce SF / SG Boston Celtics ( 1999 -- 2013 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Washington Wizards ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 26,397 1,343 19.7 8,668 2,143 6,918 16 John Havlicek * SF / SG Boston Celtics ( 1962 -- 1978 ) 26,395 1,270 20.8 10,513 0 5,369 17 Kevin Garnett PF / C Minnesota Timberwolves ( 1995 -- 2007 , 2015 -- 2016 ) Boston Celtics ( 2007 -- 2013 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 26,071 1,462 17.8 10,505 174 4,887 18 Alex English * SF Milwaukee Bucks ( 1976 -- 1978 ) Indiana Pacers ( 1978 -- 1980 ) Denver Nuggets ( 1980 -- 1990 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 1990 -- 1991 ) 25,613 1,193 21.5 10,659 18 4,277 19 Carmelo Anthony ^ SF Denver Nuggets ( 2003 -- 2011 ) New York Knicks ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2017 -- 2018 ) 25,417 1,054 24.1 9,088 1,341 5,900 20 Reggie Miller * SG Indiana Pacers ( 1987 -- 2005 ) 25,279 1,389 18.2 8,241 2,560 6,237 21 Jerry West * PG / SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1960 -- 1974 ) 25,192 932 27.0 9,016 0 7,160 22 Vince Carter ^ SG / SF Toronto Raptors ( 1999 -- 2004 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2004 -- 2009 ) Orlando Magic ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2011 -- 2014 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2014 -- 2017 ) Sacramento Kings ( 2017 -- 2018 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2018 -- present ) 24,868 1,405 17.7 8,990 2,106 4,782 23 Patrick Ewing * New York Knicks ( 1985 -- 2000 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Orlando Magic ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 24,815 1,183 21.0 9,702 19 5,392 24 Ray Allen * SG Milwaukee Bucks ( 1996 -- 2003 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Boston Celtics ( 2007 -- 2012 ) Miami Heat ( 2012 -- 2014 ) 24,505 1,300 18.9 8,567 2,973 4,398 25 Allen Iverson * SG / PG Philadelphia 76ers ( 1996 -- 2006 , 2009 -- 2010 ) Denver Nuggets ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Detroit Pistons ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2009 ) 24,368 914 26.7 8,467 1,059 6,375 26 Charles Barkley * PF Philadelphia 76ers ( 1984 -- 1992 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1992 -- 1996 ) Houston Rockets ( 1996 -- 2000 ) 23,757 1,073 22.1 8,435 538 6,349 27 Robert Parish * Golden State Warriors ( 1976 -- 1980 ) Boston Celtics ( 1980 -- 1994 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1994 -- 1996 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1996 -- 1997 ) 23,334 1,611 14.5 9,614 0 4,106 28 Adrian Dantley * SF Buffalo Braves ( 1976 -- 1977 ) Indiana Pacers ( 1977 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1977 -- 1979 ) Utah Jazz ( 1979 -- 1986 ) Detroit Pistons ( 1986 -- 1989 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 1989 -- 1990 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1991 ) 23,177 955 24.3 8,169 7 6,832 29 Elgin Baylor * SF Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers ( 1958 -- 1971 ) 23,149 846 27.4 8,693 0 5,763 30 Clyde Drexler * SG Portland Trail Blazers ( 1983 -- 1995 ) Houston Rockets ( 1995 -- 1998 ) 22,195 1,086 20.4 8,335 827 4,698 31 Dwyane Wade ^ SG Miami Heat ( 2003 -- 2016 , 2018 -- present ) Chicago Bulls ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2017 -- 2018 ) 22,082 982 22.5 8,038 463 5,543 32 Gary Payton * PG Seattle SuperSonics ( 1990 -- 2003 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 2003 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Boston Celtics ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Miami Heat ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 21,813 1,335 16.3 8,708 1,132 3,265 33 Larry Bird * SF / PF Boston Celtics ( 1979 -- 1992 ) 21,791 897 24.3 8,591 649 3,960 34 Hal Greer * SG / PG Syracuse Nationals / Philadelphia 76ers ( 1958 -- 1973 ) 21,586 1,122 19.2 8,504 0 4,578 35 Walt Bellamy * Chicago Packers / Zephyrs / Baltimore Bullets ( 1961 -- 1965 ) New York Knicks ( 1965 -- 1968 ) Detroit Pistons ( 1968 -- 1970 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 1970 -- 1974 ) New Orleans Jazz ( 1974 ) 20,941 1,043 20.1 7,914 0 5,113 36 Kevin Durant ^ SF Seattle SuperSonics / Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2007 -- 2016 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2016 -- present ) 20,913 771 27.1 7,093 1,433 5,294 37 Bob Pettit * PF / C Milwaukee / St. Louis Hawks ( 1954 -- 1965 ) 20,880 792 26.4 7,349 0 6,182 38 David Robinson * San Antonio Spurs ( 1989 -- 2003 ) 20,790 987 21.1 7,365 25 6,035 39 Pau Gasol ^ C / PF Memphis Grizzlies ( 2001 -- 2008 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2008 -- 2014 ) Chicago Bulls ( 2014 -- 2016 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2016 -- present ) 20,776 1,196 17.4 7,938 173 4,727 40 George Gervin * SG / SF San Antonio Spurs ( 1976 -- 1985 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1985 -- 1986 ) 20,708 791 26.2 8,045 77 4,541 41 Mitch Richmond * SG Golden State Warriors ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Sacramento Kings ( 1991 -- 1998 ) Washington Wizards ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 20,497 976 21.0 7,305 1,326 4,561 42 Joe Johnson ^ SG / SF Boston Celtics ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2005 -- 2012 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Miami Heat ( 2016 ) Utah Jazz ( 2016 -- 2018 ) Houston Rockets ( 2018 -- present ) 20,405 1,276 16.0 7,822 1,978 2,783 43 Tom Chambers PF San Diego Clippers ( 1981 -- 1983 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1983 -- 1988 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1988 -- 1993 ) Utah Jazz ( 1993 -- 1995 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1997 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1997 ) 20,049 1,107 18.1 7,378 227 5,066 44 Antawn Jamison PF / SF Golden State Warriors ( 1999 -- 2003 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Washington Wizards ( 2004 -- 2010 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2013 -- 2014 ) 20,042 1,083 18.5 7,679 1,163 3,521 45 John Stockton * PG Utah Jazz ( 1984 -- 2003 ) 19,711 1,504 13.1 7,039 845 4,788 46 Bernard King * SF New Jersey Nets ( 1977 -- 1979 , 1993 ) Utah Jazz ( 1979 ) Golden State Warriors ( 1980 -- 1982 ) New York Knicks ( 1982 -- 1985 , 1987 ) Washington Bullets ( 1987 -- 1991 ) 19,655 874 22.5 7,830 23 3,972 47 Clifford Robinson PF / SF Portland Trail Blazers ( 1989 -- 1997 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Detroit Pistons ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2003 -- 2005 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 19,591 1,380 14.2 7,389 1,253 3,560 48 Walter Davis SG / SF Phoenix Suns ( 1977 -- 1988 ) Denver Nuggets ( 1988 -- 1991 , 1991 -- 1992 ) Portland Trail Blazers ( 1991 ) 19,521 1,033 18.9 8,118 157 3,128 49 Terry Cummings PF San Diego Clippers ( 1982 -- 1984 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1984 -- 1989 , 1995 -- 1996 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1989 -- 1995 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1997 -- 1998 ) New York Knicks ( 1998 ) Golden State Warriors ( 1999 -- 2000 ) 19,460 1,183 16.4 8,045 44 3,326 50 Bob Lanier * Detroit Pistons ( 1970 -- 1980 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1980 -- 1984 ) 19,248 959 20.1 7,761 3,724 Progressive list of scoring leaders ( edit ) This is a progressive list of scoring leaders showing how the record increased through the years . Statistics accurate as of the conclusion of the 2017 -- 18 NBA season on April 11 , 2018 . Active NBA player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame † Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration Only players with at least 50 win shares are shown for 1st time eligible Hall of Fame consideration . Win shares is a player statistic which attempts to divvy up credit for team success to the individuals on the team . Team abbreviations Team ( s ) listed is the one player was on when he established the record . ATL Atlanta Hawks DET Detroit Pistons MIL Milwaukee Bucks PHX Phoenix Suns BOS Boston Celtics FTW Fort Wayne Pistons MIN Minnesota Timberwolves PHW Philadelphia Warriors BUF Buffalo Braves GSW Golden State Warriors MNL Minneapolis Lakers SAS San Antonio Spurs CHI Chicago Bulls HOU Houston Rockets NOJ New Orleans Jazz SDR San Diego Rockets CHS Chicago Stags IND Indiana Pacers NOP New Orleans Pelicans SFW San Francisco Warriors CLE Cleveland Cavaliers KCO Kansas City - Omaha Kings OKC Oklahoma City Thunder STL St. Louis Hawks DAL Dallas Mavericks LAL Los Angeles Lakers ORL Orlando Magic SYR Syracuse Nationals DEN Denver Nuggets MIA Miami Heat PHI Philadelphia 76ers UTA Utah Jazz Scoring leader at the end of every season Season Year - by - year leader Points Active player leader Total points Career record Total points Single - season record Points Season 1946 -- 47 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 1,389 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 1,389 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 1,389 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 1,389 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 Max Zaslofsky 000CHS 1,007 2,338 2,338 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 George Mikan * 000MNL 1,698 3,898 3,898 George Mikan * 000MNL 1,698 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1,865 4,863 4,863 1,865 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1,932 6,099 6,099 1,932 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 Paul Arizin * 000PHW 1,674 7,021 7,021 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 Neil Johnston * 000PHW 1,564 George Mikan * 000MNL 8,460 George Mikan * 000MNL 8,460 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1,759 9,766 9,766 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1,631 Max Zaslofsky 000FTW 7,902 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 Bob Pettit * 000STL 1,849 George Mikan * 000MNL 10,156 10,156 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 Paul Arizin * 000PHW 1,817 Ed Macauley * 000STL 10,150 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 George Yardley * 000DET 2,001 Dolph Schayes * 000SYR 11,764 Dolph Schayes * 000SYR 11,764 George Yardley * 000DET 2,001 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 Bob Pettit * 000STL 2,105 13,298 13,298 Bob Pettit * 000STL 2,105 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 Wilt Chamberlain * 000PHW 1959 -- 62 000SFW 1962 -- 65 000PHI 1965 -- 66 2,707 14,987 14,987 Wilt Chamberlain * 000PHW 2,707 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 3,033 16,855 16,855 3,033 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 4,029 17,677 17,677 4,029 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 3,586 18,304 18,304 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 2,948 Bob Pettit * 000STL 19,756 Bob Pettit * 000STL 19,756 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 2,534 20,880 20,880 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 2,649 Wilt Chamberlain * 000PHI 1965 -- 68 000LAL 1968 -- 73 21,486 Wilt Chamberlain * 000PHI 1965 -- 68 000LAL 1968 -- 73 21,486 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 Rick Barry * 000SFW 2,775 23,442 23,442 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 Dave Bing * 000DET 2,142 25,434 25,434 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 Elvin Hayes * 000SDR 2,327 27,098 27,098 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 000MIL 2,361 27,426 27,426 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 2,596 29,122 29,122 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 2,822 30,335 30,335 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 Tiny Archibald * 000KCO 2,719 31,419 31,419 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 Bob McAdoo * 000BUF 2,261 Oscar Robertson * 000MIL 26,710 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 2,831 John Havlicek * 000BOS 22,389 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 2,427 23,678 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 Pete Maravich * 000NOJ 2,273 25,073 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 George Gervin * 000SAS 2,232 26,395 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 2,365 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 000LAL 22,141 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 2,585 24,175 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 Adrian Dantley * 000UTA 2,452 26,270 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 George Gervin * 000SAS 2,551 28,088 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 Alex English * 000DEN 2,326 29,810 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 Adrian Dantley * 000UTA 2,418 31,527 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 000LAL 31,527 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 2,313 33,262 33,262 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 Alex English * 000DEN 2,414 35,108 35,108 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 3,041 36,474 36,474 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 2,868 37,639 37,639 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 2,633 38,387 38,387 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 2,753 Moses Malone * 000ATL 1989 -- 91 000MIL 1991 -- 93 000PHI 1993 -- 94 000SAS 1994 -- 95 24,868 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 2,580 25,737 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 2,404 27,016 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 2,541 27,066 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 David Robinson * 000SAS 2,383 27,360 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 Shaquille O'Neal * 000ORL 2,315 27,409 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 2,491 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 24,489 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 2,431 26,920 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 2,357 29,277 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 Shaquille O'Neal * 000LAL 1,289 Karl Malone * 000UTA 1998 -- 2003 000LAL 2003 -- 04 28,946 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2,344 31,041 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 Jerry Stackhouse 00DET 2,380 32,919 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 Paul Pierce 000BOS 2,144 34,707 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 Kobe Bryant 000LAL 2,461 36,374 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 Kevin Garnett 000MIN 1,987 36,928 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 Allen Iverson * 000PHI 2,302 Reggie Miller * 000IND 25,279 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 Kobe Bryant 000LAL 2,832 Shaquille O'Neal * 000MIA 2005 -- 08 000PHO 2008 -- 09 000CLE 2009 -- 10 000BOS 2010 -- 11 24,764 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2,430 25,454 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2,323 26,286 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 Dwyane Wade ^ 000MIA 2,386 27,619 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 Kevin Durant ^ 000OKC 2,472 28,255 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2,161 28,596 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 1,850 Kobe Bryant 000LAL 29,484 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2,280 31,617 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2,593 31,700 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 James Harden ^ 000HOU 2,217 32,482 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2,376 33,643 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 Russell Westbrook ^ 000OKC 2,558 Dirk Nowitzki ^ 000DAL 30,260 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 LeBron James ^ 000CLE 2,251 31,187 Abdul - Jabbar * 0 35 yrs 38,387 Chamberlain * 059 yrs 4,029 2017 -- 18 Season Year - by - year leader Points Active player leader Total points Career record Total points Single - season record Points Season See also ( edit ) List of National Basketball Association annual scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff scoring leaders National Basketball Association portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` NBA Progressive Leaders and Records for Points '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : A player is not eligible for induction into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame until he has been fully retired for three calendar years . Jump up ^ American Basketball Association ( ABA ) teams other than those admitted into the NBA in 1976 are not included ; each year is linked to an article about that particular NBA season . Jump up ^ Average is rounded to the nearest tenth . Jump up ^ First adopted in the 1979 -- 80 season . Jump up ^ Previously known as Lew Alcindor prior to an official name change on May 1 , 1971 . Jump up ^ Previously written as Akeem Olajuwon prior to an official spelling change on March 9 , 1991 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Win Shares '' . Basketball-reference.com . Retrieved 8 April 2016 . External links ( edit ) Basketball-Reference.com enumeration of NBA career leaders in points scored National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams All - time win - loss records Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Basketball_Association_career_scoring_leaders&oldid=854476469 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists National Basketball Association statistical leaders Hidden categories : Wikipedia introduction cleanup from March 2018 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from March 2018 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Deutsch Eesti Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latviešu Polski Русский Українська Vèneto 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 17 : 05 ( UTC ) . 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where is lebron on the all time scoring list

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There's Nothing Holdin' Me Back

There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back - wikipedia There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back Jump to : navigation , search `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' Single by Shawn Mendes from the album Illuminate Released April 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 20 ) Format Digital download Recorded August 2016 Genre Pop rock Length 3 : 19 Label Island Universal Songwriter ( s ) Shawn Mendes Teddy Geiger Geoff Warburton Scott Harris Producer ( s ) Teddy Geiger Andrew Maury Shawn Mendes singles chronology `` Mercy '' ( 2016 ) `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( 2017 ) `` Mercy '' ( 2016 ) `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( 2017 ) Music video `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' on YouTube `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' is a song recorded by Canadian singer and songwriter Shawn Mendes . Written by Mendes , Teddy Geiger , Geoff Warburton and Scott Harris , and produced by Geiger and Andrew Maury , it was released as a single on April 20 , 2017 . The song was included in the reissue of his second studio album Illuminate ( 2016 ) . The song 's accompanying music video was released on June 20 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Critical reception 3 Live performances 4 Chart performance 5 Music video 6 Usage in media 7 Track listing 8 Charts 9 Certifications 10 Release history 11 References 12 External links Composition ( edit ) `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back ' '' is a `` dance - y '' pop rock track . A Billboard editor noted it features some electric guitar and `` strained '' vocals on the chorus . As the upbeat track progresses , it incorporates handclaps , funky guitar riffs , and foot - tapping bass . The pre-chorus was inspired by early works of Timbaland and Justin Timberlake . Critical reception ( edit ) Writing for Billboard , Taylor Weatherby noted `` the song 's sound falls right in line with the guitar - laced goodness he brought on his sophomore effort , but this time bringing in a little more edge . '' Allison Bowsher for Much opined the sound `` is a return to the earworms that launched Mendes ' career back in 2015 . Reminiscent of the high energy pop sensibilities of Mendes ' `` Something Big , '' today 's new track plays with lifts and falls throughout , allowing Mendes to show off the strength of his voice . '' In MTV News , Madeline Roth thought the track is `` more danceable than anything in his catalog . His voice is gritty and hoarse , especially on the passionate , aggressive hook . '' Live performances ( edit ) `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' is featured on the Illuminate World Tour setlist . The singer performed the single on The Graham Norton Show on June 9 , 2017 , at Capital FM 's Summertime Ball 2017 on June 10 , The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon on June 19 and at the 2017 MTV Video Music Awards on August 27 . Chart performance ( edit ) In the United States , the song has peaked at number six . It has also reached higher positions on the charts of other countries , such as Australia and the UK , reaching number four in both , and in Mendes ' home country of Canada , where it has achieved number six . Music video ( edit ) The music video for the song was released on June 20 , 2017 . The clip , filmed in Paris , Amsterdam and the United Kingdom , sees Mendes and his love interest ( played by actress Ellie Bamber ) exploring Europe while the singer is out on tour . The couple races through transportation hubs , ride trains and trek along the coastline . The video also shows footage from Mendes ' concerts . Usage in Media ( edit ) The song is heard in the television series The Good Doctor . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download ( NOTD Remix ) `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( NOTD remix ) -- 3 : 14 Digital download ( Acoustic ) `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( Acoustic ) -- 3 : 21 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Argentina Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) 17 Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 12 Brazil ( Billboard Brasil Pop Airplay ) 20 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 6 Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) Colombia ( National - Report ) 51 Costa Rica ( Monitor Latino ) 9 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 8 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 18 France ( SNEP ) 17 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 5 Guatemala ( Monitor Latino ) 11 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 9 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 13 Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) 6 Italy ( FIMI ) 14 Latvia ( Latvijas Top 40 ) Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) 16 Malaysia ( RIM ) 10 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 8 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 8 Norway ( VG - lista ) 15 Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) 15 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 9 Portugal ( AFP ) 7 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 7 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 6 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 11 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 11 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 8 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Uruguay ( Monitor Latino ) 16 US Billboard Hot 100 6 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) Venezuela English ( Record Report ) 7 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Platinum 30,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 3 × Platinum 240,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 90,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 400,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 2 × Platinum 100,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 30,000 Portugal ( AFP ) Gold 10,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Platinum 40,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 2 × Platinum 80,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Version Label Ref . United States April 25 , 2017 Contemporary hit radio Original Island Republic Worldwide May 12 , 2017 Digital download NOTD Remix Island France July 6 , 2017 Acoustic References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . Deezer . Jump up ^ Spanos , Brittany ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Shawn Mendes Launch World Arena Tour , Debut New Song '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Weatherby , Taylor ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Shawn Mendes Drops Feisty New Single ' There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes - ' There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back ' : The Dancey Differenc '' . KYLD . May 4 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Feeney , Nolan ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` How early - 2000s Timbaland inspired Shawn Mendes ' dancey new single '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bowsher , Allison ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Listen To Shawn Mendes ' New Track ' There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back ' '' . Much . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roth , Madeline ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` Shawn Mendes Releases ' There 's Nothing Holding Me Back ' & It 's Fire '' . MTV News . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Graham Norton Show Episode 10 '' . BBC . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes Scheduled To Perform On June 19 `` Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon '' `` . Headline Planet . June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Shawn Mendes ' Adventurous ' There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back ' Video '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Music from The Good Doctor S1E04 '' . Tunefind . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back ( NOTD Remix ) - Single on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back ( Acoustic ) - Single '' . iTunes Store ( FR ) . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Anglo Argentina -- Del 29 de Mayo al 4 de Junio , 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . May 29 , 2017 . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay Chart '' ( in Portuguese ) . Billboard Brasil . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' Billboard . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Colombia -- Semana 29 del 2017 - Del 14 / 07 / 2017 al 20 / 07 / 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . National - Report . July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Chile -- Del 11 al 16 de Septiembre , 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . September 11 , 2017 . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201737 into search . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201726 into search . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes : There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés -- SNEP ( Week 30 , 2017 ) '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Monitor Latino -- Top 20 General -- Guatemala -- Del 19 al 25 de Junio , 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . monitorlatino.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IRMA -- Irish Charts '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Latvijas Top 40 '' . Latvijas Radio . June 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes Lebanese Chart Top 20 History '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . June 5 , 2017 . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 25 , 2017 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . VG - lista . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201731 into search . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201717 into search . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official singles weekly chart '' ( in Slovenian ) . SloTop50 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Uruguay -- Del 11 al 17 de Septiembre , 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . September 11 , 2017 . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' Billboard . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anglo '' ( in Spanish ) . Record Report . 4 November 2017 . Archived from the original on 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2017 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . Music Canada . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danish single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Click on næste to go to page if certification from official website Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Shawn Mendes ; ' There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguese single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' elportaldemusica.es . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( To access search `` Shawn Mendes '' and click on `` Sök '' . ) ( in Swedish ) . Grammofon Leverantörernas Förening . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Enter There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / Mainstream '' . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Shawn Mendes Awards and nominations Discography Studio albums Handwritten Illuminate Live albums Live at Madison Square Garden EPs The Shawn Mendes EP Singles `` Life of the Party '' `` Something Big '' `` Stitches '' `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` Treat You Better '' `` Mercy '' `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' Featured singles `` Oh Cecilia ( Breaking My Heart ) '' Promotional singles `` Believe '' Concert tours # ShawnsFirstHeadlines Shawn Mendes World Tour Illuminate World Tour Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=There%27s_Nothing_Holdin%27_Me_Back&oldid=809093488 '' Categories : 2017 songs 2017 singles Shawn Mendes songs Songs written by Teddy Geiger Songs written by Scott Harris ( songwriter ) Songs written by Shawn Mendes Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Torch songs Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Slovenian - language sources ( sl ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use mdy dates from October 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Portugal Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Հայերեն Italiano Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 02 : 33 . 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who wrote there's nothing holdin me back

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Silicon

Silicon - wikipedia Silicon Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the chemical element . For other uses , see Silicon ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with the silicon - containing synthetic polymer silicone . `` Element 14 '' redirects here . For other uses , see Element 14 ( disambiguation ) . Silicon , Si General properties Pronunciation / ˈsɪlɪkən / or / ˈsɪlɪkɒn / SIL - ik - ən or SIL - ik - on Appearance crystalline , reflective with bluish - tinged faces Standard atomic weight ( A ) ( 7001280840000000000 ♠ 28.084 , 7001280860000000000 ♠ 28.086 ) conventional : 7001280850000000000 ♠ 28.085 Silicon in the periodic table Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury ( element ) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson ↑ Si ↓ Ge aluminium ← silicon → phosphorus Atomic number ( Z ) 14 Group , period group 14 ( carbon group ) , period 3 Block p - block Element category metalloid Electron configuration ( Ne ) 3s 3p Electrons per shell 2 , 8 , 4 Physical properties Phase ( at STP ) solid Melting point 1687 K ​ ( 1414 ° C , ​ 2577 ° F ) Boiling point 3538 K ​ ( 3265 ° C , ​ 5909 ° F ) Density ( near r.t. ) 2.3290 g / cm when liquid ( at m.p. ) 2.57 g / cm Heat of fusion 50.21 kJ / mol Heat of vaporization 383 kJ / mol Molar heat capacity 19.789 J / ( mol K ) Vapor pressure P ( Pa ) 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T ( K ) 1908 2102 2339 2636 3021 3537 Atomic properties Oxidation states 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 − 1 , − 2 , − 3 , − 4 ​ ( an amphoteric oxide ) Electronegativity Pauling scale : 1.90 Ionization energies 1st : 786.5 kJ / mol 2nd : 1577.1 kJ / mol 3rd : 3231.6 kJ / mol ( more ) Atomic radius empirical : 111 pm Covalent radius 111 pm Van der Waals radius 210 pm Spectral lines Miscellanea Crystal structure ​ face - centered diamond - cubic Speed of sound thin rod 8433 m / s ( at 20 ° C ) Thermal expansion 2.6 μm / ( m K ) ( at 25 ° C ) Thermal conductivity 149 W / ( m K ) Electrical resistivity 2.3 × 10 Ω m ( at 20 ° C ) Band gap 1.12 eV ( at 300 K ) Magnetic ordering diamagnetic Magnetic susceptibility − 3.9 10 cm / mol ( 298 K ) Young 's modulus 130 -- 188 GPa Shear modulus 51 -- 80 GPa Bulk modulus 97.6 GPa Poisson ratio 0.064 -- 0.28 Mohs hardness 6.5 CAS Number 7440 - 21 - 3 History Naming after Latin ' silex ' or ' silicis ' , meaning flint Prediction Antoine Lavoisier ( 1787 ) Discovery and first isolation Jöns Jacob Berzelius ( 1823 ) Named by Thomas Thomson ( 1817 ) Main isotopes of silicon Isotope Abundance Half - life ( t ) Decay mode Product Si 92.2 % stable Si 4.7 % stable Si 3.1 % stable Si trace 2.62 h β Si trace 153 y β view talk references in Wikidata Silicon is a chemical element with symbol Si and atomic number 14 . A hard and brittle crystalline solid with a blue - grey metallic lustre , it is a tetravalent metalloid and semiconductor . It is a member of group 14 in the periodic table , along with carbon above it and germanium , tin , and lead below . It is rather unreactive , though less so than germanium , and has a very large chemical affinity for oxygen ; as such , it was first prepared and characterized in pure form only in 1823 by Jöns Jakob Berzelius . Silicon is the eighth most common element in the universe by mass , but very rarely occurs as the pure element in the Earth 's crust . It is most widely distributed in dusts , sands , planetoids , and planets as various forms of silicon dioxide ( silica ) or silicates . Over 90 % of the Earth 's crust is composed of silicate minerals , making silicon the second most abundant element in the Earth 's crust ( about 28 % by mass ) after oxygen . Most silicon is used commercially without being separated , and often with little processing of the natural minerals . Such use includes industrial construction with clays , silica sand , and stone . Silicates are used in Portland cement for mortar and stucco , and mixed with silica sand and gravel to make concrete for walkways , foundations , and roads . They are also used in whiteware ceramics such as porcelain , and in traditional quartz - based soda - lime glass and many other specialty glasses . Silicon compounds such as silicon carbide are used as abrasives and components of high - strength ceramics . Elemental silicon also has a large impact on the modern world economy . Most free silicon is used in the steel refining , aluminium - casting , and fine chemical industries ( often to make fumed silica ) . Even more visibly , the relatively small portion of very highly purified silicon used in semiconductor electronics ( < 10 % ) is essential to integrated circuits -- most computers , cell phones , and modern technology depend on it . Silicon is the basis of the widely used synthetic polymers called silicones . Silicon is an essential element in biology , although only tiny traces are required by animals . However , various sea sponges and microorganisms , such as diatoms and radiolaria , secrete skeletal structures made of silica . Silica is deposited in many plant tissues , such as in the bark and wood of Chrysobalanaceae and the silica cells and silicified trichomes of Cannabis sativa , horsetails and many grasses . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Characteristics 2.1 Physical and atomic 2.2 Isotopes 3 Chemistry and compounds 3.1 Silicides 3.2 Silanes 3.3 Halides 3.4 Silica 3.5 Silicic acids 3.6 Silicate minerals 3.7 Other inorganic compounds 3.8 Organosilicon compounds 3.9 Silicone polymers 4 Occurrence 5 Production 6 Applications 6.1 Compounds 6.2 Alloys 6.3 Electronics 6.4 Mechanical watches 7 Biological role 8 Safety 9 See also 10 Bibliography 11 References 12 External links History Jöns Jacob Berzelius , discoverer of silicon In 1787 Antoine Lavoisier suspected that silica might be an oxide of a fundamental chemical element , but the chemical affinity of silicon for oxygen is high enough that he had no means to reduce the oxide and isolate the element . After an attempt to isolate silicon in 1808 , Sir Humphry Davy proposed the name `` silicium '' for silicon , from the Latin silex , silicis for flint , and adding the `` - ium '' ending because he believed it to be a metal . Most other languages use transliterated forms of Davy 's name , sometimes adapted to local phonology ( e.g. German Silizium , French silicium ) . A few others use instead a calque of the Latin root ( e.g. Russian кремний , from кремень `` flint '' ; Greek πυριτιο from πυρ `` fire '' ; Finnish pii from piikivi `` flint '' ) . In 1811 , Gay - Lussac and Thénard are thought to have prepared impure amorphous silicon , through the heating of recently isolated potassium metal with silicon tetrafluoride , but they did not purify and characterize the product , nor identify it as a new element . Silicon was given its present name in 1817 by Scottish chemist Thomas Thomson . He retained part of Davy 's name but added `` - on '' because he believed that silicon was a nonmetal similar to boron and carbon . In 1823 , Jöns Jacob Berzelius prepared amorphous silicon using approximately the same method as Gay - Lussac ( reducing potassium fluorosilicate with molten potassium metal ) , but purifying the product to a brown powder by repeatedly washing it . As a result , he is usually given credit for the element 's discovery . The same year , Berzelius became the first to prepare silicon tetrachloride ; silicon tetrafluoride had already been prepared long before in 1771 by Carl Wilhelm Scheele by dissolving silica in hydrofluoric acid . Silicon in its more common crystalline form was not prepared until 31 years later , by Deville . By electrolyzing a mixture of sodium chloride and aluminium chloride containing approximately 10 % silicon , he was able to obtain a slightly impure allotrope of silicon in 1854 . Later , more cost - effective methods have been developed to isolate several allotrope forms , the most recent being silicene in 2010 . Meanwhile , research on the chemistry of silicon continued ; Friedrich Wöhler discovered the first volatile hydrides of silicon , synthesising trichlorosilane in 1857 and silane itself in 1858 , but a detailed investigation of the silanes was only carried out in the early 20th century by Alfred Stock , despite early speculation on the matter dating as far back as the beginnings of synthetic organic chemistry in the 1830s . Similarly , the first organosilicon compound , tetraethylsilane , was synthesised by Charles Friedel and James Crafts in 1863 , but detailed characterisation of organosilicon chemisry was only done in the early 20th century by Frederick Kipping . Starting in the 1920s , the work of William Lawrence Bragg on X-ray crystallography successfully elucidated the compositions of the silicates , which had previously been known from analytical chemistry but had not yet been understood , together with Linus Pauling 's development of crystal chemistry and Victor Goldschmidt 's development of geochemistry . The middle of the 20th century saw the development of the chemistry and industrial use of siloxanes and the growing use of silicone polymers , elastomers , and resins . In the late 20th century , the complexity of the crystal chemistry of silicides was mapped , along with the solid - state chemistry of doped semiconductors . Because silicon is an important element in high - technology semiconductor devices , many places in the world bear its name . For example , Santa Clara Valley in California acquired the nickname Silicon Valley since the element is the base material used in the semiconductor industry located there . Since then , many other locations have been nicknamed for similar reasons . Characteristics Physical and atomic Silicon crystallizes in a diamond cubic crystal structure A silicon atom has fourteen electrons . In the ground state , they are arranged in the electron configuration ( Ne ) 3s 3p . Of these , four are valence electrons , occupying the 3s orbital and two of the 3p orbitals . Like the other members of its group , the lighter carbon and the heavier germanium , tin , and lead , it has the same number of valence electrons as valence orbitals : hence , it can complete its octet and obtain the stable noble gas configuration of argon by forming sp hybrid orbitals , forming tetrahedral SiX derivatives where the central silicon atom shares an electron pair with each of the four atoms it is bonded to . The first four ionisation energies of silicon are 786.3 , 1576.5 , 3228.3 , and 4354.4 kJ / mol respectively ; these figures are high enough to preclude the possibility of simple cationic chemistry for the element . Following periodic trends , its single - bond covalent radius of 117.6 pm is intermediate between those of carbon ( 77.2 pm ) and germanium ( 122.3 pm ) . The hexacoordinate ionic radius of silicon may be considered to be 40 pm , although this must be taken as a purely notional figure given the lack of a simple Si cation in reality . At standard temperature and pressure , silicon is a shiny semiconductor with a bluish - grey metallic lustre ; as typical for semiconductors , its resistivity drops with temperature . This arises because silicon has a small energy gap between its highest occupied energy levels ( the valence band ) and the lowest unoccupied ones ( the conduction band ) . The Fermi level is about halfway between these and is the energy at which a state is as likely to be occupied by an electron as not . Hence pure silicon is an insulator at room temperature . However , doping silicon with a pnictogen such as phosphorus , arsenic , or antimony introduces one extra electron per dopant and these may then be excited into the conduction band either thermally or photolytically , creating an n - type semiconductor . Similarly , doping silicon with a group 13 element such as boron , aluminium , and gallium results in the introduction of acceptor levels that trap electrons that may be excited from the filled valence band , creating a p - type semiconductor . Joining n - type silicon to p - type silicon creates a p-n junction with a common Fermi level ; electrons flow from n to p , while holes flow from p to n , creating a voltage drop . This p-n junction thus acts as a diode that can rectify alternating curent that allows current to pass more easily one way than the other . A transistor is an n-p-n junction , with a thin layer of weakly p - type silicon between two n - type regions . Biasing the emitter through a small forward voltage and the collector through a large reverse voltage allows the transistor to act as a triode amplifier . Silicon crystallises in a giant covalent structure at standard conditions , specifically in a diamond cubic lattice . It thus has a high melting point of 1414 ° C. It is not known to have any allotropes at standard pressure , but several other crystal structures are known at higher pressures . The general trend is one of increasing coordination number with pressure , culminating in a hexagonal close - packed allotrope at about 40 gigapascals known as Si -- VII ( the standard modification being Si -- I ) . Silicon boils at 3265 ° C : this , while high , is still lower than the temperature at which its lighter congener carbon sublimes ( 3642 ° C ) and silicon similarly has a lower heat of vaporisation than carbon , consistent with the fact that the Si -- Si bond is weaker than the C -- C bond . Isotopes Main article : isotopes of silicon Naturally occurring silicon is composed of three stable isotopes , Si ( 92.23 % ) , Si ( 4.67 % ) , and Si ( 3.10 % ) , with Si being the most abundant . Out of these , only Si is of use in NMR and EPR spectroscopy , as it is the only one with a nuclear spin ( I = 1 / 2 ) . All three are produced in stars through the oxygen - burning process . Twenty radioisotopes have been characterized , with the most stable being Si with a half - life of about 150 years , and Si with a half - life of 2.62 hours . All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half - lives that are less than seven seconds , and the majority of these have half - lives that are less than one tenth of a second . Silicon does not have any known nuclear isomers . Si undergoes low - energy beta decay to P and then stable S. Si may be produced by the neutron activation of natural silicon and is thus useful for quantitative analysis ; it can be easily detected by its characteristic beta decay to stable P , in which the emitted electron carries up to 1.48 MeV of energy . The known isotopes of silicon range in mass number from 22 to 44 . The most common decay mode of the isotopes with mass numbers lower than the three stable isotopes is inverse beta decay , primarily forming aluminium isotopes ( 13 protons ) as decay products . The most common decay mode for the heavier unstable isotopes is beta decay , primarily forming phosphorus isotopes ( 15 protons ) as decay products . Chemistry and compounds C -- X and Si -- X bond energies ( kJ / mol ) X = Si Cl Br O -- N < C -- X 368 360 435 453 351 293 216 ~ 360 ~ 305 Si -- X 360 340 393 565 381 310 234 452 322 Crystalline bulk silicon is rather inert , but becomes more reactive at high temperatures . Like its neighbour aluminium , silicon forms a thin , continuous surface layer of silicon dioxide ( SiO ) that protects the metal from oxidation . Thus silicon does not measurably react with the air below 900 ° C , but formation of the vitreous dioxide rapidly increases between 950 ° C and 1160 ° C and when 1400 ° C is reached , atmospheric nitrogen also reacts to give the nitrides SiN and Si N. Silicon reacts with gaseous sulfur at 600 ° C and gaseous phosphorus at 1000 ° C . This oxide layer nevertheless does not prevent reaction with the halogens ; fluorine attacks silicon vigorously at room temperature , chlorine does so at about 300 ° C , and bromine and iodine at about 500 ° C. Silicon does not react with most aqueous acids , but is oxidised and fluorinated by a mixture of concentrated nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid ; it readily dissolves in hot aqueous alkali to form silicates . At high temperatures , silicon also reacts with alkyl halides ; this reaction can be catalysed by copper to directly synthesise organosilicon chlorides as precursors to silicone polymers . Upon melting , silicon becomes extremely reactive in the liquid state , alloying with most metals to form silicides , and reducing most metal oxides because the heat of formation of silicon dioxide is so large . As a result , containers for liquid silicon must be made of refractory , unreactive materials such as zirconium dioxide or group 4 , 5 , and 6 borides . Tetrahedral coordination is a major structural motif in silicon chemistry just as it is for carbon chemistry . However , the 3p subshell is rather more diffuse than the 2p subshell and does not hybridise as well with the 3s subshell . As a result , the chemistry of silicon and its heavier congeners shows significant differences from that of carbon , and thus octahedral coordination is also significant . For example , the electronegativity of silicon ( 1.90 ) is much less than that of carbon ( 2.55 ) , because the valence electrons of silicon are further from the nucleus than those of carbon and hence experience smaller electrostatic forces of attraction from the nucleus . The poor overlap of 3p orbitals also results in a much lower tendency towards catenation ( formation of Si -- Si bonds ) for silicon than for carbon due to the concomitant weakening of the Si -- Si bond compared to the C -- C bond : the average Si -- Si bond energy is approximately 226 kJ / mol , compared to a value of 356 kJ / mol for the C -- C bond . This results in multiply bonded silicon compounds generally being much less stable than their carbon counterparts , an example of the double bond rule . On the other hand , the presence of 3d orbitals in the valence shell of silicon suggests the possibility of hypervalence , as seen in five - and six - coordinate derivatives of silicon such as SiX − 5 and SiF 2 − 6 . Lastly , because of the increasing energy gap between the valence s and p orbitals as the group is descended , the divalent state grows in importance from carbon to lead , so that a few unstable divalent compounds are known for silicon ; this lowering of the main oxidation state , in tandem with increasing atomic radii , results in an increase of metallic character down the group . Silicon already shows some incipient metallic behaviour , particularly in the behaviour of its oxide compounds and its reaction with acids as well as bases ( though this takes some effort ) , and is hence often referred to as a metalloid rather than a nonmetal . However , metallicity does not become clear until germanium and dominant until tin , with the growing importance of the lower + 2 oxidation state . Silicon shows clear differences with carbon . For example , organic chemistry has very few analogies with silicon chemistry , while silicate minerals have a structural complexity unseen in oxocarbons . Silicon tends to resemble germanium far more than it does carbon , and this resemblance is enhanced by the d - block contraction resulting in the size of the germanium atom being much closer to that of the silicon atom than periodic trends would predict . Nevertheless , there are still some differences because of the growing importance of the divalent state in germanium compared to silicon , that result in germanium being significantly more metallic than silicon . Additionally , the lower Ge -- O bond strength compared to the Si -- O bond strength results in the absence of `` germanone '' polymers that would be analogous to silicone polymers . Silicides Main articles : Silicide and Binary compounds of silicon Phase diagram of the Fe -- Si system Many metal silicides are known , most of which have formulae that can not be explained through simple appeals to valence : their bonding ranges from metallic to ionic and covalent . Some known stoichiometries are M Si , M Si , M Si , M Si , M Si , M Si , M Si , M Si , M Si , MSi , M Si , MSi , MSi , and MSi . They are structurally more similar to the borides than the carbides , in keeping with the diagonal relationship between boron and silicon , although the larger size of silicon than boron means that exact structural analogies are few and far between . The heats of formation of the silicides are usually similar to those of the borides and carbides of the same elements , but they usually melt at lower temperatures . Silicides are known for all stable elements in groups 1 -- 10 , with the exception of beryllium : in particular , uranium and the transition metals of groups 4 -- 10 show the widest range of stoichiometries . Except for copper , the metals in groups 11 -- 15 do not form silicides . Most instead form eutectic mixtures , although the heaviest post-transition metals mercury , thallium , lead , and bismuth are completely immiscible with liquid silicon . Silicides are usually prepared by direct reaction of the elements . For example , the alkali metals and alkaline earth metals react with silicon or silicon oxide to give silicides . Nevertheless , even with these highly electropositive elements true silicon anions are not obtainable , and most of these compounds are semiconductors . For example , the alkali metal silicides ( M + ) 4 ( E4 − 4 ) contain pyramidal tricoordinate silicon in the Si 4 − 4 anion , isoeelctronic with white phosphorus , P. Metal - rich silicides tend to have isolated silicon atoms ( e.g. Cu Si ) ; with increasing silicon content , catenation increases , resulting in isolated clusters of two ( e.g. U Si ) or four silicon atoms ( e.g. ( K ) ( Si ) ) at first , followed by chains ( e.g. CaSi ) , layers ( e.g. CaSi ) , or three - dimensional networks of silicon atoms spanning space ( e.g. α - ThSi ) as the silicon content rises even higher . The silicides of the group 1 and 2 metals are usually more reactive than the transition metal silicides . The latter usually do not react with aqueous reagents , except for hydrofluoric acid ; however , they do react with much more aggressive reagents like liquid potassium hydroxide , or gaseous fluorine or chlorine when red - hot . The pre-transition metal silicides instead readily react with water and aqueous acids , usually producing hydrogen or silanes : Na Si + 3 H O → Na SiO + 3 H Mg Si + 2 H SO → 2 MgSO + SiH Products often vary with the stoichiometry of the silicide reactant . For example , Ca Si is polar and non-conducting and has the anti-PbCl structure with single isolated silicon atoms , and reacts with water to produce calcium hydroxide , hydrated silicon dioxide , and hydrogen gas . CaSi with its zigzag chains of silicon atoms instead reacts to give silanes and polymeric SiH , while CaSi with its puckered layers of silicon atoms does not react with water , but will react with dilute hydrochloric acid : the product is a yellow polymeric solid with stoichiometry Si H O . Silanes Main article : Silanes Speculation on silicon hydride chemistry started from the 1830s , contemporary with the development of synthetic organic chemistry . Silane itself , as well as trichlorosilane , were first synthesised by Friedrich Wöhler and Heinrich Buff in 1857 by reacting aluminium -- silicon alloys with hydrochloric acid , and characterised as SiH and SiHCl by Charles Friedel and Albert Ladenburg in 1867 . Disilane ( Si H ) followed in 1902 , when it was first made by Henri Moissan and Samuel Smiles by the protonolysis of magnesium silicides . Further investigation had to wait until 1916 because of the great reactivity and thermal instability of the silanes ; it was then that Alfred Stock began the study of silicon hydrides in earnest with new greaseless vacuum techniques , as they were found as contaminants of his focus , the boron hydrides . The names silanes and boranes are due to him , based on analogy with the alkanes . Moissan and Smiles ' method of preparation of silanes and silane derivatives via protonolysis of metal silicides is still used , although the yield is lowered by the hydrolysis of the products that occurs simultaneously , and thus the preferred route today is to treat substituted silanes with hydride reducing agents such as lithium aluminium hydride in etheric solutions at low temperatures . Direct reaction of HX or RX with silicon , possibly with a catalyst such as copper , is also a viable method to produce substituted silanes . The silanes comprise a homologous series of silicon hydrides with the general formula Si H . They are all strong reducing agents . Unbranched and branched trains are known up to n = 8 , and the cycles Si H and Si H are also known . The first two , silane and disilane , are colourless gases ; the heavier members of the series are volatile liquids . All silanes are very reactive and catch fire or explode spontaneously in air . They become less thermally stable with room temperature , so that only silane is indefinitely stable at room temperature , although disilane does not decompose very quickly ( only 2.5 % of a sample decomposes after eight months have passed ) . They decompose to form polymeric polysilicon hydride and hydrogen gas . As expected from the difference in atomic weight , the silanes are less volatile than the corresponding alkanes and boranes , but more volatile than the corresponding germanes . They are much more reactive than the corresponding alkanes , because the larger radius of silicon compared to carbon facilitates nucleophilic attack at the silicon , the greater polarity of the Si -- H bond compared to the C -- H bond , and the ability of silicon to expand its octet and hence form adducts and lower the reaction 's activation energy . Silane pyrolysis gives polymeric species and finally elemental silicon and hydrogen ; indeed ultrapure silicon is commercially produced by the pyrolysis of silane . While the thermal decomposition of alkanes starts by the breaking of a C -- H or C -- C bond and the formation of radical intermediates , polysilanes decompose by eliminating silenes : SiH or : SiHR , as the activation energy of this process ( ~ 210 kJ / mol ) is much less than the Si -- Si and Si -- H bond energies . While pure silanes do not react with pure water or dilute acids , traces of alkali catalyse immediate hydrolysis to hydrated silicon dioxide . If the reaction is carried out in methanol , controlled solvolysis results in the products SiH ( OMe ) , SiH ( OMe ) , and Si ( OMe ) . The Si -- H bond also adds to alkenes , a reaction which proceeds slowly and speeds up with increasing substitution of the silane involved . At 450 ° C , silane participates in an addition reaction with acetone , as well as a ring - opening reaction with ethylene oxide . Direct reaction of the silanes with chlorine or bromine results in explosions at room temperature , but the reaction of silane with bromine at − 80 ° C is controlled and yields bromosilane and dibromosilane . The monohalosilanes may be formed by reacting silane with the appropriate hydrogen halide with an Al X catalyst , or by reacting silane with a solid silver halide in a heated flow reactor : SiH + 2 AgCl 260 ° C → SiH Cl + HCl + 2 Ag Among the derivatives of silane , iodosilane ( SiH I ) and potassium silanide ( KSiH ) are very useful synthetic intermediates in the production of more complicated silicon - containing compounds : the latter is a colourless crystalline ionic solid containing K cations and SiH − 3 anions in the NaCl structure , and is made by the reduction of silane by potassium metal . Additionally , the reactive hypervalent species SiH − 5 is also known . With suitable organic substituents it is possible to produce stable polysilanes : they have surprisingly high electric conductivities , arising from sigma delocalisation of the electrons in the chain . Halides Silicon and silicon carbide readily react with all four stable halogens , forming the colourless , reactive and volatile silicon tetrahalides . Silicon tetrafluoride may also be made by fluorinating the other silicon halides , and is produced by the attack of hydrofluoric acid on glass . Heating two different tetrahalides together also produce a random mixture of mixed halides , which may also be produced by halogen exchange reactions . The melting and boiling points of these species usually rise with increasing atomic weight , though there are many exceptions : for example , the melting and boiling points drop as one passes from SiFBr through SiFClBr to SiFCl Br . The shift from the hypoelectronic elements in group 13 and earlier to the group 14 elements is illustrated by the change from an infinite ionic structure in aluminium fluoride to a lattice of simple covalent silicon tetrafluoride molecules , as dictated by the lower electronegativity of aluminium than silicon , the stoichiometry ( the + 4 oxidation state being too high for true ionicity ) , and the smaller size of the silicon atom compared to the aluminium atom . Silicon tetrachloride is manufactured on a huge scale as a precursor to the production of pure silicon , silicon dioxide , and some silicon esters . The silicon tetrahalides hydrolyse readily in water , unlike the carbon tetrahalides , again because of the larger size of the silicon atom rendering it more open to nucleophilic attack and the ability of the silicon atom to expand its octet which carbon lacks . The reaction of silicon fluoride with excess hydrofluoric acid produces the octahedral hexafluorosilicate anion SiF 2 − 6 . Analogous to the silanes , halopolysilanes Si X are also known . While catenation in carbon compounds is maximised in the hydrogen compounds rather than the halides , the opposite is true for silicon , so that the halopolysilanes are known up to at least Si F , Si Cl , and Si Br . A suggested explanation for this phenomenon is the compensation for the electron loss of silicon to the more electronegative halogen atoms by pi backbonding from the filled p orbitals on the halogen atoms to the empty d orbitals on silicon : this is similar to the situation of carbon monoxide in metal carbonyl complexes and explains their stability . These halopolysilanes may be produced by comproportionation of silicon tetrahalides with elemental silicon , or by condensation of lighter halopolysilanes ( trimethylammonium being a useful catalyst for this reaction ) . Silica Silicon dioxide ( SiO ) , also known as silica , is one of the most well - studied compounds , second only to water . Twelve different crystal modifications of silica are known , the most common being α - quartz , a major constituent of many rocks such as granite and sandstone . It is also known to occur pure as rock crystal ; impure forms are known as rose quartz , smoky quartz , morion , amethyst , and citrine . Some poorly crystalline forms of quartz are also known , such as chalcedony , chrysoprase , carnelian , agate , onyx , jasper , heliotrope , and flint . Other modifications of silicon dioxide are known in some other minerals such as tridymite and cristobalite , as well as the much less common coesite and stishovite . Biologically generated forms are also known as kieselguhr and diatomaceous earth . Vitreous silicon dioxide is known as tectites , and obsidian , and rarely as lechatelierite . Some synthetic forms are known as keatite and W - silica . Opals are composed of complicated crystalline aggregates of partially hydrated silicon dioxide . Quartz Sandstone Smoky quartz Amethyst Citrine Agate Chrysoprase Onyx Jasper Heliotrope Tridymite Cristobalite Coesite Lechatelierite Most crystalline forms of silica are made of infinite arrangements of ( SiO ) tetrahedra connected at their corners , with each oxygen atom linked to two silicon atoms . In the thermodynamically stable room - temperature form , α - quartz , these tetrahedra are linked in intertwined helical chains with two different Si -- O distances ( 159.7 and 161.7 pm ) with a Si -- O -- Si angle of 144 ° . These helices can be either left - or right - handed , so that individual α - quartz crystals are optically active . At 537 ° C , this transforms quickly and reversibly into the similar β - quartz , with a change of the Si -- O -- Si angle to 155 ° but a retention of handedness . Further heating to 867 ° C results in another reversible phase transition to β - tridymite , in which some Si -- O bonds are broken to allow for the arrangement of the ( SiO ) tetrahedra into a more open and less dense hexagonal structure . This transition is slow and hence tridymite occurs as a metastable mineral even below this transition temperature ; when cooled to about 120 ° C it quickly and reversibly transforms by slight displacements of individual silicon and oxygen atoms to α - tridymite , similarly to the transition from α - quartz to β - quartz . β - tridymite slowly transforms to cubic β - cristobalite at about 1470 ° C , which once again exists metastably below this transition temperature and transforms at 200 -- 280 ° C to α - cristobalite via small atomic displacements . β - cristobalite melts at 1713 ° C ; the freezing of silica from themelt is quite slow and vitrification , or the formation of a glass , is likely to occur instead . In vitreous silica , the ( SiO ) tetrahedra remain corner - connected , but the symmetry and periodicity of the crystalline forms are lost . Because of the slow conversions between these three forms , it is possible upon rapid heating to melt β - quartz ( 1550 ° C ) or β - tridymite ( 1703 ° C ) . Silica boils at approximately 2800 ° C. Other high - pressure forms of silica are known , such as coesite and stishovite : these are known in nature , formed under the shock pressure of a meteorite impact and then rapidly quenched to preserve the crystal structure . Similar melting and cooling of silica occurs following lightning strikes , forming glassy lechatelierite . W - silica is an unstable low - density form involving ( SiO ) tetrahedra sharing opposite edges instead of corners , forming parallel chains similarly to silicon disulfide ( SiS ) and silicon diselenide ( SiSe ) : it quickly returns to forming amorphous silica with heat or traces of water . Condensed polysilicic acid Silica is rather inert chemically . It is not attacked by any acids other than hydrofluoric acid . However , it slowly dissolves in hot concentrated alkalis , and does so rather quickly in fused metal hydroxides or carbonates to give metal silicates . Among the elements , it is attacked only by fluorine at room temperature to form silicon tetrafluoride : hydrogen and carbon also react , but require temperatures over 1000 ° C to do so . Silica nevertheless reacts with many metal and metalloid oxides to form a wide variety of compounds important in the glass and ceramic industries above all , but also have many other uses : for example , sodium silicate is often used in detergents due to its buffering , saponifying , and emulsifying properties . Silicic acids Adding water to silica drops its melting point by around 800 ° C due to the breaking of the structure by replacing Si -- O -- Si linkages with terminating Si -- OH groups . Increasing water concentration results in the formation of hydrated silica gels and colloidal silica dispersions . Many hydrates and silicic acids exist in the most dilute of aqueous solutions , but these are rather insoluble and quickly precipitate and condense and cross-link to form various polysilicic acids of variable combinations following the formula ( SiO ( OH ) ) , similar to the behaviour of boron , aluminium , and iron , among other elements . Hence , although some simple silicic acids have been identified in dilute solutions , such as orthosilicic acid Si ( OH ) and metasilicic acid SiO ( OH ) , none of these are likely to exist in the solid state . Silicate minerals Main article : Silicate minerals Typical coordination of metal cations in silicates ( ionic radii in pm ) CN 4 Li ( 59 ) Be ( 27 ) Al ( 39 ) Si ( 26 ) CN 6 Na ( 102 ) Mg ( 72 ) Al ( 54 ) Ti ( 61 ) Fe ( 78 ) CN 8 K ( 151 ) Ca ( 112 ) CN 12 K ( 164 ) About 95 % of the Earth 's crustal rocks are made of silica or silicate and aluminosilicate minerals , as reflected in oxygen , silicon , and aluminium being the three most common elements in the crust ( in that order ) . Measured by mass , silicon makes up 27.7 % of the Earth 's crust . Pure silicon crystals are very rarely found in nature , but notable exceptions are crystals as large as to 0.3 mm across found during sampling gasses from the Kudriavy volcano on the island of Iturup , one of the Kuril Islands . Silicate and aluminosilicate minerals have many different structures and varying stoichiometry , but they may be classified following some general principles . Tetrahedral ( SiO ) units are common to almost all these compounds , either as discrete structures , or combined into larger units by the sharing of corner oxygen atoms . These may be divided into neso - silicates ( discrete ( SiO ) units ) sharing no oxygen atoms , soro - silicates ( discrete ( Si O ) units ) sharing one , cyclo - silicates ( closed ring structures ) and ino - silicates ( continuous chain or ribbon structures ) both sharing two , phyllo - silicates ( continuous sheets ) sharing three , and tecto - silicates ( continuous three - dimensional frameworks ) sharing four . The lattice of oxygen atoms that results is usually close - packed or close to it , with the charge being balanced by other cations in various different polyhedral sites according to size . The orthosilicates MII 2SiO 4 ( M = Be , Mg , Mn , Fe , Zn ) and ZrSiO are neso - silicates . Be SiO ( phenacite ) is rather unusual as both Be and Si occupy tetrahedral four - coordinated sites ; the other divalent cations instead occupy six - coordinated octahedral sites and often isomorphously replace each other as in olivine , ( Mg , Fe , Mn ) SiO . Zircon , ZrSiO , demands eight - coordination of the Zr cations due to stoichiometry and because of their larger ionic radius ( 84 pm ) . Also significant are the garnets , ( MII 3MIII 2 ( SiO 4 ) 3 ) , in which the divalent cations ( e.g. Ca , Mg , Fe ) are eight - coordinated and the trivalent ones are six - coordinated ( e.g. Al , Cr , Fe ) . Regular coordination is not always present : for example , it is not found in Ca SiO , which mixes six - and eight - coordinate sites for Ca . Soro - silicates , involving discrete double or triple tetrahedral units , are quite rare : metasilicates involving cyclic `` ( ( SiO ) ) '' units of corner - abutting tetrahedra forming a polygonal ring are also known . Chain metasilicates , ( SiO 2 − 3 ) ∞ , form by the corner - sharing of an indefinite chain of linked ( SiO ) tetrahedra . Many differences arise due to the differing repeat distances of conformation across the line of tetrahedra . A repeat distance of two is most common , as in most pyroxene minerals , but repeat distances of one , three , four , five , six , seven , nine , and twelve are also known . These chains can then link across each other to form double chains and ribbons , as in the asbestos minerals , involving repeated chains of cyclic tetrahedron rings . A typical zeolite structure Layer silicates , such as the clay minerals and the micas , are very common , and are often formed by horizontal cross-linking of metasilicate chains or planar condensation of smaller units . An example is kaolinite ( Al ( OH ) Si O ) ; in many of these minerals cation and anion replacement is common , so that for example tetrahedral Si may be replaced by Al , octahedral Al by Mg , and OH by F. Three - dimensional framework aluminosilicates are structurally very complex ; they may be conceived of as starting from the SiO structure , but having replaced up to one - half of the Si atoms with Al they require more cations to be included in the structure to balance charge . Examples include feldspars ( the most abundant minerals on the Earth ) , zeolites , and ultramarines . Many feldspars can be thought of as forming part of the ternary system NaAlSi O -- KAlSi O -- CaAl Si O. Their lattice is destroyed by high pressure prompting Al to undergo six - coordination rather than four - coordination , and this reaction destroying feldspars may be a reason for the Mohorovičić discontinuity , which would imply that the crust and mantle have the same chemical composition but different lattices , although this is not a universally held view . Zeolites have many polyhedral cavities in their frameworks ( truncated cuboctahedra being most common , but other polyhedra are also known as zeolite cavities ) , allowing them to include loosely bound molecules such as water in their structure . Ultramarines alternate silicon and aluminium atoms and include a variety of other anions such as Cl , SO 2 − 4 , and S2 − 2 , but are otherwise similar to the feldspars . Other Inorganic compounds Silicon disulfide ( SiS ) is formed by burning silicon in gaseous sulfur at 100 ° C ; sublimation of the resulting compound in nitrogen results in white , flexible long fibres reminiscent of asbestos with a structure similar to W - silica . This melts at 1090 ° C and sublimes at 1250 ° C ; at high temperature and pressure this transforms to a crystal structure analogous to cristobalite . However , SiS lacks the variety of structures of SiO , and quickly hydrolyses to silica and hydrogen sulfide . It is also ammonoloysed quickly and completely by liquid ammonia as follows to form an imide : SiS + 4 NH → Si ( NH ) + 2 NH SH It reacts with the sulfides of sodium , magnesium , aluminium , and iron to form metal thiosilicates : reaction with ethanol results in ethylsilicate Si ( OEt ) and hydrogen sulfide . Ethylsilicate is useful as its controlled hydrolysis produces adhesive or film - like forms of silica . Reacting hydrogen sulfide with silicon tetrahalides yields silicon thiohalides such as S ( SiCl ) , cyclic Cl Si ( μ - S ) SiCl , and crystalline ( SiSCl ) . Despite the double bond rule , stable organosilanethiones RR'Si = S have been made thanks to the stabilising mechanism of intermolecular coordination via an amine group . Silicon nitride , Si N , can be formed by directly reacting silicon with nitrogen above 1300 ° C , but a more economical means of production is by heating silica and coke in a stream of nitrogen and hydrogen gas at 1500 ° C. It would make a promising ceramic if not for the difficulty of working with and sintering it : it is chemically near - totally inert , and even above 1000 ° C it keeps its strength , shape , and continues to be resistant to wear and corrosion . It is very hard ( 9 on the Mohs hardness scale ) , dissociates only at 1900 ° C at 1 atm , and is quite dense ( density 3.185 g / cm ) , because of its compact structure similar to that of phenacite ( Be SiO ) . A similar refractory material is Si N O , formed by heating silicon and silica at 1450 ° C in an argon stream containing 5 % nitrogen gas , involving 4 - coordinate silicon and 3 - coordinate nitrogen alternating in puckered hexagonal tilings interlinked by non-linear Si -- O -- Si linkages to each other . Reacting silyl halides with ammonia or alkylammonia derivatives in the gaseous phase or in ethanolic solution produces various volatile silylamides , which are silicon analogues of the amines : 3 SiH Cl + 4 NH → N ( SiH ) + 3 NH Cl SiH Br + 2 Me NH → SiH NMe + Me NH Br 4 SiH I + 5 N H → ( SiH ) NN ( SiH ) + 4 N H I Many such compounds have been prepared , the only known restriction being that the nitrogen is always tertiary , and species containing the SiH -- NH group are unstable at room temperature . The stoichiometry around the nitrogen atom in compounds such as N ( SiH ) is planar , which has been attributed to ap -- d interaction between a lone pair on nitrogen and an empty d orbital on silicon . Similarly , trisilylamines are weaker as ligands than their carbon analogues , the tertiary amines , although substitution of some SiH groups by CH groups mitigates this weakness . Thus , for example , N ( SiH ) does not form an adduct with BH at all , while MeN ( SiH ) and Me NSiH form adducts at low temperatures that decompose upon warming . Some silicon analogues of imines , with a Si = N double bond , are known : the first found was Bu Si = N -- SiBu , which was discovered in 1986 . Silicon carbide Silicon carbide ( SiC ) was first made by Edward Goodrich Acheson in 1891 , who named it carborundum to reference its intermediate hardness and abrasive power between diamond ( an allotrope of carbon ) and corundum ( aluminium oxide ) . He soon founded a company to manufacture it , and today about one million tonnes are produced each year . Silicon carbide exists in about 250 crystalline forms . The polymorphism of SiC is characterized by a large family of similar crystalline structures called polytypes . They are variations of the same chemical compound that are identical in two dimensions and differ in the third . Thus , they can be viewed as layers stacked in a certain sequence . It is made industrially by reduction of quartz sand with excess coke or anthracite at 2000 -- 2500 ° C in an electric furnace : SiO + 2 C → Si + 2 CO Si + C → SiC It is the most thermally stable binary silicon compound , only decomposing through loss of silicon starting from around 2700 ° C. It is resistant to most aqueous acids , phosphoric acid being an exception . It forms a protective layer of silicon dioxide on the surface and hence only oxidises appreciably in air above 1000 ° C ; removal of this layer by molten hydroxides or carbonates leads to quick oxidation . Silicon carbide is rapidly attacked by chlorine gas , which forms SiCl and carbon at 100 ° C and SiCl and CCl at 1000 ° C. It is mostly used as an abrasive and a refractory materia , as it is chemically stable and very strong , and it fractures to form a very sharp cutting edge . It is also useful as an intrinsic semiconductor , as well as an extrinsic semiconductor upon being doped . In its diamond - like behaviour it serves as an illustration of the chemical similarity between carbon and silicon . Organosilicon compounds Main article : Organosilicon A hydrosilylation reaction , in which Si -- H is added to an unsaturated substrate Because the Si -- C bond is close in strength to the C -- C bond , organosilicon compounds tend to be markedly thermally and chemically stable . For example , tetraphenylsilane ( SiPh ) may be distilled in air even at its boiling point of 428 ° C , and so can its substituted derivatives Ph SiCl and Ph SiCl , which boil at 378 ° C and 305 ° C respectively . Furthermore , since carbon and silicon are chemical congeners , organosilicon chemistry shows some significant similarities with carbon chemistry , for example in the propensity of such compounds for catenation and forming multiple bonds . However , significant differences also arise : since silicon is more electropositive than carbon , bonds to more electronegative elements are generally stronger with silicon than with carbon , and vice versa . Thus the Si -- F bond is significantly stronger than even the C -- F bond and is one of the strongest single bonds , while the Si -- H bond is much weaker than the C -- H bond and is readily broken . Furthermore , the ability of silicon to expand its octet is not shared by carbon , and hence some organosilicon reactions have no organic analogues . For example , nucleophilic attack on silicon does not proceed by the S 2 or S 1 processes , but instead goes through a negatively charged true pentacoordinate intermediate and appears like a substitution at a hindered tertiary atom . This works for silicon , unlike for carbon , because the long Si -- C bonds reduce the steric hindrance and the d - orbital of silicon is geometrically unconstrained for nucleophilic attack , unlike for example a C -- O σ * antibonding orbital . Nevertheless , despite these differences , the mechanism is still often called `` S 2 at silicon '' for simplicity . One of the most useful silicon - containing groups is trimethylsilyl , Me Si -- . The Si -- C bond connecting it to the rest of the molecule is reasonably strong , allowing it to remain while the rest of the molecule undergoes reactions , but is not so strong that it can not be removed specifically when needed , for example by the fluoride ion , which is a very weak nucleophile for carbon compounds but a very strong one for organosilicon compounds . It may be compared to acidic protons ; while trisilylmethyl is removed by hard nucleophiles instead of bases , both removals usually promote elimination . As a general rule , while saturated carbon is best attacked by nucleophiles that are neutral compounds , those based on nonmetals far down on the periodic table ( e.g. sulfur , selenium , or iodine ) , or even both , silicon is best attacked by charged nucleophiles , particularly those involving such highly electronegative nonmetals as oxygen , fluorine , or chlorine . For example , enolates react at the carbon in haloalkanes , but at the oxygen in silyl chlorides ; and when trimethylsilyl is removed from an organic molecule using hydroxide as a nucleophile , the product of the reaction is not the silanol as one would expect from using carbon chemistry as an analogy , because the siloxide is strongly nucleophilic and attacks the original molecule to yield the silyl ether hexamethyldisiloxane , ( Me Si ) O. Conversely , while the S 2 reaction is mostly unaffected by the presence of a partial positive charge ( δ + ) at the carbon , the analogous `` S 2 '' reaction at silicon is so affected . Thus , for example , the silyl triflates are so electrophilic that they react 10 to 10 times faster than silyl chlorides with oxygen - containing nucleophiles . Trimethylsilyl triflate is in particular a very good Lewis acid and is used to convert carbonyl compounds to acetals and silyl enol ethers , reacting them together analogously to the aldol reaction . Si -- C bonds are commonly formed in three ways . In the laboratory , preparation is often carried out in small quantities by reacting tetrachlorosilane with organolithium , Grignard , or organoaluminium reagents , or by catalytic addition of Si -- H across C = C double bonds . The second route has the drawback of not being applicable to the most important silanes , the methyl and phenyl silanes . Organosilanes are made industrially by directly reacting alkyl or aryl halides with silicon with 10 % by weight metallic copper as a catalyst . Standard organic reactions suffice to produce many derivatives ; the resulting organosilanes are often significantly more reactive than their carbon congeners , readily undergoing hydrolysis , ammonolysis , alcoholysis , and condensation to form cyclic oligomers or linear polymers . Silicone polymers Main article : Silicone Structure of polydimethylsiloxane , the principal component of silicones The word `` silicone '' was first used by Frederick Kipping in 1901 . He invented the word to illustrate the similarity of chemical formulae between Ph SiO and benzophenone , Ph CO , although he also stressed the lack of chemical resemblance due to the polymeric structure of Ph SiO , which is not shared by Ph CO . Silicones may be considered analogous to mineral silicates , in which the methyl groups of the silicones correspond to the isoelectronic O of the silicates . They are quite stable to extreme temperatures , oxidation , and water , and have useful dielectric , antistick , and antifoam properties . Furthermore , they are resistant over long periods of time to ultraviolet radiation and weathering , and are inert physiologically . They are fairly unreactive , but do react with concentrated solutions bearing the hydroxide ion and fluorinating agents , and occasionally can be even used as mild reagents for selective syntheses . For example , ( Me Si ) O is valuable for the preparation of derivatives of molybdenum and tungsten oxyhalides , converting a tungsten hexachloride suspension in dichloroethane solution quantitatively to WOCl in under an hour at room temperature , and then to yellow WO Cl at 100 ° C in light petroleum at a yield of 95 % overnight . Occurrence Olivine In the universe , silicon is the seventh most abundant element , coming after hydrogen , helium , carbon , nitrogen , oxygen , and neon . These abundances are not replicated well on Earth due to substantial separation of the elements taking place during the formation of the Solar System . Silicon makes up 27.2 % of the Earth 's crust by weight , second only to oxygen at 45.5 % , with which it is always associated in nature . Further fractionation took place in the formation of the Earth by planetary differentiation : Earth 's core , which makes up 31.5 % of the mass of the Earth , has approximate composition Fe Ni Co S ; the mantle makes up 68.1 % of the Earth 's mass and is composed mostly of denser oxides and silicates , an example being olivine , ( Mg , Fe ) SiO ; while the lighter siliceous minerals rise to the surface and form the crust , making up 0.4 % of the Earth 's mass . The crystallisation of igneous rocks from magma depends on a number of factors ; among them are the chemical composition of the magma , the cooling rate , and some properties of the individual minerals to be formed , such as lattice energy , melting point , and complexity of their crystal structure . As magma is cooled , olivine appears first , followed by pyroxene , amphibole , biotite mica , orthoclase feldspar , muscovite mica , quartz , zeolites , and finally hydrothermal minerals . This sequence shows a trend towards increasingly complex silicate units with cooling , and the introduction of hydroxide and fluoride anions in addition to oxides . Many metals can substitute for silicon . After these igneous rocks undergo weathering , transport , and deposition , sedimentary rocks like clay , shale , and sandstone are formed . Metamorphism also can occur at high temperatures and pressures , creating an even vaster variety of minerals . Production Silicon of 96 -- 99 % purity is made by reducing quartzite or sand with highly pure coke . The reduction is carried out in an electric arc furnace , with an excess of SiO used to stop silicon carbide from accumulating : SiO + 2 C → Si + 2 CO 2 SiC + SiO → 3 Si + 2 CO Ferrosilicon alloy This reaction , known as carbothermal reduction of silicon dioxide , is usually conducted in the presence of scrap iron with low amounts of phosphorus and sulfur , produing ferrosilicon . Ferrosilicon , an iron - silicon alloy that contains varying ratios of elemental silicon and iron , accounts for about 80 % of the world 's production of elemental silicon , with China , the leading supplier of elemental silicon , providing 4.6 million tonnes ( or 2 / 3 of the world output ) of silicon , most of which is in the form of ferrosilicon . It is followed by Russia ( 610,000 t ) , Norway ( 330,000 t ) , Brazil ( 240,000 t ) and the United States ( 170,000 t ) . Ferrosilicon is primarily used by the iron and steel industry ( see below ) with primary use as alloying addition in iron or steel and for de-oxidation of steel in integrated steel plants . Another sometimes used reaction is aluminothermal reduction of silicon dioxide , as follows : 3 SiO + 4 Al → 3 Si + 2 Al O Leaching powdered 96 -- 97 % pure silicon with water results in ~ 98.5 % pure silicon , which is used in the chemical industry . However , even greater purity is needed for semiconductor applications , and this is produced from the reduction of tetrachlorosilane or trichlorosilane . The former is made by chlorinating scrap silicon and the latter is a byproduct of silicone production . These compounds are volatile and hence can be purified by repeated fractional distillation , followed by reduction to elemental silicon with very pure zinc metal as the reeducing agent . The spongy pieces of silicon thus produced are melted and then grown to form cylindrical single crystals , before being purified by zone refining . Other routes use the thermal decomposition of silane or tetraiodosilane . Another process used is the reduction of sodium hexafluorosilicate , a common waste product of the phosphate fertiliser industry , by metallic sodium : this is highly exothermic and hence requires no outside fuel source . Hyperfine silicon is made at a higher purity than almost every other material : transistor production requires impurity levels in silicon crystals less than 1 part per 10 , and in special cases impurity levels below 1 part per 10 are needed and attained . Applications Compounds Most silicon is used industrially without being purified , and indeed often with comparatively little processing from its natural form . Over 90 % of the Earth 's crust is composed of silicate minerals , which are compounds of silicon and oxygen , often with metallic ions when negatively charged silicate anions require cations to balance the charge . Many of these have direct commercial uses , such as clays , silica sand and most kinds of building stone . Thus , the vast majority of uses for silicon are as structural compounds , either as the silicate minerals or silica ( crude silicon dioxide ) . Silicates are used in making Portland cement ( made mostly of calcium silicates ) which is used in building mortar and modern stucco , but more importantly , combined with silica sand , and gravel ( usually containing silicate minerals like granite ) , to make the concrete that is the basis of most of the very largest industrial building projects of the modern world . Silica is used to make fire brick , a type of ceramic . Silicate minerals are also in whiteware ceramics , an important class of products usually containing various types of fired clay minerals ( natural aluminium phyllosilicates ) . An example is porcelain which is based on the silicate mineral kaolinite . Traditional glass ( silica - based soda - lime glass ) also functions in many of the same ways , and is also used for windows and containers . In addition , specialty silica based glass fibers are used for optical fiber , as well as to produce fiberglass for structural support and glass wool for thermal insulation . Silicones are often used in waterproofing treatments , molding compounds , mold - release agents , mechanical seals , high temperature greases and waxes , and caulking compounds . Silicone is also sometimes used in breast implants , contact lenses , explosives and pyrotechnics . Silly Putty was originally made by adding boric acid to silicone oil . Other silicon compounds function as high - technology abrasives and new high - strength ceramics based upon silicon carbide . Silicon is a component of some superalloys . Alloys Elemental silicon is added to molten cast iron as ferrosilicon or silicocalcium alloys to improve performance in casting thin sections and to prevent the formation of cementite where exposed to outside air . The presence of elemental silicon in molten iron acts as a sink for oxygen , so that the steel carbon content , which must be kept within narrow limits for each type of steel , can be more closely controlled . Ferrosilicon production and use is a monitor of the steel industry , and although this form of elemental silicon is grossly impure , it accounts for 80 % of the world 's use of free silicon . Silicon is an important constituent of electrical steel , modifying its resistivity and ferromagnetic properties . The properties of silicon can be used to modify alloys with metals other than iron . `` Metallurgical grade '' silicon is silicon of 95 -- 99 % purity . About 55 % of the world consumption of metallurgical purity silicon goes for production of aluminium - silicon alloys ( silumin alloys ) for aluminium part casts , mainly for use in the automotive industry . Silicon 's importance in aluminium casting is that a significantly high amount ( 12 % ) of silicon in aluminium forms a eutectic mixture which solidifies with very little thermal contraction . This greatly reduces tearing and cracks formed from stress as casting alloys cool to solidity . Silicon also significantly improves the hardness and thus wear - resistance of aluminium . Electronics Main article : Semiconductor device fabrication Silicon wafer with mirror finish Most elemental silicon produced remains as a ferrosilicon alloy , and only about 20 % is refined to metallurgical grade purity ( a total of 1.3 -- 1.5 million metric tons / year ) . An estimated 15 % of the world production of metallurgical grade silicon is further refined to semiconductor purity . However , the economic importance of this small very high - purity fraction ( especially the ~ 5 % which is processed to monocrystalline silicon for integrated circuits ) is disproportionately large . Pure monocrystalline silicon is used to produce silicon wafers used in the semiconductor industry , in electronics , and in some high - cost and high - efficiency photovoltaic applications . Pure silicon is an intrinsic semiconductor , which means that unlike metals , it conducts electron holes and electrons released from atoms by heat ; silicon 's electrical conductivity increases with higher temperatures . Pure silicon has too low a conductivity ( i.e. , too high a resistivity ) to be used as a circuit element in electronics . In practice , pure silicon is doped with small concentrations of certain other elements , which greatly increase its conductivity and adjust its electrical response by controlling the number and charge ( positive or negative ) of activated carriers . Such control is necessary for transistors , solar cells , semiconductor detectors , and other semiconductor devices used in the computer industry and other technical applications . In silicon photonics , silicon can be used as a continuous wave Raman laser medium to produce coherent light , though it is ineffective as an everyday light source . In common integrated circuits , a wafer of monocrystalline silicon serves as a mechanical support for the circuits , which are created by doping and insulated from each other by thin layers of silicon oxide , an insulator that is easily produced by exposing the element to oxygen under the proper conditions . Silicon has become the most popular material for both high power semiconductors and integrated circuits because it can withstand the highest temperatures and greatest electrical activity without suffering avalanche breakdown ( an electron avalanche is created when heat produces free electrons and holes , which in turn pass more current , which produces more heat ) . In addition , the insulating oxide of silicon is not soluble in water , which gives it an advantage over germanium ( an element with similar properties which can also be used in semiconductor devices ) in certain fabrication techniques . Monocrystalline silicon is expensive to produce , and is usually justified only in production of integrated circuits , where tiny crystal imperfections can interfere with tiny circuit paths . For other uses , other types of pure silicon may be employed . These include hydrogenated amorphous silicon and upgraded metallurgical - grade silicon ( UMG - Si ) used in the production of low - cost , large - area electronics in applications such as liquid crystal displays and of large - area , low - cost , thin - film solar cells . Such semiconductor grades of silicon are either slightly less pure or polycrystalline rather than monocrystalline , and are produced in comparable quatities as the monocrystalline silicon : 75,000 to 150,000 metric tons per year . The market for the lesser grade is growing more quickly than for monocrystalline silicon . By 2013 , polycrystalline silicon production , used mostly in solar cells , was projected to reach 200,000 metric tons per year , while monocrystalline semiconductor grade silicon was expected to remain less than 50,000 tons / year . Mechanical watches Since 2000 , silicon has found a new use in mechanical watch movements . Several manufacturers of mechanical watch movements have incorporated silicon parts , mainly in the escapements and balance wheel regions . Silicon hair - springs are becoming more common as are silicon escapement wheels and forks . Silicon has several desirable properties when used in these contexts ; It is thermally stable , shock resistant , and requires little to no lubrication . Ulysse Nardin pioneered these applications , with Omega , Breguet , Patek , Rolex , Cartier , and Damasko following . Most of these parts for watch movements are manufactured by deep reactive - ion etching ( DRIE ) . Biological role A diatom , enclosed in a silica cell wall Although silicon is readily available in the form of silicates , very few organisms use it directly . Diatoms , radiolaria and siliceous sponges use biogenic silica as a structural material for skeletons . In more advanced plants , the silica phytoliths ( opal phytoliths ) are rigid microscopic bodies occurring in the cell ; some plants , for example rice , need silicon for their growth . There is some evidence that silicon is important to nail , hair , bone and skin health in humans , for example in studies that show that premenopausal women with higher dietary silicon intake have higher bone density , and that silicon supplementation can increase bone volume and density in patients with osteoporosis . Silicon is needed for synthesis of elastin and collagen , of which the aorta contains the greatest quantity in the human body . Silicon is currently under consideration for elevation to the status of a `` plant beneficial substance by the Association of American Plant Food Control Officials ( AAPFCO ) . '' Silicon has been shown in university and field studies to improve plant cell wall strength and structural integrity , improve drought and frost resistance , decrease lodging potential , and boost the plant 's natural pest and disease fighting systems . Silicon has also been shown to improve plant vigor and physiology by improving root mass and density , and increasing above - ground plant biomass and crop yields . Safety People can be exposed to silicon in the workplace by breathing it in , swallowing it , skin contact , and eye contact . The Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA ) has set the legal limit ( Permissible exposure limit ) for silicon exposure in the workplace as 15 mg / m total exposure and 5 mg / m respiratory exposure over an 8 - hour workday . The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( NIOSH ) has set a Recommended exposure limit ( REL ) of 10 mg / m total exposure and 5 mg / m respiratory exposure over an 8 - hour workday . See also Amorphous silicon Black silicon Covalent superconductors List of countries by silicon production List of silicon producers Monocrystalline silicon Silicon Nanowires ( SiNWs ) Polycrystalline silicon Printed silicon electronics Silicon tombac Silicon Valley Silicon Wadi Transistor Books View or order collections of articles Silicon Period 3 elements Carbon group Chemical elements ( sorted alphabetically ) Chemical elements ( sorted by number ) Portals Access related topics Chemistry portal Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects Media from Commons Definitions from Wiktionary Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Bibliography Clayden , Jonathan ; Greeves , Nick ; Warren , Stuart ( 2012 ) . Organic Chemistry ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 927029 - 3 . Greenwood , Norman N. ; Earnshaw , Alan ( 1997 ) . Chemistry of the Elements ( 2nd ed . ) . Butterworth - Heinemann . ISBN 0 - 08 - 037941 - 9 . King , R. Bruce ( 1995 ) . Inorganic Chemistry of Main Group Elements . Wiley - VCH . ISBN 0 - 471 - 18602 - 3 . References Jump up ^ Meija , J. ; et al. ( 2016 ) . `` Atomic weights of the elements 2013 ( IUPAC Technical Report ) '' . Pure Appl . Chem. 88 ( 3 ) : 265 -- 91 . doi : 10.1515 / pac - 2015 - 0305 . Jump up ^ Ram , R.S. ; et al. ( 1998 ) . `` Fourier Transform Emission Spectroscopy of the A2D -- X2P Transition of SiH and SiD '' ( PDF ) . J. Mol . Spectr. 190 : 341 -- 352 . PMID 9668026 . Jump up ^ Eranna , Golla ( 2014 ) . Crystal Growth and Evaluation of Silicon for VLSI and ULSI . CRC Press . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4822 - 3281 - 3 . Jump up ^ Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds , in Lide , D.R. , ed. ( 2005 ) . CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics ( 86th ed . ) . Boca Raton ( FL ) : CRC Press . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 0486 - 5 . Jump up ^ Weast , Robert ( 1984 ) . CRC , Handbook of Chemistry and Physics . Boca Raton , Florida : Chemical Rubber Company Publishing . pp. E110 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 0464 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Hopcroft , Matthew A. ; Nix , William D. ; Kenny , Thomas W. ( 2010 ) . `` What is the Young 's Modulus of Silicon ? '' . Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems . 19 ( 2 ) : 229 . doi : 10.1109 / JMEMS. 2009.2039697 . Jump up ^ Weeks , Mary Elvira ( 1932 ) . `` The discovery of the elements : XII . Other elements isolated with the aid of potassium and sodium : beryllium , boron , silicon , and aluminum '' . Journal of Chemical Education . 9 ( 8 ) : 1386 -- 1412 . Bibcode : 1932JChEd ... 9.1386 W . doi : 10.1021 / ed009p1386 . Jump up ^ Voronkov , M.G. ( 2007 ) . `` Silicon era '' . Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry . 80 ( 12 ) : 2190 . doi : 10.1134 / S1070427207120397 . Jump up ^ Nave , R. Abundances of the Elements in the Earth 's Crust , Georgia State University Jump up ^ Nielsen , Forrest H. ( 1984 ) . `` Ultratrace Elements in Nutrition '' . Annual Review of Nutrition. 4 : 21 -- 41 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. nu. 04.070184. 000321 . PMID 6087860 . Jump up ^ Cutter , Elizabeth G. ( 1978 ) . Plant Anatomy . Part 1 Cells and Tissues ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Edward Arnold . ISBN 0 - 7131 - 2639 - 6 . Jump up ^ In his table of the elements , Lavoisier listed five `` salifiable earths '' ( i.e. , ores that could be made to react with acids to produce salts ( salis = salt , in Latin ) : chaux ( calcium oxide ) , magnésie ( magnesia , magnesium oxide ) , baryte ( barium sulfate ) , alumine ( alumina , aluminium oxide ) , and silice ( silica , silicon dioxide ) . About these `` elements '' , Lavoisier speculates : `` We are probably only acquainted as yet with a part of the metallic substances existing in nature , as all those which have a stronger affinity to oxygen than carbon possesses , are incapable , hitherto , of being reduced to a metallic state , and consequently , being only presented to our observation under the form of oxyds , are confounded with earths . It is extremely probable that barytes , which we have just now arranged with earths , is in this situation ; for in many experiments it exhibits properties nearly approaching to those of metallic bodies . It is even possible that all the substances we call earths may be only metallic oxyds , irreducible by any hitherto known process . '' -- from page 218 of : Lavoisier with Robert Kerr , trans. , Elements of Chemistry , ... , 4th ed . ( Edinburgh , Scotland : William Creech , 1799 ) . ( The original passage appears in : Lavoisier , Traité Élémentaire de Chimie , ( Paris , France : Cuchet , 1789 ) , vol. 1 , p. 174 . ) ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , p. 328 -- 9 Jump up ^ Davy , Humphry ( 1808 ) `` Electro chemical researches , on the decomposition of the earths ; with observations on the metals obtained from the alkaline earths , and on the amalgam procured from ammonia , '' Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society ( of London ) , 98 : 333 -- 370 . On p. 353 Davy coins the name `` silicium '' : `` Had I been so fortunate as to have obtained more certain evidences on this subject , and to have procured the metallic substances I was in search of , I should have proposed for them the names of silicium ( silicon ) , alumium ( aluminium ) , zirconium , and glucium ( beryllium ) . '' Jump up ^ `` 14 Silicon '' . Elements.vanderkrogt.net . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Gay - Lussac and Thenard , Recherches physico - chimiques ... ( Paris , France : Deterville , 1811 ) , vol. 1 , pp. 313 -- 314 ; vol. 2 , pp. 55 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Thomas Thomson , A System of Chemistry in Four Volumes , 5th ed . ( London , England : Baldwin , Cradock , and Joy , 1817 ) , vol. 1 . From p. 252 : `` The base of silica has been usually considered as a metal , and called silicium . But as there is not the smallest evidence for its metallic nature , and as it bears a close resemblance to boron and carbon , it is better to class it along with these bodies , and to give it the name of silicon . '' Jump up ^ See : Berzelius announced his discovery of silicon ( `` silicium '' ) in : Berzelius , J. ( presented : 1823 ; published : 1824 ) `` Undersökning af flusspatssyran och dess märkvärdigaste föreningar '' ( Investigation of hydrofluoric acid and of its most noteworthy compounds ) , Kongliga Vetenskaps - Academiens Handlingar ( Proceedings of the Royal Science Academy ) , 12 : 46 -- 98 . The isolation of silicon and its characterization are detailed in the section titled `` Flussspatssyrad kisseljords sönderdelning med kalium , '' pp. 46 -- 68 . The above article was reprinted in German in : J.J. Berzelius ( 1824 ) `` II . Untersuchungen über Flussspathsäure und deren merkwürdigsten Verbindungen '' ( II . Investigations of hydrofluoric acid and its most noteworthy compounds ) , Annalen der Physik , 77 : 169 -- 230 . The isolation of silicon is detailed in the section titled : `` Zersetzung der flussspaths . Kieselerde durch Kalium '' ( Decomposition of silicate fluoride by potassium ) , pp. 204 -- 210 . The above article was reprinted in French in : Berzelius ( 1824 ) `` Décomposition du fluate de silice par le potassium '' ( Decomposition of silica fluoride by potassium ) , Annales de Chimie et de Physique , 27 : 337 -- 359 . Reprinted in English in : Berzelius ( 1825 ) `` On the mode of obtaining silicium , and on the characters and properties of that substance , '' Philosophical Magazine , 65 ( 324 ) : 254 -- 267 . Jump up ^ Weeks , Mary Elvira ( 1932 ) . `` The discovery of the elements : XII . Other elements isolated with the aid of potassium and sodium : beryllium , boron , silicon , and aluminum '' . Journal of Chemical Education . 9 ( 8 ) : 1386 -- 1412 . Bibcode : 1932JChEd ... 9.1386 W . doi : 10.1021 / ed009p1386 . Jump up ^ Voronkov , M.G. ( 2007 ) . `` Silicon era '' . Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry . 80 ( 12 ) : 2190 . doi : 10.1134 / S1070427207120397 . Jump up ^ In 1854 , Deville was trying to prepare aluminium metal from aluminium chloride that was heavily contaminated with silicon chloride . Deville used two methods to prepare aluminium : heating aluminium chloride with sodium metal in an inert atmosphere ( of hydrogen ) ; and melting aluminum chloride with sodium chloride and then electrolyzing the mixture . In both cases , pure silicon was produced : the silicon dissolved in the molten aluminium , but crystallized upon cooling . Dissolving the crude aluminum in hydrochloric acid revealed flakes of crystallized silicon . See : Henri Sainte - Claire Deville ( 1854 ) `` Note sur deux procédés de préparation de l'aluminium et sur une nouvelle forme du silicium '' ( Note on two procedures for the preparation of aluminium and on a new form of silicon ) , Comptes rendus , 39 : 321 -- 326 . Subsequently Deville obtained crystalline silicon by heating the chloride or fluoride of silicon with sodium metal , isolating the amorphous silicon , then melting the amorphous form with salt and heating the mixture until most of the salt evaporated . See : H. Sainte - Claire Deville ( 1855 ) `` Du silicium et du titane '' ( On silicon and titanium ) , Comptes rendus , 40 : 1034 -- 1036 . Jump up ^ Information on silicon -- history , thermodynamic , chemical , physical and electronic properties : Etacude.com . Elements.etacude.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Silicon : History . Nautilus.fis.uc.pt . Retrieved on 2011 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Aufray , B. ; Kara , A. ; Vizzini , S.B. ; Oughaddou , H. ; LéAndri , C. ; Ealet , B. ; Le Lay , G. ( 2010 ) . `` Graphene - like silicon nanoribbons on Ag ( 110 ) : A possible formation of silicene '' . Applied Physics Letters. 96 ( 18 ) : 183102 . Bibcode : 2010ApPhL ... 96r3102A . doi : 10.1063 / 1.3419932 . Jump up ^ Lalmi , B. ; Oughaddou , H. ; Enriquez , H. ; Kara , A. ; Vizzini , S.B. ; Ealet , B.N. ; Aufray , B. ( 2010 ) . `` Epitaxial growth of a silicene sheet '' . Applied Physics Letters. 97 ( 22 ) : 223109 . arXiv : 1204.0523 . Bibcode : 2010ApPhL ... 97v3109L . doi : 10.1063 / 1.3524215 . ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , pp. 337 -- 40 Jump up ^ Uskali , T. , & Nordfors , D. ( 2007 , 23 May ) . The role of journalism in creating the metaphor of Silicon Valley . Paper presented at the Innovation Journalism 4 Conference , Stanford University , Palo Alto , Calif. , http://www.innovationjournalism.org/ij4/presentations/turouskalidavidnordfors.pdf , retrieved 8 August 2016 Jump up ^ King , pp. xiii -- xviii ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , p. 372 ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , pp. 331 -- 5 ^ Jump up to : NNDC contributors ( 2008 ) . Alejandro A. Sonzogni ( Database Manager ) , ed . `` Chart of Nuclides '' . Upton ( NY ) : National Nuclear Data Center , Brookhaven National Laboratory . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Jerschow , Alexej . `` Interactive NMR Frequency Map '' . New York University . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , p. 330 -- 1 Jump up ^ Cameron , A.G.W. ( 1973 ) . `` Abundance of the Elements in the Solar System '' ( PDF ) . Space Science Reviews . 15 : 121 -- 146 . Bibcode : 1973SSRv ... 15 ... 121C . doi : 10.1007 / BF00172440 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Kaupp , Martin ( 1 December 2006 ) . `` The role of radial nodes of atomic orbitals for chemical bonding and the periodic table '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Computational Chemistry . 28 ( 1 ) : 320 -- 5 . doi : 10.1002 / jcc. 20522 . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : King , pp. 43 -- 4 ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , p. 374 ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , pp. 335 -- 7 Jump up ^ King , pp. 45 -- 7 Jump up ^ E. Wiber , Alfred Stock and the Renaissance of Inorganic Chemistry , '' Pure Appl . Chem. , Vol. 49 ( 1977 ) pp. 691 - 700 . Jump up ^ J.W. Mellor , `` A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry , '' Vol . VI , Longman , Green and Co. ( 1947 ) pp. 223 - 227 . Jump up ^ W.W. Porterfield , Inorganic Chemistry : A Unified Approach , 2nd Ed. `` , Academic Press ( 1993 ) , p. 219 . Jump up ^ Inorganic Chemistry , Holleman - Wiberg , John Wiley & Sons ( 2001 ) p. 844 . Jump up ^ King , p. 47 Jump up ^ Miller , R.D. ; Michl , J. ( 1989 ) . `` Polysilane high polymers '' . Chemical Reviews . 89 ( 6 ) : 1359 . doi : 10.1021 / cr00096a006 . ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , pp. 340 -- 2 ^ Jump up to : King , p. 48 ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , pp. 342 -- 7 ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , pp. 347 -- 59 Jump up ^ Geological Survey ( U.S. ) ( 1975 ) . Geological Survey professional paper . Jump up ^ Korzhinsky , M.A. ; Tkachenko , S.I. ; Shmulovich , K.I. ; Steinberg , G.S. ( 1995 ) . `` Native AI and Si formation '' . Nature . 375 ( 6532 ) : 544 -- 544 . Bibcode : 1995Natur. 375 ... 544K . doi : 10.1038 / 375544a0 . ISSN 0028 - 0836 . Jump up ^ Cordua , Courtesy of Dr Bill ( 1998 - 01 - 10 ) , English : PDF file entitled : `` Silicon , Silica , Silicates and Silicone '' ( PDF ) , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 04 - 18 , retrieved 2016 - 03 - 29 ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , pp. 359 -- 61 ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , p. 334 Jump up ^ Cheung , Rebecca ( 2006 ) . Silicon carbide microelectromechanical systems for harsh environments . Imperial College Press . p. 3 . ISBN 1 - 86094 - 624 - 0 . Jump up ^ Morkoç , H. ; Strite , S. ; Gao , G.B. ; Lin , M.E. ; Sverdlov , B. ; Burns , M. ( 1994 ) . `` Large - band - gap SiC , III - V nitride , and II - VI ZnSe - based semiconductor device technologies '' . Journal of Applied Physics. 76 ( 3 ) : 1363 . Bibcode : 1994JAP ... 76.1363 M . doi : 10.1063 / 1.358463 . ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , pp. 361 -- 6 ^ Jump up to : Clayden , pp. 668 -- 77 ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , pp. 329 -- 30 Jump up ^ `` Silicon Commodities Report 2011 '' ( PDF ) . USGS . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Zulehner et al. , p. 574 Jump up ^ Greenwood and Earnshaw , p. 356 Jump up ^ Koch , E.C. ; Clement , D. ( 2007 ) . `` Special Materials in Pyrotechnics : VI . Silicon -- An Old Fuel with New Perspectives '' . Propellants , Explosives , Pyrotechnics. 32 ( 3 ) : 205 . doi : 10.1002 / prep. 200700021 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Tim ( 2005 ) . `` Silly Putty '' . Timeless toys : classic toys and the playmakers who created them . Andrews McMeel Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7407 - 5571 - 2 . Jump up ^ Apelian , D. ( 2009 ) Aluminum Cast Alloys : Enabling Tools for Improved Performance . North American Die Casting Association , Wheeling , Illinois . ^ Jump up to : Corathers , Lisa A. 2009 Minerals Yearbook . USGS Jump up ^ Semiconductors Without the Quantum Physics . Electropaedia Jump up ^ Silicon hairspring . Woundforlife.com . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ The Silicon revolution . Europastar.com ( 2008 - 08 - 27 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Rahman , Atta - ur - . `` Silicon '' . Studies in Natural Products Chemistry . 35 . p. 856 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 53181 - 0 . Jump up ^ Exley , C. ( 1998 ) . `` Silicon in life : A bioinorganic solution to bioorganic essentiality '' . Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry . 69 ( 3 ) : 139 -- 144 . doi : 10.1016 / S0162 - 0134 ( 97 ) 10010 - 1 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Emanuel ( 1999 ) . `` SILICON '' . Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology . 50 : 641 -- 664 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. arplant. 50.1. 641 . PMID 15012222 . Jump up ^ Martin , Keith R. ( 2013 ) . `` Chapter 14 . Silicon : The Health Benefits of a Metalloid '' . In Astrid Sigel ; Helmut Sigel ; Roland K.O. Sigel . Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases . Metal Ions in Life Sciences . 13 . Springer . pp. 451 -- 473 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 007 - 7500 - 8_14 . Jump up ^ Jugdaohsingh , R. ( Mar -- Apr 2007 ) . `` Silicon and bone health '' . The journal of nutrition , health and aging . 11 ( 2 ) : 99 -- 110 . PMC 2658806 . PMID 17435952 . Jump up ^ Loeper , J. ; Loeper , J. ; Fragny , M. ( 1978 ) . `` The Physiological Role of the Silicon and its AntiAtheromatous Action '' . Biochemistry of Silicon and Related Problems : 281 -- 296 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4613 - 4018 - 8_13 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4613 - 4020 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` AAPFCO Board of Directors 2006 Mid-Year Meeting '' . Association of American Plant Food Control Officials . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Miranda , Stephen R. ; Bruce Barker . `` Silicon : Summary of Extraction Methods '' . Harsco Minerals . August 4 , 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Silicon nutrition in plants '' ( PDF ) . Plant Health Care , Inc. : 1 . 12 December 2000 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Prakash , Dr. N.B. ( 2007 ) . `` Evaluation of the calcium silicate as a source of silicon in aerobic and wet rice '' . University of Agricultural Science Bangalore : 1 . Jump up ^ `` CDC -- NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards -- Silicon '' . www.cdc.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 21 . External links Silicon at The Periodic Table of Videos ( University of Nottingham ) CDC -- NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards New Semiconductor Materials -- Ioffe Physicotechnical Institute St. Petersburg , Russia ( hide ) Periodic table ( Large cells ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 He Li Be O Ne Na Mg Al Si Cl Ar Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te Xe 6 Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 7 Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post - ​ transition metal Metalloid Polyatomic nonmetal Diatomic nonmetal Noble gas Unknown chemical properties Silicon compounds Si ( II ) SiO SiS Si ( IV ) SiBr SiC SiCl SiF SiH SiI SiO SiS Si N LCCN : sh85122512 GND : 4077445 - 4 BNF : cb11976956v ( data ) NDL : 00565390 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silicon&oldid=806087910 '' Categories : Silicon Chemical elements Metalloids Group IV semiconductors Pyrotechnic fuels Biology and pharmacology of chemical elements Dietary minerals Reducing agents Native element minerals Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Noindexed articles Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Armãneashti Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego Gĩkũyũ ગુજરાતી 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Коми Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Livvinkarjala La . lojban . Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Māori मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ पालि پنجابی Patois Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् Sardu Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2017 , at 16 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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16th century

16th century - wikipedia 16th century Jump to : navigation , search Millennium : 2nd millennium Centuries : 15th century 16th century 17th century Timelines : 15th century 16th century 17th century State leaders : 15th century 16th century 17th century Decades : 1500s 1510s 1520s 1530s 1540s 1550s 1560s 1570s 1580s 1590s Categories : Births -- Deaths Establishments -- Disestablishments This world map by the Italian Amerigo Vespucci and Belgian Gerardus Mercator besides the classical continents Europe , Africa and Asia shows the Americas as America sive India Nova , New Guinea and other islands of Southeast Asia as well as a hypothetical Arctic continent ( which was purported to have been discovered by Admiral Richard E. Byrd in 1947 ) and a yet undetermined Terra Australis . The Statue of David , completed by Michelangelo in 1504 , is one of the most renowned works of the Renaissance Mona Lisa , by Leonardo da Vinci , c. 1503 -- 1506 , one of the world 's most well - known paintings . Millennium : 2nd millennium Centuries : 15th century 16th century 17th century Timelines : 15th century 16th century 17th century State leaders : 15th century 16th century 17th century Decades : 1500s 1510s 1520s 1530s 1540s 1550s 1560s 1570s 1580s 1590s Categories : Births -- Deaths Establishments -- Disestablishments The 16th century begins with the Julian year 1501 and ends with either the Julian or the Gregorian year 1600 ( depending on the reckoning used ; the Gregorian calendar introduced a lapse of 10 days in October 1582 ) . The 16th century is regarded by historians as the century in which the rise of the West occurred . During the 16th century , Spain and Portugal explored the world 's seas and opened worldwide oceanic trade routes . Large parts of the New World became Spanish and Portuguese colonies , and while the Portuguese became the masters of Asia 's and Africa 's Indian Ocean trade , the Spanish opened trade across the Pacific Ocean , linking the Americas with Asia . This era of colonialism established mercantilism as the leading school of economic thought , where the economic system was viewed as a zero - sum game in which any gain by one party required a loss by another . The mercantilist doctrine encouraged the many intra-European wars of the period and arguably fueled European expansion and imperialism throughout the world until the 19th century or early 20th century . In Europe , the Protestant Reformation gave a major blow to the authority of the papacy and the Roman Catholic Church . European politics became dominated by religious conflicts , with the groundwork for the epochal Thirty Years ' War being laid towards the end of the century . In Italy , Luca Pacioli published the first work ever on accounting and Galileo Galilei made the first thermometer . In England , the Italian Alberico Gentili wrote the first book on public international law and divided secularism from canon law and Roman Catholic theology . In the Middle East , the Ottoman Empire continued to expand , with the Sultan taking the title of Caliph , while dealing with a resurgent Persia . Iran and Iraq were caught by major popularity of the Shiite sect of Islam under the rule of the Safavid dynasty of warrior - mystics , providing grounds for a Persia independent of the majority - Sunni Muslim world . China evacuated the coastal areas , because of Japanese piracy . Japan was suffering a severe civil war at the time . Mughal Emperor Akbar extended the power of the Mughal Empire to cover most of the South Asian sub continent . His rule significantly influenced arts , and culture in the region . Copernicus proposed the heliocentric universe , which was met with strong resistance , and Tycho Brahe refuted the theory of celestial spheres through observational measurement of the 1572 appearance of a Milky Way supernova . These events directly challenged the long - held notion of an immutable universe supported by Ptolemy and Aristotle , and led to major revolutions in astronomy and science . Contents ( hide ) 1 Events 1.1 Undated 1.2 1500s 1.3 1510s 1.4 1520s 1.5 1530s 1.6 1540s 1.7 1550s 1.8 1560s 1.9 1570s 1.10 1580s 1.11 1590s 2 Significant people 2.1 Exploration 2.2 Visual artists 2.3 Musicians and composers 2.4 Literature 2.5 Science and philosophy 3 Inventions , discoveries , introductions 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Events ( edit ) For timelines of earlier events , see 15th century and Timeline of the Middle Ages . Undated ( edit ) Polybius ' `` The Histories '' translated into Italian , English , German and French . Mississippian culture disappears . Medallion rug , variant Star Ushak style , Anatolia ( modern Turkey ) , is made . It is now kept at The Saint Louis Art Museum . 1500s ( edit ) Dr Alberico Gentili , The Father of international law . Battle of Cerignola : El Gran Capitan finds the corpse of Louis d'Armagnac , Duke of Nemours Afonso de Albuquerque Vasily III , Grand Duke of Moscow by André Thévet . 1500 : Charles V , Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain was born . 1500 : Guru Nanak the beginning and spreading of the 5th largest Religion in the World Sikhism . 1500 : Spanish navigator Vicente Yáñez Pinzón encounters Brazil but is prevented from claiming it by the Treaty of Tordesillas . 1500 : Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral claims Brazil for Portugal . 1500 : The Ottoman fleet of Kemal Reis defeats the Venetians at the Second Battle of Lepanto . 1501 : Michelangelo returns to his native Florence to begin work on the statue David . 1501 : Safavid dynasty reunified Iran and ruled over it until 1736 . Safavids adopt a Shia branch of Islam . 1502 : First reported African slaves in The New World 1503 : Foundation of the Sultanate of Sennar by Amara Dunqas , in what is modern Sudan 1503 : Spain defeats France at the Battle of Cerignola . Considered to be the first battle in history won by gunpowder small arms . 1503 : Leonardo da Vinci begins painting the Mona Lisa and completes it three years later . 1503 : Nostradamus was born on either December 14 , or December 21 . 1504 : A period of drought , with famine in all of Spain . 1504 : Death of Isabella I of Castile , Joanna of Castille became the Queen . 1505 : Zhengde Emperor ascended the throne of Ming Dynasty . 1505 : Martin Luther enters St. Augustine 's Monastery at Erfurt , Germany , on 17 July and begins his journey to instigating the Reformation . 1505 : King Sultan Trenggono built the first Muslim kingdom in Java , called Demak , in Indonesia . Many other small kingdoms were established in other islands to fight against Portuguese . Each kingdom introduced local language as a way of communication and unity . 1506 : Leonardo da Vinci completes the Mona Lisa . 1506 : King Afonso I of Kongo wins the battle of Mbanza Kongo , resulting in Catholicism becoming Kongo 's state religion . 1506 : At least two thousand converted Jews are massacred in a Lisbon riot , Portugal . 1506 : Christopher Columbus dies in Valladolid , Spain . 1506 : Poland is invaded by Tatars from the Crimean Khanate . 1507 : The first recorded epidemic of smallpox in the New World on the island of Hispaniola . It devastates the native Taíno population . 1507 : Afonso de Albuquerque conquered Hormuz and Muscat , among other bases in the Persian Gulf , taking control of the region at the entrance of the Gulf . 1508 -- 1512 : Michelangelo paints the Sistine Chapel ceiling . 1509 : The Battle of Diu marks the beginning of Portuguese dominance of the Spice trade and the Indian Ocean . 1509 : The Portuguese king sends Diogo Lopes de Sequeira to find Malacca , the eastern terminus of Asian trade . After initially receiving Sequeira , Sultan Mahmud Syah captures and / or kills several of his men and attempts an assault on the four Portuguese ships , which escape . The Javanese fleet is also destroyed in Malacca . Gun - wielding Ottoman Janissaries and defending Knights of Saint John at the Siege of Rhodes in 1522 , from an Ottoman manuscript . Spanish conquistadors with their Tlaxcallan allies fighting against the Otomies of Metztitlan in present - day Mexico , a 16th - century codex 1510s ( edit ) Ferdinand Magellan led the first expedition that circumnavigated the globe in 1519 -- 1522 . 1509 -- 10 : The ' great plague ' in various parts of Tudor England . 1511 : Afonso de Albuquerque of Portugal conquers Malacca , the capital of the Sultanate of Malacca in present - day Malaysia . 1512 : Copernicus writes Commentariolus , and proclaims the sun the center of the solar system . 1512 : The southern part ( historical core ) of the Kingdom of Navarre is invaded by Castile and Aragon . 1512 : The first Portuguese exploratory expedition was sent eastward from Malacca ( in present - day Malaysia ) to search for the ' Spice Islands ' ( Maluku ) led by Francisco Serrão . Serrao is shipwrecked but struggles on to Hitu ( northern Ambon ) and wins the favour of the local rulers . 1513 : Machiavelli writes The Prince , a treatise about political philosophy 1513 : The Portuguese mariner Jorge Álvares lands at Macau , China , during the Ming Dynasty . 1513 : Henry VIII defeats the French at the Battle of the Spurs . 1513 : The Battle of Flodden Field in which invading Scots are defeated by Henry VIII 's forces . 1513 : Sultan Selim I ( `` The Grim '' ) orders the massacre of Shia Muslims in Anatolia ( present - day Turkey ) . 1513 : Vasco Núñez de Balboa , in service of Spain arrives at the Pacific Ocean ( which he called Mar del Sur ) across the Isthmus of Panama . He was the first European to do so . 1514 : The Battle of Orsha halts Muscovy 's expansion into Eastern Europe . 1514 : Dózsa rebellion ( peasant revolt ) in Hungary . 1514 : The Battle of Chaldiran , the Ottoman Empire gains decisive victory against Safavid dynasty . 1515 : The Ottoman Empire wrests Eastern Anatolia from the Safavids after the Battle of Chaldiran . 1516 -- 1517 : The Ottomans defeat the Mamluks and gain control of Egypt , Arabia , and the Levant . 1517 : The Sweating sickness epidemic in Tudor England . 1517 : The Protestant Reformation begins when Martin Luther posts his 95 Theses in Saxony . 1518 : Mir Chakar Khan Rind leaves Baluchistan and settles in Punjab . 1518 : Leo Africanus , also known as al - Hasan ibn Muhammad al - Wazzan al - Fasi , Arabic : حسن ابن محمد الوزان الفاسي ) , an Andalusian Berber diplomat who is best known for his book Descrittione dell'Africa ( Description of Africa ) describing the geography of North Africa , is captured by Spanish pirates ; he will be taken to Rome and presented to Pope Leo X . 1518 : The Dancing Plague of 1518 begins in Strasbourg , lasting for about one month . 1519 : Leonardo da Vinci dies of natural causes on May 2 . 1519 : Wang Yangming , the Chinese philosopher and governor of Jiangxi province , describes his intent to use the firepower of the fo - lang - ji , a breech - loading Portuguese culverin , in order to suppress the rebellion of Prince Zhu Chen - hao . 1519 : Barbary pirates led by Hayreddin Barbarossa a Turk appointed to ruling position in Algiers by the Ottoman Empire , raid Provence and Toulon in southern France . 1519 : Charles I of Spain becomes Emperor of Holy Roman Empire as Charles V , Holy Roman Emperor ( ruled until 1556 ) . 1519 -- 1522 : Spanish expedition commanded by Magellan and Elcano first to circle Earth 1519 -- 1521 : Hernán Cortés leads the Spanish conquest of Mexico . Hernan Cortes 1520s ( edit ) Francis I of France 1520 -- 1566 : The reign of Suleiman the Magnificent marks the zenith of the Ottoman Empire . 1520 : The first European diplomatic mission to Ethiopia , sent by the Portuguese , arrives at Massawa 9 April , and reaches the imperial encampment of Emperor Dawit II in Shewa 9 October . 1520 : The Yousafzais defeat Dilazaks at the battle of Katlang to found the Yousafzai dynasty in Pakhtunkhwa in modern - day Pakistan and Afghanistan . 1520 : The Portuguese established a trading post in the village of Lamakera on the eastern side of Solor ( in present - day Indonesia ) as a transit harbour between Maluku and Malacca . 1520 : Sultan Ali Mughayat Shah of Aceh begins an expansionist campaign capturing Daya on the west Sumatran coast ( in present - day Indonesia ) , and the pepper and gold producing lands on the east coast . 1521 : Belgrade ( in present - day Serbia ) is captured by the Ottoman Empire . 1521 : After building fortifications at Tuen Mun , the Portuguese attempt to invade Ming Dynasty China , but are expelled by Chinese naval forces . 1521 : Philippines encountered by Ferdinand Magellan . He was later killed in battle in central Philippines in the same year . 1521 : Jiajing Emperor ascended the throne of Ming Dynasty , China . 1521 : November , Ferdinand Magellan 's expedition reaches Maluku ( in present - day Indonesia ) and after trade with Ternate returns to Europe with a load of cloves . 1521 : Pati Unus led invasion of Malacca ( in present - day Malaysia ) against the Portuguese occupation . Pati Unus was killed in this battle , and was succeeded by his brother , king Trenggana . 1522 : Rhodes falls to the Ottoman Turks of Suleiman the Magnificent . 1522 : The Portuguese ally themselves with the rulers of Ternate ( in present - day Indonesia ) and begin construction of a fort . 1522 : August , Luso Sundanese Treaty signed between Portugal and Sunda Kingdom granted Portuguese permit to build fortress in Sunda Kelapa 1523 : Sweden gains independence from the Kalmar Union . 1523 : The cacao bean was introduced to Spain by Hernán Cortés 1524 -- 1525 : German Peasants ' War in the Holy Roman Empire . 1524 -- Giovanni da Verrazzano is the first European to explore the Atlantic coast of North America between South Carolina and Newfoundland . 1524 -- Ismail I , the founder of Safavid dynasty , dies and Tahmasp I becomes king . 1525 : Spain and Germany defeat France at the Battle of Pavia , Francis I of France is captured . 1526 : The Ottomans defeat the Kingdom of Hungary at the Battle of Mohács . 1526 : Mughal Empire , founded by Babur , rules India until 1857 . 1527 : Sack of Rome , which is considered the end of the Italian Renaissance . Sack of Rome by Charles V forces . 1527 : Protestant Reformation begins in Sweden . 1527 : The last ruler of Majapahit falls from power . This state ( located in present - day Indonesia ) was finally extinguished at the hands of the Demak . A large number of courtiers , artisans , priests , and members of the royalty moved east to the island of Bali ; however , the power and the seat of government transferred to Demak under the leadership of Pangeran , later Sultan Fatah . 1527 : June 22 , The Javanese Prince Fatahillah of the Cirebon Sultanate successfully defeated the Portuguese armed forces at the site of the Sunda Kelapa Harbor . The city was then renamed Jayakarta , meaning `` a glorious victory . '' This eventful day came to be acknowledged as Jakarta 's Founding Anniversary , and Fatahillah Park was named after the heroic prince . 1529 : The Austrians defeat the Ottoman Empire at the Siege of Vienna . 1529 : Treaty of Zaragoza defined the antimeridian of Tordesillas attributing the Moluccas to Portugal and Philippines to Spain . 1529 : Imam Ahmad Gragn defeats the Ethiopian Emperor Dawit II in the Battle of Shimbra Kure , the opening clash of the Ethiopian -- Adal War 1530s ( edit ) Hans Holbein the Younger , c. 1536 -- 1537 , Henry VIII , King of England and Ireland . Portrait of Ivan the Terrible 1531 -- 32 : The Church of England breaks away from the Roman Catholic Church and recognizes King Henry VIII as the head of the Church . 1531 : The Inca Civil War is fought between the two brothers , Atahualpa and Huáscar . 1532 : Francisco Pizarro leads the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire . 1533 : Anne Boleyn becomes Queen of England . 1533 : Elizabeth Tudor is born . 1534 : Jacques Cartier claims Quebec for France . 1534 : The Ottomans capture Baghdad . 1534 : Affair of the Placards -- Francis becomes more active in repression of French Protestants . 1535 : The Münster Rebellion , an attempt of radical , millennialist , Anabaptists to establish a theocracy ends in bloodshed . 1535 : The Portuguese in Ternate depose Sultan Tabariji ( or Tabarija ) and send him to Portuguese Goa where he converts to Christianity and bequeaths his Portuguese godfather Jordao de Freitas the island of Ambon . 1536 : Katherine of Aragon dies in Kimbolton Castle , in England . 1536 : In England , Anne Boleyn is beheaded for adultery and treason . 1536 : Establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal 1536 : Foundation of Buenos Aires ( in present - day Argentina ) by Pedro de Mendoza 1537 : Portuguese establishes Recife in Pernambuco , north - east of Brazil . 1537 : William Tyndale 's partial translation of the Bible into English is published , which would eventually be incorporated into the King James Bible . 1538 : Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada founds Bogotá . 1538 : Spanish -- Venetian fleet is defeated by the Ottoman Turks at the Battle of Preveza . 1539 : Hernando de Soto explores inland North America . 1540s ( edit ) 1540 : Sher Shah Suri founds Suri dynasty in South Asia , an ethnic Pashtun ( Pathan ) of the house of Sur , who supplanted the Mughal dynasty as rulers of North India during the reign of the relatively ineffectual second Mughal emperor Humayun . Sher Shah decisively defeats Central Asian invader Humayun in the Battle of Bilgram ( May 17 , 1540 ) . 1541 : Pedro de Valdivia founds Santiago de Chile . 1541 : An Algerian military campaign by Charles V of Spain ( Habsburg ) is unsuccessful . 1541 : Amazon River is encountered and explored by Francisco de Orellana . 1541 : Capture of Buda and the absorption of the major part of Hungary by the Ottoman Empire . 1541 : Sahib I Giray of Crimea invades Russia . 1542 : War resumes between Francis I of France and Emperor Charles V . This time Henry VIII is allied with the Emperor , while James V of Scotland and Sultan Suleiman I are allied with the French . 1542 : Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the island of Samar and Leyte Las Islas Filipinas honoring Philip II of Spain and became the official name of the archipelago . 1543 : Ethiopian / Portuguese troops decisively defeat the Adal - Ottoman Muslim army at the Battle of Wayna Daga ; Imam Ahmad Gragn killed . 1543 : Copernicus publishes his theory that the Earth and the other planets revolve around the Sun Nicolaus Copernicus 1543 : The Nanban trade period begins after Portuguese traders make contact with Japan . 1544 : The French defeat an Imperial -- Spanish army at the Battle of Ceresole . 1544 : Battle of the Shirts in Scotland . The Frasers and Macdonalds of Clan Ranald fight over a disputed chiefship ; reportedly , 5 Frasers and 8 Macdonalds survive . 1545 : Songhai forces sack the Malian capital of Niani 1545 : The Council of Trent meets for the first time in Trent ( in northern Italy ) . 1546 : Michelangelo Buonarroti is made chief architect of St. Peter 's Basilica . 1546 : Francis Xavier works among the peoples of Ambon , Ternate and Morotai ( Moro ) laying the foundations for a permanent mission . ( to 1547 ) 1547 : Henry VIII dies in the Palace of Whitehall on 28 January at the age of 55 . 1547 : Francis I dies in the Château de Rambouillet on 31 March at the age of 52 . 1547 : Edward VI becomes King of England and Ireland on 28 January and is crowned on 20 February at the age of 9 . 1547 : Emperor Charles V decisively dismantles the Schmalkaldic League at the Battle of Mühlberg . 1547 : Grand Prince Ivan the Terrible is crowned tsar of ( All ) Russia , thenceforth becoming the first Russian tsar . 1548 : Battle of Uedahara : Firearms are used for the first time on the battlefield in Japan , and Takeda Shingen is defeated by Murakami Yoshikiyo . 1548 Askia Daoud , who reigned from 1548 to 1583 , establishes public libraries in Timbuktu ( in present - day Mali ) . 1548 : The Ming Dynasty government of China issues a decree banning all foreign trade and closes down all seaports along the coast ; these Hai jin laws came during the Wokou wars with Japanese pirates . 1549 : Tomé de Souza establishes Salvador in Bahia , north - east of Brazil . 1549 : Arya Penangsang with the support of his teacher , Sunan Kudus , avenged the death of Raden Kikin by sending an envoy named Rangkud to kill Sunan Prawoto by Keris Kyai Satan Kober ( in present - day Indonesia ) . 1550s ( edit ) Akbar the Great Philip II of Spain 1550 : The architect Mimar Sinan builds the Süleymaniye Mosque in Istanbul . 1550 : Mongols led by Altan Khan invade China and besiege Beijing . 1550 -- 1551 : Valladolid debate concerning the human rights of the Indigenous people of the Americas 1551 : Fifth outbreak of sweating sickness in England . John Caius of Shrewsbury writes the first full contemporary account of the symptoms of the disease . 1551 : North African pirates enslave the entire population of the Maltese island Gozo , between 5,000 and 6,000 , sending them to Libya . 1552 : Russia conquers the Khanate of Kazan in central Asia . 1552 : Jesuit China Mission , Francis Xavier 1553 : Mary Tudor becomes the first queen regnant of England and restores the Church of England under Papal authority . 1553 : Portuguese found a settlement at Macau . 1554 : Portuguese missionaries José de Anchieta and Manuel da Nóbrega establishes São Paulo , southeast Brazil . 1554 : Princess Elizabeth is imprisoned in the Tower of London upon the orders of Mary I for suspicion of being involved in the Wyatt rebellion . 1555 : The Muscovy Company is the first major English joint stock trading company . 1556 : Publication in Venice of Delle Navigiationi et Viaggi ( terzo volume ) by Giovanni Battista Ramusio , secretary of Council of Ten , with plan La Terra de Hochelaga , an illustration of the Hochelaga . 1556 : The Shaanxi earthquake in China is history 's deadliest known earthquake during the Ming dynasty . 1556 : Georgius Agricola , the `` Father of Mineralogy '' , publishes his De re metallica . 1556 : Akbar the Great defeats the Sultan of Bengal at the Second battle of Panipat 1556 : Russia conquers the Astrakhan Khanate . 1556 -- 1605 : During his reign , Akbar expands the Mughal Empire in a series of conquests ( in the Indian subcontinent ) . 1556 : Mir Chakar Khan Rind captured Delhi with Emperor Humayun . 1556 : Pomponio Algerio , radical theologian , is executed by boiling in oil as part of the Roman inquisition . 1557 : Habsburg Spain declares bankruptcy . Philip II of Spain had to declare four state bankruptcies in 1557 , 1560 , 1575 and 1596 . 1557 : The Portuguese settle in Macau ( on the western side of the Pearl River Delta across from present - day Hong Kong ) . 1557 : The Ottomans capture Massawa , all but isolating Ethiopia from the rest of the world . 1558 Elizabeth Tudor becomes Queen Elizabeth I at age 25 . 1558 -- 1603 : The Elizabethan era is considered the height of the English Renaissance . 1558 -- 1583 : Livonian War between Poland , Grand Principality of Lithuania , Sweden , Denmark and Russia . 1558 : After 200 years , the Kingdom of England loses Calais to France . 1559 : With the Peace of Cateau Cambrésis , the Italian Wars conclude . 1559 : Sultan Khairun of Ternate ( in present - day Indonesia ) protests the Portuguese 's Christianisation activities in his lands . Hostilities between Ternate and the Portuguese . 1560s ( edit ) William the Silent Don Fernando Álvarez de Toledo 1560 : Ottoman navy defeats the Spanish fleet at the Battle of Djerba . 1560 : Elizabeth Bathory is born in Nyirbator , Hungary . 1560 : By winning the Battle of Okehazama , Oda Nobunaga becomes one of the pre-eminent warlords of Japan 1560 : Jeanne d'Albret declares Calvinism the official religion of Navarre . 1560 : Lazarus Church , Macau 1561 : Sir Francis Bacon is born in London . 1561 : Guido de Bres draws up the Belgic Confession of Protestant faith . 1562 : Mughal leader Akbar reconciles the Muslim and Hindu factions by marrying into the powerful Rajput Hindu caste . 1562 -- 98 : French Wars of Religion between Catholics and Huguenots . 1562 : Massacre of Wassy and Battle of Dreux in the French Wars of Religion . 1562 : Portuguese Dominican priests build a palm - trunk fortress which Javanese Muslims burned down the following year . The fort was rebuilt from more durable materials and the Dominicans commenced the Christianisation of the local population . 1563 : Plague outbreak claimed 80,000 people in Elizabethan England . In London alone , over 20,000 people died of the disease . 1564 : Galileo Galilei born on February 15 1564 : William Shakespeare baptized 26 April 1565 : Battle of Talikota fought between the Hindu kingdom of Vijayanagar and the Deccan sultanates . 1565 : Mir Chakar Khan Rind died age of 97 . 1565 : Estácio de Sá establishes Rio de Janeiro in Brazil . 1565 : The Hospitallers , a Crusading Order , defeat the Ottoman Empire at the Siege of Malta ( 1565 ) . 1565 : Miguel López de Legazpi establishes in Cebu the first Spanish settlement in the Philippines starting a period of Spanish colonization that would last over three hundred years . 1565 : Spanish navigator Andres de Urdaneta discovers the maritime route from Asia to the Americas across the Pacific Ocean , also known as the tornaviaje . 1565 : Royal Exchange , Thomas Gresham 1566 Suleiman the Magnificent , ruler of the Ottoman Empire , dies on September 7 , during the battle of Szigetvar . 1566 -- 1648 : Eighty Years ' War between Spain and the Netherlands . 1566 : Da le Balle Contrade d'Oriente , Rore 1567 : After 45 years ' reign , Jiajing Emperor died in the Forbidden City , Longqing Emperor ascended the throne of Ming Dynasty . 1567 : Mary , Queen of Scots , is imprisoned by Elizabeth I . 1568 : The Transylvanian Diet , under the patronage of the prince John Sigismund Zápolya , the former king of Hungary , inspired by the teachings of Ferenc Dávid , the founder of the Unitarian Church of Transylvania , promulgates the Edict of Torda , the first law of freedom of religion and of conscience in the World . 1568 -- 1571 : Morisco Revolt in Spain . 1568 -- 1600 : The Azuchi - Momoyama period in Japan . 1568 : Hadiwijaya sent his adopted son and son in - law Sutawijaya , who would later become the first ruler of the Mataram dynasty of Indonesia , to kill Aryo Penangsang . 1569 : Rising of the North in England . 1569 : Mercator 1569 world map published by Gerardus Mercator . 1569 : The Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth is created with the Union of Lublin which lasts until 1795 . 1569 : Peace treaty signed by Sultan Khairun of Ternate and Governor Lopez De Mesquita of Portugal . 1570s ( edit ) Oda Nobunaga . The Battle of Lepanto . Sir Francis Drake . 1570 : Ivan the Terrible , tsar of Russia , orders the massacre of inhabitants of Novgorod . 1570 : Pope Pius V issues Regnans in Excelsis , a papal bull excommunicating all who obeyed Elizabeth I and calling on all Roman Catholics to rebel against her . 1570 : Sultan Hairun of Ternate ( in present - day Indonesia ) is killed by the Portuguese . The reign of Sultan Baabullah . 1571 : Pope Pius V completes the Holy League as a united front against the Ottoman Turks . 1571 : The Spanish - led Holy League navy destroys the Ottoman Empire navy at the Battle of Lepanto . 1571 : Crimean Tatars attack and sack Moscow , burning everything but the Kremlin . 1571 : American Indians kill Spanish missionaries in what would later be Jamestown , Virginia . 1571 : Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi establishes Manila , Philippines as the capital of the Spanish East Indies . 1572 : Brielle is taken from Habsburg Spain by Protestant Watergeuzen in the Capture of Brielle , in the Eighty Years ' War . 1572 : Spanish conquistadores apprehend the last Inca leader Tupak Amaru at Vilcabamba , Peru , and execute him in Cuzco . 1572 : Jeanne d'Albret dies aged 43 and is succeeded by Henry of Navarre . 1572 : Catherine de ' Medici instigates the St. Bartholomew 's Day massacre which takes the lives of Protestant leader Gaspard de Coligny and thousands of Huguenots . The violence spreads from Paris to other cities and the countryside . 1572 : First edition of the epic The Lusiads of Luís Vaz de Camões , three years after the author returned from the East . 1572 : The 9 years old Taizi , Zhu Yijun ascended the throne of Ming Dynasty , known as Wanli Emperor . 1573 : After heavy losses on both sides the Siege of Haarlem ends in a Spanish victory . 1574 : in the Eighty Years ' War the capital of Zeeland , Middelburg declares for the Protestants . 1574 : After a siege of 4 months the Siege of Leiden ends in a comprehensive Dutch rebel victory . 1575 : Oda Nobunaga finally captures Nagashima fortress . 1575 : Following a five - year war , the Ternateans under Sultan Baabullah defeated the Portuguese . 1576 : Tahmasp I , Safavid king , died . 1576 : Sack of Antwerp by badly paid Spanish soldiers . 1577 -- 80 : Francis Drake circles the world . 1577 : Ki Ageng Pemanahan built his palace in Pasargede or Kotagede . 1578 : King Sebastian of Portugal is killed at the Battle of Alcazarquivir . 1578 : The Portuguese establish a fort on Tidore but the main centre for Portuguese activities in Maluku becomes Ambon . 1579 : The Union of Utrecht unifies the northern Netherlands , a foundation for the later Dutch Republic . 1579 : The Union of Arras unifies the southern Netherlands , a foundation for the later states of the Spanish Netherlands , the Austrian Netherlands and Belgium 1579 : The British navigator Sir Francis Drake passes through Maluku and transit in Ternate on his circumnavigation of the world . The Portuguese establish a fort on Tidore but the main centre for Portuguese activities in Maluku becomes Ambon . 1580s ( edit ) The fall of Spanish Armada 1580 : Drake 's royal reception after his attacks on Spanish possessions influences Philip II of Spain to build up the Spanish Armada . English ships in Spanish harbours are impounded . 1580 : Spain unifies with Portugal under Philip II . The struggle for the throne of Portugal ends the Portuguese Empire . The Spanish and Portuguese crowns are united for 60 years , i.e. until 1640 . 1580 : Nagasaki , Jesuits 1582 : Oda Nobunaga is assassinated by his general , Akechi Mitsuhide . 1582 : Pope Gregory XIII issues the Gregorian calendar . The last day of the Julian calendar was Thursday , 4 October 1582 and this was followed by the first day of the Gregorian calendar , Friday , 15 October 1582 1582 : Yermak Timofeyevich conquers the Siberia Khanate on behalf of the Stroganovs . 1583 : Death of Sultan Baabullah of Ternate . 1584 -- 85 : After the Siege of Antwerp , many of its merchants flee to Amsterdam . According to Luc - Normand Tellier , `` At its peak , between 1510 and 1557 , Antwerp concentrated about 40 % of the world trade ... It is estimated that the port of Antwerp was earning the Spanish crown seven times more revenues than the Americas . '' 1584 : Ki Ageng Pemanahan died . Sultan Pajang raised Sutawijaya , son of Ki Ageng Pemanahan as the new ruler in Mataram , titled `` Loring Ngabehi Market '' ( because of his home in the north of the market ) . 1585 : Colony at Roanoke founded in North America 1585 -- 1604 : The Anglo - Spanish War is fought on both sides of the Atlantic . 1587 : Mary , Queen of Scots is executed by Elizabeth I . 1587 -- The reign of Abbas I marks the zenith of the Safavid dynasty . 1587 : troops that would invade Pajang Sultanate of Mataram storm ravaged the eruption of Mount Merapi . Sutawijaya and his men survived . 1588 : Mataram into the kingdom with Sutawijaya as Sultan , titled `` Senapati Ingalaga Sayidin Panatagama '' means the warlord and cleric Manager Religious Life . 1588 : England repulses the Spanish Armada . 1589 : Spain repulses the English Armada . 1589 : Catherine de ' Medici dies aged 69 . 1590s ( edit ) 1590 : Siege of Odawara the Go - Hojo clan surrendered to Toyotomi Hideyoshi , and Japan was unified ( 1590 ) . 1591 : Gazi Giray leads a huge Tatar expedition against Moscow . 1591 : In Mali , Moroccan forces of the Sultan Ahmad al - Mansur led by Judar Pasha defeat the Songhai Empire at the Battle of Tondibi . 1592 -- 1593 : John Stow reports 10,675 plague deaths in London , a city of approximately 200,000 people . 1592 -- 1598 : Korea , with the help of Ming Dynasty China , repels two Japanese invasions . 1593 -- 1606 : The Long War between the Habsburg monarchy and the Ottoman Turks . 1594 : St. Paul 's College , Macau , Alessandro Valignano 1595 : First Dutch expedition to Indonesia sets sail for the East Indies with two hundred and forty - nine men and sixty - four cannons led by Cornelis de Houtman . 1596 : Birth of René Descartes . 1596 : June , de Houtman 's expedition reaches Banten the main pepper port of West Java where they clash with both the Portuguese and Indonesians . It then sails east along the north coast of Java losing twelve crew to a Javanese attack at Sidayu and killing a local ruler in Madura . 1597 : de Houtman 's expedition returns to the Netherlands with enough spices to make a considerable profit . 1598 : The Edict of Nantes ends the French Wars of Religion . 1598 : Abbas I moved Safavids capital from Qazvin to Isfahan in 1598 . 1598 -- 1613 : Russia descends into anarchy during the Time of Troubles . 1598 : The Portuguese require an armada of 90 ships to put down a Solorese uprising . ( to 1599 ) 1598 : More Dutch fleets leave for Indonesia and most are profitable . 1599 : The Mali Empire is defeated at the Battle of Jenné 1599 : The van Neck expedition returns to Europe . The expedition makes a 400 per cent profit . ( to 1600 ) 1599 : March , Leaving Europe the previous year , a fleet of eight ships under Jacob van Neck was the first Dutch fleet to reach the ' Spice Islands ' of Maluku . 1600 : Giordano Bruno is burned at the stake for heresy in Rome . 1600 : Battle of Sekigahara in Japan . End of the Warring States period and beginning of the Edo period . 1600 : The Portuguese win a major naval battle in the bay of Ambon . Later in the year , the Dutch join forces with the local Hituese in an anti-Portuguese alliance , in return for which the Dutch would have the sole right to purchase spices from Hitu . 1600 : Elizabeth I grants a charter to the British East India Company beginning the English advance in Asia . Significant people ( edit ) Charles V Suleiman the Magnificent Elizabeth I of England Ignatius of Loyola Martin Luther John Calvin Manuel I , King of Portugal . Ruler of the first global empire . He also used the motto Manuel Rex Orbis est , meaning Manuel King of the Globe ( 1469 -- 1521 ) . Abbas I , the strongest king of Safavid dynasty ( 1571 -- 1629 ) . Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al - Ghazi , Somali Imam and general ( 1507 -- 1543 ) . Akbar the Great , third Mughal emperor , who led the Mughal Empire to its zenith ( 1542 -- 1605 ) Alberico Gentili , the `` Father of international law '' , considered to be one of the greatest lawyers of all time ( 1552 -- 1608 ) Andrea Amati , ( c. 1520 -- c. 1578 ) was the earliest maker of violins whose instruments still survive today . Anne Boleyn , second wife of King Henry VIII . She was the first Queen of England to be executed , and the mother of Queen Elizabeth I. ( c. 1501 -- 1536 ) John Calvin , theologian , and reformer . Founder of Calvinism ( 1509 -- 1564 ) . Charles V , Holy Roman Emperor and the first to reign as King of Spain . Involved in almost constant conflict with France and the Ottoman Empire while promoting the Spanish colonization of the Americas ( 1500 -- 1558 ) . Cuauhtémoc , the last Tlatoani of the Aztec , led the native resistance against the Conquistadores ( 1502 -- 1525 ) . Edward VI of England , notable for further differentiating Anglicanism from the practices of the Roman Catholic Church ( 1537 -- 1553 ) . Elizabeth I of England , Queen of England ( 1533 -- 1603 ) . Francis I of France , considered the first Renaissance monarch of his Kingdom ( 1494 -- 1547 ) . Lady Jane Grey , Queen regnant of England and Ireland . Notably deposed by popular revolt ( 1537 -- 1554 ) . Gustav I of Sweden , restored Swedish sovereignty and introduced Protestantism in Sweden ( 1496 -- 1560 ) . György Dózsa , leader of the peasants ' revolt in Hungary ( 1470 -- 1514 ) Henry IV of France and Navarre , ended the French Wars of Religion and reunited the kingdom under his command ( 1553 -- 1610 ) . Henry VII of England , king ( 1457 -- 1509 ) Henry VIII of England , founder of Anglicanism ( 1491 -- 1547 ) . Ignatius of Loyola , founder of the Society of Jesus ( 1491 -- 1556 ) . Ismail I ( 1487 -- 1524 ) reunified Persia , established Safavid dynasty and declared Shia Islam as the state religion . Ivan IV of Russia , first Russian tsar ( 1533 -- 1584 ) . St. John of the Cross , Spanish mystic ( 1542 -- 1591 ) . Jeanne d'Albret led the Huguenots in the French Wars of Religion ( 1528 -- 1572 ) . John Knox ( c. 1510 -- 1572 ) was a Scottish clergyman and leader of the Protestant Reformation who is considered the founder of the Presbyterian denomination . Martin Luther , German religious reformer ( 1483 -- 1546 ) . Michael the Brave , ruler of Walachia , national symbol of Romanians for uniting the three provinces under his rule in 1600 ( 1558 -- 1601 ) Michel Nostradamus , French astrologer and doctor , author of Les Propheties , a book of world prophecies ( 1503 -- 1566 ) . Mary I of England . Attempted to counter the Protestant Reformation in her domains . Nicknamed Bloody Mary for her Religious persecution ( 1516 -- 1558 ) . Mary , Queen of Scots , First female head of the House of Stuart ( 1542 -- 1587 ) . Manus O'Donnell , King of Tír Chonaill in Ulster . Irish Renaissance prince ( died 1564 ) . Oda Nobunaga , daimyō of the Sengoku period of Japanese civil war . First ruler of the Azuchi - Momoyama period ( 1534 -- 1582 ) . Johan van Oldenbarnevelt , Dutch politician and Grand Pensionary , played a pivotal role in organizing the Dutch revolt against Spain ( 1542 -- 1619 ) . Paracelsus ( 11 November or 17 December 1493 in Einsiedeln , Switzerland -- 24 September 1541 in Salzburg , Austria ) , Renaissance physician , botanist , alchemist , astrologer , and general occultist . Philip II of Spain . It was first said of his empire that `` the sun did not set '' . Strong defender of Catholicism and self - proclaimed leader of Counter-Reformation ( 1527 -- 1598 ) . Giovanni Battista Ramusio ( 20 July 1485 -- 10 July 1557 ) , diplomat and secretary of council of Ten of Venice Italy , author of Delle Navigationi et Viaggi . Third volume ( terzo volume ) containing plan `` La Terra de Hochelaga '' showing the village of Hochelaga . Matteo Ricci , Italian Jesuit who traveled to Macau , China in 1582 , and died in Beijing , ( 1552 -- 1610 ) Ruy López de Segura ( c. 1530 -- c. 1580 ) , Spanish bishop and chess player . Sigismund III Vasa , the first and only monarch of the Polish -- Swedish union ; his long reign in the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth coincided with the apex of the Commonwealth 's prestige , power and economic influence ( 1566 -- 1632 ) . Suleiman the Magnificent , Sultan of the Ottoman Empire . Conqueror and legal reformer ( 1494 -- 1566 ) . St. Teresa of Ávila , Spanish mystic ( 1515 -- 1582 ) . Toyotomi Hideyoshi , daimyō of the Sengoku period of Japan . Second ruler of the Azuchi - Momoyama period ( 1536 -- 1598 ) . Andreas Vesalius , anatomist , physician , and author of one of the most influential books on human anatomy , De humani corporis fabrica ( On the Workings of the Human Body ). ( 1514 -- 1564 ) Wanli Emperor , Emperor of China during the Ming Dynasty , aided Korea in the Imjin War , ( 1563 -- 1620 ) William the Silent , William I of Orange - Nassau , main leader of the Dutch revolt against the Spanish ( 1533 -- 1584 ) . Yi Sun - sin , Korean admiral , respected as one of the greatest admirals in world history . ( 1545 -- 1598 ) . Nikola Šubić Zrinski , Ban ( Viceroy ) of Croatia and military leader , stopped the invading Ottoman army at the Battle of Szigetvar in 1566 . Zygmunt I the Old , King of Poland , established a conscription army and the bureaucracy needed to finance it ( 1467 -- 1548 ) . Exploration ( edit ) See also : Exploration Vasco de Gama Francisco Pizarro Vasco Núñez de Balboa ( c. 1475 -- 1519 ) -- Spanish explorer . The first European to cross the Isthmus of Panama and view the Pacific Ocean from American shores . Gaspar ( 1450 -- 1501 ) and Miguel Corte - Real ( 1448 -- 1502 ) . Portuguese explorers . Among the first modern explorers ( with João Fernandes Lavrador ) in the coasts of the far Northeast of Northern America , including the Labrador peninsula . They also rediscovered Greenland ( 1499 - 1501 / 1502 ) . Pedro Álvares Cabral ( c. 1467 -- 1520 ) , Portuguese navigator . The first European to arrive in Brazil , on 22 April 1500 . Led the first expedition that united Europe , Africa , America , and Asia . Afonso de Albuquerque ( c. 1467 -- 1520 ) , Portuguese explorer and statesman . Earlier geostrategist and explorer of the Indian Ocean . Leading builder of the Portuguese empire in Asia and the Far East . António de Abreu ( c. 1480 -- c. 1514 ) and Francisco Serrão ( died 1521 ) -- Portuguese explorers . Led the first European fleet into the edges of the Pacific Ocean , in 1511 -- 1512 , through Indonesia , reaching the Banda Sea and the Moluccas . João de Lisboa ( c. 1470 -- 1525 ) -- Portuguese explorer , pilot , cosmographer and cartographer . Explored the Río de La Plata and the San Matias Gulf . Jacques Cartier ( 1491 -- 1557 ) -- French explorer . Discovered Canada . Francisco Vásquez de Coronado ( c. 1510 -- 1554 ) -- Spanish explorer . Searched for the Seven Cities of Gold and discovered the Grand Canyon in the process . Hernán Cortés , Spanish Conquistador ( 1485 -- 1547 ) . Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca ( c. 1488 / 1490 -- c. 1557 / 1558 ). , Spanish explorer . Crossed North America through the US south , southwest , and Mexico Andrés de Urdaneta ( c. 1498 -- 1568 ) was a Spanish Basque navigator , friar and circumnavigator . In 1565 he discovered the maritime path from Asia to the Americas across the Pacific . Sir Francis Drake ( 1540 -- 1596 ) -- English explorer . The first English captain to sail around the world and survive . Juan Sebastián Elcano ( 1476 -- 1526 ) -- Spanish Basque explorer . Completed the first circumnavigation of the globe in a single expedition after its captain , Magellan , was killed . Vasco da Gama ( c. 1469 -- 1524 ) , Portuguese navigator . Discovered the ocean route to Asia around the Cape of Good Hope . Explored and crossed the Atlantic and Indian oceans . Juan Ponce de León ( c. 1460 -- 1521 ) -- Spanish explorer . He explored Florida while attempting to locate a Fountain of Youth . Ferdinand Magellan , Portuguese navigator who sailed around the world ( 1480 -- 1521 ) . Explored and crossed the Pacific Ocean . António Mota , Portuguese trader and explorer who reached Japan in 1542 -- 43 . Francisco de Orellana ( 1511 -- 1546 ) -- Spanish explorer in 1541 -- 42 sails the length of the Amazon River . Francisco Pizarro ( c. 1475 -- 1541 ) -- Spanish explorer and conquistador . Conquered the Inca Empire . Hernando de Soto ( c. 1496 -- 1542 ) -- Spanish explorer . Explored Florida , mainly northwest Florida , and discovered the Mississippi River . Fernão Mendes Pinto ( c. 1509 -- 8 July 1583 ) -- Portuguese . Explored Asia and the Indies . Supposedly Reached Japan in 1542 -- 43 . Yermak Timofeyevich ( c. 1532 -- 1585 ) -- Russian cossack ataman . Conquered the Khanate of Siberia . Luis Váez de Torres ( c. 1565 -- 1607 ) Spanish or Portuguese navigator . Explored the Pacific for the Spanish crown and crossed the strait that bears his name in northern Australia . Giovanni da Verrazzano ( c. 1485 -- 1528 ) -- Italian explorer for France . Explored the northeast coast of America , from about present - day South Carolina to Newfoundland . Visual artists ( edit ) See also : Artists of the Tudor court , Renaissance painting , Italian Renaissance painting , and Renaissance sculpture Michelangelo Buonarroti Raphael Albrecht Dürer Andrea Palladio Titian El Greco Bartolommeo Bandinelli ( 1493 -- 1560 ) , Italian sculptor Donato Bramante ( 1444 -- 1514 ) , Italian architect Michelangelo Buonarroti , Italian painter and sculptor ( 1475 -- 1564 ) . Bronzino ( 1503 -- 1572 ) , Italian painter Pieter Bruegel the Elder , ( c. 1525 -- September 9 , 1569 ) Jan Brueghel the Elder ( 1568 -- 1625 ) , Caravaggio ( 1571 -- 1610 ) , Italian artist . Benvenuto Cellini ( 1500 -- 1571 ) , Italian jeweller and sculptor . Lucas Cranach the Elder ( 1472 -- 1553 ) , German painter . Lucas Cranach the Younger ( 1515 -- 1586 ) , German painter . Albrecht Dürer ( 1471 -- 1528 ) , German artist . Rosso Fiorentino ( 1494 -- 1540 ) , Italian painter . Domenico Fontana ( 1543 -- 1607 ) , Italian architect . Giambologna ( 1529 -- 1608 ) , Flemish - Italian sculptor . El Greco ( 1541 -- 1614 ) , Greek - Spanish painter , sculptor , and architect Juan de Herrera , Spanish architect ( 1530 -- 1597 ) Hans Holbein the Younger , German artist , ( 1497 -- 1543 ) Andrea Palladio ( 1508 -- 1580 ) , Italian architect Parmigianino ( 1503 -- 1540 ) , Italian painter Pontormo ( 1494 -- 1557 ) , Italian painter . Raphael ( 1483 -- 1520 ) , Italian painter Giulio Romano ( c. 1499 -- 1546 ) , Italian painter and architect . Andrea del Sarto ( 1486 -- 1530 ) , Italian painter . Giuliano da Sangallo ( c. 1445 -- 1516 ) , Italian sculptor , architect and military engineer Antonio da Sangallo the Younger ( 1484 -- 1546 ) , Italian architect Mimar Sinan ( 1489 -- 1588 ) was a civil engineer and chief architect of the Ottoman Empire Tintoretto ( 1518 -- 1594 ) , Italian painter Titian ( c. 1485 -- 1576 ) , Italian painter Giorgio Vasari ( 1511 -- 1574 ) , Italian painter , architect , writer and historian . Paolo Veronese , Italian painter , ( 1528 -- April 19 , 1588 ) Leonardo da Vinci famous artist and inventor and scientist ( 1452 -- 1519 ) . Qiu Ying , Chinese painter who belonged to the Wu School and used gongbi brush style ( 1494 -- 1552 ) Musicians and composers ( edit ) See also : List of Baroque composers Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina Andrea Amati ( c. 1520 -- c. 1578 ) Felice Anerio ( c. 1560 -- 1614 ) Adriano Banchieri ( c. 1557 -- 1634 ) Giovanni Bassano ( c. 1558 -- 1617 ) William Brade ( 1560 -- 1630 ) John Bull ( c. 1562 -- 1628 ) Antonio de Cabezón ( c. 1510 -- 1566 ) Giulio Caccini ( c. 1545 -- 1618 ) Dario Castello ( c. 1560 -- c. 1640 ) Emilio de ' Cavalieri ( c. 1550 -- March 11 , 1602 ) Jacques Champion ( before 1555 -- 1642 ) Manuel Rodrigues Coelho ( c. 1555 -- c. 1635 ) John Dowland ( 1563 -- 1626 ) Giles Farnaby ( 1565 -- 1640 ) Alfonso Fontanelli ( 1557 -- 1622 ) Hans Leo Hassler ( 1562 -- 1612 ) Sebastian Aguilera de Heredia ( 1565 -- 1627 ) Giovanni Gabrieli ( 1557 -- 1612 ) Joseph Lupo Peter Lupo ( c. 1535 -- 1608 ) Thomas Lupo ( c. 1571 -- c. 1627 ) Ascanio Mayone ( 1565 -- 1627 ) Cristóbal de Morales ( c. 1500 -- 1553 ) Giovanni Bernardino Nanino ( c. 1560 -- 1623 ) Johannes Nucius ( c. 1556 -- 1620 ) Claudio Merulo ( 1533 -- 1604 ) Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina , ( 1525 -- 1594 ) Jacopo Peri ( 1561 -- 1633 ) Peter Philips ( c. 1560 -- 1628 ) Hieronymus Praetorius ( 1560 -- 1629 ) Cipriano de Rore ( 1516 -- 1565 ) Paolo Quagliati ( c. 1555 -- 1628 ) Francisco de Salinas ( 1513 -- 1590 ) Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck ( 1562 -- 1621 ) Jean Titelouze ( 1563 -- 1633 ) Lodovico Grossi da Viadana ( 1564 -- 1627 ) Tomás Luis de Victoria ( 1548 -- 1611 ) Literature ( edit ) See also : Renaissance , 16th century in literature , 16th century in poetry , Elizabethan literature , Renaissance literature , Early Modern literature , and Dutch Renaissance and Golden Age literature Miguel de Cervantes William Shakespeare Michel de Montaigne Juan Martínez de Jáuregui y Aguilar , Spanish poet and painter , ( 1483 -- 1541 ) Mateo Alemán , Spanish novelist and writer ( 1547 -- c. 1615 ) Ludovico Ariosto , Italian poet , ( 1474 -- 1533 ) Bâkî , Ottoman Turkish poet . He was known as `` Sultan of poets '' ( 1526 -- 1600 ) Luís de Camões , Portuguese poet ( c. 1524 -- 1580 ) . Baldassare Castiglione , Italian author ( 1478 -- 1529 ) Miguel de Cervantes , Spanish author ( 1547 -- 1616 ) John Donne , English metaphysical poet ( 1572 -- 1631 ) Torquato Tasso , Italian poet Alonso de Ercilla , Spanish poet ( 1533 -- 1594 ) Luis de Góngora , Spanish poet ( 1561 -- 1627 ) Thomas Heywood , English dramatist ( c. early 1570s -- 1641 ) Malaye Jaziri , Kurdish poet and mystic ( 1570 -- 1640 ) Ben Jonson , English dramatist ( c. 1572 -- 1637 ) Jan Kochanowski , Polish poet ( 1530 -- 1584 ) Fuzûlî , Azerbaijani poet ( 1483 -- 1556 ) Thomas Kyd , English dramatist ( 1558 -- 1594 ) Luis de León , Spanish poet ( 1527 -- 1591 ) Thomas Lodge , English dramatist ( 1558 -- 1625 ) Niccolò Machiavelli , Italian author ( 1469 -- 1527 ) Christopher Marlowe , English poet and dramatist ( 1564 -- 1593 ) . Michel de Montaigne , French essayist ( 1533 -- 1592 ) . Thomas More , English politician and author ( 1478 -- 1535 ) . Miyamoto Musashi , famous warrior in Japan , author of The Book of Five Rings , a treaty on strategy and martial combat . ( 1584 -- 1645 ) François Rabelais , French author ( c. 1493 -- 1553 ) . Mikołaj Rej , Polish writer ( 1505 -- 1569 ) . Pierre de Ronsard , French poet . Called the `` Prince of poets '' of his generation . ( 1524 -- 1585 ) . William Shakespeare , English playwright ( 1564 -- 1616 ) . Edmund Spenser , English poet ( c. 1552 -- 1599 ) Gian Giorgio Trissino , Italian humanist , poet , dramatist , diplomat , and grammarian ( 1478 -- 1550 ) Garcilaso de la Vega , Spanish poet ( 1501 -- 1536 ) Lope de Vega , Spanish dramatist ( 1562 -- 1635 ) . Benedetto Varchi , Italian humanist , a historian and poet ( 1502 / 1503 -- 1565 ) Sharaf Khan Bidlisi , Kurdish politician , historian and poet ( 1543 -- 1603 ) Science and philosophy ( edit ) See also : Scientific revolution Niccolò Machiavelli Erasmus of Rotterdam Sir Thomas More Paracelsus Mulla Sadra , ( 1571 -- 1641 ) , the single most important and influential philosopher in the Muslim world in the last four hundred years who introduced Transcendent Theosophy or al - hikmah al - muta'liyah Sir Francis Bacon , ( 1561 -- 1626 ) was an English philosopher , statesman , and essayist . Pietro Bembo ( 1470 -- 1547 ) , Italian scholar , poet , literary theorist and a cardinal . Tycho Brahe , ( 1546 -- 1601 ) , Danish astronomer . Giordano Bruno , Italian philosopher and astronomer / astrologer ( 1548 -- 1600 ) . Tommaso Campanella ( 1568 -- 1639 ) , Italian philosopher , theologian , astrologer , and poet . Demetrios Chalkokondyles , ( 1423 -- 1511 ) , Greek humanist , scholar . Nicolaus Copernicus , ( 1473 -- 1543 ) astronomer , developed the heliocentric ( Sun - centered ) theory using scientific methods . Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus ( sometimes known as Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam ) ( October 27 , 1466 / 1469 , Rotterdam -- July 12 , 1536 , Basel was a Dutch Renaissance humanist and Catholic Christian theologian . Galileo Galilei ( 1564 -- 1642 ) was a Tuscan ( Italian ) physicist , mathematician , astronomer , and philosopher who played a major role in the scientific revolution . Konrad Gessner ( 1516 -- 1565 ) was a Swiss naturalist , bibliographer , Botanist , His three - volume Historiae animalium ( 1551 -- 1558 ) is considered the beginning of modern zoology William Gilbert , also known as Gilberd , ( 1544 -- 1603 ) was an English physician and a natural philosopher . Francesco Guicciardini , ( 1483 -- 1540 ) Italian historian and statesman . Johannes Kepler , ( 1571 -- 1630 ) , German mathematician , astronomer , and philosopher who played a major role in the scientific revolution . Niccolò Machiavelli ( 1469 -- 1527 ) , Italian historian , politician , diplomat , philosopher , humanist , and writer . Gerardus Mercator ( 5 March 1512 -- 2 December 1594 ) , famous cartographer . Michael Servetus ( 1509 or 1511 -- 27 October 1553 ) , Spanish theologian , physician , cartographer , and Renaissance humanist . Francisco Suarez ( 1548 -- 1617 ) , Spanish philosopher and theologian . Andreas Vesalius ( Brussels , December 31 , 1514 -- Zakynthos , October 15 , 1564 ) was an anatomist , physician , and author of one of the most influential books on human anatomy , De humani corporis fabrica ( On the Workings of the Human Body ) . Vesalius is often referred to as the founder of modern human anatomy . Edward Wright , ( baptized 1561 ; died 1615 ) , English mathematician and cartographer who determined the mathematical basis of the Mercator projection and produced the first maps in England according to this method Inventions , discoveries , introductions ( edit ) Related article : List of 16th century inventions . The Columbian Exchange introduces many plants , animals and diseases to the Old and New Worlds . Introduction of the spinning wheel revolutionizes textile production in Europe . The letter J is introduced into the English alphabet . 1500 : First portable watch is created by Peter Henlein of Germany . 1513 : Juan Ponce de León sights Florida and Vasco Núñez de Balboa sights the eastern edge of the Pacific Ocean . 1519 -- 22 : Ferdinand Magellan and Juan Sebastián Elcano lead the first circumnavigation of the World . 1519 -- 1540 : In America , Hernando de Soto expeditions map the Gulf of Mexico coastline and bays . 1525 : Modern square root symbol ( √ ) 1540 : Francisco Vásquez de Coronado sights the Grand Canyon . 1541 -- 42 : Francisco de Orellana sails the length of the Amazon River . 1542 -- 43 : Firearms are introduced into Japan by the Portuguese . 1543 : Copernicus publishes his theory that the Earth and the other planets revolve around the Sun 1545 : Theory of complex numbers is first developed by Gerolamo Cardamo of Italy . 1558 : Camera obscura is first used in Europe by Giambattista della Porta of Italy . 1559 -- 1562 : Spanish settlements in Alabama / Florida and Georgia confirm dangers of hurricanes and local native warring tribes . 1565 : Spanish settlers outside New Spain ( Mexico ) colonize Florida 's coastline at St. Augustine . 1565 : Invention of the graphite pencil ( in a wooden holder ) by Conrad Gesner . Modernized in 1812 . 1568 : Gerardus Mercator creates the first Mercator projection map . 1572 : Supernova SN 1572 is observed by Tycho Brahe in the Milky Way . 1582 : Gregorian calendar is introduced in Europe by Pope Gregory XIII and adopted by catholic countries . c. 1583 : Galileo Galilei of Pisa , Italy identifies the constant swing of a pendulum , leading to development of reliable timekeepers . 1585 : earliest known reference to the ' sailing carriage ' in China . 1589 : William Lee invents the stocking frame . 1591 : First flush toilet is introduced by Sir John Harrington of England , the design published under the title ' The Metamorphosis of Ajax ' . 1593 : Galileo Galilei invents a thermometer . 1596 : William Barents discovers Spitsbergen . 1597 : Opera in Florence by Jacopo Peri . See also ( edit ) Entertainment in the 16th century References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Modern reference works on the period tend to follow the introduction of the Gregorian calendar for the sake of clarity ; thus NASA 's lunar eclipse catalogue states `` The Gregorian calendar is used for all dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards . Before that date , the Julian calendar is used . '' For dates after 15 October 1582 , care must be taken to avoid confusion of the two styles . Jump up ^ Ekelund & Tollison 1981 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Polybius : `` The Rise Of The Roman Empire '' , Page 36 , Penguin , 1979 . Jump up ^ `` 16th Century Timeline ( 1501 to 1600 ) '' . fsmitha.com . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` History of Smallpox -- Smallpox Through the Ages '' . Texas Department of State Health Services . Jump up ^ Ricklefs ( 1991 ) , p. 23 Jump up ^ `` A LIST OF NATIONAL EPIDEMICS OF PLAGUE IN ENGLAND 1348 -- 1665 '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Ricklefs ( 1991 ) , page 24 Jump up ^ The Sweating Sickness . Story of London ... Accessed 2009 - 04 - 25 . Archived 2009 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Sandra Arlinghaus . `` Life Span of Suleiman the Magnificent 1494 -- 1566 '' . Personal.umich.edu . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Ricklefs ( 1991 ) , page 25 Jump up ^ `` La Terra De Hochelaga -- Jaques Cartier a Hochelaga '' . jacquescarter.org . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Lusiads '' . World Digital Library . 1800 -- 1882 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Miller , George ( ed . ) ( 1996 ) . To The Spice Islands and Beyond : Travels in Eastern Indonesia . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. xv . ISBN 967 - 65 - 3099 - 9 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Luc - Normand Tellier ( 2009 ) . `` Urban world history : an economic and geographical perspective '' . PUQ . p. 308 . ISBN 2 - 7605 - 1588 - 5 ^ Jump up to : Ricklefs ( 1991 ) , page 27 ^ Jump up to : Ricklefs ( 1991 ) , page 28 Jump up ^ Stoica , Vasile ( 1919 ) . The Roumanian Question : The Roumanians and their Lands . Pittsburgh : Pittsburgh Printing Company . p. 18 . Jump up ^ Drake ( 1978 , p. 1 ) . The date of Galileo 's birth is given according to the Julian calendar , which was then in force throughout the whole of Christendom . In 1582 it was replaced in Italy and several other Catholic countries with the Gregorian calendar . Unless otherwise indicated , dates in this article are given according to the Gregorian calendar . External links ( edit ) Media related to 16th century at Wikimedia Commons Timelines of 16th century events , science , culture and persons Millennia Centuries Decades Years Decades and years 16th century 14th century ← 15th century ← ↔ → 17th century → 18th century 1490s 1490 1491 1492 1493 1494 1495 1496 1497 1498 1499 1500s 1500 1501 1502 1503 1504 1505 1506 1507 1508 1509 1510s 1510 1511 1512 1513 1514 1515 1516 1517 1518 1519 1520s 1520 1521 1522 1523 1524 1525 1526 1527 1528 1529 1530s 1530 1531 1532 1533 1534 1535 1536 1537 1538 1539 1540s 1540 1541 1542 1543 1544 1545 1546 1547 1548 1549 1550s 1550 1551 1552 1553 1554 1555 1556 1557 1558 1559 1560s 1560 1561 1562 1563 1564 1565 1566 1567 1568 1569 1570s 1570 1571 1572 1573 1574 1575 1576 1577 1578 1579 1580s 1580 1581 1582 1583 1584 1585 1586 1587 1588 1589 1590s 1590 1591 1592 1593 1594 1595 1596 1597 1598 1599 1600s 1600 1601 1602 1603 1604 1605 1606 1607 1608 1609 Centuries and millennia Millennium Century BC ( BCE ) 4th 40th 39th 38th 37th 36th 35th 34th 33rd 32nd 31st 3rd 30th 29th 28th 27th 26th 25th 24th 23rd 22nd 21st 2nd 20th 19th 18th 17th 16th 15th 14th 13th 12th 11th 1st 10th 9th 8th 7th 6th 5th 4th 3rd 2nd 1st AD ( CE ) 1st 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 2nd 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 3rd 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=16th_century&oldid=824369307 '' Categories : 16th century Centuries Early Modern period 2nd millennium Modern history Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kurdî Лезги Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 Napulitano Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Novial Occitan Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Seeltersk Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Võro Walon Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 February 2018 , at 22 : 54 . 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Ligand-gated ion channel

Ligand - gated ion channel - wikipedia Ligand - gated ion channel Jump to : navigation , search `` Ionotropic '' redirects here , not to be confused with inotropic . Neurotransmitter - gated ion - channel transmembrane region Ligand - gated ion channel Identifiers Symbol Neur_chan_memb Pfam PF02932 InterPro IPR006029 PROSITE PDOC00209 SCOP 1cek SUPERFAMILY 1cek TCDB 1. A. 9 OPM superfamily 14 OPM protein 2bg9 ( show ) Available protein structures : Pfam structures PDB RCSB PDB ; PDBe ; PDBj PDBsum structure summary Ion - channel - linked receptor Ions Ligand ( such as acetylcholine ) When ligands bind to the receptor , the ion channel portion of the receptor opens , allowing ions to pass across the cell membrane . Ligand - gated ion channels ( LICs , LGIC ) , also commonly referred as ionotropic receptors , are a group of transmembrane ion - channel proteins which open to allow ions such as Na , K , Ca , and / or Cl to pass through the membrane in response to the binding of a chemical messenger ( i.e. a ligand ) , such as a neurotransmitter . When a presynaptic neuron is excited , it releases a neurotransmitter from vesicles into the synaptic cleft . The neurotransmitter then binds to receptors located on the postsynaptic neuron . If these receptors are ligand - gated ion channels , a resulting conformational change opens the ion channels , which leads to a flow of ions across the cell membrane . This , in turn , results in either a depolarization , for an excitatory receptor response , or a hyperpolarization , for an inhibitory response . These proteins are typically composed of at least two different domains : a transmembrane domain which includes the ion pore , and an extracellular domain which includes the ligand binding location ( an allosteric binding site ) . This modularity has enabled a ' divide and conquer ' approach to finding the structure of the proteins ( crystallising each domain separately ) . The function of such receptors located at synapses is to convert the chemical signal of presynaptically released neurotransmitter directly and very quickly into a postsynaptic electrical signal . Many LICs are additionally modulated by allosteric ligands , by channel blockers , ions , or the membrane potential . LICs are classified into three superfamilies which lack evolutionary relationship : cys - loop receptors , ionotropic glutamate receptors and ATP - gated channels . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cys - loop receptors 1.1 Structure 1.2 Cationic cys - loop receptors 1.3 Anionic cys - loop receptors 2 Ionotropic glutamate receptors 2.1 AMPA receptor 2.2 NMDA receptors 3 GABA receptors 3.1 GABA receptor 4 5 - HT receptors 5 ATP - gated channels 6 PIP - gated channels 7 Indirect modulation 7.1 G - protein - linked receptors 7.1. 1 GABA receptor 7.1. 2 Gα signaling 7.1. 3 Gβγ signaling 8 Clinical relevance 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Cys - loop receptors ( edit ) Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in closed state with predicted membrane boundaries shown , PDB 2BG9 The cys - loop receptors are named after a characteristic loop formed by a disulfide bond between two cysteine residues in the N terminal extracellular domain . They are part of a larger family of pentameric ligand - gated ion channels that usually lack this disulfide bond , hence the tentative name `` Pro-loop receptors '' . A binding site in the extracellular N - terminal ligand - binding domain gives them receptor specificity for ( 1 ) acetylcholine ( AcCh ) , ( 2 ) serotonin , ( 3 ) glycine , ( 4 ) glutamate and ( 5 ) γ - aminobutyric acid ( GABA ) in vertebrates . The receptors are subdivided with respect to the type of ion that they conduct ( anionic or cationic ) and further into families defined by the endogenous ligand . They are usually pentameric with each subunit containing 4 transmembrane helices constituting the transmembrane domain , and a beta sheet sandwich type , extracellular , N terminal , ligand binding domain . Some also contain an intracellular domain like shown in the image . The prototypic ligand - gated ion channel is the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor . It consists of a pentamer of protein subunits ( typically ααβγδ ) , with two binding sites for acetylcholine ( one at the interface of each alpha subunit ) . When the acetylcholine binds it alters the receptor 's configuration ( twists the T2 helices which moves the leucine residues , which block the pore , out of the channel pathway ) and causes the constriction in the pore of approximately 3 angstroms to widen to approximately 8 angstroms so that ions can pass through . This pore allows Na ions to flow down their electrochemical gradient into the cell . With a sufficient number of channels opening at once , the inward flow of positive charges carried by Na ions depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane sufficiently to initiate an action potential . While single - cell organisms like bacteria would have little apparent need for the transmission of an action potential , a bacterial homologue to an LIC has been identified , hypothesized to act nonetheless as a chemoreceptor . This prokaryotic nAChR variant is known as the GLIC receptor , after the species in which it was identified ; Gloeobacter Ligand - gated Ion C channel . Structure ( edit ) Cys - loop receptors have structural elements that are well conserved , with a large extracellular domain ( ECD ) harboring an alpha - helix and 10 beta - strands . Following the ECD , four transmembrane segments ( TMSs ) are connected by intracellular and extracellular loop structures . Except the TMS 3 - 4 loop , their lengths are only 7 - 14 residues . The TMS 3 - 4 loop forms the largest part of the intracellular domain ( ICD ) and exhibits the most variable region between all of these homologous receptors . The ICD is defined by the TMS 3 - 4 loop together with the TMS 1 - 2 loop preceding the ion channel pore . Crystallization has revealed structures for some members of the family , but to allow crystallization , the intracellular loop was usually replaced by a short linker present in prokaryotic cys - loop receptors , so their structures as not known . Nevertheless , this intracellular loop appears to function in desensitization , modulation of channel physiology by pharmacological substances , and posttranslational modifications . Motifs important for trafficking are therein , and the ICD interacts with scaffold proteins enabling inhibitory synapse formation . Cationic cys - loop receptors ( edit ) Type Class IUPHAR - recommended protein name Gene Previous names Serotonin ( 5 - HT ) 5 - HT 5 - HT3A 5 - HT3B 5 - HT3C 5 - HT3D 5 - HT3E HTR3A HTR3B HTR3C HTR3D HTR3E 5 - HT 5 - HT 5 - HT 5 - HT 5 - HT Nicotinic acetylcholine ( nAChR ) alpha α1 α2 α3 α4 α5 α6 α7 α9 α10 CHRNA1 CHRNA2 CHRNA3 CHRNA4 CHRNA5 CHRNA6 CHRNA7 CHRNA9 CHRNA10 ACHRA , ACHRD , CHRNA , CMS2A , FCCMS , SCCMS beta β1 β2 β3 β4 CHRNB1 CHRNB2 CHRNB3 CHRNB4 CMS2A , SCCMS , ACHRB , CHRNB , CMS1D EFNL3 , nAChRB2 gamma γ CHRNG ACHRG delta δ CHRND ACHRD , CMS2A , FCCMS , SCCMS epsilon ε CHRNE ACHRE , CMS1D , CMS1E , CMS2A , FCCMS , SCCMS Zinc - activated ion channel ( ZAC ) ZAC ZACN ZAC1 , L2m LICZ , LICZ1 Anionic cys - loop receptors ( edit ) Type Class IUPHAR - recommended protein name Gene Previous names GABA alpha α1 α2 α3 α4 α5 α6 GABRA1 GABRA2 GABRA3 GABRA4 GABRA5 GABRA6 EJM , ECA4 beta β1 β2 β3 GABRB1 GABRB2 GABRB3 ECA5 gamma γ1 γ2 γ3 GABRG1 GABRG2 GABRG3 CAE2 , ECA2 , GEFSP3 delta δ GABRD epsilon ε GABRE pi π GABRP theta θ GABRQ rho ρ1 ρ2 ρ3 GABRR1 GABRR2 GABRR3 GABA Glycine ( GlyR ) alpha α1 α2 α3 α4 GLRA1 GLRA2 GLRA3 GLRA4 STHE beta β GLRB Ionotropic glutamate receptors ( edit ) The AMPA receptor bound to a glutamate antagonist showing the amino terminal , ligand binding , and transmembrane domain , PDB 3KG2 The ionotropic glutamate receptors bind the neurotransmitter glutamate . They form tetramers with each subunit consisting of an extracellular amino terminal domain ( ATD , which is involved tetramer assembly ) , an extracellular ligand binding domain ( LBD , which binds glutamate ) , and a transmembrane domain ( TMD , which forms the ion channel ) . The transmembrane domain of each subunit contains three transmembrane helices as well as a half membrane helix with a reentrant loop . The structure of the protein starts with the ATD at the N terminus followed by the first half of the LBD which is interrupted by helices 1 , 2 and 3 of the TMD before continuing with the final half of the LBD and then finishing with helix 4 of the TMD at the C terminus . This means there are three links between the TMD and the extracellular domains . Each subunit of the tetramer has a binding site for glutamate formed by the two LBD sections forming a clamshell like shape . Only two of these sites in the tetramer need to be occupied to open the ion channel . The pore is mainly formed by the half helix 2 in a way which resembles an inverted potassium channel . Type Class IUPHAR - recommended protein name Gene Previous names AMPA GluA GluA1 GluA2 GluA3 GluA4 GRIA1 GRIA2 GRIA3 GRIA4 GLU , GluR1 , GluRA , GluR - A , GluR - K1 , HBGR1 GLU , GluR2 , GluRB , GluR - B , GluR - K2 , HBGR2 GLU , GluR3 , GluRC , GluR - C , GluR - K3 GLU , GluR4 , GluRD , GluR - D Kainate GluK GluK1 GluK2 GluK3 GluK4 GluK5 GRIK1 GRIK2 GRIK3 GRIK4 GRIK5 GLU , GluR5 , GluR - 5 , EAA3 GLU , GluR6 , GluR - 6 , EAA4 GLU , GluR7 , GluR - 7 , EAA5 GLU , KA1 , KA - 1 , EAA1 GLU , KA2 , KA - 2 , EAA2 NMDA GluN GluN1 NRL1A NRL1B GRIN1 GRINL1A GRINL1B GLU , NMDA - R1 , NR1 , GluRξ1 GluN2A GluN2B GluN2C GluN2D GRIN2A GRIN2B GRIN2C GRIN2D GLU , NMDA - R2A , NR2A , GluRε1 GLU , NMDA - R2B , NR2B , hNR3 , GluRε2 GLU , NMDA - R2C , NR2C , GluRε3 GLU , NMDA - R2D , NR2D , GluRε4 GluN3A GluN3B GRIN3A GRIN3B GLU , NMDA - R3A , NMDAR - L , chi - 1 GLU , NMDA - R3B ' Orphan ' ( GluD ) GluD1 GluD2 GRID1 GRID2 GluRδ1 GluRδ2 AMPA receptor ( edit ) The AMPA receptor bound to a glutamate antagonist showing the amino terminal , ligand binding , and transmembrane domain , PDB 3KG2 The α - amino - 3 - hydroxy - 5 - methyl - 4 - isoxazolepropionic acid receptor ( also known as AMPA receptor , or quisqualate receptor ) is a non-NMDA - type ionotropic transmembrane receptor for glutamate that mediates fast synaptic transmission in the central nervous system ( CNS ) . Its name is derived from its ability to be activated by the artificial glutamate analog AMPA . The receptor was first named the `` quisqualate receptor '' by Watkins and colleagues after a naturally occurring agonist quisqualate and was only later given the label `` AMPA receptor '' after the selective agonist developed by Tage Honore and colleagues at the Royal Danish School of Pharmacy in Copenhagen . AMPARs are found in many parts of the brain and are the most commonly found receptor in the nervous system . The AMPA receptor GluA2 ( GluR2 ) tetramer was the first glutamate receptor ion channel to be crystallized . AMPA receptor trafficking Ligands : Agonists : Glutamate , AMPA , 5 - Fluorowillardiine , Domoic acid , Quisqualic acid , etc . Antagonists : CNQX , Kynurenic acid , NBQX , Perampanel , Piracetam , etc . Positive allosteric modulators : Aniracetam , Cyclothiazide , CX - 516 , CX - 614 , etc . Negative allosteric modulators : Ethanol , Perampanel , Talampanel , GYKI - 52,466 , etc . NMDA receptors ( edit ) Stylized depiction of an activated NMDAR The N - methyl - D - aspartate receptor ( NMDA receptor ) -- a type of ionotropic glutamate receptor -- is a voltage - dependent ligand - gated ion channel that is gated by the simultaneous binding of glutamate and a co-agonist ( i.e. , either D - serine or glycine ) . Studies show that the NMDA receptor is involved in regulating synaptic plasticity and memory . The name `` NMDA receptor '' is derived from the ligand N - methyl - D - aspartate ( NMDA ) , which acts as a selective agonist at these receptors . When the NMDA receptor is activated by the binding of two co-agonists , the cation channel opens , allowing Na and Ca to flow into the cell , in turn raising the cell 's electric potential . Thus , the NMDA receptor is an excitatory receptor . At resting potentials , the binding of Mg or Zn at their extracellular binding sites on the receptor blocks ion flux through the NMDA receptor channel . `` However , when neurons are depolarized , for example , by intense activation of colocalized postsynaptic AMPA receptors , the voltage - dependent block by Mg is partially relieved , allowing ion influx through activated NMDA receptors . The resulting Ca influx can trigger a variety of intracellular signaling cascades , which can ultimately change neuronal function through activation of various kinases and phosphatases '' . Ligands : Primary endogenous co-agonists : glutamate and either D - serine or glycine Other agonists : aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid ; D - cycloserine ; L - aspartate ; quinolinate , etc . Partial agonists : N - methyl - D - aspartic acid ( NMDA ) ; NRX - 1074 ; 3 , 5 - dibromo - L - phenylalanine , etc . Antagonists : ketamine , PCP , dextropropoxyphene , ketobemidone , tramadol , kynurenic acid ( endogenous ) , etc . GABA receptors ( edit ) GABA receptors are major inhibitory neurotransmitter expressed in the major interneurons in animal cortex . GABA receptor ( edit ) GABA receptor schematic GABA receptors are ligand - gated ion channels . GABA ( gamma - aminobutyric acid ) , the endogenous ligand for these receptors , is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system . When activated , it mediates Cl flow into the neuron , hyperpolarizing the neuron . GABA receptors occur in all organisms that have a nervous system . Due to their wide distribution within the nervous system of mammals , they play a role in virtually all brain functions . Various ligands can bind specifically to GABA receptors , either activating or inhibiting the Cl channel . Ligands : Agonists : GABA , muscimol , progabide , gaboxadol Antagonists : bicuculine , gabazine Partial agonist : piperidine - 4 - sulfonic acid 5 - HT receptors ( edit ) 3D structure model of the 5 - HT1B receptor in complex with ergotamine based on crystallographic data for PDB 4IAR 5 - HT receptors , also known as the serotonin receptors , or 5 - hydroxytryptamine receptors , are ligand - gated ion channels . They activate an intracellular second messenger cascade to produce an excitatory / inhibitory response . They are found in mammals , both central nervous system ( CNS ) and peripheral nervous system ( PNS ) , as well as other animals . Its natural ligand is Serotonin , and it modulates the release of multiple neurotransmitters , such as dopamine , epinephrine / norepinephrine , glutamate , and GABA . Research confirm that the 5 - HT receptors are involved in many neurological processes , such as anxiety , depression , sleep , cognition , memory , and so on . Thus there are several drugs targeting the 5 - HT system , including some antidepressants , antipsychotics , anxiolytics , antiemetics , and antimigraine drugs , as well as the psychedelic drugs and empathogens . ATP - gated channels ( edit ) Figure 1 . Schematic representation showing the membrane topology of a typical P2X receptor subunit . First and second transmembrane domains are labeled TM1 and TM2 . Main article : P2X receptor ATP - gated channels open in response to binding the nucleotide ATP . They form trimers with two transmembrane helices per subunit and both the C and N termini on the intracellular side . Type Class IUPHAR - recommended protein name Gene Previous names P2X N / A P2X1 P2X2 P2X3 P2X4 P2X5 P2X6 P2X7 P2RX1 P2RX2 P2RX3 P2RX4 P2RX5 P2RX6 P2RX7 P2X P2X P2X P2X P2X P2X P2X PIP - gated channels ( edit ) Phosphatidylinositol 4 , 5 - bisphosphate ( PIP ) binds to and directly activates inwardly rectifying potassium channels ( K ) . PIP is a cell membrane lipid , and its role in gating ion channels represents a novel role for the molecule . Indirect modulation ( edit ) In contrast to ligand - gated ion channels , there are also receptor systems in which the receptor and the ion channel are separate proteins in the cell membrane , instead of a single molecule . In this case , ion channels are indirectly modulated by activation of the receptor , instead of being gated directly . G - protein - linked receptors ( edit ) G - protein - coupled receptor mechanism Also called G protein - coupled receptor , seven - transmembrane domain receptor , 7 TM receptor , constitute a large protein family of receptors that sense molecules outside the cell and activate inside signal transduction pathways and , ultimately , cellular responses . They pass through the cell membrane 7 times . G - protein - Linked receptors are a huge family that have hundreds of members identified . Ion - channel - linked receptors ( e.g. GABAB , NMDA , etc . ) are only a part of them . Table 1 . Three major families of Trimeric G Proteins FAMILY SOME FAMILY MEMBERS ACTION MEDIATED BY FUNCTIONS GS α Activate adenylyl cyclase activates Ca2+ channels Golf α Activates adenylyl cyclase in olfactory sensory neurons II Gi α Inhibits adenylyl cyclase βɣ Activates K+ channels G0 βɣ Activates K+ channels ; inactivate Ca2+ channels α and βɣ Activates phospholipase C - β Gt ( transducin ) α Activate cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase in vertebrate rod photoreceptors III Gq α Activates phospholipase C - β GABA receptor ( edit ) GABAB receptors are metabotropic transmembrane receptors for gamma - aminobutyric acid . They are linked via G - proteins to K+ channels , when active , they create hyperpolarized effect and lower the potential inside the cell . Ligands : Agonists : GABA , Baclofen , gamma - Hydroxybutyrate , Phenibut etc . Positive Allosteric Modulators : CGP - 7930 , Fendiline , BSPP , etc . Antagonists : 2 - OH - saclofen , Saclofen , SCH - 50911 Gα signaling ( edit ) The cyclic - adenosine monophosphate ( cAMP ) - generating enzyme adenylate cyclase is the effector of both the G and G pathways . Ten different AC gene products in mammals , each with subtle differences in tissue distribution and / or function , all catalyze the conversion of cytosolic adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) to cAMP , and all are directly stimulated by G - proteins of the G class . Interaction with Gα subunits of the G type , on the contrary , inhibits AC from generating cAMP . Thus , a GPCR coupled to G counteracts the actions of a GPCR coupled to G , and vice versa . The level of cytosolic cAMP may then determine the activity of various ion channels as well as members of the ser / thr - specific protein kinase A ( PKA ) family . As a result , cAMP is considered a second messenger and PKA a secondary effector . The effector of the G pathway is phospholipase C - β ( PLCβ ) , which catalyzes the cleavage of membrane - bound phosphatidylinositol 4 , 5 - biphosphate ( PIP2 ) into the second messengers inositol ( 1 , 4 , 5 ) trisphosphate ( IP3 ) and diacylglycerol ( DAG ) . IP3 acts on IP3 receptors found in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) to elicit Ca release from the ER , DAG diffuses along the plasma membrane where it may activate any membrane localized forms of a second ser / thr kinase called protein kinase C ( PKC ) . Since many isoforms of PKC are also activated by increases in intracellular Ca , both these pathways can also converge on each other to signal through the same secondary effector . Elevated intracellular Ca also binds and allosterically activates proteins called calmodulins , which in turn go on to bind and allosterically activate enzymes such as Ca / calmodulin - dependent kinases ( CAMKs ) . The effectors of the G pathway are three RhoGEFs ( p115 - RhoGEF , PDZ - RhoGEF , and LARG ) , which , when bound to G allosterically activate the cytosolic small GTPase , Rho . Once bound to GTP , Rho can then go on to activate various proteins responsible for cytoskeleton regulation such as Rho - kinase ( ROCK ) . Most GPCRs that couple to G also couple to other sub-classes , often G . Gβγ signaling ( edit ) The above descriptions ignore the effects of Gβγ -- signalling , which can also be important , in particular in the case of activated G - coupled GPCRs . The primary effectors of Gβγ are various ion channels , such as G - protein - regulated inwardly rectifying K channels ( GIRKs ) , P / Q - and N - type voltage - gated Ca channels , as well as some isoforms of AC and PLC , along with some phosphoinositide - 3 - kinase ( PI3K ) isoforms . Clinical relevance ( edit ) Ligand - gated ion channels are likely to be the major site at which anaesthetic agents and ethanol have their effects , although unequivocal evidence of this is yet to be established . In particular , the GABA and NMDA receptors are affected by anaesthetic agents at concentrations similar to those used in clinical anaesthesia . By understanding the mechanism and exploring the chemical / biological / physical component that could function on those receptors , more and more clinical applications are proven by preliminary experiments or FDA . Addiction treatment : A series recent study shows that GABA receptors are involved with addiction - related behaviors , such as cocaine , heroin , alcohol , etc . Understanding the mechanism of receptors helped scientist develop pharmaceutical tools to treat addictions by modifying the receptors ' activity . Memantine Memantine is approved by the U.S.F.D.A and the European Medicines Agency for the treatment of moderate - to - severe Alzheimer 's disease , and has now received a limited recommendation by the UK 's National Institute for Health and Care Excellence for patients who fail other treatment options . Antidepressant treatment Agomelatine , is a type of drug that acts on a dual melatonergic - serotonergic pathway , which have shown its efficacy in the treatment of anxious depression during clinical trails , study also suggests the efficacy in the treatment of atypical and melancholic depression . See also ( edit ) MCB portal Neuroscience portal Biology portal Receptor ( biochemistry ) Action potential Voltage - dependent calcium channel Calcium - activated potassium channel Cyclic nucleotide - gated ion channel Acid - sensing ion channel Ryanodine receptor Inositol trisphosphate receptor References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Gene Family : Ligand gated ion channels '' . 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The NMDA receptor is unique among all neurotransmitter receptors in that its activation requires the simultaneous binding of two different agonists . In addition to the binding of glutamate at the conventional agonist - binding site , the binding of glycine appears to be required for receptor activation . Because neither of these agonists alone can open this ion channel , glutamate and glycine are referred to as coagonists of the NMDA receptor . The physiologic significance of the glycine binding site is unclear because the normal extracellular concentration of glycine is believed to be saturating . However , recent evidence suggests that D - serine may be the endogenous agonist for this site . Jump up ^ Li , F ; Tsien , JZ ( 2009 ) . `` Memory and the NMDA receptors '' . N. Engl. J. Med. 361 ( 3 ) : 302 -- 3 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMcibr0902052 . PMC 3703758 . PMID 19605837 . Jump up ^ Cao , X ; Cui , Z ; Feng , R ; et al. 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Nature . 534 ( 7607 ) : 347 -- 51 . doi : 10.1038 / nature17964 . PMID 27281200 . Jump up ^ Lodish , Harvey . Molecular cell biology . Macmillan , 2008 . Jump up ^ Chen , K ; Li , HZ ; Ye , N ; Zhang , J ; Wang , JJ ( 2005 ) . `` Role of GABAB receptors in GABA and baclofen - induced inhibition of adult rat cerebellar interpositus nucleus neurons in vitro '' . Brain Res Bull . 67 ( 4 ) : 310 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. brainresbull. 2005.07. 004 . PMID 16182939 . Jump up ^ Urwyler , S ; Mosbacher , J ; Lingenhoehl , K ; Heid , J ; Hofstetter , K ; Froestl , W ; Bettler , B ; Kaupmann , K ( 2001 ) . `` Positive allosteric modulation of native and recombinant gamma - aminobutyric acid ( B ) receptors by 2 , 6 - Di - tert - butyl - 4 - ( 3 - hydroxy - 2 , 2 - dimethyl - propyl ) - phenol ( CGP7930 ) and its aldehyde analog CGP13501 '' . Mol. Pharmacol. 60 ( 5 ) : 963 -- 71 . PMID 11641424 . 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( 2004 ) . `` Role of GABAB receptor in alcohol dependence : reducing effect of baclofen on alcohol intake and alcohol motivational properties in rats and amelioration of alcohol withdrawal syndrome and alcohol craving in human alcoholics '' . Neurotoxicity research . 6 ( 5 ) : 403 -- 414 . doi : 10.1007 / BF03033315 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Brebner , Karen , Anna Rose Childress , and David CS Roberts . `` A potential role for GABAB agonists in the treatment of psychostimulant addiction . '' Alcohol and Alcoholism 37.5 ( 2002 ) : 478 - 484 . alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/content/37/5/478.short Jump up ^ Young , Kimberly A. ; et al. ( 2014 ) . `` Baclofen , a GABA B Agonist , reduces risk - taking and reveals the relationship between brain responses to drug cues and risk - taking in cocaine - addicted patients '' . Drug & Alcohol Dependence. 140 : e247 . doi : 10.1016 / j. drugalcdep. 2014.02. 684 . 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Jump up ^ Avedisova , A ; Marachev , M ( 2013 ) . `` 2639 -- The effectiveness of agomelatine ( valdoxan ) in the treatment of atypical depression '' . European Psychiatry . 28 ( Suppl 1 ) : 1 . doi : 10.1016 / S0924 - 9338 ( 13 ) 77272 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Ligand - Gated Ion Channel database at European Bioinformatics Institute . Verified availability April 11 , 2007 . `` Revised Recommendations for Nomenclature of Ligand - Gated Ion Channels '' . IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels . International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology . http://www.esf.edu/efb/course/EFB325/lectures/29HormoneSignals.htm http://www.genenames.org/ As of this edit , this article uses content from `` 1. A. 9 The Neurotransmitter Receptor , Cys loop , Ligand - gated Ion Channel ( LIC ) Family '' , which is licensed in a way that permits reuse under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License , but not under the GFDL . All relevant terms must be followed . Membrane transport protein : ion channels ( TC 1A ) Ca : Calcium channel Ligand - gated Inositol trisphosphate receptor Ryanodine receptor Voltage - gated L - type / Ca α 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 N - type / Ca α2. 2 P - type / Ca α 2.1 Q - type / Ca α2. 1 R - type / Ca α2. 3 T - type / Ca α 3.1 3.2 3.3 α δ - subunits β - subunits β1 β2 β3 β4 γ - subunits γ1 γ2 γ3 γ4 Cation channels of sperm Two - pore channel Na : Sodium channel Constitutively active Epithelial sodium channel α β γ δ Proton - gated Amiloride - sensitive cation channel Voltage - gated Na α 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 7A Na β K : Potassium channel Calcium - activated BK channel α1 β1 β2 β3 β4 SK channel SK1 SK2 SK3 IK channel IK1 1.1 2.1 2.2 2.3 3.1 4.1 4.2 5.1 Inward - rectifier 1.1 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.6 GIRK / K 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 4.1 4.2 5.1 6.1 6.2 7.1 Tandem pore domain K2P 5 6 7 9 10 12 13 15 16 17 18 Voltage - gated K α1 - 6 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 2.1 2.2 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 4.1 4.2 4.3 5.1 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 K α7 - 12 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 8.1 8.2 9.1 9.2 9.3 10.1 10.2 11.1 / hERG 11.2 11.3 12.1 12.2 12.3 K β KCNIP minK / ISK minK / ISK - like MiRP Shaker gene Miscellaneous Cl : Chloride channel Calcium - activated chloride channels Anoctamin ANO1 Bestrophin Chloride Channel Accessory CFTR CLCN 5 6 7 KA KB CLIC 5 6 L1 CLNS 1A 1B H : Proton channel HVCN1 M : CNG cation channel α β HCN FC M : TRP cation channel TRPA ( 1 ) TRPC 4AP 5 6 7 TRPM 5 6 7 8 TRPML TRPN TRPP TRPV 5 6 H O ( + solutes ) : Porin Aquaporin 0 5 6 7 8 9 Voltage - dependent anion channel General bacterial porin family Cytoplasm : Gap junction Connexin GJA1 GJA3 GJA4 GJA5 GJA8 GJA9 GJA10 GJB1 GJB2 GJB3 GJB4 GJB5 GJB6 GJB7 GJC1 GJC2 GJC3 GJD2 GJD3 GJD4 Innexin ( hide ) By gating mechanism Ion channel class Ligand - gated Light - gated Voltage - gated Stretch - activated see also disorders Ion channel , cell surface receptor : ligand - gated ion channels Cys - loop receptors 5 - HT / serotonin 5 - HT GABA GABA α α α α α α β β β γ γ γ δ ε π θ GABA - ρ ρ ρ ρ Glycine α α α α β Nicotinic acetylcholine monomers : α1 α2 α3 α4 α5 α6 α7 α9 α10 β1 β2 β3 β4 δ ε pentamers : ( α3 ) ( β4 ) ( α4 ) ( β2 ) ( α7 ) ( α1 ) ( β4 ) - Ganglion type ( α1 ) β1δε - Muscle type Zinc Zinc - activated Ionotropic glutamates Ligand - gated only AMPA ( 1 4 ) Kainate 5 Voltage - and ligand - gated NMDA 2A 2B 2C 2D 3A 3B L1A L1B ' Orphan ' GluD δ δ ATP - gated channels Purinergic receptors P2X 5 6 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ligand-gated_ion_channel&oldid=824163904 '' Categories : Cell biology Electrophysiology Ion channels Ionotropic receptors Membrane biology Molecular neuroscience Neurochemistry Protein families Membrane proteins Transmembrane proteins Transmembrane transporters Transport proteins Integral membrane proteins Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . Articles with imported Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike 3.0 text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Latviešu Magyar Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 5 February 2018 , at 18 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

where are ligand gated channels found on a neuron

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The Killing Fields (film)

The Killing Fields ( film ) - wikipedia The Killing Fields ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Sri Lanka 's Killing Fields . The Killing Fields Theatrical release poster Directed by Roland Joffé Produced by David Puttnam Iain Smith Screenplay by Bruce Robinson Based on The Death and Life of Dith Pran by Sydney Schanberg Starring Sam Waterston Haing S. Ngor Craig T. Nelson John Malkovich Athol Fugard Music by Mike Oldfield Cinematography Chris Menges Edited by Jim Clark Production company Goldcrest Films International Film Investors Enigma Productions Distributed by Warner Bros. ( US ) Columbia - EMI - Warner ( UK ) Release date 2 November 1984 ( 1984 - 11 - 02 ) Running time 141 minutes Country United Kingdom Language English French Khmer Budget $14.4 million Box office $34,700,291 The Killing Fields is a 1984 British biographical drama film about the Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia , which is based on the experiences of two journalists : Cambodian Dith Pran and American Sydney Schanberg . It was directed by Roland Joffé and produced by David Puttnam for his company Goldcrest Films . Sam Waterston stars as Schanberg , Haing S. Ngor as Pran , Julian Sands as Jon Swain , and John Malkovich as Al Rockoff . The adaptation for the screen was written by Bruce Robinson ; the musical score was written by Mike Oldfield and orchestrated by David Bedford . The film was a success at the box office as well as being an instant hit with critics . At the 57th Academy Awards it received seven Oscar nominations ; including Best Picture ; it won three , most notably Best Supporting Actor for Haing S. Ngor , who had had no previous acting experience . At the 38th British Academy Film Awards , it won eight BAFTAs , including Best Film and Best Actor in a Leading Role for Ngor . In 1999 the British Film Institute voted The Killing Fields the 100th greatest British film of the 20th century . In 2016 British film magazine Empire ranked it number 86 in their list of the 100 best British films . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Critical reception 4.1 Accolades 5 Home media 6 Casting of Haing S. Ngor 7 Related work 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In the Cambodian capital , Phnom Penh , during May 1973 , the Cambodian national army is fighting a civil war with the Khmer Rouge , a result of the Vietnam War overspilling that country 's borders . Dith Pran , a Cambodian journalist and interpreter for The New York Times , awaits the arrival of reporter Sydney Schanberg at the city 's airport but leaves suddenly . Schanberg takes a cab to his hotel where he meets up with Al Rockoff ( John Malkovich ) . Pran meets Schanberg later and tells him that an incident has occurred in a town , Neak Leung ; allegedly , an American B - 52 has bombed the town . Schanberg and Pran go to Neak Leung where they find that the town has been bombed . Schanberg and Pran are arrested when they try to photograph the execution of two Khmer Rouge operatives . They are eventually released and Schanberg is furious when the international press corps arrives with the U.S. Army . Two years later , in 1975 , the Phnom Penh embassies are being evacuated in anticipation of the arrival of the Khmer Rouge . Schanberg secures evacuation for Pran , his wife and their four children . However , Pran insists that he would stay behind to help Schanberg . The Khmer Rouge move into the capital , ostensibly in peace . During a parade through the city , Schanberg meets Rockoff . They are later met by a detachment of the Khmer Rouge , who immediately arrest them . The group is taken through the city to a back alley where prisoners are being held and executed . Pran , unharmed because he is a Cambodian civilian , negotiates to spare the lives of his friends . They do not leave Phnom Penh , but instead retreat to the French embassy . Informed that the Khmer Rouge have ordered all Cambodian citizens in the embassy to be handed over and fearing the embassy will be overrun , the embassies comply . Knowing that Pran will be imprisoned or killed , Rockoff and fellow photographer Jon Swain ( Julian Sands ) of The Sunday Times try to forge a British passport for Pran ; the deception fails when the image of Pran on the passport photo fades to nothing , as they lack adequate photographic developer . Pran is turned over to the Khmer Rouge and is forced to live under their totalitarian regime . Several months after returning to New York City , Schanberg is in the midst of a personal campaign to locate Pran . In Cambodia , Pran has become a forced labourer under the Khmer Rouge 's `` Year Zero '' policy , a return to the agrarian ways of the past . Pran is also forced to attend propagandist classes where many undergo re-education . As intellectuals are made to disappear , Pran feigns simple - mindedness . Eventually , he tries to escape , but is recaptured . Before he is found by members of the Khmer Rouge , he slips into a muddy cesspool filled with rotting human corpses ; in doing so , he stumbles upon one of the infamous killing fields of the Pol Pot regime , where as many as 2 million Cambodian citizens were murdered . In 1976 Sydney Schanberg is awarded a Pulitzer prize for his coverage of the Cambodian conflict . At the acceptance dinner he tells the audience that half the recognition for the award belongs to Pran . Later in the restroom , he is confronted by Rockoff , who harshly accuses him of not doing enough to locate Pran and for using his friend to win the award . Schanberg defends his efforts , saying that he has contacted every humanitarian relief agency possible in the time since Pran 's disappearance . Rockoff suggests that Schanberg subtly pressured Pran to remain in Cambodia because Pran was so vital to Schanberg 's work . This accusation hits close to home , and Schanberg begins to wonder whether he put his own self - interest ahead of Pran 's safety . He finally confesses that Pran `` stayed because I wanted him to stay '' . Pran is assigned to the leader of a different prison compound , a man named Phat , and charged mostly with tending to his little boy . Pran continues his self - imposed discipline of behaving as an uneducated peasant , despite several of Phat 's attempts to trick him into revealing his knowledge of both French and English . Phat begins to trust Pran and asks him to take ward of his son in the event that he is killed . The Khmer Rouge are now engaged in a border war with Vietnam . The conflict reaches Pran 's region and a battle ensues between the Khmer Rouge of the compound and two jets sent to destroy the camp . After the skirmish has ended , Pran discovers that Phat 's son has American money and a map leading to safety . When Phat tries to stop the younger Khmer Rouge officers from killing several of his comrades , he is ignominiously shot . In the confusion , Pran escapes with four other prisoners and they begin a long trek through the jungle with Phat 's young son . The group later splits and three of them head in a different direction ; Pran continues following the map with the fourth man . However , Pran 's companion activates a hidden land mine while holding the boy . As Pran pleads with the man to give him the boy , the mine goes off , killing the pair . Pran mourns for a time and continues on . One day he crests the escarpment of the Dângrêk Mountains and sees a Red Cross camp near the border of Thailand . The scene shifts to Schanberg calling Pran 's family with the news that Pran is alive and safe . Soon after , Schanberg travels to the Red Cross camp and is reunited with Pran . He asks Pran to forgive him ; Pran answers , with a smile , `` Nothing to forgive , Sydney '' , as the two embrace . Cast ( edit ) Sam Waterston as Sydney Schanberg Haing S. Ngor as Dith Pran John Malkovich as Al Rockoff Julian Sands as Jon Swain Craig T. Nelson as Military Attache Spalding Gray as U.S. Consul Bill Paterson as Dr. MacEntire Athol Fugard as Dr. Sundesval Graham Kennedy as Dougal Patrick Malahide as Morgan Nell Campbell as Beth Joanna Merlin as Schanberg 's Sister Production ( edit ) In an interview with The Guardian in November 2014 , Joffe said : `` David Puttnam asked to see me , which in those days was a bit like being invited out to Hollywood . He gave me Bruce Robinson 's script , which was enormous , but it was so full of passion and energy I could n't put it down . I 'd heard about Cambodia and the Khmer Rouge , but did n't know much until I read it . I wrote to David saying that whoever made the film would have to be careful because it was n't just a war story : it was about human connection , how friendships are born and what they do to us . I did n't hear from him for six months , then we bumped into one another and he said he 'd interviewed most of the directors in the world -- including some very big names who would make the studios happy -- but no one had really understood it . `` You 're the only man who has , '' he said . '' In the same interview actor Julian Sands said : `` Roland 's audition process was extraordinary . I was 24 and I 've never come across anything as rigorous since . He was looking to put together a troupe of actors without much film experience , because he wanted the freshness of everything to resonate with us . He would gather lots of us in his office to improvise scenes . After about a month , he had a group he found interesting . John Malkovich , Sam Waterston and Haing S. Ngor were n't subject to that , but their meetings with him were still pretty intense . A lot was made of the fact that Haing had n't acted before , but John put it differently : he said Haing had been acting his whole life -- you had to be a pretty good actor to survive the Khmer Rouge . '' Critical reception ( edit ) The Killing Fields holds a 93 % rating at the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , based on 40 reviews from notable publications . Critic Roger Ebert wrote in the Chicago Sun - Times : `` The film is a masterful achievement on all the technical levels -- it does an especially good job of convincing us with its Asian locations -- but the best moments are the human ones , the conversations , the exchanges of trust , the waiting around , the sudden fear , the quick bursts of violence , the desperation . '' Accolades ( edit ) Academy Awards Best Picture ( David Puttnam ) - Nominated Best Director ( Roland Joffé ) - Nominated Best Actor ( Sam Waterston ) - Nominated Best Supporting Actor ( Haing S. Ngor ) - Won Best Adapted Screenplay ( Bruce Robinson ) - Nominated Best Cinematography ( Chris Menges ) - Won Best Film Editing ( Jim Clark ) - Won British Academy Film Awards Best Film ( David Puttnam ) - Won Best Direction ( Roland Joffé ) - Nominated Actor in a Leading Role ( Haing S. Ngor ) - Won Actor in a Leading Role ( Sam Waterston ) - Nominated Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles ( Haing S. Ngor ) - Won Best Adapted Screenplay ( Bruce Robinson ) - Won Best Film Music ( Mike Oldfield ) - Nominated Best Cinematography ( Chris Menges ) - Won Best Production Design ( Roy Walker ) - Won Best Editing ( Jim Clark ) - Won Best Sound ( Ian Fuller , Clive Winter , Bill Rowe ) - Won Best Special Visual Effects ( Fred Cramer ) - Nominated Best Makeup and Hair ( Tommie Manderson ) - Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Motion Picture - Drama ( David Puttnam ) - Nominated Best Director ( Roland Joffé ) - Nominated Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama ( Sam Waterston ) - Nominated Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture ( Haing S. Ngor ) - Won Best Screenplay ( Bruce Robinson ) - Nominated Best Original Score ( Mike Oldfield ) - Nominated Other Eddie Award ( Jim Clark ) - Nominated Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Film - Won Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actor ( Haing S. Ngor ) - Won Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actor ( John Malkovich ) - Won Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Cinematography ( Chris Menges ) - Won British Society of Cinematographers Award for Best Cinematography ( Chris Menges ) - Won César Award for Best Foreign Film ( Roland Joffé ) - Nominated David di Donatello for Best Foreign Producer ( David Puttnam ) - Won David di Donatello for Best Foreign Director ( Roland Joffé ) - Nominated David di Donatello for Best Foreign Film - Nominated Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Director - Feature Film ( Roland Joffé ) - Nominated Guild of German Art House Cinemas Award for Best Foreign Film ( Roland Joffé ) - Won London Film Critics Circle Award for Director of the Year ( Roland Joffé ) - Won Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor ( John Malkovich ) - 2nd place Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Cinematography ( Chris Menges ) - Won National Board of Review : Top Ten Films - Won National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actor ( John Malkovich ) - Won National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Cinematography ( Chris Menges ) - Won New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Cinematographer ( Chris Menges ) - Won New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Film - 2nd place Political Film Society Special Award - Won Writers Guild of America Award for Best Adapted Screenplay ( Bruce Robinson ) - Won Besides its place as 100th on the BFI Top 100 British films list , The Killing Fields is also 30th on Channel 4 's list of the 100 Greatest Tearjerkers , and 60th on the AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers list . Home media ( edit ) The Killing Fields was released on DVD by Umbrella Entertainment in Australia in March 2010 . The DVD includes special features such as the theatrical trailer , audio commentary with Roland Joffé , an interview with David Puttnam and a BBC documentary titled The Making of The Killing Fields . In April 2013 Umbrella Entertainment released the film on Blu - ray in Australia . In the UK , the film was released on DVD and Blu - ray by Optimum Releasing and was released in North America on DVD by Warner Brothers , as part of their Warner Archive Collection . Casting of Haing S. Ngor ( edit ) Haing S. Ngor , who plays Pran , was himself a survivor of the Khmer Rouge regime and the labour camps . Prior to the Khmer Rouge 's ' Year Zero ' he was a doctor based in Phnom Penh . In 1975 , Ngor was one of millions who were moved from the city to forced labour camps in the countryside . He spent four years there before fleeing to Thailand . Haing S. Ngor had never acted before appearing in The Killing Fields . He was spotted by the film 's casting director , Pat Golden , at a Cambodian wedding in Los Angeles . Of his role in the film , he told People magazine in 1985 : `` I wanted to show the world how deep starvation is in Cambodia , how many people die under Communist regime . My heart is satisfied . I have done something perfect . '' Related work ( edit ) The screenplay is adapted from a Sydney Schanberg story in The New York Times Magazine entitled `` The Death and Life of Dith Pran : A Story of Cambodia '' . In 1986 , actor Spalding Gray , who had a small role in the film as the American consul , created Swimming to Cambodia , a monologue ( later filmed by Jonathan Demme ) based upon his experiences making The Killing Fields . A book of the film was written by Christopher Hudson . See also ( edit ) Alive in the Killing Fields ( book ) BFI Top 100 British films List of historical drama films of Asia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Walker , John ( 1985 ) . The Once and Future Film : British Cinema in the Seventies and Eighties . London : Methuen . p. 117 . ISBN 0 - 413 - 53540 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 best British films '' . Empire . 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) . `` Roland Joffe and Julian Sands : how we made The Killing Fields '' . Retrieved 4th December 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) . `` Roland Joffe and Julian Sands : how we made The Killing Fields '' . Retrieved 4th December 2016 . Jump up ^ The Killing Fields at Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ The Killing Fields review by Roger Ebert Jump up ^ `` Channel 4 's 100 greatest Tearjerkers '' . Channel Four . Archived from the original on 13 April 2009 . Retrieved 6 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Umbrella Entertainment - DVD '' . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Umbrella Entertainment - Blu - ray '' . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Killing Fields : authentically good '' . The Guardian . London . 12 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Haing S. Ngor Foundation - Biography '' . haingngorfoundation.org . Retrieved 14 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Freedman , Samuel G. ( 28 October 1984 ) . `` In ' The Killing Fields , ' A Cambodian Actor Relives His Nation 's Ordeal '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Cambodian Doctor Haing Ngor Turns Actor in the Killing Fields , and Relives His Grisly Past : People.com '' . people.com . Retrieved 14 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( 2 November 1984 ) . `` Screen : Tale Of Death And Life Of A Cambodian '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ The Killing Fields at Google Books External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Killing Fields ( film ) The Killing Fields on IMDb The Killing Fields at Rotten Tomatoes The Killing Fields at AllMovie Film review by Tim Dirks Mike Oldfield Discography ( Tubular.net ) -- The Killing Fields The Killing Fields at DVD Resurrections , by Fingers . Films directed by Roland Joffé The Killing Fields ( 1984 ) The Mission ( 1986 ) Fat Man and Little Boy ( 1989 ) City of Joy ( 1992 ) The Scarlet Letter ( 1995 ) Goodbye Lover ( 1998 ) Vatel ( 2000 ) Captivity ( 2007 ) You and I ( 2008 ) There Be Dragons ( 2011 ) The Lovers ( 2013 ) Texas Rising ( 2015 ) BAFTA Award for Best Film Best Film from Any Source 1947 -- 1967 The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) Bicycle Thieves ( 1949 ) All About Eve ( 1950 ) La Ronde ( 1951 ) The Sound Barrier ( 1952 ) Forbidden Games ( 1953 ) The Wages of Fear ( 1954 ) Richard III ( 1955 ) Gervaise ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Room at the Top ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) The Apartment ( 1960 ) Ballad of a Soldier ( 1961 ) The Hustler ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1964 ) My Fair Lady ( 1965 ) Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1967 ) Best Film 1968 -- present The Graduate ( 1968 ) Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid ( 1970 ) Sunday Bloody Sunday ( 1971 ) Cabaret ( 1972 ) Day for Night ( 1973 ) Lacombe , Lucien ( 1974 ) Alice Does n't Live Here Anymore ( 1975 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1976 ) Annie Hall ( 1977 ) Julia ( 1978 ) Manhattan ( 1979 ) The Elephant Man ( 1980 ) Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) Educating Rita ( 1983 ) The Killing Fields ( 1984 ) The Purple Rose of Cairo ( 1985 ) A Room with a View ( 1986 ) Jean de Florette ( 1987 ) The Last Emperor ( 1988 ) Dead Poets Society ( 1989 ) Goodfellas ( 1990 ) The Commitments ( 1991 ) Howards End ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) The Full Monty ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Pianist ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) The Queen ( 2006 ) Atonement ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Boyhood ( 2014 ) The Revenant ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Killing_Fields_(film)&oldid=815475116 '' Categories : 1984 films 1980s drama films 1980s historical films 1980s biographical films British films British drama films British war films British epic films British biographical films English - language films French - language films Khmer - language films Films directed by Roland Joffé Political drama films Vietnam War films War epic films Biographical films about photojournalists Biographical films about war correspondents Films based on actual events Films based on newspaper and magazine articles Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Academy Award - winning performance Films set in Cambodia Films set in the 1970s Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography Academy Award Films whose editor won the Best Film Editing Academy Award Goldcrest Films films Warner Bros. films Films shot in Thailand Films shot in Bangkok The Killing Fields Works about the Cambodian genocide Best Film BAFTA Award winners Films produced by David Puttnam Films whose writer won the Best Adapted Screenplay BAFTA Award Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2011 Film articles using image size parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 01 : 35 . 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Synergy

Synergy - wikipedia Synergy Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Synergy ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Synergy is the creation of a whole that is greater than the simple sum of its parts . The term synergy comes from the Attic Greek word συνεργία synergia from synergos , συνεργός , meaning `` working together '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Descriptions and usages 3 Biological sciences 3.1 Pest synergy 3.2 Drug synergy 3.2. 1 Drug synergy mechanisms 3.3 Toxicological synergy 4 Human synergy 5 Corporate synergy 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Revenue 5.3 Financial 5.3. 1 Cash slack 5.3. 2 Debt capacity 5.3. 3 Tax benefits 5.4 Management 5.5 Cost 6 Synergistic action in economy 6.1 Synergistic determinants 6.2 Synergistic networks and systems 6.3 Synergy effects 7 Computers 8 Synergy in literature 9 Synergy in the media 10 Information theory 11 See also 12 References 13 External links History The words `` synergy '' and `` synergetic '' have been used in the field of physiology since at least the middle of the 19th century : SYN'ERGY , Synergi'a , Synenergi'a , ( F . ) Synergie ; from συν , ' with , ' and εργον , ' work . ' A correlation or concourse of action between different organs in health ; and , according to some , in disease . -- Dunglison , Robley Medical Lexicon Blanchard and Lea , 1853 In 1896 , Henri Mazel applied the term `` synergy '' to social psychology by writing La synergie sociale , in which he argued that Darwinian theory failed to account for `` social synergy '' or `` social love '' , a collective evolutionary drive . The highest civilizations were the work not only of the elite but of the masses too ; those masses must be led , however , because the crowd , a feminine and unconscious force , can not distinguish between good and evil . In 1909 , Lester Frank Ward defined synergy as the universal constructive principle of nature : I have characterized the social struggle as centrifugal and social solidarity as centripetal . Either alone is productive of evil consequences . Struggle is essentially destructive of the social order , while communism removes individual initiative . The one leads to disorder , the other to degeneracy . What is not seen -- the truth that has no expounders -- is that the wholesome , constructive movement consists in the properly ordered combination and interaction of both these principles . This is social synergy , which is a form of cosmic synergy , the universal constructive principle of nature . -- Ward , Lester F. Glimpses of the Cosmos , volume VI ( 1897 -- 1912 ) G.P. Putnam 's Sons , 1918 , p. 358 Descriptions and usages In the natural world , synergistic phenomena are ubiquitous , ranging from physics ( for example , the different combinations of quarks that produce protons and neutrons ) to chemistry ( a popular example is water , a compound of hydrogen and oxygen ) , to the cooperative interactions among the genes in genomes , the division of labor in bacterial colonies , the synergies of scale in multi-cellular organisms , as well as the many different kinds of synergies produced by socially - organized groups , from honeybee colonies to wolf packs and human societies : compare stigmergy , a mechanism of indirect coordination between agents or actions that results in the self - assembly of complex systems . Even the tools and technologies that are widespread in the natural world represent important sources of synergistic effects . The tools that enabled early hominins to become systematic big - game hunters is a primordial human example . In the context of organizational behavior , following the view that a cohesive group is more than the sum of its parts , synergy is the ability of a group to outperform even its best individual member . These conclusions are derived from the studies conducted by Jay Hall on a number of laboratory - based group ranking and prediction tasks . He found that effective groups actively looked for the points in which they disagreed and in consequence encouraged conflicts amongst the participants in the early stages of the discussion . In contrast , the ineffective groups felt a need to establish a common view quickly , used simple decision making methods such as averaging , and focused on completing the task rather than on finding solutions they could agree on . In a technical context , its meaning is a construct or collection of different elements working together to produce results not obtainable by any of the elements alone . The elements , or parts , can include people , hardware , software , facilities , policies , documents : all things required to produce system - level results . The value added by the system as a whole , beyond that contributed independently by the parts , is created primarily by the relationship among the parts , that is , how they are interconnected . In essence , a system constitutes a set of interrelated components working together with a common objective : fulfilling some designated need . If used in a business application , synergy means that teamwork will produce an overall better result than if each person within the group were working toward the same goal individually . However , the concept of group cohesion needs to be considered . Group cohesion is that property that is inferred from the number and strength of mutual positive attitudes among members of the group . As the group becomes more cohesive , its functioning is affected in a number of ways . First , the interactions and communication between members increase . Common goals , interests and small size all contribute to this . In addition , group member satisfaction increases as the group provides friendship and support against outside threats . There are negative aspects of group cohesion that have an effect on group decision - making and hence on group effectiveness . There are two issues arising . The risky shift phenomenon is the tendency of a group to make decisions that are riskier than those that the group would have recommended individually . Group Polarisation is when individuals in a group begin by taking a moderate stance on an issue regarding a common value and , after having discussed it , end up taking a more extreme stance . A second , potential negative consequence of group cohesion is group think . Group think is a mode of thinking that people engage in when they are deeply involved in cohesive group , when the members ' striving for unanimity overrides their motivation to appraise realistically the alternative courses of action . Studying the events of several American policy `` disasters '' such as the failure to anticipate the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor ( 1941 ) and the Bay of Pigs Invasion fiasco ( 1961 ) , Irving Janis argued that they were due to the cohesive nature of the committees that made the relevant decisions . That decisions made by committees lead to failure in a simple system is noted by Dr. Chris Elliot . His case study looked at IEEE - 488 , an international standard set by the leading US standards body ; it led to a failure of small automation systems using the IEEE - 488 standard ( which codified a proprietary communications standard HP - IB ) . But the external devices used for communication were made by two different companies , and the incompatibility between the external devices led to a financial loss for the company . He argues that systems will be safe only if they are designed , not if they emerge by chance . The idea of a systemic approach is endorsed by the United Kingdom Health and Safety Executive . The successful performance of the health and safety management depends upon the analyzing the causes of incidents and accidents and learning correct lessons from them . The idea is that all events ( not just those causing injuries ) represent failures in control , and present an opportunity for learning and improvement . UK Health and Safety Executive , Successful health and safety management ( 1997 ) : this book describes the principles and management practices , which provide the basis of effective health and safety management . It sets out the issues that need to be addressed , and can be used for developing improvement programs , self - audit , or self - assessment . Its message is that organizations must manage health and safety with the same degree of expertise and to the same standards as other core business activities , if they are to effectively control risks and prevent harm to people . The term synergy was refined by R. Buckminster Fuller , who analyzed some of its implications more fully and coined the term synergetics . A dynamic state in which combined action is favored over the difference of individual component actions . Behavior of whole systems unpredicted by the behavior of their parts taken separately , known as emergent behavior . The cooperative action of two or more stimuli ( or drugs ) , resulting in a different or greater response than that of the individual stimuli . Biological Sciences Synergy of various kinds has been advanced by Peter Corning as a causal agency that can explain the progressive evolution of complexity in living systems over the course of time . According to the Synergism Hypothesis , synergistic effects have been the drivers of cooperative relationships of all kinds and at all levels in living systems . The thesis , in a nutshell , is that synergistic effects have often provided functional advantages ( economic benefits ) in relation to survival and reproduction that have been favored by natural selection . The cooperating parts , elements , or individuals become , in effect , functional `` units '' of selection in evolutionary change . Similarly , environmental systems may react in a non-linear way to perturbations , such as climate change , so that the outcome may be greater than the sum of the individual component alterations . Synergistic responses are a complicating factor in environmental modeling . Pest synergy Pest synergy would occur in a biological host organism population , where , for example , the introduction of parasite A may cause 10 % fatalities , and parasite B may also cause 10 % loss . When both parasites are present , the losses would normally be expected to total less than 20 % , yet , in some cases , losses are significantly greater . In such cases , it is said that the parasites in combination have a synergistic effect . Drug synergy Drug synergy occurs when drugs can interact in ways that enhance or magnify one or more effects , or side - effects , of those drugs . This is sometimes exploited in combination preparations , such as codeine mixed with acetaminophen or ibuprofen to enhance the action of codeine as a pain reliever . Some drug users frequently utilize 5 - HTP , a serotonin precursor often used as an antidepressant , prior to and after ingestion of MDMA . It is said to increase the `` high '' and decreases the `` comedown '' stages of MDMA use , although most anecdotal evidence has pointed to 5 - HTP significantly altering the effect of MDMA when used at the same time , as well as potentiating the side effects associated with serotonin syndrome ) . Other examples include the use of cannabis with LSD , where the active chemicals in cannabis have been reported to enhance the hallucinatory experience of LSD. . Negative effects of synergy are a form of contraindication . For example , a combination of depressant drugs that affect the central nervous system ( CNS ) , such as alcohol and Valium , can cause a greater reaction than simply the sum of the individual effects of each drug if they were used separately . In this particular case , the most serious consequence of drug synergy is exaggerated respiratory depression , which can be fatal if left untreated . Mixing drugs can produce potentially fatal reactions within the brain , such as serotonin syndrome , due to synergistic reactions changing chemical and receptor activity . In the case of Monoamine oxidase inhibitor ( MAOI ) medications , mainly used as last - straw antidepressants , mixing certain foods and drugs may cause hypertension or hyperserotonemia . Drug synergy can occur both in biological activity and because of pharmacokinetics . Shared metabolic enzymes can cause drugs to remain in the bloodstream much longer in higher concentrations than if individually taken . A paper presenting a community computational challenge to predict synergy outlines the difficulty of predicting synergy based on high - throughput data . The Food and Drug Administration published a guideline for the pharmaceutical industry stressing the need to understand combination effects and synergy . Drug synergy mechanisms The following are further sample mechanisms that may be involved in the development of synergistic effects : improvement of absorption or bioavailability ( bioenhancer ; for example loperamide reduces the motility of the small intestine , thus increasing the absorption of many drugs absorbed in the small intestine ) . displacement of an agent from plasma proteins to which it usually binds , whereby the non-bound and thus the effective fraction of the agent is increased . Binding to similar receptors ( e.g. two ACE inhibitors may bind to the same receptor ) . Effect on the same cellular system ( e.g. two different antibiotics like a penicillin and an aminoglycoside ; penicillins damage the cell wall of gram - positive bacteria and improve the penetration of aminoglycosides ) . Prevention or delay of degradation in the body ( e.g. the antibiotic Ciprofloxacin inhibits the metabolism of Theophylline ) . Slowdown of excretion ( e.g. Probenecid delays the ( nephron tubular ) secretion of Penicillin in the kidney and thus prolongs its effect ) . Anticounteractive action , for example the effect of oxaliplatin and irinotecan . Oxaliplatin intercalates DNA whereby the cell is not able to replicate DNA . Then , topoisomerase 1 tries to repair the damage . Irinotecan inhibits topoisomerase 1 , consequently the cytostatic effect is increased More mechanisms are described in an exhaustive 2009 review . Toxicological synergy Toxicological synergy is of concern to the public and regulatory agencies because chemicals individually considered safe might pose unacceptable health or ecological risk in combination . Articles in scientific and lay journals include many definitions of chemical or toxicological synergy , often vague or in conflict with each other . Because toxic interactions are defined relative to the expectation under `` no interaction '' , a determination of synergy ( or antagonism ) depends on what is meant by `` no interaction '' . The United States Environmental Protection Agency has one of the more detailed and precise definitions of toxic interaction , designed to facilitate risk assessment . In their guidance documents , the no - interaction default assumption is dose addition , so synergy means a mixture response that exceeds that predicted from dose addition . The EPA emphasizes that synergy does not always make a mixture dangerous , nor does antagonism always make the mixture safe ; each depends on the predicted risk under dose addition . For example , a consequence of pesticide use is the risk of health effects . During the registration of pesticides in the United States exhaustive tests are performed to discern health effects on humans at various exposure levels . A regulatory upper limit of presence in foods is then placed on this pesticide . As long as residues in the food stay below this regulatory level , health effects are deemed highly unlikely and the food is considered safe to consume . However , in normal agricultural practice , it is rare to use only a single pesticide . During the production of a crop , several different materials may be used . Each of them has had determined a regulatory level at which they would be considered individually safe . In many cases , a commercial pesticide is itself a combination of several chemical agents , and thus the safe levels actually represent levels of the mixture . In contrast , a combination created by the end user , such as a farmer , has rarely been tested in that combination . The potential for synergy is then unknown or estimated from data on similar combinations . This lack of information also applies to many of the chemical combinations to which humans are exposed , including residues in food , indoor air contaminants , and occupational exposures to chemicals . Some groups think that the rising rates of cancer , asthma , and other health problems may be caused by these combination exposures ; others have alternative explanations . This question will likely be answered only after years of exposure by the population in general and research on chemical toxicity , usually performed on animals . Examples of pesticide synergists include Piperonyl butoxide and MGK 264 . Human synergy This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Human synergy relates to human interaction and teamwork . For example , say person A alone is too short to reach an apple on a tree and person B is too short as well . Once person B sits on the shoulders of person A , they are tall enough to reach the apple . In this example , the product of their synergy would be one apple . Another case would be two politicians . If each is able to gather one million votes on their own , but together they were able to appeal to 2.5 million voters , their synergy would have produced 500,000 more votes than had they each worked independently . A song is also a good example of human synergy , taking more than one musical part and putting them together to create a song that has a much more dramatic effect than each of the parts when played individually . A third form of human synergy is when one person is able to complete two separate tasks by doing one action , for example , if a person were asked by a teacher and his boss at work to write an essay on how he could improve his work . A more visual example of this synergy is a drummer using four separate rhythms to create one drum beat . Synergy usually arises when two persons with different complementary skills cooperate . In business , cooperation of people with organizational and technical skills happens very often . In general , the most common reason why people cooperate is that it brings a synergy . On the other hand , people tend to specialize just to be able to form groups with high synergy ( see also division of labor and teamwork ) . Example : Two teams in System Administration working together to combine technical and organizational skills in order to better the client experience , thus creating synergy . Counter-examples can be found in books like The Mythical Man - Month , in which the addition of additional team members is shown to have negative effects on productivity . Organismic computing is an approach to improving group efficacy by increasing synergy in human groups via technological means . When synergy occurs in the work place , the individuals involved get to work in a positive and supportive working environment . When individuals get to work in environments such as these , the company reaps the benefits . The authors of Creating the Best Workplace on Earth Rob Goffee and Gareth Jones , state that `` highly engaged employees are , on average , 50 % more likely to exceed expectations that the least - engaged workers . And companies with highly engaged people outperform firms with the most disengaged folks - by 54 % in employee retention , by 89 % in customer satisfaction , and by fourfold in revenue growth ( Goffee & Jones , pg. 100 ) . '' Also , those that are able to be open about their views on the company , and have confidence that they will be heard , are likely to be a more organized employee who helps his / her fellow team members succeed . Corporate synergy Main article : corporate synergy Corporate synergy occurs when corporations interact congruently . A corporate synergy refers to a financial benefit that a corporation expects to realize when it merges with or acquires another corporation . This type of synergy is a nearly ubiquitous feature of a corporate acquisition and is a negotiating point between the buyer and seller that impacts the final price both parties agree to . There are distinct types of corporate synergies , as follows . Marketing A marketing synergy refers to the use of information campaigns , studies , and scientific discovery or experimentation for research or development . This promotes the sale of products for varied use or off - market sales as well as development of marketing tools and in several cases exaggeration of effects . It is also often a meaningless buzzword used by corporate leaders . Revenue A revenue synergy refers to the opportunity of a combined corporate entity to generate more revenue than its two predecessor stand - alone companies would be able to generate . For example , if company A sells product X through its sales force , company B sells product Y , and company A decides to buy company B then the new company could use each sales person to sell products X and Y , thereby increasing the revenue that each sales person generates for the company . In media revenue , synergy is the promotion and sale of a product throughout the various subsidiaries of a media conglomerate , e.g. films , soundtracks , or video games . Financial Financial synergy gained by the combined firm is a result of number of benefits which flow to the entity as a consequence of acquisition and merger . These benefits may be : Cash slack This is when a firm having number of cash extensive projects acquires a firm which is cash - rich , thus enabling the new combined firm to enjoy the profits from investing the cash of one firm in the projects of the other . Debt capacity If two firms have no or little capacity to carry debt before individually , it is possible for them to join and gain the capacity to carry the debt through decreased gearing ( leverage ) . This creates value for the firm , as debt is thought to be a cheaper source of finance . Tax benefits It is possible for one firm to have unused tax benefits which might be offset against the profits of another after combination , thus resulting in less tax being paid . However this greatly depends on the tax law of the country . Management Synergy in management and in relation to teamwork refers to the combined effort of individuals as participants of the team . The condition that exists when the organization 's parts interact to produce a joint effect that is greater than the sum of the parts acting alone . Positive or negative synergies can exist . In these cases , positive synergy has positive effects such as improved efficiency in operations , greater exploitation of opportunities , and improved utilization of resources . Negative synergy on the other hand has negative effects such as : reduced efficiency of operations , decrease in quality , underutilization of resources and disequilibrium with the external environment . Cost A cost synergy refers to the opportunity of a combined corporate entity to reduce or eliminate expenses associated with running a business . Cost synergies are realized by eliminating positions that are viewed as duplicate within the merged entity . Examples include the headquarters office of one of the predecessor companies , certain executives , the human resources department , or other employees of the predecessor companies . This is related to the economic concept of economies of scale . Synergistic action in economy The synergistic action of the economic players lies within the economic phenomenon 's profundity . The synergistic action gives different dimensions to competitiveness , strategy and network identity becoming an unconventional `` weapon '' which belongs to those who exploit the economic systems ' potential in depth . Synergistic determinants The synergistic gravity equation ( SYNGEq ) , according to its complex `` title '' , represents a synthesis of the endogenous and exogenous factors which determine the private and non-private economic decision makers to call to actions of synergistic exploitation of the economic network in which they operate . That is to say , SYNGEq constitutes a big picture of the factors / motivations which determine the entrepreneurs to contour an active synergistic network . SYNGEq includes both factors which character is changing over time ( such as the competitive conditions ) , as well as classics factors , such as the imperative of the access to resources of the collaboration and the quick answers . The synergistic gravity equation ( SINGEq ) comes to be represented by the formula : ∑ SYN. Act = ∑ R - * I ( CRed + COOP+ + A ) * V ( Cust. + Info . ) * cc where : ∑ SYN. Act = the sum of the synergistic actions adopted ( by the economic actor ) ∑ R - = the amount of unpurchased but necessary resources ICRed = the imperative for cost reductions ICOOP+ = the imperative for deep cooperation ( functional interdependence ) IA = the imperative for purchasing unimitable competitive advantages ( for the economic actor ) VCust = the necessity of customer value in purchasing future profits and competitive advantages VInfo = the necessity of informational value in purchasing future profits and competitive advantages cc = the specific competitive conditions in which the economic actor operates Synergistic networks and systems The synergistic network represents an integrated part of the economic system which , through the coordination and control functions ( of the undertaken economic actions ) , agrees synergies . The networks which promote synergistic actions can be divided in horizontal synergistic networks and vertical synergistic networks . Synergy effects The synergy effects are difficult ( even impossible ) to imitate by competitors and difficult to reproduce by their authors because these effects depend on the combination of factors with time - varying characteristics . The synergy effects are often called `` synergistic benefits '' , representing the direct and implied result of the developed / adopted synergistic actions . Computers Synergy can also be defined as the combination of human strengths and computer strengths , such as advanced chess . Computers can process data much more quickly than humans , but lack the ability to respond meaningfully to arbitrary stimuli . Synergy in literature Etymologically , the `` synergy '' term was first used around 1600 , deriving from the Greek word `` synergos '' , which means `` to work together '' or `` to cooperate '' . If during this period the synergy concept was mainly used in the theological field ( describing `` the cooperation of human effort with divine will '' ) , in the 19th and 20th centuries , `` synergy '' was promoted in physics and biochemistry , being implemented in the study of the open economic systems only in the 1960 and 1970s . In 1938 , J.R.R. Tolkien wrote an essay titled `` On Fairy Stores '' , delivered at an Andrew Lang Lecture , and reprinted in his book , `` The Tolkien Reader '' , published in 1966 . In it , he made two references to synergy , although he did not use that term . He wrote : Faerie can not be caught in a net of words ; for it is one of its qualities to be indescribable , though not imperceptible . It has many ingredients , but analysis will not necessarily discover the secret of the whole . And more succinctly , in a footnote , about the `` part of producing the web of an intricate story '' , he wrote : It is indeed easier to unravel a single thread -- an incident , a name , a motive -- than to trace the history of any picture defined by many threads . For with the picture in the tapestry a new element has come in : the picture is greater than , and not explained by , the sum of the component threads . Synergy in the media The informational synergies which can be applied also in media involve a compression of transmission , access and use of information 's time , the flows , circuits and means of handling information being based on a complementary , integrated , transparent and coordinated use of knowledge . In media economics , synergy is the promotion and sale of a product ( and all its versions ) throughout the various subsidiaries of a media conglomerate , e.g. films , soundtracks or video games . Walt Disney pioneered synergistic marketing techniques in the 1930s by granting dozens of firms the right to use his Mickey Mouse character in products and ads , and continued to market Disney media through licensing arrangements . These products can help advertise the film itself and thus help to increase the film 's sales . For example , the Spider - Man films had toys of webshooters and figures of the characters made , as well as posters and games . The NBC sitcom 30 Rock often shows the power of synergy , while also poking fun at the use of the term in the corporate world . There are also different forms of synergy in popular card games like Yu - Gi - Oh ! , Cardfight ! ! Vanguard , and Future Card Buddyfight . In video game media a Synergist role is adapted in games , such as Square Enix 's Final Fantasy XIII series to allow a character to buff up themselves or their party . In short , Synergists add resiliencies to certain attacks , lessen status ailments that are inflicted on a character , or oftentimes blocking most attacks altogether . Information theory When multiple sources of information taken together provide more information than the sum of the information provided by each source alone , there is said to be a synergy in the sources . This in contrast to the case in which the sources provide less information , in which case there is said to be a redundancy in the sources . See also Behavioral cusp Emergence Holism Perfect storm Stroke Synergetics Systems theory References Jump up ^ `` synergy '' . Online Etymology Dictionary Jump up ^ Werth , Margaret The Joy of Life : The Idyllic in French Art , circa 1900 University of California Press , 2002 , p. 51 Jump up ^ Peter A. Corning , Nature 's Magic : Synergy in Evolution and the Fate of Humankind , New York : Cambridge University Press 2003 ISBN 0 - 521 - 82547 - 4 ; Peter A. Corning , Holistic Darwinism : Synergy , Cybernetics and the Bioeconomics of Evolution , Chicago : University of Chicago Press 2005 ISBN 0 - 226 - 11613 - 1 Jump up ^ David Buchanan & Andrzej Huczynski : Organizational behavior , introductory text . Prentice Hall , pp 276 , Third Edition 1997 ISBN 0 - 13 - 207259 - 9 Jump up ^ Benjamin Blanchard , System Engineering Management , pp 8 , John Wiley 2004 , ISBN 0 - 471 - 29176 - 5 Jump up ^ David Buchanan & Andrzej Huczynski : Organizational behavior , introductory text , Prentice Hall , pp 275 , Third Edition 1997 ISBN 0 - 13 - 207259 - 9 Jump up ^ David Buchannan & Andrzej Huczynski : Organizational behavior , introductory text . Prentice Hall , pp 280 , Third Edition 1997 ISBN 0 - 13 - 207259 - 9 Jump up ^ David Buchanan & Andrzej Huczynski : Organizational behavior , introductory text . Prentice Hall , pp 283 , Third Edition 1997 ISBN 0 - 13 - 207259 - 9 Jump up ^ : Dr Chris Elliot , System safety and Law , Proceedings of First International Conference on System Safety , Institution of Engineering and Technology , London , pp 344 - 351 ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ UK Health and Safety Executive , Successful health and safety management , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7176 - 1276 - 5 , ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ SYNERGETICS Explorations in the Geometry of Thinking by R. Buckminster Fuller ( online version ) Jump up ^ Fuller , R.B. , ( 1975 ) , Synergetics : Explorations In The Geometry Of Thinking , in collaboration with E.J. Applewhite . Introduction and contribution by Arthur L. Loeb . Macmillan Publishing Company , Inc. , New York . Jump up ^ Peter A. Corning , The Synergism Hypothesis : A Theory of Progressive Evolution , New York , McGraw Hill 1983 ISBN 0 - 07 - 013166 - X ; Peter A. Corning , Holistic Darwinism : Synergy , Cybernetics and the Bio economics of Evolution , Chicago , University of Chicago Press 2005 ISBN 0 - 226 - 11613 - 1 ; Synergy and self - organization in the evolution of complex systems . Jump up ^ Myers , N Environmental Unknowns ( 1995 ) . Jump up ^ Mukesh Bansal et al. : '' A community computational challenge to predict the activity of pairs of compounds . Nature Biotechnology 32 , 1213 - 1222 , 2014 Jump up ^ Guidance for Industry : Codevelopment of Two or More New Investigational Drugs for Use in Combination . June 2013 . http://www.fda.gov/downloads/drugs/guidancecomplianceregulatoryinformation/guidances/ucm236669.pdf Jump up ^ Kathy Moscou , Karen Snipe : Pharmacology for Pharmacy Technicians . Elsevier Health Sciences , 2012 , ISBN 9780323085786 , S. 56 . Jump up ^ Kathy Moscou , Karen Snipe : Pharmacology for Pharmacy Technicians . Elsevier Health Sciences , 2012 , ISBN 9780323085786 , page 57 . Jump up ^ K.D. Tripathi : Essentials of Medical Pharmacology G - Reference , Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series . JP Medical Ltd , 2013 , ISBN 9789350259375 , page 698 . ^ Jump up to : K.D. Tripathi : Essentials of Medical Pharmacology G - Reference , Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series . JP Medical Ltd , 2013 , ISBN 9789350259375 , page 931 . ^ Jump up to : Jia Jia et al : `` Mechanisms of drug combinations : interaction and network perspectives . '' Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 8 , 111 - 130 , 2009 Jump up ^ Hertzberg , R.C. , and MacDonell , M.M. ( 2002 ) . Synergy and other ineffective mixture risk definitions . Sci Total Environ 288 , 31 - 42 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , U.S. EPA ( 2000 ) . Supplementary Guidance for Conducting Health Risk Assessment of Chemical Mixtures . Risk Assessment Forum , Washington , DC . Jump up ^ Pyrethroids and Pyrethrins , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , epa.gov Jump up ^ Goffee , R. & Jones , G. ( 2013 ) . Creating the best workplace on the earth . Harvard Business Review , 99 - 106 . Jump up ^ Geneen , Harold ; Bowers , Brent ( 1997 ) . The Synergy Myth : And Other Ailments Of Business Today . St. Martin 's Press . p. xii . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 14724 - 2 . Jump up ^ Cummings , Michael S. ( 2001 ) . Beyond Political Correctness : Social Transformation in the United States . Lynne Rienner Publishers . p. 92 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58826 - 006 - 2 . Extract of page 92 Jump up ^ Lawford , G.R. ( 2003 ) . Beyond success : Achieving synergy in teamwork . The Journal for Quality and Participation , 26 ( 3 ) , p 23 . Jump up ^ Cost Synergy , investopedia Jump up ^ Stan Laura - Melinda , The Necessity to Exploit the Economic Network 's Synergistic Potential , LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing , Saarbrücken , Germany , 2011 , p. 3 - 4 Jump up ^ Stan Laura - Melinda , The Necessity to Exploit the Economic Network 's Synergistic Potential , LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing , Saarbrücken , Germany , 2011 , p. 33 and 37 Jump up ^ Stan Laura - Melinda , The Necessity to Exploit the Economic Network 's Synergistic Potential , LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing , Saarbrücken , Germany , 2011 , p. 6 - 7 Jump up ^ Stan Laura - Melinda , The Necessity to Exploit the Economic Network 's Synergistic Potential , LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing , Saarbrücken , Germany , 2011 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Stan Laura - Melinda , The Necessity to Exploit the Economic Network 's Synergistic Potential , LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing , Saarbrücken , Germany , 2011 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Stan Laura - Melinda , The Necessity to Exploit the Economic Network 's Synergistic Potential , LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing , Saarbrücken , Germany , 2011 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Campbell , Richard , Christopher R. Martin , and Bettina Fabos . Media & Culture 5 : an Introduction to Mass Communication . Fifth Edition 2007 Update ed . Bostin : Bedford St. Martins , 2007 . 606 . Jump up ^ Media Synergy see Linden Dalecki 's article in Northwestern 's Journal of Integrated Marketing Communications ( 2008 ) ( 2 ) Jump up ^ 30 Rock episode 3.09 ; Liz : `` I hate those corporate things ; a bunch of drunk people talking about ' synergy ' . '' Jack : `` First of all , never badmouth ' synergy ' ! '' External links Look up synergy in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Quotations related to synergy at Wikiquote Synergism Hypothesis Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Synergy&oldid=796889086 '' Categories : Holism Production economics Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Articles needing additional references from September 2007 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Greek - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009 Articles needing additional references from February 2011 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Ido Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2017 , at 17 : 19 . 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Vegas Golden Knights

Vegas Golden Knights - Wikipedia Vegas Golden Knights Jump to : navigation , search Vegas Golden Knights 2017 -- 18 Vegas Golden Knights season Conference Western Division Pacific Founded 2017 History Vegas Golden Knights 2017 -- present Home arena T - Mobile Arena City Paradise , Nevada Colors Steel grey , gold , red , black Media AT&T SportsNet Rocky Mountain ( TV ) KRLV ( Fox Sports 1340 / 98.9 ) ( English radio ) KENO ( ESPN Deportes 1460 ) ( Spanish radio ) Owner ( s ) Bill Foley ( 70 % ) Maloof family ( 30 % ) General manager George McPhee Head coach Gerard Gallant Captain Vacant Minor league affiliates Chicago Wolves ( AHL ) Stanley Cups 0 Conference championships 1 ( 2017 -- 18 ) Presidents ' Trophy 0 Division championships 1 ( 2017 -- 18 ) Official website nhl.com/goldenknights The Vegas Golden Knights are an ice hockey team based in the Las Vegas metropolitan area . The team began play in the 2017 -- 18 NHL season , and is a member of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The team is owned by Black Knight Sports & Entertainment , a consortium led by Bill Foley and the Maloof family . The team plays its home games at T - Mobile Arena on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise , Nevada . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Background and establishment 1.2 Start of operations : 2017 -- present 2 Team identity 2.1 Logos , colors , and uniforms 2.2 Name 2.3 Mascot 3 Team information 3.1 Broadcasting 3.2 Minor league affiliate 4 Players and personnel 4.1 Current roster 4.2 Head coaches 4.3 General managers 5 Team and league honors 5.1 Awards and trophies 5.2 First - round draft picks 5.3 Retired numbers 6 Records 6.1 Regular season scoring leaders 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Background and establishment ( edit ) The NHL has had a presence in Las Vegas since 1991 , when an outdoor game was held in Las Vegas , with the Los Angeles Kings facing the New York Rangers outside Caesars Palace in a preseason exhibition game . The city has since hosted the Frozen Fury , a preseason competition between the Los Angeles Kings and the Colorado Avalanche , and the NHL Awards ceremonies have been held in Las Vegas since 2009 . In 2009 , the media speculated about a plan involving Hollywood producer Jerry Bruckheimer to move the Phoenix Coyotes to Nevada . Rumors of a Las Vegas expansion team surfaced again in August 2014 , pointing to a new indoor arena on the Strip ( built as a joint venture between Anschutz Entertainment Group , owners of the Los Angeles Kings , and MGM Resorts International ) as the potential home arena , although these rumors were denied by the league . In November 2014 , an unconfirmed report stated that the league had selected billionaire businessman Bill Foley and the Maloof family ( former owners of the National Basketball Association 's Sacramento Kings , and founders of the Palms Casino Resort ) to lead the ownership group for a Las Vegas expansion team . In December 2014 , the NHL 's board of governors decided to allow Foley to hold a season ticket drive to gauge interest in a Las Vegas team , though league commissioner Gary Bettman also warned the media to `` ( not ) make more out of this than it is '' . The season ticket drive began in February 2015 , with interested parties placing ten percent deposits for the 2016 -- 17 season . The drive drew 5,000 deposits in its first day and a half , and reached its goal of 10,000 deposits by April 2015 . In June 2015 , the league officially opened the window for prospective owners to bid on expansion teams . By this point , Foley had secured more than 13,200 season - ticket deposits . Two expansion applications were submitted : Foley 's application for a Las Vegas team , and a bid from Quebecor to revive the Quebec Nordiques at a new arena in Quebec City . Both Las Vegas and Quebec were invited to move into Phase II of the league expansion bid in August 2015 , and subsequently advanced to Phase III . At the league owners ' meeting on June 22 , 2016 , in Las Vegas , the Las Vegas expansion bid was approved by a unanimous vote , with play to begin in the 2017 -- 18 NHL season . The team became the first major professional sports franchise to be based in Las Vegas , and the first NHL expansion team since 2000 . Foley committed to pay the league 's $500 million expansion fee and began the process of hiring the team 's principal staff and determining its official identity . Foley announced that former Washington Capitals general manager George McPhee would be the franchise 's first general manager . On November 22 , 2016 , the name was revealed as the Vegas Golden Knights . Start of operations : 2017 -- present ( edit ) On March 1 , 2017 ( coinciding with the league 's trade deadline ) , the team completed its expansion fee payments and filings , making it eligible to formally begin operations such as free agent acquisition , and participation in league meetings . Five days later , the Golden Knights made their first personnel move by signing Reid Duke to a three - year entry - level contract . Gerard Gallant coaching the Golden Knights during their inaugural 2017 -- 18 season . Gallant was named as the head coach in April 2017 . The team announced inaugural head coach Gerard Gallant on April 13 , 2017 . Over the next two months , the Golden Knights developed their farm system , announcing affiliations with the Chicago Wolves of the American Hockey League and the Quad City Mallards of the ECHL . The team participated in the 2017 NHL Expansion Draft on June 21 , 2017 , selecting an available player from all 30 teams in the NHL . The draft picks were announced at T - Mobile Arena during the NHL Awards ceremony . Some notable selections included goalie Marc - Andre Fleury from the Pittsburgh Penguins and winger James Neal from the Nashville Predators . At the 2017 NHL Entry Draft , Cody Glass was the first player selected by the Golden Knights . The Golden Knights played their first game on October 6 against the Dallas Stars with Neal scoring the franchise 's first two goals en route to their first victory . The team 's inaugural home game was played on October 10 , 2017 , hosting the Arizona Coyotes as the second game of a home - and - home series . In the aftermath of the October 1 mass shooting , the pre-game ceremonies honored the victims of the attack , and the team issued an appeal for donations to its charitable arm . With their 5 -- 2 win , the Golden Knights increased their unbeaten streak to start the season to 3 -- 0 , an NHL record for an expansion team . The Golden Knights are the first team in NHL history to have started their inaugural season winning eight of their first nine games . During their tenth game , goaltender Oscar Dansk was injured becoming the third Golden Knights ' goaltender to be injured during the season after losing starters Fleury and the recently acquired Malcolm Subban , forcing the team to start a fourth goaltender in 11 games with Maxime Lagace . Fifteen games into the season , Vadim Shipachyov became the first player to retire from the NHL as a Golden Knight when he decided to return to the Kontinental Hockey League . In December , the Golden Knights set another NHL expansion team record of six straight wins , a record they had previously missed when they lost their tenth game of the season , and established a new NHL record with eight straight wins . On February 1 , 2018 , the Golden Knights set the expansion team record for wins in a debut season with 34 wins after only 50 games , and then on February 21 , 2018 , set a record for most points by an expansion team in the inaugural season with 84 . On March 26 , the Golden Knights became the first team since the Edmonton Oilers and Hartford Whalers in the 1979 -- 80 season to make the playoffs in their inaugural season in the league . On March 31 , the Knights clinched the Pacific Division title , becoming the first true expansion team in the four major sports to win its division in its inaugural season ( not counting all - expansion divisions , as was the case in the 1967 -- 68 season ) . They had led the Pacific since December 23 . On April 11 , the franchise won its first playoff game in a 1 -- 0 victory over the Los Angeles Kings in the first game of the series . Six days later on April 17 , the franchise earned their first playoff series win against the Kings , winning the fourth game by a 1 -- 0 score , which also became their first playoff series sweep . The Knights became the first team in NHL history to sweep their first playoff series in their inaugural season . On May 6 , 2018 , the Golden Knights defeated the San Jose Sharks four - games - to - two , becoming the third team in NHL history to win multiple playoff series in their inaugural season , and advanced to the Western Conference Finals . On May 20 , Vegas defeated the Winnipeg Jets to win the Western Conference Finals in five games , becoming the third NHL team to advance to the Stanley Cup Finals in its inaugural season , after the Toronto Arenas in 1918 and the St. Louis Blues in 1968 . Team identity ( edit ) Logos , colors , and uniforms ( edit ) The team 's secondary logo The team 's primary logo is a barbute helmet , superimposed on a black and gold seal , with a V - shaped opening . The secondary logo is two crossing swords behind a red star , designed to resemble a star found on the landmark Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign . The team 's primary color is steel gray , which is said to represent `` strength and durability '' . The other team colors are gold , red ( found in the Las Vegas skyline and at Red Rock Canyon ) , and black ( for `` power and intensity '' ) . The first uniforms in Golden Knights team history were unveiled publicly on June 20 , 2017 . Name ( edit ) The team 's name includes `` Knights '' as a homage to the Black Knights of the United States Military Academy , Foley 's alma mater , and because knights were , according to Foley , `` the epitome of the warrior class '' . Foley had hoped to name his team the Black Knights , but dropped that plan after encountering resistance from federal officials . Foley was unable to call the team the `` Vegas Knights '' due to the London Knights owning the `` Knights '' name in Canada . `` Golden '' was included in the name because gold is , as Foley stated , the `` No. 1 precious metal '' , and because Nevada is the largest gold - producing state in the country . `` Las '' was omitted from the team 's name because , according to Foley , residents tend to refer to the city simply as `` Vegas '' , and because a four - word name would have been too long . The United States Army initially expressed concern after the Golden Knights ' name was announced , because their parachute team uses the same nickname . The Army later disputed the trademark and colors of the team during its first season , to which the team responded : `` We are not aware of a single complaint from anyone attending our games that they were expecting to see the parachute team and not a professional hockey game . '' An objection was also raised by the College of Saint Rose because its sports teams use the same name ; the Vegas team 's initial trademark application was denied as a result , but was later approved on appeal . The team did clear the name with Clarkson University , which also uses the name Golden Knights . Mascot ( edit ) The Golden Knights ' mascot is a Gila monster named Chance . He was unveiled at the team 's second home game on October 13 , 2017 . The team opted against using a knight for a mascot because it found that knight mascots used by other teams were not very child - friendly . Team information ( edit ) Broadcasting ( edit ) AT&T SportsNet Rocky Mountain ( formerly Root Sports ) is the regional television rightsholder for all Golden Knights games not broadcast nationally by NBCSN or NBC . The team 's designated market includes Nevada , Idaho , Montana , Utah , Wyoming , and parts of Arizona and California . Golden Knights games on AT&T SportsNet are called by former Boston Bruins radio announcer Dave Goucher on play - by - play , and Shane Hnidy , who previously worked color for the Winnipeg Jets on TSN . The team has a three - year radio deal with Lotus Broadcasting . Lotus airs the team 's games on its Fox Sports Radio affiliate , KRLV 1340 / 98.9 . KRLV fronts a network of nine stations across Nevada , California , Arizona , and Utah . One game a week is also aired on the company 's ESPN Deportes Radio affiliate , KENO 1460 , making the team one of only three in the NHL to offer Spanish - language broadcasts . Minor league affiliate ( edit ) On May 16 , 2017 , the Golden Knights entered a multi-year affiliation agreement with a minor league team , the Chicago Wolves of the American Hockey League . Like most NHL - AHL affiliation arrangements , the Golden Knights are able to transfer players to and from the Wolves . Although the Wolves are the Golden Knights affiliate , the two teams do not share the same ownership . In addition to the Wolves , the Golden Knights were affiliated with the Quad City Mallards of the ECHL for the 2017 -- 18 season , however , the Mallards ceased operations after the one season . Players and personnel ( edit ) Main article : List of Vegas Golden Knights players Current roster ( edit ) view talk Updated May 17 , 2018 # Nat Player Pos S / G Age Acquired Birthplace 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 France ! Bellemare , Pierre - Edouard Pierre - Edouard Bellemare ( A ) 6.0 ! LW 33 2017 Le Blanc - Mesnil , France 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 United States ! Bischoff , Jake Jake Bischoff 2.0 ! D 23 2017 Cambridge , Minnesota 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 United States ! Carpenter , Ryan Ryan Carpenter 4.3 ! C / RW 27 2017 Oviedo , Florida 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 Canada ! Carrier , William William Carrier 6.0 ! LW 23 2017 LaSalle , Quebec 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Canada ! Eakin , Cody Cody Eakin 4.0 ! C 27 2017 Winnipeg , Manitoba 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Canada ! Engelland , Deryk Deryk Engelland ( A ) 2.0 ! D 36 2017 Edmonton , Alberta 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Canada ! Ferguson , Dylan Dylan Ferguson 1.0 ! G 19 2017 Lantzville , British Columbia 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 Canada ! Fleury , Marc - Andre Marc - Andre Fleury 1.0 ! G 33 2017 Sorel - Tracy , Quebec 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Canada ! Garrison , Jason Jason Garrison 2.0 ! D 33 2017 White Rock , British Columbia 7001560000000000000 ♠ 56 Finland ! Haula , Erik Erik Haula 6.0 ! LW 27 2017 Pori , Finland 7001770000000000000 ♠ 77 Canada ! Hunt , Brad Brad Hunt 2.0 ! D 29 2017 Maple Ridge , British Columbia 7001710000000000000 ♠ 71 Sweden ! Karlsson , William William Karlsson 4.0 ! C 24 2017 Märsta , Sweden 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 Canada ! Lagace , Maxime Maxime Lagace 1.0 ! G 25 2017 Longueuil , Quebec 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 Sweden ! Lindberg , Oscar Oscar Lindberg 4.0 ! C 26 2017 Skellefteå , Sweden 7001810000000000000 ♠ 81 Canada ! Marchessault , Jonathan Jonathan Marchessault 4.0 ! C 27 2017 Cap - Rouge , Quebec 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 United States ! Matteau , Stefan Stefan Matteau 6.0 ! LW 24 2017 Chicago , Illinois 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Canada ! McNabb , Brayden Brayden McNabb 2.0 ! D 27 2017 Davidson , Saskatchewan 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 United States ! Merrill , Jon Jon Merrill 2.0 ! D 26 2017 Oklahoma City , Oklahoma 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Canada ! Miller , Colin Colin Miller 2.0 ! D 25 2017 Sault Ste . Marie , Ontario 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 Canada ! Neal , James James Neal ( A ) 7.0 ! RW 30 2017 Whitby , Ontario 7001920000000000000 ♠ 92 Czech Republic ! Nosek , Tomas Tomas Nosek 4.0 ! C 25 2017 Pardubice , Czech Republic 7001570000000000000 ♠ 57 Canada ! Perron , David David Perron ( A ) 6.0 ! LW 30 2017 Sherbrooke , Quebec 7001730000000000000 ♠ 73 Canada ! Pirri , Brandon Brandon Pirri 4.0 ! C 27 2017 Toronto , Ontario 7001750000000000000 ♠ 75 Canada ! Reaves , Ryan Ryan Reaves 7.0 ! RW 31 2018 Winnipeg , Manitoba 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Canada ! Reinhart , Griffin Griffin Reinhart 2.0 ! D 24 2017 West Vancouver , British Columbia 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 Switzerland ! Sbisa , Luca Luca Sbisa ( A ) 2.0 ! D 28 2017 Ozieri , Italy 7001880000000000000 ♠ 88 United States ! Schmidt , Nate Nate Schmidt 2.0 ! D 26 2017 St. Cloud , Minnesota 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 Canada ! Smith , Reilly Reilly Smith ( A ) 7.0 ! RW 27 2017 Etobicoke , Ontario 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Canada ! Stoner , Clayton Clayton Stoner 2.0 ! D 33 2017 Port McNeill , British Columbia 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 Canada ! Subban , Malcolm Malcolm Subban 1.0 ! G 24 2017 Toronto , Ontario 7001900000000000000 ♠ 90 Slovakia ! Tatar , Tomas Tomas Tatar 6.0 ! LW 27 2018 Ilava , Czechoslovakia 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 Canada ! Theodore , Shea Shea Theodore 2.0 ! D 22 2017 Langley , British Columbia 7001890000000000000 ♠ 89 United States ! Tuch , Alex Alex Tuch 7.0 ! RW 22 2017 Syracuse , New York 7001680000000000000 ♠ 68 United States ! Tynan , T.J. T.J. Tynan 3.0 ! F 26 2017 Orland Park , Illinois Head coaches ( edit ) Main article : List of Vegas Golden Knights head coaches Gerard Gallant ( 2017 -- present ) General managers ( edit ) George McPhee ( 2016 -- present ) Team and league honors ( edit ) Awards and trophies ( edit ) Main article : List of Vegas Golden Knights award winners Clarence S. Campbell Bowl 2017 -- 18 First - round draft picks ( edit ) Main article : List of Vegas Golden Knights draft picks 2017 : Cody Glass ( 6th overall ) 2017 : Nick Suzuki ( 13th overall ) 2017 : Erik Brannstrom ( 15th overall ) Retired numbers ( edit ) The number 58 was retired by the team on March 31 , 2018 , in honor of the 58 victims killed in the 2017 Las Vegas shooting . The team is also not able to issue the jersey number 99 to any of its players as it was retired league - wide in honor of Wayne Gretzky at the 2000 NHL All - Star Game . Vegas Golden Knights retired numbers No . Player Position Career No. retirement 58 Victims of 2017 Las Vegas shooting -- -- March 31 , 2018 Records ( edit ) Regular season scoring leaders ( edit ) These are the top - ten point - scorers in franchise history . Figures are updated after each completed NHL regular season . * -- current Golden Knights player William Karlsson is the club 's all - time regular season scoring leader , recording 78 points as a member of the Golden Knights . Note : Pos = Position ; GP = Games Played ; G = Goals ; A = Assists ; Pts = Points ; P / G = Points per game Points Player Pos GP Pts P / G William Karlsson * 82 43 35 78 0.95 Jonathan Marchessault * 77 27 48 75 0.97 David Perron * LW 70 16 50 66 0.94 Reilly Smith * RW 67 22 38 60 0.90 Erik Haula * LW 76 29 26 55 0.72 James Neal * LW 71 25 19 44 0.62 Colin Millier * 82 10 31 41 0.50 Alex Tuch * RW 78 15 22 37 0.47 Nate Schmidt * 76 5 31 36 0.47 Shea Theodore * 61 6 23 29 0.48 Goals Player Pos William Karlsson * 43 Erik Haula * LW 29 Jonathan Marchessault * 27 James Neal * LW 25 Reilly Smith * RW 22 David Perron * LW 16 Alex Tuch * RW 15 Cody Eakin * 11 Colin Millier * 10 Oscar Lindberg * 9 Assists Player Pos David Perron * LW 50 Jonathan Marchessault * 48 Reilly Smith * RW 38 William Karlsson * 35 Colin Millier * 31 Nate Schmidt * 31 Erik Haula * LW 26 Shea Theodore * 23 Alex Tuch * RW 22 James Neal * LW 19 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Introducing the Vegas Golden Knights '' . NHL.com/GoldenKnights . NHL Enterprises , L.P. November 22 , 2016 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . The team 's colors - steel grey , gold , red and black - reflect the community and the focus of the team : ... Jump up ^ `` Staff Directory '' ( PDF ) . 2017 - 18 Vegas Golden Knights Media Guide . NHL Enterprises , L.P. November 3 , 2017 . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ewing , Mark ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` Bill Foley And The National Hockey League 's Newest Franchise , The Vegas Golden Knights '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Dan ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Las Vegas awarded NHL franchise '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitanis , Marcus ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` T - Mobile Arena in Las Vegas to Open Spring 2016 '' . Skyrisecities . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 NHL Awards heads to Las Vegas for first time '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P. March 13 , 2009 . Retrieved March 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood aspirations for NHL '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Jump up ^ Brewer , Ray ( August 27 , 2014 ) . `` NHL says no credibility to report of Las Vegas expansion team '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NHL denies expansion report , including a second team in Toronto '' . Toronto Star . August 27 , 2014 . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gallagher : Bettman has changed his tune on NHL expansion '' . The Province . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kosman , Josh ; Brooks , Larry ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` NHL picks owners for likely Vegas team '' . New York Post . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Maloof family joins effort to land Las Vegas NHL team '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NHL gets serious about Las Vegas ; can Canadiens redefine themselves ? '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NHL allows Las Vegas to explore expansion interest '' . The Canadian Press . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Snellas , Alan ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` NHL ticket drive already halfway to goal '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Snellas , Alan ( April 11 , 2015 ) . `` Businessman behind NHL drive has blue - jeans , relaxed approach '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McLaren , Ian ( August 5 , 2015 ) . `` Las Vegas group invited to participate in Phase 2 of NHL expansion application process - NHL on The Score - Scores , standings , news , leaders '' . TheScore.com . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carp , Steve ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Las Vegas awarded NHL expansion team '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Klein , Cutler ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` From six teams to 31 : History of NHL expansion '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Heitner , Darren ( 22 June 2016 ) . `` The NHL Leads the Way in Bringing Pro Sports to Las Vegas '' . Inc.com . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` McPhee named GM of Las Vegas expansion team '' . July 13 , 2016 . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Knights file paperwork , make final payment to NHL ahead of trade deadline '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Knights Sign Reid Duke To Entry - Level Contract '' . NHL.com/GoldenKnights . NHL Enterprises , L.P. March 6 , 2017 . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Reid Duke becomes Vegas Golden Knights ' first signing : Three odd facts to know '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Knights Name Gerard Gallant Head Coach '' . NHL.com/GoldenKnights . NHL Enterprises , L.P. April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Carp , Steve ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Knights ' AHL affiliate to be Chicago Wolves '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gotz , Ben ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Knights form partnership with ECHL 's Mallards '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shapiro , Sean . `` Neal , Fleury help Golden Knights win first game , defeat Stars '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Knights opt for # VegasStrong on boards over ads in home opener '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P. October 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Cam ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Knights win emotional , historic home opener '' . NBCSports.com . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Knights strike balance between respect , celebration in opener '' . Sportsnet.ca . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vegas Golden Knights make history with big win in emotional home opener '' . USA Today . October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vegas Golden Knights goaltenders just ca n't stop getting injured '' . CBS Sports . October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Compton , Brian ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Tavares helps Islanders end Golden Knights winning streak '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Knights enter the record books again after overtime win '' . Yahoo Sports . December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Are the Vegas Golden Knights the best expansion franchise ever ? '' . ESPN . January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Knights set expansion team record for wins in debut season '' . ESPN.com . ESPN . February 2 , 2018 . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tuch gets tiebreaker in 2nd , Golden Knights beat Flames 7 - 3 '' . ESPN.com . February 21 , 2018 . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Emily ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` Vegas first to clinch playoff berth in inaugural season since ' 79 - 80 '' . ESPN . ABC News . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schoen , David ( March 31 , 2018 ) . `` Golden Knights win , 3 - 2 , clinch Pacific Division title '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Harris , Beth ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` Golden Knights make history by sweeping Kings '' . cbc.ca . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dubow , Josh ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` Vegas Golden Knights cash Round 3 ticket '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Vegas become just the third team in NHL history to win multiple series in its first season . Jump up ^ `` Golden Knights advance to Stanley Cup Final , eliminate Jets in Game 5 '' . NHL.com . May 20 , 2018 . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Prewitt , Alex ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` All In : Behind the scenes with the Golden Knights , Vegas 's first major league franchise '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Keefer , Case ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` How Bill Foley and his staff picked Vegas Golden Knights as NHL team name '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cotsonika , Nicholas ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Knights ' now part of the League ' with uniform unveiled '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Katsilometes , John ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` Knight moves : Foley picks a precious metal and drops ' Las ' in new name '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Payne , Marissa ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Despite U.S. Army 's concerns , NHL expansion team 's owner sticking by nickname choice '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sadler , Emily ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` Las Vegas ' NHL name search complicated by London Knights '' . Sportsnet.ca . Sportsnet . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kimelman , Adam ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` Vegas Golden Knights official team name '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brewer , Contessa ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` US Army files complaint about the colors and team name of NHL 's Vegas Golden Knights '' . CNBC.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Carp , Steve ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Vegas Golden Knights get approval for name trademark '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Matt ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` Vegas Golden Knights , Named to Avoid Trademark Dispute , Face Trademark Dispute '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Get To Know Chance , The Golden Knights New Mascot '' . NHL.com/GoldenKnights . NHL Enterprises , L.P. October 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vegas Golden Knights reveal Chance as team 's mascot '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . October 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Granger , Jesse ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Knights are looking for a standout fan experience at T - Mobile '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Knights officially announce TV deal with Root Sports '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Root Sports to become official television home of the Vegas Golden Knights '' ( Press release ) . AT&T SportsNet . May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Granger , Jesse ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Root Sports to be TV home of Vegas Golden Knights '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Knights name first TV , radio broadcasters '' . Las Vegas Sun . 2017 - 08 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Golden Knights , Lotus Broadcasting happy with partnership '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Broadcast Affiliates '' . NHL.com . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` By broadcasting select games in Spanish , Golden Knights aim to reach new demographic '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Bobby ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Quad - City Mallards to cease operations at end of season '' . Quad City Times . Lee Enterprises . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Vegas Golden Knights Roster '' . NHL.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vegas Golden Knights Hockey Transactions '' . TSN.ca . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` George McPhee named GM of Las Vegas expansion team '' . The Washington Post . 2016 - 07 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Granger , Jesse ( March 31 , 2018 ) . `` Golden Knights retire jersey No. 58 to honor shooting victims '' . Las Vegas Sun . Greenspun Media Group . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Perfect setting : Gretzky 's number retired before All - Star Game '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . February 6 , 2000 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vegas Golden Knights all - time player list '' . hockeydb.com . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Ice hockey portal Las Vegas portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vegas Golden Knights . Official website Vegas Golden Knights Founded in 2017 Based in Paradise , Nevada Franchise Team General managers Coaches Players Captains Draft picks Expansion draft Seasons Inaugural season History Records Award winners Personnel Owner Black Knight Sports & Entertainment ( Bill Foley ( 85 % ) , Maloof family ( 15 % ) ) General manager George McPhee Head coach Gerard Gallant Captain Vacant Current roster Arena T - Mobile Arena Affiliates AHL Chicago Wolves Media AT&T SportsNet Rocky Mountain KRLV ( AM 1340 / FM 98.9 ) KENO ( AM 1460 ) ( Spanish broadcast ) Culture and lore `` Viva Las Vegas '' `` Vegas Lights '' Links to related articles Vegas Golden Knights seasons 2010s 2010 -- 11 . 2011 -- 12 . 2012 -- 13 . 2013 -- 14 . 2014 -- 15 . 2015 -- 16 . 2016 -- 17 . 2017 -- 18 Highlighted seasons indicate Stanley Cup championship National Hockey League Eastern Conference Western Conference Atlantic Division Boston Bruins Buffalo Sabres Detroit Red Wings Florida Panthers Montreal Canadiens Ottawa Senators Tampa Bay Lightning Toronto Maple Leafs Metropolitan Division Carolina Hurricanes Columbus Blue Jackets New Jersey Devils New York Islanders New York Rangers Philadelphia Flyers Pittsburgh Penguins Washington Capitals Central Division Chicago Blackhawks Colorado Avalanche Dallas Stars Minnesota Wild Nashville Predators St. Louis Blues Winnipeg Jets Pacific Division Anaheim Ducks Arizona Coyotes Calgary Flames Edmonton Oilers Los Angeles Kings San Jose Sharks Vancouver Canucks Vegas Golden Knights Events Seasons structure Stanley Cup Playoffs Conference Finals Finals Champions Winning players Traditions and anecdotes Presidents ' Trophy All - Star Game Draft Players Association Retired jersey numbers All - Star Teams Awards Captains Outdoor games Winter Classic Heritage Classic Stadium Series Hockey Day America Canada International games Kraft Hockeyville History Lore Organizational changes Potential expansion All - time standings All - time playoff series Defunct teams NHA Original Six 1967 expansion WHA merger Others Streaks Droughts Hall of Fame Members Rivalries Arenas Rules Fighting Violence Ice hockey in Canada Ice hockey in the United States Collective bargaining agreement Lockouts Television and radio coverage Attendance figures Portal 2017 -- 18 season Sports teams based in Nevada Australian rules football USAFL Las Vegas Gamblers Baseball PCL Las Vegas 51s Reno Aces Basketball WNBA Las Vegas Aces NAPB Nevada Desert Dogs Football NFL Las Vegas Raiders ( 2020 ) WFA Sin City Trojans Ice hockey NHL Vegas Golden Knights Roller derby WFTDA Fabulous Sin City Rollergirls Rugby SCRFU Las Vegas Blackjacks RFC Soccer USL Las Vegas Lights FC Reno 1868 FC College athletics ( NCAA Div . 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Black Sea

Black Sea - wikipedia Black Sea This article is about the body of water . For other uses , see Black Sea ( disambiguation ) . Black Sea Coordinates 44 ° N 35 ° E  /  44 ° N 35 ° E  / 44 ; 35 Coordinates : 44 ° N 35 ° E  /  44 ° N 35 ° E  / 44 ; 35 Type Sea Primary inflows Danube , Dnieper , Southern Bug , Dniester , Don , Kuban , Rioni , Kızılırmak Primary outflows Bosphorus Basin countries Bulgaria , Georgia , Moldova , Romania , Russia , Turkey , Ukraine Max. length 1,175 km ( 730 mi ) Surface area 436,402 km ( 168,500 sq mi ) Average depth 1,253 m ( 4,111 ft ) Max . depth 2,212 m ( 7,257 ft ) Water volume 547,000 km ( 131,200 cu mi ) Islands 10 + Black Sea coast of western Georgia , with the skyline of Batumi on the horizon Swallow 's Nest in Crimea A health resort in Sochi , Russia The Black Sea is a body of water and marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean between Eastern Europe , the Caucasus , and Western Asia . It is supplied by a number of major rivers , such as the Danube , Dnieper , Southern Bug , Dniester , Don , and the Rioni . About a third of Europe drains into the Black Sea , including the countries of Austria , Belarus , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Bulgaria , Croatia , Georgia , Germany , Hungary , Moldova , Poland , Romania , Russia , Serbia , Slovakia , Slovenia , Turkey and Ukraine . The Black Sea has an area of 436,400 km ( 168,500 sq mi ) ( not including the Sea of Azov ) , a maximum depth of 2,212 m ( 7,257 ft ) , and a volume of 547,000 km ( 131,000 cu mi ) . It is constrained by the Pontic Mountains to the south , Caucasus Mountains to the east , Crimean Mountains to the north , Strandzha to the southwest , Dobrogea Plateau to the northwest , and features a wide shelf to the northwest . The longest east - west extent is about 1,175 km ( 730 mi ) . Important cities along the coast include Batumi , Burgas , Constanța , Giresun , Istanbul , Kerch , Novorossiysk , Odessa , Ordu , Poti , Rize , Samsun , Sevastopol , Sochi , Sukhumi , Trabzon , Varna , Yalta , and Zonguldak . The Black Sea has a positive water balance ; that is , a net outflow of water 300 km ( 72 cu mi ) per year through the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles into the Aegean Sea . Mediterranean water flows into the Black Sea as part of a two - way hydrological exchange . The Black Sea outflow is cooler and less saline , and floats over the warm , more saline Mediterranean inflow -- as a result of differences in density caused by differences in salinity -- leading to a significant anoxic layer well below the surface waters . The Black Sea drains into the Mediterranean Sea , via the Aegean Sea and various straits , and is navigable to the Atlantic Ocean . The Bosphorus Strait connects it to the Sea of Marmara , and the Strait of the Dardanelles connects that sea to the Aegean Sea region of the Mediterranean . These waters separate Eastern Europe , the Caucasus and Western Asia . The Black Sea is also connected to the Sea of Azov by the Strait of Kerch . The water level has varied significantly . Due to these variations in the water level in the basin , the surrounding shelf and associated aprons have sometimes been land . At certain critical water levels it is possible for connections with surrounding water bodies to become established . It is through the most active of these connective routes , the Turkish Straits , that the Black Sea joins the world ocean . When this hydrological link is not present , the Black Sea is an endorheic basin , operating independently of the global ocean system , like the Caspian Sea for example . Currently the Black Sea water level is relatively high , thus water is being exchanged with the Mediterranean . The Turkish Straits connect the Black Sea with the Aegean Sea , and comprise the Bosphorus , the Sea of Marmara and the Dardanelles . Contents 1 Extent 2 Population 3 Name 3.1 Modern names 3.2 Historical names and etymology 4 Geology and bathymetry 5 Hydrology 6 Hydrochemistry 7 Ecology 7.1 Marine 7.1. 1 Phytoplankton 7.1. 2 Animal species 7.1. 3 Ecological effects of pollution 7.2 Terrestrial 8 Climate 9 Islands 10 History 10.1 Mediterranean connection during the Holocene 10.1. 1 Deluge hypothesis 10.2 Recorded history 10.3 Archaeology 11 Modern use 11.1 Commercial and civic use 11.1. 1 Navigation 11.1. 1.1 Ports and ferry terminals 11.1. 1.2 Merchant fleet and traffic 11.1. 2 Fishing 11.1. 3 Hydrocarbons exploration 11.1. 4 Holiday resorts and spas 11.2 Modern military use 11.2. 1 International and military use of the Straits 12 Trans - sea cooperation 13 See also 14 References 14.1 Informational notes 14.2 Citations 14.3 Bibliography 15 External links Extent ( edit ) The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Black Sea as follows : On the Southwest . The Northeastern limit of the Sea of Marmara ( A line joining Cape Rumili with Cape Anatoli ( 41 ° 13'N ) ) . In the Kertch Strait . A line joining Cape Takil and Cape Panaghia ( 45 ° 02'N ) . Population ( edit ) Most populous urban areas along the Black Sea coastline Istanbul Odessa Rank City Country Region / County Population ( urban ) Samsun Constanța Istanbul Turkey Istanbul 14,324,240 Odessa Ukraine Odessa 1,003,705 Samsun Turkey Samsun 535,401 Constanța Romania Constanța 491,498 5 Varna Bulgaria Varna 474,076 6 Sevastopol Russia / Ukraine ( Disputed ) national - level municipality on the Crimean Peninsula 379,200 7 Sochi Russia Krasnodar Krai 343,334 8 Trabzon Turkey Trabzon 305,231 9 Novorossiysk Russia Krasnodar Krai 241,952 10 Burgas Bulgaria Burgas 223,902 11 Batumi Georgia Adjara 190,405 Name ( edit ) Sunset on the Black Sea at Laspi , Crimea The estuary of the Veleka in the Black Sea . Longshore drift has deposited sediment along the shoreline which has led to the formation of a spit , Sinemorets , Bulgaria The Black Sea near Constanţa , Romania Modern names ( edit ) Current names of the sea are usually equivalents of the English name `` Black Sea '' , including these given in the countries bordering the sea : Abkhaz language Амшын Еиқәа , IPA : ( ɑmʂɨn ɛjkwhɑ ) Adyghe language Хы шӏуцӏэ , IPA : ( xə ʃʼəw. t͡sʼa ) Bulgarian language Черно море , IPA : ( ˈtʃɛrno moˈrɛ ) Crimean Tatar language Къара денъиз , IPA : ( qɑrɑ deŋiz ) Georgian language შავი ზღვა , IPA : ( ʃɑvi zɣvɑ ) Laz and Mingrelian languages -- უჩა ზუღა , IPA : ( utʃɑ zuɣɑ ) , or simply ზუღა , IPA : ( zuɣɑ ) , `` Sea '' Romanian language Marea Neagră , ( pronounced ( ˈmare̯a ˈne̯aɡrə ) ( listen ) Russian language Чёрное мо́рe , IPA : ( ˈtɕornəjə ˈmorjə ) Turkish language Karadeniz , IPA : ( kaˈɾadeniz ) Ukrainian language Чорне море , IPA : ( ˈtʃɔrnɛ ˈmɔrɛ ) Such names have not yet been shown conclusively to predate the 13th century , but there are indications that they may be considerably older . In Greece , the historical name `` Euxine Sea '' , which holds a different meaning ( see below ) , is still widely used : Greek language Éfxeinos Póntos ( Eύξεινος Πόντος ) ; the literal Mavri Thalassa ( Μαύρη Θάλασσα ) is less common The Black Sea is one of four seas named in English after common colour terms -- the others being the Red Sea , the White Sea and the Yellow Sea . Historical names and etymology ( edit ) The principal Greek name `` Póntos Áxeinos '' itself is generally accepted to be a rendering of Iranian * axšaina - ( `` dark colored '' ) , cf . Avestan axšaēna - ( `` dark colored '' ) , Old Persian axšaina - ( color of turquoise ) , Middle Persian axšēn / xašēn ( `` blue '' ) , and New Persian xašīn ( `` blue '' ) , as well as Ossetic œxsīn ( `` dark gray '' ) . The ancient Greeks subsequently adopted the name , reportedly in all likelihood those who lived to the north of the Black Sea , and altered it into á - xe ( i ) nos . Thereafter , Greek tradition refers to the Black Sea as the `` Inhospitable Sea '' , Πόντος Ἄξεινος Póntos Áxeinos , first attested in Pindar ( c. 475 BC ) . The name , considered to be `` ominous '' , was then later changed into the euphemism `` Hospitable sea '' , Εὔξεινος Πόντος Eúxeinos Póntos , which was also for the first time attested in Pindar . This became the commonly used designation in Greek for the sea . In contexts related to mythology , the older form `` Póntos Áxeinos '' remained favored . Previously , it was erroneously suggested that the name had to be derived from the color of the water , or at least were to be related to climatic particulars . Black ( or dark ) , in this context however , referred to a system in which colors represented the various `` cardinal points '' of the known world . Black , or dark represented the north , red the south , white for the west , and green or light blue for the east . This symbolism based on cardinal points was used in a plethora of different occasions , and is therefore widely attested . For example , the `` Red Sea '' , a body of water reported since the time of Herodotus ( c. 484 -- c. 425 BC ) in fact designated the Indian Ocean , together with bodies of water known as the Persian Gulf and the `` actual '' Red Sea . According to the same explanation and reasoning , it is therefore considered to be impossible for the Scythians ( who principally roamed in what is present - day Ukraine and Russia ) to have given the designation as they lived to the north of the sea , and it would be therefore a southern antipodal body of water for them . As the name could have only been given by a people that were well aware of both the northern `` black / dark '' and southern `` red '' seas , it is therefore considered probable that it was given its name by the Achaemenids ( 550 -- 330 BC ) . Strabo 's Geographica ( 1.2. 10 ) reports that in antiquity , the Black Sea was often just called `` the Sea '' ( ὁ πόντος ho pontos ) . He also thought that the Black Sea was called `` inhospitable '' before Greek colonization because it was difficult to navigate , and because its shores were inhabited by savage tribes. ( 7.3. 6 ) The name was changed to `` hospitable '' after the Milesians had colonized the southern shoreline , the Pontus , making it part of Greek civilization . In Greater Bundahishn , a sacred Zoroastrian text written in Middle Persian the Black Sea is called Siyābun . A map of Asia dating to 1570 , entitled `` Asiae Nova Descriptio '' , from Abraham Ortelius 's Theatrum Orbis Terrarum , labels the sea Mar Maggior ( `` Great Sea '' , cf . Latin mare major ) . English - language writers of the 18th century often used the name `` Euxine Sea '' ( / ˈjuːksɪn / or / ˈjuːkˌsaɪn / ) to refer to the Black Sea . Edward Gibbon , for instance , calls the sea by this name throughout The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire . During the Ottoman Empire period , the Black Sea was called either Bahr - e Siyah or Karadeniz , both meaning `` the Black Sea '' in the Ottoman Turkish . It is worthy to note , that in the tenth - century geography book Hudud al - ' Alam , written in the Persian language by an unknown author , the Black Sea is called `` Georgian Sea '' , `` Sea of Georgians '' ( `` daryä - yi Gurziyan '' ) . Old Georgian sources of 9th -- 14th centuries ( `` The Georgian Chronicles '' ) were using the name `` Speris Zğua '' ( სპერის ზღუა ) , which means `` The Sea of Speri '' , after the name of Kartvelian tribe Speris or Saspers , now in Turkey . The modern names of the Black Sea ( Chyornoye more , Karadeniz , etc . ) , stretch only back to the 13th century . Geology. and bathymetry ( edit ) The bay of Sudak , Crimea The geological origins of the basin can be traced back to two distinct relict back - arc basins which were initiated by the splitting of an Albian volcanic arc and the subduction of both the Paleo - and Neo-Tethys Oceans , but the timings of these events remain controversial . Since its initiation , compressional tectonic environments led to subsidence in the basin , interspersed with extensional phases resulting in large - scale volcanism and numerous orogenies , causing the uplift of the Greater Caucasus , Pontides , Southern Crimean Peninsula and Balkanides mountain ranges . The ongoing collision between the Eurasian and African plates and westward escape of the Anatolian block along the North Anatolian Fault and East Anatolian Faults dictates the current tectonic regime , which features enhanced subsidence in the Black Sea basin and significant volcanic activity in the Anatolian region . It is these geological mechanisms which , in the long term , have caused the periodic isolations of the Black Sea from the rest of the global ocean system . The modern basin is divided into two sub-basins by a convexity extending south from the Crimean Peninsula . The large shelf to the north of the basin is up to 190 km ( 120 mi ) wide , and features a shallow apron with gradients between 1 : 40 and 1 : 1000 . The southern edge around Turkey and the eastern edge around Georgia , however , are typified by a narrow shelf that rarely exceeds 20 km ( 12 mi ) in width and a steep apron that is typically 1 : 40 gradient with numerous submarine canyons and channel extensions . The Euxine abyssal plain in the centre of the Black Sea reaches a maximum depth of 2,212 metres ( 7,257.22 feet ) just south of Yalta on the Crimean Peninsula . The littoral zone of the Black Sea is often referred to as the Pontic littoral or Pontic zone . The area surrounding the Black Sea is commonly referred to as the Black Sea Region . Its northern part lies within the Chernozem belt ( black soil belt ) which goes from eastern Croatia ( Slavonia ) , along the Danube ( northern Serbia , northern Bulgaria ( Danubian Plain ) and southern Romania ( Wallachian Plain ) ) to northeast Ukraine and further across the Central Black Earth Region and southern Russia into Siberia . Hydrology ( edit ) This SeaWiFS view reveals the colourful interplay of currents on the sea 's surface The Black Sea is a marginal sea and is the world 's largest body of water with a meromictic basin . The deep waters do not mix with the upper layers of water that receive oxygen from the atmosphere . As a result , over 90 % of the deeper Black Sea volume is anoxic water . The Black Sea 's circulation patterns are primarily controlled by basin topography and fluvial inputs , which result in a strongly stratified vertical structure . Because of the extreme stratification , it is classified as a salt wedge estuary . The Black Sea only experiences water transfer with the Mediterranean Sea , so all inflow and outflow occurs in the Bosphorus and Dardanelles . Inflow from the Mediterranean has a higher salinity and density than the outflow , creating the classical estuarine circulation . This means that inflow of dense water from the Mediterranean occurs at the bottom of the basin while outflow of fresher Black Sea surface - water into the Marmara Sea occurs near the surface . Fresher surface water is the product of the fluvial inputs , and this makes the Black Sea a positive sea . The net input of freshwater creates an outflow volume about twice that of the inflow . Evaporation and precipitation are roughly equal at about 300 cubic kilometres per year ( 72 cu mi / a ) . Because of the narrowness and shallowness of the Bosphorus and Dardanelles ( their respective depths are only 33 and 70 meters ) , inflow and outflow current speeds are high and there is significant vertical shear . This allows for turbulent mixing of the two layers . Surface water leaves the Black Sea with a salinity of 17 psu and reaches the Mediterranean with a salinity of 34 psu . Likewise , inflow of the Mediterranean with salinity 38.5 psu experiences a decrease to about 34 psu . Mean surface circulation is cyclonic and waters around the perimeter of the Black Sea circulate in a basin - wide shelfbreak gyre known as the Rim Current . The Rim Current has a maximum velocity of about 50 -- 100 cm / s . Within this feature , two smaller cyclonic gyres operate , occupying the eastern and western sectors of the basin . The Eastern and Western Gyres are well - organized systems in the winter but dissipate into a series of interconnected eddies in the summer and autumn . Mesoscale activity in the peripheral flow becomes more pronounced during these warmer seasons and is subject to interannual variability . Outside of the Rim Current , numerous quasi-permanent coastal eddies are formed as a result of upwelling around the coastal apron and `` wind curl '' mechanisms . The intra-annual strength of these features is controlled by seasonal atmospheric and fluvial variations . During the spring , the Batumi eddy forms in the southeastern corner of the sea . Beneath the surface waters -- from about 50 -- 100 meters -- there exists a halocline that stops at the Cold Intermediate Layer ( CIL ) . This layer is composed of cool , salty surface waters , which are the result of localized atmospheric cooling and decreased fluvial input during the winter months . It is the remnant of the winter surface mixed layer . The base of the CIL is marked by a major pycnocline at about 100 -- 200 metres ( 330 -- 660 ft ) and this density disparity is the major mechanism for isolation of the deep water . Below the pycnocline is the Deep Water mass , where salinity increases to 22.3 psu and temperatures rise to around 8.9 ° C. The hydrochemical environment shifts from oxygenated to anoxic , as bacterial decomposition of sunken biomass utilizes all of the free oxygen . Weak geothermal heating and long residence time create a very thick convective bottom layer . Hydrochemistry ( edit ) Because of the anoxic water at depth , organic matter , including anthropogenic artifacts such as boat hulls , are well preserved . During periods of high surface productivity , short - lived algal blooms form organic rich layers known as sapropels . Scientists have reported an annual phytoplankton bloom that can be seen in many NASA images of the region . As a result of these characteristics the Black Sea has gained interest from the field of marine archaeology as ancient shipwrecks in excellent states of preservation have been discovered , such as the Byzantine wreck Sinop D , located in the anoxic layer off the coast of Sinop , Turkey . Modelling shows the release of the hydrogen sulfide clouds in the event of an asteroid impact into the Black Sea would pose a threat to health -- or even life -- for people living on the Black Sea coast . There have been isolated reports of flares on the Black Sea occurring during thunderstorms , possibly caused by lightning igniting combustible gas seeping up from the sea depths . Ecology ( edit ) Marine ( edit ) See also : List of fish of the Black Sea The port of Poti , Georgia The Black Sea supports an active and dynamic marine ecosystem , dominated by species suited to the brackish , nutrient - rich , conditions . As with all marine food webs , the Black Sea features a range of trophic groups , with autotrophic algae , including diatoms and dinoflagellates , acting as primary producers . The fluvial systems draining Eurasia and central Europe introduce large volumes of sediment and dissolved nutrients into the Black Sea , but distribution of these nutrients is controlled by the degree of physiochemical stratification , which is , in turn , dictated by seasonal physiographic development . During winter , strong wind promotes convective overturning and upwelling of nutrients , while high summer temperatures result in a marked vertical stratification and a warm , shallow mixed layer . Day length and insolation intensity also controls the extent of the photic zone . Subsurface productivity is limited by nutrient availability , as the anoxic bottom waters act as a sink for reduced nitrate , in the form of ammonia . The benthic zone also plays an important role in Black Sea nutrient cycling , as chemosynthetic organisms and anoxic geochemical pathways recycle nutrients which can be upwelled to the photic zone , enhancing productivity . In total , Black Sea 's biodiversity contains around one - third of Mediterranean 's , and is experiencing natural and artificial invasions or Mediterranizations . Phytoplankton ( edit ) Phytoplankton blooms and plumes of sediment form the bright blue swirls that ring the Black Sea in this 2004 image The main phytoplankton groups present in the Black Sea are dinoflagellates , diatoms , coccolithophores and cyanobacteria . Generally , the annual cycle of phytoplankton development comprises significant diatom and dinoflagellate - dominated spring production , followed by a weaker mixed assemblage of community development below the seasonal thermocline during summer months and a surface - intensified autumn production . This pattern of productivity is also augmented by an Emiliania huxleyi bloom during the late spring and summer months . Dinoflagellates Annual dinoflagellate distribution is defined by an extended bloom period in subsurface waters during the late spring and summer . In November , subsurface plankton production is combined with surface production , due to vertical mixing of water masses and nutrients such as nitrite . The major bloom - forming dinoflagellate species in the Black Sea is Gymnodinium sp . Estimates of dinoflagellate diversity in the Black Sea range from 193 to 267 species . This level of species richness is relatively low in comparison to the Mediterranean Sea , which is attributable to the brackish conditions , low water transparency and presence of anoxic bottom waters . It is also possible that the low winter temperatures below 4 ° C ( 39 ° F ) of the Black Sea prevent thermophilous species from becoming established . The relatively high organic matter content of Black Sea surface water favour the development of heterotrophic ( an organism which uses organic carbon for growth ) and mixotrophic dinoflagellates species ( able to exploit different trophic pathways ) , relative to autotrophs . Despite its unique hydrographic setting , there are no confirmed endemic dinoflagellate species in the Black Sea . Diatoms The Black Sea is populated by many species of marine diatom , which commonly exist as colonies of unicellular , non-motile auto - and heterotrophic algae . The life - cycle of most diatoms can be described as ' boom and bust ' and the Black Sea is no exception , with diatom blooms occurring in surface waters throughout the year , most reliably during March . In simple terms , the phase of rapid population growth in diatoms is caused by the in - wash of silicon - bearing terrestrial sediments , and when the supply of silicon is exhausted , the diatoms begin to sink out of the photic zone and produce resting cysts . Additional factors such as predation by zooplankton and ammonium - based regenerated production also have a role to play in the annual diatom cycle . Typically , Proboscia alata blooms during spring and Pseudosolenia calcar - avis blooms during the autumn . Coccolithophores Coccolithophores are a type of motile , autotrophic phytoplankton that produce CaCO plates , known as coccoliths , as part of their life cycle . In the Black Sea , the main period of coccolithophore growth occurs after the bulk of the dinoflagellate growth has taken place . In May , the dinoflagellates move below the seasonal thermocline , into deeper waters , where more nutrients are available . This permits coccolithophores to utilise the nutrients in the upper waters , and by the end of May , with favourable light and temperature conditions , growth rates reach their highest . The major bloom forming species is Emiliania huxleyi , which is also responsible for the release of dimethyl sulfide into the atmosphere . Overall , coccolithophore diversity is low in the Black Sea , and although recent sediments are dominated by E. huxleyi , Braarudosphaera bigelowii , Holocene sediments have also been shown to contain Helicopondosphaera and Discolithina species . Cyanobacteria Cyanobacteria are a phylum of picoplanktonic ( plankton ranging in size from 0.2 to 2.0 μm ) bacteria that obtain their energy via photosynthesis , and are present throughout the world 's oceans . They exhibit a range of morphologiies , including filamentous colonies and biofilms . In the Black Sea , several species are present , and as an example , Synechococcus spp . can be found throughout the photic zone , although concentration decreases with increasing depth . Other factors which exert an influence on distribution include nutrient availability , predation and salinity . Animal species ( edit ) Zebra mussel The Black Sea along with the Caspian Sea is part of the Zebra mussel 's native range . The mussel has been accidentally introduced around the world and become an invasive species where it has been introduced . Common Carp The Common Carp 's native range extends to The Black Sea along with the Caspian Sea and Aral Sea . Like the Zebra mussel the Common Carp is an invasive species when introduced to other habitats . Round Goby Is another native fish that is also found in the Caspian Sea . It preys upon Zebra mussels . Like the mussels and common carp it has become invasive when introduced to other environments , like the Great Lakes . Marine Mammals and marine megafaunas Marine mammals present within the basin include two species of dolphins ( common and bottlenose ) and harbour porpoise inhabit the sea although all of these are endangered due to pressures and impacts by human activities . All the three species have been classified as a distinct subspecies from those in the Mediterranean and in Atlantic Seas and endemic to Black and Azov Seas , and are more active during nights in Turkish Straits . However , construction of the Crimean Bridge caused increases in nutrients and planktons in the waters , attracting large numbers of fish and more than 1,000 bottlenose dolphins . On the other hand , however , others claim that construction may cause devastating damages on ecosystem including dolphins . Critically endangered Mediterranean monk seals were historically abundant in Black Sea , and are regarded to have become extinct from the basin since in 1997 . Monk seals were present at the Snake Island until 1950s , and several locations such as the Danube Plavni Nature Reserve ( ru ) and Doğankent were last of hauling - out sites in post-1990 . Very few animals still thrive in the Sea of Marmara . Ongoing Mediterranizations may or may not boost in increases of cetacean diversity in Turkish Straits hence in Black and Azov basins . Various species of pinnipeds , sea otter , and beluga whales were introduced into the Black Sea by mankind and later escaped either by accidental or purported causes . Of these , grey seal and beluga whales have been recorded with successful , long - term occurrences . Great white sharks are known to reach into the Sea of Marmara and Bosphorus Strait and basking shark into Dardanelles although it is unclear whether or not these sharks may reach into the Black and Azov basins . Common dolphins porpoising with a ferry at Batumi port Ecological effects of pollution ( edit ) Since the 1960s , rapid industrial expansion along the Black Sea coast line and the construction of a major dam has significantly increased annual variability in the N : P : Si ratio in the basin . In coastal areas , the biological effect of these changes has been an increase in the frequency of monospecific phytoplankton blooms , with diatom bloom frequency increasing by a factor of 2.5 and non-diatom bloom frequency increasing by a factor of 6 . The non-diatoms , such as the prymnesiophytes Emiliania huxleyi ( coccolithophore ) , Chromulina sp. , and the Euglenophyte Eutreptia lanowii are able to out - compete diatom species because of the limited availability of Si , a necessary constituent of diatom frustules . As a consequence of these blooms , benthic macrophyte populations were deprived of light , while anoxia caused mass mortality in marine animals . The decline in macrophytes was further compounded by overfishing during the 1970s , while the invasive ctenophore Mnemiopsis reduced the biomass of copepods and other zooplankton in the late 1980s . Additionally , an alien species -- the warty comb jelly ( Mnemiopsis leidyi ) -- was able to establish itself in the basin , exploding from a few individuals to an estimated biomass of one billion metric tons . The change in species composition in Black Sea waters also has consequences for hydrochemistry , as Ca - producing coccolithophores influence salinity and pH , although these ramifications have yet to be fully quantified . In central Black Sea waters , Si levels were also significantly reduced , due to a decrease in the flux of Si associated with advection across isopycnal surfaces . This phenomenon demonstrates the potential for localised alterations in Black Sea nutrient input to have basin - wide effects . Pollution reduction and regulation efforts have led to a partial recovery of the Black Sea ecosystem during the 1990s , and an EU monitoring exercise , ' EROS21 ' , revealed decreased N and P values , relative to the 1989 peak . Recently , scientists have noted signs of ecological recovery , in part due to the construction of new sewage treatment plants in Slovakia , Hungary , Romania , and Bulgaria in connection with membership in the European Union . Mnemiopsis leidyi populations have been checked with the arrival of another alien species which feeds on them . Jellyfish Actinia Actinia Goby Stingray Goat fish Hermit crab , Diogenes pugilator Blue sponge Spiny dogfish Seahorse Black Sea Common Dolphins with a kite - surfer off Sochi Terrestrial ( edit ) Statues of a man and a tiger , on the way to Mount Akhun . In the past , the range of the Asiatic lion extended from South Asia to the Balkans , possibly up to the Danube . Places like Turkey and the Trans - Caucasus were in this range . The Caspian tiger occurred in eastern Turkey and the Caucasus , at least . The lyuti zver ( Old Russian for `` fierce animal '' ) that was encountered by Vladimir II Monomakh , Velikiy Kniaz of Kievan Rus ' ( which ranged to the Black Sea in the south ) , may have been a tiger or leopard , rather than a wolf or lynx , due to the way it behaved towards him and his horse . Climate ( edit ) The ice on the Gulf of Odessa Short - term climatic variation in the Black Sea region is significantly influenced by the operation of the North Atlantic oscillation , the climatic mechanisms resulting from the interaction between the north Atlantic and mid-latitude air masses . While the exact mechanisms causing the North Atlantic Oscillation remain unclear , it is thought the climate conditions established in western Europe mediate the heat and precipitation fluxes reaching Central Europe and Eurasia , regulating the formation of winter cyclones , which are largely responsible for regional precipitation inputs and influence Mediterranean Sea Surface Temperatures ( SST 's ) . The relative strength of these systems also limits the amount of cold air arriving from northern regions during winter . Other influencing factors include the regional topography , as depressions and storms systems arriving from the Mediterranean are funneled through the low land around the Bosphorus , Pontic and Caucasus mountain ranges acting as wave guides , limiting the speed and paths of cyclones passing through the region . Islands ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) There are some islands in the Black sea that belong to Bulgaria , Romania , Turkey , and Ukraine : St. Thomas Island -- Bulgaria St. Anastasia Island -- Bulgaria St. Cyricus Island -- Bulgaria St. Ivan Island -- Bulgaria St. Peter Island -- Bulgaria Sacalinu Mare Island -- Romania Sacalinu Mic Island -- Romania Novaya Zemliya -- Romania Utrish Island Krupinin Island Sudiuk Island Kefken Island Oreke Island Giresun Island Dzharylgach Island -- Ukraine Zmiinyi ( Snake ) Island -- Ukraine History ( edit ) Mediterranean connection during the Holocene ( edit ) The Bosphorus , taken from the International Space Station Map of the Dardanelles The Black Sea is connected to the World Ocean by a chain of two shallow straits , the Dardanelles and the Bosphorus . The Dardanelles is 55 m ( 180 ft ) deep and the Bosphorus is as shallow as 36 m ( 118 ft ) . By comparison , at the height of the last ice age , sea levels were more than 100 m ( 330 ft ) lower than they are now . There is also evidence that water levels in the Black Sea were considerably lower at some point during the post-glacial period . Some researchers theorize that the Black Sea had been a landlocked freshwater lake ( at least in upper layers ) during the last glaciation and for some time after . In the aftermath of the last glacial period , water levels in the Black Sea and the Aegean Sea rose independently until they were high enough to exchange water . The exact timeline of this development is still subject to debate . One possibility is that the Black Sea filled first , with excess fresh water flowing over the Bosphorus sill and eventually into the Mediterranean Sea . There are also catastrophic scenarios , such as the `` Black Sea deluge theory '' put forward by William Ryan , Walter Pitman and Petko Dimitrov . Deluge hypothesis ( edit ) Main article : Black Sea deluge hypothesis The Black Sea deluge is a hypothesized catastrophic rise in the level of the Black Sea circa 5600 BC due to waters from the Mediterranean Sea breaching a sill in the Bosporus Strait . The hypothesis was headlined when The New York Times published it in December 1996 , shortly before it was published in an academic journal . While it is agreed that the sequence of events described did occur , there is debate over the suddenness , dating and magnitude of the events . Relevant to the hypothesis is that its description has led some to connect this catastrophe with prehistoric flood myths . Recorded History ( edit ) A medieval map of the Black Sea by Diogo Homem . Greek colonies ( 8th -- 3rd century BCE ) of the Black Sea ( Euxine , or `` hospitable '' sea ) . The Black Sea was a busy waterway on the crossroads of the ancient world : the Balkans to the west , the Eurasian steppes to the north , Caucasus and Central Asia to the east , Asia Minor and Mesopotamia to the south , and Greece to the south - west . The oldest processed gold in the world was found in Varna , Bulgaria , and the Black Sea was supposedly sailed by the Argonauts . The land at the eastern end of the Black Sea , Colchis , ( now Georgia ) , marked for the Greeks the edge of the known world . The steppes to the north of the Black Sea have been suggested as the original homeland ( Urheimat ) of the speakers of the Proto - Indo - European language , ( PIE ) the progenitor of the Indo - European language family , by some scholars such as Marija Gimbutas ; others move the heartland further east towards the Caspian Sea , yet others to Anatolia . The Black Sea became an Ottoman Navy lake within five years of Genoa losing the Crimea in 1479 , after which the only Western merchant vessels to sail its waters were those of Venice 's old rival Ragusa . This restriction was gradually changed by the Russian Navy from 1783 until the relaxation of export controls in 1789 because of the French Revolution . The Black Sea was a significant naval theatre of World War I and saw both naval and land battles during World War II . Archaeology ( edit ) Ivan Aivazovsky . Black Sea Fleet in the Bay of Theodosia , just before the Crimean War Ancient trade routes in the region are currently being extensively studied by scientists , as the Black Sea was sailed by Hittites , Carians , Colchians , Thracians , Greeks , Persians , Cimmerians , Scythians , Romans , Byzantines , Goths , Huns , Avars , Bulgars , Slavs , Varangians , Crusaders , Venetians , Genoese , Lithuanians , Georgians , Poles , Tatars , Ottomans , and Russians . Perhaps the most promising areas in deepwater archaeology are the quest for submerged prehistoric settlements in the continental shelf and for ancient shipwrecks in the anoxic zone , which are expected to be exceptionally well preserved due to the absence of oxygen . This concentration of historical powers , combined with the preservative qualities of the deep anoxic waters of the Black Sea , has attracted increased interest from marine archaeologists who have begun to discover a large number of ancient ships and organic remains in a high state of preservation . Modern Use ( edit ) Yalta , Crimea Amasra , Turkey , is located on a small island in the Black Sea Commercial and civic Use ( edit ) According to NATO , the Black sea is a strategic corridor that provides smuggling channels for moving legal and illegal goods including drugs , radioactive materials , and counterfeit goods that can be used to finance terrorism . Navigation ( edit ) Ports and ferry terminals ( edit ) According to the International Transport Workers ' Federation 2013 study , there were at least 30 operating merchant seaports in the Black Sea ( including at least 12 in Ukraine ) . Merchant fleet and traffic ( edit ) According to the International Transport Workers ' Federation 2013 study , there were around 2,400 commercial vessels operating in the Black Sea . Fishing ( edit ) Anchovy : the Turkish commercial fishing fleet catches around 300,000 tons per year on average , and fishery carried out mainly in winter and the highest portion of the stock is caught between November and December . Hydrocarbons exploration ( edit ) Since the 1980s , the Soviet Union started offshore drilling for petroleum in the sea 's western portion ( adjoining Ukraine 's coast ) . The independent Ukraine continued and intensified that effort within its exclusive economic zone , inviting major international oil companies for exploration . Discovery of the new , massive oilfields in the area stimulated an influx of foreign investments . It also provoked a short - term peaceful territorial dispute with Romania which was resolved in 2011 by an international court redefining the exclusive economic zones between the two countries . Holiday resorts and spas ( edit ) Cities of the Black Sea In the years following the end of the Cold War , the popularity of the Black Sea as a tourist destination steadily increased . Tourism at Black Sea resorts became one of the region 's growth industries . The following is a list of notable Black Sea resort towns : 2 Mai ( Romania ) Agigea ( Romania ) Ahtopol ( Bulgaria ) Amasra ( Turkey ) Anaklia ( Georgia ) Anapa ( Russia ) Albena ( Bulgaria ) Alupka ( Crimea , Russia / Ukraine ( disputed ) ) Alushta ( Crimea , Russia / Ukraine ( disputed ) ) Balchik ( Bulgaria ) Batumi ( Georgia ) Burgas ( Bulgaria ) Byala ( Bulgaria ) Cap Aurora ( Romania ) Chakvi ( Georgia ) Constantine and Helena ( Bulgaria ) Constanța ( Romania ) Corbu ( Romania ) Costineşti ( Romania ) Eforie ( Romania ) Emona ( Bulgaria ) Eupatoria ( Crimea , Russia / Ukraine ( disputed ) ) Foros ( Crimea , Russia / Ukraine ( disputed ) ) Feodosiya ( Crimea , Russia / Ukraine ( disputed ) ) Giresun ( Turkey ) Gagra ( Abkhazia , Georgia ) Gelendzhik ( Russia ) Golden Sands ( Bulgaria ) Gonio ( Georgia ) Gurzuf ( Crimea , Russia / Ukraine ( disputed ) ) Hopa ( Artvin , Turkey ) Istanbul ( Turkey ) Jupiter ( Romania ) Kamchia ( Bulgaria ) Kavarna ( Bulgaria ) Kiten ( Bulgaria ) Kobuleti ( Georgia ) Koktebel ( Crimea , Russia / Ukraine ( disputed ) ) Lozenetz ( Bulgaria ) Mamaia ( Romania ) Mangalia ( Romania ) Năvodari ( Romania ) Neptun ( Romania ) Nesebar ( Bulgaria ) Novorossiysk ( Russia ) Ordu ( Turkey ) Obzor ( Bulgaria ) Odessa ( Ukraine ) Olimp ( Romania ) Pitsunda ( Abkhazia , Georgia ) Pomorie ( Bulgaria ) Primorsko ( Bulgaria ) Rize ( Turkey ) Rusalka ( Bulgaria ) Samsun ( Turkey ) Saturn ( Romania ) Sinop ( Turkey ) Sochi ( Russia ) Sozopol ( Bulgaria ) Sudak ( Crimea , Russia / Ukraine ( disputed ) ) Skadovsk ( Ukraine ) Sulina ( Romania ) Sunny Beach ( Bulgaria ) Şile ( Turkey ) Sveti Vlas ( Bulgaria ) Trabzon ( Turkey ) Tsikhisdziri ( Georgia ) Tuapse ( Russia ) Ureki ( Georgia ) Vama Veche ( Romania ) Varna ( Bulgaria ) Venus ( Romania ) Yalta ( Crimea , Russia / Ukraine ( disputed ) ) Zonguldak ( Turkey ) Soviet frigate Bezzavetny ( right ) bumping the USS Yorktown during the 1988 Black Sea bumping incident . Ukrainian Navy artillery boat U170 in the Bay of Sevastopol Modern military Use ( edit ) International and military Use of the Straits ( edit ) The 1936 Montreux Convention provides for a free passage of civilian ships between the international waters of the Black and the Mediterranean Seas . However , a single country ( Turkey ) has a complete control over the straits connecting the two seas . The 1982 amendments to the Montreux Convention allow Turkey to close the Straits at its discretion in both wartime and peacetime . The 1936 Montreux Convention governs the passage of vessels between the Black and the Mediterranean Seas and the presence of military vessels belonging to non-littoral states in the Black Sea waters . Trans - sea cooperation ( edit ) Main articles : Black Sea Euroregion , Superior Prut and Lower Danube , Black Sea Games , and Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation See also ( edit ) 1927 Crimean earthquakes Ancient Black Sea shipwrecks Anoxic event Bulgarian Black Sea Coast Caucasian Riviera Internationalization of the Danube River Karadeniz Technical University Kuma -- Manych Depression Mount Akhun Romanian Black Sea resorts References ( edit ) Informational notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Abkhazia has been a de facto independent republic since 1992 , although remains a de jure autonomous republic of Georgia . Abkhazia is n't an independent country , it 's part of Georgia and recognized by international low . occupied by Russia . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ UNEP / GRID - Arendal Maps and Graphics Library ( 2001 ) . `` Socio - economic indicators for the countries of the Black Sea basin '' . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2011 . Retrieved December 11 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Black Sea Geography , Oceanography , Ecology , History '' Living Black Sea Jump up ^ Surface Area -- `` Black Sea Geography '' . University of Delaware College of Marine Studies . 2003 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Maximum Depth -- `` Europa -- Gateway of the European Union Website '' . Environment and Enlargement -- The Black Sea : Facts and Figures . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Murray , J. W ; Jannasch , H. W ; Honjo , S ; Anderson , R. F ; Reeburgh , W. S ; Top , Z ; Friederich , G. E ; Codispoti , L. A ; Izdar , E ( March 30 , 1989 ) . `` Unexpected changes in the oxic / anoxic interface in the Black Sea '' . Nature Publishing Group . 338 ( 6214 ) : 411 -- 413 . Bibcode : 1989Natur. 338 ... 411M . doi : 10.1038 / 338411a0 . Retrieved December 2 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Limits of Oceans and Seas , 3rd edition '' ( PDF ) . International Hydrographic Organization . 1953 . Retrieved February 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Turkish Statistical Institute '' . Rapor.tuik.gov.tr . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2012 . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Turkish Statistical Institute '' . Rapor.tuik.gov.tr . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2014 . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cât a crescut populația în principalele zone metropolitane ale țării în ultimele două decenii '' . www.analizeeconomice.ro . Jump up ^ `` Turkish Statistical Institute '' . Rapor.tuik.gov.tr . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2014 . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Turkish Statistical Institute '' . Rapor.tuik.gov.tr . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Batumi City Hall website '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Özhan Öztürk ( 2005 ) . Karadeniz Ansiklopedik Sözlük . İstanbul : Heyamola Yayınları . pp. 617 -- 620 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Schmitt 1989 , pp. 310 -- 313 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Joseph H. `` Greater Bundahishn ( text ) '' . www.avesta.org . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Gibbon , Edward . The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire . Everyman 's Library , 1910 ; reprinted 1993 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 42308 - 7 . Passim . Jump up ^ McKenzie , DP ( 1970 ) . `` Plate tectonics of the Mediterranean region '' . Nature . 226 ( 5242 ) : 239 -- 43 . Bibcode : 1970Natur. 226 ... 239M . doi : 10.1038 / 226239a0 . PMID 16057188 . Jump up ^ McClusky , S. ; S. Balassanian ; et al. ( 2000 ) . `` Global Positioning System constraints on plate kinematics and dynamics in the eastern Mediterranean and Caucasus '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Geophysical Research . 105 ( B3 ) : 5695 -- 5719 . Bibcode : 2000JGR ... 105.5695 M . doi : 10.1029 / 1999JB900351 . ^ Jump up to : Shillington , Donna J. ; White , Nicky ; Minshull , Timothy A. ; Edwards , Glyn R.H. ; Jones , Stephen M. ; Edwards , Rosemary A. ; Scott , Caroline L. ( 2008 ) . `` Cenozoic evolution of the eastern Black Sea : A test of depth - dependent stretching models '' ( PDF ) . Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 265 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 360 -- 378 . Bibcode : 2008E&PSL. 265 ... 360S . doi : 10.1016 / j. epsl. 2007.10. 033 . Jump up ^ Nikishin , A ( 2003 ) . `` The Black Sea basin : tectonic history and Neogene -- Quaternary rapid subsidence modelling '' . Sedimentary Geology. 156 : 149 -- 168 . Bibcode : 2003SedG ... 156 ... 149N . doi : 10.1016 / S0037 - 0738 ( 02 ) 00286 - 5 . Jump up ^ Barale , Vittorio ; Gade , Martin ( 2008 ) . Remote Sensing of the European Seas . p. 17 . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 6771 - 2 . Jump up ^ Prothero , G.W. ( 1920 ) . Anatolia . London : H.M. Stationery Office . Jump up ^ `` Agriculture in the Black Sea Region '' . Bs-agro.com . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2013 . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Descriptive Physical Oceanography . Talley , Pickard , Emery , Swift . Jump up ^ `` Meromictic '' . Merriam-webster.com . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Exploring Ancient Mysteries : A Black Sea Journey '' . Ceoe.udel.edu . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Korotaev , G. ( 2003 ) . `` Seasonal , interannual , and mesoscale variability of the Black Sea upper layer circulation derived from altimeter data '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 108 . Bibcode : 2003JGRC ... 108.3122 K . doi : 10.1029 / 2002JC001508 . Jump up ^ Black Sea Becomes Turquoise Archived October 28 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . earthobservatory.nasa.gov . Retrieved December 2 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Schuiling , Roelof Dirk ; Cathcart , Richard B. ; Badescu , Viorel ; Isvoranu , Dragos ; Pelinovsky , Efim ( 2006 ) . `` Asteroid impact in the Black Sea . Death by drowning or asphyxiation ? '' . Natural Hazards. 40 ( 2 ) : 327 -- 338 . doi : 10.1007 / s11069 - 006 - 0017 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Asteroid impact in the Black Sea : tsunami and toxic gas emission '' ( PDF ) . www.cosis.net . ^ Jump up to : Oguz , T. ; H.W. Ducklow ; et al. ( 1999 ) . `` A physical - biochemical model of plankton productivity and nitrogen cycling in the Black Sea '' ( PDF ) . Deep - Sea Research Part I. 46 ( 4 ) : 597 -- 636 . Bibcode : 1999DSRI ... 46 ... 597O . doi : 10.1016 / S0967 - 0637 ( 98 ) 00074 - 0 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Oguz , T. & A. Merico ( 2006 ) . `` Factors controlling the summer Emiliania huxleyi bloom in the Black Sea : A modeling study '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Marine Systems . 59 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 173 -- 188 . Bibcode : 2006JMS ... 59 ... 173O . doi : 10.1016 / j. jmarsys. 2005.08. 002 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Friedrich , J. ; C. Dinkel ; et al. ( 2002 ) . `` Benthic Nutrient Cycling and Diagenetic Pathways in the North - western Black Sea '' ( PDF ) . Estuarine , Coastal and Shelf Science . 54 ( 3 ) : 369 -- 383 . Bibcode : 2002ECSS ... 54 ... 369F . doi : 10.1006 / ecss. 2000.0653 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mechanisms impeding natural Mediterranization process of Black Sea fauna ( pdf ) . Retrieved on September 06 , 2017 Jump up ^ Selifonova P.J.. 2011 . Ships ' ballast as a Primary Factor for'Mediterranization'of Pelagic Copepod Fauna ( Copepoda ) in the Northeastern Black Sea ( pdf ) . Retrieved on September 06 , 2017 Jump up ^ Eker , E. ; L. Georgieva ; et al. ( 1999 ) . `` Phytoplankton distribution in the western and eastern Black Sea in spring and autumn 1995 '' ( PDF ) . ICES Journal of Marine Science . 56 : 15 -- 22 . doi : 10.1006 / jmsc. 1999.0604 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Eker - Develi , E ( 2003 ) . `` Distribution of phytoplankton in the southern Black Sea in summer 1996 , spring and autumn 1998 '' . Journal of Marine Systems . 39 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 203 -- 211 . Bibcode : 2003JMS ... 39 ... 203E . doi : 10.1016 / S0924 - 7963 ( 03 ) 00031 - 9 . Jump up ^ Krakhmalny , A.F. ( 1994 ) . `` Dinophyta of the Black Sea ( Brief history of investigations and species diversity ) . '' Algologiya 4 : 99 -- 107 . ^ Jump up to : Gomez , F. & L. Boicenco ( 2004 ) . `` An annotated checklist of dinoflagellates in the Black Sea '' ( PDF ) . Hydrobiologia. 517 ( 1 ) : 43 -- 59 . doi : 10.1023 / B : HYDR. 0000027336.05452. 07 . Jump up ^ Uysal , Z ( 2006 ) . `` Vertical distribution of marine cyanobacteria Synechococcus spp. in the Black , Marmara , Aegean , and eastern Mediterranean seas '' . Deep - Sea Research Part II . 53 ( 17 -- 19 ) : 1976 -- 1987 . Bibcode : 2006DSR ... 53.1976 U . doi : 10.1016 / j. dsr2. 2006.03. 016 . Jump up ^ `` Delphinus delphis ssp . ponticus ( Black Sea Common Dolphin , Common Dolphin , Short - beaked Common Dolphin ) '' . www.iucnredlist.org . Jump up ^ `` Tursiops truncatus ssp . ponticus ( Black Sea Bottlenose Dolphin , Common Bottlenose Dolphin ) '' . www.iucnredlist.org . Jump up ^ `` Phocoena phocoena ssp . relicta ( Black Sea Harbour Porpoise , Harbour Porpoise ) '' . www.iucnredlist.org . ^ Jump up to : First stranding record of a Risso 's Dolphin ( Grampus griseus ) in the Marmara Sea , Turkey ( pdf ) . Retrieved on September 06 , 2017 Jump up ^ Goldman E ... 2017 . Crimean bridge construction boosts dolphin population in Kerch Strait . The Russia Beyond the Headlines . Retrieved on March 10 , 2017 Jump up ^ Reznikova E ... 2017 . Крымские стройки убивают все живое на дне моря . Примечания . Новости Севастополя и Крыма . Retrieved on September 29 , 2017 Jump up ^ Karamanlidis , A. ; Dendrinos , P. ( 2015 ) . `` Monachus monachus '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . IUCN. 2015 : e. T13653A45227543 . doi : 10.2305 / IUCN. UK. 2015 - 4. RLTS. T13653A45227543. en . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Sergei R. Grinevetsky , Igor S. Zonn , Sergei S. Zhiltsov , Aleksey N. Kosarev , Andrey G. Kostianoy , 2014 , The Black Sea Encyclopedia Jump up ^ Emek Inanmaz , Özgür ; Değirmenci , Özgür ; Gücü , Ali Cemal ( 2014 ) . `` A new sighting of the Mediterranean Monk Seal , Monachus monachus ( Hermann , 1779 ) , in the Marmara Sea ( Turkey ) '' . Zoology in the Middle East . 60 ( 3 ) : 278 -- 280 . doi : 10.1080 / 09397140.2014. 944438 . ^ Jump up to : Frantzis A. , Alexiadou P. , Paximadis G. , Politi E. , Gannier A. , Corsini - Foka M. ( 2003 ) . `` Current knowledge of the cetacean fauna of the Greek Seas '' ( pdf ) . Journal of Cetacean Research and Management . International Whaling Commission . 5 ( 3 ) : 219 -- 232 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 21 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Anderson R ... 1992 . Black Sea Whale Aided By Activists . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved on April 21 . 2016 Jump up ^ Gladilina , E.V. ; Kovtun , Oleg ; Kondakov , Andrey ; Syomik , A.M. ; Pronin , K.K. ; Gol'din , Pavel ( January 1 , 2013 ) . `` Grey seal Halichoerus grypus in the Black Sea : The first case of long - term survival of an exotic pinniped '' . Marine Biodiversity Records . 6 . doi : 10.1017 / S1755267213000018 -- via ResearchGate . Jump up ^ Kabasakal H ... 2014 . The status of the great white shark ( Carcharodon carcharias ) in Turkey 's waters ( pdf ) . Marine Biodiversity Records . Vol. 7 . pp. 1 -- 8 . doi : 10.1017 / S1755267214000980 ; Vol. 7 ; e109 ; 2014 . Retrieved on September 04 , 2017 Jump up ^ Cuma. 2009 . Çanakkale'de 10 metrelik köpekbalığı ! . Retrieved on September 04 , 2017 Jump up ^ Humborg , Christoph ; Ittekkot , Venugopalan ; Cociasu , Adriana ; Bodungen , Bodo v. ( 1997 ) . `` Effect of Danube River dam on Black Sea biogeochemistry and ecosystem structure '' . Nature . 386 ( 6623 ) : 385 -- 388 . Bibcode : 1997Natur. 386 ... 385H . doi : 10.1038 / 386385a0 . Jump up ^ Sburlea , A. ; L. Boicenco ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Aspects of eutrophication as a chemical pollution with implications on marine biota at the Romanian Black Sea shore '' . Chemicals as Intentional and Accidental Global Environmental Threats . NATO Security through Science Series : 357 -- 360 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4020 - 5098 - 5_28 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 5096 - 1 . Jump up ^ Gregoire , M. ; C. Raick ; et al. ( 2008 ) . `` Numerical modeling of the central Black Sea ecosystem functioning during the eutrophication phase '' . Progress in Oceanography. 76 ( 3 ) : 286 -- 333 . Bibcode : 2008PrOce ... 76 ... 286G . doi : 10.1016 / j. pocean. 2008.01. 002 . Jump up ^ Colin Woodard ( February 11 , 2001 ) . Ocean 's end : travels through endangered seas . Basic Books . pp. 1 -- 28 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 01571 - 9 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lancelot , C ( 2002 ) . `` Modelling the Danube - influenced North - western Continental Shelf of the Black Sea . II : Ecosystem Response to Changes in Nutrient Delivery by the Danube River after its Damming in 1972 '' ( PDF ) . Estuarine , Coastal and Shelf Science . 54 ( 3 ) : 473 -- 499 . Bibcode : 2002ECSS ... 54 ... 473L . doi : 10.1006 / ecss. 2000.0659 . Jump up ^ Woodard , Colin , `` The Black Sea 's Cautionary Tale , '' Congressional Quarterly Global Researcher , October 2007 , pp. 244 -- 245 Jump up ^ Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies ( 1988 ) . `` Kyivan Rus ' '' . Encyclopedia of Ukraine . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Geptner , V.G. , Sludskij , A.A. ( 1972 ) . Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza . Vysšaia Škola , Moskva . ( In Russian ; English translation : Heptner , V.G. , Sludskii , A.A. , Komarov , A. , Komorov , N. ; Hoffmann , R.S. ( 1992 ) . Mammals of the Soviet Union . Vol III : Carnivores ( Feloidea ) . Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation , Washington DC ) . Jump up ^ Hurrell , J.W. ( 1995 ) . `` Decadal Trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation : Regional Temperatures and Precipitation '' . Science . 269 ( 5224 ) : 676 -- 679 . Bibcode : 1995Sci ... 269 ... 676H . doi : 10.1126 / science. 269.5224. 676 . PMID 17758812 . Jump up ^ Lamy , F. , Arz , H.W. , Bond , G.C. , Barh , A. and Pätzold , J. ( 2006 ) . `` Multicentennial - scale hydrological changes in the Black Sea and northern Red Sea during the Holocene and the Arctic / North Atlantic Oscillation '' ( PDF ) . Paleoceanography. 21 : n / a . Bibcode : 2006PalOc ... 21.1008 L . doi : 10.1029 / 2005PA001184 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 15 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Türkeş , Murat ( 1996 ) . `` Spatial and temporal analysis of annual rainfall variations in Turkey '' . International Journal of Climatology. 16 ( 9 ) : 1057 -- 1076 . Bibcode : 1996IJCli ... 16.1057 T . doi : 10.1002 / ( SICI ) 1097 - 0088 ( 199609 ) 16 : 9 < 1057 : : AID - JOC75 > 3.3.CO ; 2 - 4 . Jump up ^ Cullen , H.M. ; A. Kaplan ; et al. ( 2002 ) . `` Impact of the North Atlantic Oscillation on Middle Eastern climate and streamflow '' ( PDF ) . Climatic Change . 55 ( 3 ) : 315 -- 338 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1020518305517 . Jump up ^ Ozsoy , E. & U. Unluata ( 1997 ) . `` Oceanography of the Black Sea : A review of some recent results '' . Earth - Science Reviews . 42 ( 4 ) : 231 -- 272 . Bibcode : 1997ESRv ... 42 ... 231O . doi : 10.1016 / S0012 - 8252 ( 97 ) 81859 - 4 . Jump up ^ Brody , L.R. , Nestor , M.J.R. ( 1980 ) . Regional Forecasting Aids for the Mediterranean Basin . Handbook for Forecasters in the Mediterranean , Naval Research Laboratory . Part 2 . Jump up ^ Wilford , John Noble ( 17 December 1996 ) . `` Geologists Link Black Sea Deluge To Farming 's Rise '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 June 2013 . Jump up ^ William Ryan & Walter Pitman ( 1998 ) . Noah 's Flood : The New Scientific Discoveries About the Event That Changed History . New York : Simon & Schuster Paperbacks . ISBN 0 - 684 - 85920 - 3 . Jump up ^ David Nicolle ( 1989 ) . The Venetian Empire 1200 -- 1670 . Osprey Publishing . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85045 - 899 - 2 . Jump up ^ Bruce McGowan . Economic Life in Ottoman Europe : Taxation , Trade and the Struggle for Land , 1600 -- 1800 , Studies in Modern Capitalism . p. 134 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 13536 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Black Sea Security '' . NATO Advanced Research Workshop . NATO . 2010 . Retrieved 31 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Черное море признано одним из самых неблагоприятных мест для моряков '' . International Transport Workers ' Federation . BlackSeaNews . May 27 , 2013 . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Turkish Black Sea Acoustic Surveys : Winter distribution of anchovy along the Turkish coast Serdar SAKINAN . Middle East Technical University -- Institute of Marine Sciences Jump up ^ `` Bulgarian Sea Resorts '' . Retrieved February 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Montreaux and The Bosphorus Problem '' ( in Turkish ) . Jump up ^ `` Montreaux Convention and Turkey ( pdf ) '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 19 , 2013 . Bibliography ( edit ) Stella Ghervas , `` The Black Sea '' , in D. Armitage , A. Bashford and S. Sivasundaram , eds. , Oceanic Histories ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2017 ) , pp. 234 -- 266 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 1083 - 9972 - 2 Stella Ghervas , `` Odessa et les confins de l'Europe : un éclairage historique '' , in Stella Ghervas et François Rosset ( ed ) , Lieux d'Europe . Mythes et limites ( Paris : Editions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme , 2008 ) , pp. 107 -- 124 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7351 - 1182 - 4 Charles King , The Black Sea : A History , 2004 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 924161 - 9 William Ryan and Walter Pitman , Noah 's Flood , 1999 , ISBN 0 - 684 - 85920 - 3 Neal Ascherson , Black Sea ( Vintage 1996 ) , ISBN 0 - 09 - 959371 - 8 Schmitt , Rüdiger ( 1989 ) . `` BLACK SEA '' . Encyclopaedia Iranica , Vol. IV , Fasc. 3 . pp. 310 -- 313 . Rüdiger Schmitt , `` Considerations on the Name of the Black Sea '' , in : Hellas und der griechische Osten ( Saarbrücken 1996 ) , pp. 219 -- 224 West , Stephanie ( 2003 ) . ' The Most Marvellous of All Seas ' : the Greek Encounter with the Euxine. 50 . Greece & Rome . pp. 151 -- 167 . Petko Dimitrov ; Dimitar Dimitrov ( 2004 ) . THE BLACK SEA , THE FLOOD AND THE ANCIENT MYTHS . Varna . p. 91 . ISBN 954 - 579 - 335 - X . Dimitrov , D. 2010 . Geology and Non-traditional resources of the Black Sea . LAP Lambert Academic Publishing . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8383 - 8639 - 3 . 244p . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Black Sea . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Black Sea . 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Wind power

Wind power - wikipedia Wind power Jump to : navigation , search `` Wind Energy '' redirects here . For the academic journal , see Wind Energy ( journal ) . Wind power stations in Xinjiang , China Global growth of installed capacity Part of a series about Sustainable energy Energy conservation Cogeneration Efficient energy use Green building Heat pump Low - carbon power Microgeneration Passive solar building design Renewable energy Anaerobic digestion Biofuel Geothermal Hydroelectricity Solar Tidal Wave Wind Sustainable transport Carbon - neutral fuel Electric vehicle Fossil fuel phase - out Green vehicle Plug - in hybrid Sustainable development portal Renewable energy portal Environment portal Wind power is the use of air flow through wind turbines to mechanically power generators for electric power . Wind power , as an alternative to burning fossil fuels , is plentiful , renewable , widely distributed , clean , produces no greenhouse gas emissions during operation , consumes no water , and uses little land . The net effects on the environment are far less problematic than those of nonrenewable power sources . Wind farms consist of many individual wind turbines which are connected to the electric power transmission network . Onshore wind is an inexpensive source of electric power , competitive with or in many places cheaper than coal or gas plants . Offshore wind is steadier and stronger than on land , and offshore farms have less visual impact , but construction and maintenance costs are considerably higher . Small onshore wind farms can feed some energy into the grid or provide electric power to isolated off - grid locations . Wind power gives variable power which is very consistent from year to year but which has significant variation over shorter time scales . It is therefore used in conjunction with other electric power sources to give a reliable supply . As the proportion of wind power in a region increases , a need to upgrade the grid , and a lowered ability to supplant conventional production can occur . Power management techniques such as having excess capacity , geographically distributed turbines , dispatchable backing sources , sufficient hydroelectric power , exporting and importing power to neighboring areas , or reducing demand when wind production is low , can in many cases overcome these problems . In addition , weather forecasting permits the electric power network to be readied for the predictable variations in production that occur . As of 2015 , Denmark generates 40 % of its electric power from wind , and at least 83 other countries around the world are using wind power to supply their electric power grids . In 2014 , global wind power capacity expanded 16 % to 369,553 MW . Yearly wind energy production is also growing rapidly and has reached around 4 % of worldwide electric power usage , 11.4 % in the EU . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Wind farms 2.1 Generator characteristics and stability 2.2 Offshore wind power 2.3 Collection and transmission network 3 Wind power capacity and production 3.1 Growth trends 3.2 Capacity factor 3.3 Penetration 3.4 Variability 3.5 Predictability 3.6 Energy storage 3.7 Capacity credit , fuel savings and energy payback 4 Economics 4.1 Electric power cost and trends 4.2 Incentives and community benefits 5 Small - scale wind power 6 Environmental effects 7 Politics 7.1 Central government 7.2 Public opinion 7.3 Community 8 Turbine design 9 Wind energy 10 Gallery 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of wind power Charles Brush 's windmill of 1888 , used for generating electric power . Wind power has been used as long as humans have put sails into the wind . For more than two millennia wind - powered machines have ground grain and pumped water . Wind power was widely available and not confined to the banks of fast - flowing streams , or later , requiring sources of fuel . Wind - powered pumps drained the polders of the Netherlands , and in arid regions such as the American mid-west or the Australian outback , wind pumps provided water for live stock and steam engines . The first windmill used for the production of electric power was built in Scotland in July 1887 by Prof James Blyth of Anderson 's College , Glasgow ( the precursor of Strathclyde University ) . Blyth 's 10 metres ( 33 ft ) high , cloth - sailed wind turbine was installed in the garden of his holiday cottage at Marykirk in Kincardineshire and was used to charge accumulators developed by the Frenchman Camille Alphonse Faure , to power the lighting in the cottage , thus making it the first house in the world to have its electric power supplied by wind power . Blyth offered the surplus electric power to the people of Marykirk for lighting the main street , however , they turned down the offer as they thought electric power was `` the work of the devil . '' Although he later built a wind turbine to supply emergency power to the local Lunatic Asylum , Infirmary and Dispensary of Montrose the invention never really caught on as the technology was not considered to be economically viable . Across the Atlantic , in Cleveland , Ohio a larger and heavily engineered machine was designed and constructed in the winter of 1887 -- 1888 by Charles F. Brush , this was built by his engineering company at his home and operated from 1886 until 1900 . The Brush wind turbine had a rotor 17 metres ( 56 ft ) in diameter and was mounted on an 18 metres ( 59 ft ) tower . Although large by today 's standards , the machine was only rated at 12 kW . The connected dynamo was used either to charge a bank of batteries or to operate up to 100 incandescent light bulbs , three arc lamps , and various motors in Brush 's laboratory . With the development of electric power , wind power found new applications in lighting buildings remote from centrally - generated power . Throughout the 20th century parallel paths developed small wind stations suitable for farms or residences , and larger utility - scale wind generators that could be connected to electric power grids for remote use of power . Today wind powered generators operate in every size range between tiny stations for battery charging at isolated residences , up to near - gigawatt sized offshore wind farms that provide electric power to national electrical networks . Wind farms ( edit ) Main articles : Wind farm and List of onshore wind farms Large onshore wind farms Wind farm Current capacity ( MW ) Country Refs Gansu Wind Farm 6,000 China Muppandal wind farm 1,500 India Alta ( Oak Creek - Mojave ) 1,320 United States Jaisalmer Wind Park 1,064 India Shepherds Flat Wind Farm 845 United States Roscoe Wind Farm 782 United States Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center 736 United States Capricorn Ridge Wind Farm 662 United States Fântânele - Cogealac Wind Farm 600 Romania Fowler Ridge Wind Farm 600 United States Whitelee Wind Farm 539 United Kingdom A wind farm is a group of wind turbines in the same location used for production of electric power . A large wind farm may consist of several hundred individual wind turbines distributed over an extended area , but the land between the turbines may be used for agricultural or other purposes . For example , Gansu Wind Farm , the largest wind farm in the world , has several thousand turbines . A wind farm may also be located offshore . Almost all large wind turbines have the same design -- a horizontal axis wind turbine having an upwind rotor with three blades , attached to a nacelle on top of a tall tubular tower . In a wind farm , individual turbines are interconnected with a medium voltage ( often 34.5 kV ) , power collection system and communications network . In general , a distance of 7D ( 7 × Rotor Diameter of the Wind Turbine ) is set between each turbine in a fully developed wind farm . At a substation , this medium - voltage electric current is increased in voltage with a transformer for connection to the high voltage electric power transmission system . Generator characteristics and stability ( edit ) Induction generators , which were often used for wind power projects in the 1980s and 1990s , require reactive power for excitation so substations used in wind - power collection systems include substantial capacitor banks for power factor correction . Different types of wind turbine generators behave differently during transmission grid disturbances , so extensive modelling of the dynamic electromechanical characteristics of a new wind farm is required by transmission system operators to ensure predictable stable behaviour during system faults . In particular , induction generators can not support the system voltage during faults , unlike steam or hydro turbine - driven synchronous generators . Today these generators are n't used any more in modern turbines . Instead today most turbines use variable speed generators combined with partial - or full - scale power converter between the turbine generator and the collector system , which generally have more desirable properties for grid interconnection and have Low voltage ride through - capabilities . Modern concepts use either doubly fed machines with partial - scale converters or squirrel - cage induction generators or synchronous generators ( both permanently and electrically excited ) with full scale converters . Transmission systems operators will supply a wind farm developer with a grid code to specify the requirements for interconnection to the transmission grid . This will include power factor , constancy of frequency and dynamic behaviour of the wind farm turbines during a system fault . Offshore wind power ( edit ) The world 's second full - scale floating wind turbine ( and first to be installed without the use of heavy - lift vessels ) , WindFloat , operating at rated capacity ( 2 MW ) approximately 5 km offshore of Póvoa de Varzim , Portugal Main articles : Offshore wind power and List of offshore wind farms Offshore wind power refers to the construction of wind farms in large bodies of water to generate electric power . These installations can utilize the more frequent and powerful winds that are available in these locations and have less aesthetic impact on the landscape than land based projects . However , the construction and the maintenance costs are considerably higher . Siemens and Vestas are the leading turbine suppliers for offshore wind power . DONG Energy , Vattenfall and E. ON are the leading offshore operators . As of October 2010 , 3.16 GW of offshore wind power capacity was operational , mainly in Northern Europe . According to BTM Consult , more than 16 GW of additional capacity will be installed before the end of 2014 and the UK and Germany will become the two leading markets . Offshore wind power capacity is expected to reach a total of 75 GW worldwide by 2020 , with significant contributions from China and the US . In 2012 , 1,662 turbines at 55 offshore wind farms in 10 European countries produced 18 TWh , enough to power almost five million households . As of August 2013 the London Array in the United Kingdom is the largest offshore wind farm in the world at 630 MW . This is followed by Gwynt y Môr ( 576 MW ) , also in the UK . World 's largest offshore wind farms Wind farm Capacity ( MW ) Country Turbines and model Commissioned Refs London Array 630 United Kingdom 175 × Siemens SWT - 3.6 2012 Gwynt y Môr 576 United Kingdom 160 × Siemens SWT - 3.6 107 2015 Greater Gabbard 504 United Kingdom 140 × Siemens SWT - 3.6 2012 Anholt 400 Denmark 111 × Siemens SWT - 3.6 -- 120 2013 BARD Offshore 1 400 Germany 80 BARD 5.0 turbines 2013 Collection and transmission network ( edit ) In a wind farm , individual turbines are interconnected with a medium voltage ( usually 34.5 kV ) power collection system and communications network . At a substation , this medium - voltage electric current is increased in voltage with a transformer for connection to the high voltage electric power transmission system . Play media Wind Power in Serbia A transmission line is required to bring the generated power to ( often remote ) markets . For an off - shore station this may require a submarine cable . Construction of a new high - voltage line may be too costly for the wind resource alone , but wind sites may take advantage of lines installed for conventionally fueled generation . One of the biggest current challenges to wind power grid integration in the United States is the necessity of developing new transmission lines to carry power from wind farms , usually in remote lowly populated states in the middle of the country due to availability of wind , to high load locations , usually on the coasts where population density is higher . The current transmission lines in remote locations were not designed for the transport of large amounts of energy . As transmission lines become longer the losses associated with power transmission increase , as modes of losses at lower lengths are exacerbated and new modes of losses are no longer negligible as the length is increased , making it harder to transport large loads over large distances . However , resistance from state and local governments makes it difficult to construct new transmission lines . Multi state power transmission projects are discouraged by states with cheap electric power rates for fear that exporting their cheap power will lead to increased rates . A 2005 energy law gave the Energy Department authority to approve transmission projects states refused to act on , but after an attempt to use this authority , the Senate declared the department was being overly aggressive in doing so . Another problem is that wind companies find out after the fact that the transmission capacity of a new farm is below the generation capacity , largely because federal utility rules to encourage renewable energy installation allow feeder lines to meet only minimum standards . These are important issues that need to be solved , as when the transmission capacity does not meet the generation capacity , wind farms are forced to produce below their full potential or stop running all together , in a process known as curtailment . While this leads to potential renewable generation left untapped , it prevents possible grid overload or risk to reliable service . Wind power capacity and production ( edit ) Main article : Wind power by country Worldwide wind generation up to 2012 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 1998 2002 2006 2014 Global annual new installed wind capacity 1997 -- 2015 ( in MW ) Worldwide there are now over two hundred thousand wind turbines operating , with a total nameplate capacity of 432 GW as of end 2015 . The European Union alone passed some 100 GW nameplate capacity in September 2012 , while the United States surpassed 75 GW in 2015 and China 's grid connected capacity passed 145 GW in 2015 . World wind generation capacity more than quadrupled between 2000 and 2006 , doubling about every three years . The United States pioneered wind farms and led the world in installed capacity in the 1980s and into the 1990s . In 1997 installed capacity in Germany surpassed the U.S. and led until once again overtaken by the U.S. in 2008 . China has been rapidly expanding its wind installations in the late 2000s and passed the U.S. in 2010 to become the world leader . As of 2011 , 83 countries around the world were using wind power on a commercial basis . Wind power capacity has expanded rapidly to 336 GW in June 2014 , and wind energy production was around 4 % of total worldwide electric power usage , and growing rapidly . The actual amount of electric power that wind is able to generate is calculated by multiplying the nameplate capacity by the capacity factor , which varies according to equipment and location . Estimates of the capacity factors for wind installations are in the range of 35 % to 44 % . Europe accounted for 48 % of the world total wind power generation capacity in 2009 . In 2010 , Spain became Europe 's leading producer of wind energy , achieving 42,976 GWh . Germany held the top spot in Europe in terms of installed capacity , with a total of 27,215 MW as of 31 December 2010 . In 2015 wind power constituted 15.6 % of all installed power generation capacity in the EU and it generates around 11.4 % of its power . China : 23,351 MW ( 45.4 % ) Germany : 5,279 MW ( 10.3 % ) United States : 4,854 MW ( 9.4 % ) Brazil : 2,472 MW ( 4.8 % ) India : 2,315 MW ( 4.5 % ) Canada : 1,871 MW ( 3.6 % ) United Kingdom : 1,736 MW ( 3.4 % ) Sweden : 1,050 MW ( 2.0 % ) France : 1,042 MW ( 2.0 % ) Turkey : 804 MW ( 1.6 % ) Rest of the world : 6,702 MW ( 13.0 % ) Worldwide new installed capacity , 2014 China : 114,763 MW ( 31.1 % ) United States : 65,879 MW ( 17.8 % ) Germany : 39,165 MW ( 10.6 % ) Spain : 22,987 MW ( 6.2 % ) India : 22,465 MW ( 6.1 % ) United Kingdom : 12,440 MW ( 3.4 % ) Canada : 9,694 MW ( 2.6 % ) France : 9,285 MW ( 2.5 % ) Italy : 8,663 MW ( 2.3 % ) Brazil : 5,939 MW ( 1.6 % ) Rest of the world : 58,275 MW ( 15.8 % ) Worldwide cumulative capacity , 2014 Top wind - power electric power producing countries in 2012 Country Wind - power Production ( TWh ) % of World Total United States 140.9 26.4 % China 118.1 22.1 % Spain 49.1 9.2 % Germany 46.0 8.6 % India 30.0 5.6 % United Kingdom 19.6 3.7 % France 14.9 2.8 % Italy 13.4 2.5 % Canada 11.8 2.2 % Denmark 10.3 1.9 % ( rest of world ) 80.2 15.0 % World Total 534.3 100.0 % Growth trends ( edit ) Worldwide installed wind power capacity forecast The wind power industry set new records in 2014 -- more than 50 GW of new capacity was installed . Another record breaking year occurred in 2015 , with 22 % annual market growth resulting in the 60 GW mark being passed . In 2015 , close to half of all new wind power was added outside of the traditional markets in Europe and North America . This was largely from new construction in China and India . Global Wind Energy Council ( GWEC ) figures show that 2015 recorded an increase of installed capacity of more than 63 GW , taking the total installed wind energy capacity to 432.9 GW , up from 74 GW in 2006 . In terms of economic value , the wind energy sector has become one of the important players in the energy markets , with the total investments reaching US $ 329bn ( € 296.6 bn ) , an increase of 4 % over 2014 . Although the wind power industry was affected by the global financial crisis in 2009 and 2010 , GWEC predicts that the installed capacity of wind power will be 792.1 GW by the end of 2020 and 4,042 GW by end of 2050 . The increased commissioning of wind power is being accompanied by record low prices for forthcoming renewable electric power . In some cases , wind onshore is already the cheapest electric power generation option and costs are continuing to decline . The contracted prices for wind onshore for the next few years are now as low as 30 USD / MWh . In the EU in 2015 , 44 % of all new generating capacity was wind power ; while in the same period net fossil fuel power capacity decreased . Capacity factor ( edit ) Since wind speed is not constant , a wind farm 's annual energy production is never as much as the sum of the generator nameplate ratings multiplied by the total hours in a year . The ratio of actual productivity in a year to this theoretical maximum is called the capacity factor . Typical capacity factors are 15 -- 50 % ; values at the upper end of the range are achieved in favourable sites and are due to wind turbine design improvements . Online data is available for some locations , and the capacity factor can be calculated from the yearly output . For example , the German nationwide average wind power capacity factor over all of 2012 was just under 17.5 % ( 45,867 GW h / yr / ( 29.9 GW × 24 × 366 ) = 0.1746 ) , and the capacity factor for Scottish wind farms averaged 24 % between 2008 and 2010 . Unlike fueled generating plants , the capacity factor is affected by several parameters , including the variability of the wind at the site and the size of the generator relative to the turbine 's swept area . A small generator would be cheaper and achieve a higher capacity factor but would produce less electric power ( and thus less profit ) in high winds . Conversely , a large generator would cost more but generate little extra power and , depending on the type , may stall out at low wind speed . Thus an optimum capacity factor of around 40 -- 50 % would be aimed for . A 2008 study released by the U.S. Department of Energy noted that the capacity factor of new wind installations was increasing as the technology improves , and projected further improvements for future capacity factors . In 2010 , the department estimated the capacity factor of new wind turbines in 2010 to be 45 % . The annual average capacity factor for wind generation in the US has varied between 29.8 % and 34.0 % during the period 2010 -- 2015 . Penetration ( edit ) Country Penetration Denmark ( 2015 ) 42.1 % Portugal ( 2013 ) 23 % Spain ( 2011 ) 16 % Ireland ( 2012 ) 16 % United Kingdom ( 2015 ) 11 % Germany ( 2011 ) 8 % United States ( 2016 ) 5.5 % Wind energy penetration is the fraction of energy produced by wind compared with the total generation . The wind power penetration in world electric power generation in 2015 was 3.5 % . There is no generally accepted maximum level of wind penetration . The limit for a particular grid will depend on the existing generating plants , pricing mechanisms , capacity for energy storage , demand management and other factors . An interconnected electric power grid will already include reserve generating and transmission capacity to allow for equipment failures . This reserve capacity can also serve to compensate for the varying power generation produced by wind stations . Studies have indicated that 20 % of the total annual electrical energy consumption may be incorporated with minimal difficulty . These studies have been for locations with geographically dispersed wind farms , some degree of dispatchable energy or hydropower with storage capacity , demand management , and interconnected to a large grid area enabling the export of electric power when needed . Beyond the 20 % level , there are few technical limits , but the economic implications become more significant . Electrical utilities continue to study the effects of large scale penetration of wind generation on system stability and economics . A wind energy penetration figure can be specified for different duration of time , but is often quoted annually . To obtain 100 % from wind annually requires substantial long term storage or substantial interconnection to other systems which may already have substantial storage . On a monthly , weekly , daily , or hourly basis -- or less -- wind might supply as much as or more than 100 % of current use , with the rest stored or exported . Seasonal industry might then take advantage of high wind and low usage times such as at night when wind output can exceed normal demand . Such industry might include production of silicon , aluminum , steel , or of natural gas , and hydrogen , and using future long term storage to facilitate 100 % energy from variable renewable energy . Homes can also be programmed to accept extra electric power on demand , for example by remotely turning up water heater thermostats . In Australia , the state of South Australia generates around half of the nation 's wind power capacity . By the end of 2011 wind power in South Australia , championed by Premier ( and Climate Change Minister ) Mike Rann , reached 26 % of the State 's electric power generation , edging out coal for the first time . At this stage South Australia , with only 7.2 % of Australia 's population , had 54 % of Australia 's installed capacity . Variability ( edit ) Main article : Variable renewable energy Further information : Grid balancing Wind turbines are typically installed in favorable windy locations . In the image , wind power generators in Spain , near an Osborne bull . Electric power generated from wind power can be highly variable at several different timescales : hourly , daily , or seasonally . Annual variation also exists , but is not as significant . Because instantaneous electrical generation and consumption must remain in balance to maintain grid stability , this variability can present substantial challenges to incorporating large amounts of wind power into a grid system . Intermittency and the non-dispatchable nature of wind energy production can raise costs for regulation , incremental operating reserve , and ( at high penetration levels ) could require an increase in the already existing energy demand management , load shedding , storage solutions or system interconnection with HVDC cables . The variability of wind is quite different from solar , wind may be producing power at night when other baseload plants are often overproducing . Fluctuations in load and allowance for failure of large fossil - fuel generating units requires operating reserve capacity , which can be increased to compensate for variability of wind generation . Wind power is variable , and during low wind periods it must be replaced by other power sources . Transmission networks presently cope with outages of other generation plants and daily changes in electrical demand , but the variability of intermittent power sources such as wind power , is more frequent than those of conventional power generation plants which , when scheduled to be operating , may be able to deliver their nameplate capacity around 95 % of the time . Presently , grid systems with large wind penetration require a small increase in the frequency of usage of natural gas spinning reserve power plants to prevent a loss of electric power in the event that there is no wind . At low wind power penetration , this is less of an issue . GE has installed a prototype wind turbine with onboard battery similar to that of an electric car , equivalent of 1 minute of production . Despite the small capacity , it is enough to guarantee that power output complies with forecast for 15 minutes , as the battery is used to eliminate the difference rather than provide full output . In certain cases the increased predictability can be used to take wind power penetration from 20 to 30 or 40 per cent . The battery cost can be retrieved by selling burst power on demand and reducing backup needs from gas plants . In the UK there were 124 separate occasions from 2008 to 2010 when the nation 's wind output fell to less than 2 % of installed capacity . A report on Denmark 's wind power noted that their wind power network provided less than 1 % of average demand on 54 days during the year 2002 . Wind power advocates argue that these periods of low wind can be dealt with by simply restarting existing power stations that have been held in readiness , or interlinking with HVDC . Electrical grids with slow - responding thermal power plants and without ties to networks with hydroelectric generation may have to limit the use of wind power . According to a 2007 Stanford University study published in the Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology , interconnecting ten or more wind farms can allow an average of 33 % of the total energy produced ( i.e. about 8 % of total nameplate capacity ) to be used as reliable , baseload electric power which can be relied on to handle peak loads , as long as minimum criteria are met for wind speed and turbine height . Conversely , on particularly windy days , even with penetration levels of 16 % , wind power generation can surpass all other electric power sources in a country . In Spain , in the early hours of 16 April 2012 wind power production reached the highest percentage of electric power production till then , at 60.46 % of the total demand . In Denmark , which had power market penetration of 30 % in 2013 , over 90 hours , wind power generated 100 % of the country 's power , peaking at 122 % of the country 's demand at 2 am on 28 October . Increase in system operation costs , Euros per MWh , for 10 % & 20 % wind share Country 10 % 20 % Germany 2.5 3.2 Denmark 0.4 0.8 Finland 0.3 1.5 Norway 0.1 0.3 Sweden 0.3 0.7 A 2006 International Energy Agency forum presented costs for managing intermittency as a function of wind - energy 's share of total capacity for several countries , as shown in the table on the right . Three reports on the wind variability in the UK issued in 2009 , generally agree that variability of wind needs to be taken into account by adding 20 % to the operating reserve , but it does not make the grid unmanageable . The additional costs , which are modest , can be quantified . The combination of diversifying variable renewables by type and location , forecasting their variation , and integrating them with dispatchable renewables , flexible fueled generators , and demand response can create a power system that has the potential to meet power supply needs reliably . Integrating ever - higher levels of renewables is being successfully demonstrated in the real world : In 2009 , eight American and three European authorities , writing in the leading electrical engineers ' professional journal , did n't find `` a credible and firm technical limit to the amount of wind energy that can be accommodated by electric power grids '' . In fact , not one of more than 200 international studies , nor official studies for the eastern and western U.S. regions , nor the International Energy Agency , has found major costs or technical barriers to reliably integrating up to 30 % variable renewable supplies into the grid , and in some studies much more . -- Solar power tends to be complementary to wind . On daily to weekly timescales , high pressure areas tend to bring clear skies and low surface winds , whereas low pressure areas tend to be windier and cloudier . On seasonal timescales , solar energy peaks in summer , whereas in many areas wind energy is lower in summer and higher in winter . Thus the seasonal variation of wind and solar power tend to cancel each other somewhat . In 2007 the Institute for Solar Energy Supply Technology of the University of Kassel pilot - tested a combined power plant linking solar , wind , biogas and hydrostorage to provide load - following power around the clock and throughout the year , entirely from renewable sources . Predictability ( edit ) Main article : Wind power forecasting Wind power forecasting methods are used , but predictability of any particular wind farm is low for short - term operation . For any particular generator there is an 80 % chance that wind output will change less than 10 % in an hour and a 40 % chance that it will change 10 % or more in 5 hours . However , studies by Graham Sinden ( 2009 ) suggest that , in practice , the variations in thousands of wind turbines , spread out over several different sites and wind regimes , are smoothed . As the distance between sites increases , the correlation between wind speeds measured at those sites , decreases . Thus , while the output from a single turbine can vary greatly and rapidly as local wind speeds vary , as more turbines are connected over larger and larger areas the average power output becomes less variable and more predictable . Wind power hardly ever suffers major technical failures , since failures of individual wind turbines have hardly any effect on overall power , so that the distributed wind power is reliable and predictable , whereas conventional generators , while far less variable , can suffer major unpredictable outages . Energy storage ( edit ) Main article : Grid energy storage See also : List of energy storage projects The Sir Adam Beck Generating Complex at Niagara Falls , Canada , includes a large pumped - storage hydroelectricity reservoir . During hours of low electrical demand excess electrical grid power is used to pump water up into the reservoir , which then provides an extra 174 MW of electric power during periods of peak demand . Typically , conventional hydroelectricity complements wind power very well . When the wind is blowing strongly , nearby hydroelectric stations can temporarily hold back their water . When the wind drops they can , provided they have the generation capacity , rapidly increase production to compensate . This gives a very even overall power supply and virtually no loss of energy and uses no more water . Alternatively , where a suitable head of water is not available , pumped - storage hydroelectricity or other forms of grid energy storage such as compressed air energy storage and thermal energy storage can store energy developed by high - wind periods and release it when needed . The type of storage needed depends on the wind penetration level -- low penetration requires daily storage , and high penetration requires both short and long term storage -- as long as a month or more . Stored energy increases the economic value of wind energy since it can be shifted to displace higher cost generation during peak demand periods . The potential revenue from this arbitrage can offset the cost and losses of storage . For example , in the UK , the 1.7 GW Dinorwig pumped - storage plant evens out electrical demand peaks , and allows base - load suppliers to run their plants more efficiently . Although pumped - storage power systems are only about 75 % efficient , and have high installation costs , their low running costs and ability to reduce the required electrical base - load can save both fuel and total electrical generation costs . In particular geographic regions , peak wind speeds may not coincide with peak demand for electrical power . In the U.S. states of California and Texas , for example , hot days in summer may have low wind speed and high electrical demand due to the use of air conditioning . Some utilities subsidize the purchase of geothermal heat pumps by their customers , to reduce electric power demand during the summer months by making air conditioning up to 70 % more efficient ; widespread adoption of this technology would better match electric power demand to wind availability in areas with hot summers and low summer winds . A possible future option may be to interconnect widely dispersed geographic areas with an HVDC `` super grid '' . In the U.S. it is estimated that to upgrade the transmission system to take in planned or potential renewables would cost at least USD 60 bn , while the society value of added windpower would be more than that cost . Germany has an installed capacity of wind and solar that can exceed daily demand , and has been exporting peak power to neighboring countries , with exports which amounted to some 14.7 billion kWh in 2012 . A more practical solution is the installation of thirty days storage capacity able to supply 80 % of demand , which will become necessary when most of Europe 's energy is obtained from wind power and solar power . Just as the EU requires member countries to maintain 90 days strategic reserves of oil it can be expected that countries will provide electric power storage , instead of expecting to use their neighbors for net metering . Capacity credit , fuel savings and energy payback ( edit ) The capacity credit of wind is estimated by determining the capacity of conventional plants displaced by wind power , whilst maintaining the same degree of system security . According to the American Wind Energy Association , production of wind power in the United States in 2015 avoided consumption of 73 billion gallons of water and reduced CO emissions by 132 million metric tons , while providing USD 7.3 bn in public health savings . The energy needed to build a wind farm divided into the total output over its life , Energy Return on Energy Invested , of wind power varies but averages about 20 -- 25 . Thus , the energy payback time is typically around one year . Economics ( edit ) Wind turbines reached grid parity ( the point at which the cost of wind power matches traditional sources ) in some areas of Europe in the mid-2000s , and in the US around the same time . Falling prices continue to drive the levelized cost down and it has been suggested that it has reached general grid parity in Europe in 2010 , and will reach the same point in the US around 2016 due to an expected reduction in capital costs of about 12 % . Electric power cost and trends ( edit ) Estimated cost per MWh for wind power in Denmark The National Renewable Energy Laboratory projects that the levelized cost of wind power in the U.S. will decline about 25 % from 2012 to 2030 . A turbine blade convoy passing through Edenfield in the U.K. ( 2008 ) . Even longer two - piece blades are now manufactured , and then assembled on - site to reduce difficulties in transportation . Wind power is capital intensive , but has no fuel costs . The price of wind power is therefore much more stable than the volatile prices of fossil fuel sources . The marginal cost of wind energy once a station is constructed is usually less than 1 - cent per kW h . However , the estimated average cost per unit of electric power must incorporate the cost of construction of the turbine and transmission facilities , borrowed funds , return to investors ( including cost of risk ) , estimated annual production , and other components , averaged over the projected useful life of the equipment , which may be in excess of twenty years . Energy cost estimates are highly dependent on these assumptions so published cost figures can differ substantially . In 2004 , wind energy cost a fifth of what it did in the 1980s , and some expected that downward trend to continue as larger multi-megawatt turbines were mass - produced . In 2012 capital costs for wind turbines were substantially lower than 2008 -- 2010 but still above 2002 levels . A 2011 report from the American Wind Energy Association stated , `` Wind 's costs have dropped over the past two years , in the range of 5 to 6 cents per kilowatt - hour recently ... about 2 cents cheaper than coal - fired electric power , and more projects were financed through debt arrangements than tax equity structures last year ... winning more mainstream acceptance from Wall Street 's banks ... Equipment makers can also deliver products in the same year that they are ordered instead of waiting up to three years as was the case in previous cycles ... 5,600 MW of new installed capacity is under construction in the United States , more than double the number at this point in 2010 . Thirty - five percent of all new power generation built in the United States since 2005 has come from wind , more than new gas and coal plants combined , as power providers are increasingly enticed to wind as a convenient hedge against unpredictable commodity price moves . '' A British Wind Energy Association report gives an average generation cost of onshore wind power of around 3.2 pence ( between US 5 and 6 cents ) per kW h ( 2005 ) . Cost per unit of energy produced was estimated in 2006 to be 5 to 6 percent above the cost of new generating capacity in the US for coal and natural gas : wind cost was estimated at $55.80 per MW h , coal at $53.10 / MW h and natural gas at $52.50 . Similar comparative results with natural gas were obtained in a governmental study in the UK in 2011 . In 2011 power from wind turbines could be already cheaper than fossil or nuclear plants ; it is also expected that wind power will be the cheapest form of energy generation in the future . The presence of wind energy , even when subsidised , can reduce costs for consumers ( € 5 billion / yr in Germany ) by reducing the marginal price , by minimising the use of expensive peaking power plants . An 2012 EU study shows base cost of onshore wind power similar to coal , when subsidies and externalities are disregarded . Wind power has some of the lowest external costs . In February 2013 Bloomberg New Energy Finance ( BNEF ) reported that the cost of generating electric power from new wind farms is cheaper than new coal or new baseload gas plants . When including the current Australian federal government carbon pricing scheme their modeling gives costs ( in Australian dollars ) of $80 / MWh for new wind farms , $143 / MWh for new coal plants and $116 / MWh for new baseload gas plants . The modeling also shows that `` even without a carbon price ( the most efficient way to reduce economy - wide emissions ) wind energy is 14 % cheaper than new coal and 18 % cheaper than new gas . '' Part of the higher costs for new coal plants is due to high financial lending costs because of `` the reputational damage of emissions - intensive investments '' . The expense of gas fired plants is partly due to `` export market '' effects on local prices . Costs of production from coal fired plants built in `` the 1970s and 1980s '' are cheaper than renewable energy sources because of depreciation . In 2015 BNEF calculated LCOE prices per MWh energy in new powerplants ( excluding carbon costs ) : $85 for onshore wind ( $175 for offshore ) , $66 -- 75 for coal in the Americas ( $82 -- 105 in Europe ) , gas $80 -- 100 . A 2014 study showed unsubsidized LCOE costs between $37 -- 81 , depending on region . A 2014 US DOE report showed that in some cases power purchase agreement prices for wind power had dropped to record lows of $23.5 / MWh . The cost has reduced as wind turbine technology has improved . There are now longer and lighter wind turbine blades , improvements in turbine performance and increased power generation efficiency . Also , wind project capital and maintenance costs have continued to decline . For example , the wind industry in the USA in early 2014 were able to produce more power at lower cost by using taller wind turbines with longer blades , capturing the faster winds at higher elevations . This has opened up new opportunities and in Indiana , Michigan , and Ohio , the price of power from wind turbines built 300 feet to 400 feet above the ground can now compete with conventional fossil fuels like coal . Prices have fallen to about 4 cents per kilowatt - hour in some cases and utilities have been increasing the amount of wind energy in their portfolio , saying it is their cheapest option . A number of initiatives are working to reduce costs of electric power from offshore wind . One example is the Carbon Trust Offshore Wind Accelerator , a joint industry project , involving nine offshore wind developers , which aims to reduce the cost of offshore wind by 10 % by 2015 . It has been suggested that innovation at scale could deliver 25 % cost reduction in offshore wind by 2020 . Henrik Stiesdal , former Chief Technical Officer at Siemens Wind Power , has stated that by 2025 energy from offshore wind will be one of the cheapest , scalable solutions in the UK , compared to other renewables and fossil fuel energy sources , if the true cost to society is factored into the cost of energy equation . He calculates the cost at that time to be 43 EUR / MWh for onshore , and 72 EUR / MWh for offshore wind . Incentives and community benefits ( edit ) U.S. landowners typically receive $3,000 -- $5,000 annual rental income per wind turbine , while farmers continue to grow crops or graze cattle up to the foot of the turbines . Shown : the Brazos Wind Farm , Texas . Some of the 6,000 turbines in California 's Altamont Pass Wind Farm aided by tax incentives during the 1980s . The U.S. wind industry generates tens of thousands of jobs and billions of dollars of economic activity . Wind projects provide local taxes , or payments in lieu of taxes and strengthen the economy of rural communities by providing income to farmers with wind turbines on their land . Wind energy in many jurisdictions receives financial or other support to encourage its development . Wind energy benefits from subsidies in many jurisdictions , either to increase its attractiveness , or to compensate for subsidies received by other forms of production which have significant negative externalities . In the US , wind power receives a production tax credit ( PTC ) of 1.5 ¢ / kWh in 1993 dollars for each kW h produced , for the first ten years ; at 2.2 cents per kW h in 2012 , the credit was renewed on 2 January 2012 , to include construction begun in 2013 . A 30 % tax credit can be applied instead of receiving the PTC . Another tax benefit is accelerated depreciation . Many American states also provide incentives , such as exemption from property tax , mandated purchases , and additional markets for `` green credits '' . The Energy Improvement and Extension Act of 2008 contains extensions of credits for wind , including microturbines . Countries such as Canada and Germany also provide incentives for wind turbine construction , such as tax credits or minimum purchase prices for wind generation , with assured grid access ( sometimes referred to as feed - in tariffs ) . These feed - in tariffs are typically set well above average electric power prices . In December 2013 U.S. Senator Lamar Alexander and other Republican senators argued that the `` wind energy production tax credit should be allowed to expire at the end of 2013 '' and it expired 1 January 2014 for new installations . Secondary market forces also provide incentives for businesses to use wind - generated power , even if there is a premium price for the electricity . For example , socially responsible manufacturers pay utility companies a premium that goes to subsidize and build new wind power infrastructure . Companies use wind - generated power , and in return they can claim that they are undertaking strong `` green '' efforts . In the US the organization Green - e monitors business compliance with these renewable energy credits . Small - scale wind power ( edit ) Further information : Microgeneration A small Quietrevolution QR5 Gorlov type vertical axis wind turbine on the roof of Colston Hall in Bristol , England . Measuring 3 m in diameter and 5 m high , it has a nameplate rating of 6.5 kW . Small - scale wind power is the name given to wind generation systems with the capacity to produce up to 50 kW of electrical power . Isolated communities , that may otherwise rely on diesel generators , may use wind turbines as an alternative . Individuals may purchase these systems to reduce or eliminate their dependence on grid electric power for economic reasons , or to reduce their carbon footprint . Wind turbines have been used for household electric power generation in conjunction with battery storage over many decades in remote areas . Recent examples of small - scale wind power projects in an urban setting can be found in New York City , where , since 2009 , a number of building projects have capped their roofs with Gorlov - type helical wind turbines . Although the energy they generate is small compared to the buildings ' overall consumption , they help to reinforce the building 's ' green ' credentials in ways that `` showing people your high - tech boiler '' can not , with some of the projects also receiving the direct support of the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority . Grid - connected domestic wind turbines may use grid energy storage , thus replacing purchased electric power with locally produced power when available . The surplus power produced by domestic microgenerators can , in some jurisdictions , be fed into the network and sold to the utility company , producing a retail credit for the microgenerators ' owners to offset their energy costs . Off - grid system users can either adapt to intermittent power or use batteries , photovoltaic or diesel systems to supplement the wind turbine . Equipment such as parking meters , traffic warning signs , street lighting , or wireless Internet gateways may be powered by a small wind turbine , possibly combined with a photovoltaic system , that charges a small battery replacing the need for a connection to the power grid . A Carbon Trust study into the potential of small - scale wind energy in the UK , published in 2010 , found that small wind turbines could provide up to 1.5 terawatt hours ( TW h ) per year of electric power ( 0.4 % of total UK electric power consumption ) , saving 0.6 million tonnes of carbon dioxide ( Mt CO ) emission savings . This is based on the assumption that 10 % of households would install turbines at costs competitive with grid electric power , around 12 pence ( US 19 cents ) a kW h . A report prepared for the UK 's government - sponsored Energy Saving Trust in 2006 , found that home power generators of various kinds could provide 30 to 40 % of the country 's electric power needs by 2050 . Distributed generation from renewable resources is increasing as a consequence of the increased awareness of climate change . The electronic interfaces required to connect renewable generation units with the utility system can include additional functions , such as the active filtering to enhance the power quality . Environmental effects ( edit ) Main article : Environmental impact of wind power Livestock grazing near a wind turbine . The environmental impact of wind power when compared to the environmental impacts of fossil fuels , is relatively minor . According to the IPCC , in assessments of the life - cycle global warming potential of energy sources , wind turbines have a median value of between 12 and 11 ( g CO eq / kWh ) depending on whether off - or onshore turbines are being assessed . Compared with other low carbon power sources , wind turbines have some of the lowest global warming potential per unit of electrical energy generated . While a wind farm may cover a large area of land , many land uses such as agriculture are compatible with it , as only small areas of turbine foundations and infrastructure are made unavailable for use . There are reports of bird and bat mortality at wind turbines as there are around other artificial structures . The scale of the ecological impact may or may not be significant , depending on specific circumstances . Prevention and mitigation of wildlife fatalities , and protection of peat bogs , affect the siting and operation of wind turbines . Wind turbines generate some noise . At a residential distance of 300 metres ( 980 ft ) this may be around 45 dB , which is slightly louder than a refrigerator . At 1.5 km ( 1 mi ) distance they become inaudible . There are anecdotal reports of negative health effects from noise on people who live very close to wind turbines . Peer - reviewed research has generally not supported these claims . The United States Air Force and Navy have expressed concern that siting large wind turbines near bases `` will negatively impact radar to the point that air traffic controllers will lose the location of aircraft . '' Aesthetic aspects of wind turbines and resulting changes of the visual landscape are significant . Conflicts arise especially in scenic and heritage protected landscapes . Politics ( edit ) Central government ( edit ) Part of the Seto Hill Windfarm in Japan . Nuclear power and fossil fuels are subsidized by many governments , and wind power and other forms of renewable energy are also often subsidized . For example , a 2009 study by the Environmental Law Institute assessed the size and structure of U.S. energy subsidies over the 2002 -- 2008 period . The study estimated that subsidies to fossil - fuel based sources amounted to approximately $72 billion over this period and subsidies to renewable fuel sources totalled $29 billion . In the United States , the federal government has paid US $74 billion for energy subsidies to support R&D for nuclear power ( $50 billion ) and fossil fuels ( $24 billion ) from 1973 to 2003 . During this same time frame , renewable energy technologies and energy efficiency received a total of US $26 billion . It has been suggested that a subsidy shift would help to level the playing field and support growing energy sectors , namely solar power , wind power , and biofuels . History shows that no energy sector was developed without subsidies . According to the International Energy Agency ( IEA ) ( 2011 ) , energy subsidies artificially lower the price of energy paid by consumers , raise the price received by producers or lower the cost of production . `` Fossil fuels subsidies costs generally outweigh the benefits . Subsidies to renewables and low - carbon energy technologies can bring long - term economic and environmental benefits '' . In November 2011 , an IEA report entitled Deploying Renewables 2011 said `` subsidies in green energy technologies that were not yet competitive are justified in order to give an incentive to investing into technologies with clear environmental and energy security benefits '' . The IEA 's report disagreed with claims that renewable energy technologies are only viable through costly subsidies and not able to produce energy reliably to meet demand . In the U.S. , the wind power industry has recently increased its lobbying efforts considerably , spending about $5 million in 2009 after years of relative obscurity in Washington . By comparison , the U.S. nuclear industry alone spent over $650 million on its lobbying efforts and campaign contributions during a single ten - year period ending in 2008 . Following the 2011 Japanese nuclear accidents , Germany 's federal government is working on a new plan for increasing energy efficiency and renewable energy commercialization , with a particular focus on offshore wind farms . Under the plan , large wind turbines will be erected far away from the coastlines , where the wind blows more consistently than it does on land , and where the enormous turbines wo n't bother the inhabitants . The plan aims to decrease Germany 's dependence on energy derived from coal and nuclear power plants . Public Opinion ( edit ) Environmental group members are both more in favor of wind power ( 74 % ) as well as more opposed ( 24 % ) . Few are undecided . Surveys of public attitudes across Europe and in many other countries show strong public support for wind power . About 80 % of EU citizens support wind power . In Germany , where wind power has gained very high social acceptance , hundreds of thousands of people have invested in citizens ' wind farms across the country and thousands of small and medium - sized enterprises are running successful businesses in a new sector that in 2008 employed 90,000 people and generated 8 % of Germany 's electric power . Although wind power is a popular form of energy generation , the construction of wind farms is not universally welcomed , often for aesthetic reasons . In Spain , with some exceptions , there has been little opposition to the installation of inland wind parks . However , the projects to build offshore parks have been more controversial . In particular , the proposal of building the biggest offshore wind power production facility in the world in southwestern Spain in the coast of Cádiz , on the spot of the 1805 Battle of Trafalgar has been met with strong opposition who fear for tourism and fisheries in the area , and because the area is a war grave . Which should be increased in Scotland ? In a survey conducted by Angus Reid Strategies in October 2007 , 89 per cent of respondents said that using renewable energy sources like wind or solar power was positive for Canada , because these sources were better for the environment . Only 4 per cent considered using renewable sources as negative since they can be unreliable and expensive . According to a Saint Consulting survey in April 2007 , wind power was the alternative energy source most likely to gain public support for future development in Canada , with only 16 % opposed to this type of energy . By contrast , 3 out of 4 Canadians opposed nuclear power developments . A 2003 survey of residents living around Scotland 's 10 existing wind farms found high levels of community acceptance and strong support for wind power , with much support from those who lived closest to the wind farms . The results of this survey support those of an earlier Scottish Executive survey ' Public attitudes to the Environment in Scotland 2002 ' , which found that the Scottish public would prefer the majority of their electric power to come from renewables , and which rated wind power as the cleanest source of renewable energy . A survey conducted in 2005 showed that 74 % of people in Scotland agree that wind farms are necessary to meet current and future energy needs . When people were asked the same question in a Scottish renewables study conducted in 2010 , 78 % agreed . The increase is significant as there were twice as many wind farms in 2010 as there were in 2005 . The 2010 survey also showed that 52 % disagreed with the statement that wind farms are `` ugly and a blot on the landscape '' . 59 % agreed that wind farms were necessary and that how they looked was unimportant . Regarding tourism , query responders consider power pylons , cell phone towers , quarries and plantations more negatively than wind farms . Scotland is planning to obtain 100 % of electric power from renewable sources by 2020 . In other cases there is direct community ownership of wind farm projects . The hundreds of thousands of people who have become involved in Germany 's small and medium - sized wind farms demonstrate such support there . This 2010 Harris Poll reflects the strong support for wind power in Germany , other European countries , and the U.S. Opinion on increase in number of wind farms , 2010 Harris Poll U.S. Great Britain France Italy Spain Germany % % % % % % Strongly oppose 6 6 Oppose more than favour 9 12 16 11 9 14 Favour more than oppose 37 44 44 38 37 42 Strongly favour 50 38 33 49 53 40 Community ( edit ) See also : Community debate about wind farms Wind turbines such as these , in Cumbria , England , have been opposed for a number of reasons , including aesthetics , by some sectors of the population . Many wind power companies work with local communities to reduce environmental and other concerns associated with particular wind farms . In other cases there is direct community ownership of wind farm projects . Appropriate government consultation , planning and approval procedures also help to minimize environmental risks . Some may still object to wind farms but , according to The Australia Institute , their concerns should be weighed against the need to address the threats posed by climate change and the opinions of the broader community . In America , wind projects are reported to boost local tax bases , helping to pay for schools , roads and hospitals . Wind projects also revitalize the economy of rural communities by providing steady income to farmers and other landowners . In the UK , both the National Trust and the Campaign to Protect Rural England have expressed concerns about the effects on the rural landscape caused by inappropriately sited wind turbines and wind farms . A panoramic view of the United Kingdom 's Whitelee Wind Farm with Lochgoin Reservoir in the foreground . Some wind farms have become tourist attractions . The Whitelee Wind Farm Visitor Centre has an exhibition room , a learning hub , a café with a viewing deck and also a shop . It is run by the Glasgow Science Centre . In Denmark , a loss - of - value scheme gives people the right to claim compensation for loss of value of their property if it is caused by proximity to a wind turbine . The loss must be at least 1 % of the property 's value . Despite this general support for the concept of wind power in the public at large , local opposition often exists and has delayed or aborted a number of projects . For example , there are concerns that some installations can negatively affect TV and radio reception and Doppler weather radar , as well as produce excessive sound and vibration levels leading to a decrease in property values . Potential broadcast - reception solutions include predictive interference modeling as a component of site selection . A study of 50,000 home sales near wind turbines found no statistical evidence that prices were affected . While aesthetic issues are subjective and some find wind farms pleasant and optimistic , or symbols of energy independence and local prosperity , protest groups are often formed to attempt to block new wind power sites for various reasons . This type of opposition is often described as NIMBYism , but research carried out in 2009 found that there is little evidence to support the belief that residents only object to renewable power facilities such as wind turbines as a result of a `` Not in my Back Yard '' attitude . Turbine design ( edit ) Main articles : Wind turbine and Wind turbine design See also : Wind turbine aerodynamics Typical wind turbine components : Foundation Connection to the electric grid Tower Access ladder Wind orientation control ( Yaw control ) Nacelle Generator Anemometer Electric or Mechanical Brake Gearbox Rotor blade Blade pitch control Rotor hub Typical components of a wind turbine ( gearbox , rotor shaft and brake assembly ) being lifted into position Wind turbines are devices that convert the wind 's kinetic energy into electrical power . The result of over a millennium of windmill development and modern engineering , today 's wind turbines are manufactured in a wide range of horizontal axis and vertical axis types . The smallest turbines are used for applications such as battery charging for auxiliary power . Slightly larger turbines can be used for making small contributions to a domestic power supply while selling unused power back to the utility supplier via the electrical grid . Arrays of large turbines , known as wind farms , have become an increasingly important source of renewable energy and are used in many countries as part of a strategy to reduce their reliance on fossil fuels . Wind turbine design is the process of defining the form and specifications of a wind turbine to extract energy from the wind . A wind turbine installation consists of the necessary systems needed to capture the wind 's energy , point the turbine into the wind , convert mechanical rotation into electrical power , and other systems to start , stop , and control the turbine . In 1919 the German physicist Albert Betz showed that for a hypothetical ideal wind - energy extraction machine , the fundamental laws of conservation of mass and energy allowed no more than 16 / 27 ( 59.3 % ) of the kinetic energy of the wind to be captured . This Betz limit can be approached in modern turbine designs , which may reach 70 to 80 % of the theoretical Betz limit . The aerodynamics of a wind turbine are not straightforward . The air flow at the blades is not the same as the airflow far away from the turbine . The very nature of the way in which energy is extracted from the air also causes air to be deflected by the turbine . In addition the aerodynamics of a wind turbine at the rotor surface exhibit phenomena that are rarely seen in other aerodynamic fields . The shape and dimensions of the blades of the wind turbine are determined by the aerodynamic performance required to efficiently extract energy from the wind , and by the strength required to resist the forces on the blade . In addition to the aerodynamic design of the blades , the design of a complete wind power system must also address the design of the installation 's rotor hub , nacelle , tower structure , generator , controls , and foundation . Turbine design makes extensive use of computer modelling and simulation tools . These are becoming increasingly sophisticated as highlighted by a recent state - of - the - art review by Hewitt et al. Further design factors must also be considered when integrating wind turbines into electrical power grids . Wind energy ( edit ) Map of available wind power for the United States . Color codes indicate wind power density class . ( click to see larger ) Distribution of wind speed ( red ) and energy ( blue ) for all of 2002 at the Lee Ranch facility in Colorado . The histogram shows measured data , while the curve is the Rayleigh model distribution for the same average wind speed . Wind energy is the kinetic energy of air in motion , also called wind . Total wind energy flowing through an imaginary surface with area A during the time t is : E = 1 2 m v 2 = 1 2 ( A v t ρ ) v 2 = 1 2 A t ρ v 3 , ( \ displaystyle E = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) mv ^ ( 2 ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( Avt \ rho ) v ^ ( 2 ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) At \ rho v ^ ( 3 ) , ) where ρ is the density of air ; v is the wind speed ; Avt is the volume of air passing through A ( which is considered perpendicular to the direction of the wind ) ; Avtρ is therefore the mass m passing through `` A '' . Note that 1⁄2 ρv is the kinetic energy of the moving air per unit volume . Power is energy per unit time , so the wind power incident on A ( e.g. equal to the rotor area of a wind turbine ) is : P = E t = 1 2 A ρ v 3 . ( \ displaystyle P = ( \ frac ( E ) ( t ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) A \ rho v ^ ( 3 ) . ) Wind power in an open air stream is thus proportional to the third power of the wind speed ; the available power increases eightfold when the wind speed doubles . Wind turbines for grid electric power therefore need to be especially efficient at greater wind speeds . Wind is the movement of air across the surface of the Earth , affected by areas of high pressure and of low pressure . The global wind kinetic energy averaged approximately 1.50 MJ / m over the period from 1979 to 2010 , 1.31 MJ / m in the Northern Hemisphere with 1.70 MJ / m in the Southern Hemisphere . The atmosphere acts as a thermal engine , absorbing heat at higher temperatures , releasing heat at lower temperatures . The process is responsible for production of wind kinetic energy at a rate of 2.46 W / m sustaining thus the circulation of the atmosphere against frictional dissipation . A global 1 km map of wind resources is housed at http://irena.masdar.ac.ae/?map=103 , based on calculations by the Technical University of Denmark . Unlike ' static ' wind speed atlases which give a single average speed across multiple years , tools such as Renewables. ninja provide time - varying simulations of wind speed and power output from different wind turbine models at hourly resolution . The total amount of economically extractable power available from the wind is considerably more than present human power use from all sources . Axel Kleidon of the Max Planck Institute in Germany , carried out a `` top down '' calculation on how much wind energy there is , starting with the incoming solar radiation that drives the winds by creating temperature differences in the atmosphere . He concluded that somewhere between 18 TW and 68 TW could be extracted . Cristina Archer and Mark Z . Jacobson presented a `` bottom - up '' estimate , which unlike Kleidon 's are based on actual measurements of wind speeds , and found that there is 1700 TW of wind power at an altitude of 100 metres over land and sea . Of this , `` between 72 and 170 TW could be extracted in a practical and cost - competitive manner '' . They later estimated 80 TW . However research at Harvard University estimates 1 Watt / m on average and 2 -- 10 MW / km capacity for large scale wind farms , suggesting that these estimates of total global wind resources are too high by a factor of about 4 . The strength of wind varies , and an average value for a given location does not alone indicate the amount of energy a wind turbine could produce there . To assess prospective wind power sites a probability distribution function is often fit to the observed wind speed data . Different locations will have different wind speed distributions . The Weibull model closely mirrors the actual distribution of hourly / ten - minute wind speeds at many locations . The Weibull factor is often close to 2 and therefore a Rayleigh distribution can be used as a less accurate , but simpler model . Gallery ( edit ) REpower 5 MW wind turbine under construction at Nigg fabrication yard on the Cromarty Firth The London Array under construction in 2009 Sunrise at the Fenton Wind Farm in Minnesota , United States . Wind farm in Xinjiang , China Scroby Sands wind farm from Great Yarmouth A wind turbine blade on I - 35 near Elm Mott , an increasingly common sight in Texas Erection of an Enercon E70 - 4 in Germany . Middelgrunden offshore wind park . Bozcaada Wind Farm in Çanakkale province , Turkey . Wind power system in Ambewela , Sri Lanka . Jhimpir Wind Farm in Jhimpir , Pakistan See also ( edit ) Renewable energy portal Energy portal Sustainable development portal Airborne wind turbine Cost of electricity by source Global Wind Day List of countries by electricity production from renewable sources List of wind turbine manufacturers Lists of offshore wind farms by country Lists of wind farms by country Outline of wind energy GA Mansoori , N Enayati , LB Agyarko ( 2016 ) , Energy : Sources , Utilization , Legislation , Sustainability , Illinois as Model State , World Sci. Pub. Co. , ISBN 978 - 981 - 4704 - 00 - 7 Renewable energy by country Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For example , a 1 MW turbine with a capacity factor of 35 % will not produce 8,760 MW h in a year ( 1 × 24 × 365 ) , but only 1 × 0.35 × 24 × 365 = 3,066 MW h , averaging to 0.35 MW . Jump up ^ California is an exception . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` GWEC , Global Wind Report Annual Market Update 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Gwec.net . Retrieved 14 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Fthenakis , V. ; Kim , H.C. ( 2009 ) . `` Land use and electricity generation : A life - cycle analysis '' . Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews . 13 ( 6 -- 7 ) : 1465 . doi : 10.1016 / j. rser. 2008.09. 017 . Jump up ^ `` Wind power is cheapest energy , EU analysis finds '' . the guardian . Retrieved 15 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Walwyn , David Richard ; Brent , Alan Colin ( 2015 ) . `` Renewable energy gathers steam in South Africa '' . Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews . 41 : 390 . doi : 10.1016 / j. rser. 2014.08. 049 . Jump up ^ Gasch , Robert and Twele , Jochen ( ed . ) ( 2013 ) Windkraftanlagen . Grundlagen , Entwurf , Planung und Betrieb . Springer , Wiesbaden 2013 , p. 569 ( German ) . Jump up ^ Gipe , Paul ( 1993 ) . `` The Wind Industry 's Experience with Aesthetic Criticism '' . Leonardo. 26 ( 3 ) : 243 -- 248 . JSTOR 1575818 . doi : 10.2307 / 1575818 . ^ Jump up to : Holttinen , Hannele ; et al. ( September 2006 ) . `` Design and Operation of Power Systems with Large Amounts of Wind Power '' ( PDF ) . IEA Wind Summary Paper , Global Wind Power Conference 18 -- 21 September 2006 , Adelaide , Australia . ^ Jump up to : Abbess , Jo ( 28 August 2009 ) . `` Wind Energy Variability and Intermittency in the UK '' . Claverton-energy.com . Archived from the original on 25 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Impact of Wind Power Generation in Ireland on the Operation of Conventional Plant and the Economic Implications '' ( PDF ) . eirgrid.com . February 2004 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 August 2011 . Retrieved 22 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Armaroli , Nicola ; Balzani , Vincenzo ( 2011 ) . `` Towards an electricity - powered world '' . Energy & Environmental Science . 4 ( 9 ) : 3193 . doi : 10.1039 / c1ee01249e . Jump up ^ Platt , Reg ( 21 January 2013 ) Wind power delivers too much to ignore , New Scientist . 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Cleveland , ( ed ) Encyclopedia of Energy Vol. 6 , Elsevier , ISBN 978 - 1 - 60119 - 433 - 6 , 2007 , pp. 421 -- 422 Jump up ^ Watts , Jonathan & Huang , Cecily . Winds Of Change Blow Through China As Spending On Renewable Energy Soars , The Guardian , 19 March 2012 , revised on 20 March 2012 . Retrieved 4 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Xinhua : Jiuquan Wind Power Base Completes First Stage , Xinhua News Agency , 4 November 2010 . Retrieved from ChinaDaily.com.cn website 3 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Muppandal ( India ) '' . thewindpower.net . Jump up ^ Terra - Gen Press Release Archived 10 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine. , 17 April 2012 Jump up ^ Started in August 2001 , the Jaisalmer based facility crossed 1,000 MW capacity to achieve this milestone . Business-standard.com ( 11 May 2012 ) . Retrieved on 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Mills , Erin ( 12 July 2009 ) . `` Shepherds Flat farm lifts off '' ( PDF ) . East Oregonian . Retrieved 11 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Belyeu , Kathy ( 26 February 2009 ) Drilling Down : What Projects Made 2008 Such a Banner Year for Wind Power ? renewableenergyworld.com ^ Jump up to : AWEA : U.S. Wind Energy Projects -- Texas Archived 29 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ CEZ Group : The Largest Wind Farm in Europe Goes Into Trial Operation . Cez.cz . Retrieved on 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ AWEA : U.S. Wind Energy Projects -- Indiana Archived 18 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Whitelee Windfarm . Whitelee Windfarm . Retrieved on 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Meyers , Johan ; Meneveau , Charles ( 1 March 2012 ) . `` Optimal turbine spacing in fully developed wind farm boundary layers '' . Wind Energy . 15 ( 2 ) : 305 -- 317 . Bibcode : 2012WiEn ... 15 ... 305M . doi : 10.1002 / we. 469 . Jump up ^ Falahi , G. ; Huang , A. ( 1 October 2014 ) . `` Low voltage ride through control of modular multilevel converter based HVDC systems '' . IECON 2014 -- 40th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society : 4663 -- 4668 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4799 - 4032 - 5 . doi : 10.1109 / IECON. 2014.7049205 . Jump up ^ Cheng , Ming ; Zhu , Ying ( 2014 ) . `` The state of the art of wind energy conversion systems and technologies : A review '' . Energy Conversion and Management . 88 : 332 . doi : 10.1016 / j. enconman. 2014.08. 037 . Jump up ^ Demeo , E.A. ; Grant , W. ; Milligan , M.R. ; Schuerger , M.J. ( 2005 ) . `` Wind plant integration '' . Power and Energy Magazine , IEEE. 3 ( 6 ) : 38 -- 46 . doi : 10.1109 / MPAE. 2005.1524619 . Jump up ^ Zavadil , R. ; Miller , N. ; Ellis , A. ; Muljadi , E. ( 2005 ) . `` Making connections '' . Power and Energy Magazine , IEEE. 3 ( 6 ) : 26 -- 37 . doi : 10.1109 / MPAE. 2005.1524618 . Jump up ^ Hulazan , Ned ( 16 February 2011 ) . `` Offshore wind power -- Advantages and disadvantages '' . Renewable Energy Articles . Retrieved 9 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Millborrow , David ( 6 August 2010 ) . `` Cutting the cost of offshore wind energy '' . Wind Power Monthly . Haymarket . ^ Jump up to : Madsen & Krogsgaard ( 22 November 2010 ) Offshore Wind Power 2010 BTM Consult . Archived 30 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 1.1 Offshore wind market -- 2012 '' . globalccsinstitute.com . European Wind Energy Association ( EWEA ) . 1 July 2013 . Retrieved 16 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` World 's second largest offshore wind farm opens off coast of Wales '' . Wales Online . Archived from the original on 19 June 2015 . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` London Array 's own website announcement of commencement of offshore works '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 6 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Wittrup , Sanne . First foundation Ing.dk , 8 March 2011 . Accessed : 8 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` London Array Project home page '' . Londonarray.com. 22 February 1999 . Retrieved 6 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Greater Gabbard . `` SSE wind farm Project Website '' . Sse.com . Archived from the original on 14 August 2011 . Retrieved 6 July 2013 . Jump up ^ DONG Energy . `` Facts on Anholt Offshore Wind Farm '' . dongenergy.com . Archived from the original on 6 November 2013 . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . Jump up ^ BARD Offshore ( 1 August 2013 ) . `` Pioneering wind farm project BARD Offshore 1 successfully completed on the high seas '' . BARD Offshore . Archived from the original on 21 August 2014 . Retrieved 21 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Wald , Matthew ( 26 August 2008 ) Wind Energy Bumps Into Power Grid 's Limits . New York Times Jump up ^ Power System Analysis and Design. Glover , Sarma , Overbye / 5th Edition Jump up ^ Inadequate transmission lines keeping some Maine wind power off the grid -- The Portland Press Herald / Maine Sunday Telegram . Pressherald.com ( 4 August 2013 ) . Retrieved on 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` International Energy Statistics '' . U.S. Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` China now the world leader in wind power production '' . The Globe and Mail . 11 February 2016 . Retrieved 28 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EU wind power capacity reaches 100GW '' . UPI. 1 October 2012 . Retrieved 31 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Rick Tidball and others , `` Cost and Performance Assumptions for Modeling Electricity Generation Technologies '' , US National Renewable Energy Laboratory , November 2010 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ `` Spain becomes the first European wind energy producer after overcoming Germany for the first time '' . Eolic Energy News . 31 December 2010 . Retrieved 14 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide Electricity Production From Renewable Energy Sources : Stats and Figures Series : Fifteenth Inventory -- Edition 2013 '' ( PDF ) . 2.2 Electricity Production From Wind Sources : Main Wind Power Producing Countries -- 2012 ( text & table ) : Observ'ER . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GWEC , Global Wind Energy Outlook 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Gwec.net . Retrieved 14 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Market Forecast for 2016 -- 2020 '' . report . GWEC . Retrieved 27 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Global Wind Report 2014 -- Annual Market Update '' ( PDF ) . report . GWEC. 22 April 2016 . p. 9 . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . 2015 was an unprecedented year for the wind industry as annual installations crossed the 60 GW mark for the first time , and more than 63 GW of new wind power capacity was brought on line . The last record was set in 2014 when over 51.7 GW of new capacity was installed globally . In 2015 total investments in the clean energy sector reached a record USD 329 bn ( EUR 296.6 bn ) . The new global total for wind power at the end of 2015 was 432.9 GW Jump up ^ `` Continuing boom in wind energy -- 20 GW of new capacity in 2007 '' . Gwec.net . Retrieved 29 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Global Wind Energy Outlook 2014 '' ( PDF ) . report . GWEC . October 2014 . Retrieved 27 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Wind Power : Capacity Factor , Intermittency , and what happens when the wind does n't blow ? Archived 1 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 24 January 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Shahan , Zachary ( 27 July 2012 ) . `` Wind Turbine Net Capacity Factor -- 50 % the New Normal ? '' . Cleantechnica.com . Retrieved 11 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Massachusetts Maritime Academy -- Bourne , Mass Archived 11 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine . This 660 kW wind turbine has a capacity factor of about 19 % . Jump up ^ Wind Power in Ontario Archived 10 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine . These wind farms have capacity factors of about 28 -- 35 % . Jump up ^ `` Electricity production from solar and wind in Germany in 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE. 8 February 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 March 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 6 April 2011 ) Report Questions Wind Power 's Ability to Deliver Electricity When Most Needed John Muir Trust and Stuart Young Consulting , Retrieved 26 March 2013 Jump up ^ `` Capacity factor of wind power realized values vs. estimates '' ( PDF ) . 10 April 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 May 2013 . Retrieved 11 January 2013 . Jump up ^ WindpoweringAmerica.gov Archived 2 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , 46 . U.S. Department of Energy ; Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy `` 20 % Wind Energy by 2030 '' Jump up ^ `` Transparent Cost Database '' . En.openei.org. 20 March 2009 . Retrieved 11 January 2013 . Jump up ^ US Energy Information Administration , Table 6.7 B , Capacity factors , Electric Power Monthly , June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal atingiu valor recorde do século na produção de eletricidade renovável e de emissões de CO2 evitadas '' . QUERCUS . Retrieved 14 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Monthly Statistics -- SEN '' . February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` the Spanish electricity system : preliminary report 2011 '' ( PDF ) . January 2012 . p. 13 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Renewables '' . eirgrid.com . Archived from the original on 25 August 2011 . Retrieved 22 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New records set in best ever year for British wind energy generation '' . 5 January 2016 . Archived from the original on 21 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Technologie ( February 2012 ) . `` Die Energiewende in Deutschland '' ( PDF ) ( in German ) . Berlin . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Hill , Joshua ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` US Wind Energy Provided 5.5 % Of Nation 's Electricity In 2016 , Over 20 % In 5 Heartland States '' . CleanTechnica . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2016 -- Electricity '' ( PDF ) . BP . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2016 -- Renewable energy '' ( PDF ) . BP . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tackling Climate Change in the U.S. '' ( PDF ) . American Solar Energy Society . January 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 November 2008 . Retrieved 5 September 2007 . Jump up ^ The UK System Operator , National Grid ( UK ) have quoted estimates of balancing costs for 40 % wind and these lie in the range £ 500 - 1000M per annum . `` These balancing costs represent an additional £ 6 to £ 12 per annum on average consumer electricity bill of around £ 390 . '' `` National Grid 's response to the House of Lords Economic Affairs Select Committee investigating the economics of renewable energy '' ( PDF ) . National Grid. 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 March 2009 . Jump up ^ A study commissioned by the state of Minnesota considered penetration of up to 25 % , and concluded that integration issues would be manageable and have incremental costs of less than one - half - cent ( $0.0045 ) per kW h . `` Final Report -- 2006 Minnesota Wind Integration Study '' ( PDF ) . The Minnesota Public Utilities Commission . 30 November 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 December 2007 . Retrieved 15 January 2008 . Jump up ^ ESB National Grid , Ireland 's electric utility , in a 2004 study that , concluded that to meet the renewable energy targets set by the EU in 2001 would `` increase electricity generation costs by a modest 15 % '' `` Impact of Wind Power Generation in Ireland on the Operation of Conventional Plant and the Economic Implications '' ( PDF ) . ESB National Grid . February 2004 . p. 36 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 March 2009 . Retrieved 23 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Growth Scenarios for UK Renewables Generation and Implications for Future Developments and Operation of Electricity Networks . BERR Publication URN 08 / 1021 . Sinclair Knight Merz ( June 2008 ) Jump up ^ Andresen , Tino . `` Molten Aluminum Lakes Offer Power Storage for German Wind Farms '' Bloomberg , 27 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Luoma , Jon R. ( 13 July 2001 ) . `` The Challenge for Green Energy : How to Store Excess Electricity '' . E360.yale.edu . Jump up ^ Buczynski , Beth ( 23 August 2012 ) . `` Power To Gas Technology Turns Excess Wind Energy Into Natural Gas '' . Revmodo.com . Archived from the original on 5 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Wals , Matthew L. ( 4 November 2011 ) Taming Unruly Wind Power . New York Times . Archived 2 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Center for National Policy , Washington DC , 11 June 2012 , `` What States Can Do : The Clean Revolution '' Jump up ^ `` Claverton-Energy.com '' . Claverton-Energy.com . Retrieved 29 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Is wind power reliable ? '' . Archived from the original on 5 June 2010 . Retrieved 29 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Milligan , Michael ( October 2010 ) Operating Reserves and Wind Power Integration : An International Comparison . National Renewable Energy Laboratory , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Bullis , Kevin . `` Wind Turbines , Battery Included , Can Keep Power Supplies Stable '' Technology Review , 7 May 2013 . Accessed : 29 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Analysis of UK Wind Generation '' 2011 ^ Jump up to : `` Why wind power works for Denmark '' . Civil Engineering . May 2005 . Retrieved 15 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Realisable Scenarios for a Future Electricity Supply based 100 % on Renewable Energies Archived 1 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Gregor Czisch , University of Kassel , Germany and Gregor Giebel , Risø National Laboratory , Technical University of Denmark Jump up ^ `` The power of multiples : Connecting wind farms can make a more reliable and cheaper power source '' . 21 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Archer , C.L. ; Jacobson , M.Z. ( 2007 ) . `` Supplying Baseload Power and Reducing Transmission Requirements by Interconnecting Wind Farms '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology . American Meteorological Society . 46 ( 11 ) : 1701 -- 1717 . Bibcode : 2007JApMC ... 46.1701 A . doi : 10.1175 / 2007JAMC1538. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Red Eléctrica de España Wind produces more than 60 % of the electricity consumed in Spain during the early hours of this morning '' . www.ree.es . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Bentham Paulos ( 16 December 2013 ) . `` How Wind Met All of Denmark 's Electricity Needs for 90 Hours '' . The Contributor . Retrieved 5 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Reinventing Fire . 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Graham Sinden analysed over 30 years of hourly wind speed data from 66 sites spread out over the United Kingdom . He found that the correlation coefficient of wind power fell from 0.6 at 200 km to 0.25 at 600 km separation ( a perfect correlation would have a coefficient equal to 1.0 . ) There were no hours in the data set where wind speed was below the cut - in wind speed of a modern wind turbine throughout the United Kingdom , and low wind speed events affecting more than 90 per cent of the United Kingdom had an average recurrent rate of only one hour per year . Jump up ^ `` Variability of Wind Power and other Renewables : Management Options and Strategies '' ( PDF ) . IEA. 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 December 2005 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Kristen ( 5 November 2012 ) . `` The reliability of wind power '' . Minnesota Daily . Jump up ^ `` Dinorwig Hydroelectric Plant , Wales '' . Thegreenage.co.uk . Archived from the original on 11 January 2013 . 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( 13 -- 17 May 2012 ) `` The Past and Future Cost of Wind Energy , '' National Renewable Energy Laboratory conference paper no. 6A20 - 54526 , p. 4 Jump up ^ Dolf Gielen . `` Renewable Energy Technologies : Cost Analysis Series : Wind Power '' International Renewable Energy Agency , June 2012 . Accessed : 19 October 2013 . Quote : `` wind is capital intensive , but has no fuel costs '' Jump up ^ Transmission and Wind Energy : Capturing the Prevailing Winds for the Benefit of Customers . National Grid US ( September 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Patel , Mukund R. ( 2006 ) . Wind and Solar Power Systems -- Design , analysis and Operation ( PDF ) ( 2nd ed . ) . CRC Press . p. 303 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 1570 - 0 . Jump up ^ Helming , Troy ( 2004 ) `` Uncle Sam 's New Year 's Resolution '' ArizonaEnergy.org Jump up ^ `` LBNL / NREL Analysis Predicts Record Low LCOE for Wind Energy in 2012 -- 2013 '' . US Department of Energy Wind Program Newsletter . Archived from the original on 5 March 2012 . Retrieved 10 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Salerno , E. , AWEA Director of Industry and Data Analysis , as quoted in Shahan , Z. ( 2011 ) Cost of Wind Power -- Kicks Coal 's Butt , Better than Natural Gas ( & Could Power Your EV for $0.70 / gallon ) '' CleanTechnica.com . Jump up ^ `` BWEA report on onshore wind costs '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` International Energy Outlook '' . Energy Information Administration . 2006 . p. 66 . Jump up ^ Committee on Climate Change ( May 2011 ) Costs of low - carbon generation technologies . Archived 25 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Merit - Order Effect : A Detailed Analysis of the Price Effect of Renewable Electricity Generation on Spot Market Prices in Germany '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 August 2010 . Retrieved 29 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Subsidies and costs of EU energy . Project number : DESNL14583 '' Pages : iv , vii , 36 . EcoFys , 10 October 2014 . 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Introduction to the Theory of Flow Machines , Oxford : Pergamon Press , 1966 . Jump up ^ Burton , Tony , et al. , ( ed ) . Wind Energy Handbook , John Wiley and Sons , 2001 , ISBN 0471489972 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ `` What factors affect the output of wind turbines ? '' . Alternative-energy-news.info. 24 July 2009 . Retrieved 6 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Zehnder , Alan T. & Warhaft , Zellman ( 27 July 2011 ) . `` University Collaboration on Wind Energy '' ( PDF ) . Cornell University Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 September 2011 . Retrieved 22 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Hewitt , Sam ; Margetts , Lee & Revell , Alistair ( 18 April 2017 ) . `` Building a digital wind farm '' . Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harvesting the Wind : The Physics of Wind Turbines '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What is wind ? '' . Renewable UK : Education and careers . Renewable UK . 2010 . Archived from the original on 4 March 2011 . Retrieved 9 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A 32 - year perspective on the origin of wind energy in a warming climate '' ( PDF ) . Renewable Energy . 77 : 482 -- 492 . 2015 . doi : 10.1016 / j. renene. 2014.12. 045 . Jump up ^ Seeing the Wind with the New Global Wind Atlas International Renewable Energy Agency , 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Presentation . ( PDF ) . Retrieved on 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Global Wind Atlas . Global Wind Atlas . Retrieved on 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Staffell , Iain ; Pfenninger , Stefan ( 1 November 2016 ) . `` Using bias - corrected reanalysis to simulate current and future wind power output '' . Energy . 114 : 1224 -- 1239 . doi : 10.1016 / j. energy. 2016.08. 068 . Jump up ^ Hurley , Brian . `` How Much Wind Energy is there ? -- Brian Hurley -- Wind Site Evaluation Ltd '' . Claverton Group . Retrieved 8 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ananthaswamy , Anil & Le Page , Michael ( 30 January 2012 ) . `` Power paradox : Clean Might Not Be Green Forever '' . New Scientist . Jump up ^ Jacobson , M.Z. ; Archer , C.L. ( 2012 ) . `` Saturation wind power potential and its implications for wind energy '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 109 ( 39 ) : 15679 . Bibcode : 2012PNAS ... 10915679J . PMC 3465402 . PMID 23019353 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1208993109 . Jump up ^ Adams , A.S. ; Keith , D.W. ( 2013 ) . `` Are global wind power resource estimates overstated ? '' . Environmental Research Letters. 8 : 015021 . Bibcode : 2013ERL ... 8a5021A . doi : 10.1088 / 1748 - 9326 / 8 / 1 / 015021 . Jump up ^ Savenkov , M ( 2009 ) . `` On the truncated weibull distribution and its usefulness in evaluating potential wind ( or wave ) energy sites '' ( PDF ) . University Journal of Engineering and Technology . 1 ( 1 ) : 21 -- 25 . Archived from the original on 22 February 2015 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Wind Statistics and the Weibull Distribution '' . Wind-power-program.com . Retrieved 11 January 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wind power . 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Grand juries in the United States

Grand juries in the United States - wikipedia Grand juries in the United States Jump to : navigation , search A grand jury investigating the fire that destroyed the Arcadia Hotel in Boston , Massachusetts in November 1913 . The United States is one of only two common law jurisdictions in the world , along with Liberia , that continues to use the grand jury to screen criminal indictments . Generally speaking , a grand jury may issue an indictment for a crime , also known as a `` true bill , '' only if it finds , based upon the evidence that has been presented to it , that there is probable cause to believe that a crime has been committed by a criminal suspect . Unlike a petit jury , which resolves a particular civil or criminal case , a grand jury ( typically having twelve to twenty - three members ) serves as a group for a sustained period of time in all or many of the cases that come up in the jurisdiction , generally under the supervision of a federal U.S. attorney , a county district attorney , or a state attorney - general and hears evidence ex parte ( i.e. without suspect or person of interest involvement in the proceedings ) . While all states in the U.S. currently have provisions for grand juries , only half of the states actually employ them and twenty - two require their use , to varying extents . The modern trend is to use an adversarial preliminary hearing before a trial court judge , rather than grand jury , in the screening role of determining whether there is evidence establishing probable cause that a defendant committed a serious felony before that defendant is required to go to trial and risk a conviction on those charges . California , Florida , and some other states , also use ' civil grand juries ' , ' investigating grand juries ' , or the equivalent , to oversee and investigate the conduct of government institutions , in addition to dealing with criminal indictments . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Federal law 2.1 Grand Jury Clause 2.2 Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 6 2.3 Secrecy 2.4 Investigatory role 2.5 Special grand jury 3 State law 3.1 California 3.2 Kentucky 3.3 Louisiana 3.3. 1 Suggestions for improvement 3.4 Minnesota 3.5 New York 3.6 Virginia 4 Criticism 4.1 Jury makeup 4.2 Limited constitutional rights 4.3 Intimidation tactic 4.4 Rubber stamp for the prosecution 4.5 2014 police incidents 5 Reform of federal grand jury system 6 `` Runaway '' grand jury 7 Grand juries in literature 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) In the early decades of the United States grand juries played a major role in public matters . During that period counties followed the traditional practice of requiring all decisions be made by at least twelve of the grand jurors , ( e.g. , for a twenty - three - person grand jury , twelve people would constitute a bare majority ) . Any citizen could bring a matter before a grand jury directly , from a public work that needed repair , to the delinquent conduct of a public official , to a complaint of a crime , and grand juries could conduct their own investigations . In that era most criminal prosecutions were conducted by private parties , either a law enforcement officer , a lawyer hired by a crime victim or his family , or even by laymen . A layman could bring a bill of indictment to the grand jury ; if the grand jury found there was sufficient evidence for a trial , that the act was a crime under law , and that the court had jurisdiction , it would return the indictment to the complainant . The grand jury would then appoint the complaining party to exercise the authority of an attorney general , that is , one having a general power of attorney to represent the state in the case . The grand jury served to screen out incompetent or malicious prosecutions . The advent of official public prosecutors in the later decades of the 19th century largely displaced private prosecutions . The federal constitutional right to have federal criminal charges screened by a grand jury is one of just a handful of provisions of the federal Bill of Rights that does not also apply to state and local governments . Federal law ( edit ) Grand jury clause ( edit ) The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that `` No person shall be held to answer for a capital , or otherwise infamous crime , unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury , except in cases arising in the land or naval forces , or in the Militia , when in actual service in time of War or public danger ... '' Misdemeanors are not presented to a grand jury , and are instead charged by prosecutor 's `` information . '' In the United States armed forces , an Article 32 hearing is used for a similar purpose . The grand jury right may be waived , including by plea agreement . A valid waiver must be made in open court and after the defendant has been advised of the nature of the charge and of the defendant 's rights . Federal rule of criminal Procedure 6 ( edit ) Rule 6 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure governs grand juries . It requires grand juries to be composed of 16 to 23 members and that 12 members must concur in an indictment . A grand jury is instructed to return an indictment if the probable cause standard has been met . The grand jury 's decision is either a `` true bill '' ( formerly billa vera , resulting in an `` indictment '' ) , or `` no true bill '' . Secrecy ( edit ) Grand jury proceedings are secret . No judge is present ; the proceedings are led by a prosecutor ; and the defendant has no right to present his case or ( in many instances ) to be informed of the proceedings at all . While court reporters usually transcribe the proceedings , the records are sealed . The case for such secrecy was unanimously upheld by the Burger Court in Douglas Oil Co. of Cal . v. Petrol Stops Northwest , 441 US 211 ( 1979 ) . The dissenting opinion was joined by Justices Burger and Stewart but concurred with the Court 's opinion as to the importance and rationale of grand jury secrecy . Writing for the Court , Justice Powell found that `` if preindictment proceedings were made public , many prospective witnesses would be hesitant to come forward voluntarily '' ; `` witnesses who appeared before the grand jury would be less likely to testify fully and frankly '' ; and `` there also would be the risk that those about to be indicted would flee , or would try to influence individual grand jurors '' . Further , `` persons who are accused but exonerated by the grand jury ( should ) not be held up to public ridicule '' . United States v. Procter & Gamble Co. , 356 US 677 ( 1958 ) , permitted the disclosure of grand jury transcripts under certain restrictions : `` a private party seeking to obtain grand jury transcripts must demonstrate that ' without the transcript a defense would be greatly prejudiced or that without reference to it an injustice would be done ' '' and must make its requests `` with particularity '' . Further , First Amendment protections generally permit the witnesses summoned by a grand jury to discuss their testimony , although Dennis v. United States , 384 US 855 ( 1966 ) , found that such public discussion permits release of the transcripts of their actual testimony . The Jencks Act , 18 U.S.C. § 3500 , requires the government to disclose to the defense any statements made by the accused to the grand jury , and , with respect to non-party witnesses , that after a witness has testified on direct examination at trial , any statement made to the grand jury by such witness be disclosed to the defense . Investigatory role ( edit ) The grand jury can compel a witness to testify . The target of a grand jury investigation has no right to testify or put on a defense before the grand jury . The U.S. Attorney 's Manual anticipates the possibility of allowing investigatory targets to testify . The U.S. Attorneys ' Manual states that prosecutors `` must recognize that the grand jury is an independent body , whose functions include not only the investigation of crime and the initiation of criminal prosecution but also the protection of the citizenry from unfounded criminal charges '' and that targets of investigations have the right to , and can , `` request or demand the opportunity to tell the grand jury their side of the story . '' Special grand jury ( edit ) United States law also provides for the formation of special grand juries . While a regular grand jury primarily decides whether to bring charges , a special grand jury is called into existence to investigate whether organized crime is occurring in the community in which it sits . This could include , for instance , organized drug activity or organized corruption in government . As provided in 18 U.S.C. § 3331 ( a ) , the U.S. District Court in every judicial district having more than four million inhabitants must impanel a special grand jury when requested by a designated official of the Justice Department . State law ( edit ) The grand jury clause of the Fifth Amendment has not been incorporated against the U.S. states . As a matter of state law , the states of Alaska , Arizona , Arkansas , California , Colorado , Delaware , Florida , Georgia , Hawaii , Idaho , Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Louisiana , Maine , Maryland , Massachusetts , Michigan ( convened by the Court of Appeals ) , Minnesota , Missouri , Mississippi , Montana , Nebraska , Nevada , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New Mexico , New York , North Carolina , North Dakota , Ohio , Oklahoma , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , South Carolina , South Dakota , Tennessee , Texas , Utah ( convened by a panel of judges ) , Virginia , Washington , West Virginia , Wyoming , as well as the District of Columbia , employ some form of grand jury . California ( edit ) The California constitution requires each county to have at least one grand jury impaneled at all times . Grand juries are governed by Title 4 and Title 5 of the California Penal Code , as well as Government Code 3060 and other more general provisions . In addition , grand juries are not subject to the Brown Act . Most county grand juries in California do not consider criminal matters . A decision to present criminal cases to the grand jury may be made by the county District Attorney , but it is neither a constitutional nor a statutory requirement . These county - level grand juries primarily focus on oversight of government institutions at the county level or lower . This is why California 's grand juries are often called civil grand juries . Almost any entity that receives public money can be examined by the grand jury , including county governments , cities , and special districts . Each panel selects the topics that it wishes to examine each year . A jury is not allowed to continue an oversight from a previous panel . If a jury wishes to look at a subject that a prior jury was examining , it must start its own investigation and independently verify all information . It may use information obtained from the prior jury but this information must be verified before it can be used by the current jury . Upon completing its investigation , the jury may , but is not required to , issue a report detailing its findings and recommendations . Most grand juries are seated on a fiscal cycle , i.e. July through June . Most counties have panels consisting of nineteen jurors , some have as few as eleven jurors , others have as many as twenty - three . Due to the length of service , grand jurors are usually selected on a volunteer basis . The grand jury is required to publish a minimum of one report containing a minimum of one finding and one recommendation . The published reports are the only public record of the grand jury 's work ; there is no minority report . Each published report includes a list of those public entities that are required or requested to respond . The format of these responses is dictated by California Penal Code Section 933.05 , as is the time span in which they must respond . County grand juries develop areas to examine by two avenues : juror interests and public complaints . Complaints filed by the public are kept confidential . The protection of whistleblowers is one of the primary reasons for the confidential nature of the grand jury 's work . Grand juries may charge public officials of `` willful or corrupt misconduct in office . '' The accusation is tried as if it were an indictment , and may not be dismissed for political or extra-legal motives . The definition of `` willful misconduct in office '' is reserved for serious misconduct , that is , criminal behavior or `` purposeful failure to carry out mandatory duties of office . '' In addition to the county grand juries in California , at least twice a year , the state impanels several Federal Grand Juries . The summons arrive in the mail just like regular jury summons . Jurors are requested to come on a certain date to be impaneled on the jury . There are over 500 people that attend this impanelment and multiple grand juries are chosen at this time . When the juries are chosen there are at least 50 alternates chosen as well . Each Grand Jury has 23 members and are expected to attend jury service one day per week for the time impaneled . The California Federal Grand Jury has two sections - the Accusatory and the Investigatory . Accusatory Grand Juries hear shorter less complicated criminal cases and often hear several cases each day in attendance . Accusatory Grand Juries are impaneled for four to six months . Accusatory grand jurors meet one day each week , always on the same day of the week . Each day met , the number of cases varies and jurors are expected to be available from 9 : 00 a.m. until 4 : 30 p.m. for these cases . Often accusatory jurors have a shortened day , but this is never predictable . A typical Accusatory Grand Juror 's day begins at 9 : 00 a.m. A Federal Attorney , the prosecutor , presents an indictment to the members of the jury . Then he brings in a witness , usually a Federal agent involved with the case , and questions him . When there are no more questions , the attorney , court reporter , and witness exit the room and the jurors are asked to deliberate the case . Grand jurors do not choose guilt but only decide if the case has probable cause to go to trial . Investigatory Grand Jurors are impaneled for at least one year of service . They meet one day a week , the same day of the week each week , to discuss and hear more involved Federal criminal cases that took place in California and in the county of the grand jury , some extending from week to week . Investigatory Grand Jurors are expected to be available from 9 : 00 a.m. until 4 : 30 p.m. for their cases . They are expected to return each week when called in to continue cases or start new ones . Federal Grand Jurors are paid a nominal fee for all days they are in court and receive travel expenses . The experience opens a small window into the inner workings of criminal proceedings and the input of Grand Jurors is an important check and balance to the government . Jurors are exposed to all manner of cases and work with a cross section of society to come to decisions on probable cause . Kentucky ( edit ) In Kentucky , grand jurors are impaneled in each county , at the Circuit Court level ( felonies only ) for a four - month term ( three panels per year ) . During the trial jury orientation for the given four - month term , the grand jurors are selected from the trial jury pool , although the method of selection is not necessarily random . The meetings are twice a month in most counties ( however , grand juries in more populous counties such as Jefferson ( Louisville ) and Fayette ( Lexington ) generally meet more often ) , with each meeting usually going through 20 - 30 cases in a four - to five - hour period . The indictment rate is about 98 - 99 % ; the grand jury can broaden ( about 1 % of the time ) or narrow ( about 3 % of the time ) the counts in the indictment as well . Usually , fifteen to twenty grand jurors are required to report to meetings ; the hope is that twelve will show to each meeting , which is the number of jurors required to hear cases ( an additional juror may be kept as an alternate while other extra jurors are typically excused for the day ) . It takes nine yes votes to the question of probable cause to sign a true bill of indictment . Fewer than nine yes votes either causes a no true bill or a narrowing of the indictment ( depending on the votes per count ) . The rules are very similar to the federal process ; the grand jury usually only hears from law enforcement personnel , with the exception of property crimes , where store detectives or actual victims of theft or vandalism are called to testify . The only cases brought to the grand jury are those initiated from the Commonwealth 's Attorney 's office ( the prosecutor for felonies ) . For the vast majority of cases , the grand jurors generally only hear a recitation of facts from the police report , crime laboratory & medical examiner reports , and other documentation generated during the evidence gathering process . Grand jurors can ask factual questions of the witnesses and legal questions of the Commonwealth 's Attorney or Assistant Commonwealth 's Attorney . The ability to broaden or narrow indictments does technically allow for grand juries to open new avenues of investigation , although since it is dependent on prosecutors for facts , this is very rarely done . Rules of confidentiality that apply to Kentucky grand jurors are similar to those that apply to federal grand juries . Louisiana ( edit ) Main article : Law of Louisiana The law of Louisiana is distinct from the other 49 states ; it has a civil law legal system rather than a common law system . The start of a grand jury may be attributed to an 1805 enactment of a law requiring all `` crimes , offenses and misdemeanors ( to ) be taken , intended and construed according to and in conformity with the common law of England . '' Provisions for a grand jury are spelled out in Article V Section § 34 ( a ) of the Louisiana Constitution of 1974 which states a grand jury shall consist of twelve members of a community , as peers of an accused , to weigh evidence presented to them to determine whether there is probable cause to charge the person with the offense . Secrecy is also covered , to be stipulated by law . Section § 34 ( b ) provides for a witness ' right to counsel stating , `` The legislature may establish by law the terms and conditions under which a witness may have the right to the advice of counsel while testifying before the grand jury . '' However , since a witness has no `` right to counsel '' under the United States Constitution , a Constitutional Amendment would be required to implement this language . Historically , a grand jury was empowered to investigate crimes committed within its jurisdiction , identify persons suspected of having committed offenses , determine whether there is probable cause to charge the person with the offense , and publish its findings to the court . This has changed over time , most notably in Article 209 of the 1928 Code stating the grand jury `` is to investigate non-capital offenses triable within the parish only when called to their attention by the district attorney or the court , '' and further removing the ability `` to act as a censory body of public morals . '' This effectively relegated the grand jury as a tool of the prosecutor . The 1950 Revised Statutes made a return to an 1870 provision that `` any member of the grand jury is required , under penalty of law , to bring to the attention of his fellow members any violation of the criminal law which may have come to his personal knowledge , or of which he may have been informed . '' This gives the view that a grand jury could initiate investigations or file charges on its own . Privileges against self - incrimination and the fact that a prosecutor can declare Nolle prosequi provides limitations . Although a grand jury may have the right to subpoena and to have persons and documents called before it , this is almost always limited to evidence and witnesses presented by a prosecutor . A grand jury is considered a jury of accusation and the petit jury as the jury of conviction . A grand jury may be presented with a bill of indictment , before or after a warrant of arrest on an indictable charge , at the discretion of a district attorney . He or she then presents evidence and witnesses to prove the charge . A grand jury can return a true bill , no true bill or a third option , `` pretermitting entirely the matter investigated '' . This requires nine of the twelve grand jurors to determine there is not enough evidence presented to determine if a person should or should not be charged with a crime . A grand jury is sometimes referred to as the passive collaborator of a prosecutor or a `` rubber stamp '' for an indictment , especially if simple acceptance of the bill of indictment is returned as a `` true bill . '' If a `` No True Bill '' is presented by a grand jury , the case is usually dropped . If a defendant is incarcerated , unless there are other charges , a prosecutor declares nolle prosequi , resubmits an indictment with new evidence , or brings charges of a lesser crime then , providing there is no gross oversight , the defendant is released . The theory is that if a prosecutor can not obtain a true bill , presenting the prosecutorial evidence with no defensive rebuttal , then a conviction is not likely . Suggestions for improvement ( edit ) A 1979 National Criminal Justice Reference Service ( NCJRS ) document identifies three steps that could be taken to remove the adversarial role of the grand jury and make them more independent ; ( 1 ) giving the target of the grand jury investigation the opportunity to testify ; ( 2 ) making a grand jury subpoena returnable only when the grand jury is sitting and identifying the general subject area of the investigation ; and ( 3 ) recording all grand jury proceedings ( except the jurors ' deliberations ) , making them accessible for pretrial discovery . Minnesota ( edit ) Hennepin County , Minnesota ( which contains Minneapolis ) keeps a grand jury impaneled at all times . Each grand jury serves a term of four months , typically meets one day each week , and focuses almost exclusively on homicide cases . New York ( edit ) In the State of New York , while a person can initially be charged with a felony via a sworn written accusation alone ( a `` felony complaint '' ) , the state constitution provides a defendant with a right to have all felonies prosecuted by way of a grand jury indictment . This right can be waived by a defendant , who can then be prosecuted using an indictment substitute called a `` superior court information . '' Grand juries are composed of between 16 and 23 jurors ( 16 being a quorum for all proceedings ) and indictments require a minimum vote of 12 such jurors . Grand juries may produce not only indictments but may direct the filing of misdemeanor charges in local courts , the removal of cases to Family Court , and may also issue `` grand jury reports '' concerning malfeasance of public officials and recommending their discipline . Both the prosecutor and the grand jury itself have the right to call witnesses to testify before the grand jury . With few exceptions , every witness who testifies before a grand jury receives transactional immunity automatically , whether they invoke their right to silence or not . If a grand jury is considering criminal charges against a person , that person has a right to testify before that grand jury , provided they make a timely written demand and then agree to waive their right to immunity . Despite this fact , an unwitting target of a grand jury proceeding has no right to be informed that their case is even being considered by a grand jury in the first place , unless they have already been arraigned on a felony complaint charging a related crime and are awaiting a preliminary hearing on that complaint . A defendant held in the state may testify to the grand jury . Virginia ( edit ) The Commonwealth of Virginia requires that all felonies be presented to a grand jury either directly or , more often , after certification following a preliminary hearing in district court . Commonwealth 's attorneys also have the option of obtaining a misdemeanor indictment from a grand jury . Grand juries are a part of the Commonwealth 's circuit court system and they meet at the beginning of each court term . Criticism ( edit ) Jury makeup ( edit ) The most persistent criticism of grand juries is that jurors are not a representative sampling of the community , and are not qualified for jury service , in that they do not possess a satisfactory ability to ask pertinent questions , or sufficient understanding of local government and the concept of due process . Unlike potential jurors in regular trials , grand jurors are not screened for bias or other improper factors . They are rarely read any instruction on the law , as this is not a requirement ; their job is only to judge on what the prosecutor produced . The prosecutor drafts the charges and decides which witnesses to call . Limited constitutional Rights ( edit ) The prosecutor is not obliged to present evidence in favor of those being investigated . Individuals subject to grand jury proceedings do not have a Sixth Amendment constitutional right to counsel in the grand jury room , nor do they have a Sixth Amendment right to confront and cross-examine witnesses . Additionally , individuals in grand jury proceedings can be charged with holding the court in contempt ( punishable with incarceration for the remaining term of the grand jury ) if they refuse to appear before the jury . Media coverage is not allowed . Furthermore , all evidence is presented by a prosecutor in a cloak of secrecy , as the prosecutor , grand jurors , and the grand jury stenographer are prohibited from disclosing what happened before the grand jury unless ordered to do so in a judicial proceeding . In 1974 the Supreme Court of the United States held in U.S. v. Calandra that `` the exclusionary rule in search - and - seizure cases does not apply to grand jury proceedings because the principal objective of the rule is ' to deter future unlawful police conduct , ' ( ... ) and ' it is unrealistic to assume that application of the rule to grand jury proceedings would significantly further that goal . ' '' Illegally obtained evidence , therefore , is admissible in grand jury proceedings , and the Fourth Amendment 's exclusionary rule does not apply . Intimidation tactic ( edit ) After a grand jury was commissioned to investigate whistleblowers organization WikiLeaks , grand juries have been accused of being used as an intimidation and persecution mechanism against whistleblowers who have been accused of leaking classified information . Rubber stamp for the prosecution ( edit ) According to the American Bar Association ( ABA ) , the grand jury has come under increasing criticism for being a mere `` rubber stamp '' for the prosecution without adequate procedural safeguards . Critics argue that the grand jury has largely lost its historic role as an independent bulwark protecting citizens from unfounded accusations by the government . Grand juries provide little protection to accused suspects and are much more useful to prosecutors . Grand juries have such broad subpoena power that they can investigate alleged crimes very thoroughly and often assist the prosecutor in his or her job . Grand juries sometimes compel witnesses to testify without the presence of their attorneys . Evidence uncovered during the grand jury investigation can be used by the prosecutor in a later trial . Grand jurors also often lack the ability and knowledge to judge sophisticated cases and complicated federal laws . This puts them at the mercy of very well trained and experienced federal prosecutors . Grand jurors often hear only the prosecutor 's side of the case and are usually persuaded by them . Grand juries almost always indict people on the prosecutor 's recommendation . A chief judge of New York State 's highest court , Sol Wachtler , once said that grand juries were so pliable that a prosecutor could get a grand jury to `` indict a ham sandwich . '' And William J. Campbell , a former federal district judge in Chicago , noted : `` ( T ) oday , the grand jury is the total captive of the prosecutor who , if he is candid , will concede that he can indict anybody , at any time , for almost anything , before any grand jury . '' 2014 police incidents ( edit ) The grand jury system in the United States came under renewed criticism following three high - profile cases in 2014 , where police officers caused the deaths of Michael Brown , Eric Garner , and Tamir Rice . In all three cases , after being presented the evidence , the grand juries voted not to return indictments . Public perception was that the officers involved had failed to follow proper police procedure . As a result , these grand jury decisions sparked riots across the United States . Reform of federal grand jury system ( edit ) Due to the criticism against the federal grand jury system there are some reform proposals which include the following proposals : Better instructions from judges to jurors about the grand jury 's powers and its independence from prosecutors Increased access to grand jury transcripts for suspects who are eventually indicted Expanded safeguards against abuse of witnesses , including education about their rights and the presence of their attorneys Notification of targets of investigations that they are targets Optional rather than mandatory appearances by targets of investigations An end to the requirement that prosecutors present defense evidence , and replacement with a requirement that grand jurors be informed that the defense was not represented in the hearing . Besides the above stated reform proposals , the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers ( NACDL ) established The Commission to Reform the Federal Grand Jury , a bi-partisan , blue - ribbon panel that included current and former prosecutors , as well as academics and defense attorneys . The unanimous conclusions and proposals of this diverse group were contained in the publication Federal Grand Jury Reform Report & ' Bill of Rights ' . Among the reforms detailed in that report were the right to counsel for grand jury witnesses who are not receiving immunity , an obligation to present evidence which may exonerate the target or subject of the offense , and the right for targets or subjects to testify . Researchers Erin Crites , Jon Gould and Colleen Shepard of the Center for Justice , Law & Society at George Mason University studied the experiences of prosecutors , defense lawyers , and retired judges in New York and Colorado . Four key reform recommendations emerged from their Evaluating Grand Jury Reform in Two States : The Case for Reform research study are : Defense representation in the grand jury room , production of witness transcripts for the defense , advance notice for witnesses to appear , and the presentation of exculpatory evidence to the grand jury . The Cato Institute , an American libertarian think tank headquartered in Washington , D.C. , presented a report , A Grand Facade : How the Grand Jury was Captured by Government which addresses the history of , problems with , and reforms for the grand jury system . `` Runaway '' grand jury ( edit ) Occasionally , grand juries go aggressively beyond the control of the prosecuting attorney . When the grand jury does so the situation is called a `` runaway '' grand jury . Runaway grand juries sometimes happen in government corruption or organized crime cases if the grand jury comes to believe that the prosecutor himself has been improperly influenced . Such cases were common in the 19th century but have become infrequent since the 1930s . The 1935 Runaway Grand Jury in New York County was investigating gambling and mobster Dutch Schultz when jury members complained in open court that prosecutors were not pursuing obvious leads and hinted that the district attorney was possibly receiving payoffs . Thomas E. Dewey was appointed as an independent prosecutor . Grand juries in literature ( edit ) Scott Turow 's second novel The Burden of Proof deals extensively with the workings and shortcomings of the Federal Grand Jury system in a fictional county in Illinois . Turow is himself a practicing lawyer and acted as an Assistant U.S. Attorney in Chicago between 1978 and 1986 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nestmann , Mark ( March 15 , 2011 ) . The Lifeboat Strategy . The Nestmann Group . p. 110 . ISBN 9781891266409 . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Zapf , Patricia A. ; Roesch , Ronald ; Hart , Stephen D. ( Dec 4 , 2009 ) . Forensic Psychology and Law . Hoboken , N.J. : Wiley . p. 182 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 57039 - 5 . Retrieved 2 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Brenner , Susan ; Lori Shaw ( 2003 ) . `` State Grand Juries '' . University of Dayton School of Law . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` FAQs about the Grand Jury System '' . American Bar Association . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ Brenner , Susan ; Lori Shaw ( 2003 ) . `` Power to abolish Grand Jury '' . University of Dayton School of Law . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` CURRENT GRAND JURY REPORTS - Miami Dade Office of the State Attorney '' . www.miamisao.com . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , these 2003 and 2011 grand jury investigation of this type in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania http://www.bishop-accountability.org/reports/2003_09_25_First_Philadelphia_Grand_Jury_Report.pdf http://www.phila.gov/districtattorney/PDFs/GrandJuryWomensMedical.pdf Jump up ^ See , e.g. , this 2002 grand jury investigation of this type in Westchester County , New York http://www.bishop-accountability.org/reports/2002_06_19_Westchester_NY_Grand_Jury/ Jump up ^ See , e.g. , a new report concerning of civil grand jury investigation in DeKalb County , Georgia on February 11 , 2013 http://www.wsbtv.com/news/news/local/judge-refuses-seal-grand-jury-report-burrell-ellis/nWMFK/ Jump up ^ Edwards , George John ( 1906 ) . Richard H. Ward , ed . The grand jury : considered from an historical , political and legal standpoint , and the law and practice relating thereto . University of Michigan : G.T. Bisel . ISBN 0 - 404 - 09113 - X . Retrieved 22 May 2011 . Jump up ^ If It 's Not a Runaway , It 's Not a Real Grand Jury , Roger Roots , Creighton L.R. , Vol. 33 , No. 4 , 1999 - 2000 , 821 Jump up ^ U.S. Const . amend . V . Jump up ^ `` Rule 7 . The Indictment and the Information '' . LII / Legal Information Institute . 30 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rule Fed . R. Crim . P. 6 . The Grand Jury '' . LII / Legal Information Institute . 30 November 2011 . Jump up ^ W. Thomas Dillard ; Stephen R. Johnson ; Timothy Lynch ( May 13 , 2003 ) , A Grand Façade : How the Grand Jury Was Captured by Government , Cato Institute ^ Jump up to : Powell , J. and Stevens , J . Jump up ^ The opinion of the Court and a dissenting opinion , Douglas Oil Company of California v. Petrol Stops Northwest , 441 US 211 ( 1979 ) , at Justia . Accessed 17 Jun 2013 . Jump up ^ United States v. Leverage Funding System , Inc. , 637 F. 2d 645 ( 9th Cir. 1980 ) . Jump up ^ United States v. Gardner , 516 F. 2d 334 ( 7th Cir. 1975 ) . Jump up ^ `` 9 - 11.152 , Requests by Subjects and Targets to Testify Before the Grand Jury '' , U.S. Attorneys Manual Jump up ^ `` 9 - 11.010 '' , U.S. Attorneys Manual Jump up ^ `` 158 . Impaneling Special Grand Juries - USAM - Department of Justice '' . www.justice.gov . Jump up ^ Hurtado v. California , 110 U.S. 516 ( 1884 ) . Jump up ^ Miss . Const. § 27 Jump up ^ `` Grand Juries State Links - NCSC.org '' . www.ncsc.org . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` California Penal Code Section 888.2 '' . Jump up ^ `` California Penal Code Section 933.05 '' . ^ Jump up to : Francke , Terry ( 2005 ) . The CalAware Guide : Open Meetings in California . Californians Aware . p. 145 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9769062 - 0 - 9 . Jump up ^ Steiner v. Superior Court , 50 Cal . App . 4th 1771 ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ LexisNexis - 1978 Tulane University Tulane Law Review ; Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 29 Jump up ^ Slovenko , Ralph ( June 1957 ) . `` The Jury System in Louisiana Criminal Law '' . Louisiana Law Review . 17 ( 4 ) . Retrieved 29 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 16th Judicial District Attorney 's Office The Grand Jury Procedure ; What action may a grand jury take after hearing evidence in a case ? # 3 . retrieved 2009 - 01 - 02 '' . Jump up ^ Toncray , Marla ( 4 August 2013 ) . `` Error results in unnecessary jail time '' . The Ledger Independent . Retrieved 30 September 2013 . Jump up ^ J Shropshire ( Fall 1976 ) . `` Louisiana Grand Jury - Its Precarious Relationship With the District Attorney '' . Southern University Law Review . 6 : 151 -- 173 . Jump up ^ NY Criminal Procedure Law § 100.10 ( 5 ) . Jump up ^ Procedure Law article 180 , NY Const . article 1 , § 6 . Jump up ^ NY Criminal Procedure Law article 195 . Jump up ^ NY Criminal Procedure Law § § 190.05 & 190.25 . Jump up ^ NY Criminal Procedure Law § § 190.60 & 190.85 . Jump up ^ NY Criminal Procedure Law § 190.50 . Jump up ^ NY Criminal Procedure Law § 190.40 . Jump up ^ NY Criminal Procedure Law § 190.50 ( 5 ) . ^ Jump up to : NY Criminal Procedure Law § 190.50 ( 5 ) ( a ) . Jump up ^ `` Va . Code Ann . § 19.2 - 237 '' . Legislative Information System . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Olson , Bruce T. ; Edwards , George John ( 1973 ) . `` Preface by Bruce T. Olson '' . In Richard H. Ward . THE GRAND JURY . Tulsa , Oklahoma : AMS Press Inc. 56 East 13th Street , New York , N.Y. 10003 . ISBN 0 - 404 - 09113 - X . Archived from the original on 22 May 2011 . Retrieved 22 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Justice Antonin Scalia . `` U.S. v. Williams , 504 U.S. 36 ( 1992 ) '' . Cornell University Law School , Legal Information Institute . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . External link in work = ( help ) Jump up ^ Chief Justice Warren E. Burger . `` U.S. v. Mandujano , 425 U.S. 564 , 581 , 96 S. Ct. 1768 , 1779 , 48 L. Ed . 2d 212 ( 1976 ) '' . Justicia . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . External link in work = ( help ) Jump up ^ Chief Justice William Rehnquist . `` Connecticut v. Gabbert , 526 U.S. 286 , 292 ( 1999 ) '' . Cornell University Law School , Legal Information Institute . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . External link in work = ( help ) Jump up ^ Gosztola , Kevin ( 11 May 2011 ) . `` 2011 - 05 - 11 What to Expect in the WikiLeaks Grand Jury Investigation '' . WL Central . Archived from the original on 12 May 2011 . Retrieved 12 May 2011 . Jump up ^ from the dissenting opinion written by Justice William J. Brennan , Jr . `` United States v. Calandra , 414 U.S. 338 , 355 , 94 S. Ct. 613 , 624 , 38 L. Ed . 2d 561 ( 1974 ) '' . Cornell Law . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Greenwald , Glenn ( 11 May 2011 ) . `` The WikiLeaks Grand Jury and the still escalating War on Whistleblowing '' . Salon.com . Archived from the original on 12 May 2011 . Retrieved 12 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grand Jury Reform Links '' . Grand Jury Resistance Project . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Jury Clause - 5th Amendment '' . Revolutionary War and Beyond . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Zimmerman 's Bill of Rights '' . The New York Sun . 16 April 2012 . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Campbell , William J. ( 1973 ) . Eliminate the Grand Jury , 64 J. Crim . L. & Criminology 174 , 180 . Jump up ^ Dana Ford ; Greg Botelho ; Ben Brumfield ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` Protests erupt in wake of chokehold death '' . CNN . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Alan Scher Zagier and Jim Salter , Associated Press ( November 30 , 2014 ) . `` Mayor : No severance package for resigned Ferguson officer '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grand Jury - Hearsay Evidence : Admissible Before A Grand Jury ? , Should The Grand Jury Be Abolished ? , Further Readings '' . law.jrank.org . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ The Commission to Reform the Federal Grand Jury : Elkan Abramowitz , Professor Barbara Bergman , Arnold I. Burns , J. William ( Bill ) Codinha , W. Thomas ( Tom ) Dillard , III , Peter E. Fleming , Jr. , Howard W. Goldstein , Frederick ( Fred ) Hafetz , John W. Keker , Jim E. Lavine , Gerald B. ( Jerry ) Lefcourt , Herbert J. ( Jack ) Miller , Jr. , Robert ( Bob ) Mosteller , William L. ( Bill ) Murphy , Richard Rosen , David S. Rudolf , Neal R. Sonnett , Brendan Sullivan , William W. ( Bill ) Taylor , III , Larry D. Thompson , Anton R. ( Tony ) Valukas , Martin G. ( Marty ) Weinberg , Theodore V. ( Ted ) Wells , Jr. , Frank Wohl ( 18 May 2000 ) . `` Federal Grand Jury Reform Report and Bill of Rights '' . The National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers ( NACDL ) . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Erin Crites , Jon Gould and Colleen Shepard ( November 2011 ) . `` Evaluating Grand Jury Reform in Two States : The Case for Reform '' . The National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers ( NACDL ) . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ W. Thomas Dillard ; Stephen R. Johnson ; Timothy Lynch ( 13 May 2003 ) . `` Cato Policy Analysis No. 476 : `` A Grand Façade : How the Grand Jury Was Captured by Government '' - Executive Summary `` . The Cato Institute . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ W. Thomas Dillard ; Stephen R. Johnson ; Timothy Lynch ( 13 May 2003 ) . `` Cato Policy Analysis No. 476 : `` A Grand Façade : How the Grand Jury Was Captured by Government '' '' ( PDF ) . The Cato Institute . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Brenner , Susan ; Lori Shaw ( 2003 ) . `` What is a `` runaway '' grand jury ? `` . University of Dayton School of Law . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Fighting Organized Crime : Politics , Justice , and the Legacy of Thomas E. Dewey by Mary M. Stolberg ( Northeastern ( October 5 , 1995 ) ISBN 1 - 55553 - 245 - 4 External Links ( edit ) California Grand Jurors ' Association -- Contains information specific to California and grand juries in general . ( hide ) United States Fifth Amendment criminal procedure case law ( hide ) Grand Jury Clause Hurtado v. California ( 1884 ) Ex parte Wilson ( 1885 ) United States v. Petit ( 1885 ) Mackin v. United States ( 1886 ) Ex parte Bain ( 1887 ) Parkinson v. United States ( 1887 ) McNulty v. California ( 1893 ) Wong Wing v. United States ( 1896 ) Maxwell v. Dow ( 1900 ) Lem Woon v. Oregon ( 1913 ) United States v. Moreland ( 1922 ) Costello v. United States ( 1956 ) Lawn v. United States ( 1958 ) Green v. United States ( 1958 ) Stirone v. United States ( 1960 ) Beck v. Washington ( 1962 ) Midland Asphalt Corp. v. United States ( 1989 ) United States v. Cotton ( 2002 ) United States v. Miller ( 2007 ) Double Jeopardy Clause After acquittal United States v. Randenbush ( 1834 ) Ball v. United States ( 1896 ) Burton v. United States ( 1906 ) Helvering v. Mitchell ( 1938 ) Green v. United States ( 1957 ) Fong Foo v. United States ( 1962 ) United States v. Tateo ( 1964 ) Ashe v. Swenson ( 1970 ) Wilson v. United States ( 1975 ) Serfass v. United States ( 1975 ) United States v. Martin Linen Supply Co. ( 1977 ) Burks v. United States ( 1978 ) Crist v. Bretz ( 1978 ) Sanabria v. United States ( 1978 ) United States v. Scott ( 1978 ) Bullington v. Missouri ( 1981 ) Tibbs v. Florida ( 1982 ) Arizona v. Rumsey ( 1984 ) Poland v. Arizona ( 1986 ) Witte v. United States ( 1995 ) Sattazahn v. Pennsylvania ( 2003 ) Smith v. Massachusetts ( 2005 ) Yeager v. United States ( 2009 ) After conviction United States v. La Franca ( 1931 ) United States ex rel . Marcus v. Hess ( 1943 ) Rex Trailer Co. v. United States ( 1956 ) United States v. Wilson ( 1975 ) Ludwig v. Massachusetts ( 1976 ) Brown v. Ohio ( 1977 ) Harris v. Oklahoma ( 1977 ) Garrett v. United States ( 1985 ) United States v. Halper ( 1989 ) Grady v. Corbin ( 1990 ) United States v. Felix ( 1992 ) United States v. Dixon ( 1993 ) Department of Revenue of Montana v. Kurth Ranch ( 1994 ) After mistrial United States v. Perez ( 1824 ) United States v. Dinitz ( 1976 ) Arizona v. Washington ( 1978 ) Oregon v. Kennedy ( 1982 ) Renico v. Lett ( 2010 ) Blueford v. Arkansas ( 2012 ) Multiple punishment Ex parte Lange ( 1873 ) Blockburger v. United States ( 1932 ) Whalen v. United States ( 1980 ) Missouri v. Hunter ( 1983 ) Rutledge v. United States ( 1996 ) Dual sovereignty doctrine Bartkus v. Illinois ( 1959 ) Waller v. Florida ( 1970 ) Heath v. Alabama ( 1985 ) United States v. Lara ( 2004 ) Puerto Rico v. Sanchez Valle ( 2016 ) Other Ex parte Bigelow ( 1885 ) Palko v. Connecticut ( 1937 ) Louisiana ex rel . Francis v. Resweber ( 1947 ) Baxstrom v. Herold ( 1966 ) North Carolina v. Pearce ( 1969 ) Benton v. Maryland ( 1969 ) Morris v. Mathews ( 1986 ) Self - Incrimination Clause Griffin v. California ( 1965 ) Tehan v. United States ex rel . Shott ( 1966 ) Williams v. Florida ( 1970 ) Brooks v. Tennessee ( 1972 ) Lakeside v. Oregon ( 1978 ) Mitchell v. United States ( 1999 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_juries_in_the_United_States&oldid=819773709 '' Categories : Grand juries in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 January 2018 , at 05 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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Photography and the law

Photography and the law - wikipedia Photography and the law Jump to : navigation , search A `` No Photography '' sign , commonly placed in properties where taking photographs is illegal or objected to by the owner ( though in some jurisdictions , this is not a legal requirement ) ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the English - speaking world and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs attention from an expert in Law . Please add a reason or a talk parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article . WikiProject Law may be able to help recruit an expert . ( January 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The intellectual property rights on photographs are protected in different jurisdictions by the laws governing copyright and moral rights . In some cases photography may be restricted by civil or criminal law . Publishing certain photographs can be restricted by privacy or other laws . Photography of certain subject matter can be generally restricted in the interests of public morality and the protection of children . Reactions to photography differ between societies , and even where there are no official restrictions there may be objections to photographing people or places . Reactions may range from complaints to violence for photography which is not illegal . Contents ( hide ) 1 United Kingdom 1.1 Legal restrictions on photography 1.2 Copyright 1.2. 1 Infringement 1.3 Photography and privacy 2 United States 2.1 Public property 2.2 Private property 2.3 Privacy issues 2.4 Commercial photography 2.5 Other issues 3 Hong Kong 4 Hungary 5 Macau 6 South Africa 7 Sudan and South Sudan 8 India 9 Iceland 10 Spain 11 Mexico 12 South Korea 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 External links United Kingdom ( edit ) Legal restrictions on photography ( edit ) Mass photo gathering in UK . Mass photo gathering in UK . In the United Kingdom there are no laws forbidding photography of private property from a public place . Photography on private land is not restricted if the landowner has given permission . However , landowners are permitted to impose any conditions they wish upon entry to a property , including forbidding or restricting photography . Two public locations in the UK , Trafalgar Square and Parliament Square , have a specific provision against photography for commercial purposes without the written permission of the Mayor , or the Squares ' Management Team and paying a fee , and permission is needed to photograph or film for commercial purposes in the Royal Parks . Persistent or aggressive photography of a single individual may come under the legal definition of harassment . It is contempt of court , a criminal offence , to take a photograph in any court of law of any person , being a judge of the court or a juror or a witness in or a party to any proceedings before the court , whether civil or criminal , or to publish such a photograph . This includes photographs taken in a court building or the precincts of the court . Taking a photograph in a court can be seen as a serious offence , leading to a prison sentence . The prohibition on taking photographs in the precincts is vague . It was designed to prevent the undermining of the dignity of the court , through the exploitation of images in low brow `` picture papers '' . Photography of certain subject matter is restricted in the United Kingdom . In particular , the Protection of Children Act 1978 restricts making or possessing pornography of children under 18 , or what looks like pornography of under - 18s . There is no law prohibiting photographing children in public spaces . It is an offence under the Counter-Terrorism Act 2008 to publish or communicate a photograph of a constable ( not including PCSOs ) , a member of the armed forces , or a member of the security services , which is of a kind likely to be useful to a person committing or preparing an act of terrorism . There is a defence of acting with a reasonable excuse ; however , the burden of proof is on the defence , under section 58A of the Terrorism Act 2000 . A PCSO in 2009 cited Section 44 of the Terrorism Act 2000 to prevent a member of the public photographing him . Section 44 actually concerns stop and search powers . However , in January 2010 the stop - and - search powers granted under Section 44 were ruled illegal by the European Court of Human Rights . Following a prolonged campaign , including a series of demonstrations by photographers dealt with by police officers and PCSOs , the Metropolitan Police was forced to issue updated legal advice which confirms that `` Members of the public and the media do not need a permit to film or photograph in public places and police have no power to stop them filming or photographing incidents or police personnel '' and that `` The power to stop and search someone under Section 44 of the Terrorism Act 2000 no longer exists . '' It is an offence under section 58 of the Terrorism Act 2000 to take a photograph of a kind likely to be useful to a person committing or preparing an act of terrorism , or possessing such a photograph . There is an identical defence of reasonable excuse . This offence ( and possibly , but not necessarily the s . 58 ( a ) offence ) covers only a photograph as described in s . 2 ( 3 ) ( b ) of the Terrorism Act 2006 . As such , it must be of a kind likely to provide practical assistance to a person committing or preparing an act of terrorism . Whether the photograph in question is such is a matter for a jury , which is not required to look at the surrounding circumstances . The photograph must contain information of such a nature as to raise a reasonable suspicion that it was intended to be used to assist in the preparation or commission of an act of terrorism . It must call for an explanation . A photograph which is innocuous on its face will not fall foul of the provision if the prosecution adduces evidence that it was intended to be used for the purpose of committing or preparing a terrorist act . The defence may prove a reasonable excuse simply by showing that the photograph is possessed for a purpose other than to assist in the commission or preparation of an act of terrorism , even if the purpose of possession is otherwise unlawful . Copyright ( edit ) Copyright can subsist in an original photograph , i.e. a recording of light or other radiation on any medium on which an image is produced or from which an image by any means be produced , and which is not part of a film . Whilst photographs are classified as artistic works , the subsistence of copyright does not depend on artistic merit . The owner of the copyright in the photograph is the photographer -- the person who creates it , by default . However , where a photograph is taken by an employee in the course of employment , the first owner of the copyright is the employer , unless there is an agreement to the contrary . Copyright which subsists in a photograph protects not merely the photographer from direct copying of his / her work , but also from indirect copying to reproduce his / her work , where a substantial part of his / her work has been copied . Copyright in a photograph lasts for 70 years from the end of the year in which the photographer dies . A consequence of this lengthy period of existence of the copyright is that many family photographs which have no market value , but significant emotional value , remain subject to copyright , even when the original photographer can not be traced ( a problem known as copyright orphan ) , has given up photography , or died . In the absence of a licence , it will be an infringement of copyright in the photographs to copy them . When someone dies the rights will have transferred to someone else , perhaps through testamentary deposition ( a will ) or by inheritance . If there was no will , or if the photographer has not specified where the rights in the material should go , then the normal rules of inheritance will apply ( although these rules are not specific to copyright and legal advice should be sought ) . Scanning old family photographs , without permission , to a digital file for personal use is prima facie an infringement of copyright . Certain photographs may not be protected by copyright . Section 171 ( 3 ) of the Copyright , Designs and Patents Act 1988 gives courts jurisdiction to refrain from enforcing the copyright which subsists in works on the grounds of public interest . For example , patent diagrams are held to be in the public domain , and are thus not subject to copyright . Infringement ( edit ) `` No photographs '' sticker . Designed for persons at conferences who do not want any digital likeness of them taken , including video , photography , audio , etc . Infringement of the copyright which subsists in a photograph can be performed through copying the photograph . This is because the owner of the copyright in the photograph has the exclusive right to copy the photograph . For there to be infringement of the copyright in a photograph , there must be copying of a substantial part of the photograph . A photograph can also be a mechanism of infringement of the copyright which subsists in another work . For example , a photograph which copies a substantial part of an artistic work , such as a sculpture , painting or another photograph ( without permission ) would infringe the copyright which subsists in those works . However , the subject matter of a photograph is not necessarily subject to an independent copyright . For example , in the Creation Records case , a photographer , attempting to create a photograph for an album cover , set up an elaborate and artificial scene . A photographer from a newspaper covertly photographed the scene and published it in the newspaper . The court held that the newspaper photographer did not infringe the official photographer 's copyright . Copyright did not subsist in the scene itself -- it was too temporary to be a collage , and could not be categorised as any other form of artistic work . The protection of photographs in this manner has been criticised on two grounds . Firstly , it is argued that photographs should not be protected as artistic works , but should instead be protected in a manner similar to that of sound recordings and films . In other words , copyright should not protect the subject matter of a photograph as a matter of course as a consequence of a photograph being taken . It is argued that protection of photographs as artistic works is anomalous , in that photography is ultimately a medium of reproduction , rather than creation . As such , it is more similar to a film , or sound recording than a painting or sculpture . Some photographers share this view . For example , Michael Reichmann described photography as an art of disclosure , as opposed to an art of inclusion . Secondly , it is argued that the protection of photographs as artistic works leads to bizarre results . Subject matter is protected irrespective of the artistic merit of a photograph . The subject matter of a photograph is protected even when it is not deserving of protection . For copyright to subsist in photographs as artistic works , the photographs must be original , since the English test for originality is based on skill , labour and judgment . That said , it is possible that the threshold of originality is very low . Essentially , by this , Arnold is arguing that whilst the subject matter of some photographs may deserve protection , it is inappropriate for the law to presume that the subject matter of all photographs is deserving of protection . It is possible to say with a high degree of confidence that photographs of three - dimensional objects , including artistic works , will be treated by a court as themselves original artistic works , and as such , will be subject to copyright . It is likely that a photograph ( including a scan -- digital scanning counts as photography for the purposes of the Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 ) of a two dimensional artistic work , such as another photograph or a painting will also be subject to copyright if a significant amount of skill , labour and judgment went into its creation . Photography and privacy ( edit ) A right to privacy came into existence in UK law as a consequence of the incorporation of the European Convention on Human Rights into domestic law through the Human Rights Act 1998 . This can result in restrictions on the publication of photography . Whether this right is caused by horizontal effect of the Human Rights Act 1998 or is judicially created is a matter of some controversy . The right to privacy is protected by Article 8 of the convention . In the context of photography , it stands at odds to the Article 10 right of freedom of expression . As such , courts will consider the public interest in balancing the rights through the legal test of proportionality . A very limited statutory right to privacy exists in the Copyright , Designs and Patents Act 1988 . This right is held , for example , by someone who hires a photographer to photograph their wedding . The commissioner , irrespective of any copyright which he does or does not hold in the photograph , of a photograph which was commissioned for private and domestic purposes , where copyright subsists in the photograph , has the right not to have copies of the work issued to the public , the work exhibited in public or the work communicated to the public . However , this right will not be infringed if the rightholder gives permission . It will not be infringed if the photograph is incidentally included in an artistic work , film , or broadcast . United States ( edit ) Local , state , and national laws govern still and motion photography . Laws vary between jurisdictions , and what is not illegal in one place may be illegal in another . Typical laws in the United States are as follows : Public property ( edit ) Some museums do not allow photography . It is legal to photograph or videotape anything and anyone on any public property . Photographing or videotaping a tourist attraction , whether publicly or privately owned , is generally considered legal , unless explicitly prohibited by a specific law or statute . Private property ( edit ) Photography may be prohibited or restricted by a property owner on their property . However , a property owner generally can not restrict the photographing of the property by individuals who are not within the bounds of the property . Photography on private property that is generally open to the public ( e.g. , a shopping mall ) is usually permitted unless explicitly prohibited by posted signs . Even if no such signs are posted , the property owner or agent can ask a person to stop photographing , and if the person refuses to do so , the owner or agent can ask the person to leave ; in some jurisdictions , a person who refuses to leave can be arrested for criminal trespass , and many jurisdictions recognize the common - law right to use reasonable force to remove a trespasser ; a person who forcibly resists a lawful removal may be liable for battery , assault , or both . Entry onto private property not normally open to the public usually requires permission from the property owner . Some jurisdictions have laws regarding filming while in a hospital or health care facility . Where permitted , such filming may be useful in gathering evidence in cases of abuse , neglect , or malpractice . Privacy issues ( edit ) Further information : Privacy laws of the United States Photographing private property from within the public domain is not illegal , with the exception of an area that is generally regarded as private , such as a bedroom , bathroom , or hotel room . In some states there is no definition of `` private , '' in which case , there is a general expectation of privacy . Should the subjects not attempt to conceal their private affairs , their actions immediately become public to a photographer using normal photographic equipment . Many places have laws prohibiting photographing private areas under a person 's clothing without that person 's permission . This also applies to any filming of another within a public restroom or locker room . Some jurisdictions have banned the use of a telephone with camera functionality within a restroom or locker room in order to prevent this . The United States enacted the Video Voyeurism Prevention Act of 2004 to punish those who intentionally capture an individual 's private areas without consent , when the person knew the subject had an expectation of privacy . State laws have also been passed addressing this issue . Commercial photography ( edit ) In certain locations , such as California State Parks , commercial photography requires a permit and sometimes proof of insurance . In places such as the city of Hermosa Beach in California , commercial photography on both public property and private property is subject to permit regulations and possibly also insurance requirements . At the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park , commercial photography requires a permit under certain circumstances . For photography that involves the advertising of a commercial product or service , or photography that involves sets or props or models , a permit is required . In addition , if the photography has aspects that may be disruptive to others , such as additional equipment or a significant number of personnel or the use of public areas for more than four hours , it is necessary to obtain a permit . If a photographer or related personnel need to access an area during a time when the area is normally closed , or if access to a restricted area is involved , the photography requires a permit . For commercial portrait photographers , there is a streamlined process for photography permits . In the case of National Park system units , commercial filming and / or audio recording requires a permit and liability insurance . Still photography that uses models or props for the purpose of commercial advertising requires a permit and proof of insurance . If a photograph shows private property in such a manner that a viewer of the photograph can identify the owner of the property , the ASMP ( American Society of Media Photographers , Inc . ) recommends that a property release should be used if the photograph is to be used for advertising and / or commercial purposes . According to the ASMP , a property release may be a requirement in such a situation . Other issues ( edit ) Photographing accident scenes and law enforcement activities is usually legal . At the same time , one must not hinder the operations of law enforcement , medical , emergency , or security personnel by filming . Any filming with the intent of doing unlawful harm against a subject may be a violation of the law in itself . Hong Kong ( edit ) A sign declaring `` No Phototaking '' inside a Hong Kong public library In some public property owned by government , such as law courts , government buildings , libraries , civic centres and some of the museums in Hong Kong , photography is not allowed without permission from the government . It is illegal to equip or take photographs and recording in a place of public entertainment , such as cinemas and indoor theaters . In private property , photography may be prohibited or restricted by a property owner on their property . Photography on private property that is generally open to the public ( e.g. , a shopping mall ) is usually permitted unless explicitly prohibited by posted signs . Even if no such signs are posted , the property owner or agent can ask a person to stop photographing , and if the person refuses to do so , the owner or agent can ask the person to leave ; in some jurisdictions , a person who refuses to leave can be arrested for criminal trespass , and many jurisdictions recognize the common - law right to use reasonable force to remove a trespasser ; a person who forcibly resists a lawful removal may be liable for battery , assault , or both . Hungary ( edit ) In Hungary , from 15 March 2014 when the long - awaited Civil Code was published , the law re-stated what had been normal practice , namely , that a person had the right to refuse being photographed . However , implied consent exists : it is not illegal to photograph a person who does not actively object . Macau ( edit ) In Macau , a photographer must not take or publish any photographs of a person against his / her will without legal justification , even in a public place . Besides , everyone has a right to Personality Rights . People are not to be photographed , photographs of them displayed or reproduced without their prior consent . Criminal penalties include imprisonment . Additionally , photography of police officers in Macau is illegal . South Africa ( edit ) In South Africa photographing people in public is legal . Reproducing and selling photographs of people is legal for editorial and limited fair use commercial purposes . There exists no case law to define what the limits on commercial use are . Civil law requires the consent of any identifiable persons for advertorial and promotional purposes . Property , including animals , do not enjoy any special consideration . During the media coverage of the Nkandla controversy it emerged that there exists a law , the National Key Points Act , 1980 , prohibiting the photographing of any `` national key points . '' National key points are buildings or structures that serve a strategic or military purpose . Though it was n't revealed what these are as part of state secrecy it was claimed that the presidential residence is one of them and should thus not be shown in media . Subsequent court action resulted in it being ruled that a list of all key points be made public . Although not currently or previously enforced the law is still in effect even after calls for it to be repealed as a relic of apartheid - era secrecy legislation . Sudan and South Sudan ( edit ) Travelers who wish to take any photographs must obtain a photography permit from the Ministry of Interior , Department of Aliens ( Sudan ) or Ministry of Information ( South Sudan ) . India ( edit ) Regulations apply to land - based photography for certain locations . A permit is required for aerial photography in India , which normally takes over a month to be issued . Iceland ( edit ) Calling oneself a photographer , in line with most other trades in Iceland , requires the person to hold a Journeyman 's or Master 's Certificates in the industry . Exceptions can be made in low population areas , or for people coming from within the EEA . Spain ( edit ) Taking pictures of police officers in many circumstances was made illegal by a 2015 `` Citizens ' Security Law '' with the stated purpose of protecting police officers and their families from harassment . The law has generated controversy because it may be harder to denounce police brutality . A far more limited version of the law had been in effect for several decades regarding when police work related to terrorism . A person was fined under this law for taking and publishing online a photograph of an illegally parked police car . Mexico ( edit ) Mexican law is similar to the law in the United States . Authorities may intimidate or prevent any holder of a camera if they come into close perimeters of Government buildings . South Korea ( edit ) Photographing women without their consent is criminal sexual assault in South Korea . In South Korea , taking pictures of women without their consent , even in public , is considered to be criminal sexual assault , punishable by a fine of under 10 million won and up to 5 years imprisonment . In July 2017 an amendment to the law was voted on in favour of allowing for chemical castration of people taking such photographs . See also ( edit ) Freedom of panorama Google Street View privacy concerns Image copyright ( Germany ) Legality of recording by civilians Ballot selfie Model release Public domain Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Illustrated in the Norowzian v Arks case . In this case , it was noted that the copyright in a film would be infringed only though photographic copying of a substantial part , as opposed to mere recreation of the film . It was , however , also held that a film could be protected by copyright both as a film and as a dramatic work , provided , of course , that it fulfilled the requirements of protection of a dramatic work , on the facts . The claimant , was eventually unsuccessful . It was held that whilst the film in question in fact had copyright subsist in it both as a film and as a dramatic work , this copyright was not infringed , because there was no copying of a substantial part . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Photographers Rights And The Law In The UK - the law and photography '' . www.urban75.org . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Trafalgar Square and Parliament Square Garden ( Amendment No : 1 ) Byelaws 2002 '' ( PDF ) . Greater London Authority Act 1999 , Section 385 ( 1 ) . Greater London Authority . 2002 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ http://www.london.gov.uk/priorities/art-culture/trafalgar-square/managing-trafalgar-square/filming-trafalgar-square/application-process Application process Jump up ^ `` Commercial filming and photography '' . The Royal Parks . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Linda Macpherson LL. B , Dip. L.P. , LL. M -- The UK Photographers Rights Guide Jump up ^ Criminal Justice Act 1925 ( c. 86 ) s. 41 Jump up ^ Mobile court photo sentence upheld -- news.bbc.co.uk Jump up ^ Regina v Vincent D No. 2004 / 01739 / A7 ( 2004 ) EWCA Crim 1271 Jump up ^ Rubin , G. `` Seddon , Dell and rock n ' roll : investigating alleged breaches of the ban on publishing photographs taken within courts or their precincts , 1925 -- 1967 '' Crim . L.R. 874 Jump up ^ Cosgrove , Sarah ( 14 April 2009 ) . `` Man questioned under terrorism law after taking picture of police car in park '' . Enfield Independent . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Photography advice '' . Metropolitan Police Service . Retrieved 10 August 2016 . Jump up ^ R v K ( 2008 ) EWCA Crim 185 ^ Jump up to : Copyright , Designs and Patents Act 1988 s 1 ( 1 ) ( a ) and s 4 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Copyright , Designs and Patents Act 1988 s 9 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Copyright , Designs and Patents Act 1988 s 11 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Copyright , Designs and Patents Act 1988 s 11 ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Copyright , Designs and Patents Act 1988 s 12 Jump up ^ Copyright , Designs and Patents Act 1988 s 16 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Locating a copyright owner '' . Intellectual Property Office . Jump up ^ Copyright , Designs and Patents Act 1988 s 16 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Copyright , Designs and Patents Act 1988 s16 ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Creation Records Ltd v News Group Newspapers Ltd ( 1997 ) EMLR 444 ( Ch ) Jump up ^ Lambert , Jane ( February 2000 ) . `` Case Note : Creation Records Ltd. v News Group Newspapers '' . IP / IT - Update . NIPC . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Richard Arnold , `` Copyright in Photographs : A Case for Reform '' ( 2005 ) European Intellectual Property Review 303 Jump up ^ Reichmann , Michael . `` The Art of Photography '' . The Luminous Landscape . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Antiquesportfolio.com plc v Rodney Fitch & Co Ltd '' . Pinsent Masons . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ See Sawkins v Hyperion Records ( 2005 ) EWCA Civ 565 at ( 79 ) - ( 84 ) Jump up ^ Human Rights Act 1998 sections 2 & 3 Jump up ^ Human Rights Act 1998 Schedule 1 , Part 1 , Article 8 ^ Jump up to : Mosley v News Group Newspapers Ltd ( 2008 ) EWHC 1777 ( QB ) Jump up ^ Campbell v Mirror Group Newspapers Ltd ( 2004 ) UKHL 22 Jump up ^ Murray v Express Newspapers Plc ( 2008 ) EWCA Civ 446 Jump up ^ J. Morgan , `` Privacy in the House of Lords , Again '' ( 2004 ) , 120 Law Quarterly Review 563 , 565 ^ Jump up to : Copyright , Designs and Patents Act 1988 s 2 Jump up ^ Copyright , Designs and Patents Act 1988 s 85 ( 1 ) a Jump up ^ Copyright , Designs and Patents Act 1988 s 85 ( 1 ) a Paragraph B Jump up ^ Copyright , Designs and Patents Act 1988 s 85 ( 1 ) a Paragraph C Jump up ^ Copyright , Designs and Patents Act 1988 s 85 ( 2 ) ( a ) ^ Jump up to : Krages II , Bert P . `` The Photographer 's Right '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ Krages , Bert P. ( 2007 ) . Legal Handbook for Photographers ( 2nd ed . ) . Buffalo , NY : Amherst Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58428 - 194 - 8 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` S. 1301 ( 108th ) : Video Voyeurism Prevention Act of 2004 '' . GovTrack.us . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Video Voyeurism Laws '' . The National Center for Victims of Crime . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ California Code of Regulations , Title 14 , Section 4316 , Commercial Filming . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of Commercial Filming Projects '' . State of California . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Film Permit Policy and Application -- City of Hermosa Beach , CA . '' . City of Hermosa Beach . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chesapeake & Ohio Canal National Historical Park -- Commercial Photography Information ( U.S. National Park Service ) '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` NPS Digest - Commercial Filming and Still Photography Permits '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Code of Federal Regulations , Title 36 , Section 5.5 ( b ) , Commercial photography . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` ASMP : Property and Model Release Tutorial '' . American Society of Media Photographers , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Summary Offences Ordinance Prohibition on taking photographs , etc. , in court '' Government of Hong Kong Jump up ^ `` Civic Centres Regulation '' Government of Hong Kong Jump up ^ `` Civic Centres Regulation Filming '' Government of Hong Kong Jump up ^ `` Prevention Of Copyright Piracy Ordinance '' Government of Hong Kong Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Government of Hong Kong Jump up ^ on the new law prohibits to take any photo even on public places without the consent of the persons appearing on the photo . Jump up ^ Nolan , Daniel ( 14 March 2014 ) . `` Hungary law requires photographers to ask permission to take pictures '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 不法 進行 錄音 錄像 '' Jump up ^ http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/realtime/news/20151206/54508142 Jump up ^ Burchell , Jonathan ( 2009 ) . `` The Legal Protection of Privacy in South Africa : A Transplantable Hybrid '' ( PDF ) . Electronic Journal of Comparative Law . 13.1 . Jump up ^ `` Information for Travelers : Visiting Sudan '' U.S. Department of State . Jump up ^ `` Foreign travel advice : South Sudan '' Government of the United Kingdom . Jump up ^ `` Reel India Pictures '' . www.reelindiapictures.com . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Information for Tradesmen and Others '' Ministry of Industries and Innovation . Accessed 27 September 2016 Jump up ^ Julian Robinson ( 17 August 2015 ) . `` Spanish woman who took picture of police car parked in disabled bay is fined nearly £ 600 under controversial new ' gagging law ' '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 10 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` South Korean law on criminal sexual assault , Chapter 1 Article 14 '' Jump up ^ `` edaily - Court legalizes chemical castration of men convicted of photography related sexual assault '' External links ( edit ) Bert P. Krages Attorney at Law Photographer 's Rights Page Information about photographers ' rights in the US European Court of Human Rights case law factsheet on the right to one 's own image Photography and the Law Photography and the Law Legal Updates Canadian laws with regard to photography Digital Rights Ireland '' Photographer 's Rights UK Photographers Rights Australian street photography legal issues I 'm a Photographer , Not a Terrorist ! , a UK group set up to fight unnecessary and draconian restrictions against individuals taking photographs in public spaces Worldwide Photographer 's Rights free ebook Photography Outline Terminology 35 mm equivalent focal length Angle of view Aperture Black and white Chromatic aberration Circle of confusion Color balance Color temperature Depth of field Depth of focus Exposure Exposure compensation Exposure value F - number Film format Large Medium Film speed Focal length Guide number Hyperfocal distance Metering mode Orb ( optics ) Perspective distortion Photograph Photographic printing Photographic processes Reciprocity Red - eye effect Science of photography Shutter speed Sync Zone System Genres Abstract Aerial Architectural Astrophotography Banquet Conceptual Conservation Cloudscape Documentary Ethnographic Erotic Fashion Fine - art Fire Forensic Glamour High - speed Landscape Lomography Nature Neues Sehen Nude Photojournalism Pornography Portrait Post-mortem Selfie Social documentary Sports Still life Stock Street Vernacular Underwater Wedding Wildlife Techniques Afocal Bokeh Brenizer Contre - jour Cyanotype ETTR Fill flash Fireworks Harris shutter HDRI High - speed Holography Infrared Intentional camera movement Kirlian Kite aerial Long - exposure Macro Mordançage Multiple exposure Night Panning Panoramic Photogram Print toning Redscale Rephotography Rollout Scanography Schlieren photography Sabatier effect Stereoscopy Stopping down Strip Slit - scan Sun printing Tilt -- shift Miniature faking Time - lapse Ultraviolet Vignetting Xerography Composition Diagonal method Framing Headroom Lead room Rule of thirds Simplicity Equipment Camera light - field field instant pinhole press rangefinder SLR still TLR toy view Darkroom enlarger safelight Film base format holder stock Filter Flash beauty dish cucoloris gobo hood hot shoe monolight Reflector snoot Softbox Lens Wide - angle lens Zoom lens Telephoto lens Manufacturers Monopod Movie projector Slide projector Tripod head Zone plate History Timeline of photography technology Analog photography Autochrome Lumière Box camera Calotype Camera obscura Daguerreotype Dufaycolor Heliography Painted photography backdrops Photography and the law Glass plate Visual arts Digital photography Digital camera D - SLR comparison MILC camera back Digiscoping Digital versus film photography Film scanner Image sensor CMOS APS CCD Three - CCD camera Foveon X3 sensor Image sharing Pixel Color photography Color Print film Reversal film Color management color space primary color CMYK color model RGB color model Photographic processing Bleach bypass C - 41 process Cross processing Developer Digital image processing Dye coupler E-6 process Fixer Gelatin silver process Gum printing Instant film K - 14 process Print permanence Push processing Stop bath Lists Most expensive photographs Photographers Norwegian Polish street women Portal Mobile phones General Features GSM services History Operating system Security Telephony airplane mode Text messaging SMS MMS Spam Tracking Web browsing HTML5 Software Apps Development Distribution Management Cloud computing Commerce Banking Marketing advertising campaigns Payments contactless donating Ticketing Content Blogging Email Gambling Gaming Health Instant messaging Learning Music News Search local Social address book Television Culture Charms Comics Dating Japanese culture Novels Ringtones silent mode Selfie Txtspk Wallpaper Devices Manufacturers 3D phone Camera phone Car phone Feature phone Projector phone Satellite phone Smartphone SIM lock Form factors Bar Flip Phablet Slider Smartwatch Smartphones Android devices rooting BlackBerry 10 iPhone iOS jailbreaking Open - source mobile phones Symbian devices Windows Phone devices Environment and health BlackBerry thumb Driving safety Electronic waste External power supply Phantom vibration syndrome Radiation and health Recycling Law Carrier IQ Use restrictions while driving Legality of recording by civilians Photography and the law Telephone tapping Texting while driving Mobile phones in prison Networking Channel capacity Frequencies Multi-band Network operator list Roaming Signal SIM ( dual SIM ) Standards comparison Tethering VoIP WAP XHTML - MP Generations 0G 1G 2G 3G adoption 3.5 G 4G 4.5 G 5G Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photography_and_the_law&oldid=792899132 '' Categories : Privacy law Photography Copyright law Intellectual property law Hidden categories : Articles with limited geographic scope from May 2011 Pages in non-existent country centric categories Articles needing expert attention with no reason or talk parameter Articles needing expert attention from January 2009 All articles needing expert attention Law articles needing expert attention All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Talk Search Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Italiano Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 29 July 2017 , at 13 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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Central Statistics Office (India)

Central Statistics Office ( India ) - Wikipedia Central Statistics Office ( India ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about India 's national statistical agency . For other uses , see Central Statistics Office . The Central Statistics Office ( CSO ) is a governmental agency in India under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation responsible for co-ordination of statistical activities in India , and evolving and maintaining statistical standards . It has a well - equipped Graphical Unit . The CSO is located in Delhi . Some portion of Industrial Statistics work pertaining to Annual Survey of industries is carried out in Calcutta . Contents ( hide ) 1 Activities 2 Organisation 3 Functions 4 History 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Activities ( edit ) The Central Statistics Office is responsible for co-ordination of statistical activities in the country , and evolving and maintaining statistical standards . Its activities include National Income Accounting ; conduct of Annual Survey of Industries , Economic Censuses and its follow up surveys , compilation of Index of Industrial Production , as well as Consumer Price Indices for Urban Non-Manual Employees , Human Development Statistics , Gender Statistics , imparting training in Official Statistics , Five Year Plan work relating to Development of Statistics in the States and Union Territories ; dissemination of statistical information , work relating to trade , energy , construction , and environment statistics , revision of National Industrial Classification , etc . Organisation ( edit ) The CSO is headed by the Director - General who is assisted by Five additional Director - Generals and four Deputy Director - Generals , six Joint Directors , seven special task officers , thirty deputy directors , 48 assistant directors and other supporting staff . The CSO is located in Delhi . Functions ( edit ) The Central Statistics Office ( CSO ) in the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation ( MoS & PI ) is responsible for the compilation of National Accounts Statistics ( NAS ) . At the State level , State Directorates of Economics and Statistics ( DESs ) have the responsibility of compiling their State Domestic Product and other aggregates . History ( edit ) The CSO was set up in the cabinet secretariat on 2 May 1951 . See also ( edit ) List of national and international statistical services References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CSO '' . pib.nic.in . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 05 . External links ( edit ) Official website National statistics agencies CSA INSTAT ONS INDEC ARMSTAT CBS ABS SA SSC BBS SB INSAE INE IBGE NSI NIS INS SC INE NBS DANE INEC INS DZS CSO DST CAPMAS SE CSA SFI SF INSEE NSO SB SM SNZ CSO PBS PSA GUS INE SSA SCB TUIK ONS FSS List of national and international statistical services India topics History Overviews Timeline Years Astronomy Economics Linguistics Maritime Mathematics Metallurgy Military Postal Science and technology Pre-colonial Stone Age Indus Valley Civilization Vedic period Mahajanapadas Mauryas Middle kingdoms Hoysala Chola Pala Kakatiya Delhi Sultanate Vijayanagara Mughals Marathas European trade Colonial Princely East India Company Plassey 1857 rebellion British Raj Railways Economy Army Zamindari Bengali renaissance Political reforms Princely states Partition of Bengal Independence movement 1943 famine World War II Partition Republic Integration Non-Aligned Movement Five - Year Plans Sino - Indian War Indo - Pakistani wars Green Revolution White Revolution Naxal Insurgency Smiling Buddha Space programme The Emergency Indian Peace Keeping Force ( IPKF ) Economic liberalisation Pokhran - II Geography Environment Biosphere reserves Climate Climatic regions Earthquakes Ecoregions Environmental issues Fauna Flora Geology National parks Protected areas Wildlife sanctuaries Landforms Beaches Desert Extreme points Glaciers Islands Lakes Mountains Plains Indo - Gangetic Eastern coastal Western coastal Rivers Valleys Volcanoes Waterfalls Regions East North Northeast South West Subdivisions Autonomous administrative divisions Cities Districts Municipalities States and territories Politics Government Agencies Energy policy Foreign relations Parliament President Vice President Prime Minister Union Council of Ministers Civil Services Cabinet Secretary State governments Law Chief Justice Constitution District Courts Fundamental rights , principles and duties High Courts Human rights Supreme Court Enforcement Federal Border Security Force ( BSF ) Central Industrial Security Force ( CISF ) Central Reserve Police Force ( CRPF ) Indo - Tibetan Border Police ( ITBP ) National Security Guard ( NSG ) Railway Protection Force ( RPF ) Sashastra Seema Bal ( SSB ) Special Protection Group ( SPG ) Intelligence Bureau of Police Research and Development ( BPR&D ) Central Bureau of Investigation ( CBI ) Directorate of Revenue Intelligence ( DRI ) Enforcement Directorate Intelligence Bureau ( IB ) Joint Intelligence Committee ( JIC ) Narcotics Control Bureau ( NCB ) National Investigation Agency ( NIA ) Research and Analysis Wing ( R&AW ) Military Army Navy Air Force Politics Censorship Elections Nationalism Parliament Lok Sabha Rajya Sabha Political parties INC BJP BSP CPI CPM NCP Reservations Scandals Scheduled groups Secularism Economy Companies BSE SENSEX CNX Nifty Government - owned companies List of companies Governance Ministry of Finance Finance ministers Ministry of Commerce and Industry Commerce ministers Finance Commission Planning Commission Economic Advisory Council Central Statistical Office Securities and Exchange Board of India Enforcement Directorate Foreign trade Remittances Taxation Subsidies Industrial licensing Voluntary guidelines NITI Aayog Make in India FDI in India Currency Indian rupee History Historical exchange rates data of the Indian rupee Coinage Reserve Bank of India Governors India Government Mint Financial services Banking Banks Insurance Foreign exchange reserves Bombay Stock Exchange National Stock Exchange Multi Commodity Exchange Bullion Black money History Economic Development Economic liberalisation Licence Raj Green revolution Government initiatives Numbering system People Billionaires Businesspeople Demography Income Poverty Labour law Pensions EPFO NPS PPF States Andhra Pradesh Assam Bihar Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Telangana Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Sectors Agriculture Livestock Fishing Automotive Defence Construction Education Energy Nuclear Solar Wind Entertainment Forestry Gambling Healthcare Information technology Media Cinema Television Printing Mining Pharmaceuticals Retail Science and technology Biotechnology Telecommunications Textiles Tourism Transport Aviation Civil Ports Rail Utilities Electricity Water Society Culture Society Caste system Corruption Demographics Education Universities in India Medical colleges in India Law colleges in India Engineering colleges in India Ethnic relations Healthcare Hospitals in India Languages Literacy Poverty Prisons Religion Socio - economic issues Standard of living Water supply and sanitation Crime Culture Arts and entertainment Architecture Blogging Cinema Comics Webcomics Cuisine wine Dance Dress Folklore Festivals Literature Media television Martial arts Music Public holidays Sport This article about government in India is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Statistics_Office_(India)&oldid=814074835 '' Categories : National statistical services Statistical organisations in India Executive branch of the Indian government Industry in India Indian government stubs Hidden categories : Use Indian English from December 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from December 2016 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages हिन्दी Edit links This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 19 : 29 . About Wikipedia

when was central statistical organisation of india established

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URL

URL - wikipedia URL For other uses , see URL ( disambiguation ) . A Uniform Resource Locator ( URL ) , colloquially termed a web address , is a reference to a web resource that specifies its location on a computer network and a mechanism for retrieving it . A URL is a specific type of Uniform Resource Identifier ( URI ) , although many people use the two terms interchangeably . URLs occur most commonly to reference web pages ( http ) , but are also used for file transfer ( ftp ) , email ( mailto ) , database access ( JDBC ) , and many other applications . Most web browsers display the URL of a web page above the page in an address bar . A typical URL could have the form http://www.example.com/index.html , which indicates a protocol ( http ) , a hostname ( www.example.com ) , and a file name ( index. html ) . Contents 1 History 2 Syntax 3 Internationalized URL 4 Protocol - relative URLs 5 See also 6 Notes 7 Citations 8 References 9 External links History Uniform Resource Locator simple example Uniform Resource Locators were defined in RFC 1738 in 1994 by Tim Berners - Lee , the inventor of the World Wide Web , and the URI working group of the Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ) , as an outcome of collaboration started at the IETF Living Documents Birds of a feather session in 1992 . The format combines the pre-existing system of domain names ( created in 1985 ) with file path syntax , where slashes are used to separate directory and filenames . Conventions already existed where server names could be prefixed to complete file paths , preceded by a double slash ( / / ) . Berners - Lee later expressed regret at the use of dots to separate the parts of the domain name within URIs , wishing he had used slashes throughout , and also said that , given the colon following the first component of a URI , the two slashes before the domain name were unnecessary . An early ( 1993 ) draft of the HTML Specification referred to `` Universal '' Resource Locators . This was dropped some time between June 1994 ( RFC 1630 ) and October 1994 ( draft - ietf - uri - url - 08. txt ) . Syntax Main article : Uniform Resource Identifier § Syntax Every HTTP URL conforms to the syntax of a generic URI . The URI generic syntax consists of a hierarchical sequence of five components : URI = scheme : ( / / authority ) path ( ? query ) ( # fragment ) where the authority component divides into three subcomponents : authority = ( userinfo @ ) host ( : port ) This is represented in a syntax diagram as : The URI comprises : A non-empty scheme component followed by a colon ( : ) , consisting of a sequence of characters beginning with a letter and followed by any combination of letters , digits , plus ( + ) , period ( . ) , or hyphen ( - ) . Although schemes are case - insensitive , the canonical form is lowercase and documents that specify schemes must do so with lowercase letters . Examples of popular schemes include http , https , ftp , mailto , file , data , and irc . URI schemes should be registered with the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority ( IANA ) , although non-registered schemes are used in practice . An optional non-empty authority component preceded by two slashes ( / / ) , comprising : An optional userinfo subcomponent that may consist of a user name and an optional password preceded by a colon ( : ) , followed by an at symbol ( @ ) . Use of the format username : password in the userinfo subcomponent is deprecated for security reasons . Applications should not render as clear text any data after the first colon ( : ) found within a userinfo subcomponent unless the data after the colon is the empty string ( indicating no password ) . A non-empty host subcomponent , consisting of either a registered name ( including but not limited to a hostname ) , or an IP address . IPv4 addresses must be in dot - decimal notation , and IPv6 addresses must be enclosed in brackets ( ( ) ) . An optional port subcomponent preceded by a colon ( : ) . A path component , consisting of a sequence of path segments separated by a slash ( / ) . A path is always defined for a URI , though the defined path may be empty ( zero length ) . A segment may also be empty , resulting in two consecutive slashes ( / / ) in the path component . A path component may resemble or map exactly to a file system path , but does not always imply a relation to one . If an authority component is present , then the path component must either be empty or begin with a slash ( / ) . If an authority component is absent , then the path can not begin with an empty segment , that is with two slashes ( / / ) , as the following characters would be interpreted as an authority component . The final segment of the path may be referred to as a ' slug ' . Query delimiter Example Ampersand ( & ) key1 = value1&key2 = value2 Semicolon ( ; ) key1 = value1 ; key2 = value2 An optional query component preceded by a question mark ( ? ) , containing a query string of non-hierarchical data . Its syntax is not well defined , but by convention is most often a sequence of attribute -- value pairs separated by a delimiter . An optional fragment component preceded by a hash ( # ) . The fragment contains a fragment identifier providing direction to a secondary resource , such as a section heading in an article identified by the remainder of the URI . When the primary resource is an HTML document , the fragment is often an id attribute of a specific element , and web browsers will scroll this element into view . A web browser will usually dereference a URL by performing an HTTP request to the specified host , by default on port number 80 . URLs using the https scheme require that requests and responses will be made over a secure connection to the website . Internationalized URL Internet users are distributed throughout the world using a wide variety of languages and alphabets and expect to be able to create URLs in their own local alphabets . An Internationalized Resource Identifier ( IRI ) is a form of URL that includes Unicode characters . All modern browsers support IRIs . The parts of the URL requiring special treatment for different alphabets are the domain name and path . The domain name in the IRI is known as an Internationalized Domain Name ( IDN ) . Web and Internet software automatically convert the domain name into punycode usable by the Domain Name System ; for example , the Chinese URL http : / / 例子. 卷 筒 纸 becomes http://xn--fsqu00a.xn--3lr804guic/ . The xn -- indicates that the character was not originally ASCII . The URL path name can also be specified by the user in the local writing system . If not already encoded , it is converted to UTF - 8 , and any characters not part of the basic URL character set are escaped as hexadecimal using percent - encoding ; for example , the Japanese URL http://example.com/ 引き 割り. html becomes http://example.com/%E5%BC%95%E3%81%8D%E5%89%B2%E3%82%8A.html . The target computer decodes the address and displays the page . Protocol - relative URLs Protocol - relative links ( PRL ) , also known as protocol - relative URLs ( PRURL ) , are URLs that have no protocol specified . For example , / / example.com will use the protocol of the current page , either HTTP or HTTPS . See also CURIE ( Compact URI ) Use of slashes in networking Fragment identifier Internationalized resource identifier ( IRI ) Semantic URL Typosquatting Uniform Resource Identifier URL normalization Notes Jump up ^ A URL implies the means to access an indicated resource and is denoted by a protocol or an access mechanism , which is not true of every URI . Thus http://www.example.com is a URL , while www.example.com is not . Jump up ^ The procedures for registering new URI schemes were originally defined in 1999 by RFC 2717 , and are now defined by RFC 7595 , published in June 2015 . Jump up ^ For URIs relating to resources on the World Wide Web , some web browsers allow . 0 portions of dot - decimal notation to be dropped or raw integer IP addresses to be used . Jump up ^ Historic RFC 1866 ( obsoleted by RFC 2854 ) encourages CGI authors to support ' ; ' in addition to ' & ' . Citations Jump up ^ W3C ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ `` Forward and Backslashes in URLs '' . zzz. buzz . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ RFC 3986 ( 2005 ) . ^ Jump up to : Joint W3C / IETF URI Planning Interest Group ( 2002 ) . Jump up ^ RFC 2396 ( 1998 ) . Jump up ^ Miessler , Daniel . `` The Difference Between URLs and URIs '' . Jump up ^ W3C ( 1994 ) . Jump up ^ IETF ( 1992 ) . Jump up ^ Berners - Lee ( 1994 ) . ^ Jump up to : Berners - Lee ( 2000 ) . Jump up ^ BBC News ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Berners - Lee , Tim ; Connolly , Daniel ( March 1993 ) . Hypertext Markup Language ( draft RFCxxx ) ( Technical report ) . p. 28 . Jump up ^ Berners - Lee , T ; Masinter , L ; McCahill , M ( October 1994 ) . Uniform Resource Locators ( URL ) ( Technical report ) . cited in Ang , C.S. ; Martin , D.C. ( January 1995 ) . Constituent Component Interface++ ( Technical report ) . UCSF Library and Center for Knowledge Management . Jump up ^ RFC 3986 , section 3 ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ IETF ( 2015 ) . Jump up ^ RFC 3986 ( 2005 ) , § 3.2. 2 . Jump up ^ Lawrence ( 2014 ) . Jump up ^ RFC 2396 ( 1998 ) , § 3.3 . Jump up ^ RFC 1866 ( 1995 ) , § 8.2. 1 . ^ Jump up to : W3C ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ W3C ( 2014 ) . Jump up ^ IANA ( 2003 ) . Jump up ^ J.D. Glaser ( 2013 ) . Secure Development for Mobile Apps : How to Design and Code Secure Mobile Applications with PHP and JavaScript . CRC Press . p. 193 . Retrieved 12 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Steven M. Schafer ( 2011 ) . HTML , XHTML , and CSS Bible . John Wiley & Sons . p. 124 . Retrieved 12 October 2015 . References `` Berners - Lee `` sorry '' for slashes `` . BBC News . 2009 - 10 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 14 . `` Living Documents BoF Minutes '' . World Wide Web Consortium. 18 March 1992 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 26 . Berners - Lee , Tim ( 21 March 1994 ) . `` Uniform Resource Locators ( URL ) : A Syntax for the Expression of Access Information of Objects on the Network '' . World Wide Web Consortium . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Berners - Lee , Tim ; Masinter , Larry ; McCahill , Mark ( August 1998 ) . `` Uniform Resource Locators ( URL ) '' . Internet Engineering Task Force . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . Berners - Lee , Tim ( 2015 ) ( 2000 ) . `` Why the / / , # , etc ? '' . Frequently asked questions . World Wide Web Consortium . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 03 . Connolly , Dan ; Sperberg - McQueen , C.M. , eds. ( 21 May 2009 ) . `` Web addresses in HTML 5 '' . World Wide Web Consortium . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Internet Assigned Numbers Authority ( 14 February 2003 ) . `` Completion of IANA Selection of IDNA Prefix '' . IETF - Announce mailing list . Retrieved 3 September 2015 . Berners - Lee , Tim ; Fielding , Roy ; Masinter , Larry ( August 1998 ) . `` Uniform Resource Identifiers ( URI ) : Generic Syntax '' . Internet Engineering Task Force . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . Hansen , T. ; Hardie , T. ( June 2015 ) . Thaler , D. , ed . `` Guidelines and Registration Procedures for URI Schemes '' . Internet Engineering Task Force . ISSN 2070 - 1721 . Mealling , M. ; Denenberg , R. , eds . ( August 2002 ) . `` Report from the Joint W3C / IETF URI Planning Interest Group : Uniform Resource Identifiers ( URIs ) , URLs , and Uniform Resource Names ( URNs ) : Clarifications and Recommendations '' . World Wide Web Consortium . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Berners - Lee , Tim ; Fielding , Roy ; Masinter , Larry ( January 2005 ) . `` Uniform Resource Identifiers ( URI ) : Generic Syntax '' . Internet Engineering Task Force . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . `` An Introduction to Multilingual Web Addresses '' . 9 May 2008 . Retrieved 11 January 2015 . Phillip , A. ( 2014 ) . `` What is Happening with `` International URLs '' `` . World Wide Web Consortium . Retrieved 11 January 2015 . 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The First 48

The First 48 - wikipedia The First 48 Jump to : navigation , search The First 48 Genre Documentary Narrated by Dion Graham Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 16 No. of episodes 346 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) John X . Kim Alexis Robie Laura Fleury Peter Tarshis Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) ITV Studios America Release Original network A&E Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release June 3 , 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 03 ) -- present Chronology Related shows After the First 48 The First 48 : Missing Persons The Killer Speaks External links Website The First 48 is an American documentary television series on A&E . Filmed in various cities in the United States , the series offers an insider 's look at the real - life world of homicide investigators . While the series often follows the investigations to their end , it usually focuses on their first 48 hours , thus the title . Each episode picks one or more homicides in different cities , covering each alternately , showing how detectives use forensic evidence , witness interviews and other advanced detective skills to identify suspects . While most cases are solved within the first 48 hours , some go on days , weeks , months , or even years after the first 48 . The series was nominated for a Distinguished Documentary Achievement Award in the Continuing Series category by the International Documentary Association , eventually losing out to American Experience . By season 6 , The First 48 had become the highest rated non-fiction justice series on television , and had gained critical acclaim along with controversy . The season 8 premiere , `` Gone '' , which aired on January 1 , 2009 , garnered a domestic audience of 2.3 million viewers which made it the series ' most watched episode , at the time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Title sequence 2 Episodes 2.1 Spin - offs 3 Reception 4 Controversy 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Title sequence ( edit ) Until the middle of the 12th season , the opening title sequence featured the conceptual statement `` For homicide detectives , the clock starts ticking the moment they are called . Their chance of solving a murder is cut in half if they do n't get a lead within the first 48 hours . '' The original soundtrack , opening title theme and dark ambient sound design for the overall program were composed by Chuck Hammer ( 2004 -- 2006 ) . Later composers included Brian and Justin Deming ( 2006 -- 2008 ) and Paul Brill ( 2008 -- 2015 ) , who continued with a combination of dark ambient music integrated with sound design . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of The First 48 episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 June 3 , 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 03 ) November 18 , 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 18 ) 13 January 6 , 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 06 ) August 11 , 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 11 ) 12 October 6 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 06 ) March 2 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 02 ) 19 June 15 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 15 ) December 28 , 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 28 ) 5 13 January 11 , 2007 ( 2007 - 01 - 11 ) May 31 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 31 ) 6 18 June 21 , 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 21 ) December 6 , 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 06 ) 7 26 January 10 , 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 10 ) September 11 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 11 ) 8 16 September 18 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 18 ) April 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 23 ) 9 11 June 18 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 18 ) September 17 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 17 ) 10 16 January 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 14 ) June 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 10 ) 11 36 July 8 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 08 ) June 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 09 ) 12 43 June 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 16 ) December 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 20 ) 13 36 March 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 07 ) May 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 29 ) 14 24 June 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 19 ) May 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 21 ) 15 30 November 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 05 ) September 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 05 ) 16 TBD December 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 01 ) ( ) Spin - offs ( edit ) The series has several follow - up episodes entitled After the First 48 -- detailing the trials of those accused in previous episodes -- and the aftermath of victims ' survivors . The First 48 : Missing Persons follows the same story format as the original series . The latest spin - off , The Killer Speaks , depicts convicted felons as they describe their crimes through their first - hand accounts . Reception ( edit ) In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that The First 48 `` has a classic Black Belt audience pattern '' . Controversy ( edit ) On November 18 , 2009 , 21 - year - old Taiwan Smart was charged with two counts of second - degree murder of his two roommates in Miami 's Little Haiti neighborhood . His story aired later as an episode titled `` Inside Job . '' Evidence later established that police made important mistakes in their investigation . Additionally , The First 48 misrepresented a key witness 's statement on the program . Smart was released in June 2011 and has since sued the city of Miami for false imprisonment . The episode continues to air without correction . On May 16 , 2010 , a 7 - year - old Detroit girl named Aiyana Jones was shot and killed during a `` special weapons and tactics '' ( SWAT ) raid that was filmed by The First 48 cameras . Detroit SWAT unit raided the duplex while searching for a homicide suspect . On October 5 , 2011 , prosecutors charged the Detroit police officer with the involuntary manslaughter of Jones . Allison Howard , an A&E Television Network camera operator filming that night , was charged with perjury and obstruction of justice after lying under oath . She pleaded no contest to obstruction of justice and was sentenced to two years of probation . The show 's unprecedented access to police departments has generated some controversy because such access is not typically given to traditional local news media . Moreover , the show has been criticized for putting witnesses in danger by revealing their faces and their voices on a nationally televised program and for not being sensitive to what might happen to them in the form of retaliation . In response to such criticism , witnesses often ask producers to have their faces blurred out and voices changed or to speak off camera . See also ( edit ) The First 48 : Missing Persons After the First 48 The Killer Speaks The Critical Hour References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - A&E Real Life Series - the First 48 & Swat Return for Sixth and Third Seasons Respectively '' . TheFutonCritic.com . June 27 , 2007 . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - A&E Kicked Off the New Year with the Record Breaking Season Premiere of ' The First 48 ' '' . TheFutonCritic.com . January 5 , 2009 . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( 2016 - 12 - 27 ) . `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` The First 48 Makes Millions Off Imprisoning Innocents '' . Miami New Times . January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The First 48 Makes Millions Off Imprisoning Innocents '' . Miami New Times . January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lawyer questions police version of raid that killed girl '' . CNN . May 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nightcap - A Different Kind of News '' . The33tv.com . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Allison Howard , ' The First 48 ' Videographer , Pleads In Fatal Detroit Raid That Killed Aiyana - Stanley Jones '' . Huffingtonpost.com . June 21 , 2013 . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Official website The First 48 on IMDb The First 48 at TV.com A&E original programming Former 1980s debuts An Evening at the Improv ( 1982 -- 96 ) Caroline 's Comedy Hour ( 1989 -- 95 ) 1990s debuts Agatha Christie 's Poirot ( 1990 -- 2004 ) America 's Castles ( 1998 -- 2005 ) American Justice ( 1992 -- 2005 ) Ancient Mysteries ( 1994 -- 98 ) Breakfast with the Arts ( 1991 -- 2007 ) City Confidential ( 1998 -- 2005 ) Cold Case Files ( 1999 -- 2008 ) Live by Request ( 1996 -- 2004 ) Mysteries of the Bible ( 1994 -- 98 ) 2000s debuts 100 Centre Street ( 2001 -- 02 ) Airline ( 2004 -- 05 ) The Andromeda Strain ( 2008 ) Bearing Witness ( 2005 ) The Beast ( 2009 -- 10 ) Big Spender ( 2006 ) Billy the Exterminator ( 2009 -- 12 ) The Cleaner ( 2008 -- 09 ) Committed ( 2004 -- 05 ) Confessions of a Matchmaker ( 2007 -- 08 ) Crime 360 ( 2008 -- 09 ) Criss Angel Mindfreak ( 2005 -- 10 ) Dallas SWAT / Detroit SWAT ( 2006 -- 07 ) Dog the Bounty Hunter ( 2004 -- 12 ) Driving Force ( 2006 -- 07 ) Family Plots ( 2004 -- 05 ) Fatherhood ( 2005 -- 06 ) Flip This House ( 2005 -- 09 ) Gene Simmons Family Jewels ( 2006 -- 12 ) God or the Girl ( 2006 ) Hoarders ( 2009 -- 13 ) Inked ( 2005 -- 06 ) The Jacksons : A Family Dynasty ( 2009 -- 10 ) King of Cars ( 2006 -- 07 ) Manhunters : Fugitive Task Force ( 2008 ) Move This House ( 2005 -- 07 ) A Nero Wolfe Mystery ( 2001 -- 02 ) Obsessed ( 2009 -- 10 ) Paranormal State ( 2007 -- 11 ) Parking Wars ( 2008 -- 12 ) Private Sessions ( 2007 -- 11 ) Psychic Kids ( 2008 -- 10 ) Rollergirls ( 2006 ) Rookies ( 2008 -- 09 ) Sell This House ( 2003 -- 11 ) Sons of Hollywood ( 2007 ) Steven Seagal : Lawman ( 2009 -- 10 ) Tattoo Highway ( 2009 ) The Two Coreys ( 2007 -- 08 ) We Mean Business ( 2008 ) 2010s debuts 8 Minutes ( 2015 ) American Hoggers ( 2011 -- 13 ) Bad Ink ( 2013 -- 14 ) Barry 'd Treasure ( 2014 ) Barter Kings ( 2012 -- 13 ) Bates Motel ( 2013 -- 17 ) Be the Boss ( 2012 ) Beyond Scared Straight ( since 2011 ) Brandi & Jarrod : Married to the Job ( 2014 ) Breakout Kings ( 2011 -- 12 ) Cajun Justice ( 2012 ) Coma ( 2012 ) Country Bucks ( 2014 -- 15 ) Damien ( 2016 ) Duck Dynasty ( 2012 -- 2017 ) The First 48 : Missing Persons ( 2011 -- 13 ) Flipped Off ( 2012 ) Flipping Vegas ( 2011 -- 14 ) The Glades ( 2010 -- 13 ) The Governor 's Wife ( 2013 ) Growing Up Twisted ( 2010 ) Heavy ( 2011 ) The Killer Speaks ( 2013 ) Kirstie Alley 's Big Life ( 2010 ) Longmire ( 2012 -- 14 ) Modern Dads ( 2013 ) Panic 911 ( 2012 -- 13 ) Paranormal Cops ( 2010 ) Relapse ( 2011 ) The Returned ( 2015 ) Southie Rules ( 2013 ) Storage Wars : New York ( 2013 -- 14 ) Storage Wars : Texas ( 2011 -- 14 ) Teach : Tony Danza ( 2010 ) Those Who Kill ( 2014 ) Unforgettable ( 2015 - 16 ) Current Akil the Fugitive Hunter ( since 2017 ) Behind Bars : Rookie Year ( since 2015 ) Big Smo ( since 2014 ) Billy the Exterminator ( since 2009 ) Donnie Loves Jenny ( since 2015 ) The First 48 ( since 2004 ) The Frankenstein Chronicles ( since 2016 ) The Killing Season ( since 2016 ) Lachey 's Bar ( since 2015 ) Live PD ( since 2016 ) Shipping Wars ( since 2012 ) Storage Wars ( since 2010 ) Storage Wars : Miami ( since 2015 ) 60 Days In ( since 2016 ) Going Si - Ral ( since 2016 ) Wahlburgers ( since 2014 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_First_48&oldid=816170863 '' Categories : 2000s American television series 2010s American television series 2004 American television series debuts Documentary television series about policing A&E ( TV channel ) shows American reality television series English - language television programs Television series by ITV Studios Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 19 : 01 . 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Jane the Virgin

Jane the Virgin - wikipedia Jane the Virgin Jane the Virgin Genre Drama Romantic comedy Satire Based on Juana la virgen by Perla Farías Developed by Jennie Snyder Urman Starring Gina Rodriguez Andrea Navedo Yael Grobglas Justin Baldoni Ivonne Coll Brett Dier Jaime Camil Elias Janssen Narrated by Anthony Mendez Theme music composer Gustavo Santaolalla Composer ( s ) Kevin Kiner Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English Spanish No. of seasons No. of episodes 81 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Jennie Snyder Urman Ben Silverman Gary Pearl Jorge Granier Brad Silberling Producer ( s ) Paul Sciarrotta Meredith Averill Corinne Brinkerhoff David S. Rosenthal Josh Reims Gina Lamar Mark Grossan Sean Canino Production location ( s ) Los Angeles , California Manhattan Beach , California Cinematography Lowell Peterson Xavier Grobet Editor ( s ) Eric Lea Raul Davalos Bruce Green Camera setup Single - camera Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Poppy Productions RCTV International Electus Entertainment Warner Bros. Television CBS Television Studios Distributor CBS Television Distribution Release Original network The CW Picture format 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 with Spanish - language dubbing on SAP channel ( where available ) Original release October 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 13 ) -- present Chronology Related shows La virgen de la calle External links Website Jane the Virgin is an American satirical romantic comedy drama developed by Jennie Snyder Urman , that debuted on The CW on October 13 , 2014 . It is a loose adaptation of the Venezuelan telenovela Juana la Virgen created by Perla Farías . The series stars Gina Rodriguez as Jane Villanueva , a working , religious young Latina virgin , who becomes pregnant after accidentally being artificially inseminated . The program parodies commonly used tropes and devices in Latin telenovelas . At the 72nd Golden Globe Awards , Jane the Virgin was nominated for the award for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy , received the Peabody Award , and Gina Rodriguez won the award for Best Actress -- Television Series , Musical or Comedy . It was also named a TV Program of the Year by the American Film Institute . Beginning with the fourth episode of season three , the series ' on - screen title card was modified , with `` The Virgin '' crossed out in favor of a substitute each episode . This mirrored the storyline , in which Jane is no longer a virgin . On April 2 , 2018 , The CW renewed the series for a fifth and final season . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Series overview 4 Production 5 Broadcast 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.1. 1 Critics ' top ten lists 6.2 Ratings 6.3 Accolades 7 Home media 8 Novel 9 References 10 External links Premise ( edit ) Set in Miami , the series details the surprising and unforeseen events that take place in the life of Jane Gloriana Villanueva , a hard - working , religious young Venezuelan American woman whose family tradition and a vow to save her virginity until her marriage to her detective boyfriend becomes complicated when a doctor mistakenly artificially inseminates her during a checkup . To make matters worse , the biological donor is a married man , a former playboy and cancer survivor who is not only the new owner of the hotel where Jane works , but was also her former teenage crush . In addition to adjusting to pregnancy and then motherhood , in the initial episodes Jane is faced with questions about her professional future and the daunting prospect of choosing between the father of her baby or her boyfriend . As the series evolves , the issues shift as her child grows into a toddler , her writing career moves forward , and her family members likewise develop independent plotlines . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Jane the Virgin characters Main ( edit ) Gina Rodriguez as Jane Gloriana Villanueva , a 23 - year - old , religious young Latina who becomes pregnant after being artificially inseminated by mistake while being engaged to Michael . After meeting Rafael and hearing his situation , she agrees to carry the baby full term and turn over custody to him and his wife Petra , but only if she is sure her baby will be safe and loved with them . Jane breaks off the engagement with Michael due to him keeping secrets from her regarding the Solanos . But , as the pregnancy grows , Rafael and Jane start to have feelings for each other , but the relationship does n't last very long . Jane ends up having a baby boy named Mateo Gloriano Rogelio Solano Villanueva . She marries Michael Cordero in the season two finale . In the tenth episode of season three , she becomes widowed when he dies from his gunshot wound . After trying to find a letter which Michael wrote her while he was alive , her ex-boyfriend Adam comes back into her life , bringing out her fun side , which had been hidden after giving birth . Adam soon leaves for a job offer . She later finds her feelings resurfacing for Rafael again . Executive producer Jennie Snyder Urman stated that Gina Rodriguez `` was literally the third person that came in '' during the casting . Jenna Ortega as Young Jane , at age 10 , is the most frequent ( 21 chapters as of season 3 ) of the four younger `` Janes '' seen in flashbacks . Andrea Navedo as Xiomara `` Xo '' Gloriana Villanueva , Jane 's outgoing mother . She was only sixteen years old when she had Jane , which is why Jane would rather keep her virginity until marriage than make the same mistake her mother did . She is a dance teacher , but dreams of having a singing career . She marries Jane 's father in the Season three finale . In the end of Season 4 , she is diagnosed with breast cancer . Catherine Toribio plays a younger Xiomara during some flashback sequences . Yael Grobglas as Petra Solano ( birthname : Natalia Andel , later Natalia Dvoracek ) , Rafael 's scheming wife and a member of a shady Czech crime family who got married to Rafael in order to steal his wealth , though over time she did fall in love with him . She later divorces Rafael and in Season 2 , she gives birth to their twin daughters , Anna and Ellie . ( Formally Elsa but changed due to Petra hating the `` Frozen '' references ) . She is then convicted for the murder of her twin sister , causing her to meet her lawyer Jane . Jane and Petra grow closer and then fall in love . Justin Baldoni as Rafael Solano , the 31 - year - old owner of the Marbella Hotel and the biological father of Jane 's child , who has fallen out of love with his wife . As the series progresses , he develops growing feelings for Jane , and divorces Petra after discovering her affair . In season two , he has two daughters with Petra and , in season three , briefly goes to jail . In season four , he and Jane grow closer and it is thought he would propose . Ivonne Coll as Alba Gloriana Villanueva , Jane 's pious maternal grandmother . She is highly religious , and encourages Jane to save her virginity until marriage . While she is able to speak English , she only speaks Spanish with her family , even when they address her in English . She was in the country illegally until she got her green card in season two . In season 4 she becomes a citizen of America . She falls in love with her boss Jorge . Jorge proposes to Alba , but she denies it . Soon she realises that that was a mistake but Jorge had moved on . In the end of Season 4 , Alba and Jorge get married to help him meet his mother who lives out of the country . Brett Dier as Michael Cordero , Jr. ( seasons 1 -- 3 , 5 ; guest season 4 ) , Jane 's 29 - year - old husband who was a detective . He is aware of Petra 's affair , and blackmails her to ensure that her marriage remains intact , so that Jane will give the baby to them , however later he decides to support Jane 's decision to keep the baby . He also dislikes Rafael due to Jane 's , and eventually Rafael 's , attraction to one another . He is the head detective in the hunt for Sin Rostro , a high - profile drug dealer who seems to be based in the Marbella Hotel , however he gets shot while searching for Sin Rostro , he later quits to become a lawyer . Jane and Michael get married in the season two finale . He apparently dies in season three by an aortic dissection caused by a gunshot . In the Season 4 finale , it is revealed that Michael is still alive . Jaime Camil as Rogelio de la Vega , a self - involved , famous telenovela star and Jane 's biological father . He is currently trying to gain a relationship with his newly discovered daughter . He also has feelings for Xiomara , who was his girlfriend in high school . He marries Xiomara in the season three finale . He desperately wants a child and has one with a lady named Darcy . They later have the child and named it Baby Michaelina de la Vega Factor . Elias Janssen as Mateo Gloriano Rogelio Solano Villanueva ( season 4 ) , Jane and Rafael 's baby . Named after Jane 's grandfather and Alba 's husband , who died before Jane was born . Aria Rose Garcia as toddler Mateo Gloriano Rogelio Solano Villanueva . Joseph Sanders played the role in the third season . Anthony Mendez ( voice over ) as the Latin Lover Narrator ; Third - person omniscient . The narration features both metanarration and metafiction . Recurring ( edit ) Yara Martinez as Dr. Luisa Alver , Rafael 's lesbian , neurotic , recovering alcoholic sister , and the doctor who accidentally artificially inseminated Jane . She later has a relationship with her step mother , Sin Rostro / Bridget Regan as Rose , a former lawyer , former girlfriend of Luisa , and eventually stepmother of Luisa and Rafael who defends Luisa against the malpractice suit . She is later revealed to be the crime lord Sin Rostro , and is arrested in season three . Megan Ketch as Susanna Barnett ( season 2 ) , Michael 's partner who was in fact Rose in disguise . After being discovered , she shot Michael in the chest . Before this she has a relationship with Luisa . Elisabeth Röhm as Eileen ( season 3 ) , the second woman whose identity Rose steals for the next three years . In the meantime , the real Eileen murdered Scott . Mia and Ella Allan as Anna and Elsa Solano ( season 2 - present ) , Petra and Rafael 's twin daughters as a result of Petra 's artificial insemination . Carlo Rota as Emilio Solano ( season 1 ) , Luisa 's biological father and Rafael 's adopted father . He is murdered by his wife , Rose . Michael Rady as Lachlan Moore ( seasons 1 - 2 ) , Rafael 's rival and Petra 's former fiancé . Diane Guerrero as Lina Santillan , Jane 's best friend and co-worker . Azie Tesfai as Detective Nadine Hansan ( seasons 1 - 2 ) , a police detective and rival , partner , and brief lover to Michael . She was killed taking a bullet that was meant for Michael , after she was revealed to be working with Sin Rostro . Priscilla Barnes as Magda Andel , Petra 's mother . She is confined to a wheelchair ( but only pretends to be paraplegic ) and she is Petra 's co-conspirator in her plot to steal Rafael 's hotel and wealth . While imprisoned , she was still working against Petra from inside ; she is now out . Yael Grobglas also portrays Anezka ( seasons 2 - 4 ) , Petra 's long - lost twin sister who grew up with a rough life in the Czech Republic . At the end of the second season she drugs Petra and begins a scheme with Magda to impersonate Petra so they can gain controlling shares in the Marbella . She is then murdered by her sister , Petra . Adam Rodriguez as Jonathan Chavez ( season 2 , 4 ) , one of Jane 's teachers at grad school and briefly her love interest . Later found out that he is known for affairs with students . Alano Miller as Roman Zazo ( season 1 ) , Rafael 's best friend and Petra 's lover . He is believed to be murdered in the hotel , causing tension for everyone , including Petra and Rafael . Miller also portrays Aaron Zazo ( season 1 ) , Roman 's twin brother , who appears from `` Chapter Fourteen '' onwards investigating his brother 's murder , is later revealed to be Roman ; it was Aaron who was murdered . Roman is later killed , in self - defense , by Petra . Shelly Bhalla as Krishna ( season 2 - present ) , Petra 's assistant , formerly Rafael 's assistant . She is believed to be blackmailing Petra in season 4 , but it turns out that she was the one being blackmailed . Ricardo Chavira as Bruce ( season 3 ) , Xiomara 's boyfriend of three years who she becomes briefly engaged to , only to break things off due to her lingering feelings for Rogelio . Justina Machado as Darci Factor ( seasons 3 - present ) , Rogelio 's ex-girlfriend and the mother of her and Rogelio 's daughter `` Baby Michaelina de la Vega Factor '' . She runs a matchmaking business . Alfonso DiLuca as Jorge ( seasons 3 - present ) , Alba 's love interest , later boyfriend . Then becomes her husband . Johnny Messner as Chuck Chesser ( seasons 3 - present ) , the new owner of the rival hotel to the Marbella who serves as a new love interest for Petra . Francisco San Martin as Fabian ( seasons 3 - 4 ) , Rogelio 's costar on telenovela Los Viajes de Guillermo who has a brief fling with Jane . Tyler Posey as Adam Alvaro ( seasons 3 - 4 ) , Jane 's first love and later boyfriend , who is bisexual . Rosario Dawson as Jane Ramos ( season 4 ) , Petra 's attorney and love interest . Series overview ( edit ) Main article : List of Jane the Virgin episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 22 October 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 13 ) May 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 11 ) 22 October 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 12 ) May 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 16 ) 20 October 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 17 ) May 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 22 ) 17 October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) April 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 20 ) Production ( edit ) Gina Rodriguez portrays the title role . On June 27 , 2013 , American television network The CW announced that it was planning to release a new show based on the Venezuelan soap opera Juana La Virgen . On February 23 , 2014 , Entertainment Weekly announced that Rodriguez would play the title role of Jane Villanueva . On May 8 , 2014 , during The CW 's 2014 -- 2015 upfronts , the series was officially picked up . On July 18 , 2014 , an extended trailer was released by The CW . On August 8 , 2014 , it was announced that White Collar 's Bridget Regan and Azie Tesfai would join the series as respectively Rose , a former lawyer , and Detective Nadine Hansan , a police detective and rival to Dier 's character . On August 10 , 2014 , TVLine announced that Melrose Place and Emily Owens , M.D. actor Michael Rady would join the series as Lachlan . Filming for season one commenced on July 28 , 2014 . The show is filmed on soundstages in Los Angeles and the pilot was filmed in Huntington Beach , California . On October 21 , 2014 , the show was given a full season order . On January 11 , 2015 , the show was renewed for a second season , set to air during the 2015 -- 16 television season . Its second season premiered on October 12 , 2015 . On March 11 , 2016 , the show was renewed for a third season , which premiered on October 17 , 2016 . On January 8 , 2017 , The CW renewed the series for a fourth season that premiered on October 13 , 2017 . On April 2 , 2018 , The CW renewed the series for a fifth and final season , which will air in 2019 . Broadcast ( edit ) Jane the Virgin premiered on The CW on October 13 , 2014 , during the 2014 -- 15 television season . Unique to the CW , it is the network 's only program to feature a Spanish language audio track on the second audio program channel ; however , as many CW stations usually do not carry the SAP channel due to a lack of need , this is more limited than the major networks , which are required by the FCC to have a SAP channel for the Descriptive Video Service track , which as a minor network the CW is not required to carry . The show premiered in Canada on Global TV and in Australia on Fox8 on December 1 , 2014 . The first two seasons aired in the United Kingdom on E4. , with the first - run episodes on UK Netflix from season 3 onwards . Sony Channel broadcast the series throughout Southeast Asia as replacements of Sony Entertainment Television in the region ( including BeTV in the Philippines ) . In Canada , new episodes are added each week to the streaming service Shomi , in addition to cable carriage by some providers of American CW affiliates ( Chicago 's WGN - TV , available as a superstation in Canada , carried the series ' first two seasons until it ended its CW affiliation before the 2016 - 17 television season ) . The show premiered in New Zealand on July 24 on Prime . In the Philippines , Jane the Virgin premiered on ABS - CBN on March 28 , 2016 , dubbed in Filipino . The show replaced the local drama series You 're My Home on a late - night timeslot , as part of the Primetime BIDA evening block . Days before the premiere , a teaser showing Gina Rodriguez promoting the show was also released . ABS - CBN only aired the first two seasons , locally editing and splitting the episodes into half - hour segments similar to the network 's teleserye and anime programs . For a total of 74 modified episodes , the season - two finale aired on July 8 , 2016 . Reception ( edit ) Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 100 % ( 50 reviews ) 80 % ( 23 reviews ) 100 % ( 11 reviews ) 87 % ( 4 reviews ) 100 % ( 12 reviews ) - 100 % ( 13 reviews ) - Critical response ( edit ) Jane the Virgin has received praise for its writing and Rodriguez 's performance . Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the first season of the show a `` certified fresh '' rating of 100 % based on 50 reviews , with a rating average of 7.7 out of 10 . The site 's consensus states , `` Jane the Virgin 's dubious premise has become part of its unlikely charm -- along with delightfully diverse writing and a knockout performance by Gina Rodriguez . '' Metacritic , another review aggregator , gives the show a score of 80 out of 100 , based on 23 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . The second season also received critical acclaim . On Metacritic , the season holds a 87 out of 100 , based on four reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Rotten Tomatoes gave it a rating of 100 % based on 11 reviews and a rating average of 9.7 out of 10 . The site 's consensus reads , `` Jane the Virgin stays true to its over-the - top telenovela roots in season two while layering in more humor and increasingly complex storytelling . '' Maureen Ryan of Variety praised the show , saying that the series `` is envisioned , edited and curated with great deftness and economy , and the fact that it is so entertaining and accessible should not preclude it from being at the center of conversations about the best the medium has to offer . '' Critics ' top ten lists ( edit ) show 2014 No. 3 TV Guide No. 3 The Salt Lake Tribune No. 6 TV.com No. 7 Las Vegas Weekly No. 8 Sioux City Journal No. 10 Boston Globe -- American Film Institute -- Associated Press -- Chicago Reader -- Huffington Post -- Los Angeles Times -- Philadelphia Daily News -- ScreenCrush show 2015 No. 3 Village Voice No. 4 Vulture No. 4 Slate No. 5 The Salt Lake Tribune No. 6 Las Vegas Weekly No. 7 TV.com -- Boob Tube Dude -- Criticwire -- Variety -- The Week show 2016 No. 1 Variety No. 2 Boob Tube Dude No. 8 MTV -- CNN show 2017 No. 6 Variety No. 9 TV by the Numbers No. 9 USA Today Ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Monday 9 : 00 pm 22 October 13 , 2014 1.61 May 11 , 2015 1.24 2014 -- 15 177 1.55 0.6 22 October 12 , 2015 1.06 May 16 , 2016 0.97 2015 -- 16 180 1.48 0.6 20 October 17 , 2016 1.09 May 22 , 2017 0.96 2016 -- 17 155 1.60 0.7 Friday 9 : 00 pm 17 October 13 , 2017 0.68 April 20 , 2018 0.58 2017 -- 18 193 1.23 0.5 Jane the Virgin : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Audience measurement performed by Nielsen Media Research . Accolades ( edit ) The show has been acknowledged by the People 's Choice Awards , Golden Globe Awards , Critics ' Choice Awards , the Primetime Emmy Awards , the Image Awards and the Television Critics Association as well as honored by the American Film Institute and the George Foster Peabody Awards . Year Award Category Recipients Outcome 2014 America Film Institute Award AFI Television Program Of The Year Jane the Virgin Won TV Guide Award Favorite New Show Jane the Virgin Nominated 2015 People 's Choice Award Favorite New TV Comedy Jane the Virgin Won Golden Globe Award Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy Jane the Virgin Nominated Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy Gina Rodriguez Won Peabody Award Honoree Jane the Virgin Won Critics ' Choice Award Best Comedy Series Jane the Virgin Nominated Best Actress in a Comedy Series Gina Rodriguez Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Jaime Camil Nominated TV Line Performer of the Week Honoree Jaime Camil ( `` Chapter Twelve '' ) Won TV Line Performer of the Week Honoree Gina Rodriguez ( `` Chapter Twenty '' ) Won Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actor : Comedy Jaime Camil Nominated Choice TV Actress : Comedy Gina Rodriguez Nominated Choice TV : Breakout Show Jane the Virgin Nominated Choice TV : Breakout Star Gina Rodriguez Nominated Choice TV : Liplock Gina Rodriguez & Justin Baldoni Nominated Television Critics Association Award Outstanding New Program Jane the Virgin Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Comedy Jane the Virgin Nominated Individual Achievement in Comedy Gina Rodriguez Nominated Imagen Award Best Primetime Television Program -- Comedy Jane the Virgin Won Best Actress -- Television Gina Rodriguez Won Best Supporting Actor -- Television Justin Baldoni Nominated Jaime Camil Nominated Best Supporting Actress -- Television Ivonne Coll Nominated Andrea Navedo Won Gold Derby Award Best Comedy Series Jane the Virgin Nominated Best Comedy Lead Actress Gina Rodriguez Nominated Breakthrough Performer Gina Rodriguez Won EWwy Award Best Comedy Series Jane the Virgin Won Best Actress -- Comedy Gina Rodriguez Won Best Supporting Actor -- Comedy Jaime Camil Nominated Emmy Award Outstanding Narrator Anthony Mendez Nominated Voice Arts Award Outstanding Narration -- TV or Film , Best Voice over Anthony Mendez Won Gotham Award Breakthrough Series -- Long Form Jane the Virgin Nominated Dorian Award Campy TV Show of the Year Jane the Virgin Won Online Film and Television Association Award Best Actress Gina Rodriguez Nominated Best Guest Actress Rita Moreno Won Maxwell Weinberg Award Arpi Ketendjian CBS Studios Won NHMC Impact Gala Award Honoree Gina Rodriguez Won HOLA Award Breakthrough Performance Andrea Navedo Won GiRL POWER Media Role Model Award Honoree Gina Rodriguez Won Honoree Andrea Navedo Won Honoree Ivonne Coll Won International Drama Award Best Mini-Series Jane the Virgin Nominated Best Actress Gina Rodriguez Nominated Best Director Brad Silberling Nominated Paleyfest LA Honoree Jane the Virgin Won 2016 Satellite Award Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy Jane the Virgin Nominated Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy Gina Rodriguez Nominated NAACP Image Award Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series Gina Rodriguez Nominated Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series Jennie Snyder Urman Nominated Outstanding Directing in a Comedy Series Brad Silberling Nominated Golden Globe Award Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy Gina Rodriguez Nominated Critics ' Choice Award Best Comedy Series Jane the Virgin Nominated Best Actress in a Comedy Series Gina Rodriguez Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Jaime Camil Nominated TV Line Performer of the Week Honoree Yael Grobglas ( `` Chapter Thirty - Six '' ) Nominated Golden Reel Award Best Sound Editing Susan Ham , Sharyn Gersh Nominated GMS Award Best Music Supervision Kevin J. Edelman Nominated The Women 's Image Award Best Actress in a Comedy Gina Rodriguez Nominated Best Comedy Series Jane the Virgin Nominated Outstanding Writing in a Series Jennie Snyder Urman ( `` Chapter One : Pilot '' ) Nominated Artios Award Outstanding Achievement in Casting - Comedy Alyson Silverberg , Jonathan Clay Harris Nominated Frijolywood Award / Frijoldeoro Award Screenwriter in Comedy Carolina Rivera Won Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Jaime Camil Won NHMC Impact Award Outstanding Performance in a Comedy Series Andrea Navedo Won Cine Award Best Comedy Series Jane the Virgin Nominated Best Actress in a Comedy Series Gina Rodriguez Nominated Best Supporting Actor Jaime Camil Nominated Best Supporting Actress Ivonne Coll Won Young Artist Award Best Performance in a TV Series Madison Rojas Nominated Teen Choice Award Choice TV : Comedy Jane the Virgin Nominated Choice TV : Actor Jaime Camil Nominated Choice TV : Actress Gina Rodriguez Nominated Emmy Award Outstanding Narrator Anthony Mendez Nominated EWwy Award Best Actress -- Comedy Gina Rodriguez Nominated Best Supporting Actor -- Comedy Jaime Camil Nominated Imagen Award Best Primetime Television Program -- Comedy Jane the Virgin Won Best Actress -- Television Gina Rodriguez Won Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Jaime Camil Won Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Andrea Navedo Nominated TV Line Performer of the Week Honoree Gina Rodriguez ( `` Chapter Forty - Seven '' ) Won 2017 Golden Globe Award Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy Gina Rodriguez Nominated People 's Choice Award Favorite TV Comedy Jane the Virgin Nominated Favorite TV Comedy Actress Gina Rodriguez Nominated Black Reel Award Outstanding Actress , Comedy Series Gina Rodriguez Nominated MTV Award Best American Story Jane the Virgin Nominated Best Actor in a Show Gina Rodriguez Nominated GMS Award Best Music Supervision Kevin J. Edelman Nominated Teen Choice Award Choice Comedy TV Show Jane the Virgin Nominated Choice Comedy TV Actress Gina Rodriguez Nominated Choice Comedy TV Actor Jaime Camil Nominated Imagen Award Best Primetime Television Program -- Comedy Jane the Virgin Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Jaime Camil Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Ivonne Coll Nominated 2018 MTV Award Best Kiss Gina Rodriguez & Justin Baldoni Nominated Teen Choice Award Choice Comedy TV Show Jane the Virgin Nominated Choice Comedy TV Actress Gina Rodriguez Won Choice Comedy TV Actor Jaime Camil Won Choice Liplock Gina Rodriguez & Justin Baldoni Nominated Home media ( edit ) Warner Home Entertainment originally released Season 1 on DVD , but poor sales caused a switch in distribution rights with CBS now releasing every season of Jane the Virgin as manufacture - on - demand Blu - ray and DVDs exclusively on Amazon going forward in addition to a manufacture - on - demand reissue of Season 1 . Name DVD Blu - ray No. of episodes Features Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Region A Region B The Complete First Season September 29 , 2015 March 1 , 2017 October 13 , 2017 22 Immaculate Creation -- ' Behind the Scenes ' Getting to Know the Cast Gag reel Deleted scenes The Complete Second Season June 16 , 2017 March 1 , 2017 December 22 , 2017 22 The Complete Third Season January 19 , 2018 September 6 , 2017 January 19 , 2018 20 Deleted scenes The Complete Fourth Season June 6 , 2018 17 Novel ( edit ) A tie - in novel , based on the book Jane writes in the show , has been published . The story is a historical romance set in Miami during 1902 . In the series , the book 's plot is inspired by the love story of Jane and Michael . Title Published Publisher Snow Falling November 14 , 2017 Simon & Schuster References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bustle '' . bustle.com . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Rosie Narasaki ( 16 February 2015 ) . `` 7 Reasons You Should Catch Up With ' Jane the Virgin ' '' . Indiewire . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jane the Virgin ' Is The CW 's Best Show Ever '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jane The Virgin ' Trailer and Official Synopsis : The CW Presents Adaptation of ' Juana la Virgen ' '' . Novela Lounge . May 15 , 2014 . Retrieved September 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jane the Virgin ' : See the CW Comedy 's Updated Title '' from The Hollywood Reporter ( November 2 , 2016 ) Jump up ^ Goldberg , Leslie ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Riverdale , ' ' Flash , ' ' Supernatural ' Among 10 CW Renewals '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jane The Virgin , ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' , ' iZombie ' To End After Upcoming Seasons '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sava , Oliver ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` Adapting a telenovela with Jane the Virgin showrunner Jennie Urman '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.econotimes.com/Jane-the-Virgin-Season-5-Air-Date-Spoilers-Cast-Lineup-What-to-Expect-and-Where-to-Watch-It-1403669 Jump up ^ Choy , Danny ( September 4 , 2014 ) . `` Latinos in the US : Voiceover Actor Anthony Mendez Talks About His Role in New CW TV Show ' Jane The Virgin ' '' . Latin Times . Retrieved September 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Clemmons , Rachael Vaughan ( April 20 , 2018 ) . `` The fifth season of ' Jane the Virgin ' will be its last '' . Metro.us . Jump up ^ Dries , Kate ( June 27 , 2013 ) . `` A Show Called Jane the Virgin Might Be the Next Thing on Your DVR '' . Jezebel.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin ' : Gina Rodriguez cast as lead in new CW pilot '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` Gina Rodriguez Lands Title Role in CW 's ' Jane the Virgin ' , Brad Silberling to Direct '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` Fall TV Scoop : The CW Orders Four Dramas , Including Flash , iZombie and Jane the Virgin , Passes on Supernatural Spin - Off '' . TV Line . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bridget Regan & Azie Tesfai to Recur on ' Jane the Virgin ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . August 8 , 2014 . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( August 10 , 2014 ) . `` Michael Rady Cast in ' Jane the Virgin ' on The CW -- Season 1 '' . TV Line . Retrieved August 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` JaneTheVirginWriters on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ Villarreal , Yvonne ( September 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin ' takes ' wacky ' telenovela premise for a spin '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Connelly , Laylan ( April 24 , 2015 ) . `` Hollywood thinks Huntington Beach looks great on camera '' . The Orange County Register . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Flash , ' ' Jane the Virgin ' Get Full - Season Orders at CW '' . Hollywood Reporter . October 21 , 2014 . Retrieved October 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' Arrow ' , ' Jane the Virgin ' , ' Reign ' , ' The 100 ' , ' The Flash ' , ' Supernatural , ' The Originals ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' renewed by the CW '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 31 , 2015 ) . `` The CW Moves ' Jane the Virgin ' & ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' Premieres Up to Monday October 12 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Flash ' , ' The 100 ' and even ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' renewed : All 11 CW series picked up for 2016 - 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( January 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Renews The Flash , Supernatural , Crazy Ex and 4 Others '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV Premiere Dates 2017 Guide '' . Hollywood Reporter . October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Riverdale , ' ' Flash , ' ' Supernatural ' Among 10 CW Renewals '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Petski , Nellie Andreeva , Denise ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) . `` ' Jane The Virgin , ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' , ' iZombie ' To End After Upcoming Seasons '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Nolan , Emma ( 2018 - 08 - 14 ) . `` Jane the Virgin season 5 Netflix release date : Will there be another season ? '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` The CW Announces Fall Premiere Dates '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jane the Virgin and The Flash : Premiere on Fox8 '' . Foxtel . November 10 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2014 . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` E4 Drops ' Jane The Virgin ' After Two Seasons '' . tvwise.co.uk . June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix UK Takes First Window Rights To ' Jane The Virgin ' , Will Stream Season 4 This Autumn '' . tvwise.co.uk . June 30 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jane the Virgin Full Trailer : Starting March 28 on ABS - CBN ! '' . ABS - CBN Entertainment . March 17 , 2016 . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ABS - CBN Airs the Tagalized Version of ' Jane the Virgini ' on Primetime '' . ABS - CBN Social Media Newsroom . March 23 , 2016 . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jane the Virgin : The Hit American TV Series '' . ABS - CBN Entertainment . March 23 , 2016 . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jane the Virgin : Season 1 ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jane the Virgin : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jane the Virgin Season 2 Review '' . Retrieved 15 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jane the Virgin : Season 2 ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen . `` TV Review : ' Jane the Virgin ' Season 2 '' . variety.com . Retrieved 15 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2014 : Television Critic Top Ten Lists '' . Metacritic . December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2015 : Television Critic Top Ten Lists '' . Metacritic . December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2016 : Television Critic Top Ten Lists '' . Metacritic . December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 : Television Critic Top Ten Lists '' . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2014 . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' & ' The Following ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 22 , 2015 ) . `` Full 2014 - 15 Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' and ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up , ' Castle ' , ' Life in Pieces ' and ' Scorpion ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Mike & Molly ' finale and ' The Voice ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 - 16 Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Gotham , ' ' The Voice , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' DWTS ' adjust up , ' Conviction ' and ' 2 Broke Girls ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Jane the Virgin ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' ' MacGyver , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' & more remain unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Dynasty ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` 2017 - 18 TV Series Ratings Rankings : NFL Football , ' Big Bang ' Top Charts '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ For the first season , see `` Jane the Virgin : Season One Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . For the second season , see `` Jane the Virgin : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . For the third season , see `` Jane the Virgin : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . For the fourth season , see `` Jane the Virgin : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards '' . American Film Institute . December 10 , 2014 . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Nominees '' . peopleschoice.com . November 4 , 2014 . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2014 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globe Nominations '' . December 11 , 2014 . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lisa de Moraes . `` Peabody Awards 2015 Entertainment TV Winners : Full List - Deadline '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Erik Pedersen . `` Critics ' Choice Television Awards Nominations 2015 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Performer of the Week : Jane the Virgin 's Jaime Camil '' . February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Performer of the Week : Gina Rodriguez '' . May 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Matt Webb Mitovich . `` TCA Award Nominees 2015 : ' Empire ' ' Transparent ' ' Jane the Virgin ' - TVLine '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 67th Emmy Awards Nominees and Winners '' . Emmys . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Categories International Press Academy '' . Pressacademy.com . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Patrick Hipes . `` NAACP Image Award Nominations 2015 -- Full List - Deadline '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globe Nominations '' . Deadline Hollywood . December 10 , 2015 . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patrick Hipes . `` Critics ' Choice Awards Nominations 2016 -- Full List - Deadline '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ `` Performer of the Week '' . March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 68th Emmy Awards Nominees and Winners '' . Emmys . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Performer of the Week : Gina Rodriguez '' . November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globe Nominations '' . Deadline Hollywood . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice : Full List of Winners '' . peopleschoice.com . January 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Esme . `` Teen Choice Awards 2018 : See the full list of winners '' . EW . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2018 . Retrieved August 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Jane The Virgin -- Season 1 5 DVD '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jane the Virgin , Season 1 5 Discs '' . Amazon . October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jane the Virgin , Season 2 5 Discs '' . Amazon . Jump up ^ `` Jane The Virgin -- Season 2 6 DVD '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jane the Virgin , Season 2 5 Discs '' . Amazon . 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jane the Virgin , Season 3 5 Discs '' . Amazon . January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jane The Virgin -- Season 3 5 DVD '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jane the Virgin , Season 3 5 Discs '' . Amazon . January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jane The Virgin -- Season 4 5 DVD '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Weldon , Sarah ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` That Jane the Virgin book is coming to life thanks to Simon & Schuster '' . Entertainment Weekly . 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The Angry Birds Movie

The Angry Birds Movie - Wikipedia The Angry Birds Movie The Angry Birds Movie Theatrical release poster Directed by Clay Kaytis Fergal Reilly Produced by John Cohen Catherine Winder Screenplay by Jon Vitti Story by Mikael Hed Mikko Pöllä John Cohen Based on Angry Birds by Rovio Entertainment Starring Jason Sudeikis Josh Gad Danny McBride Maya Rudolph Kate McKinnon Sean Penn Tony Hale Keegan - Michael Key Bill Hader Peter Dinklage Music by Heitor Pereira Edited by Kent Beyda Ally Garrett Production companies Columbia Pictures Rovio Animation Distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing Release date May 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 05 ) ( Paris ) May 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 13 ) ( Finland ) May 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 20 ) ( United States ) Running time 97 minutes Country Finland United States Language English Budget $73 million Box office $352.3 million The Angry Birds Movie ( released in the United Kingdom as Angry Birds ) is a 2016 3D computer - animated comedy film based on Rovio Entertainment 's video game series of the same name , produced by Columbia Pictures and Rovio Animation , and distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing . It is directed by Clay Kaytis and Fergal Reilly in their directorial debuts and written by Jon Vitti . The film features the voices of Jason Sudeikis , Josh Gad , Danny McBride , Maya Rudolph , Kate McKinnon , Sean Penn , Tony Hale , Keegan - Michael Key , Bill Hader , Peter Dinklage , and Anthony Padilla and Ian Hecox. . The Angry Birds Movie was released in the United States on May 20 , 2016 . The film received mixed reviews from critics and was a box office success , grossing over $352 million and becoming the second highest - grossing film of all time to be based on a video game . A sequel is scheduled to be released on September 6 , 2019 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Music 4.1 Soundtrack 4.1. 1 Track listing 5 Release 5.1 Promotion and tie - in games 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Future 7.1 Follow - up media 7.2 Sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) A reclusive , temperamental bird named Red lives in a village on Bird Island with other flightless birds . When his temper causes a `` premature hatching '' of another bird 's egg , he is sentenced to take an anger management class . Red 's classmates Chuck , who is hyperactive and can move at the speed of light , and Bomb , who can cause explosions with his anger and fear , try to befriend him , but he avoids them . One day , a boat docks at the island 's shore , destroying Red 's house . The birds are greeted by green - colored pigs and their captain Leonard , who claim to be peaceful explorers bringing offerings of friendship . The pigs ingratiate with the birds , introducing them to various innovations , notably a giant slingshot , but begin to overwhelm the island with their numbers and Red becomes suspicious . Red recruits Chuck and Bomb to find Mighty Eagle , the only flying bird and the island 's protector , who has not been seen for many years . They find Mighty Eagle on top of Bird Mountain , but he is overweight , self - absorbed , leads the life of a slacker , and refuses to help them . Red discovers the pigs planting dynamite around the island while the other birds are distracted with a rave party , but they arrive too late to warn them as the pigs escape with the eggs and activate the dynamite , destroying the village . The other birds apologize to Red for not believing him , and under his leadership they organize an army and construct a boat from the rubble to follow the pigs to Piggy Island . The birds discover the pigs living in a walled city ruled by Leonard , whose true name is `` King Mudbeard '' . Deducing the eggs are in the castle at the center of the city , the birds use the slingshot to attack by launching themselves over the walls and into the city 's buildings , destroying them . Red , Chuck , and Bomb discover the eggs being lowered into a giant pot from a net , the pigs planning to cook and eat them . Mighty Eagle arrives to retrieve Red 's group and the eggs , having had a change of heart after witnessing their efforts . One egg falls out of the net and Red battles King Mudbeard for it , but learns to control his anger and distracts him long enough to retrieve the egg . An explosion from Bomb ignites the pigs ' reserve of dynamite , but the pot collapses and falls over top of Red , shielding him and the egg from the blast as the city is destroyed . Red reunites with the other birds as the egg hatches , revealing three small blue birds . Mighty Eagle approaches Red , Chuck , and Bomb , claiming he merely appeared lazy to help them find faith in themselves , and takes credit for saving the eggs . On Bird Island , Red discovers the other birds have rebuilt his house in the center of the village and the eggs have hatched into chicks , who sing to him in gratitude . Moved , Red allows Chuck and Bomb to move in with him . The pigs are revealed to have survived , with King Mudbeard plotting to steal the birds ' eggs again . In a mid-credits scene , the three blue birds use the slingshot to launch themselves out to ocean . Cast ( edit ) Jason Sudeikis as Red Aidan McGraw and Kallan Holley as young Red Josh Gad as Chuck Danny McBride as Bomb Maya Rudolph as Matilda Bill Hader as Leonard / King Mudbeard Peter Dinklage as Mighty Eagle Kate McKinnon as Stella , Eva Sean Penn as Terence Tony Hale as Ross , Mime , Cyrus Keegan - Michael Key as Judge Peckinpah Blake Shelton as Earl Anthony Padilla as Hal Ian Hecox as Bubbles Charli XCX as Willow Tituss Burgess as Photog Billy Eichner as Chef Pig , Phillip Hannibal Buress as Edward Ike Barinholtz as Tiny Max Charles as Bobby Jillian Bell as Helene , Yoga Instructor Cristela Alonzo as Shirley Danielle Brooks as Monica , Olive Kevin Bigley as Greg Adam Brown as Hug Trader Romeo Santos as Early Bird Geoffrey Arend as Day Care Teacher Bird Ava Acres as Timothy Alex Borstein as Sophie Bird , Peggy Bird Malena Brewer as Arianna Bird Vincent Oswald as Dylan Hatchling Samantha Cohen as Samantha Hatchling Josh Robert Thompson as Brad Bird , Dane the Saxophone Bird Matt McCarthy as Rodney Pig Matt Taylor as Hamilton Pig Ali Wong as Betty Bird Fred Tatasciore as Monty Pig Bella Laudiero as Maya Bird John Cohen as Johnny Bird Clay Kaytis as Clayton the Waiter Bird Fergal Reilly as Foreman Pig Catherine Winder as Billy the Sign Carlos Alazraqui as Earl 's 2nd Brother ( Uncredited ) Pierce Gagnon , Noah Schnapp and Owen Wilder Vaccaro as The Blues Eileen Marra , Indra Raval , Joaquin Raval and Sofie Wolfe as Hatchling Singers Production ( edit ) The film was officially announced in December 2012 , although IGN noted that this was `` after months of speculation '' . The success of the Angry Birds Toons series , according to Rovio employee Jami Laes , `` validated '' the idea of creating a feature film . The first image from the film was revealed in October 2014 , with Jason Sudeikis , Josh Gad , Danny McBride , Bill Hader , Maya Rudolph , and Peter Dinklage as part of its cast . Gad at first declined to star in the movie , feeling it was too similar to his role as Olaf in the 2013 film Frozen but the director eventually convinced him to sign through a 30 - minute `` visual pitch '' . The film 's budget is estimated at $80 million ( € 75 million ) . Rovio and Sony Pictures announced they would spend roughly € 100 million for the marketing and distribution of the film , giving it the largest budget in the film industry in Finland , outvaluing Big Game 's € 8.5 million . Despite the massive budget , Rovio CEO Mikael Hed stated that `` it is the one that I do n't ever lose any sleep over '' , calling it `` tremendously strong as a story '' . During August 2015 , Rovio announced that they were expecting to cut 250 jobs equaling 40 % of the company , the only sector spared being personnel working on the movie . When multiple major studios approached Rovio to discuss the production of the film adaptation in 2010 , Hed eventually decided to have Rovio establish its own in - house animation studio and have it work on the film , rather than risk losing creative control in allowing a third - party studio to produce it . David Maisel , the founding chairman of Marvel Studios , offered to help Hed and Rovio produce the film , as well as John Cohen from Illumination Entertainment and Catherine Winder from Lucasfilm , who later served as the film 's producers . Animation services were handled by Sony Pictures Imageworks . The Angry Birds characters were not depicted in their cinematic designs until the film 's announcements so as to avoid spoiling it for audiences . Music ( edit ) Soundtrack ( edit ) The Angry Birds Movie : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Various artists Released May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) Recorded 2015 - 16 Genre Pop rock country hip hop electronic Length 48 : 43 Label Atlantic The film 's soundtrack , titled The Angry Birds Movie : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack , was released on May 6 , 2016 . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Performed by Length 1 . `` Friends '' Blake Shelton 3 : 04 2 . `` I Will Survive '' Demi Lovato 4 : 05 3 . `` Wonderful Life ( Mi Oh My ) '' Matoma 3 : 30 4 . `` On Top of the World '' Imagine Dragons 3 : 12 5 . `` Explode '' Charli XCX ( as Willow ) 3 : 45 6 . `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' Rick Astley 3 : 34 7 . `` Rock You Like a Hurricane '' Scorpions 4 : 16 8 . `` Fight '' Steve Aoki 3 : 52 9 . `` Wild Thing '' Tone Lōc 4 : 25 10 . `` Sound of da Police '' KRS - One 4 : 18 11 . `` Behind Blue Eyes '' Limp Bizkit 4 : 31 12 . `` The Mighty Eagle Song '' Peter Dinklage 2 : 06 13 . `` The Mighty Red Song '' The Hatchlings and the Blues 0 : 47 14 . `` The Angry Birds Movie Score Medley '' Heitor Pereira 3 : 18 ATCO Records released the score on May 12 , 2016 . `` Wonderful Life '' was replaced in international screenings of the film in English with `` You Should Be Dancing '' by the Bee Gees . Release ( edit ) The film was initially scheduled to be released on July 1 , 2016 , but was later moved forward to May 20 . On September 23 , 2015 , the teaser trailer for the film was released , followed by the second trailer four months later . An international trailer made its debut in March 2016 . The film was released in Finland and the UK on May 13 , 2016 , and in the United States on May 20 , 2016 . Promotion and tie - in games ( edit ) The film 's marketing budget was an estimated $300 million , which along with its production budget was $400 million , the biggest ever for an animated Sony Pictures film . Tie - ins with McDonald 's , Citroën , Ziploc , and Panasonic , and a series of six Lego sets were used to promote the film . A balloon themed after Red debuted at the 2015 Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade . During the film 's marketing campaign , the app icons for most Angry Birds games were changed to depict the cinematic version of Red . A series of free - to - play tie - in games were also produced : Angry Birds Action ! , Angry Birds Evolution , and Angry Birds Match . Home Media ( edit ) The Angry Birds Movie was released on digital HD on July 29 , 2016 , and on Blu - ray and DVD on August 16 , 2016 , from Sony Pictures Home Entertainment , with four `` Hatchlings '' shorts included . The film topped the home video sales chart for the week ending on August 21 , 2016 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Angry Birds Movie grossed $107.5 million in North America and $244.8 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $352.3 million . Worldwide , it is the second highest - grossing video game film of all - time behind Warcraft ( $433.5 million ) , and is the most successful Finnish - produced film of all time . Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $72 million . In North America , the film opened on May 20 , 2016 alongside Neighbors 2 : Sorority Rising and The Nice Guys , and was projected to gross between $35 -- 40 million or as high as $45 million from 3,932 theaters in its opening weekend . Deadline noted that the film had the benefit of being the only animated movies in theaters until Finding Dory on June 17 . The Angry Birds Movie was the top selling film for the weekend , and grossed $800,000 from Thursday night previews and $11 million on its opening day . In its opening weekend it grossed $38.2 million , finishing first at the box office and marked the third biggest Sony animated opening of all time , behind Hotel Transylvania and Hotel Transylvania 2 . It also scored the second - best debut weekend ever for a video game adaptation , behind the $47 million debut of Lara Croft : Tomb Raider . It dropped 51 % in its second weekend , against X-Men : Apocalypse and Alice Through the Looking Glass , grossing $18.7 million . Internationally , The Angry Birds Movie was released in the Philippines on May 11 and in 74 other markets ( 63 % of its total marketplace ) on May 13 , at least one week ahead of its US release . It finished first in 37 territories and second overall at the international box office behind Captain America : Civil War . Benefiting from the 2016 Cannes Film Festival , it grossed $43 million . In its second weekend , it added 9 additional territories including China , South Korea and the Netherlands and grossed $55.5 million from 83 markets . Overall , the top openings for the film was recorded in China ( $29.2 million ) , Russia ( $5.7 million ) , the United Kingdom and Ireland ( $3.1 million ) , Germany ( $2.9 million ) , Mexico ( $2.8 million ) and Brazil ( $2.7 million ) . It opened next in Italy on June 15 and Japan on October 1 . In terms of total earnings , the biggest markets for the film outside North America are China ( $75.8 million ) , the United Kingdom ( $15 million ) , Russia ( $11.99 million ) , and Germany ( $11.97 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) The Angry Birds Movie received mixed reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 43 % based on 150 reviews and an average rating of 4.9 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` The Angry Birds Movie is substantially more entertaining than any film adapted from an app has any right to be -- which may or may not be much of an endorsement . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 43 out of 100 based on 27 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . Lindsey Bahr of The Associated Press gave the film a positive review by writing , `` Ultimately , The Angry Birds Movie does a decent job exploring the merits of anger . It 's no Inside Out , but it has heart and life , which is n't too shabby for any film -- app or not '' . Variety 's Guy Lodge called the film : `` A fast , fizzy and frenetically entertaining extension of the manic gaming franchise that , at its zenith , had children of all ages glued to their smartphone screens '' . While Rafer Guzman of Newsday found the film 's plot to be `` pretty thin gruel '' , he thought the script was quite funny and that the animation was brightly colored and appealing . Glenn Kenny of The New York Times gave the film a negative review , writing , `` The kids of today deserve better . So do I , come to think of it '' . In his review for TheWrap , Alonso Duralde wrote , `` Let 's be clear , then : The Angry Birds Movie is n't pointless because it 's based on an app . It 's pointless because it 's pointless '' . Stephen Whitty of the New York Daily News gave the film one out of five stars , writing , `` The Angry Birds Movie is just fowl '' . Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Award Date Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) Jussi Awards March 24 , 2017 Best Film Nominated Hollywood Music in Media Awards November 17 , 2016 Best Original Score -- Animated Film Heitor Pereira Nominated 2017 Kids ' Choice Awards March 11 , 2017 Most Wanted Pet Jason Sudeikis Nominated Teen Choice Awards July 31 , 2016 Choice Movie : Hissy Fit Nominated Choice Music : Song from a Movie or TV Show `` I Will Survive '' by Demi Lovato Nominated Future ( edit ) Follow - up Media ( edit ) IDW Publishing launched a comic book miniseries , titled Angry Birds : Flight School and situated after the events of the film , on February 22 , 2017 . Rovio Entertainment has released a new online video miniseries that takes place sometime after the events of the film , titled Angry Birds Blues , and focuses on the mischievous antics of the newborn Blues . The first episode premiered on Toons.TV on March 10 , 2017 . Sequel ( edit ) Main article : The Angry Birds Movie 2 In August 2016 , Rovio had begun working on a sequel to the film . The sequel , titled The Angry Birds Movie 2 , is planned for a September 6 , 2019 release , coinciding with the tenth anniversary of the original video game . It will be directed by Thurop Van Orman and co-directed by John Rice . Cohen will return as a producer , with Peter Ackerman as writer . Sudeikis , Gad , Hader , McBride and Dinklage have been announced to return , with Rachel Bloom , Sterling K. Brown , Eugenio Derbez , Zach Woods , Awkwafina , Lil Rel Howery , Dove Cameron , Beck Bennett , Brooklynn Prince , and Leslie Jones joining the cast . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Burlingame , Jon ( August 26 , 2015 ) . `` Heitor Pereira Coaxes Emotion Out of Music '' . Variety . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Felperrin , Leslie ( May 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Angry Birds Movie ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Film releases '' . Variety Insight . Variety Media . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2016 . Retrieved July 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Angry Birds Movie '' . Showcase Cinemas . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2016 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Angry Birds ( 2016 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan Faughnder ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Sony and Rovio hope $400 - million promotional blitz will help ' Angry Birds ' soar '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Angry Birds Movie ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ANGRY BIRDS ( 2D ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Luke . `` New Spoiler - Heavy ' Angry Birds Movie ' Trailer Finally Evokes The Game '' . Forbes . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( October 9 , 2013 ) . `` Animation Vets Clay and Fergal Reilly will direct Angry Birds feature '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved February 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jon Vitti takes flight with Angry Birds movie screenplay '' . Rovio. 20 May 2013 . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( October 1 , 2014 ) . `` ' Angry Birds ' Movie Casts Jason Sudeikis , Josh Gad , Peter Dinklage , Maya Rudolph '' . Variety . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lesnick , Silas ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` By the Power of Grayskull ! Masters of the Universe Movie Sets 2019 Release '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Beck , Jeff . `` Sony 's ANGRY BIRDS 2 nests in theaters 2 weeks earlier -- now set for September . 6 , 2019 instead of Sept. 20 '' . Twitter . Exhibitor Relations . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chuck on Twitter : `` Kallan Holley voice as young Red . And Jason Sudeikis voice as Red . # AngryBirdsMovie '' `` . Twitter . April 13 , 2016 . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( September 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Angry Birds Movie ' Trailer : Sony 's Avians - Vs - Pigs Saga Takes Ire To New Levels '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Cast and First Image from the Angry Birds Movie Revealed ! '' . comingsoon.net . October 1 , 2014 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Staskiewicz , Keith ( December 29 , 2015 ) . `` Blake Shelton to sing and voice a pig in The Angry Birds Movie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stone , Natalie . `` Charli XCX to Voice Willow in ' Angry Birds ' Movie '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Justin . `` ANGRY BIRDS MOVIE ANNOUNCED FOR 2016 '' . IGN . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Takahashi , Dean . `` Rovio 's Jami Laes on keeping Angry Birds in the entertainment vortex ( interview ) '' . VentureBeat . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Hadley , Glenn . `` ' Angry Birds Movie ' : Why Actor Josh Gad Initially Said ' No ' to the Film '' . inquisitr . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Tilly , Chris . `` JOSH GAD SAYS ANGRY BIRDS MOVIE IS `` UNEXPECTEDLY SMART '' `` . IGN . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Saarinen , Juhani ; Teivainen , Aleksi ( March 19 , 2015 ) . `` Rovio splashes over € 100m in animated feature '' . Helsinki Times . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rossi , Juhana ; Grundberg , Sven . `` Angry Birds Maker Rovio Aims for the Next Level '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd . `` ' Angry Birds ' Maker Rovio to Axe 260 Jobs , But Spares Movie Staff '' . Variety . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sorensen , Jim , ed . ( June 1 , 2016 ) . The Art of The Angry Birds Movie . IDW Publishing . p. 9 . Hed : `` We were first approached in early 2010 by Hollywood studios to discuss making Angry Birds into a feature film ... I had in my mind a vision for what the world of Angry Birds was , and I wanted to make sure that we would be in control of what the story of the movie would be . If we had given Angry Birds to another studio to be developed , we would have lost that creative control . So I ultimately decided that we had to try to make the movie ourselves , even if I did n't know how to make that a reality . That is , until I met David . '' Jump up ^ Sorensen , Jim , ed . ( June 1 , 2016 ) . The Art of The Angry Birds Movie . IDW Publishing . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Seikaly , Andrea ( February 14 , 2014 ) . `` ' Angry Birds ' Pic Nests in Vancouver '' . Variety . Variety Media . Retrieved July 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sorensen , Jim , ed . ( June 1 , 2016 ) . The Art of The Angry Birds Movie . IDW Publishing . p. 9 . Maisel : `` ( W ) e also talked about how to make the movie as big as possible . Mikael and I agreed back in 2011 that ... we should do certain things to protect the movie ... Let 's not let the birds have arms and legs until the movie comes out . Let 's not have CGI - grade animation until the movie comes out . These were things that , we knew , if we could protect those things , then the movie had a chance to be really special ... '' Jump up ^ `` Demi Lovato 's ' Angry Birds ' Soundtrack Song Could Be The 2016 Song Of The Summer '' . Bustle . January 29 , 2016 . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Angry Birds Movie ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . iTunes . January 29 , 2016 . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Angry Birds Movie ' Soundtrack Features Demi Lovato , Charli XCX & Rick Astley '' . Idolator . January 29 , 2016 . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Blake Shelton - Friends - From The Angry Birds Movie ( Official Video ) . April 8 , 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Demi Lovato - `` I Will Survive '' - From The Angry Birds Movie ( Official Audio ) . May 5 , 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Matoma - Wonderful Life ( Mi Oh My ) - From The Angry Birds Movie ( Official Audio ) . April 22 , 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Charli XCX - `` Explode '' - From The Angry Birds Movie ( Official Audio ) . May 5 , 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ The Angry Birds Movie Peter Dinklage The Mighty Eagle Song . May 8 , 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ The Hatchlings - `` The Mighty Red Song '' - From The Angry Birds Movie ( Official Audio ) . May 5 , 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Heitor Pereira - `` Angry Birds Movie Score Medley '' - From The Angry Birds Movie ( Official Audio ) . May 5 , 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Sony Takes Worldwide Rights To Angry Birds Movie , Will Release It In 2016 '' . Deadline . May 15 , 2013 . Retrieved February 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Couto , Anthony ( December 24 , 2014 ) . `` Sony 's Angry Birds Movie Gets a New Release Date '' . IGN . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Angry Birds Movie -- Official Teaser Trailer '' . YouTube . Angry Birds . September 23 , 2015 . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Angry Birds Movie -- Official Theatrical Trailer '' . YouTube . Sony Pictures Entertainment . January 27 , 2016 . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Angry Birds Movie -- Official International Theatrical Trailer '' . YouTube . Angry Birds . March 1 , 2016 . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Angry Birds ' Is The Word With $42 M - $44 M No. 1 Opening ; ' Neighbors 2 ' Lower With $25 M -- Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Evan ( June 8 , 2015 ) . `` Lego Angry Birds Sets Announced '' . Kotaku . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fahey , Mike ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` So That 's What A LEGO Angry Bird Looks Like '' . Kotaku . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Snider , Mike ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` Angry Bird balloon to take flight in annual Macy 's Thanksgiving Day parade '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Silas Lesnick ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` August 16 , 2016 : This Week on Blu - ray , DVD and Digital HD '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Angry Birds Movie - Digital and Blu - Ray Release '' . YouTube . Angry Birds . July 6 , 2016 . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Angry Birds Movie - Now Available on iTunes '' . YouTube . Angry Birds . July 29 , 2016 . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Angry Birds Movie - Now on Digital and on Blu - ray 8 / 16 ! '' . YouTube . Angry Birds . August 6 , 2016 . Retrieved August 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas K. Arnold ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Angry Birds ' Bows at No. 1 on Blu - ray Disc , DVD Sales Chart '' . Variety . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( May 29 , 2016 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Captain America ' Passes ' Deadpool , ' ' Jungle Book ' Tops ' Batman V Supeman ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Angry Birds Movie is the most internationally successful Finnish movie of all time ! '' . Rovio . January 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2017 . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` No. 17 ' The Angry Birds Movie ' Box Office Profits -- 2016 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Why ' Captain America : Civil War ' Is Poised To Be This Summer 's Top - Grossing Live - Action Film : B.O. Postmortem '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America ' To Step On ' Angry Birds ' , ' Neighbors 2 ' & ' Nice Guys ' -- Box Office Preview '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 21 , 2016 ) . `` Friday Box Office : ' Angry Birds ' Soars To $11 M , ' Neighbors 2 ' Snags $8 M , ' Nice Guys ' Finishes Fourth '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Ford ( May 22 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Angry Birds ' Hatches $39 M Debut ; ' Neighbors 2 ' Nabs $21.8 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 22 , 2016 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Angry Birds ' Opens To $39 M , ' Neighbors 2 ' And ' Nice Guys ' Disappoint '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The world will celebrate `` Red 's Carpet Day '' on May 7 for the Angry Birds movie `` . Inquirer Pop . May 6 , 2016 . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Angry Birds Movie ' Takes Off With $43 M ; ' Captain America : Civil War ' Hits $647 M Offshore , $943 M WW -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( May 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' X-Men : Apocalypse ' Dawns With $103.3 M ; ' Angry Birds ' Sings $55.5 M ; ' Zootopia ' # 4 Animated Pic Ever WW -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Can Angry Birds Take Down Captain America at the Box Office ? '' . deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` The Angry Birds Movie ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Angry Birds Movie Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Angry Birds ' Is The Word With $42 M - $44 M No. 1 Opening ; ' Neighbors 2 ' Lower With $25 M -- Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Lindsey Bahr ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Review : An app comes to life in `` The Angry Birds Movie '' `` . bigstory.ap.org/ . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Guy Lodge ( May 7 , 2016 ) . `` Film Review : ' The Angry Birds Movie ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rafer Guzman ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Angry Birds Movie ' review : Like the app , not thematically rich '' . Newsday.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Glenn Kenny ( May 19 , 2016 ) . `` Review : ' The Angry Birds Movie , ' a Superficially Amiable Ball of Fluff '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alonso Duralde ( May 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Angry Birds Movie ' Review : App - Based Cartoon Has All the Fun of Avian Flu '' . Thewrap.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stephen Whitty ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Angry Birds Movie , ' big screen adaptation of smartphone video game , is dumb and lays an egg '' . Nydailynews.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tässä ovat Jussi - gaalan kaikki voittajat : Hymyilevä mies on paras elokuva - voitti yhteensä 8 palkintoa '' . Iltalehti . March 25 , 2017 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake & Alexandre Desplat Among Winners At Hollywood Music In Media Awards '' . Deadline . November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Scores Three Hollywood Music in Media Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake and Kevin Hart Lead Nickelodeon 's Kids ' Choice Awards Nominations '' . Variety . February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vulpo , Mike ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2016 Nominations Announced : See the `` First Wave '' of Potential Winners `` . E !. Archived from the original on May 25 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paige , Nathan . `` New animated series , `` Angry Birds Blues , '' premieres on Toons TV `` . cleveland.com . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Angry Birds Movie ' Sequel in the Works at Rovio '' . Variety . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( April 20 , 2018 ) . `` Jason Sudeikis , Josh Gad to Return for ' Angry Birds Movie 2 ' Voice Cast '' . Variety . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( April 20 , 2018 ) . `` Leslie Jones , Rachel Bloom , Sterling K. Brown Join Voice Cast of ' Angry Birds 2 ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . 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Hurricane Camille

Hurricane Camille - wikipedia Hurricane Camille Jump to : navigation , search Hurricane Camille Category 5 major hurricane ( SSHWS / NWS ) Hurricane Camille near peak intensity in the Gulf of Mexico on August 16 Formed August 14 , 1969 ( 1969 - 08 - 14 ) Dissipated August 22 , 1969 ( 1969 - 08 - 22 ) Highest winds 1 - minute sustained : 175 mph ( 280 km / h ) Lowest pressure 900 mbar ( hPa ) ; 26.58 inHg Fatalities 259 direct Damage $1.4 billion ( 1969 USD ) Areas affected Cuba , Yucatan Peninsula , Alabama , Mississippi , Louisiana , Southern United States , Midwestern United States , Eastern Seaboard Part of the 1969 Atlantic hurricane season Hurricane Camille was the second-most intense tropical cyclone to strike the United States on record . The most intense storm of the 1969 Atlantic hurricane season , Camille formed as a tropical depression on August 14 south of Cuba from a long - tracked tropical wave . Located in a favorable environment for strengthening , the storm quickly intensified into a Category 2 hurricane before striking the western part of the nation on August 15 . Emerging into the Gulf of Mexico , Camille underwent another period of rapid intensification and became a Category 5 hurricane the next day as it moved northward towards the Louisiana -- Mississippi region . Despite weakening slightly on August 17 , the hurricane quickly re-intensified back to a Category 5 before it made landfall in Waveland , Mississippi early on August 18 with a pressure of 900 mbar ( 26.58 inHg ) . This was the second - lowest pressure recorded for a U.S. landfall ; only the 1935 Labor Day hurricane had a lower pressure at landfall . As Camille pushed inland , it quickly weakened and was a tropical depression by the time it was over the Ohio Valley . Once it emerged offshore , it was able to restrengthen to a strong tropical storm , before it became extratropical , being absorbed by a cold front over the North Atlantic on August 22 . Camille caused tremendous damage in its wake , and also produced a peak official storm surge of 24 feet ( 7.3 m ) . The hurricane flattened nearly everything along the coast of the U.S. state of Mississippi , and caused additional flooding and deaths inland while crossing the Appalachian Mountains of Virginia . In total , Camille killed 259 people and caused $1.42 billion ( 1969 USD , equivalent to $9.27 billion 2016 USD ) in damages . To date , a complete understanding of the reasons for the system 's power , extremely rapid intensification over open water and strength at landfall has not been achieved . Contents ( hide ) 1 Meteorological history 2 Preparations 3 Impact 3.1 Caribbean and Offshore Gulf of Mexico 3.2 Louisiana 3.3 Mississippi 3.3. 1 Hurricane Party 3.4 Alabama and Florida 3.5 Ohio Valley and West Virginia 3.6 Virginia 3.7 Records 4 Aftermath 4.1 Retirement 5 Comparisons to Hurricane Katrina 6 In culture 6.1 Films 6.2 Music 6.3 Publications 6.4 Stage productions 6.5 Television 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Meteorological History ( edit ) Map plotting the track and intensity of the storm , according to the Saffir -- Simpson scale The origins of Hurricane Camille were from a tropical wave off the western coast of Africa on August 5 , 1969 . It tracked quickly westward along the 15th parallel north , a tropical disturbance became clearly identifiable on satellite imagery on August 9 . By that time , the thunderstorm activity concentrated into a circular area of convection . The next day , it moved through the Lesser Antilles , although there was no evidence of a closed circulation . On August 13 , the wave passed near or over the southern coast of Jamaica as its convection spread northeastward through the Bahamas . Subsequently , it began a slower motion to the northwest . It is believed that a tropical depression formed shortly thereafter , early on August 14 , and it became a tropical storm a few hours later . On the morning of August 14 , the Hurricane Hunters flew to investigate for a closed circulation near the Bahamas as well as near the Cayman Islands . The crew observed a developing center in the western Caribbean , and winds had reached tropical storm status . By then , the storm had strengthened into a strong tropical storm with winds of 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) , about 50 miles ( 80 km ) west - northwest of Grand Cayman . Upon first being classified as a tropical storm , Camille was located in an area favorable for further strengthening , although initially it slowly intensified . It was located within an area of very light wind shear and an overall warm environment . Additionally , the storm developed strong low - level inflow from the deep southern Caribbean , which continuously brought moisture into the storm . Throughout its duration , it was a small tropical cyclone , although with a radius of gale - force winds spreading 100 miles ( 160 km ) to the north , the storm 's thunderstorm area quickly spread over Cuba . As the storm approached the western coast of Cuba , it began rapid deepening , reaching hurricane status and less than 12 hours later attained winds of 110 mph ( 175 km / h ) . Prior to landfall , its eye was tracked by radar from Havana ; it is estimated the hurricane moved ashore between Cape San Antonio and Guane late on August 15 as a strong Category 2 hurricane . Camille was a small hurricane as it crossed western Cuba , and its winds decreased slightly to 105 mph ( 165 km / h ) over land before it emerged into the Gulf of Mexico . This New Orleans radar image of Hurricane Camille was taken less than 50 miles from its center on August 17 1969 at 10 p.m. CST Initially , Hurricane Camille was forecast to turn northeastward toward the Florida panhandle . Instead , it continued northwestward and rapidly intensified once again almost immediately after leaving Cuba . Its eye contracted to a diameter of less than 8 miles ( 13 km ) , and strong rainbands developed around the entire hurricane . Due to the small eye , Hurricane Hunters at first had difficulties in determining the strength ; however a flight late on August 16 found a strong Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir - Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale and recorded a very low pressure of 908 mbar ( hPa ; 26.82 inHg ) , with winds estimated at 175 mph ( 280 km / h ) . At the time , it was not expected to intensify further . However , a subsequent Hurricane Hunters flight early on 17 August recorded a pressure of 905 mbar ( hPa ; 26.73 inHg ) , at the time the lowest pressure recorded by reconnaissance aircraft . That made Camille the most intense hurricane since the 1935 Labor Day hurricane ; currently it is the sixth most intense Atlantic hurricane , as ranked by lowest pressure . At the same time , maximum wind speeds in the hurricane peaked at 175 mph ( 280 km / h ) by 00 UTC on August 17 . As it continued toward the Gulf Coast of the United States , Camille maintained its small eye , and forecasters continued to anticipate a turn toward Florida . Late on August 17 , Camille briefly weakened to a Category 4 storm due to an eyewall replacement cycle ; a reconnaissance flight was forced to end its mission early due to a damaged engine . Before they left the storm , the crew recorded a pressure of 919 mbar ( hPa ; 27.14 inHg ) and estimated surface winds at 155 mph ( 250 km / h ) , while Camille was located about 100 miles ( 160 km ) southeast of the Mississippi River Delta . There were no subsequent Hurricane Hunter flights , but surface observations recorded later suggested that Camille quickly re-strengthened and regained Category 5 intensity . After passing very near southeastern Louisiana , Hurricane Camille made landfall early on August 18 in Waveland , Mississippi . Maximum wind speeds near the coastline were estimated to have been about 175 mph ( 280 km / h ) with a pressure of 900 mbar ( hPa ; 26.58 inHg ) . The hurricane weakened as it progressed inland , and within 14 hours of moving ashore , Camille weakened to tropical storm status . About 12 hours later , it weakened to tropical depression status , by which time it began a turn to the north and northeast . On August 20 , Tropical Depression Camille turned eastward through Kentucky , dropping heavy rainfall in West Virginia and Virginia . Later that day it emerged into the Atlantic Ocean east of Norfolk , and by that afternoon as it was emerging offshore it regained tropical storm status . Camille accelerated east - northeastward , attaining peak winds of 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) as it interacted with larger Hurricane Debbie to its southeast ( although the poor sampling of the region means that it is possible that the storm may have regained hurricane intensity in a location where measurements of wind speed were not taken ) . Subsequently , Camille began to interact with a cold front , causing it to gradually change into an extratropical cyclone as it entrained cooler air . On August 22 , Camille was absorbed by the cold front to the south of Atlantic Canada . Preparations ( edit ) National Hurricane Center Track Forecasts for Camille from western Cuba onward . The system 's actual track is marked by the line farthest to the west . Shortly after Camille formed , the National Hurricane Center advised residents on the Isle of Pines and in western Cuba to prepare for gale - force winds , heavy rains , and rising tides . The agency also recommended small boats to remain in harbor . The threat of the storm prompted officials to evacuate thousands along the western coast of Cuba and on the Isle of Pines ; on the island , 10,000 cattle and 6,000 turkeys were moved to safer areas . As Camille impacted Cuba , small craft were advised not to venture out too far from the coasts of Florida . On 15 August , the National Hurricane Center issued a hurricane watch for a 110 miles ( 180 km ) stretch of land in Florida , between Apalachicola and Fort Walton Beach . The next day , as these hurricane watches were upgraded to a hurricane warning , thousands of people boarded up their homes and evacuated inland . During the afternoon of 16 August , the weather bureau ordered that a hurricane watch should be placed in force for the coastline from Biloxi to St Marks , Florida . Later that day , the hurricane watches were upgraded to a hurricane warning for the northwestern Florida coast , from Fort Walton to St Marks . By Saturday morning , a hurricane watch was issued for the coast from Biloxi eastward . Civil defense organizations in coastal counties went on alert . Keesler Air Force Base and the Naval Construction Battalion Center prepared for the storm . By 5 p.m. on Sunday , a hurricane warning was issued for the coast . This activated the National Guard units . Many refused to believe the reports concerning Camille 's intensity that afternoon . Many people living at elevations of 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) above sea level refused to believe they were going to be submerged . The mayor of Gulfport ordered the release of prisoners from the city jail as winds increased at 9 p.m. on Sunday evening , but none would leave . Impact ( edit ) Most severe landfalling Atlantic hurricanes in the United States based on size and intensity for total points on the Hurricane Severity Index Rank Hurricane Year Intensity Size Total Carla 1961 17 25 42 Hugo 16 24 40 Betsy 1965 15 25 40 Camille 1969 22 14 36 Katrina 2005 13 23 36 Opal 1995 11 25 36 7 Miami 1926 15 19 34 8 Audrey 1957 17 16 33 Fran 11 22 33 Wilma 2005 12 21 33 Making landfall in Waveland , Mississippi , as a Category 5 hurricane , Camille caused damage and destruction across much of the Gulf Coast of the United States . Because it moved quickly through the region , Hurricane Camille dropped only moderate precipitation in most areas . Areas in and around Pass Christian , its point of landfall , reported from 7 to 10 inches ( 180 to 250 mm ) . The area of total destruction in Harrison County , Mississippi was 68 square miles ( 180 km ) . The total estimated cost of damage was $1.42 billion ( 1969 USD , $9.27 billion 2017 USD ) . This made Camille the second-most expensive hurricane in the United States , up to that point ( behind Hurricane Betsy ) . The storm directly killed 143 people along Alabama , Mississippi , and Louisiana . An additional 153 people perished as a result of catastrophic flooding in Nelson County , Virginia and other areas nearby . In all , 8,931 people were injured , 5,662 homes were destroyed , and 13,915 homes experienced major damage , with many of the fatalities being coastal residents who had refused to evacuate . Caribbean and offshore Gulf of Mexico ( edit ) As a developing tropical storm , Camille brought rain showers to Grand Cayman , although there were no reports of damage . Stations in Cuba on the outer fringes of the storm reported winds of 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) . East of where it moved ashore , the city of Guane recorded winds of 92 mph ( 148 km / h ) , although no wind reports were taken in the landfall location . The hurricane produced up to 10 inches ( 250 mm ) near Guane , as well as on the Isle of Pines . On the Isle of Pines , the storm inflicted damage to about 100 houses . Throughout Pinar del Río Province , Camille caused heavy damage , primarily from river flooding ; about 20,000 people were left homeless in the province . Strong winds downed trees and power lines , which caused power outages eastward through the capital city of Havana . Initially , the government reported no casualties from the storm . Subsequent research indicated the hurricane killed five people in the country during its passage , and damage was estimated at $5 million ( 1969 USD ) . In the days after the storm struck Cuba , the government deployed medical teams to affected regions to provide typhoid vaccine shots . Officials noted the potential for the spread of disease , due to flooding from Camille as well as previously wet conditions . In the open Gulf of Mexico , the hurricane produced wave heights of at least 70 feet ( 21 m ) , as measured by Shell Oil Company . Along the ocean floor , the storm created mudslides which lowered the ocean floor ; its combination with strong waves and winds destroyed three oil platforms , including one that at the time was the deepest oil well . Property damages to the offshore oil industry were initially estimated at $100 million ( 1969 USD ) . Louisiana ( edit ) The eastbound lanes of heavily traveled United States U.S. Highway 90 suffered broken pavement during Hurricane Camille , which halted traffic The pressure fell to 27.80 inches of mercury ( 941 hPa ) at Garden Island . Winds gusted to 125 miles per hour ( 201 km / h ) at Slidell as their pressure sank to 28.75 inches of mercury ( 974 hPa ) on 19 August . Almost total destruction was seen from Venice to Buras . Ostrica Lock measured a storm surge of 16 feet ( 4.9 m ) . Water overwashed U.S. Highway 90 to a depth of 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) . The highest rainfall report from the state was 5.23 inches ( 133 mm ) from Slidell . Camille caused about $322 million ( 1969 dollars ) of damage in Louisiana . Fortunately , The Storm turned just in time to avoid a direct hit to the City of New Orleans , which was devastated just four years prior by Hurricane Betsy . The worst effects in New Orleans proper were flooding from some levees , particularly in the lowest lying areas , including the Lower Ninth Ward , which suffered the most severe flooding during Betsy . Mississippi ( edit ) Ships beached in Gulfport , Mississippi . In Mississippi , Camille was significantly worse than Hurricane Betsy and a September 1947 hurricane . Electricity went out during Camille 's approach to the Mississippi coastline . United States Highway 90 flooded as a large storm surge overtopped seawalls , leaving a barge along the highway in Gulfport . Fires consumed coastal communities , with the exceptions of Bay St. Louis and Waveland . Camille destroyed the antebellum Trinity Episcopal church in Pass Christian , taking 15 lives . The Dixie White House , where President Woodrow Wilson and his family once stayed , was badly damaged . In Biloxi , Mississippi , the storm surge reached the second floor of the structure . The highest rainfall total recorded was 10.06 inches ( 256 mm ) at the Mississippi Test Facility . Mississippi received the worst of the damage . Upon making landfall , Camille produced a 24 foot ( 7.3 m ) storm surge . Along Mississippi 's entire shore and for some three to four blocks inland , the destruction was nearly complete . The worst hit areas were Clermont Harbor , Lakeshore , Waveland , Bay St. Louis , Pass Christian , Long Beach , and the beach front of Gulfport , Mississippi City , and Biloxi . One of Frank Lloyd Wright 's waterfront houses for W.L. Fuller , in Pass Christian , was completely destroyed . More than 11 inches ( 280 mm ) of rain occurred in Hancock County , and most low - lying areas were flooded with up to 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) of water . U.S. Highway 90 , which is close to the shore , was broken up in many areas , and sand and debris blocked much of it . Totals say that 3,800 homes and businesses were completely destroyed . As Camille came ashore , it passed over Ship Island , off the coast of Mississippi ; Camille 's strong storm surge and torrential rains literally split the island in two : the body of water between West Ship Island and East Ship Island is now called `` Camille 's Cut '' . Camille had significant ecological effects in the Gulf Coast region . A barrier island chain off the coast of Mississippi and 70 % of Dauphin Island were completely inundated by the storm 's surge . Camille caused about $950 million ( 1969 dollars ) of damage in Mississippi . Hurricane party ( edit ) Richelieu Apartments before Camille Richelieu Apartments after Camille One persistent account about Camille states that 24 people held a `` hurricane party '' on the third floor of the Richelieu Manor Apartments in Pass Christian , Mississippi , in the path of the eyewall as it made landfall . The high storm surge flooded and destroyed the building , killing all but one person . Who the survivor is , how many party guests there were , and just how far the sole survivor was swept by the storm varies with the retelling . An ABC made - for - TV movie called Hurricane , starring Frank Sutton of Gomer Pyle USMC , Larry Hagman , Patrick Duffy , Will Geer , Martin Milner , and Michael Learned , was loosely based on the supposed hurricane party . However , the site and names were changed to fictitious ones for the movie , as was the name of the hurricane . The television show Quantum Leap carried an episode regarding the parties of Hurricane Camille and the actual hurricane itself . Twenty - three people are known to have stayed in the Richelieu Apartments during the hurricane , eight of whom died . The tale of the lone survivor and the party appears to have originated with survivor Mary Ann Gerlach . Survivor Ben Duckworth has expressed irritation at the story . There was no hurricane party . Duckworth reiterated in 2001 . We were exhausted from boarding up windows and helping the police move cars . We were too tired to party . I ca n't tell you why that story persists , or why people did n't put two and two together . I guess the hurricane party makes a good story . The site of the Richelieu Apartments , the corner of Henderson Avenue and US 90 in Pass Christian , later became a shopping center . Coincidentally , it was destroyed by Hurricane Katrina . Alabama and Florida ( edit ) Alabama also experienced damage along U.S. Highway 90 : 26,000 homes and over 1,000 businesses were wiped out completely across the state of Alabama . Camille 's large circulation also resulted in a 3 - to - 5 - foot ( 0.91 to 1.52 m ) storm surge in Apalachicola , Florida . The highest rainfall report received within Alabama was 6.52 inches ( 166 mm ) two miles northeast of Fairhope . Camille caused about $8 million ( 1969 dollars ) of damage in Alabama . Places farther east across the western Florida panhandle saw lesser rains , as 4.16 inches ( 106 mm ) was measured at Pensacola Naval Air Station . Ohio Valley and West Virginia ( edit ) Camille Storm Total Rainfall Camille caused moderate rainfall in Tennessee and Kentucky of between 3 and 5 inches ( 130 mm ) , helping to relieve a drought in the area , yet in West Virginia , there was flash flooding which destroyed 36 houses and 12 trailers , a total of three quarters of a million dollars in damage . Virginia ( edit ) Because the hurricane was expected to quickly dissipate over land , few were prepared for the flash flooding . Arriving in Virginia on the evening of August 19 , Camille was no longer a hurricane , but it carried high amounts of moisture and contained sufficient strength and low pressure to pull in additional moisture . A widespread area of western and central Virginia received over 8 inches ( 200 mm ) of rain from Camille 's remains , leading to significant flooding across the state . A total of 153 people lost their lives from blunt trauma sustained during mountain slides , related to the flash flooding , not drowning . More than 123 of these deaths , including 21 members of one family , the Huffmans , were in Nelson County . Debris avalanches occurred on hillsides with a slope greater than 35 percent . In Nelson County , the number of deaths amounted to over one percent of the county 's population . The worst of the damage was reported in Massies Mill , Woods Mill , Roseland , Bryant , Tyro , Montebello , Lovingston , Norwood , Rockfish , and along the Davis and Muddy creeks . The James and Tye rivers crested well above flood stage in many areas , including a record high of 41.3 feet ( 12.6 m ) at Columbia , Virginia . Hurricane Camille caused more than $140 million of damage ( 1969 dollars ) in Virginia . Camille was considered one of the worst natural disasters in central Virginia 's recorded history . Flooding damage at Howardsville , Virginia ; the bridge formerly carried Virginia Route 626 over the Rockfish River . The storm dropped torrential rainfall of 12 to 20 inches ( 300 to 510 mm ) , with a maximum of 27 inches ( 690 mm ) . Most of the rainfall occurred in Virginia during a 3 - 5 hour period on 19 -- 20 August . Five ( 5 ) plus inches of rain fell near the North Fork of the Tye River in only half an hour with the grounds already saturated from previous rains . Many rivers flooded across the state , with the worst being the James River in Richmond with a peak crest of 28.6 feet ( 8.7 m ) . Many rivers in Virginia and West Virginia set records for peak flood stages , causing numerous mudslides along mountainsides . In the mountain slopes between Charlottesville and Lynchburg , more than 26 inches ( 660 mm ) of rain fell in 12 hours , but the worst was in Nelson County where 27 inches ( 690 mm ) fell . There , rainfall was so heavy that reports were received of birds drowning in trees , cows floating down the Hatt Creek and of survivors having to cup hands around their mouth and nose in order to breathe through the deluge . Though the official rainfall was recorded as 27 inches , unofficial estimates are much greater . Some estimate that more than 40 inches of rain fell at Davis Creek . Most gauges were washed away ; however , it was reported that an empty 55 gallon drum that was not even in the center of the heaviest rainfall had 31 inches of water in it after Camille passed . `` So much rain fell in such a short time in Nelson County that , according to the National Weather Service at the time , it was ' the probable maximum rainfall which meteorologists compute to be theoretically possible . ' '' The ensuing flash floods and mudslides killed 153 people . In Nelson County alone , 133 bridges washed out , while in some places entire communities were under water . The major flooding that occurred downstream cut off all communication between Richmond and the Shenandoah Valley . Waynesboro on the South River saw eight feet of water downtown , and Buena Vista had more than five feet . Throughout Virginia , Camille destroyed 313 houses , 71 trailers , and 430 farm buildings . 3,765 families were affected by the hurricane in the area , and total damage in the state amounted to $140.8 million ( 1969 USD , $747 million 2005 USD ) . Records ( edit ) Most intense landfalling hurricanes in the Contiguous United States Intensity is measured solely by central pressure Rank Hurricane Season Landfall pressure `` Labor Day '' 1935 892 mbar ( hPa ) Camille 1969 900 mbar ( hPa ) Katrina 2005 920 mbar ( hPa ) Andrew 922 mbar ( hPa ) 5 `` Indianola '' 1886 925 mbar ( hPa ) 6 `` Florida Keys '' 1919 927 mbar ( hPa ) 7 `` Okeechobee '' 1928 929 mbar ( hPa ) Irma 2017 929 mbar ( hPa ) 9 `` Great Miami '' 1926 930 mbar ( hPa ) Donna 1960 930 mbar ( hPa ) Source : HURDAT , Hurricane Research Division Camille produced the sixth lowest official sea level pressure ever recorded in the Atlantic basin , at 900 millibars ( 27 inHg ) . This was also its landfalling pressure ; the only hurricane to hit the United States with a lower pressure at landfall was the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935 . A reconnaissance flight indicated a pressure of 901 millibars ( 26.6 inHg ) , but this pressure was later corrected in 1969 by researchers to 919 mb ( 27.14 inHg ) . The wind speed of Camille can only be approximated , as no meteorological equipment survived the extreme conditions at landfall , but Camille is estimated to have had sustained winds of 190 mph ( 305 km / h ) at landfall , with gusts exceeding 230 mph ( 370 km / h ) , although a reanalysis in April 2014 concluded that Camille had maximum winds of 175 mph ( 280 km / h ) rather than the 190 beforehand . Before Hurricane Katrina in 2005 , Camille likely had the highest storm surge measured in the United States , at over 24 feet ( 7.3 m ) . The 24 - foot ( 7.3 m ) storm surge quoted by the Army Corps of Engineers was based on high - water marks inside surviving buildings , of which there were but three . Prior to the collapse of the Richelieu Apartments , Ben Duckworth shone a flashlight down a stairwell and found the water within one step of the third - story floor ; this establishes a surge height of 28 feet ( 8.5 m ) at that spot at that time . About 15 minutes later , the building collapsed and the evidence vanished with it . In addition , Camille forced the Mississippi River to flow backwards for a river - distance of 125 miles ( from its mouth to a point north of New Orleans ) . The river further backed up for an additional 120 miles ( 190 km ) , to a point north of Baton Rouge . In 1969 the naming conventions for hurricanes were not strictly controlled as they are today . There were only three requirements : the name had to be female ( male names were not used at that time ) , the names had to remain in alphabetical order , and the name could not have been retired . Aftermath ( edit ) Deaths and damage by region Region Deaths Damage ( 1969 USD ) Cuba 5 $5 million Gulf of Mexico N / A $100 million Louisiana $322 million Mississippi $950 million Alabama $8 million West Virginia $750,000 Virginia 153 $140 million Total 259 $1.4 billion Damage from Camille The response after the storm involved many federal , state , and local agencies and volunteer organizations . The main organization for coordinating the federal response to the disaster was the Office of Emergency Preparedness , which provided $76 million ( 1969 USD , $403 million 2005 USD ) to administer and coordinate disaster relief programs . Food and shelter were available the day after the storm . On 19 August , parts of Mississippi and Louisiana were declared major disaster areas and became eligible for federal disaster relief funds . President Richard M. Nixon ordered 1450 regular troops and 800 United States Army Engineers into the area to bring tons of food , vehicles , and aircraft . Large organizations contributing to the relief effort included the Federal Power Commission , which helped fully return power to affected areas by 25 November 1969 . The Coast Guard ( then under the Department of Transportation ) , Air Force , Army , Army Corps of Engineers , Navy Seabees , and Marine Corps all helped with evacuations , search and rescue , clearing debris , and distribution of food . The Department of Defense contributed $34 million ( 1969 USD , $180 million 2005 USD ) and 16,500 military troops overall to the recovery . The Department of Health provided 4 million dollars towards medicine , vaccines and other health related needs . On Monday , the Air National Guard and those at Keesler Air Force Base airlifted patients to Jackson and other more inland locations . Volunteers searched for those injured and dead , as well as helping refugees . When many of the evacuees returned by Tuesday , Governor John Bell Williams declared martial law , blocking highways into the area and leading to a 6 p.m. to 6 a.m. curfew . The governor also opened Camp Shelby , dormitories within the University of Southern Mississippi , and the Robert E. Lee Hotel to serve as shelters for those who lost homes . Sections of Bay St. Louis and Pass Christian were evacuated . Survivors were found for days after the storm , with 35 trapped by high water north of Bay St. Louis rescued on Thursday . Army engineers disposed of 25 tons of dead animals , mostly cows , during the week following Camille . One week after the storm , Keesler - based air planes sprayed malathion at low altitudes to kill the thriving insect population . Martial law would be lifted on 27 August . The federal and state military presence would continue for several weeks . During the evening of 8 September , President Nixon visited the Biloxi - Gulfport Regional Airport and gave a speech to elevate the spirits of local residents struggling with the storm 's aftermath . During the rebuilding process , stricter building codes were enforced by local governments . In 1973 , hurricane hunters and their associated reconnaissance aircraft relocated to Keesler Air Force Base when their previous headquarters at Ramey , Puerto Rico , closed . A large , antebellum mansion destroyed by the high winds and storm surge . Long - term redevelopment was overseen by the Department of Commerce , which contributed $30 million ( 1969 USD , $159 million 2005 USD ) towards planned and coordinated redevelopment of affected areas . NOAA Weather Radio was expanded to coastal locations during the 1970s in the wake of Camille based upon recommendations made by the Department of Commerce in September 1969 . The devastation of Camille inspired the implementation of the Saffir - Simpson Hurricane Scale . After the storm , many Gulf Coast residents commented that hurricane warnings were not clear enough in conveying the expected intensity of the coming storm . The Saffir - Simpson scale offered a much more concise statement of storm intensity than barometric pressure and wind - speed measurements , and veterans of previous hurricanes could analogize the power of the approaching storm to those they had experienced . In a 1999 report on Hurricane Camille sponsored by the NOAA Coastal Services Center , the authors concluded : `` With Camille , the preparations for the event and the response were based on processes put in place long before the storm made landfall . Coordination between government agencies as well as with state and local officials was enhanced because of preexisting plans . '' One small compensation was that recovery from flood damage in Nelson County , Virginia led to the discovery of the Ginger Gold apple in the orchards of Clyde Harvey . Retirement ( edit ) See also : List of retired Atlantic hurricane names Due to the major destruction and death in much of the Southern United States , the name Camille was retired after the 1969 season , and will never again be used for an Atlantic or Gulf hurricane or tropical storm . The name Cindy was scheduled to replace the name in 1973 , although a new ten - year list of names was created for the 1972 - 1980 Atlantic hurricane seasons . Comparisons to Hurricane Katrina ( edit ) See also : Hurricane Katrina Comparison of Hurricanes Camille ( left ) and Katrina on satellite imagery Although Hurricane Camille and Hurricane Katrina took different paths , they both reached the same section of the coast of Mississippi with similar destructive effects . Camille intensified more rapidly than Katrina , and unlike Katrina , Camille re-intensified a second time and maintained status as a Category 5 hurricane until landfall . Both hurricanes shared the common aspect of undergoing periods of rapid intensification . The size of Camille 's radius of maximum wind was less than one - third that of Katrina , more similar to the intense but small Hurricane Andrew . Also unlike Katrina , Camille caused little damage in New Orleans , Louisiana , though Camille itself just barely missed the city . The area of hurricane - force winds within Camille was just over two - thirds the size of Hurricane Katrina . Both storms were moving at a similar forward motion at the time of landfall . Although Camille 's wind speed at landfall was higher , Katrina 's storm surge exceeded Camille 's storm surge at all known locations due to its greater size . Both hurricanes ' names were retired . Due to the time period between the two hurricanes , along with the approximate same landfall locations , sizes , and intensities of the two storms , Katrina had been nicknamed `` Camille 's Deadly Daughter . '' In culture ( edit ) Films ( edit ) A Lady Called Camille ( 1971 ) , created by the U.S. Department of Agriculture shortly after the hurricane , shows preparation and recovery efforts organized largely by Wade Guice , the former Harrison County Civil Defense Director whose wife , Julia , served as Biloxi Civil Defense Director at the time . The duo is seen at their posts at the outset of the film . The film also contains brief footage of the infamous and ill - fated Richilieu Apartments hurricane party , where a Civil Defense worker attempted to have the party - goers to evacuate . The film is accessible in the Internet Archive FedFlix collection . The short film Camille and the Seabees ( 1971 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive Frank Sutton ( well known as Sergeant Carter in the Gomer Pyle , USMC TV series ) and Larry Hagman starred in the disaster movie Hurricane ( TV 1974 ) , based on Hurricane Camille . It contained references to the Richilieu Apartments and the Hurricane Hunter plane that flew into the eye of Camille and lost an engine . Music ( edit ) Jazz Banjo player Bela Fleck wrote a Jazz Fusion song `` Hurricane Camille '' on his album Bela Fleck and the Flecktones ( 1991 ) Publications ( edit ) Tom Clancy 's novel , Without Remorse ( 1993 ) , opens with the demolition of an oil rig damaged during Camille . In the autobiographical short story , `` Rainbows after the Storm '' ( 2003 ) , an African American author describes her childhood experience of Hurricane Camille and its contribution to easing racial tensions after the storm flooded her newly integrated village : Freeport , New York ( a former KKK stronghhold ) . Stage productions ( edit ) Beth Henley 's play Crimes of the Heart ( 1979 ) takes place in Hazlehurst , Mississippi and is set five years after Hurricane Camille . While the hurricane is rarely mentioned in the script , it is cited as the cause of Doc Porter 's limp and the reason Meg Magrath has been shunned by most of the town . The play was originally produced by the Actors Theatre of Louisville , Inc. in February 1979 and received its New York premiere at the Manhattan Theatre Club in 1980 . In 2008 , Lynchburg , Virginia - based Endstation Theatre Company ( then based in Amherst , Virginia ) premiered an original play , The Bluest Water : A Hurricane Camille Story ( by playwright Jason Chimonides ) , as part of its inaugural Blue Ridge Summer Theatre Festival on the campus of Sweet Briar College . While the play was partly historical fiction ( featuring contrived characters experiencing or remembering the actual events of Hurricane Camille ) , many characters ' stories or lines of dialogue were composites of true accounts or testimonials from Nelson County ( most notably Massies Mill , the Tye River , and Davis Creek ) and the surrounding areas . The play was revived in the festival 's second year ( 2009 ) , in conjunction with the Nelson County Historical Society 's observation of the 40th anniversary of Camille . Television ( edit ) In the 2 October 1991 episode of the NBC series Quantum Leap , titled `` Hurricane '' ( Season 4 , Episode 3 ) , the main character , Sam Beckett , leaps into Archie Necaise , a small - town sheriff in the middle of Hurricane Camille . He must keep his host 's girlfriend from being killed in the storm . Hurricane Camille is the backdrop of the story . In the 1978 documentary series When Havoc Struck presented by Glenn Ford , one episode was titled ' Hurricane Camille ' . See also ( edit ) Tropical cyclones portal List of Atlantic hurricane records List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes List of wettest known tropical cyclones in Virginia List of retired Atlantic hurricane names References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ed Rappaport ( 22 April 1997 ) . `` Deadliest US Hurricanes '' . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved 28 May 2006 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Richard M. DeAngelis ( January 1970 ) . `` North Atlantic Tropical Cyclones , 1969 '' . Mariners Weather Log . Environmental Science Services Agency . 14 ( 1 ) : 2 . ^ Jump up to : R.H. Simpson ; Arnold L. Sugg ( April 1970 ) . `` The Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1969 '' ( PDF ) . Monthly Weather Review . 98 ( 4 ) : 293 . Bibcode : 1970MWRv ... 98 ... 293S . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0493 - 98.4. 293 . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hurricane Camille Preliminary Report '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of Commerce . September 1969 . Retrieved 28 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : National Hurricane Center ; Hurricane Research Division ; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory ( March 2014 ) . `` Atlantic hurricane best track ( HURDAT ) Meta Data '' . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's Office of Oceanic & Atmospheric Research . Archived from the original on 4 June 2011 . Retrieved 26 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Atlantic hurricane best track ( HURDAT version 2 ) '' . Hurricane Research Division ( Database ) . Miami , FL : National Hurricane Center . April 11 , 2017 . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Staff Writer ( 17 August 1969 ) . `` Cuba Faces Big Problem From Storm '' . Associated Press . The Progress - Index . Retrieved 4 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 15 August 1969 ) . `` Hurricane Camille Approached Cuba Today '' . The Prescott Courier . Retrieved 2 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Charles L. Sullivan ( 1985 ) . Hurricanes of the Mississippi Gulf Coast : 1717 to Present . Gulf Publishing Company , Inc. : pp. 93 - 118 . Jump up ^ Hurricane Severity Index Jump up ^ David M. Roth ( 30 October 2007 ) . `` Hurricane Camille Rainfall Graphic '' . Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . Retrieved 25 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Harrison County Library System ( 14 July 2009 ) . `` Harrison County Camille Information '' . Archived from the original on 1 September 2009 . Retrieved 26 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Inflation Calculator '' . Archived from the original on 21 July 2007 . Retrieved 18 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Chris Landsea ( 2007 ) . `` The Deadliest , Costliest , and Most Intense United States Hurricanes from 1900 to 2000 ( And Other Frequently Requested Hurricane Facts ) '' . Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory . Retrieved 26 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press ( 16 August 1969 ) . `` Florida Braces for Big Blow '' . The Kingston Gleaner . Retrieved 2 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 18 August 1969 ) . `` Hurricane Smashes Mississippi Coast '' . Retrieved 10 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Roger A. Pielke Jr. ; et al. ( August 2003 ) . `` Hurricane Vulnerability in Latin America and The Caribbean : Normalized Damage and Loss Potentials '' ( PDF ) . National Hazards Review . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 November 2012 . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Minerals Management Service Gulf Coast Region ( 3 August 2004 ) . `` History of the Offshore Oil and Gas Industry in Southern Louisiana Interim Report : Volume I : Papers on the Evolving Offshore Industry '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of the Interior . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 March 2009 . Retrieved 10 March 2009 . Jump up ^ David M. Roth ( 1998 ) . Louisiana Hurricane History : Late 20th Century ( continued ) . Archived 13 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine . National Weather Service Southern Region Headquarters . Retrieved on 2009 - 03 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : David M. Roth ( 2009 ) . Tropical Cyclone Rainfall for the Gulf Coast . Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . Retrieved on 2009 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Frank-Lloyd-Wright.com , FLW Designs ( 2005 ) '' . pp. `` Enduring Legacy '' ( bottom ) . Archived from the original on 7 August 2007 . Retrieved 4 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Robert Morton , Kristy Guy , and Anne Whitko , Tiffany Pascoe , and Heather Hill ( 2007 ) . Morphological Impacts of Hurricane Camille ( 1969 ) On Barrier Islands of Mississippi and Western Alabama . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved on 2009 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Party '' . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Roth , David M ; Hydrometeorological Prediction Center ( 2012 ) . `` Tropical Cyclone Rainfall in Florida '' . Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Point Maxima . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved June 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : David M. Roth ( 31 October 2007 ) . `` Hurricane Camille '' . Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . Retrieved 3 November 2007 . ^ Jump up to : United States Department of Commerce ( 1969 ) . `` Hurricane Camille August 14 -- 22 , 1969 '' ( PDF ) . Environmental Science Services Administration . Retrieved 23 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1969 Monthly Weather Review '' ( PDF ) . NOAA . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 January 2011 . Retrieved 28 May 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Garnett P. Williams and Harold P. Guy . Erosional and Depositional Aspects of Hurricane Camille in Virginia , 1969 . United States Government Printing Office , 1973 , pp. 1 . Jump up ^ Divine wind : The History and Science of Hurricanes . New York , NY : Oxford University Press US . 2005 . pp. 205 -- 211 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 514941 - 6 . Jump up ^ Provence , Lisa . `` Flooded with Memories '' . The Hook . Retrieved 7 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Romano , Lisa . `` Hurricane Camille '' . Encyclopedia Virginia . Retrieved 7 November 2013 . Jump up ^ United States Department of Commerce ( 1969 ) . `` Hurricane Camille August 14 -- 22 , 1969 '' ( PDF ) . Environmental Science Services Administration . Retrieved 26 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Virginia Department of Emergency Management ( 2009 ) . `` Virginia 's Weather History '' . Archived from the original on 4 September 2005 . Retrieved 28 May 2006 . Jump up ^ National Hurricane Center ; Hurricane Research Division ; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory ( February 2015 ) . `` Continental United States Hurricanes ( Detailed Description ) '' . aoml.noaa.gov . Miami , Florida : United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's Office of Oceanic & Atmospheric Research . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eric S. Blake , Edward N. Rappaport , and Chris Landsea . The Dealiest , Costliest , and Most Intense United States Tropical Cyclones From 1851 to 2006 ( and other frequently requested hurricane facts ) . Retrieved on 2008 - 03 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` NWS Jackson Special Weather Summary '' . NOAA . Archived from the original on 4 November 2006 . Retrieved 28 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Resources '' . US Army Corps of Engineers . Archived from the original on 14 May 2006 . Retrieved 28 May 2006 . Jump up ^ Howard , Judith A. ; Zebrowski , Ernest ( 2005 ) . Category 5 : The Story of Camille . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . p. 109 . ISBN 0 - 472 - 11525 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Roger A. Pielke , Jr. ; Chantal Simonpietri ; Jennifer Oxelson ( 12 July 1999 ) . `` Thirty Years After Hurricane Camille : Lessons Learned , Lessons Lost '' . University of Colorado . Retrieved 26 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Department of Commerce ( September 1969 ) . `` Hurricane Camille : A Report to the Administrator '' ( PDF ) . Environmental Science Services Administration . p. vii . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Willie Drye ( 20 December 2005 ) . `` '' Category Five `` : How a Hurricane Yardstick Came to Be '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 30 July 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Camille Leaves a New Apple in Nelson C . '' Charlottesville Daily Progress , 18 September 1992 Jump up ^ National Hurricane Center ( 2009 ) . `` Retired Hurricane Names Since 1954 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 13 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research ( 1970 ) . `` National Hurricane Operations Plan '' ( PDF ) . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 24 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Hurricane Supplement : Ten Year List of Storm Names '' . Naples Daily Times . The Hurricane Newspaper Archive. 30 June 1972 . Retrieved 10 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Jay S. Hobgood ( 2006 ) . 16C. 7 : A comparison of hurricanes Katrina ( 2005 ) and Camille ( 1969 ) . American Meteorological Society 's 27th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology . Retrieved on 2009 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Stefan Bechtel ( 2006 ) . Roar of the Heavens . Stefan Bechtel , pp. 279 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8065 - 2706 - 2 . Retrieved on 2009 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Hermann M. Fritz , Chris Blount , Robert Sokoloski , Justin Singleton , Andrew Fuggle , Brian G. McAdoo , Andrew Moore , Chad Grass , Banks Tate ( 2007 ) . Hurricane Katrina storm surge distribution and field observations on the Mississippi Barrier Islands . Estuarine , Coastal and Shelf Science Volume 74 , pp. 14 - 20 . Retrieved on 2009 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ details / gov. ntis. ava11983vnb1 A Lady Called Camille Check url = value ( help ) . Internet Archive. 1971 . Jump up ^ Tolliver , Lisa ( 15 January 2003 ) . `` Rainbows after the Storm '' . toowrite.com . Archived from the original on 19 June 2006 . Retrieved 5 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Reverend John L. O'Toole , 2nd OHR Pastor 1913 - 1935 '' . Our Holy Redeemer Church & Parish : Our Holy Redeemer Pastors . Retrieved 5 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Henry Isham Hazelton . `` Freeport : The Boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens Counties of Nassau and Suffolk , Long Island New York , 1609 - 1924 '' . ancestry.com . Retrieved 5 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . Endstation Theatre Company . Jump up ^ `` nchsva '' . nchsva . Further reading ( edit ) Bechtel , Stefan ( 2006 ) . Roar Of The Heavens : Surviving Hurricane Camille . New York : Citadel Press . ISBN 0 - 8065 - 2706 - 4 . Hearn , Philip D. ( 2004 ) . Hurricane Camille : Monster Storm of the Gulf Coast . Jackson , MS : Univ . Press of Mississippi . ISBN 1 - 57806 - 655 - 7 . Historical Hurricanes External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hurricane Camille . Face to Face with Hurricane Camille , Joseph P. Blank , Reader 's Digest ( March 1970 ) , pp 62 -- 67 Harrison County Library 's Camille Page Post-Storm Report on Camille Radar image of Camille Storm surge profile The story of Harbour Oaks Inn Thirty Years After Hurricane Camille : Lessons Learned , Lessons Lost , Roger A. Pielke , Jr. , Chantal Simonpietri , and Jennifer Oxelson , 12 July 1999 . Track of Camille 's eye at landfall Retired Atlantic hurricane names 1950s Carol Edna Hazel Connie Diane Ione Janet Audrey 1960s Donna Carla Hattie Flora Cleo Dora Hilda Betsy Inez Beulah Camille 1970s Celia Agnes Carmen Fifi Eloise Anita Greta David Frederic 1980s Allen Alicia Elena Gloria Gilbert Joan Hugo 1990s Diana Klaus Bob Andrew Luis Marilyn Opal Roxanne Cesar Fran Hortense Georges Mitch Floyd Lenny 2000s Keith Allison ( TS ) Iris Michelle Isidore Lili Fabian Isabel Juan Charley Frances Ivan Jeanne Dennis Katrina Rita Stan Wilma Dean Felix Noel Gustav Ike Paloma 2010s Igor Tomas Irene Sandy Ingrid Erika ( TS ) Joaquin Matthew Otto Book Category Portal WikiProject Commons Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes 1920s `` Cuba ( 1924 ) '' `` Okeechobee '' ( 1928 ) 1930s `` Bahamas '' ( 1932 ) `` Cuba ( 1932 ) '' `` Cuba -- Brownsville '' ( 1933 ) `` Tampico '' ( 1933 ) `` Labor Day '' ( 1935 ) `` New England '' ( 1938 ) 1950s Carol ( 1953 ) Janet ( 1955 ) 1960s Carla ( 1961 ) Hattie ( 1961 ) Beulah ( 1967 ) Camille ( 1969 ) 1970s Edith ( 1971 ) Anita ( 1977 ) David ( 1979 ) 1980s Allen ( 1980 ) Gilbert ( 1988 ) Hugo ( 1989 ) 1990s Andrew ( 1992 ) Mitch ( 1998 ) 2000s Isabel ( 2003 ) Ivan ( 2004 ) Emily ( 2005 ) Katrina ( 2005 ) Rita ( 2005 ) Wilma ( 2005 ) Dean ( 2007 ) Felix ( 2007 ) 2010s Matthew ( 2016 ) Irma ( 2017 ) Maria ( 2017 ) Book Category Tropical cyclones portal Tropical cyclones of the 1969 Atlantic hurricane season TD Five TD Six TD Seven TD Eight TD Thirteen TS Anna Blanche 5 Camille Debbie TS Eve Francelia Gerda Holly TD Twenty - Nine Inga Ten TS Eleven TS One TS Jenny Kara Laurie TS Sixteen Seventeen Martha Book Category Portal WikiProject Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Camille&oldid=815383630 '' Categories : 1969 natural disasters 1969 Atlantic hurricane season Hurricanes in Alabama Hurricanes in Virginia Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes Hurricanes in Louisiana Hurricanes in Mississippi Retired Atlantic hurricanes 1969 natural disasters in the United States Hurricanes in Tennessee Hurricanes in West Virginia Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Pages with URL errors Use dmy dates from January 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 14 : 28 . 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what was the track of hurricane camille in 1969

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Mariana Trench

Mariana Trench - Wikipedia Mariana Trench This article is about the deep sea trench . For the Canadian band named after the geological formation , see Marianas Trench ( band ) . Coordinates : 11 ° 21 ′ N 142 ° 12 ′ E  /  11.350 ° N 142.200 ° E  / 11.350 ; 142.200 Location of the Mariana Trench The Mariana Trench or Marianas Trench , located in the western Pacific Ocean approximately 200 kilometres ( 124 mi ) east of the Mariana Islands , is the deepest point in the world 's oceans . It is a crescent - shaped trough in the Earth 's crust averaging about 2,550 km ( 1,580 mi ) long and 69 km ( 43 mi ) wide . The maximum - known depth is 10,994 metres ( 36,070 ft ) ( ± 40 metres ( 130 ft ) ) at the southern end of a small slot - shaped valley in its floor known as the Challenger Deep . However , some , unrepeated , measurements place the deepest portion at 11,034 metres ( 36,201 ft ) . For comparison : if Mount Everest were dropped into the trench at this point , its peak would still be over 2 kilometres ( 1.2 mi ) underwater . At the bottom of the trench the water column above exerts a pressure of 1,086 bars ( 15,750 psi ) , more than 1,000 times the standard atmospheric pressure at sea level . At this pressure , the density of water is increased by 4.96 % , so that 95.27 litres of water under the pressure of the Challenger Deep would contain the same mass as 100 litres at the surface . The temperature at the bottom is 1 to 4 ° C ( 34 to 39 ° F ) . The trench is not the part of the seafloor closest to the centre of the Earth . This is because the Earth is not a perfect sphere ; its radius is about 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) smaller at the poles than at the equator . As a result , parts of the Arctic Ocean seabed are at least 13 kilometres ( 8.1 mi ) closer to the Earth 's centre than the Challenger Deep seafloor . In 2009 , the Marianas Trench was established as a United States National Monument . Xenophyophores have been found in the trench by Scripps Institution of Oceanography researchers at a record depth of 10.6 kilometres ( 6.6 mi ) below the sea surface . On 17 March 2013 , researchers from the Scottish Association for Marine Science reported data that suggested microbial life forms thrive within the trench . Contents 1 Names 2 Geology 3 Measurements 3.1 Descents 3.2 Planned descents 4 Life 4.1 Pollution 5 Possible nuclear waste disposal site 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Names ( edit ) The Mariana Trench is named for the nearby Mariana Islands ( in turn named Las Marianas in honor of Spanish Queen Mariana of Austria , widow of Philip IV of Spain ) . The islands are part of the island arc that is formed on an over-riding plate , called the Mariana Plate ( also named for the islands ) , on the western side of the trench . Geology ( edit ) The Pacific plate is subducted beneath the Mariana Plate , creating the Mariana trench , and ( further on ) the arc of the Mariana islands , as water trapped in the plate is released and explodes upward to form island volcanoes and earthquakes . The Mariana Trench is part of the Izu - Bonin - Mariana subduction system that forms the boundary between two tectonic plates . In this system , the western edge of one plate , the Pacific Plate , is subducted ( i.e. , thrust ) beneath the smaller Mariana Plate that lies to the west . Crustal material at the western edge of the Pacific Plate is some of the oldest oceanic crust on earth ( up to 170 million years old ) , and is therefore cooler and more dense ; hence its great height difference relative to the higher - riding ( and younger ) Mariana Plate . The deepest area at the plate boundary is the Mariana Trench proper . The movement of the Pacific and Mariana plates is also indirectly responsible for the formation of the Mariana Islands . These volcanic islands are caused by Flux melting of the upper mantle due to release of water that is trapped in minerals of the subducted portion of the Pacific Plate . Measurements ( edit ) Ocean trenches in the western Pacific See also : Challenger Deep The trench was first sounded during the Challenger expedition in 1875 , using a weighted rope , which recorded a depth of 4,475 fathoms ( 8,184 metres ; 26,850 feet ) . In 1877 , a map was published called Tiefenkarte des Grossen Ozeans ( `` Deep map of the Great Ocean '' ) by Petermann , which showed a Challenger Tief ( `` Challenger deep '' ) at the location of that sounding . In 1899 , USS Nero , a converted collier , recorded a depth of 5,269 fathoms ( 9,636 metres ; 31,614 feet ) . In 1951 , Challenger II surveyed the trench using echo sounding , a much more precise and vastly easier way to measure depth than the sounding equipment and drag lines used in the original expedition . During this survey , the deepest part of the trench was recorded when the Challenger II measured a depth of 5,960 fathoms ( 10,900 metres ; 35,760 feet ) at 11 ° 19 ′ N 142 ° 15 ′ E  /  11.317 ° N 142.250 ° E  / 11.317 ; 142.250 , known as the Challenger Deep . In 1957 , the Soviet vessel Vityaz reported a depth of 11,034 metres ( 36,201 ft ) at a location dubbed the Mariana Hollow . In 1962 , the surface ship M.V. Spencer F. Baird recorded a maximum depth of 10,915 metres ( 35,810 ft ) using precision depth gauges . In 1984 , the Japanese survey vessel Takuyō ( 拓 洋 ) collected data from the Mariana Trench using a narrow , multi-beam echo sounder ; it reported a maximum depth of 10,924 metres ( 35,840 ft ) , also reported as 10,920 metres ( 35,830 ft ) ± 10 m ( 33 ft ) . Remotely Operated Vehicle KAIKO reached the deepest area of the Mariana Trench and made the deepest diving record of 10,911 metres ( 35,797 ft ) on March 24 , 1995 . During surveys carried out between 1997 and 2001 , a spot was found along the Mariana Trench that had depth similar to that of the Challenger Deep , possibly even deeper . It was discovered while scientists from the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology were completing a survey around Guam ; they used a sonar mapping system towed behind the research ship to conduct the survey . This new spot was named the HMRG ( Hawaii Mapping Research Group ) Deep , after the group of scientists who discovered it . On 1 June 2009 , sonar mapping of the Challenger Deep by the Simrad EM120 sonar multibeam bathymetry system for deep water , mapping aboard the RV Kilo Moana ( mothership of the Nereus vehicle ) , indicated a spot with a depth of 10,971 metres ( 35,994 ft ) . The sonar system uses phase and amplitude bottom detection , with an accuracy of better than 0.2 % of water depth across the entire swath ( implying that the depth figure is accurate to ± 22 metres ( 72 ft ) ) . In 2011 , it was announced at the American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting that a US Navy hydrographic ship equipped with a multibeam echosounder conducted a survey which mapped the entire trench to 100 metres ( 330 ft ) resolution . The mapping revealed the existence of four rocky outcrops thought to be former seamounts . The Mariana Trench is a site chosen by researchers at Washington University and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in 2012 for a seismic survey to investigate the subsurface water cycle . Using both ocean - bottom seismometers and hydrophones the scientists are able to map structures as deep as 97 kilometres ( 60 mi ) beneath the surface . Descents ( edit ) The bathyscaphe Trieste ( designed by Auguste Piccard ) , the first manned vehicle to reach the bottom of the Mariana Trench . Four descents have been achieved . The first was the manned descent by Swiss - designed , Italian - built , United States Navy - owned bathyscaphe Trieste which reached the bottom at 1 : 06 pm on 23 January 1960 , with Don Walsh and Jacques Piccard on board . Iron shot was used for ballast , with gasoline for buoyancy . The onboard systems indicated a depth of 11,521 m ( 37,799 ft ) , but this was later revised to 10,916 m ( 35,814 ft ) . The depth was estimated from a conversion of pressure measured and calculations based on the water density from sea surface to seabed . This was followed by the unmanned ROVs Kaikō in 1996 and Nereus in 2009 . The first three expeditions directly measured very similar depths of 10,902 to 10,916 m ( 35,768 to 35,814 ft ) . The fourth was made by Canadian film director James Cameron in 2012 . On 26 March , he reached the bottom of the Mariana Trench in the submersible vessel Deepsea Challenger . In July 2015 , members of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , Oregon State University , and the Coast Guard submerged a hydrophone into the deepest part of the Mariana Trench , the Challenger Deep , never having deployed one past a mile . The titanium - shelled hydrophone was designed to withstand the immense pressure 7 miles under . Although researchers were unable to retrieve the hydrophone until November , the data capacity was full within the first 23 days . After months of analyzing the sounds , the experts were surprised to pick up natural and man - made sounds such as boats , earthquakes , a typhoon , and baleen whales . Due to the mission 's success , the researchers announced plans to deploy a second hydrophone in 2017 for an extended period of time . Planned descents ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( May 2018 ) As of February 2012 , at least two other teams are planning piloted submarines to reach the bottom of the Mariana Trench . Triton Submarines , a Florida - based company that designs and manufactures private submarines , plans for a crew of three to take 120 minutes to reach the seabed . DOER Marine , a marine technology company based near San Francisco and set up in 1992 , plans for a crew of two or three to take 90 minutes to reach the seabed . Life ( edit ) The expedition conducted in 1960 claimed to have observed , with great surprise because of the high pressure , large creatures living at the bottom , such as a flatfish about 30 cm ( 12 in ) long , and shrimp . According to Piccard , `` The bottom appeared light and clear , a waste of firm diatomaceous ooze '' . Many marine biologists are now skeptical of the supposed sighting of the flatfish , and it is suggested that the creature may instead have been a sea cucumber . During the second expedition , the unmanned vehicle Kaikō collected mud samples from the seabed . Tiny organisms were found to be living in those samples . In July 2011 , a research expedition deployed untethered landers , called dropcams , equipped with digital video and lights to explore this region of the deep sea . Amongst many other living organisms , some gigantic single - celled amoebas with a size of more than 10 cm ( 4 in ) , belonging to the class of xenophyophores were observed . Xenophyophores are noteworthy for their size , their extreme abundance on the seafloor and their role as hosts for a variety of organisms . In December 2014 , a new species of snailfish was discovered at a depth of 8,145 m ( 26,722 ft ) , breaking the previous record for the deepest living fish seen on video . During the 2014 expedition , several new species were filmed including huge crustaceans known as supergiants . Deep - sea gigantism is the process where species grow larger than their shallow water relatives . In May 2017 an unidentified type of snailfish was filmed at a depth of 8,178 metres ( 26,800 ft ) . Pollution ( edit ) In 2016 , a research expedition looked at the chemical makeup of crustacean scavengers collected from a range of 7,841 -- 10,250 metres within the trench . Within these organisms , the researchers found extremely elevated concentrations of PCBs , a chemical toxin banned for its environmental harm in the 1970s , concentrated at all depths within the sediment of the trench . Possible nuclear waste disposal site ( edit ) Like other oceanic trenches , the Mariana Trench has been proposed as a site for nuclear waste disposal , in the hope that tectonic plate subduction occurring at the site might eventually push the nuclear waste deep into the Earth 's mantle , the second layer of the Earth . However , ocean dumping of nuclear waste is prohibited by international law . Furthermore , plate subduction zones are associated with very large megathrust earthquakes , the effects of which are unpredictable for the safety of long - term disposal of nuclear wastes within the hadopelagic ecosystem . See also ( edit ) Oceania portal Marianas Trench Marine National Monument , United States national monument at the trench . This National Monument protects 95,216 square miles ( 246,610 km ) of submerged lands and waters of the Mariana Archipelago . It includes some of the Mariana Trench , but not the deepest part , the Challenger Deep , which lies just outside the monument area . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mariana Trench is 10,994 m deep , while Mount Everest is 8,848 m tall . The difference is 2,146 m , or at least no less than 2,104 m , accounting for the combined 42 m uncertainty in the measurements . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NGA GeoNames Search '' . National Geospatial Agency . Retrieved 29 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scientists map Mariana Trench , deepest known section of ocean in the world '' . The Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . 7 December 2011 . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mariana Trench '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ `` Official height for Everest set '' . BBC News . 8 April 2010 . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ infoplease.com -- The Temperature in the Mariana Trench , read 2012 - 05 - 13 Jump up ^ David R. Williams ( 17 November 2010 ). Earth Fact Sheet . National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 23 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About the Monument -- Mariana Trench '' . U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service . Jump up ^ `` Giant amoeba found in Mariana Trench -- 6.6 miles beneath the sea '' . Los Angeles Times . 26 October 2011 . Retrieved 23 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Choi , Charles Q. ( 17 March 2013 ) . `` Microbes Thrive in Deepest Spot on Earth '' . LiveScience . Retrieved 17 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Glud , Ronnie ; Wenzhöfer , Frank ; Middleboe , Mathias ; Oguri , Kazumasa ; Turnewitsch , Robert ; Canfield , Donald E. ; Kitazato , Hiroshi ( 17 March 2013 ) . `` High rates of microbial carbon turnover in sediments in the deepest oceanic trench on Earth '' . Nature Geoscience . Bibcode : 2013NatGe ... 6 ... 284G . doi : 10.1038 / ngeo1773 . Retrieved 17 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About the Mariana Trench -- DEEPSEA CHALLENGE Expedition '' . Deepseachallenge.com. 26 March 2012 . Archived from the original on 28 June 2013 . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Theberge , A. ( 24 March 2009 ) . `` Thirty Years of Discovering the Mariana Trench '' . Hydro International . Retrieved 31 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Mariana Trench -- Exploration '' . marianatrench.com . Jump up ^ Tani , S. `` Continental shelf survey of Japan '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 March 2011 . Retrieved 24 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Development and Construction of Launcher System of 10000m ‐ Class Remotely Operated Vehicle KAIKO Mitsubishi Heavy Industry Jump up ^ Whitehouse , David ( 16 July 2003 ) . `` Sea floor survey reveals deep hole '' . BBC News . Retrieved 17 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Reports for R / V KILO MOANA June and July 2009 '' . University of Hawaii Marine Center . Archived from the original on 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Inventory of Scientific Equipment aboard the R / V KILO MOANA '' . University of Hawaii Marine Center . Archived from the original on 13 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Duncan Geere ( 7 February 2012 ) . `` Four ' bridges ' span the Mariana Trench '' . Wired . Condé Nast Digital . Archived from the original on 11 March 2012 . Retrieved 23 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Seismic Survey at the Mariana Trench Will Follow Water Dragged Down Into the Earth 's Mantle '' . ScienceDaily. 22 March 2012 . Retrieved 23 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Strickland , Eliza ( 2012 - 02 - 29 ) . `` Don Walsh Describes the Trip to the Bottom of the Mariana Trench -- IEEE Spectrum '' . Spectrum.ieee.org . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mariana Trench '' . Earthquake Hazards Program . U.S. Geological Survey . 21 October 2009 . Archived from the original on 18 March 2012 . Retrieved 23 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` NOAA Ocean Explorer : History : Quotations : Soundings , Sea - Bottom , and Geophysics '' . oceanexplorer.noaa.gov . Jump up ^ AP Staff ( 25 March 2012 ) . `` James Cameron has reached deepest spot on Earth '' . MSNBC . Retrieved 25 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Broad , William J. ( 25 March 2012 ) . `` Filmmaker in Submarine Voyages to Bottom of Sea '' . New York Times . Retrieved 25 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Than , Ker ( 25 March 2012 ) . `` James Cameron Completes Record - Breaking Mariana Trench Dive '' . National Geographic Society . Retrieved 25 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Kate ( 2016 ) , `` Eerie sounds from the bottom of the Earth '' , News.com.au . Jump up ^ Chappell , Bill ( 4 March 2016 ) . `` Deep - Sea Audio Recordings Reveal A Noisy Mariana Trench , Surprising Scientists '' . The Two - Way : Breaking News from NPR . National Public Radio . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Triton Submarines '' . Tritonsubs.com . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` DOER Marine '' . DOER Marine . 20 December 2010 . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bathyscaphe Trieste Mariana Trench Challenger Deep '' . Geology.com . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` James Cameron dives deep for Avatar '' , Guardian , 18 January 2011 Jump up ^ `` James Cameron heads into the abyss '' , Nature , 19 March 2012 Jump up ^ Woods , Michael ; Mary B. Woods ( 2009 ) . Seven Natural Wonders of the Arctic , Antarctica , and the Oceans . Twenty - First Century Books . p. 13 . ISBN 0 - 8225 - 9075 - 1 . Retrieved 23 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Giant amoebas discovered in the deepest ocean trench '' . Retrieved 26 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Morelle , Rebecca ( 2014 - 12 - 09 ) . `` New record for deepest fish '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Ghostly fish in Mariana Trench in the Pacific is deepest ever recorded '' . CBC News . 2017 - 08 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Jamieson , Alan J. ; Malkocs , Tamas ; Piertney , Stuart B. ; Fujii , Toyonobu ; Zhang , Zulin ( 2017 - 02 - 13 ) . `` Bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants in the deepest ocean fauna '' . Nature Ecology & Evolution. 1 . doi : 10.1038 / s41559 - 016 - 0051 . ISSN 2397 - 334X . ^ Jump up to : Hafemeister , David W. ( 2007 ) . Physics of societal issues : calculations on national security , environment , and energy . Berlin : Springer . p. 187 . ISBN 0 - 387 - 95560 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Kingsley , Marvin G. ; Rogers , Kenneth H. ( 2007 ) . Calculated risks : highly radioactive waste and homeland security . Aldershot , Hants , England : Ashgate . pp. 75 -- 76 . ISBN 0 - 7546 - 7133 - X . Jump up ^ `` Dumping and Loss overview '' . Oceans in the Nuclear Age . Archived from the original on 5 June 2011 . Retrieved 18 September 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mariana Trench . Mariana Trench Dive ( 25 March 2012 ) -- Deepsea Challenger . Mariana Trench Dive ( 23 January 1960 ) -- Trieste ( Newsreel ) . Mariana Trench Dive ( 50th Anniv ) -- Trieste -- Capt Don Walsh . Mariana Trench -- Maps ( Google ) . NOAA -- Ocean Explorer ( Ofc Ocean Exploration & Rsch ) . NOAA -- Ocean Explorer -- Multimedia -- Mariana Arc ( podcast ) . NOAA -- Ocean Explorer -- Video Playlist -- Ring of Fire ( 2004 -- 2006 ) . Tectonic plates of East Asia ( Eurasian Plate - Pacific Plate Convergence Zone ) Large Amur Plate Okhotsk Plate Philippine Sea Plate Yangtze Plate Small Mariana Plate Okinawa Plate Philippine Mobile Belt Faults and rift zones Baikal Rift Zone Fukozu Fault Idosawa Fault Itoigawa - Shizuoka Tectonic Line Izu - Bonin - Mariana Arc Japan Median Tectonic Line Longmenshan Fault Neodani Fault Nojima Fault Northeastern Japan Arc Philippine Fault System Senya Fault Tanna Fault Ulakhan Fault Urasoko fault Trenches and troughs Kuril Trench Mariana Trench Japan Izu - Ogasawara Trench Japan Trench Nankai Trough Sagami Trough Suruga Trough Okinawa Trough Ryukyu Trench Philippines Manila Trench Philippine Trench East Luzon Trench Other Boso Triple Junction GND : 4576056 - 1 VIAF : 242291548 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mariana_Trench&oldid=853688674 '' Categories : Philippine Sea Oceanic trenches of the Pacific Ocean Extreme points of Earth Subduction zones Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles in need of updating from May 2018 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2012 All articles containing potentially dated statements Use dmy dates from May 2012 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 文言 粵語 中文 70 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 10 : 50 ( UTC ) . 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who has been to the bottom of the marianas trench

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Smith & Wesson Model 19

Smith & Wesson Model 19 - wikipedia Smith & Wesson Model 19 Smith & Wesson Model 19 S&W Model 19 - 5 ; polished nickel , 4 '' barrel Type Revolver Place of origin United States Production history Designer Smith & Wesson Manufacturer Smith & Wesson Produced 1957 -- 1999 , 2014 -- Variants Model 66 ( stainless steel ) Specifications Cartridge . 357 Magnum Action Double action Feed system 6 - round cylinder Sights Adjustable The S&W Model 19 is a revolver produced by Smith & Wesson on its K - frame . The model 19 is chambered for . 357 Magnum . The K - frame is somewhat smaller and lighter than the original N - frame . 357 , usually known as the S&W Model 27 . Contents 1 History 2 Styles 3 Model 19 Variants 3.1 Model 66 4 Users 5 Criminal use 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The . 357 Magnum is the oldest `` magnum '' handgun cartridge . Smith & Wesson played a major part in the development and success of the cartridge and revolver that went with it . Firearms writer and experimenter Philip Sharpe is credited for its development during the 1930s when police agencies were asking for a more powerful round . S&W 's Dan Wesson agreed to produce a new revolver that would handle `` high - intensity '' . 38 Special loads , but only if Winchester would develop a new cartridge . Elmer Keith , a well known author and wildcatter at the time , was experimenting with hand loading . 38 Special ammunition beyond their original specifications , taking advantage of the newer and better designed firearm frames and metallurgy , and also played a major role in the development of the . 357 Magnum . Winchester introduced the . 357 Magnum , which was dimensionally identical to the . 38 Special except for a . 125 inch longer case , and the first revolvers ( referred to as ``. 357 Magnum Models '' ) were completed by S&W on April 8 , 1935 . Retired Assistant Chief Patrol Inspector of the U.S. Border Patrol , famous gunfighter , and noted firearms and shooting skills writer Bill Jordan consulted with Smith & Wesson on the design and characteristics of the Model 19 . Jordan 's idea for a `` peace officer 's dream '' sidearm was a heavy - barreled four - inch K - Frame . 357 Magnum with a shrouded barrel like the big N - frame . 357 and adjustable sights . After a year of experimentation with improved - strength steels and special heat - treating processes , the result was the . 357 Combat Magnum ( later designated Model 19 ) , with the first serial - number gun ( K260 , 000 ) presented to Jordan on November 15 , 1955 . The . 357 Magnum , four - inch barreled model was standard issue to uniformed officers of the former U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service as well as Patrol Agents of the U.S. Border Patrol until both agencies adopted . 40 caliber semi-automatic pistols . The . 357 Magnum , 2.5 '' barreled model was standard issue to Special Agents of the former U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service as well as Patrol Agents of the U.S. Border Patrol working plain clothes assignments until both agencies adopted . 40 caliber semi-automatic pistols . Styles ( edit ) The Model 19 was produced in blued carbon steel or nickel - plated steel with wood or rubber combat grips , an adjustable rear sight , full - target or semi-target hammer , serrated wide target trigger or combat - type trigger , and was available in 2.5 '' ( 3 `` : Model 66 -- rare ) , 4 '' , or 6 - inch barrel lengths . The weights are 30.5 ounces , 36 ounces , and 39 ounces , respectively . The 2.5 - and 3 - inch barrel versions had round butts , while the others had square butts . The Model 19 was produced from 1957 ( first model number stampings ) to November 1999 . The Model 66 was produced from 1970 until 2005 . The Model 66 differed by its use of stainless steel and its smooth target - type trigger . The Model 19 and the Model 66 had the same trigger options . Engineering changes were designated with a `` dash - '' number after the model number . The engineering changes are as follows : Model 19 Variants ( edit ) Model Year Modifications 19 1957 Introduction 19 - 1 1959 Change extractor rod , right to left - hand thread 19 - 2 1961 Cylinder stop changed , deleted trigger guard screw 19 - 2 1963 Introduce 6 '' barrel 19 - 2 1963 50 manufactured with 2.5 '' barrel , serial range K544672 -- K544721 19 - 2 1966 Introduce 2.5 '' barrel as standard 19 - 3 1967 Relocation of rear sight leaf screw 19 - 3 1968 Delete diamond - insert grip 19 - 4 1977 Change gas ring from yoke to cylinder 19 - 5 1982 Eliminate cylinder counter bore and pinned barrel ; small change in cylinder length to 1.62 '' 19 - 6 New yoke retention system ; radius stud package ; floating hand ; hammer nose bushing . 19 - 6 Blue finish only is cataloged 19 - 7 Add Uncle Mike 's Combat synthetic grips ; drill and tap frame ; change extractor ; change rear sight leaf 19 - 7 1995 Delete square butt 19 - 7 Discontinue 6 '' barrel production ; begin shipments in blue foam - filled plastic cases 19 - 7 Change to MIM thumbpiece and trigger , ship with trigger locks 19 - 8 1998 Change frame design , eliminate cylinder stop stud , serrated tangs 19 - 8 1998 Add internal lock , add MIM hammer w / floating firing pin 19 - 8 1999 Discontinue 2.5 '' barrel 19 - 9 2018 Reintroduced with 4.25 '' barrel and Performance Center Carry Comp with 3 '' barrel Model 66 ( edit ) 66 ( 1971 ) : Stamping of each model . 66 - 1 ( 1977 ) : Changed the gas ring from the yoke to the cylinder . 66 - 2 ( 1982 ) : Eliminated pinned and recessed , slightly lengthened cylinder . 66 - 3 ( 1986 ) : New yoke retention system / radius stud package / hammer nose bushing / floating hand . 66 - 4 ( 1994 ) : Change rear sight leaf , drill and tap frame , introduce Uncle Mike 's grips , change extractor . 66 - 5 ( 1998 ) : Change in frame design : eliminate cylinder stop stud / eliminate serrated tangs / change to MIM hammer with floating firing pin / change internal lockwork . 66 - 6 ( 2002 ) : Introduced internal lock . 66 - 7 ( ? ) : Two piece barrel and internal lock , ( 2005 ) : Discontinued . 66 - 8 ( 2014 ) : Reintroduced with 4.25 '' barrel in 2014 and later with a 2.75 '' barrel in 2017 . Users ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Austin Police Department Texas Alcoholic Beverage Commission U.S. Border Patrol U.S. Air Force Immigration and Naturalization Service ( former United States agency , now part of several agencies in the U.S. Department of Homeland Security ) South Australian Police Rhode Island State Police Bundesnachrichtendienst GSG 9 Diplomatic Security Service Special Security Team Norwegian Police Service North Carolina Highway Patrol Naval Criminal Investigative Service United States Secret Service F.B.I. Seal Team Six Tarrant County Sheriff 's Office Criminal use ( edit ) Two M19s were used in the 1996 Dunblane massacre . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Supica , Jim ; Nahas , Richard ( 3 January 2007 ) . Standard Catalog of Smith & Wesson . Iola , Wisconsin : F + W Media , Inc . pp. 136 , 186 -- 188 . ISBN 0 - 89689 - 293 - X . Jump up ^ Taffin , John ( 2006 ) . `` The combat magnum : good gun gone '' . Guns Magazine . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Sweeney , Patrick ( 2004 ) . The Gun Digest Book of Smith & Wesson . Iola , Wisconsin : Gun Digest Books . pp. 40 -- 41 . ISBN 0 - 87349 - 792 - 9 . Jump up ^ Cullen , Douglas W ( 30 September 1996 ) . `` The Public Inquiry into the Shootings at Dunblane Primary School on 13 March 1996 '' ( PDF ) . ISBN 0 10 133862 7 . Retrieved 7 April 2018 . External links ( edit ) S&W M19 under S&W M&P revolver . Smith & Wesson Revolvers Top Hinge Model 1 Model 1 1 / 2 Smith & Wesson Model No. 2 Army Top Break Model 2 Model 3 Safety Hammerless I - frame Model 30 Model 34 Kit Gun J - frame Model 36 Bodyguard Centennial Model 60 Model 317 Kit Gun Model 340PD Model 640 K - frame Model 10 Model 12 Model 13 Model 14 Model 15 Model 17 Model 19 Model 617 Model 64 Model 65 Model 66 Model 67 L - frame Model 581 Model 586 Model 619 Model 620 Model 646 Model 681 Model 686 M - frame Ladysmith N - frame Triple Lock . 38 / 44 Model 22 Model 27 Model 28 Model 29 Model 57 Model 610 Model 625 Model 629 X-frame Model 460 Model 500 Z - frame Governor C - frame ( experimental ) Model 73 Semi-automatic pistols Model 1006 Model 1913 Model 22A Model 39 Model 4006 Model 41 Model 410 Model 422 Model 4506 Model 457 Model 469 Model 52 Model 5906 Model 6904 Model 59 Model 61 Model 645 Model 910 Bodyguard 380 M&P M&P22 SD VE SW1911 SW99 Sigma Long guns Model 1940 M&P10 M&P15 M&P15 - 22 Model 320 Model 76 Assault Shotgun Cartridges . 22 Short . 32 S&W . 32 S&W Long . 35 S&W Auto . 356 TSW . 357 Magnum . 38 S&W . 38 Special . 40 S&W . 41 Magnum . 44 Russian . 44 Special . 44 S&W American . 44 Magnum . 45 Schofield . 460 S&W Magnum . 500 S&W Special . 500 S&W Magnum Horace Smith Daniel B. Wesson Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smith_%26_Wesson_Model_19&oldid=853934521 '' Categories : Smith & Wesson revolvers Revolvers . 357 Magnum firearms Police weapons Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano 日本 語 Polski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 22 : 03 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

smith and wesson model 19 serial number database

5853430982222925025

Charles Dickens

Charles Dickens - wikipedia Charles Dickens Jump to : navigation , search `` Dickens '' and `` Dickensian '' redirect here . For the television series , see Dickensian ( TV series ) . For other uses , see Dickens ( disambiguation ) . Charles Dickens Dickens in New York , circa 1867 -- 1868 Charles John Huffam Dickens ( 1812 - 02 - 07 ) 7 February 1812 Landport , Hampshire , England 9 June 1870 ( 1870 - 06 - 09 ) ( aged 58 ) Higham , Kent , England Resting place Poets ' Corner , Westminster Abbey Occupation Writer Nationality British Notable works The Pickwick Papers Oliver Twist Nicholas Nickleby A Christmas Carol David Copperfield Bleak House Little Dorrit A Tale of Two Cities Great Expectations Spouse Catherine Thomson Hogarth Children Charles Dickens Jr . Mary Dickens Kate Perugini Walter Landor Dickens Francis Dickens Alfred D'Orsay Tennyson Dickens Sydney Smith Haldimand Dickens Henry Fielding Dickens Dora Annie Dickens Edward Dickens Signature Charles John Huffam Dickens ( / ˈdɪkɪnz / ; 7 February 1812 -- 9 June 1870 ) was an English writer and social critic . He created some of the world 's best - known fictional characters and is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era . His works enjoyed unprecedented popularity during his lifetime , and by the 20th century critics and scholars had recognised him as a literary genius . His novels and short stories enjoy lasting popularity . Born in Portsmouth , Dickens left school to work in a factory when his father was incarcerated in a debtors ' prison . Despite his lack of formal education , he edited a weekly journal for 20 years , wrote 15 novels , five novellas , hundreds of short stories and non-fiction articles , lectured and performed readings extensively , was an indefatigable letter writer , and campaigned vigorously for children 's rights , education , and other social reforms . Dickens 's literary success began with the 1836 serial publication of The Pickwick Papers . Within a few years he had become an international literary celebrity , famous for his humour , satire , and keen observation of character and society . His novels , most published in monthly or weekly instalments , pioneered the serial publication of narrative fiction , which became the dominant Victorian mode for novel publication . Cliffhanger endings in his serial publications kept readers in suspense . The instalment format allowed Dickens to evaluate his audience 's reaction , and he often modified his plot and character development based on such feedback . For example , when his wife 's chiropodist expressed distress at the way Miss Mowcher in David Copperfield seemed to reflect her disabilities , Dickens improved the character with positive features . His plots were carefully constructed , and he often wove elements from topical events into his narratives . Masses of the illiterate poor chipped in ha'pennies to have each new monthly episode read to them , opening up and inspiring a new class of readers . Dickens was regarded as the literary colossus of his age . His 1843 novella , A Christmas Carol , remains popular and continues to inspire adaptations in every artistic genre . Oliver Twist and Great Expectations are also frequently adapted , and , like many of his novels , evoke images of early Victorian London . His 1859 novel , A Tale of Two Cities , set in London and Paris , is his best - known work of historical fiction . Dickens has been praised by fellow writers -- from Leo Tolstoy to George Orwell and G.K. Chesterton -- for his realism , comedy , prose style , unique characterisations , and social criticism . On the other hand , Oscar Wilde , Henry James , and Virginia Woolf complained of a lack of psychological depth , loose writing , and a vein of saccharine sentimentalism . The term Dickensian is used to describe something that is reminiscent of Dickens and his writings , such as poor social conditions or comically repulsive characters . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early years 2 Journalism and early novels 3 First visit to the United States 4 Philanthropy 5 Religious views 6 Middle years 7 Last years 8 Second visit to the United States 9 Farewell readings 10 Death 11 Literary style 11.1 Characters 11.2 Autobiographical elements 11.3 Episodic writing 11.4 Social commentary 11.5 Literary techniques 12 Reception 13 Influence and legacy 14 Notable works 15 References 16 Further reading 17 External links 17.1 Works 17.2 Organisations and portals 17.3 Museums 17.4 Other Early years Charles Dickens 's birthplace , 393 Commercial Road , Portsmouth 2 Ordnance Terrace , Chatham , Dickens 's home 1817 -- May 1821 Charles John Huffam Dickens was born on 7 February 1812 , at 1 Mile End Terrace ( now 393 Commercial Road ) , Landport in Portsea Island ( Portsmouth ) , the second of eight children of Elizabeth Dickens ( née Barrow ; 1789 -- 1863 ) and John Dickens ( 1785 -- 1851 ) . His father was a clerk in the Navy Pay Office and was temporarily stationed in the district . He asked Christopher Huffam , rigger to His Majesty 's Navy , gentleman , and head of an established firm , to act as godfather to Charles . Huffam is thought to be the inspiration for Paul Dombey , the owner of a shipping company in Dickens 's novel Dombey and Son ( 1848 ) . In January 1815 , John Dickens was called back to London , and the family moved to Norfolk Street , Fitzrovia . When Charles was four , they relocated to Sheerness , and thence to Chatham , Kent , where he spent his formative years until the age of 11 . His early life seems to have been idyllic , though he thought himself a `` very small and not - over-particularly - taken - care - of boy '' . Charles spent time outdoors , but also read voraciously , including the picaresque novels of Tobias Smollett and Henry Fielding , as well as Robinson Crusoe and Gil Blas . He read and reread The Arabian Nights and the Collected Farces of Elizabeth Inchbald . He retained poignant memories of childhood , helped by an excellent memory of people and events , which he used in his writing . His father 's brief work as a clerk in the Navy Pay Office afforded him a few years of private education , first at a dame school , and then at a school run by William Giles , a dissenter , in Chatham . Illustration by Fred Bernard of Dickens at work in a shoe - blacking factory after his father had been sent to the Marshalsea , published in the 1892 edition of Forster 's Life of Dickens This period came to an end in June 1822 , when John Dickens was recalled to Navy Pay Office headquarters at Somerset House , and the family ( except for Charles , who stayed behind to finish his final term of work ) moved to Camden Town in London . The family had left Kent amidst rapidly mounting debts , and , living beyond his means , John Dickens was forced by his creditors into the Marshalsea debtors ' prison in Southwark , London in 1824 . His wife and youngest children joined him there , as was the practice at the time . Charles , then 12 years old , boarded with Elizabeth Roylance , a family friend , at 112 College Place , Camden Town . Roylance was `` a reduced ( impoverished ) old lady , long known to our family '' , whom Dickens later immortalised , `` with a few alterations and embellishments '' , as `` Mrs. Pipchin '' in Dombey and Son . Later , he lived in a back - attic in the house of an agent for the Insolvent Court , Archibald Russell , `` a fat , good - natured , kind old gentleman ... with a quiet old wife '' and lame son , in Lant Street in Southwark . They provided the inspiration for the Garlands in The Old Curiosity Shop . On Sundays -- with his sister Frances , free from her studies at the Royal Academy of Music -- he spent the day at the Marshalsea . Dickens later used the prison as a setting in Little Dorrit . To pay for his board and to help his family , Dickens was forced to leave school and work ten - hour days at Warren 's Blacking Warehouse , on Hungerford Stairs , near the present Charing Cross railway station , where he earned six shillings a week pasting labels on pots of boot blacking . The strenuous and often harsh working conditions made a lasting impression on Dickens and later influenced his fiction and essays , becoming the foundation of his interest in the reform of socio - economic and labour conditions , the rigours of which he believed were unfairly borne by the poor . He later wrote that he wondered `` how I could have been so easily cast away at such an age '' . As he recalled to John Forster ( from The Life of Charles Dickens ) : The blacking - warehouse was the last house on the left - hand side of the way , at old Hungerford Stairs . It was a crazy , tumble - down old house , abutting of course on the river , and literally overrun with rats . Its wainscoted rooms , and its rotten floors and staircase , and the old grey rats swarming down in the cellars , and the sound of their squeaking and scuffling coming up the stairs at all times , and the dirt and decay of the place , rise up visibly before me , as if I were there again . The counting - house was on the first floor , looking over the coal - barges and the river . There was a recess in it , in which I was to sit and work . My work was to cover the pots of paste - blacking ; first with a piece of oil - paper , and then with a piece of blue paper ; to tie them round with a string ; and then to clip the paper close and neat , all round , until it looked as smart as a pot of ointment from an apothecary 's shop . When a certain number of grosses of pots had attained this pitch of perfection , I was to paste on each a printed label , and then go on again with more pots . Two or three other boys were kept at similar duty down - stairs on similar wages . One of them came up , in a ragged apron and a paper cap , on the first Monday morning , to show me the trick of using the string and tying the knot . His name was Bob Fagin ; and I took the liberty of using his name , long afterwards , in Oliver Twist . When the warehouse was moved to Chandos Street in the smart , busy district of Covent Garden the boys worked in a room in which the window gave onto the street and little audiences gathered and watched them at work -- in Dickens biographer Simon Callow 's estimation , the public display was `` a new refinement added to his misery '' . The Marshalsea around 1897 , after it had closed A few months after his imprisonment , John Dickens 's paternal grandmother , Elizabeth Dickens , died and bequeathed him £ 450 . On the expectation of this legacy , Dickens was released from prison . Under the Insolvent Debtors Act , Dickens arranged for payment of his creditors , and he and his family left Marshalsea , for the home of Mrs Roylance . Charles 's mother , Elizabeth Dickens , did not immediately support his removal from the boot - blacking warehouse . This influenced Dickens 's view that a father should rule the family , and a mother find her proper sphere inside the home : `` I never afterwards forgot , I never shall forget , I never can forget , that my mother was warm for my being sent back '' . His mother 's failure to request his return was a factor in his dissatisfied attitude towards women . Righteous indignation stemming from his own situation and the conditions under which working - class people lived became major themes of his works , and it was this unhappy period in his youth to which he alluded in his favourite , and most autobiographical , novel , David Copperfield : `` I had no advice , no counsel , no encouragement , no consolation , no assistance , no support , of any kind , from anyone , that I can call to mind , as I hope to go to heaven ! '' Dickens was eventually sent to the Wellington House Academy in Camden Town , where he remained until March 1827 , having spent about two years there . He did not consider it to be a good school : `` Much of the haphazard , desultory teaching , poor discipline punctuated by the headmaster 's sadistic brutality , the seedy ushers and general run - down atmosphere , are embodied in Mr. Creakle 's Establishment in David Copperfield . '' Dickens worked at the law office of Ellis and Blackmore , attorneys , of Holborn Court , Gray 's Inn , as a junior clerk from May 1827 to November 1828 . He was a gifted mimic and impersonated those around him : clients , lawyers , and clerks . He went to theatres obsessively -- he claimed that for at least three years he went to the theatre every single day . His favourite actor was Charles Mathews , and Dickens learnt his monopolylogues , ( farces in which Mathews played every character ) , by heart . Then , having learned Gurney 's system of shorthand in his spare time , he left to become a freelance reporter . A distant relative , Thomas Charlton , was a freelance reporter at Doctors ' Commons , and Dickens was able to share his box there to report the legal proceedings for nearly four years . This education was to inform works such as Nicholas Nickleby , Dombey and Son , and especially Bleak House -- whose vivid portrayal of the machinations and bureaucracy of the legal system did much to enlighten the general public and served as a vehicle for dissemination of Dickens 's own views regarding , particularly , the heavy burden on the poor who were forced by circumstances to `` go to law '' . In 1830 , Dickens met his first love , Maria Beadnell , thought to have been the model for the character Dora in David Copperfield . Maria 's parents disapproved of the courtship and ended the relationship by sending her to school in Paris . Journalism and early novels In 1832 , at age 20 , Dickens was energetic and increasingly self - confident . He enjoyed mimicry and popular entertainment , lacked a clear , specific sense of what he wanted to become , and yet knew he wanted fame . Drawn to the theatre -- he became an early member of the Garrick -- he landed an acting audition at Covent Garden , where the manager George Bartley and the actor Charles Kemble were to see him . Dickens prepared meticulously and decided to imitate the comedian Charles Mathews , but ultimately he missed the audition because of a cold . Before another opportunity arose , he had set out on his career as a writer . In 1833 he submitted his first story , `` A Dinner at Poplar Walk '' , to the London periodical Monthly Magazine . William Barrow , a brother of his mother , offered him a job on The Mirror of Parliament and he worked in the House of Commons for the first time early in 1832 . He rented rooms at Furnival 's Inn and worked as a political journalist , reporting on Parliamentary debates , and he travelled across Britain to cover election campaigns for the Morning Chronicle . His journalism , in the form of sketches in periodicals , formed his first collection of pieces , published in 1836 : Sketches by Boz -- Boz being a family nickname he employed as a pseudonym for some years . Dickens apparently adopted it from the nickname `` Moses '' , which he had given to his youngest brother Augustus Dickens , after a character in Oliver Goldsmith 's The Vicar of Wakefield . When pronounced by anyone with a head cold , `` Moses '' became `` Boses '' -- later shortened to Boz . Dickens 's own name was considered `` queer '' by a contemporary critic , who wrote in 1849 : `` Mr Dickens , as if in revenge for his own queer name , does bestow still queerer ones upon his fictitious creations . '' He contributed to and edited journals throughout his literary career . In January 1835 the Morning Chronicle launched an evening edition , under the editorship of the Chronicle 's music critic , George Hogarth . Hogarth invited Dickens to contribute Street Sketches and Dickens became a regular visitor to his Fulham house , excited by Hogarth 's friendship with a hero of his , Walter Scott , and enjoying the company of Hogarth 's three daughters -- Georgina , Mary , and nineteen - year - old Catherine . Catherine Hogarth Dickens by Samuel Lawrence ( 1838 ) Dickens made rapid progress both professionally and socially . He began a friendship with William Harrison Ainsworth , the author of the highwayman novel Rookwood ( 1834 ) , whose bachelor salon in Harrow Road had become the meeting place for a set that included Daniel Maclise , Benjamin Disraeli , Edward Bulwer - Lytton , and George Cruikshank . All these became his friends and collaborators , with the exception of Disraeli , and he met his first publisher , John Macrone , at the house . The success of Sketches by Boz led to a proposal from publishers Chapman and Hall for Dickens to supply text to match Robert Seymour 's engraved illustrations in a monthly letterpress . Seymour committed suicide after the second instalment , and Dickens , who wanted to write a connected series of sketches , hired `` Phiz '' to provide the engravings ( which were reduced from four to two per instalment ) for the story . The resulting story became The Pickwick Papers , and though the first few episodes were not successful , the introduction of the Cockney character Sam Weller in the fourth episode ( the first to be illustrated by Phiz ) marked a sharp climb in its popularity . The final instalment sold 40,000 copies . In November 1836 Dickens accepted the position of editor of Bentley 's Miscellany , a position he held for three years , until he fell out with the owner . In 1836 as he finished the last instalments of The Pickwick Papers , he began writing the beginning instalments of Oliver Twist -- writing as many as 90 pages a month -- while continuing work on Bentley 's and also writing four plays , the production of which he oversaw . Oliver Twist , published in 1838 , became one of Dickens 's better known stories , and was the first Victorian novel with a child protagonist . Young Charles Dickens by Daniel Maclise , 1839 On 2 April 1836 , after a one - year engagement , and between episodes two and three of The Pickwick Papers , Dickens married Catherine Thomson Hogarth ( 1816 -- 1879 ) , the daughter of George Hogarth , editor of the Evening Chronicle . They were married in St. Luke 's Church , Chelsea , London . After a brief honeymoon in Chalk in Kent the couple returned to lodgings at Furnival 's Inn . The first of their ten children , Charley , was born in January 1837 , and a few months later the family set up home in Bloomsbury at 48 Doughty Street , London , ( on which Charles had a three - year lease at £ 80 a year ) from 25 March 1837 until December 1839 . Dickens 's younger brother Frederick and Catherine 's 17 - year - old sister Mary , moved in with them . Dickens became very attached to Mary , and she died in his arms after a brief illness in 1837 . Unusually for Dickens , as a consequence of his shock , he stopped working , and he and Kate stayed at a little farm on Hampstead Heath for a fortnight . Dickens idealised Mary - the character he fashioned after her , Rose Maylie , he found he could not now kill , as he had planned , in his fiction and according to Ackroyd he drew on memories of her for his later descriptions of Little Nell and Florence Dombey . His grief was so great that he was unable to meet the deadline for the June instalment of Pickwick Papers and had to cancel the Oliver Twist instalment that month as well . The time in Hampstead was the occasion for a growing bond between Dickens and John Forster to develop and Forster soon became his unofficial business manager , and the first to read his work . Barnaby Rudge was Dickens 's first popular failure -- but the character of Dolly Varden , `` pretty , witty , sexy , became central to numerous theatrical adaptations '' His success as a novelist continued . The young Queen Victoria read both Oliver Twist and Pickwick , staying up until midnight to discuss them . Nicholas Nickleby ( 1838 -- 39 ) , The Old Curiosity Shop ( 1840 -- 41 ) and , finally , his first historical novel , Barnaby Rudge : A Tale of the Riots of ' Eighty , as part of the Master Humphrey 's Clock series ( 1840 -- 41 ) , were all published in monthly instalments before being made into books . In the midst of all his activity during this period there was discontent with his publishers and John Macrone was bought off , while Richard Bentley signed over all his rights in Oliver Twist . Other signs of a certain restlessness and discontent emerge -- in Broadstairs he flirted with Eleanor Picken , the young fiancée of his solicitor 's best friend , and one night grabbed her and ran with her down to the sea . He declared they were both to drown there in the `` sad sea waves '' . She finally got free but afterwards kept her distance . In June 1841 he precipitately set out on a two - month tour of Scotland and then , in September 1841 , telegraphed Forster that he had decided to go to America . Master Humphrey 's Clock was shut down , though Dickens was still keen on the idea of the weekly magazine , a form he liked , a liking that had begun with his childhood reading of the eighteenth - century magazines Tatler and The Spectator . First visit to the United States In 1842 , Dickens and his wife made their first trip to the United States and Canada . At this time Georgina Hogarth , another sister of Catherine , joined the Dickens household , now living at Devonshire Terrace , Marylebone , to care for the young family they had left behind . She remained with them as housekeeper , organiser , adviser , and friend until Dickens 's death in 1870 . Dickens modeled the character of Agnes Wickfield after Georgina and Mary . Sketch of Dickens in 1842 during his first American tour . Sketch of Dickens 's sister Fanny , bottom left He described his impressions in a travelogue , American Notes for General Circulation . Dickens includes in Notes a powerful condemnation of slavery , which he had attacked as early as The Pickwick Papers , correlating the emancipation of the poor in England with the abolition of slavery abroad citing newspaper accounts of runaway slaves disfigured by their masters . In spite of the abolitionist sentiments gleaned from his trip to America , some modern commentators have pointed out inconsistencies in Dickens 's views on racial inequality , for instance , he has been criticized for his subsequent acquiescence in Governor Eyre 's harsh crackdown during the 1860s Morant Bay rebellion in Jamaica and his failure to join other British progressives in condemning it . From Richmond , Virginia , Dickens returned to Washington , D.C. , and started a trek westward to St. Louis , Missouri . While there , he expressed a desire to see an American prairie before returning east . A group of 13 men then set out with Dickens to visit Looking Glass Prairie , a trip 30 miles into Illinois . During his American visit , Dickens spent a month in New York City , giving lectures , raising the question of international copyright laws and the pirating of his work in America . He persuaded a group of twenty - five writers , headed by Washington Irving , to sign a petition for him to take to Congress , but the press were generally hostile to this , saying that he should be grateful for his popularity and that it was mercenary to complain about his work being pirated . The popularity he gained caused a shift in his self - perception according to critic Kate Flint , who writes that he `` found himself a cultural commodity , and its circulation had passed out his control '' , causing him to become interested in and delve into themes of public and personal personas in the next novels . She writes that he assumed a role of `` influential commentator '' , publicly and in his fiction , evident in his next few books . His trip to the U.S. ended with a trip to Canada : Niagara Falls , Toronto , Kingston and Montreal where he appeared on stage in light comedies . Soon after his return to England , Dickens began work on the first of his Christmas stories , A Christmas Carol , written in 1843 , which was followed by The Chimes in 1844 and The Cricket on the Hearth in 1845 . Of these , A Christmas Carol was most popular and , tapping into an old tradition , did much to promote a renewed enthusiasm for the joys of Christmas in Britain and America . The seeds for the story became planted in Dickens 's mind during a trip to Manchester to witness the conditions of the manufacturing workers there . This , along with scenes he had recently witnessed at the Field Lane Ragged School , caused Dickens to resolve to `` strike a sledge hammer blow '' for the poor . As the idea for the story took shape and the writing began in earnest , Dickens became engrossed in the book . He later wrote that as the tale unfolded he `` wept and laughed , and wept again '' as he `` walked about the black streets of London fifteen or twenty miles many a night when all sober folks had gone to bed . '' After living briefly in Italy ( 1844 ) , Dickens travelled to Switzerland ( 1846 ) , where he began work on Dombey and Son ( 1846 -- 48 ) . This and David Copperfield ( 1849 -- 50 ) mark a significant artistic break in Dickens 's career as his novels became more serious in theme and more carefully planned than his early works . At about this time , he was made aware of a large embezzlement at the firm where his brother , Augustus , worked ( John Chapman & Co . ) . It had been carried out by Thomas Powell , a clerk , who was on friendly terms with Dickens and who had acted as mentor to Augustus when he started work . Powell was also an author and poet and knew many of the famous writers of the day . After further fraudulent activities , Powell fled to New York and published a book called The Living Authors of England with a chapter on Charles Dickens , who was not amused by what Powell had written . One item that seemed to have annoyed him was the assertion that he had based the character of Paul Dombey ( Dombey and Son ) on Thomas Chapman , one of the principal partners at John Chapman & Co . Dickens immediately sent a letter to Lewis Gaylord Clark , editor of the New York literary magazine The Knickerbocker , saying that Powell was a forger and thief . Clark published the letter in the New - York Tribune , and several other papers picked up on the story . Powell began proceedings to sue these publications , and Clark was arrested . Dickens , realising that he had acted in haste , contacted John Chapman & Co. to seek written confirmation of Powell 's guilt . Dickens did receive a reply confirming Powell 's embezzlement , but once the directors realised this information might have to be produced in court , they refused to make further disclosures . Owing to the difficulties of providing evidence in America to support his accusations , Dickens eventually made a private settlement with Powell out of court . Philanthropy Angela Burdett Coutts , heir to the Coutts banking fortune , approached Dickens in May 1846 about setting up a home for the redemption of fallen women of the working class . Coutts envisioned a home that would replace the punitive regimes of existing institutions with a reformative environment conducive to education and proficiency in domestic household chores . After initially resisting , Dickens eventually founded the home , named `` Urania Cottage '' , in the Lime Grove section of Shepherds Bush , which he managed for ten years , setting the house rules , reviewing the accounts and interviewing prospective residents . Emigration and marriage were central to Dickens 's agenda for the women on leaving Urania Cottage , from which it is estimated that about 100 women graduated between 1847 and 1859 . Religious views As a young man Dickens expressed a distaste for certain aspects of organized religion . In 1836 , in a pamphlet titled Sunday Under Three Heads , he defended the people 's right to pleasure , opposing a plan to prohibit games on Sundays . `` Look into your churches - diminished congregations and scanty attendance . People have grown sullen and obstinate , and are becoming disgusted with the faith which condemns them to such a day as this , once in every seven . They display their feeling by staying away ( from church ) . Turn into the streets ( on a Sunday ) and mark the rigid gloom that reigns over everything around '' Dickens honoured the figure of Christ -- though some claim he may have denied his divinity . Notwithstanding , Dickens has been characterized as a professing Christian . His son , Henry Fielding Dickens , described Dickens as someone who `` possessed deep religious convictions '' . In the early 1840s Dickens had shown an interest in Unitarian Christianity , and Robert Browning remarked that `` Mr. Dickens is an enlightened Unitarian . '' Writer Gary Colledge , however , asserted that he `` never strayed from his attachment to popular lay Anglicanism '' . He also wrote a religious work called The Life of Our Lord ( 1849 ) , which was a short book about the life of Jesus Christ , written with the purpose of inculcating his faith to his children and family . Dickens disapproved of Roman Catholicism and 19th - century evangelicalism , and was critical of what he saw as the hypocrisy of religious institutions and philosophies like spiritualism , all of which he considered deviations from the true spirit of Christianity . Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoyevsky referred to Dickens as `` that great Christian writer '' . Middle years `` Little Dorrit '' 1856 The Francophile Dickens often vacationed in France , and in a speech delivered in Paris in 1846 in French called the French `` the first people in the universe '' . During his visit to Paris , Dickens met the French literati Alexandre Dumas , Victor Hugo , Eugène Scribe , Théophile Gautier , François - René de Chateaubriand and Eugène Sue . Dickens started to write David Copperfield in 1848 . It was published between 1849 and 1850 . Scholars consider it as Dickens 's veiled autobiography with the title character modeled after the author himself . It was Dickens 's personal favourite among his own novels . In late November 1851 , Dickens moved into Tavistock House where he wrote Bleak House ( 1852 -- 53 ) , Hard Times ( 1854 ) , and Little Dorrit ( 1856 ) . It was here that he indulged in the amateur theatricals described in Forster 's Life . During this period he worked closely with the novelist and playwright Wilkie Collins . In 1856 , his income from writing allowed him to buy Gad 's Hill Place in Higham , Kent . As a child , Dickens had walked past the house and dreamed of living in it . The area was also the scene of some of the events of Shakespeare 's Henry IV , Part 1 , and this literary connection pleased him . Ellen Ternan , 1858 In 1857 , Dickens hired professional actresses for the play The Frozen Deep , written by him and his protégé , Wilkie Collins . Dickens fell in love with one of the actresses , Ellen Ternan , and this passion was to last the rest of his life . Dickens was 45 and Ternan 18 when he made the decision , which went strongly against Victorian convention , to separate from his wife , Catherine , in 1858 -- divorce was still unthinkable for someone as famous as he was . When Catherine left , never to see her husband again , she took with her one child , leaving the other children to be raised by her sister Georgina who chose to stay at Gad 's Hill . During this period , whilst pondering a project to give public readings for his own profit , Dickens was approached through a charitable appeal by Great Ormond Street Hospital , to help it survive its first major financial crisis . His ' Drooping Buds ' essay in Household Words earlier on 3 April 1852 was considered by the hospital 's founders to have been the catalyst for the hospital 's success . Dickens , whose philanthropy was well - known , was asked by his friend , the hospital 's founder Charles West , to preside over the appeal , and he threw himself into the task , heart and soul . Dickens 's public readings secured sufficient funds for an endowment to put the hospital on a sound financial footing -- one reading on 9 February 1858 alone raised £ 3,000 . After separating from Catherine , Dickens undertook a series of hugely popular and remunerative reading tours which , together with his journalism , were to absorb most of his creative energies for the next decade , in which he was to write only two more novels . His first reading tour , lasting from April 1858 to February 1859 , consisted of 129 appearances in 49 different towns throughout England , Scotland and Ireland . Dickens 's continued fascination with the theatrical world was written into the theatre scenes in Nicholas Nickleby , but more importantly he found an outlet in public readings . In 1866 , he undertook a series of public readings in England and Scotland , with more the following year in England and Ireland . Dickens at his desk , 1858 Major works soon followed , including A Tale of Two Cities ( 1859 ) and Great Expectations ( 1861 ) , which were resounding successes . During this time he was also the publisher , editor , and a major contributor to the journals Household Words ( 1850 -- 1859 ) and All the Year Round ( 1858 -- 1870 ) . In early September 1860 , in a field behind Gad 's Hill , Dickens made a bonfire of most of his correspondence -- only those letters on business matters were spared . Since Ellen Ternan also destroyed all of his letters to her , the extent of the affair between the two remains speculative . In the 1930s , Thomas Wright recounted that Ternan had unburdened herself to a Canon Benham , and gave currency to rumours they had been lovers . That the two had a son who died in infancy was alleged by Dickens 's daughter , Kate Perugini , whom Gladys Storey had interviewed before her death in 1929 . Storey published her account in Dickens and Daughter , but no contemporary evidence exists . On his death , Dickens settled an annuity on Ternan which made her a financially independent woman . Claire Tomalin 's book , The Invisible Woman , argues that Ternan lived with Dickens secretly for the last 13 years of his life . The book was subsequently turned into a play , Little Nell , by Simon Gray , and a 2013 film . In the same period , Dickens furthered his interest in the paranormal , becoming one of the early members of The Ghost Club . In June 1862 , he was offered £ 10,000 for a reading tour of Australia . He was enthusiastic , and even planned a travel book , The Uncommercial Traveller Upside Down , but ultimately decided against the tour . Two of his sons , Alfred D'Orsay Tennyson Dickens and Edward Bulwer Lytton Dickens , migrated to Australia , Edward becoming a member of the Parliament of New South Wales as Member for Wilcannia between 1889 and 1894 . Last years After the Staplehurst rail crash On 9 June 1865 , while returning from Paris with Ellen Ternan , Dickens was involved in the Staplehurst rail crash . The train 's first seven carriages plunged off a cast iron bridge that was under repair . The only first - class carriage to remain on the track was the one in which Dickens was travelling . Before rescuers arrived , Dickens tended and comforted the wounded and the dying with a flask of brandy and a hat refreshed with water , and saved some lives . Before leaving , he remembered the unfinished manuscript for Our Mutual Friend , and he returned to his carriage to retrieve it . Dickens later used this experience as material for his short ghost story , `` The Signal - Man '' , in which the central character has a premonition of his own death in a rail crash . He also based the story on several previous rail accidents , such as the Clayton Tunnel rail crash of 1861 . Dickens managed to avoid an appearance at the inquest to avoid disclosing that he had been travelling with Ternan and her mother , which would have caused a scandal . Second visit to the United States Crowd of spectators buying tickets for a Dickens reading at Steinway Hall , New York City in 1867 Contemplating a second visit to the United States , the outbreak of the Civil War in America in 1861 delayed his plans . On 9 November 1867 , over two years after the war , Dickens set sail from Liverpool for his second American reading tour . Landing at Boston , he devoted the rest of the month to a round of dinners with such notables as Ralph Waldo Emerson , Henry Wadsworth Longfellow , and his American publisher , James Thomas Fields . In early December , the readings began . He performed 76 readings , netting £ 19,000 , from December 1867 to April 1868 . Dickens shuttled between Boston and New York , where he gave 22 readings at Steinway Hall . Although he had started to suffer from what he called the `` true American catarrh '' , he kept to a schedule that would have challenged a much younger man , even managing to squeeze in some sleighing in Central Park . Poster promoting a reading by Dickens in Nottingham dated 4 February 1869 , two months before he suffered a mild stroke During his travels , he saw a change in the people and the circumstances of America . His final appearance was at a banquet the American Press held in his honour at Delmonico 's on 18 April , when he promised never to denounce America again . By the end of the tour Dickens could hardly manage solid food , subsisting on champagne and eggs beaten in sherry . On 23 April he boarded the Cunard liner Russia to return to Britain , barely escaping a Federal Tax Lien against the proceeds of his lecture tour . Farewell readings Between 1868 and 1869 , Dickens gave a series of `` farewell readings '' in England , Scotland , and Ireland , beginning on 6 October . He managed , of a contracted 100 readings , to deliver 75 in the provinces , with a further 12 in London . As he pressed on he was affected by giddiness and fits of paralysis . He suffered a stroke on 18 April 1869 in Chester . He collapsed on 22 April 1869 , at Preston in Lancashire , and on doctor 's advice , the tour was cancelled . After further provincial readings were cancelled , he began work on his final novel , The Mystery of Edwin Drood . It was fashionable in the 1860s to ' do the slums ' and , in company , Dickens visited opium dens in Shadwell , where he witnessed an elderly addict known as `` Laskar Sal '' , who formed the model for the `` Opium Sal '' subsequently featured in his mystery novel , Edwin Drood . After Dickens had regained sufficient strength , he arranged , with medical approval , for a final series of readings to partially make up to his sponsors what they had lost due to his illness . There were to be 12 performances , running between 11 January and 15 March 1870 , the last at 8 : 00 pm at St. James 's Hall in London . Although in grave health by this time , he read A Christmas Carol and The Trial from Pickwick . On 2 May , he made his last public appearance at a Royal Academy Banquet in the presence of the Prince and Princess of Wales , paying a special tribute on the death of his friend , the illustrator Daniel Maclise . Death Samuel Luke Fildes -- The Empty Chair . Fildes was illustrating `` Edwin Drood '' at the time of Charles Dickens 's death . The engraving shows Dickens 's empty chair in his study at Gads Hill Place . It appeared in the Christmas 1870 edition of The Graphic and thousands of prints of it were sold . Death certificate of Charles Dickens . On 8 June 1870 , Dickens suffered another stroke at his home after a full day 's work on Edwin Drood . He never regained consciousness , and the next day , five years to the day after the Staplehurst rail crash , he died at Gads Hill Place . Biographer Claire Tomalin has suggested Dickens was actually in Peckham when he suffered the stroke , and his mistress Ellen Ternan and her maids had him taken back to Gad 's Hill so the public would not know the truth about their relationship . Contrary to his wish to be buried at Rochester Cathedral `` in an inexpensive , unostentatious , and strictly private manner '' , he was laid to rest in the Poets ' Corner of Westminster Abbey . A printed epitaph circulated at the time of the funeral reads : To the Memory of Charles Dickens ( England 's most popular author ) who died at his residence , Higham , near Rochester , Kent , 9 June 1870 , aged 58 years . He was a sympathiser with the poor , the suffering , and the oppressed ; and by his death , one of England 's greatest writers is lost to the world . His last words were : `` On the ground '' , in response to his sister - in - law Georgina 's request that he lie down . On Sunday , 19 June 1870 , five days after Dickens was buried in the Abbey , Dean Arthur Penrhyn Stanley delivered a memorial elegy , lauding `` the genial and loving humorist whom we now mourn '' , for showing by his own example `` that even in dealing with the darkest scenes and the most degraded characters , genius could still be clean , and mirth could be innocent '' . Pointing to the fresh flowers that adorned the novelist 's grave , Stanley assured those present that `` the spot would thenceforth be a sacred one with both the New World and the Old , as that of the representative of literature , not of this island only , but of all who speak our English tongue . '' In his will , drafted more than a year before his death , Dickens left the care of his £ 80,000 estate to his longtime colleague John Forster and his `` best and truest friend '' Georgina Hogarth who , along with Dickens 's two sons , also received a tax - free sum of £ 8,000 ( about £ 800,000 in present terms ) . Although Dickens and his wife had been separated for several years at the time of his death , he provided her with an annual income of £ 600 and made her similar allowances in his will . He also bequeathed £ 19 19s to each servant in his employment at the time of his death . Literary style Dickens favoured the style of the 18th century picaresque novels that he found in abundance on his father 's shelves . According to Ackroyd , other than these , perhaps the most important literary influence on him was derived from the fables of The Arabian Nights . Dickens 's Dream by Robert William Buss , portraying Dickens at his desk at Gads Hill Place surrounded by many of his characters His writing style is marked by a profuse linguistic creativity . Satire , flourishing in his gift for caricature , is his forte . An early reviewer compared him to Hogarth for his keen practical sense of the ludicrous side of life , though his acclaimed mastery of varieties of class idiom may in fact mirror the conventions of contemporary popular theatre . Dickens worked intensively on developing arresting names for his characters that would reverberate with associations for his readers , and assist the development of motifs in the storyline , giving what one critic calls an `` allegorical impetus '' to the novels ' meanings . To cite one of numerous examples , the name Mr. Murdstone in David Copperfield conjures up twin allusions to `` murder '' and stony coldness . His literary style is also a mixture of fantasy and realism . His satires of British aristocratic snobbery -- he calls one character the `` Noble Refrigerator '' -- are often popular . Comparing orphans to stocks and shares , people to tug boats , or dinner - party guests to furniture are just some of Dickens 's acclaimed flights of fancy . The author worked closely with his illustrators , supplying them with a summary of the work at the outset and thus ensuring that his characters and settings were exactly how he envisioned them . He briefed the illustrator on plans for each month 's instalment so that work could begin before he wrote them . Marcus Stone , illustrator of Our Mutual Friend , recalled that the author was always `` ready to describe down to the minutest details the personal characteristics , and ... life - history of the creations of his fancy '' . Characters Dickens ' characters Dickens 's biographer Claire Tomalin regards him as the greatest creator of character in English fiction after Shakespeare . Dickensian characters are amongst the most memorable in English literature , especially so because of their typically whimsical names . The likes of Ebenezer Scrooge , Tiny Tim , Jacob Marley , Bob Cratchit , Oliver Twist , The Artful Dodger , Fagin , Bill Sikes , Pip , Miss Havisham , Sydney Carton , Charles Darnay , David Copperfield , Mr. Micawber , Abel Magwitch , Daniel Quilp , Samuel Pickwick , Wackford Squeers , and Uriah Heep are so well known as to be part and parcel of British culture , and in some cases have passed into ordinary language : a scrooge , for example , is a miser - or someone who dislikes Christmas festivity . His characters were often so memorable that they took on a life of their own outside his books . `` Gamp '' became a slang expression for an umbrella from the character Mrs Gamp , and `` Pickwickian '' , `` Pecksniffian '' , and `` Gradgrind '' all entered dictionaries due to Dickens 's original portraits of such characters who were , respectively , quixotic , hypocritical , and vapidly factual . Many were drawn from real life : Mrs Nickleby is based on his mother , though she did n't recognise herself in the portrait , just as Mr Micawber is constructed from aspects of his father 's ' rhetorical exuberance ' : Harold Skimpole in Bleak House is based on James Henry Leigh Hunt : his wife 's dwarfish chiropodist recognised herself in Miss Mowcher in David Copperfield . Perhaps Dickens 's impressions on his meeting with Hans Christian Andersen informed the delineation of Uriah Heep . Virginia Woolf maintained that `` we remodel our psychological geography when we read Dickens '' as he produces `` characters who exist not in detail , not accurately or exactly , but abundantly in a cluster of wild yet extraordinarily revealing remarks '' . One `` character '' vividly drawn throughout his novels is London itself . From the coaching inns on the outskirts of the city to the lower reaches of the Thames , all aspects of the capital are described over the course of his body of work . Autobiographical elements An original illustration by Phiz from the novel David Copperfield , which is widely regarded as Dickens 's most autobiographical work Authors frequently draw their portraits of characters from people they have known in real life . David Copperfield is regarded by many as a veiled autobiography of Dickens . The scenes of interminable court cases and legal arguments in Bleak House reflect Dickens 's experiences as a law clerk and court reporter , and in particular his direct experience of the law 's procedural delay during 1844 when he sued publishers in Chancery for breach of copyright . Dickens 's father was sent to prison for debt , and this became a common theme in many of his books , with the detailed depiction of life in the Marshalsea prison in Little Dorrit resulting from Dickens 's own experiences of the institution . Lucy Stroughill , a childhood sweetheart , may have affected several of Dickens 's portraits of girls such as Little Em'ly in David Copperfield and Lucie Manette in A Tale of Two Cities . Dickens may have drawn on his childhood experiences , but he was also ashamed of them and would not reveal that this was where he gathered his realistic accounts of squalor . Very few knew the details of his early life until six years after his death , when John Forster published a biography on which Dickens had collaborated . Though Skimpole brutally sends up Leigh Hunt , some critics have detected in his portrait features of Dickens 's own character , which he sought to exorcise by self - parody . Episodic writing Most of Dickens 's major novels were first written in monthly or weekly instalments in journals such as Master Humphrey 's Clock and Household Words , later reprinted in book form . These instalments made the stories affordable and accessible , and the series of regular cliff - hangers made each new episode widely anticipated . When The Old Curiosity Shop was being serialised , American fans waited at the docks in New York harbor , shouting out to the crew of an incoming British ship , `` Is little Nell dead ? '' Dickens 's talent was to incorporate this episodic writing style but still end up with a coherent novel at the end . `` Charles Dickens as he appears when reading . '' Wood engraving from Harper 's Weekly , 7 December 1867 Another important impact of Dickens 's episodic writing style resulted from his exposure to the opinions of his readers and friends . His friend Forster had a significant hand in reviewing his drafts , an influence that went beyond matters of punctuation . He toned down melodramatic and sensationalist exaggerations , cut long passages ( such as the episode of Quilp 's drowning in The Old Curiosity Shop ) , and made suggestions about plot and character . It was he who suggested that Charley Bates should be redeemed in Oliver Twist . Dickens had not thought of killing Little Nell , and it was Forster who advised him to entertain this possibility as necessary to his conception of the heroine . Dickens 's serialisation of his novels was not uncriticised by other authors . In Robert Louis Stevenson 's novel The Wrecker , there is a comment by Captain Nares , investigating an abandoned ship : `` See ! They were writing up the log , '' said Nares , pointing to the ink - bottle . `` Caught napping , as usual . I wonder if there ever was a captain yet that lost a ship with his log - book up to date ? He generally has about a month to fill up on a clean break , like Charles Dickens and his serial novels . '' Social commentary Nurse Sarah Gamp ( left ) from Martin Chuzzlewit became a stereotype of untrained and incompetent nurses of the early Victorian era , before the reforms of Florence Nightingale Dickens 's novels were , among other things , works of social commentary . He was a fierce critic of the poverty and social stratification of Victorian society . In a New York address , he expressed his belief that `` Virtue shows quite as well in rags and patches as she does in purple and fine linen '' . Dickens 's second novel , Oliver Twist ( 1839 ) , shocked readers with its images of poverty and crime : it challenged middle class polemics about criminals , making impossible any pretence to ignorance about what poverty entailed . Literary techniques Dickens is often described as using idealised characters and highly sentimental scenes to contrast with his caricatures and the ugly social truths he reveals . The story of Nell Trent in The Old Curiosity Shop ( 1841 ) was received as extraordinarily moving by contemporary readers but viewed as ludicrously sentimental by Oscar Wilde . `` You would need to have a heart of stone '' , he declared in one of his famous witticisms , `` not to laugh at the death of little Nell . '' G.K. Chesterton , stated : `` It is not the death of little Nell , but the life of little Nell , that I object to '' , arguing that the maudlin effect of his description of her life owed much to the gregarious nature of Dickens 's grief , his `` despotic '' use of people 's feelings to move them to tears in works like this . The question as to whether Dickens belongs to the tradition of the sentimental novel is debatable . Valerie Purton , in her recent Dickens and the Sentimental Tradition , sees him continuing aspects of this tradition , and argues that his `` sentimental scenes and characters ( are ) as crucial to the overall power of the novels as his darker or comic figures and scenes '' , and that `` Dombey and Son is ( ... ) Dickens 's greatest triumph in the sentimentalist tradition '' . The Encyclopædia Britannica online comments that , despite `` patches of emotional excess '' , such as the reported death of Tiny Tim in A Christmas Carol ( 1843 ) , `` Dickens can not really be termed a sentimental novelist '' . In Oliver Twist Dickens provides readers with an idealised portrait of a boy so inherently and unrealistically good that his values are never subverted by either brutal orphanages or coerced involvement in a gang of young pickpockets . While later novels also centre on idealised characters ( Esther Summerson in Bleak House and Amy Dorrit in Little Dorrit ) , this idealism serves only to highlight Dickens 's goal of poignant social commentary . Dickens 's fiction , reflecting what he believed to be true of his own life , makes frequent use of coincidence , either for comic effect or to emphasise the idea of providence . For example , Oliver Twist turns out to be the lost nephew of the upper - class family that rescues him from the dangers of the pickpocket group . Such coincidences are a staple of 18th - century picaresque novels , such as Henry Fielding 's Tom Jones , which Dickens enjoyed reading as a youth . Reception Dickens portrait ( top left ) , in between Shakespeare and Tennyson , on a stained glass window at the Ottawa Public Library , Ottawa , Canada Dickens was the most popular novelist of his time , and remains one of the best - known and most - read of English authors . His works have never gone out of print , and have been adapted continually for the screen since the invention of cinema , with at least 200 motion pictures and TV adaptations based on Dickens 's works documented . Many of his works were adapted for the stage during his own lifetime , and as early as 1913 , a silent film of The Pickwick Papers was made . He created some of the world 's best - known fictional characters and is regarded as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era . Among fellow writers , Dickens has been both lionised and mocked . Leo Tolstoy , G.K. Chesterton , and George Orwell praised his realism , comic voice , prose fluency , and satiric caricature , as well as his passionate advocacy on behalf of children and the poor . French writer Jules Verne called Dickens his favourite writer , writing his novels `` stand alone , dwarfing all others by their amazing power and felicity of expression . '' Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh was inspired by Dickens 's novels in several of his paintings like Vincent 's Chair and in an 1889 letter to his sister stated that reading Dickens , especially A Christmas Carol , was one of the things that was keeping him from committing suicide . Oscar Wilde generally disparaged his depiction of character , while admiring his gift for caricature . His late contemporary William Wordsworth , by then Poet laureate , thought him a `` very talkative , vulgar young person '' , adding he had not read a line of his work ; Dickens in return thought Wordsworth `` a dreadful Old Ass '' . Henry James denied him a premier position , calling him `` the greatest of superficial novelists '' : Dickens failed to endow his characters with psychological depth and the novels , `` loose baggy monsters '' , betrayed a `` cavalier organisation '' . Virginia Woolf had a love - hate relationship with his works , finding his novels `` mesmerizing '' while reproving him for his sentimentalism and a commonplace style . Fyodor Dostoyevsky expressed his admiration for the author , `` We understand Dickens in Russia , I am convinced , almost as well as the English , perhaps even with all the nuances . It may well be that we love him no less than his compatriots do . And yet how original is Dickens , and how very English ! '' . A Christmas Carol is most probably his best - known story , with frequent new adaptations . It is also the most - filmed of Dickens 's stories , with many versions dating from the early years of cinema . According to the historian Ronald Hutton , the current state of the observance of Christmas is largely the result of a mid-Victorian revival of the holiday spearheaded by A Christmas Carol . Dickens catalysed the emerging Christmas as a family - centred festival of generosity , in contrast to the dwindling community - based and church - centred observations , as new middle - class expectations arose . Its archetypal figures ( Scrooge , Tiny Tim , the Christmas ghosts ) entered into Western cultural consciousness . A prominent phrase from the tale , `` Merry Christmas '' , was popularised following the appearance of the story . The term Scrooge became a synonym for miser , and his dismissive exclamation ' Bah ! Humbug ! ' likewise gained currency as an idiom . Novelist William Makepeace Thackeray called the book `` a national benefit , and to every man and woman who reads it a personal kindness '' . Bleak House in Broadstairs , Kent , where Dickens wrote some of his novels At a time when Britain was the major economic and political power of the world , Dickens highlighted the life of the forgotten poor and disadvantaged within society . Through his journalism he campaigned on specific issues -- such as sanitation and the workhouse -- but his fiction probably demonstrated its greatest prowess in changing public opinion in regard to class inequalities . He often depicted the exploitation and oppression of the poor and condemned the public officials and institutions that not only allowed such abuses to exist , but flourished as a result . His most strident indictment of this condition is in Hard Times ( 1854 ) , Dickens 's only novel - length treatment of the industrial working class . In this work , he uses vitriol and satire to illustrate how this marginalised social stratum was termed `` Hands '' by the factory owners ; that is , not really `` people '' but rather only appendages of the machines they operated . His writings inspired others , in particular journalists and political figures , to address such problems of class oppression . For example , the prison scenes in The Pickwick Papers are claimed to have been influential in having the Fleet Prison shut down . Karl Marx asserted that Dickens `` issued to the world more political and social truths than have been uttered by all the professional politicians , publicists and moralists put together '' . George Bernard Shaw even remarked that Great Expectations was more seditious than Marx 's Das Kapital . The exceptional popularity of Dickens 's novels , even those with socially oppositional themes ( Bleak House , 1853 ; Little Dorrit , 1857 ; Our Mutual Friend , 1865 ) , not only underscored his almost preternatural ability to create compelling storylines and unforgettable characters , but also ensured that the Victorian public confronted issues of social justice that had commonly been ignored . It has been argued that his technique of flooding his narratives with an ' unruly superfluity of material ' that , in the gradual dénouement , yields up an unsuspected order , influenced the organisation of Charles Darwin 's On the Origin of Species . Influence and legacy Dickens and Little Nell statue in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Museums and festivals celebrating Dickens 's life and works exist in many places with which Dickens was associated . These include the Charles Dickens Museum in London , the historic home where he wrote Oliver Twist , The Pickwick Papers and Nicholas Nickleby ; and the Charles Dickens Birthplace Museum in Portsmouth , the house in which he was born . The original manuscripts of many of his novels , as well as printers ' proofs , first editions , and illustrations from the collection of Dickens 's friend John Forster are held at the Victoria and Albert Museum . Dickens 's will stipulated that no memorial be erected in his honour ; nonetheless , a life - size bronze statue of Dickens entitled Dickens and Little Nell , cast in 1891 by Francis Edwin Elwell , stands in Clark Park in the Spruce Hill neighbourhood of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Another life - size statue of Dickens is located at Centennial Park , Sydney , Australia . In 2014 , a life - size statue was unveiled near his birthplace in Portsmouth on the 202nd anniversary of his birth ; this was supported by the author 's great - great grandsons , Ian and Gerald Dickens . Dickens was commemorated on the Series E £ 10 note issued by the Bank of England that circulated between 1992 and 2003 . His portrait appeared on the reverse of the note accompanied by a scene from The Pickwick Papers . The Charles Dickens School is a high school in Broadstairs , Kent . A theme park , Dickens World , standing in part on the site of the former naval dockyard where Dickens 's father once worked in the Navy Pay Office , opened in Chatham in 2007 . To celebrate the 200th anniversary of the birth of Charles Dickens in 2012 , the Museum of London held the UK 's first major exhibition on the author in 40 years . In 2002 , Dickens was number 41 in the BBC 's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons . American literary critic Harold Bloom placed Dickens among the greatest Western Writers of all time . In the UK survey The Big Read , carried out by the BBC in 2003 , five of Dickens 's books were named in the Top 100 . Dickens and his publications have appeared on a number of postage stamps including : UK ( 1970 , 1993 , 2011 and 2012 ) , Soviet Union ( 1962 ) , Antigua , Barbuda , Botswana , Cameroon , Dubai , Fujairah , St Christopher , Nevis and Anguilla , St Helena , St Lucia and Turks and Caicos Islands ( 1970 ) , St Vincent ( 1987 ) , Nevis ( 2007 ) , Alderney , Gibraltar , Jersey and Pitcairn Islands ( 2012 ) , Austria ( 2013 ) , Mozambique ( 2014 ) . Notable works Main article : Charles Dickens bibliography Dickens published well over a dozen major novels and novellas , a large number of short stories , including a number of Christmas - themed stories , a handful of plays , and several non-fiction books . Dickens 's novels were initially serialised in weekly and monthly magazines , then reprinted in standard book formats . The Pickwick Papers ( The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club ; monthly serial , April 1836 to November 1837 ) Oliver Twist ( The Adventures of Oliver Twist ; monthly serial in Bentley 's Miscellany , February 1837 to April 1839 ) Nicholas Nickleby ( The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby ; monthly serial , April 1838 to October 1839 ) The Old Curiosity Shop ( weekly serial in Master Humphrey 's Clock , April 1840 to November 1841 ) Barnaby Rudge ( Barnaby Rudge : A Tale of the Riots of Eighty ; weekly serial in Master Humphrey 's Clock , February to November 1841 ) A Christmas Carol ( A Christmas Carol in Prose : Being a Ghost - story of Christmas ; 1843 ) Martin Chuzzlewit ( The Life and Adventures of Martin Chuzzlewit ; monthly serial , January 1843 to July 1844 ) The Chimes ( The Chimes : A Goblin Story of Some Bells That Rang an Old Year Out and a New Year In ; 1844 ) The Cricket on the Hearth ( The Cricket on the Hearth : A Fairy Tale of Home ; 1845 ) Dombey and Son ( Dealings with the Firm of Dombey and Son : Wholesale , Retail and for Exportation ; monthly serial , October 1846 to April 1848 ) The Haunted Man ( The Haunted Man and the Ghost 's Bargain : A Fancy for Christmas - time ; 1848 ) David Copperfield ( The Personal History , Adventures , Experience and Observation of David Copperfield the Younger of Blunderstone Rookery ( Which He Never Meant to Publish on Any Account ) ; monthly serial , May 1849 to November 1850 ) Bleak House ( monthly serial , March 1852 to September 1853 ) Hard Times ( Hard Times : For These Times ; weekly serial in Household Words , 1 April 1854 , to 12 August 1854 ) Little Dorrit ( monthly serial , December 1855 to June 1857 ) A Tale of Two Cities ( weekly serial in All the Year Round , 30 April 1859 , to 26 November 1859 ) Great Expectations ( weekly serial in All the Year Round , 1 December 1860 to 3 August 1861 ) Our Mutual Friend ( monthly serial , May 1864 to November 1865 ) The Signal - Man ( 1866 ) , first published as part of the Mugby Junction collection in the 1866 Christmas edition of All the Year Round . Edwin Drood ( The Mystery of Edwin Drood ; monthly serial , April 1870 to September 1870 ) , left unfinished due to Dickens 's death Book : Charles Dickens Charles Dickens portal References Footnotes Jump up ^ A contemporary obituary in The Times , alleged that Dickens 's last words were : `` Be natural my children . For the writer that is natural has fulfilled all the rules of Art . '' reprinted from The Times , London , August 1870 in Bidwell 1870 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ Slater detects also Ellen Ternan in the portrayal of Lucie Manette . Notes ^ Jump up to : Black 2007 , p. 735 . Jump up ^ Mazzeno 2008 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Chesterton 2005 , pp. 100 -- 126 . Jump up ^ Grossman 2012 , p. 54 ^ Jump up to : Lodge 2002 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ `` The curious staying power of the cliffhanger '' . The New Yorker . 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Ziegler 2007 , pp. 46 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Stone 1987 , pp. 267 -- 268 . Jump up ^ Hauser 1999 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Cain 2008 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Oxford Dictionaries -- Dickensian '' . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Simon Callow , Charles Dickens and the Great Theatre of the World , p. 9 ^ Jump up to : West , Gilian . `` Huffam and Son . '' Dickensian 95 , no . 447 ( Spring , 1999 ) : 5 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Charles Dickens and the Great Theatre of the World , Simon Callow , p. 5 Jump up ^ Forster 2006 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Simon Callow , Charles Dickens and the Great Theatre of the World , p. 7 Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 22 -- 24 : 29 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Schlicke 1999 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Simon Callow , p. 13 Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , p. 76 : ' recklessly improvident ' . Jump up ^ Pope - Hennessy 1945 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Forster 2006 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Wilson 1972 , p. 53 . ^ Jump up to : Forster 2006 , pp. 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Callow , p. 25 Jump up ^ Schlicke 1999 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Wilson 1972 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Cain 2008 , p. 91 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson 1972 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Callow , p. 34 , 36 Jump up ^ Pope - Hennessy 1945 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Wilson 1972 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Davis 1998 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Callow , p. 48 Jump up ^ Claire Tomalin , The Invisible Woman , p. 7 Jump up ^ Claire Tomalin , the Invisible Woman , p. 76 ^ Jump up to : Patten 2001 , pp. 16 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 174 -- 176 . ^ Jump up to : Glancy 1999 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Van De Linde 1917 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Callow p. 54 Jump up ^ Simon Callow , Charles Dickens and the Great Theatre of the World , p. 56 Jump up ^ Simon Callow , Charles Dickens and the Great theatre of the World , p. 60 Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 201 , 278 -- 279 . ^ Jump up to : Smiley 2002 , pp. 12 -- 14 . ^ Jump up to : Schlicke 1999 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ St Luke 's Church -- A Brief History Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 162 , 181 -- 182 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , p. 221 . Jump up ^ Simon Callow , Charles Dickens and the Great Theatre of the World , p. 74 Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 225 -- 229 : p = 227 . Jump up ^ Simon Callow , p. 77 , 78 ' Charles Dickens and the Great Theatre of the World ' Jump up ^ Simon Callow , Charles Dickens and the Great Theatre of the World , p. 97 Jump up ^ `` Queen Victoria 's Journals '' . RA VIC / MAIN / QVJ ( W ) . 26 December 1838 . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Schlicke 1999 , p. 514 . Jump up ^ Simon Callow , Charles Dickens and the Great Theatre of the World , p 98 Jump up ^ Jones 2004 , p. 7 ^ Jump up to : Smith 2001 , pp. 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 225 -- 229 Jump up ^ Moore 2004 , pp. 44 -- 45 Jump up ^ `` Marlon James and Charles Dickens : Embrace the art , not the racist artist '' . The Economist. 20 October 2015 . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 345 -- 346 . Jump up ^ Tomalin 2011 , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Tomalin 2011 , pp. 128 -- 132 . ^ Jump up to : Flint 2001 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ `` Charles Dickens in Toronto '' ( PDF ) . Halcyon : The Newsletter of the Friends of the Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library . University of Toronto . November 1992 . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Callow 2009 , pp. 146 -- 148 . Jump up ^ Schlicke 1999 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Moss , Sidney P. ; Moss , Carolyn J. ( 1996 ) . The Charles Dickens - Thomas Powell Vendetta . Troy New York : The Whitston Publishing Company . pp. 42 -- 125 . Jump up ^ Nayder 2011 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 249 ; 530 -- 538 ; 549 -- 550 ; 575 Jump up ^ Hartley 2009 , pp. . Jump up ^ Simon Callow , Charles Dickens and the Great Theatre of the World p. 63 sunday under three heads Archived 25 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Simon Callow , ' Charles Dickens ' . p. 159 Jump up ^ Gary Colledge ( 2012 ) , God and Charles Dickens : Recovering the Christian Voice of a Classic Author , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Rost , Stephen . `` The Faith Behind the Famous : Charles Dickens '' . Christian History . Christianity Today . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Colledge 2009 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Stephen Skelton , Reclaiming ' A Christmas Carol ' . CBN Jump up ^ The Life Of Our Lord Archived 7 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Dickens y la religión : `` La vida de nuestro Señor '' ( 1846 ) `` . Jump up ^ Sally Ledger , Holly Furneaux , ( 2011 ) , `` Charles Dickens in Context '' , Cambridge University Press . p. 318 . ISBN 0521887003 Jump up ^ Cedric Thomas Watts ( 1976 ) . `` The English novel '' . Sussex Books . p. 55 ^ Jump up to : Soubigou , Gilles `` Dickens 's Illustrations : France and other countries '' pages 154 - 167 from The Reception of Charles Dickens in Europe edited by Michael Hollington London : A&C Black 2013 page 159 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 628 ; 634 -- 638 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 648 ; 686 -- 687 ; 772 -- 773 Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 32 : 723 : 750 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 788 -- 799 . Jump up ^ Furneaux 2011 , pp. 190 -- 191 . Jump up ^ Page 1999 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ Jones 2004 , pp. 80 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 801 , 804 . Jump up ^ Page 1999 , pp. 260 -- 263 for excerpts from the speech . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 809 -- 814 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 1990 , p. 185 . Jump up ^ Hobsbaum 1998 , p. 270 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 589 -- 95 ; 848 -- 852 . Jump up ^ Tomalin 2011 , pp. 332 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 881 -- 883 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 914 -- 917 . Jump up ^ Nisbet 1952 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Tomalin 1992 , pp. 142 -- 143 . Jump up ^ Henson 2004 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Ashley Alexander Mallett , The Black Lords of Summer : The Story of the 1868 Aboriginal Tour of England , pp. 65 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Australian Dictionary of Biography . Retrieved 29 October 2013 Jump up ^ University of Sydney . Retrieved 29 October 2013 Jump up ^ Sydney Morning Herald , `` Dickens of a time '' , 24 December 2002 . Retrieved 29 October 2013 Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 959 -- 961 . Jump up ^ `` The Staplehurst Disaster '' . Retrieved 28 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hobsbaum 1998 , p. 271 . Jump up ^ Forster , John ( 1874 ) . The Life of Charles Dickens : 1852 - 1870 , Volume 3 . Chapman and Hall . p. 363 . Jump up ^ Wills , Elspeth ( 2010 ) . The Fleet 1840 - 2010 . London : The Open Agency . p. 23 . ISBN 9 780954 245184 . Jump up ^ Jackson 1995 , p. 333 . Jump up ^ Tomalin , Claire Charles Dickens : A Life ( 2011 ) p. 377 Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 1043 -- 1044 . Jump up ^ Foxcroft 2007 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 1069 -- 1070 . Jump up ^ `` Luke Fildes '' . TheFamousArtists.com . Jump up ^ omalin , Claire Charles Dickens : A Life ( 2011 ) p. 395 - 96 , p. 484 Jump up ^ Forster 2006 , p. 628 . Jump up ^ Hughes 1891 , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 1077 -- 1078 . Jump up ^ Stanley 1870 , pp. 144 -- 147 : 146 . Jump up ^ `` John Forster , `` The Life of Charles Dickens '' ( 13 ) `` . Archived from the original on 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 44 -- 45 . ^ Jump up to : Mee 2010 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Vlock 1998 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Stone 1987 , pp. xx -- xxi . Jump up ^ Cohen 1980 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Jones 2012 . Jump up ^ Ziegler 2007 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Hawes 1998 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Ziegler 2007 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Hawes 1998 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Hawes 1998 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Woolf 1986 , p. 286 . Jump up ^ Polloczek 1999 , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 . Jump up ^ Slater 1983 , pp. 43 , 47 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , p. 653 . Jump up ^ Glancy 1999 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Davies 1983 , pp. 166 -- 169 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , p. 345 . Jump up ^ Raina 1986 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Bodenheimer 2011 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Ellmann 1988 , p. 441 : In conversation with Ada Leverson . Jump up ^ Chesterton 1911 , pp. 54 -- 55 . Jump up ^ London : Anthem Press , 2012 , p. xiii , p. 123 . Jump up ^ `` novel ( literature ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 7 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Marlow 1994 , pp. 149 -- 150 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Trollope 2007 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Swift 2007 Jump up ^ Sasaki 2011 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Morrison 2012 . Jump up ^ Flom , Eric L. ( 5 March 2009 ) . Silent Film Stars on the Stages of Seattle : A History of Performances by Hollywood Notables . McFarland . p. 119 . ISBN 9780786439089 . Jump up ^ Soubigou , Gilles `` Dickens 's Illustrations : France and other countries '' pages 154 - 167 from The Reception of Charles Dickens in Europe edited by Michael Hollington London : A&C Black 2013 page 161 . Jump up ^ Soubigou , Gilles `` Dickens 's Illustrations : France and other countries '' pages 154 - 167 from The Reception of Charles Dickens in Europe edited by Michael Hollington London : A&C Black 2013 pages 164 - 165 . Jump up ^ Ellmann 1988 , pp. 25,359 . Jump up ^ Mackenzie 1870 , p. 243 . Jump up ^ Kucich & Sadoff 2006 , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Mazzeno 2008 , pp. 23 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Mazzeno 2008 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Friedberg , Maurice ( 1997 ) . Literary Translation in Russia : A Cultural History . Penn State Press . p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Callow 2009 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Hutton 2001 , p. 188 . Jump up ^ Cochrane 1996 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Robinson 2005 , p. 316 . ^ Jump up to : Kucich & Sadoff 2006 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Atkinson 1990 , p. 48 , citing Gillian Beer 's Darwin 's Plots ( 1983 , p. 8 ) . Jump up ^ Jones 2004 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ `` Down Under with Dickens '' . Sydney Morning Herald `` . Retrieved 18 February 2014 Jump up ^ Kennedy , Maev ( 6 February 2014 ) . `` Portsmouth erects Britain 's first full - size statue of Charles Dickens '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charles Dickens statue unveiled in Portsmouth '' . BBC . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Werner 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Great Britons -- Top 100 '' . Internet Archive . Archived from the original on 4 December 2002 . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Harold . 1994 . The Western Canon : The Books and School of the Ages . p. 226 . New York : Harcourt Brace . Jump up ^ The Big Read : Top 100 Books BBC Retrieved 2 April 2011 Jump up ^ `` On Dickens and postage stamps '' . Sydney University . Jump up ^ Johnson 1969 for the serial publication dates . Bibliography Ackroyd , Peter ( 1990 ) . Dickens . London : Sinclar - Stevenson . ISBN 1 - 85619 - 000 - 5 . Atkinson , Paul ( 1990 ) . The Ethnographic Imagination : Textual Constructions of Reality . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 01761 - 9 . Bidwell , Walter Hilliard , ed . ( July -- December 1870 ) . `` The Eclectic Magazine : Foreign Literature '' . Eclectic magazine : foreign literature , science and art . New Series ( Charles Dickens Obituary ) . New York : E.R. Pelton. 12 : 222 -- 224 . Black , Joseph Laurence ( 2007 ) . `` Charles Dickens '' . In Black , Joseph Laurence . The age of romanticism . The Victorian era . The twentieth century and beyond . The Broadview Anthology of British Literature. 2 . Broadview Press . pp. 735 -- 743 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55111 - 869 - 7 . Bodenheimer , Rosemarie ( 2011 ) . `` London in the Victorian Novel '' . In Manley , Lawrence . The Cambridge Companion to the Literature of London . Cambridge University Press . pp. 142 -- 159 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 72231 - 5 . Cain , Lynn ( 2008 ) . Dickens , family , authorship : psychoanalytic perspectives on kinship and creativity . Ashgate Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 6180 - 1 . Callow , Simon ( 2009 ) . Dickens 's Christmas : A Victorian Celebration . Frances Lincoln Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7112 - 3031 - 6 . Chesterton , G.K. ( 2005 ) ( 1906 ) . Charles Dickens : A Critical Study . Kessinger Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4179 - 1996 - 3 . Chesterton , G.K. ( 1911 ) . Appreciations and Criticisms of the Works of Charles Dickens . J.M. DentForgotten Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4400 - 9125 - 4 . Cochrane , Robertson ( 1996 ) . Wordplay : origins , meanings , and usage of the English language . University of Toronto Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 7752 - 3 . Cohen , Jane R. ( 1980 ) . Charles Dickens and His Original Illustrators . Ohio State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8142 - 0284 - 5 . Colledge , Gary L ( 2009 ) . God and Charles Dickens . Baker Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4412 - 3778 - 1 . Davis , Paul ( 1998 ) . Charles Dickens A to Z . Facts on File , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 2905 - 1 . Hartley , Jenny ( 2009 ) . Charles Dickens and The House of Fallen Women . London : Methuen . ISBN 978 - 0 - 413 - 77643 - 3 . Morrison , Richard ( 3 February 2012 ) . `` Champion of the little people '' . The Australian . Retrieved 22 April 2012 . Davies , James A. ( 1983 ) . John Forster , a Literary Life . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 389 - 20391 - 9 . Ellmann , Richard ( 1988 ) ( 1987 ) . Oscar Wilde . London : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 009661 - 3 . Flint , Kate ( 2001 ) . `` The middle novels : Chuzzlewit , Dombey and Copperfield '' . In Jordan , John O . The Cambridge Companion to Charles Dickens . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 66964 - 1 . Forster , John ( 2006 ) ( 1872 -- 1874 ) . Life of Charles Dickens . London : Diderot Publishing . ISBN 978 - 90 - 77932 - 03 - 2 . Foxcroft , Louise ( 2007 ) . The Making of Addiction : The ' Use and Abuse ' of Opium in Nineteenth - Century Britain . Ashgate Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 5633 - 3 . Furneaux , Holly ( 2011 ) . `` Childhood '' . In Ledger , Sally ; Furneaux , Holly . Dickens in Context . Cambridge University Press . pp. 186 -- 193 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88700 - 7 . Glancy , Ruth ( 1999 ) . Student Companion to Charles Dickens . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30611 - 2 . Grossman , Jonathan H. ( 2012 ) . Charles Dickens 's Networks : Public Transport and the Novel . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 964419 - 3 . Hauser , Arnold ( 1999 ) ( 1951 ) . The Social History of Art : Naturalism , impressionism , the film age . The Social History of Art . 4 . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 19948 - 3 . Hawes , Donald ( 1998 ) . Who 's Who in Dickens . Psychology Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 13604 - 4 . Henson , Louise ( 2004 ) . `` ' In the Natural Course of Physical Things ' : Ghosts and Science in Charles Dickens 's All the Year Round '' . In Henson , Louise ; Cantor , Geoffrey ; Dawson , Gowan ; Noakes , Richard ; Shuttleworth , Sally ; Topham , Jonathan R. Culture and Science in the Nineteenth - Century Media . Ashgate Publishing . pp. 113 -- 124 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 3574 - 1 . Hobsbaum , Philip ( 1998 ) ( 1972 ) . A reader 's guide to Charles Dickens . Syracuse University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8156 - 0475 - 4 . Hughes , William Richard ( 1891 ) . A week 's tramp in Dickens - Land : together with personal reminiscences of the ' Inimitable Boz ' . Oxford : Chapman & Hall . Hutton , Ronald ( 2001 ) . The Stations of the Sun : A History of the Ritual Year in Britain . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 285448 - 3 . Jackson , Kenneth T. ( 1995 ) . The Encyclopedia of New York City . New York Historical Society . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 05536 - 8 . Johnson , E.D.H. ( 1969 ) . Charles Dickens : An Introduction to His Novels . Random House Studies in Language and Literature . Random House . ASIN B0011BLL8W . Retrieved 22 April 2012 . Jones , Richard ( 2004 ) . Walking Dickensian London . Globetrotter walking guides . London : New Holland Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84330 - 483 - 8 . Jones , Sam ( 6 February 2012 ) . `` Ebenezer Scrooge named most popular Dickens character '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 22 April 2012 . Joshi , Prithi ( 2011 ) . `` Race '' . In Ledger , Sally ; Furneaux , Holly . Dickens in Context . Cambridge University Press . pp. 292 -- 300 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88700 - 7 . Kucich , John ; Sadoff , Dianne F. ( 2006 ) . `` Charles Dickens '' . In Kastan , David Scott . The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature , Volume . 1 . Oxford University Press . pp. 154 -- 164 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516921 - 8 . Lodge , David ( 2002 ) . Consciousness and the Novel . Harvard , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 00949 - 3 . Mackenzie , Robery Shelton ( 1870 ) . Life of Charles Dickens. by R. Shelton Mackenzie . With Personal Recollections and Anecdotes ; -- Letters by ' Boz ' , Never Before Published ; -- And ... Prose and Verse . With Portrait and Autograph . Philadelphia : T.B. Peterson & Brothers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4255 - 5680 - 8 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Marlow , James E. ( 1994 ) . Charles Dickens : The Uses of Time . Susquehanna University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 945636 - 48 - 9 . Mazzeno , Laurence W. ( 2008 ) . The Dickens industry : critical perspectives 1836 -- 2005 . Studies in European and American literature and culture . Literary criticism in perspective . Camden House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57113 - 317 - 5 . Mee , Jon ( 2010 ) . The Cambridge Introduction to Charles Dickens . Cambridge Introductions to Literature . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 67634 - 2 . Moore , Grace ( 2004 ) . Dickens and Empire : Discourses of Class , Race and Colonialism in the Works of Charles Dickens . Ashgate Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 3412 - 6 . Nayder , Lillian ( 2011 ) . The other Dickens : a life of Catherine Hogarth . Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 4787 - 7 . Nisbet , Ada ( 1952 ) . Dickens & Ellen Ternan . University of California Press . Page , Norman ( 1999 ) . Charles Dickens : Family History . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 22233 - 4 . Patten , Robert L. ( 2001 ) . `` From Sketches to Nickleby '' . In Jordan , John O . The Cambridge Companion to Charles Dickens . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 66964 - 1 . Polloczek , Dieter ( 1999 ) . `` Aporias of Retribution and questions of responsibility : the legacy of incarceration in Dickens 's Bleak House '' . Literature and Legal Discourse : Equity and Ethics from Sterne to Conrad . Cambridge University Press . pp. 124 -- 201 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 65251 - 3 . Pope - Hennessy , Una ( 1945 ) . Charles Dickens 1812 -- 1870 . Chatto and Windus . Raina , Badri ( 1986 ) . Dickens and the Dialectic of Growth . University of Wisconsin Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 10610 - 2 . Robinson , David J. ( 2005 ) . Disordered personalities ( 3 ed . ) . Rapid Psychler Press , . ISBN 978 - 1 - 894328 - 09 - 8 . Sasaki , Toru ( 2011 ) . `` Modern screen adaptations '' . In Ledger , Sally ; Furneaux , Holly . Dickens in Context . Cambridge University Press . pp. 67 -- 73 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88700 - 7 . Schlicke , Paul , ed. ( 1999 ) . Oxford Reader 's Companion to Dickens . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 866213 - 6 . Slater , Michael ( 1983 ) . Dickens and Women . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 1180 - 7 . Smiley , Jane ( 2002 ) . Charles Dickens . New York : Penguin . ISBN 0 - 670 - 03077 - 5 . Smith , Grahame ( 2001 ) . `` The Life and Times of Charles Dickens '' . In Jordan , John O . The Cambridge Companion to Charles Dickens . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 66964 - 1 . Stanley , Arthur Penrhyn ( 1870 ) . `` Dean Stanley on Charles Dickens '' . Speeches , letters , and sayings of Charles Dickens . Harper . Stone , Harry ( 1987 ) . Dickens 's working notes for his novels . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 14590 - 7 . Sutherland , John ( 1990 ) . The Stanford Companion to Victorian Fiction . Stanford , California : Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 1842 - 4 . Swift , Simon ( 18 April 2007 ) . `` What the Dickens ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 April 2012 . Tomalin , Claire ( 2011 ) . Charles Dickens : A Life . Viking . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 91767 - 9 . Tomalin , Claire ( 1992 ) . The invisible woman : the story of Nelly Ternan and Charles Dickens . Vintage Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 73819 - 0 . Trollope , Anthony ( 2007 ) . `` Charles Dickens '' . In Bloom , Harold . Charles Dickens . Bloom 's Classic Critical Views . Infobase Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7910 - 9558 - 4 . Van De Linde , Gérard ( 1917 ) . Reminiscences . Ayer Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 405 - 10917 - 1 . Vlock , Deborah ( 1998 ) . Dickens , Novel Reading , and the Victorian Popular Theatre . Cambridge Studies in Nineteenth - Century Literature and Culture . 19 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 64084 - 8 . Werner , Alex ( 9 December 2011 ) . `` Exhibition in focus : Dickens and London , the Museum of London '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 22 April 2012 . Wilson , Angus ( 1972 ) . The World of Charles Dickens . Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 02026 - 3 . Woolf , Virginia ( 1986 ) . McNeillie , Andrew , ed . The Essays of Virginia Woolf : 1925 -- 1928 ( 2 ed . ) . Hogarth Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7012 - 0669 - 7 . Ziegler , Alan ( 2007 ) . The Writing Workshop Note Book : Notes on Creating and Workshopping . Counterpoint Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 933368 - 70 - 2 . Further reading `` Dickens , Charles '' . Dictionary of National Biography . London : Smith , Elder & Co. 1885 -- 1900 . Bowen , John ( 2003 ) . Other Dickens : Pickwick to Chuzzlewit ( 2 ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 926140 - 6 . Bradbury , Nicola , Charles Dickens ' Great Expectations ( St. Martin 's Press , 1990 ) ISBN 978 - 0312056582 Douglas - Fairhurst , Robert , `` Becoming Dickens ' The Invention of a Novelist ' '' , London : Harvard University Press , 2011 Gold , David L. ( 2009 ) . González , Félix Rodríquez ; Buades , Antonio Lillo , eds . Studies in Etymology and Etiology : With Emphasis on Germanic , Jewish , Romance and Slavic Languages . Universidad de Alicante . ISBN 978 - 84 - 7908 - 517 - 9 . Hart , Christopher ( 20 May 2007 ) . `` What , the Dickens World ? '' . The Sunday Times . UK . Retrieved 21 April 2012 . Heller , Deborah ( 1990 ) . `` The Outcast as Villain and Victim : Jews in Dickens Oliver Twist and Our Mutual Friend '' . In Cohen , Derek ; Heller , Deborah . Jewish Presences in English Literature . McGill - Queen 's Press . pp. 40 -- 60 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 0781 - 4 . Pope - Hennessy , Una ( 2007 ) . Charles Dickens . Hennessy Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4067 - 5783 - 5 . Jarvie , Paul A. ( 2005 ) . Ready to Trample on All Human Law : Finance Capitalism in the Fiction of Charles Dickens . Studies in Major Literary Authors . New York , NY : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 97524 - 7 . Johnson , Edgar , Charles Dickens : his tragedy and triumph , New York : Simon and Schuster , 1952 . In two volumes . Joshi , Prithi ( 2011 ) . `` Race '' . In Ledger , Sally ; Furneaux , Holly . Dickens in Context . Cambridge University Press . pp. 292 -- 300 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88700 - 7 . Levine , Gary Martin ( 2003 ) . The merchant of modernism : the economic Jew in Anglo - American Literature , 1864 -- 1939 . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 94109 - 9 . Manning , Mick & Granström , Brita , Charles Dickens : Scenes From An Extraordinary Life , Frances Lincoln Children 's Books , 2011 . Mendelsohn , Ezra ( 1996 ) . Literary Strategies : Jewish Texts and Contexts . Studies in Contemporary Jewry. 12 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 511203 - 0 . Meckier , Jerome ( 2002 ) . Dickens 's Great Expectations : Misnar 's Pavilion Versus Cinderella . Lexington , KY : University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 978 - 0 - 813 - 12228 - 1 . Moore , Grace ( 2002 ) . `` Reappraising Dickens 's ' Noble Savage ' '' . The Dickensian. 98 ( 458 ) : 236 -- 243 . Nayder , Lillian ( 2002 ) . Unequal Partners : Charles Dickens , Wilkie Collins , and Victorian Authorship . Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 3925 - 4 . Dickens , Charles ( 1978 ) . `` Introduction '' . In Patten , Robert L. The Pickwick Papers . Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 22233 - 4 . Pointer , Michael ( 1996 ) . Charles Dickens on the screen : the film , television , and video adaptations . Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 2960 - 2 . Slater , Michael ( 2009 ) . Charles Dickens : A Life Defined by Writing . New Haven / London : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 11207 - 8 . Slater , Michael ( 2011 ) ( 2004 ) . `` Dickens , Charles John Huffam '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( online ed . ) . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 7599 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Waller , John O. ( July 1960 ) . `` Charles Dickens and the American Civil War '' . Studies in Philology. 57 ( 3 ) : 535 -- 548 -- via JSTOR . Waller , Philip J. ( 2006 ) . Writers , Readers , and Reputations : Literary Life in Britain , 1870 -- 1918 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 820677 - 4 . External links Find more aboutCharles Dickensat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Library resources about Charles Dickens Resources in your library Resources in other libraries By Charles Dickens Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Works Works by Charles Dickens at Project Gutenberg Works by Charles Dickens at Faded Page ( Canada ) Works by or about Charles Dickens at Internet Archive Works by Charles Dickens at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Charles Dickens collection at The Virtual Library Journalism at Dickens Journals Online , an online edition of Household Words and All the Year Round Online books , and library resources in your library and in other libraries by Charles Dickens Charles Dickens at the British Library Organisations and portals `` Archival material relating to Charles Dickens '' . UK National Archives . Portraits of Charles Dickens at the National Portrait Gallery , London Charles Dickens on the Archives Hub The Dickens Fellowship , an international society dedicated to the study of Dickens and his Writings Correspondence of Charles Dickens , with related papers , ca . 1834 -- 1955 Museums Dickens Museum Situated in a former Dickens House , 48 Doughty Street , London , WC1 Dickens Birthplace Museum Old Commercial Road , Portsmouth Victoria and Albert Museum The V&A 's collections relating to Dickens Other Charles Dickens at Encyclopædia Britannica Dickens on In Our Time at the BBC . Charles Dickens 's Traveling Kit From the John Davis Batchelder Collection at the Library of Congress Charles Dickens 's Walking Stick From the John Davis Batchelder Collection at the Library of Congress Charles Dickens Collection : First editions of Charles Dickens 's works included in the Leonard Kebler gift , ( dispersed in the Division 's collection ) . From the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress Archival material at Leeds University Library Media offices Preceded by New position Editor of the Daily News 1846 Succeeded by John Forster ( hide ) Charles Dickens Bibliography Novels The Pickwick Papers Oliver Twist Nicholas Nickleby The Old Curiosity Shop Barnaby Rudge Martin Chuzzlewit Dombey and Son David Copperfield Bleak House Hard Times Little Dorrit A Tale of Two Cities Great Expectations Our Mutual Friend The Mystery of Edwin Drood Christmas books A Christmas Carol The Chimes The Cricket on the Hearth The Battle of Life The Haunted Man and the Ghost 's Bargain Short stories `` The Long Voyage '' `` The Signal - Man '' Short story collections Sketches by Boz The Mudfog Papers Master Humphrey 's Clock Non-fiction American Notes Pictures from Italy The Life of Our Lord A Child 's History of England The Uncommercial Traveller Letters Plays The Frozen Deep No Thoroughfare : A Drama : In Five Acts Journalism Bentley 's Miscellany Master Humphrey 's Clock The Daily News Household Words All the Year Round Collaborations `` A House to Let '' `` The Haunted House '' `` A Message from the Sea '' `` Mugby Junction '' No Thoroughfare See also Catherine Dickens ( wife ) Epitaph of Charles Irving Thornton Bleak House Dickens and Little Nell ( statue ) Dickens of London ( 1976 miniseries ) Dickens in America ( 2005 documentary ) The Invisible Woman ( 2013 film ) Dickensian ( 2015 TV series ) The Man Who Invented Christmas ( 2017 film ) Book Works by Charles Dickens Charles Dickens 's The Pickwick Papers ( 1836 ) Characters Samuel Pickwick Sam Weller Alfred Jingle Nathaniel Winkle Mr Wardle Places Goswell Street Dingley Dell Bath Ipswich Fleet Prison Eatanswill Short Stories `` The Stroller 's Tale '' `` The Convict 's Return '' `` A Madman 's Manuscript '' `` The Bagman 's Story '' `` The Parish Clerk , A Tale of True Love '' `` The Old Man 's Tale About the Queer Client '' `` The Story of the Goblins who Stole a Sexton '' `` The True Legend of Prince Bladud '' `` The Story of the Bagman 's Uncle '' Adaptations 1913 film 1921 film 1952 film 1963 musical 1969 TV movie 1985 TV series 1985 film Other `` If I Ruled the World '' George and Vulture Charles Dickens ' Oliver Twist Characters Oliver Twist Bill Sikes Fagin Mr. Brownlow Nancy Rose Maylie Monks The Artful Dodger Charley Bates Mr. Sowerberry Film adaptations Oliver Twist ( 1909 ) Oliver Twist ( 1912 ) Oliver Twist ( 1912 ) Oliver Twist ( 1916 ) Oliver Twist ( 1919 ) Oliver Twist ( 1922 ) Oliver Twist ( 1933 ) Oliver Twist ( 1948 ) Chitti Tammudu ( 1962 ) Oliver ! ( 1968 ) Oliver Twist ( 1982 ) Las Aventuras de Oliver Twist ( 1987 ) Oliver Twist ( 1997 ) Oliver Twist ( 2005 ) Film retellings Manik ( 1961 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) Twisted ( 1997 ) Twist ( 2003 ) Boy Called Twist ( 2004 ) TV adaptations Oliver Twist ( 1982 TV film ) Oliver Twist ( 1985 TV miniseries ) Saban 's Adventures of Oliver Twist ( 1996 TV series ) Oliver Twist ( 1999 miniseries ) Oliver Twist ( 2007 miniseries ) Play Oliver ! ( 1960 ) Songs `` As Long as He Needs Me '' `` Consider Yourself '' D'banj's 2012 song `` Food , Glorious Food '' `` I 'd Do Anything '' `` Oliver ! '' `` Oom - Pah - Pah '' Vaughn De Leath 's 1921 song `` Where Is Love ? '' `` You 've Got to Pick a Pocket or Two '' Related Oliver ! ( soundtrack to the 1968 film ) Escape of the Artful Dodger ( 2001 TV series retelling ) Fagin the Jew ( 2003 graphic novel ) Oliver and the Artful Dodger ( 1972 TV film ) I 'd Do Anything ( 2008 TV series ) Charles Dickens ' Nicholas Nickleby Films Nicholas Nickleby ( 1912 ) The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby ( 1947 ) The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby ( 2001 ) Nicholas Nickleby ( 2002 ) Related The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby ( play ) Smike ( musical ) Charles Dickens ' The Old Curiosity Shop Characters Sampson Brass Master Humphrey Quilp Films The Old Curiosity Shop ( 1911 ) The Old Curiosity Shop ( 1914 ) The Old Curiosity Shop ( 1921 ) The Old Curiosity Shop ( 1934 ) Mister Quilp ( 1975 ) The Old Curiosity Shop ( 1984 ) Television The Old Curiosity Shop ( 1979 ) The Old Curiosity Shop ( 2007 ) Related Dickens and Little Nell statue Charles Dickens 's A Christmas Carol Characters Ebenezer Scrooge Bob Cratchit Mr. Fezziwig Ghost of Christmas Past Ghost of Christmas Present Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come Jacob Marley Tiny Tim Films Scrooge , or , Marley 's Ghost A Christmas Carol ( 1908 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1910 ) Scrooge ( 1913 ) Scrooge ( 1935 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1938 ) Scrooge ( 1951 ) It 's Never Too Late A Christmas Carol ( 1960 ) Scrooge ( 1970 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1971 ) An American Christmas Carol Mickey 's Christmas Carol Scrooged The Muppet Christmas Carol A Christmas Carol ( 1997 ) A Diva 's Christmas Carol Christmas Carol : The Movie A Carol Christmas Springtime with Roo Chasing Christmas A Christmas Carol ( 2006 ) A Dennis the Menace Christmas An American Carol Ghosts of Girlfriends Past A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) The Smurfs : A Christmas Carol ( 2011 ) Television `` The Christmas Carol '' ( 1949 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1954 ) Mister Magoo 's Christmas Carol A Carol for Another Christmas Rich Little 's Christmas Carol A Special Sesame Street Christmas The Stingiest Man in Town Bugs Bunny 's Christmas Carol A Christmas Carol ( 1982 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1984 ) Blackadder 's Christmas Carol A Flintstones Christmas Carol Ebbie Ebenezer An All Dogs Christmas Carol A Christmas Carol ( 1999 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2000 ) An Easter Carol A Christmas Carol ( 2004 ) Karroll 's Christmas Bah , Humduck ! A Looney Tunes Christmas Nan 's Christmas Carol `` A Christmas Carol '' ( Doctor Who ) It 's Christmas , Carol ! Kelly Clarkson 's Cautionary Christmas Music Tale Musicals Scrooge ( 1992 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1994 ) Mrs. Bob Cratchit 's Wild Christmas Binge ( 2002 ) Plays A Christmas Carol ( 1988 ) Fellow Passengers ( 2004 ) A Klingon Christmas Carol ( 2007 ) Soundtracks A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Doctor Who : A Christmas Carol ( 2011 ) Other Adaptations of A Christmas Carol Batman : Noël ( comic ) `` Green Christmas '' ( single ) The Misadventures of the Wholesome Twins Charles Dickens ' Dombey and Son Film Dombey and Son ( 1917 ) Rich Man 's Folly ( 1931 ) TV Dombey and Son ( 1969 ) Dombey and Son ( 1983 ) Related Trading Places Charles Dickens ' David Copperfield Characters David Copperfield Mr. Dick Uriah Heep Wilkins Micawber Edward Murdstone Peggotty Dora Spenlow James Steerforth Betsey Trotwood Agnes Wickfield Film 1911 film 1913 film 1922 film 1935 film Television 1966 serial 1969 film 1974 serial 1986 serial 1993 film 1999 film 2000 film Micawber ( 2001 ) Other Copperfield ( musical ) Charles Dickens ' Bleak House Films The Death of Poor Joe ( 1901 ) Bleak House ( 1920 ) Television Bleak House ( 1959 ) Bleak House ( 1985 ) Bleak House ( 2005 ) Related Jarndyce and Jarndyce Esther Summerson Charles Dickens ' Little Dorrit Adaptations Little Dorrit ( 1988 ) Little Dorrit ( 2008 ) Literature The Great Fire of London Related Little Dorrit 's Playground Shut up Charles Dickens ' A Tale of Two Cities Characters Sydney Carton Lucie Manette Charles Darnay Alexandre Manette Monsieur Ernest Defarge Madame Thérèse Defarge Jarvis Lorry Miss Pross Marquis St. Evrémonde John Barsad Jerry Cruncher Stryver The Seamstress Film A Tale of Two Cities ( 1911 ) A Tale of Two Cities ( 1917 ) A Tale of Two Cities ( 1922 ) The Only Way ( 1927 ) A Tale of Two Cities ( 1935 ) A Tale of Two Cities ( 1958 ) A Tale of Two Cities ( 1980 ) Musicals Two Cities ( 2006 ) A Tale of Two Cities ( 2007 ) Charles Dickens 's Great Expectations Characters Philip `` Pip '' Pirrip Estella Havisham Compeyson Miss Havisham Arthur Havisham Abel Magwitch John Wemmick Adaptations 1917 film 1934 film 1946 film 1955 film adaptation 1974 TV film 1981 miniseries 1991 miniseries 1998 film 1999 TV film South Park retelling ( 2000 ) 2011 miniseries 2012 film 2016 adaptation Related Great Expectations : The Untold Story Satis House Charles Dickens ' Our Mutual Friend Television Our Mutual Friend ( 1958 ) Our Mutual Friend ( 1976 ) Our Mutual Friend ( 1998 ) Related Jenny Wren Charles Dickens ' The Mystery of Edwin Drood Film and television The Mystery of Edwin Drood ( 1935 film ) The Mystery of Edwin Drood ( 1993 film ) The Mystery of Edwin Drood ( 2012 TV film ) Stage Drood ( 1985 musical ) Attempted continuations By T.P. James ( 1873 ) The D Case ( 1989 humorous literary critique ) Related The Last Dickens ( 2009 novel ) Charles Dickens ' Hard Times Characters Gradgrind Film Hard Times ( 1915 ) Hard Times ( 1988 ) Television Hard Times ( 1977 ) VIAF : 88666393 LCCN : n78087607 ISNI : 0000 0001 2142 8469 GND : 118525239 SELIBR : 183770 SUDOC : 026831198 BNF : cb119001186 ( data ) BPN : 97494768 BIBSYS : 90051428 ULAN : 500106117 MusicBrainz : fac5c33f - 4339 - 445a - 88d7 - f69da327f07b NLA : 35035441 NDL : 00437850 NKC : jn19990001747 ICCU : IT \ ICCU \ CFIV \ 000404 RLS : 000085105 BNE : XX1633131 SNAC : w6jn025d Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Dickens&oldid=827514317 '' Categories : Charles Dickens 1812 births 1870 deaths 19th - century English writers 19th - century English novelists 19th - century British newspaper founders 19th - century journalists Burials at Westminster Abbey Christian writers English Anglicans British social commentators English historical novelists English male journalists English male short story writers English male novelists English prisoners and detainees Fellows of the Royal Society of Arts Ghost story writers People from Camden Town People from Somers Town , London People from Chatham , Kent People from Portsmouth Social critics Victorian novelists Writers from London 19th - century British short story writers Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2017 Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use British English from November 2013 Articles incorporating Cite DNB template Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links National Portrait Gallery ( London ) person ID same as Wikidata Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links Use dmy dates from August 2016 AC with 18 elements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BPN identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SBN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Armãneashti অসমীয়া Asturianu Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bislama Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Livvinkarjala Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Piemontèis Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük West - Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ 132 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 04 : 15 . 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Gastrointestinal wall

Gastrointestinal wall - wikipedia Gastrointestinal wall Jump to : navigation , search This article is one of a series on the Gastrointestinal wall General structure ( hide ) Epithelium Mucosa Submucosa Circular muscle Longitudinal muscle Serosa Adventitia Specific ( show ) Meissner 's plexus Auerbach 's plexus Organs ( show ) Esophagus Stomach Intestines The gastrointestinal wall surrounding the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract is made up of four layers of specialised tissue -- from the lumen outwards : Mucosa Submucosa Muscular layer Serosa ( if the tissue is intraperitoneal ) / Adventitia ( if the tissue is retroperitoneal ) -- these last two tissue types differ slightly in form and function according to the part of the gastrointestinal tract they belong to ( see the section below for more detail ) The epithelium , the most exposed part of the mucosa , is a glandular epithelium with many goblet cells . Goblet cells secrete mucus , which lubricates the passage of food along and protects the intestinal wall from digestive enzymes . In the small intestine , villi are folds of the mucosa that increase the surface area of the intestine . The villi contain a lacteal , a vessel connected to the lymph system that aids in the removal of lipids and tissue fluids . Microvilli are present on the epithelium of a villus and further increase the surface area over which absorption can take place . Numerous intestinal glands as pocket - like invaginations are present in the underlying tissue . In the large intestines , villi are absent and a flat surface with thousands of glands is observed . Underlying the epithelium is the lamina propria , which contains myofibroblasts , blood vessels , nerves , and several different immune cells , and the muscularis mucosa which is a layer of smooth muscle that aids in the action of continued peristalsis and catastalsis along the gut . The submucosa contains nerves including the submucous plexus ( Meissner 's plexus ) , blood vessels and elastic fibres with collagen , that stretches with increased capacity but maintains the shape of the intestine . Surrounding this is the muscular layer , which comprises both longitudinal and circular smooth muscle that also helps with continued peristalsis and the movement of digested material out of and along the gut . In between the two layers of muscle lies the myenteric plexus ( Auerbach 's plexus ) . Lastly , there is the serosa / adventitia which is made up of loose connective tissue and coated in mucus so as to prevent any friction damage from the intestine rubbing against other tissue . Holding all this in place are the mesenteries which suspend the intestine in the abdominal cavity and stop it being disturbed when a person is physically active . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Mucosa 1.1. 1 Epithelium 1.2 Submucosa 1.3 Muscular layer 1.4 Serosa / Adventitia 2 Clinical relevance 3 Additional images 4 References Structure ( edit ) The general structure of the intestinal wall The gastrointestinal tract has a form of general histology with some differences that reflect the specialization in functional anatomy . Mucosa ( edit ) Main article : Mucosa Image of the gastric mucosa . The mucosa is the innermost layer of the gastrointestinal tract . It surrounds the lumen of the tract , and comes into direct contact with digested food ( chyme ) . The mucosa itself is made up of three layers : The epithelium is the innermost layer . It is where most digestive , absorptive and secretory processes occur . Lamina propria is a layer of connective tissue within the mucosa . Unusually cellular compared to most connective tissue Muscularis mucosae is a thin layer of smooth muscle . Epithelium ( edit ) The mucosae are highly specialized in each organ of the gastrointestinal tract to deal with the different conditions . The most variation is seen in the epithelium : In the oesophagus , pharynx and external anal canal the epithelium is stratified , squamous and non-keratinising , for protective purposes . In the stomach , the epithelium is simple columnar , and is organised into gastric pits and glands to deal with secretion . In the small intestine , epithelium is simple columnar and specialised for absorption . The epithelium is arranged into villi , creating a brush border and increasing the area for absorption . Each cell also has microvilli . it is organised into plicae circulares and villi , and the enterocytes have microvilli . This creates a brush border which greatly increases the surface area for absorption . The epithelium is simple columnar with microvilli . In the ileum there are occasionally Peyer 's patches in the lamina propria . Brunner 's glands are found in the duodenum but not in other parts of the small intestine . In the colon , epithelium is simple columnar and without villi . Goblet cells , which secrete mucous , are also present . The appendix has a mucosa resembling the colon but is heavily infiltrated with lymphocytes . Transition between the different types of epithelium occurs at the junction between the oesophagus and stomach ; between the stomach and duodenum , between the ileum and caecum , and at the pectinate line of the anus . Submucosa ( edit ) Main article : Submucosa The submucosa consists of a dense and irregular layer of connective tissue with blood vessels , lymphatics , and nerves branching into the mucosa and muscular layer . It contains the submucous plexus , and enteric nervous plexus , situated on the inner surface of the muscular layer . Muscular layer ( edit ) Main article : Muscular layer The muscular layer ( also known as the muscularis propria ) consists of two layers of muscle , the inner and outer layer . The muscle of the inner layer is arranged in circular rings around the tract , whereas the muscle of the outer layer is arranged longitudinally . The stomach has an extra layer , an inner oblique muscular layer . Between the two muscle layers are the myenteric or Auerbach 's plexus . This controls peristalsis . Activity is initiated by the pacemaker cells ( interstitial cells of Cajal ) . The gut has intrinsic peristaltic activity ( basal electrical rhythm ) due to its self - contained enteric nervous system . The rate can of course be modulated by the rest of the autonomic nervous system . The layers are not truly longitudinal or circular , rather the layers of muscle are helical with different pitches . The inner circular is helical with a steep pitch and the outer longitudinal is helical with a much shallower pitch . The coordinated contractions of these layers is called peristalsis and propels the food through the tract . Food in the GI tract is called a bolus ( ball of food ) from the mouth down to the stomach . After the stomach , the food is partially digested and semi-liquid , and is referred to as chyme . In the large intestine the remaining semi-solid substance is referred to as faeces . The circular muscle layer prevents food from travelling backward and the longitudinal layer shortens the tract . The thickness of the muscular layer varies in each part of the tract : In the colon , for example , the muscular layer is much thicker because the faeces are large and heavy , and require more force to push along . The outer longitudinal layer of the colon thins out into 3 discontinuous longitudinal bands , known as taeniae coli ( bands of the colon ) . This is one of the 3 features helping to distinguish between the large and small intestine . Occasionally in the large intestine ( 2 - 3 times a day ) there will be mass contraction of certain segments , moving a lot of faeces along . This is generally when one gets the urge to defecate . The pylorus of the stomach has a thickened portion of the inner circular layer : the pyloric sphincter . Alone among the GI tract , the stomach has a third layer of muscular layer . This is the inner oblique layer , and helps churn the chyme in the stomach . Serosa / adventitia ( edit ) Main articles : Serosa and Adventitia The outermost layer of the GI tract consists of several layers of connective tissue and is either adventitia or serosa . Intraperitoneal regions of the digestive tract ( aka those parts suspended by peritoneum ) are covered with serosa . This structure consists of connective tissue covered by a simple squamous epithelium , called the mesothelium , which reduces frictional forces during digestive movements . The intraperitoneal regions include most of the stomach , first part of the duodenum , all of the small intestine , caecum and appendix , transverse colon , sigmoid colon and rectum . In these sections of the gut there is clear boundary between the gut and the surrounding tissue . These parts of the tract have a mesentery . Retroperitoneal regions of the digestive tract ( aka those parts that are firmly attached to surrounding structures by connective tissue fibers ) parts are covered with adventitia . They blend into the surrounding tissue and are fixed in position ( for example , the retroperitoneal section of the duodenum usually passes through the transpyloric plane ) . The retroperitoneal regions include the oral cavity , esophagus , pylorus of the stomach , distal duodenum , ascending colon , descending colon and anal canal . Clinical relevance ( edit ) Inflammatory bowel disease affects the layers of the gastrointestinal tract in different ways . Ulcerative colitis involves the colonic mucosa . Crohn 's disease may produce inflammation in all layers in any part of the gastrointestinal tract and so can result in transmural fistulae . A perforated ulcer is one that has eroded through the layers of the gastrointestinal tract . Invasion of tumours through the layers of the gastrointestinal wall is used in staging of tumour spread . This is associated with prognosis . The normal thickness of the small intestinal wall is 3 - 5 mm , and 1 - 5 mm in the large intestine . Focal , irregular and asymmetrical gastrointestinal wall thickening suggests a malignancy . Segmental or diffuse gastrointestinal wall thickening is most often due to ischemic , inflammatory or infectious disease . Additional images ( edit ) General organisation of GI tract The wall of the stomach . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Deakin , Barbara Young ... ( et al . ) ; drawings by Philip J. ( 2006 ) . Wheater 's functional histology : a text and colour atlas ( 5th ed . ) . ( Edinburgh ? ) : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 0 - 4430 - 6 - 8508 . Jump up ^ `` Oral : Four layers of the G.I. tract '' . The Histology Guide . University of Leeds . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Gartner and Hiatt ; ( 2014 ) . Color Atlas and Text of Histology ( 6th ed . ) . Baltimore : Lippincott WIlliams & Wilkins . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4511 - 1343 - 3 . Jump up ^ Ali Nawaz Khan . `` Small - Bowel Obstruction Imaging '' . Medscape . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 07 . Updated : Sep 22 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Fernandes , Teresa ; Oliveira , Maria I. ; Castro , Ricardo ; Araújo , Bruno ; Viamonte , Bárbara ; Cunha , Rui ( 2014 ) . `` Bowel wall thickening at CT : simplifying the diagnosis '' . Insights into Imaging. 5 ( 2 ) : 195 -- 208 . doi : 10.1007 / s13244 - 013 - 0308 - y . ISSN 1869 - 4101 . ( hide ) Anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract , excluding the mouth Upper Pharynx Muscles Spaces peripharyngeal retropharyngeal parapharyngeal retrovisceral danger prevertebral Pterygomandibular raphe Pharyngeal raphe Buccopharyngeal fascia Pharyngobasilar fascia Piriform sinus Esophagus Sphincters upper lower glands Stomach Curvatures greater lesser Angular incisure Cardia Body Fundus Pylorus antrum canal sphincter Gastric mucosa Gastric folds Microanatomy Gastric pits Gastric glands Cardiac glands Fundic glands Pyloric glands Foveolar cell Parietal cell Gastric chief cell Enterochromaffin - like cell Lower Small intestine Microanatomy Intestinal villus Intestinal gland Enterocyte Enteroendocrine cell Goblet cell Paneth cell Duodenum Suspensory muscle Major duodenal papilla Minor duodenal papilla Duodenojejunal flexure Brunner 's glands Jejunum No substructures Ileum Ileocecal valve Peyer 's patches Microfold cell Large intestine Cecum Appendix Colon Ascending colon Hepatic flexure Transverse colon Splenic flexure Descending colon Sigmoid colon Continuous taenia coli haustra epiploic appendix Rectum Transverse folds Ampulla Anal canal Anus Anal columns Anal valves Anal sinuses Pectinate line Internal anal sphincter Intersphincteric groove External anal sphincter Wall Serosa / Adventitia Subserosa Muscular layer Submucosa Circular folds Mucosa Muscularis mucosa Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gastrointestinal_wall&oldid=821671273 '' Categories : Membrane biology Digestive system Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español සිංහල Edit links This page was last edited on 21 January 2018 , at 22 : 51 . 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which major layer of the digestive tract consists of an epithelium and a lamina propria

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'Ain Ghazal

' Ain Ghazal - wikipedia ' Ain Ghazal Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the neolithic site in Jordan . For the depopulated Palestinian village , see Ayn Ghazal . Ayn Ghazal Location of Ayn Ghazal in Jordan Location Ayn Ghazal , Amman , Jordan , Coordinates 31 ° 59 ′ 17 '' N 35 ° 58 ′ 34 '' E  /  31.988 ° N 35.976 ° E  / 31.988 ; 35.976 Coordinates : 31 ° 59 ′ 17 '' N 35 ° 58 ′ 34 '' E  /  31.988 ° N 35.976 ° E  / 31.988 ; 35.976 One of the ` Ain Ghazal Statues . Ayn Ghazal ( ' Ain Ghazal , ʿayn ġazāl عين غزال ) is a neolithic archaeological site located in metropolitan Amman , Jordan , about 2 km north - west of Amman Civil Airport . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Location & physical dimensions 3 Economy 4 Genetics 5 Culture 5.1 Statues 5.2 Burial practices 6 Excavation and conservation 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) The settlement at ' Ain Ghazal ( `` Spring of the Gazelles '' ) first appeared in the Middle Pre-Pottery Neolithic B ( MPPNB ) and is split into two phases . Phase I starts circa 10,300 BP and ends c . 9,950 BP , while phase II ends c . 9,550 BP . The 9th millennium MPPNB period in the Levant represented a major transformation in prehistoric lifeways from small bands of mobile hunter -- gatherers to large settled farming and herding villages in the Mediterranean zone , the process having been initiated some 2 -- 3 millennia earlier . In its prime era circa 7000 BCE , the site extended over 10 -- 15 hectares ( 25 -- 37 ac ) and was inhabited by ca . 3000 people ( four to five times the population of contemporary Jericho ) . After 6500 BC , however , the population dropped sharply to about one sixth within only a few generations , probably due to environmental degradation , the 8.2 kilo - year event ( Köhler - Rollefson 1992 ) . Location & physical dimensions ( edit ) It is situated in a relatively rich environmental setting immediately adjacent to the Zarqa River ( Wadi Zarqa ) , the longest drainage system in highland Jordan . It is located at an elevation of about 720m within the ecotone between the oak - park woodland to the west and the open steppe - desert to the east . ` Ain Ghazal started as a typical aceramic , Neolithic village of modest size . It was set on terraced ground in a valley - side , and was built with rectangular mud - brick houses that accommodated a square main room and a smaller anteroom . Walls were plastered with mud on the outside , and with lime plaster inside that was renewed every few years . Evidence recovered from the excavations suggests that much of the surrounding countryside was forested and offered the inhabitants a wide variety of economic resources . Arable land is plentifull within the site 's immediate environs . These variables are atypical of many major neolithic sites in the Near East , several of which are located in marginal environments . Yet despite its apparent richness , the area of ' Ain Ghazal is climatically and environmentally sensitive because of its proximity throughout the Holocene to the fluctuating steppe - forest border . In ' Ain Ghazal , the early Pottery Neolithic period starts c. 6,400 BC , and continues to 5,000 BC . Economy ( edit ) As an early farming community , the ` Ain Ghazal people cultivated cereals ( barley and ancient species of wheat ) , legumes ( peas , beans and lentils ) and chickpeas in fields above the village , and herded domesticated goats . In addition they hunted wild animals -- deer , gazelle , equids , pigs and smaller mammals such as fox or hare . The estimated population of the MPPNB site from ' Ain Ghazal is of 259 - 1349 individuals with an area of 3.01 - 4.7 ha . Is argued that at its founding at the commencement of the MPPNB ' Ain Ghazal was likely about 2 ha in size and grew to 5 ha by the end of the MPPNB . At this point in time their estimated population was 600 - 750 people or 125 - 150 people per hectare . The diet of the occupants of PPNB ' Ain Ghazal was remarkably varied . Domesticated plants included wheat and barley species , but legumes ( primarily lentils and peas ) appear to have been preferred cultigens . A wide suite of wild plants also were consumed . The determination of domesticated animals , sensu stricto , is a topic of much debate . At PPNB ' Ain Ghazal goats were a major species , and they were used in a domestic sense , although they may not have been morphologically domestic . Many of the phalanges recovered exhibit pathologies that are suggestive of tethering . An impressive range of wild animal species also were consumed at the site . Over 50 taxa have been identified , including gazelle , Bos , Sus sp. , Lepus , and Vulpes . ' Ain Ghazal was in an area that was suitable for agriculture and then grew as a result of the same dynamic . Archaeologists think that throughout the mid east much of the land was exhausted after some 700 years of planting and so became unsuitable for agriculture . The people from those small villages abandoned their unproductive fields and migrated , with their domestic animals , to places with better ecological conditions , like ' Ain Ghazal that could support larger populations . As opposed to other sites as new people migrated to ' Ain Ghazal , probably with few possessions and possibly starving , class distinctions began to develop . The influx of new people placed stresses on the social fabric -- new diseases , more people to feed from what was planted and more animals that needed grazing . There are evidences of mining activities as part of a production sequence conducted by craftspersons at the site of ' Ain Ghazal , these potential part - time specialists in some way controlled access to such raw materials . Genetics ( edit ) Y - DNA Haplogroup T - M184 is found among the later Middle Pre-Pottery Neolithic B ( MPPNB ) inhabitants from ' Ain Ghazal , but was not found among the early and middle MPPNB populations . It is thought that the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B population is mostly composed of two different populations : members of early Natufian civilisation and a population resulting from immigration from the north , i.e. north - eastern Anatolia . However , Natufians have been found to belong mostly to the E1b1b1b2 lineage -- which is found among 60 % of the whole PPNB population and 75 % of the ' Ain Ghazal population , being present in all three MPPNB stages . Given the complete absence of T - PF7466 among Natufians and earlier MPPNB stages could mean that haplogroup T arrived later with the northerly influx . As was previously found in the early Neolithic settlement from Karsdorf ( Germany ) a subclade of mtDNA R0 was found with Y - DNA T at ' Ain Ghazal . Culture ( edit ) Statues ( edit ) Further information : ` Ain Ghazal Statues In the earlier levels at ' Ain Ghazhal there are small ceramic figures that seem to have been used as personal or familial ritual figures . There are figurines of both animals and people . The animal figures are of horned animals and the front part of the animal is the most clearly modeled . They all give the impression of dynamic force . Some of the animal figures have been stabbed in their vital parts these figures have then been buried in the houses . Other figurines were burned and then discarded with the rest of the fire . They built ritual buildings and used large figurines or statues . The actual building of them is also a way for an elite group to demonstrate and reify its authority over those who owe the community or the elite labor as service and to bond laborers together as part of a new community . In addition to the monumental statues small , clay and stone tokens , some with incised with geometric or naturalistic shapes were found at ' Ain Ghazal . The 195 figurines ( 40 human and 155 animal ) recovered were from MPPNB contexts ; 81 % of the figurines have been found to belong to the MPPNB while only 19 % belonging to the LPPNB and PPNC . The vast majority of figurines are of cattle . A species that makes up only 8 % of the overall number of identified specimens ( NISP ) count . The importance of hunted cattle to the domestic ritual sphere of ' Ain Ghazal is telling . it was seemingly of importance for individual households to have members who participated both the hunting of cattle -- likely a group activity -- and the subsequent feasting on the remains . ` Ain Ghazal is renowned for a set of anthropomorphic statues found buried in pits in the vicinity of some special buildings that may have had ritual functions . These statues are half - size human figures modeled in white plaster around a core of bundled twigs . The figures have painted clothes , hair , and in some cases , ornamental tattoos or body paint . The eyes are created using cowrie shells with a bitumen pupil and dioptase highlighting . In all , 32 of those plaster figures were found in two caches , 15 of them full figures , 15 busts , and 2 fragmentary heads . Three of the busts were two - headed . Burial practices ( edit ) Considerable evidence for mortuary practices during the PPNB period have been described in recent years . Post-mortem skull removal , commonly restricted to the cranium , but on occasion including the mandible , and apparently following preliminary primary interments of the complete corpse . Such treatment has commonly been interpreted as representing rituals connected with veneration of the dead or some form of `` ancestor worship '' . There is evidence of class in the way the dead are treated . Some people are buried in the floors of their houses as they would be at other Neolithic sites . After the flesh had wasted away some of the skulls were disinterred and decorated . This was either a form of respect or so that they could impart their power to the house and the people in it . However , unlike other Neolithic sites , some people were thrown on trash heaps and their bodies remain intact . Scholars have estimated that a third of adult burials were found in trash pits with their heads intact . They may have seen the new comers as a lower class . ` Ain Ghazal people buried some of their dead beneath the floors of their houses , others outside in the surrounding terrain . Of those buried inside , often the head was later retrieved and the skull buried in a separate shallow pit beneath the house floor . Also , many human remains have been found in what appear to be garbage pits where domestic waste was disposed , indicating that not every deceased was ceremoniously put to rest . Why only a small , selected portion of the inhabitants were properly buried and the majority simply disposed of remains unresolved . Burials seem to have taken place approximately every 15 -- 20 years , indicating a rate of one burial per generation , though gender and age were not constant in this practice . Excavation and conservation ( edit ) The site is located at the boundary between Amman 's Tariq and Basman districts , next to , and named for , the Ayn Ghazal Interchange connecting Al - Shahid Street and Army Street ( Ayn Ghazal is the name of a minor village just north of the road , now within Tariq district ) . The site was discovered in 1974 by developers who were building Army St , the road connecting Amman and Zarqa ... Excavation began in 1982 , however by this time , around 600 meters ( 1,970 ft ) of road ran through the site . Despite the damage urban expansion brought , what remained of ` Ain Ghazal provided a wealth of information and continued to do so until 1989 . One of the more notable archaeological finds during these first excavations came to light in 1983 . While examining a cross section of earth in a path carved out by a bulldozer , archaeologists came across the edge of a large pit 2.5 meters ( 8 ft ) under the surface containing plaster statues . Another set of excavations , under the direction of Gary O. Rollefson and Zeidan Kafafi took place in the early 1990s . The site was included in the 2004 World Monuments Watch by the World Monuments Fund to call attention to the threat of encroaching urban development . References ( edit ) Footnotes Jump up ^ The Neolithic Period 10.200 - 5000 BC ( Jordan ) doa.gov.jo - Jordan Department Of Antiquities Jump up ^ Graeme Barker ; Candice Goucher ( 16 April 2015 ) . The Cambridge World History : Volume 2 , A World with Agriculture , 12,000 BCE -- 500 CE . Cambridge University Press . pp. 426 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 316 - 29778 - 0 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Alan H. ; et al. ( 2014 ) . `` ' Ain Ghazal : A Major Neolithic Settlement in Central Jordan '' . American Association for the Advancement of Science . Jump up ^ Rollefson , G. ; et al. ( 1992 ) . `` Early Neolithic exploitation patterns in the Levant : cultural impact on the environment '' . Population and Environment . Jump up ^ Rollefson , G.O. ; et al. ( 1998 ) . `` Invoking the Spirit Prehistoric religion at Ain Ghazal '' . Archaeology Odyssey . ^ Jump up to : Kleiner , Fred S. ; Mamiya , Christin J. ( 2006 ) . Gardner 's Art Through the Ages : The Western Perspective : Volume 1 ( Twelfth ed . ) . Belmont , California : Wadsworth Publishing . pp. 11 -- 2 . ISBN 0 - 495 - 00479 - 0 . Jump up ^ Goren , Yuval ; et al. ( 2001 ) . `` The Technology of Skull Modelling in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B ( PPNB ) : Regional Variability , the Relation of Technology and Iconography and their Archaeological Implications '' . Journal of Archaeological Science . doi : 10.1006 / jasc. 1999.0573 . Further reading Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ain Ghazal . Scarre , Chris , ed. ( 2005 ) . The Human Past . Thames & Hudson . p. 222 . External links ( edit ) ' Ain Ghazal statues at Smithsonian Institution ' Ain Ghazal Excavation Reports ( menic.utexas.edu ) Institut du Monde Arabe ( Archived September 8 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ) The ' Ain Ghazal Statue Project ( Archived May 11 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ) The Joukowsky Institute of Archaeology Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%27Ain_Ghazal&oldid=807424102 '' Categories : Populated places established in the 8th millennium BC Archaeological sites in Jordan Former populated places in Jordan Neolithic settlements 8th - millennium BC establishments 5th - millennium BC disestablishments 1974 archaeological discoveries Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Arabic - language text Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 21 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

the figures from ain ghazal embody the centrality of the

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Grey's Anatomy (season 14)

Grey 's Anatomy ( season 14 ) - wikipedia Grey 's Anatomy ( season 14 ) Grey 's Anatomy ( season 14 ) Promotional poster Starring Ellen Pompeo Justin Chambers Chandra Wilson James Pickens , Jr . Kevin McKidd Jessica Capshaw Sarah Drew Jesse Williams Caterina Scorsone Camilla Luddington Kelly McCreary Jason George Martin Henderson Giacomo Gianniotti Country of origin United States No. of episodes 24 Release Original network ABC Original release September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) -- May 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 13 Next → Season 15 List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes The fourteenth season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy was ordered on February 10 , 2017 , by American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) , and premiered on September 28 , 2017 with a special two - hour premiere . The season consists of 24 episodes , with the season 's seventh episode marking the 300th episode for the series overall . The season is produced by ABC Studios , in association with Shondaland Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company ; the showrunners being Krista Vernoff and William Harper . The fourteenth season is the first not to feature Jerrika Hinton as Dr. Stephanie Edwards since her introduction in the ninth season , following her departure at the conclusion of the previous season . The season marks the last appearance of Martin Henderson , Jason George , Jessica Capshaw , and Sarah Drew as series regulars , as well as the first appearance of Jaina Lee Ortiz as Andy Herrera , the lead character of Grey 's Anatomy 's second spin - off series , Station 19 . On April 20 , 2018 , ABC officially renewed Grey 's Anatomy for a network primetime drama record - setting fifteenth season . Contents 1 Plots 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Guest cast 2.4 Casting 3 Production 3.1 Development 4 Episodes 5 Ratings 5.1 Live + SD ratings 5.2 Live + 7 Day ( DVR ) ratings 6 DVD release 7 References Plots ( edit ) The season follows the story of surgical residents , fellows , and attendings as they experience the difficulties of the competitive careers they have chosen . It is set in the surgical wing of the fictional Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital , located in Seattle , Washington . After the explosion at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital , Chief Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) finds it the perfect time to give the place a much needed upgrade in look and functionality . During the construction , Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) struggles with the shocking reunion with his sister , Megan ( Abigail Spencer ) , who was recently found in a hostage camp overseas . The discovery also welcomes back Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) , the former chief cardiothoracic surgery and Owen 's best friend , which leads to awkward moments with Amelia Shepherd ( Caterina Scorsone ) . Of course , Nathan Riggs ( Martin Henderson ) , who was once in love with Megan , is torn between his love for her and his most recent interest in Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) . Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) learns what `` ghosting '' is after Eliza Minnick ( Marika Dominczyk ) vanishes without a trace , but she quickly finds company in an Italian girl she met at the bar , Carina DeLuca ( Stefania Spampinato ) , sister to Andrew DeLuca ( Giacomo Gianniotti ) . Jo Wilson ( Camilla Luddington ) struggles to patch her relationship with Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) , but when her attempts fail , she finds herself sleeping with one of the new interns . When Carina finds that Amelia has a brain tumor , she brings her former mentor / professor Dr Tom Koracek ( Greg Germann ) to create a treatment plan . But when he points out how the tumor has affected her judgment , she fears that it might have ruined her patient 's lives or put them in more danger -- specifically Dr Nicole Herman ( Geena Davis ) , who despite saving her life , was left blind . After the tumor is removed , Amelia and Owen reflect on their marriage and decide that everything up to that point has been misguided ; the tumor made Amelia someone she was not , and they ultimately decide to get a divorce . With all the changes happening at Grey Sloan , Harper Avery ( Chelcie Ross ) shows up to discuss everything with Bailey and then ends up firing her . Shortly after , he immediately dies from cardiac arrest . Before they have to find another chief , Catherine ( Debbie Allen ) and Jackson Avery ( Jesse Williams ) reinstate Bailey to her position . At a family dinner hosted by Catherine and Richard Weber ( James Pickens Jr . ) , Maggie Pierce ( Kelly McCreary ) and Jackson learn that he 'll be receiving his grandfather 's inheritance , a quarter billion dollars , which he 'll eventually use to fund a medical research contest . Now that Megan is healthy again , Meredith and Nathan work together to bring her son over to the United States . Upon arrival , Nathan , Megan , and Farouk all move to California to start a life together , which officially ends Nathan 's relationship with Meredith . Despite the breakup , Meredith has more exciting news on the horizon when she learns at the intern mixer that a ground breaking surgery has earned her a nomination for the highly - esteemed Harper Avery Foundation Award , which she goes on to win . While the joyous news spreads around the hospital , Bailey learns that Ben Warren ( Jason George ) wants to leave surgery to join the Seattle Fire Department . With Jo and Alex now living together again , she realizes how much control her estranged husband , Dr Paul Stadler ( Matthew Morrison ) , has over her . Now in the running for chief resident , Jo decides to file for divorce . With her mind on her secret relationship with Paul , she 's surprised to find him in the hospital . Jo attempts to steer clear of him , but at the same time also believes she has a duty to inform Paul 's fiancé of what type of man he really is . As Paul keeps trying to find Jo , Meredith pretends to call security to have him removed , but he leaves before they can get there . However , he winds up back in the ER as a victim of a hit and run accident . With everyone running around the ER , April Kepner ( Sarah Drew ) sees a familiar face in Matthew ( Justin Bruening ) , the paramedic she left at the altar for Jackson . He 's there with his wife who is now pregnant . After Jo talks to Jenny ( Bethany Joy Lenz ) , Paul 's fiancé , they venture to Paul 's room to tell him they 're taking him to court . Upon receiving the news , he tries to attack them in a bout of rage ; however , he falls out of bed and hits his head knocking him unconscious , rendering him brain dead . Still legally his wife , Jo decides to have them remove all life - sustaining support . April struggles with the idea that the man she left to pursue her own happiness is now married and expecting a child , while she 's alone and a single mother . As she begins to question her faith , she acts out and sleeps with an intern . With all the stress and work that comes with being Chief of Surgery , Bailey begins to show signs of a heart attack . She winds up at Seattle Presbyterian Hospital , where the doctors take her concerns less than seriously . They see in her chart a history of OCD and believe that is the underlying issue , since the tests they are running are coming back negative . Bailey calls on Maggie to save her , and after she does , Bailey decides to support Ben 's decision to become a firefighter , as she realizes life is too short to do anything than what makes you happy . With the medical research contest , funded by Jackson 's money , getting underway , the doctors begin to team up and brainstorm ideas that will help them win the top prize of a grant that will fund their research even further . Meredith learns that for her project , she 'll need to acquire a patent that is owned by Marie Cerone ... a former friend of her mother 's . When Marie denies access to the patent , Meredith is forced to investigate further into the reason why . According to Richard , there was a falling out of some sort , but he never knew what happened between the two women . At a dinner party hosted by Amelia , Maggie brings her new boyfriend around to meet her friends . However , it 's soon revealed that her boyfriend is a married man . Quick to call it off , Jackson sees his opportunity to invest in his love interest with Maggie . In Meredith 's search for answers , she learns that Ellis Grey left Marie 's name off the surgical method they created together . If she is to acquire the patent , she must publicly announce a change the method 's name to the Grey - Cerone Method . Meredith denies the ultimatum . While Maggie and Jackson try to get past the quirks of their relationship and the fact that their step - siblings , Jo shockingly asks Alex to marry him . He quickly accepts . With the research projects humming along , Owen and Amelia continue to take advantage of their `` friends with benefits '' relationship , that is until Amelia learns how close Owen is with Teddy . She advises him to go after her if she 's the love of his life . The advice sends him to Germany where he surprises Teddy . The two talk all night and make plans to stay together , but when she learns that Amelia had just told him the night before to pursue her , she refuses to be his backup plan and kicks him out . Bailey is surprised to learn that one of her interns , Sam Bello ( Jeanine Mason ) , is a `` Dreamer '' protected by ( DACA ) . Meredith designs a plan to keep from being deported . Despite pleas from Andrew ( Sam 's boyfriend ) , Meredith sends to work under Dr Cristina Yang in Switzerland . While the research contest reaches the next milestone , presentation day , Catherine confronts Jackson about a major secret concerning his grandfather . The man had 13 cases of sexual harassment filed against him , and she herself paid the women major settlements to keep it all covered up . Meredith learns of this truth and also that Marie Cerone was one of the 13 . Disgusted with the whole situation , Meredith decides to return her and her mother 's Harper Avery awards and Bailey shuts down the research contest . In the meantime , Catherine tries with all her might to save the face of the foundation since the news has spread . While in surgery , Jackson and Meredith come up with their own plan , which is to rename the foundation in honor of Catherine ( née Fox ) to the Catherine Fox Foundation . When Alex learns that his mom has n't been cashing the checks he 's been sending , he and Jo take off to Iowa to check on her . He surprisingly finds that she is doing well and even works her old job at the library . The two extend an invitation to the wedding , but she declines stating it would be too much for her . While Owen and Amelia struggle with adjusting to being foster parents -- Owen to a baby and Amelia to the baby 's teenaged mother on drugs , Arizona continues to battle with Sofia who wants to move back to New York to be with her other mom , Callie . After calling Callie to tell her they 're moving to the east coast to be closer to her , Arizona announced her impeding departure to Bailey . However , an unexpected visit from Nicole Herman changes those plans just slightly . Nicole has been following Arizona 's work and she would like to partner with her in creating the Robbins - Herman Center for Women 's Health . Knowing that she 's headed to New York , Arizona asks that it be there , and Nicole obliges . Matthew winds up in the ER again , but this time for himself , after he rolled his car . Trying to get information from him about what happened , he mentions April 's name , which sends the doctors into a frenzy trying to make sure she 's safe . Owen finds her unconscious at the site of the accident , down in a ravine nearby . After he rushes her back to the hospital , the team rallies to save her , and after extreme measures have been taken to bring her back to life , she wakes up , fully functional . Alex and Jo 's wedding day has arrived , and though most details have come together , April ( who has been planning the wedding ) panics when multiple guests go to the wrong ceremony . While trying to escape , the mother of the bride faints , keeping Ben and Bailey behind . Once at the hospital , Bailey struggles to find an available cardio surgeon until Teddy unexpectedly arrives looking for a job . Jo learns she 's been accepted into Mass Gen 's fellowship program , but fearful of losing Alex , Meredith offers Jo the general surgery attending position . The wedding is delayed when the wedding planner goes into anaphylactic shock and an emergency tracheotomy is performed to save her . After the guests leave thinking there 'll be no wedding , the pastor finally arrives in time to marry April and Matthew after a surprise re-engagement . On a ferry back to the main land , Maggie has the idea to have Meredith ordained online to officiate the wedding right there on the ferry . Bailey , wanting to take a break from being chief to focus on her passions , offers Teddy the chance to be interim chief . Watching the wedding happening at the hospital on a tablet , in the ICU with the bride 's mother , Teddy reveals she 's pregnant . Arizona says her sad goodbyes before heading to New York , but is giddy to be closer to Callie who is recently single . Cast ( edit ) Main articles : List of Grey 's Anatomy cast members and List of Grey 's Anatomy characters Main cast ( edit ) Ellen Pompeo as Dr. Meredith Grey Justin Chambers as Dr. Alex Karev Chandra Wilson as Dr. Miranda Bailey James Pickens Jr. as Dr. Richard Webber Kevin McKidd as Dr. Owen Hunt Jessica Capshaw as Dr. Arizona Robbins Sarah Drew as Dr. April Kepner Jesse Williams as Dr. Jackson Avery Caterina Scorsone as Dr. Amelia Shepherd Camilla Luddington as Dr. Jo Wilson Kelly McCreary as Dr. Maggie Pierce Jason George as Dr. Ben Warren Martin Henderson as Dr. Nathan Riggs Giacomo Gianniotti as Dr. Andrew DeLuca Recurring cast ( edit ) Debbie Allen as Dr. Catherine Avery / Catherine Fox Kim Raver as Dr. Teddy Altman Abigail Spencer as Dr. Megan Hunt Greg Germann as Dr. Tom Koracick Matthew Morrison as Dr. Paul Stadler Stefania Spampinato as Dr. Carina DeLuca Jake Borelli as Dr. Levi Schmitt Jeanine Mason as Dr. Sam Bello Alex Blue Davis as Dr. Casey Parker Rushi Kota as Dr. Vikram Roy Jaicy Elliot as Dr. Taryn Helm Sophia Ali as Dr. Dahlia Qadri Blake Hood as Clive Johnson Bethany Joy Lenz as Jenny Justin Bruening as Paramedic Matthew Taylor Nayah Damasen as Kimmie Park Peyton Kennedy as Betty Candis Cayne as Dr. Michelle Velez Rachel Ticotin as Dr. Marie Cerone Guest cast ( edit ) Debra Mooney as Evelyn Hunt Bill Smitrovich as Dr. Walter Carr Chelcie Ross as Dr. Harper Avery Kate Burton as Dr. Ellis Grey Mark Moses as Dr. Larry Maxwell Jaina Lee Ortiz as Andrea ' Andy ' Herrera Scott Speedman as Dr. Nick Marsh Mary Kay Place as Olive Warner Sarah Utterback as Nurse Olivia Harper Lindsay Wagner as Helen Karev Geena Davis as Dr. Nicole Herman Casting ( edit ) Series regular Jerrika Hinton does not appear for the first time since her introduction at the start of the 9th season , after it was announced she landed a starring role in Alan Ball 's new HBO drama series Here and Now . Hinton had previously been in talks of leaving the show at the end of the 12th season when she was cast in the Shondaland comedy pilot Toast , but ABC passed on the project . Renewing her contract for another three seasons as Dr. Arizona Robbins after the eleventh season , Jessica Capshaw returned for the 14th season . On June 20 , 2017 , it was announced that Kim Raver would reprise her role as Dr. Teddy Altman for a guest arc . In August 2017 , it was announced that Abigail Spencer would replace Bridget Regan as Megan Hunt for a multi-episode arc this season . After recurring in the previous season as the controversial character , Eliza Minnick , it was announced in August 2017 that Marika Dominczyk would not return to the show . On September 13 , 2017 , another guest star was announced in Greg Germann ( Ally McBeal ) , and later it was revealed that his character would be Tom Koracick , Amelia 's neurosurgery mentor . On October 9 , 2017 , the new group of interns to join the cast in the fourth episode `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head '' was announced to include Jeanine Mason ( So You Think You Can Dance ) as Sam , Alex Blue Davis as Casey , Rushi Kota as Vik , Jaicy Elliot as Taryn , Sophia Ali as Dahlia , and Jake Borelli as Levi . On October 26 , 2017 , it was announced that Martin Henderson 's appearance in the fifth episode titled `` Danger Zone '' would be his last . On January 31 , 2018 , it was announced that Candis Cayne would be joining the show as Dr. Michelle Velez for a multi-episode arc revolving around a transgender character receiving a ground breaking surgery . On March 8 , 2018 , it was announced that both Jessica Capshaw and Sarah Drew would leave the series following the conclusion of the season . It was released on April 4 , 2018 that a familiar character would be returning to the set later on in the season as Sarah Utterback 's Nurse Olivia Harper would be revisiting Grey Sloan , not as a nurse but as mom of a patient . Details of her storyline or duration of arc have yet to be released . On April 20 , 2018 , it was released that Geena Davis would return for the episode `` Cold as Ice '' as Dr. Herman to present a new opportunity for Arizona . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy was renewed for a 14th season on February 10 , 2017 . It premiered on September 28 , 2017 , with a two - hour premiere . Ellen Pompeo announced that she would be directing several episodes in the 14th season . On April 28 , 2017 , veteran writer Krista Vernoff announced that she would return to the show as a writer after leaving the show after the seventh season . On January 11 , 2018 , ABC released a six - episode web series following the new surgical interns at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital . The web series was written by Barbara Kaye Friend and directed by series regular Sarah Drew . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes The number in the `` No. overall '' column refers to the episode 's number within the overall series , whereas the number in the `` No. in season '' column refers to the episode 's number within this particular season . `` U.S. viewers in millions '' refers to the number of Americans in millions who watched the episodes live . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 294 `` Break Down the House '' Debbie Allen Krista Vernoff September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) 8.07 In a whirlwind of reunions and a Grey Sloan `` major uplift '' , Meredith finds herself in a complicated love triangle between Nathan and Megan , Owen 's sister who was recently revealed to still be alive after a ten year absence in a hostage camp overseas . With Megan 's reappearance , Teddy Altman comes back to Seattle to support Owen and his mom , which leads to awkward interactions with Amelia . With Stephanie now in Texas at a burn unit , Jo eagerly tries to make Ben her new person . After being `` ghosted '' by Eliza , Arizona hits it off with an Italian girl in a bar whom she takes home with her . When DeLuca comes home , he finds his sister half - naked on his couch with Arizona . 295 `` Get Off on the Pain '' Kevin McKidd Krista Vernoff September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) 8.07 Carina , DeLuca 's sister , asks to be introduced to Bailey in order to get approval to study the controversial topic of female masturbation and orgasms at her hospital ; Bailey obliges due to society 's double standard . Meredith works to get everyone to agree that an abdominal wall transplant is the best tactic to treat Megan 's wounds ; she even gets Teddy to scrub in to erase any doubts of Meredith 's intentions of being Megan 's surgeon . Jo tries to mend her relationship with Alex . Later , it is revealed that Jo slept with one of the new sub-interns . Owen gets called out on his marital status with Amelia , who seems to be avoiding him and his family . Even without the support of Jackson , Amelia fights to remove a patient 's mastoid tumor . She later takes part in Carina 's study which leads to her finding a huge tumor in her own brain . 296 `` Go Big or Go Home '' Chandra Wilson Meg Marinis October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) 8.06 Amelia brings in one of her former professors and current head of Neurology at Johns Hopkins , Dr. Tom Koracik to help her come up with a treatment plan for her tumor . Much to her chagrin , Dr Koracik brings to light how impaired her judgment has been over the last ten years ; Richard makes sure to let Amelia know that her judgment has not been all that bad and encourages her to come clean to those with whom she is closest . Bailey is confronted by Harper Avery about all the changes that have been made to the hospital and threatens to withdraw all funding from the foundation ; when Bailey stands up to him , Avery fires her . In the end of the episode Avery passes away with a sudden cardiac arrest and then Jackson and Catherine Avery reinstate Bailey back as the chief . Ben and Arizona resort to advice delivered by Carina when one of their patients gets stuck in labor . Meredith turns to her former psychiatrist , who winds up as a patient , to sort out her mood towards everyone instigated by the love triangle involving Nathan and Megan . Jo asks Alex to move back home . 297 `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head ? '' Geary McLeod Marlana Hope October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 8.08 Amelia has her brain tumor removed , but in the days following , she experiences some complications , such as speaking only French , and memory loss . Richard unexpectedly brings Maggie to attend a family dinner hosted by Catherine , which turns awkward when Catherine discloses to Jackson his inheritance from Harper 's passing , a quarter billion dollars . Bailey and Richard host interviews with prospective new interns but fail to find a decent candidate . Using her research to justify his entry into the country , Meredith and Nathan team up to bring Megan 's adopted son to America . Amelia and Owen face their fear that their marriage is based on a version of Amelia created by her illness . Arizona learns that Sofia wants to move home . Jo confesses that she hates how much control her ex-husband has over her . 298 5 `` Danger Zone '' Cecilie Mosli Jalysa Conway October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 7.67 As Owen helps Megan make the trip to California where she will start her new life with Nathan and her son , Farouk , they reminisce on their time spent in Fallujah , Iraq . During their time overseas , Nathan proposed to Megan by recycling a necklace that was not initially intended for her . Teddy quickly recognized the necklace and the fact that Nathan cheated and pushed him to come clean . Despite the good news of the engagement , Megan dealt with heartbreak of not making strat , which is later revealed to her as Owen 's own doing . Distraught over her brother 's betrayal , she gets on a helicopter with one of the shooters who attacked their troops , leading to her disappearance . While Nathan awaits the arrival of Megan and Owen , he bonds with Farouk , who is having trouble acclimating to the free world . He also officially ends his relationship with Meredith , as does Owen with Amelia when he comes to terms with the notion that neither of them are truly happy . 299 6 `` Come on Down to My Boat , Baby '' Lisa Leone Kiley Donovan November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 7.38 As the new surgeon on the cover page of the medical journal , JSA , Meredith performs a rare surgical procedure to try and save a judge from his progressive cancer diagnosis . The men of Grey Sloan take a `` sick day '' and hang out on a Jackson 's newly purchased boat , whereas the women swipe for dates on Tinder . Arizona has broken up with Carina in preparation of Sofia moving back home . Amelia heads back to surgery but struggles with her confidence , recruiting the help of Dr. Koracik and seeking the encouragement of Richard . While Arizona and April repair a woman 's injuries caused by an accidental firing of a gun that was hidden inside her vagina , Bailey and Maggie take care of a hypochondriac who was a victim of the accidental shooting . At the surgeon - intern mixer , Meredith learns that she has been nominated for the annual Harper Avery award ; however , the news is overshadowed by the loss of her patient . Jackson gives half of his inheritance to Bailey to fund a research competition . Jo learns she is in the running for chief resident and decides to file for divorce from Paul after confiding her situation to the judge . DeLuca recognizes one of the new interns from his past , while Owen and Carina are caught kissing . 300 7 `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' Debbie Allen Krista Vernoff November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 8.13 When a roller coaster car derails off its tracks , Meredith 's plans to attend the Harper Avery award ceremony are put on hold . Three patients visiting the ER look like former doctors of the hospital : Drs . Cristina Yang , George O'Malley , and Izzie Stevens . Amelia and Owen learn to co-exist in the OR , after Amelia orders a surprise CT which shows a large hematoma that she is able to repair . As Arizona performs surgery on Liza , Izzie 's look - a-like , she reflects on her relationship with Callie and Mark in preparation for Sofia 's return to Seattle . Jo probes Alex to call Izzie and see how she is , to which Alex says he knows how she is : a happily married surgeon with three children . As they wait on Meredith to leave for Boston , Maggie bonds with Zola as they rehearse medical knowledge and talk about Derek . Bailey and Ben fight over his announcement to join the fire department , due to Bailey 's fear that he has commitment issues . Unable to fly out to Boston , in an OR -- in front of her friends and colleagues -- Meredith is announced the winner of the 2017 Harper Avery award . 301 8 `` Out of Nowhere '' Kevin McKidd William Harper November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 7.52 As the interns struggle to find their stride as surgeons , Jo begins her reign as chief resident . Things take a turn for the worse when the computer system gets hacked at Grey Sloan Memorial , as all of the patients ' records get held hostage for $20 million . Unable to understand why the ransom is so large and unprecedented , Bailey realizes it is due to the recently announced competition funded by Jackson 's inheritance . Without the use of the technological advancements to which the doctors have become accustomed , they must rely on their instincts to treat their patients ; Richard teaches his younger colleagues about how they worked in the `` Stone Age '' . One patient is transported to another hospital by a helicopter which encounters bad turbulence , causing a line to loosen and squirt blood everywhere . Jo gets the scariest surprise of her life when she runs into her abusive husband , Paul , on her way to stop Alex from inadvertently killing their patient . 302 9 `` 1 - 800 - 799 - 7233 '' Bill D'Elia Andy Reaser January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) 8.27 While the staff of the hospital fawns over Dr. Paul Stadler and his legendary work as a surgeon , Jo tries to steer clear of him . Alex and Meredith team up to do their best to protect Jo during the process of filing for divorce . Drenched in blood , Jackson and Maggie save their patient 's life and then bond in the locker room after showers ; April and Owen use their trauma skills to work on patients in less than ideal and extremely hot conditions , very similar to when they were overseas . Bailey works with an exceptionally computer - savvy intern to take back the power against those who hacked the hospital ; this intern later outs himself as `` a proud trans man '' . After Paul 's fiancée , Jenny , tells him about her secret exchange with Jo , Meredith pretends to call in security to remove Paul from the hospital . However , he soon winds back up in the ER as a victim of a hit - and - run . This episode was followed by a PSA of Camilla Luddington reminding viewers that psychological abuse is a form of domestic violence and providing the number of the National Domestic Violence Hotline : 1 - 800 - 799 - 7233 , the episode 's title . 303 10 `` Personal Jesus '' Kevin Sullivan Zoanne Clack January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) 8.62 With Paul recovering from surgery , Meredith questions Alex and Jo 's alibi . Believing that it is his fiancée , Jenny , who ran him over , Jo feels the need to consult her . April 's patient turns out to be the pregnant wife of her ex-fiancé , Matthew , proving to be more than an awkward situation , as she helps deliver their baby , and then watches him deal with his wife 's unexpected death . Jackson , Bailey , and April are confronted with racial profiling when police show up with a handcuffed 12 - year - old boy whom they shot when he was seen trying to enter his own home through a window . Police officers continue to treat him like a criminal in the ER , prompting Bailey and Ben to give Tucker `` the talk '' . When Jo and Jenny go to Paul 's room to announce they are taking him to court , he gets in a bout of rage , falls out of his bed , and knocks himself out becoming brain dead . Still legally his wife , Jo decides to take him off life support and have his organs donated . April ends up in the shower with Vikram , an intern , after she finds herself questioning her faith . 304 11 `` ( Do n't Fear ) the Reaper '' Nicole Rubio Elisabeth R. Finch February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) 8.93 With her intuition and the more subtle signs of a heart attack , Bailey winds up in the ER at Seattle Presbyterian ; however , after her doctors treat her condescendingly , assuming she is imagining the heart attack and really just suffering from her OCD , she calls on Maggie to come save her . When Maggie arrives , she runs into Richard who found his way there based on Bailey 's record of attendance . With her life flashing before her eyes , Bailey reflects on her upbringing and her past as a surgeon with all the stressful fights and struggles she has gone through to get to this point in her life . Right before she goes under for emergency surgery to save her life , Bailey asks Maggie to call Ben who is able to get there before she wakes up . Ben announces that he has quit being a firefighter , but Bailey demands that he go back and never do anything other than what he truly loves . 305 12 `` Harder , Better , Faster , Stronger '' Jeannot Szwarc Kiley Donovan February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) 7.32 As the contest draws near , a competitive edge and tension arise between the doctors and their selected interns vying for millions of dollars . In preparation to surprise Catherine on her birthday , Richard takes salsa dancing lessons with Maggie , who is struggling with the one year anniversary of her mother 's death . Amelia and Alex tag team a pediatric case , in order to save their patient 's ability to sing , as well as retain all mental capabilities . Meredith gets a visit from an old splenectomy patient , who is back with multiple miniature spleens , which guides Meredith to her idea for the competition , and Jackson gets pulled into his mother 's gender confirmation proposal , despite his wishes . 306 13 `` You Really Got a Hold on Me '' Nzingha Stewart Stacy McKee March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) 7.52 A house fire brings two young boys , who were rescued by the Seattle Grace fire department -- Station 19 , to the ER . Meredith meets Andy Herrera , a firefighter , who has her hand inside the patient , clamping his abdominal aorta . While Andy gets a front row seat to view the action inside the OR , Ben struggles with idea of not being a surgeon anymore . Dr. Tom Koracik , Amelia 's former professor , shows up to help her with her research project , but quickly shoots down her ideas . However , when they confront each other about their difference in opinion , they come up with an idea to save her patient . Richard watches Bailey very closely , as it is her first day back after recovering from her heart attack . Jackson begins to worry about April and the fact that the interns have nicknamed her `` the Party '' . 307 14 `` Games People Play '' Chandra Wilson Jason Ganzel & Julie Wong March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) 7.07 As Maggie 's budding romance with Clive gets more serious , Amelia suggests hosting a game night so they can secretly judge him . Meredith prepares to meet the owner of the patent she is pursuing ; however , she is surprised to find out that it is an old `` friend '' of Ellis ' . When Marie turns down the opportunity to hand over the patent , Meredith resorts to showing her the device has already been implemented and works . The legal team is brought in after April forgets to file a report when she accidentally severs a patient 's ear , which falls to the floor and causes Deluca to slip and fall , resulting in a concussion . Alex requests permission to use medicinal marijuana on his underage patient , but when her grandma learns of his treatment plan , she temporarily fires him . The game night takes a turn when April has an inebriated breakdown and an unexpected guest shows up -- Clive 's wife . Calling off the relationship , Jackson sees his opportunity and makes his move on Maggie . Richard reveals to Meredith that Marie and Ellis had a falling out , which leads Meredith to the conclusion that she has been played . 308 15 `` Old Scars , Future Hearts '' Ellen Pompeo Tameson Duffy March 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) 7.18 Alex , Jo , and Maggie reflect on their first loves as they prepare their teenaged patient for heart surgery ; however , when a heart transplant becomes available , he denies it until his boyfriend breaks up with him . Marie tells Meredith that her friendship with Ellis ended when Ellis left her name off her Harper Avery award winning research . Marie gives Meredith the ultimatum that for her to get the patent , she must make a statement that the Grey Method is now the Grey - Cerone Method . After a night spent together , April confesses to Tom that her deviant behavior is a result of her failing faith and hatred of God . Maggie and Jackson learn to move past their quirks and baggage . Alex fears that Jo 's fellowship applications indicate that she 's willing to leave him behind in Seattle ; however , in a twist of events , Jo asks Alex to marry her and he quickly accepts . 309 16 `` Caught Somewhere in Time '' Nicole Rubio Jalysa Conway March 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 22 ) 7.61 Bailey 's patient turns out to be one of her childhood heroes , a female astronaut who is in the process of building a time machine . Meredith throws in the towel on her research , since she is no longer receiving the patent . Richard and Catherine learn of Jackson and Maggie 's relationship , which causes some awkward tension as Jackson , Catherine , and Richard work together on the vaginoplasty case . April hijacks the trauma certification drill , and leaves the interns in tears and doubt . After Bailey loses her patient , she finds the inspiration needed to name her research project `` The Trailblazer '' , and Jo reignites Meredith 's will to continue on with her project . Amelia and Owen continue to pursue their `` friends with benefits '' relationship until she finds out how close Owen and Teddy are , and Arizona helps Sofia get accustomed to her new life away from New York . 310 17 `` One Day Like This '' Kevin McKidd Elisabeth R. Finch March 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) 7.15 April crosses Bailey when she disagrees on Bailey 's treatment plan for a rabbi who came in three times for diverticulitis and only gave him antibiotics , and who is now suffering from toxic epidermal necrolysis as a side effect . As April treats the rabbi , he gives her a lesson on faith which allows her to reflect on her recent struggles . Meredith buddies up with a new transplant surgeon from the Mayo Clinic , Dr Nick Marsh , who is recovering from a recent kidney transplant of his own . After his lab results come back , Meredith rushes him to surgery to remove a blood clot and successfully saves his kidney . After calling it quits with Amelia , Owen reconnects with Teddy , who now lives in Germany . However , after the short , happy reunion , Teddy learns that just a short while ago he was still sleeping with Amelia and refuses to be his second choice . 311 18 `` Hold Back the River '' Geary McLeod Alex Manugian April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) 6.84 Richard is surprised to see his AA sponsor , Ollie , arrive at Grey Sloan in an ambulance . After she denies him the ability to save her life once more , he enlists the help of Maggie and Meredith . Now that Owen is back in the States , he has to face the disdain of Arizona and Amelia 's failure to fix things with Teddy . In between the personal conversations , Arizona and Owen look further into a fraudulent oncologist . In their pursuit , they coincidentally learn that Arizona has breast cancer -- at least until it was proven that the image produced was a fake . Alex , Amelia , and Tom resect Noah 's brain tumor , despite never performing the procedure before . Though successful , Amelia and Tom decide that it is too risky to do the same for Kimmy , which infuriates Alex. April strives to make amends with her colleagues , and Jackson , claiming that she has found Jesus again . Meredith and Jo learn that their research can be successful without the polymer , and that they can help patients grow livers and save lives . 312 19 `` Beautiful Dreamer '' Jeannot Szwarc Meg Marinis April 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) 6.97 Bailey gets caught off guard when an agent from ICE ( Immigration and Customs Enforcement ) shows up looking for one of her surgical interns , Sam Bello . Unaware of the situation , Sam explains that she is a `` dreamer '' protected by DACA . While Meredith and Andrew scheme up ideas to keep Sam from being deported back to El Salvador , Bailey distracts Agent Fields with concerns about his own health . As Arizona and Carina move forward in their research by learning from their previous patient 's death , April is surprised to see Matthew back at Grey Sloan with his baby who is failing to thrive . When Alex refuses to give up on Kimmy , Jo realizes Kimmy 's dream and signs off on discharge papers . Catherine comes back to support Richard who has stayed with Ollie right through her final breath . Meredith sends Sam to Zurich to study under Cristina ; Owen signs up to become a foster parent , and Jackson confronts Maggie about her tendency to resist their relationship . Jackson directs the Harper Avery Foundation to release a researcher from an agreement so she can collaborate with Amelia ; Catherine tells Richard that the hospital is now doomed . 313 20 `` Judgment Day '' Sydney Freeland Julie Wong April 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 19 ) 6.93 As the next stage of the research contest begins , the Top 25 proposals are presented by their respective owners who have gathered to present in front of a panel and audience . Arizona shares cookies , provided by a grateful patient , with her colleagues ; however , she later learns they were laced with cannabis . Due to the mishap , the presentations are postponed , and the interns are summoned to replace the stoned attendings . Meredith walks Jo through surgery after Bailey is forced to scrub out and accidentally injures Meredith 's hand . Jo makes effective use of Richard 's project . Catherine tells Jackson of the 13 cases of sexual harassment that were filed against his grandfather and the major settlements used to cover them up . April overhears and then shares the secret with Bailey , who has a secret of her own -- she is partnering with a sex toy company to make her `` Trailblazer '' device . Owen gets a call about his first foster child , which makes him nervous until Amelia saves him . Meredith learns about the dark past of Harper Avery and , in addition , that Marie Cerone was one of the 13 women . Richard fires intern , Dr Vikram Roy , who was found practicing under the influence . 314 21 `` Bad Reputation '' Kevin McKidd Mark Driscoll April 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 26 ) 6.54 With word spreading about Harper Avery , Meredith decides to return her and Ellis ' awards to the foundation . Catherine hires a crisis management specialist , who brings in a patient for Jackson and Meredith to heal as PR stunt. Bailey shuts down the innovation contest for fear of word getting out that an Avery funded it , so April volunteers her time to plan Alex and Jo 's wedding . Alex and Jo get awkward when , Olivia , the former `` Syph nurse , '' returns to the hospital with her son -- who swallowed a whistle -- and begins planting seeds of doubt . Owen takes Leo in for his check up with his birth mom in tow , who ends up talking to Amelia . Thinking she can sponsor her with her drug addiction , Amelia takes her in as a foster child of her own . Meredith and Jackson think up a way to save the foundation by changing its name to the Catherine Fox Foundation dedicated to all the women victimized by the previous regime . Alex learns that his bank account balance is awfully high due to his mom not cashing the checks he 's been sending her , and Vikram plans to sue the hospital for wrongful termination . 315 22 `` Fight for Your Mind '' Jesse Williams Andy Reaser May 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 03 ) 6.66 Alex and Jo drive to Iowa to locate his mom , only to find that she no longer exhibits schizophrenic behavior and that she 's even returned to her old job . Richard and Bailey battle to keep the hospital from being sued by Vikram ; although Bailey stands by the initial firing , Richard empathizes as he reflects on the times he operated while inebriated . As Amelia helps Betty detox , Arizona struggles to accept that Sofia stole money . Meredith kills time before her presentation throwing darts with a guy she eventually learns is a surgeon who 's there to see her . Their conversation leads Meredith to decide that the `` Grey Method '' should be renamed the `` Grey - Cerone Method . '' After Alex works things out with his mom , Jo extends a declined invitation to their wedding . Bailey allows Vikram to return under strict probationary rules ; Amelia visits an AA group after Betty makes an escape , and Arizona calls Callie to say that she thinks it 's time for her and Sofia to move to New York . 316 23 `` Cold as Ice '' Bill D'Elia William Harper May 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) 7.35 After Arizona tells Bailey of her upcoming departure , she and Amelia consult with a familiar patient , Dr Nicole Herman . Her arrival presents an opportunity that changes Arizona 's future plans - the chance to partner with her and create the Robbins - Herman Center for Women 's Health . When Matthew winds up in the ER after rolling his car and mentions being with April , the doctors fear the worst . Frantically trying to locate her , Owen finds her unconscious in a nearby ravine . Unknowing of the latest events , Alex and Jo work to finalize the details of their impending wedding . Maggie thinks she detects a subtle rhythm on April 's monitor , but she has to repeatedly shock her to strengthen it . While waiting for her to wake up , Arizona breaks the news that Matthew and April have been seeing each other for months and that they were in love . Thinking that the end has come , Jackson finally prays to God and begs Him to save her in exchange for his belief . However , April awakens fully functional despite the disbelief of all her coworkers . 317 24 `` All of Me '' Debbie Allen Krista Vernoff May 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) 7.60 Alex and Jo 's wedding day has arrived , and though most details have come together , April ( who quit the hospital and is now doing medical work with the homeless ) panics when multiple guests go to the wrong ceremony . While trying to escape , the mother of the bride faints , keeping Ben and Bailey behind . Once at the hospital , Bailey struggles to find an available cardio surgeon until Teddy unexpectedly arrives looking for a job . Jo learns she 's been accepted into Mass Gen 's fellowship program , but fearful of losing Alex , Meredith offers Jo the general surgery attending position . As guests arrive , Alex and Jo accidentally lock themselves in a shed after engaging in one last fling before tying the knot . The wedding is delayed when the wedding planner goes into anaphylactic shock and an emergency tracheotomy is performed to save her . After the guests leave thinking there 'll be no wedding , the pastor finally arrives in time to marry April and Matthew after a surprise re-engagement . On a ferry back to the main land , Maggie has the idea to have Meredith ordained online to officiate the wedding right there on the ferry . Bailey , wanting to take a break from being chief to focus on her passions , offers Teddy the chance to be interim chief . Watching the wedding happening at the hospital on a tablet , in the ICU with the bride 's mother , Teddy reveals she 's pregnant . Arizona says her sad goodbyes before heading to New York , but is giddy to be closer to Callie who is recently single . Ratings ( edit ) Live + sd ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( m ) 18 -- 49 Rank Viewership rank Drama rank 294 `` Break Down the House '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.3 / 8 8.07 12 24 295 `` Get Off on the Pain '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 9 : 00 p.m. 2.3 / 8 8.07 12 24 296 `` Go Big or Go Home '' October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) Thursdays 8 : 00 p.m. 2.1 / 8 8.06 11 21 297 `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head ? '' October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 2.1 / 8 8.08 10 17 298 5 `` Danger Zone '' October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 1.8 / 7 7.67 14 22 299 6 `` Come On Down to My Boat , Baby '' November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 1.8 / 7 7.38 13 21 300 7 `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 1.9 / 7 8.13 11 19 301 8 `` Out of Nowhere '' November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 1.8 / 7 7.52 13 21 302 9 `` 1 - 800 - 799 - 7233 '' January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) 2.3 / 9 8.27 7 14 303 10 `` Personal Jesus '' January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) 2.3 / 9 8.62 7 304 11 `` ( Do n't Fear ) the Reaper '' February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) 2.3 / 9 8.93 5 8 305 12 `` Harder , Better , Faster , Stronger '' February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) 2.0 / 8 7.32 6 13 306 13 `` You Really Got a Hold on Me '' March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) 2.0 / 8 7.52 9 17 307 14 `` Games People Play '' March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) 1.7 / 7 7.07 9 19 308 15 `` Old Scars , Future Hearts '' March 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) 1.8 / 7 7.18 5 15 309 16 `` Caught Somewhere in Time '' March 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 22 ) 1.9 / 8 7.61 7 12 310 17 `` One Day Like This '' March 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) 1.8 / 7 7.15 8 19 311 18 `` Hold Back the River '' April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) 1.7 / 7 6.84 8 20 312 19 `` Beautiful Dreamer '' April 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) 1.7 / 7 6.97 8 16 313 20 `` Judgment Day '' April 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 19 ) 1.7 / 7 6.93 6 18 314 21 `` Bad Reputation '' April 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 26 ) 1.5 / 6 6.54 7 16 315 22 `` Fight for Your Mind '' May 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 03 ) 1.6 / 7 6.66 8 18 316 23 `` Cold as Ice '' May 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) 1.9 / 8 7.35 16 317 24 `` All of Me '' May 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) 1.9 / 8 7.60 10 Live + 7 day ( DVR ) ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) 18 -- 49 increase Viewers ( millions ) increase Total 18 - 49 Total viewers ( millions ) Ref 294 `` Break Down the House '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.6 3.91 3.9 11.99 295 `` Get Off on the Pain '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 9 : 00 p.m. 1.6 3.91 3.9 11.99 296 `` Go Big or Go Home '' October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) Thursdays 8 : 00 p.m. 1.6 3.83 3.7 11.89 297 `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head ? '' October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 1.4 3.51 3.5 11.59 298 5 `` Danger Zone '' October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 1.5 3.54 3.3 11.22 299 6 `` Come On Down to My Boat , Baby '' November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 1.5 3.45 3.2 10.84 300 7 `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 1.5 3.53 3.4 11.67 301 8 `` Out of Nowhere '' November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 1.5 3.54 3.3 11.07 302 9 `` 1 - 800 - 799 - 7233 '' January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) 1.3 3.30 3.6 11.58 303 10 `` Personal Jesus '' January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) 1.3 3.35 3.6 11.98 304 11 `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper '' February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) 1.4 3.41 3.7 12.35 305 12 `` Harder , Better , Faster , Stronger '' February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) 1.5 3.72 3.5 11.05 306 13 `` You Really Got a Hold on Me '' March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) 1.6 3.90 3.6 11.43 307 14 `` Games People Play '' March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) 1.5 3.57 3.2 10.65 308 15 `` Old Scars , Future Hearts '' March 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) 1.5 3.64 3.3 10.82 309 16 `` Caught Somewhere in Time '' March 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 22 ) 1.4 3.25 3.3 10.87 310 17 `` One Day Like This '' March 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) 1.4 3.50 3.2 10.66 311 18 `` Hold Back the River '' April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) 1.4 3.58 3.1 10.43 312 19 `` Beautiful Dreamer '' April 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) 1.4 3.44 3.1 10.42 313 20 `` Judgment Day '' April 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 19 ) 1.3 3.40 3.0 10.35 314 21 `` Bad Reputation '' April 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 26 ) 1.3 3.31 2.8 9.93 315 22 `` Fight for Your Mind '' May 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 03 ) 1.4 3.44 3.0 10.10 316 23 `` Cold as Ice '' May 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) 1.4 3.38 3.3 10.71 317 24 `` All of Me '' May 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) 1.3 3.09 3.3 11.01 DVD release ( edit ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Fall Premiere Dates : XL Grey 's Return , Scandal 's Swan Song and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV shows renewed for 2017 -- 18 and beyond '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com. 2017 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy TV show on ABC : season 14 renewal '' . canceled TV shows -- TV Series Finale. 2017 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : ( Spoiler ) Poised to Exit '' . TV Line . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Martin Henderson exit Riggs '' . EW . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Jessica Capshaw , Sarah Drew to Exit After Season 14 , '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Renewed for Season 15 at ABC '' . Variety . 2018 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Kim Raver To Make A Return In Season 14 '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( 4 August 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Abigail Spencer Set To Recur In Recasting '' . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nilles , Billy ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Season 14 Admits Greg Germann for Guest - Star Role '' . E !. Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Matthew Morrison will return to Grey 's Anatomy in 14th season '' . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Adds a Controversial New Doctor for Season 14 '' . 8 August 2017 . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nilles , Billy ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` Meet Grey 's Anatomy 's New Season 14 Interns '' . E !. Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Niles , Billy ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Admits Candis Cayne for `` Groundbreaking '' Season 14 Transgender Storyline `` . eonline.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2018/02/scott-speedman-cast-greys-anatomy-guest-star-animal-kingdom-exit-tnt-1202279529/ ^ Jump up to : Nilles , Billy ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Is Welcoming Back Another Familiar Face in Season 14 '' . E !. Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Lindsay Wagner To Play Alex 's Mom On ABC Medical Drama Series '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy ' : Geena Davis Returns To Reprise Dr. Herman Role '' . Deadline. April 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Ball HBO Series Casts Sosie Bacon , Daniel Zovatto , Raymond Lee & Jerrika Hinton '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy 's Jerrika Hinton Nabs Lead in Shondaland Comedy Pilot '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 28 , 2015 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Jessica Capshaw Signs Major Contract Extension -- Find Out How Long Arizona 's Sticking Around '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy spoiler ! Look who else is leaving Grey Sloan '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Another cast member exits '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Nilles , Billy ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Admits Candis Cayne for `` Groundbreaking '' Season 14 Transgender Storyline `` . E ! Online . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nilles , Billy ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Why Ellen Pompeo Could n't Say No to Directing Grey 's Anatomy '' . E ! Online . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vernoff , Krista ( @ KristaVernoff ) ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Friday afternoon seems as good a time as any to announce this tidbit : I 'm returning to # GreysAnatomy for Season 14 ! # NeverSayNever '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Corinthios , Aurelie ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Web Series Follows Latest Batch of Newbie Doctors : Meet the B - Team '' . People.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Superstore , ' ' Good Place , ' ' Gotham ' adjust up ; ' How to Get Away ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Gotham ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` NFL adjusts up , scripted shows all unchanged : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' adjusts up , ' Sheldon ' and other CBS shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Thursday Night Football ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' and NFL adjust up , ' Young Sheldon ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' The Four , ' ' Scandal ' and ' Great News ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Four ' adjust up , ' Mom ' and ' AP Bio ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Superstore , ' ' SWAT , ' ' Scandal ' and ' AP Bio ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Young Sheldon , ' ' SWAT , ' all NBC shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` AP Bio ' adjusts up , NCAA Tournament adjusts down but ahead of 2017 : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' AP Bio ' adjusts up , NCAA Sweet 16 ahead of last year : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Chicago Fire ' adjust up , ' SWAT ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjust up , ' Mom , ' ' Supernatural , ' ' Arrow ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Superstore ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' SWAT , ' ' Supernatural ' & ' Arrow ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Young Sheldon ' and ' Supernatural ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Life in Pieces ' and ' Station 19 ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Young Sheldon ' adjust up , ' Supernatural ' & ' Arrow ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' SWAT ' and ' Arrow ' finales adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Sunday Night Football ' score in week 1 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` NFL times 2 dominates the week 2 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` NFL , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' NCIS ' lead week 3 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` World Series makes FOX No. 1 in week 5 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` World Series , ' Big Bang Theory ' lead week 6 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` NFL and ' This Is Us ' carry NBC to victory in week 7 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` NFL carries NBC to victory again : Week 8 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` FOX dominates , ABC gets a boost in week 17 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Grammys and ' NCIS ' carry CBS to victory : Week 18 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl LII ( obviously ) dominates week 19 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics push NBC to No. 1 for the season : Week 20 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Low Oscars still carries ABC to No. 1 : Week 23 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' helps ABC lead the week 24 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' NCAA carry CBS to No. 1 : Week 25 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` March Madness and ' 60 Minutes ' carry CBS : Week 26 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' carries ABC to No. 1 in week 27 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` ABC and CBS share lead in week 28 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' is still No. 1 , but CBS wins week 29 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' stays in front , networks soft : Week 30 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' helps ABC lead the week 31 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne , ' ' Idol ' and LeBron help ABC top week 32 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' finale overtakes ' Roseanne ' : Week 33 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` NBC and CBS will split season victory : Week 34 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' and ' This Is Us ' on top again : Week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' scores highest in week 26 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' premiere sets a record in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' finale , 11 other shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' New Girl ' premiere doubles in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Scandal ' and ' Criminal Minds ' get biggest finale bumps in week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 13 more shows double in week 31 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( May 21 , 2018 ) . `` Delayed Viewing Ratings : ' Roseanne ' Returns on Top '' . Variety . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Chicago PD ' wins the Windy City battle in week 33 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings - 2016 / 2017 Season * Updated 8th June 2017 * '' . Spoiler TV . June 8 , 2018 . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Grey 's Anatomy episodes Season 1 `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' Season 2 `` Into You Like a Train '' `` It 's the End of the World '' `` As We Know It '' `` Losing My Religion '' Season 3 `` Time Has Come Today '' `` I Am a Tree '' `` Great Expectations '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' Season 4 `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Season 5 `` Stand By Me '' `` Elevator Love Letter '' `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' `` Now or Never '' Season 6 `` Good Mourning '' `` Goodbye '' `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' `` Tainted Obligation '' `` Invasion '' `` I Saw What I Saw '' `` Give Peace a Chance '' `` Invest in Love '' `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' `` Death and All His Friends '' Season 7 `` Song Beneath the Song '' Season 8 `` Flight '' Season 9 `` Going , Going , Gone '' `` Beautiful Doom '' `` Perfect Storm '' Season 10 `` Fear ( of the Unknown ) '' Season 11 `` I Must Have Lost it on the Wind '' `` Puzzle with a Piece Missing '' `` Got to Be Real '' `` Only Mama Knows '' `` Bend & Break '' `` Do n't Let 's Start '' `` One Flight Down '' `` How to Save a Life '' `` She 's Leaving Home '' `` Time Stops '' `` You 're My Home '' Season 12 `` Sledgehammer '' `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' `` Something Against You '' `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' `` The Sound of Silence '' `` Family Affair '' Season 13 `` True Colors '' Season 14 `` Danger Zone '' `` Personal Jesus '' `` All of Me '' Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Preston Burke Derek Shepherd Addison Montgomery Callie Torres Mark Sloan Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Nathan Riggs Spin - offs Private Practice Station 19 Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grey%27s_Anatomy_(season_14)&oldid=853308211 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy episodes 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons Grey 's Anatomy seasons Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Español Français Italiano Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 3 August 2018 , at 20 : 38 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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Energy usage of the United States military

Energy usage of the United States military - wikipedia Energy usage of the United States military A view of solar panels installed in 2011 on the roof of Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command Headquarters , San Diego . The rooftop photovoltaic installation supports the Department of Defense 's goal of increasing renewable energy sources to 25 percent of all energy consumed by the year 2025 . The United States Department of Defense is one of the largest single consumers of energy in the world , responsible for 93 % of all US government fuel consumption in 2007 ( Air Force : 52 % ; Navy : 33 % ; Army : 7 % . Other DoD : 1 % ) . In FY 2006 , the DoD used almost 30,000 gigawatt hours ( GWH ) of electricity , at a cost of almost $2.2 billion . The DoD 's electricity use would supply enough electricity to power more than 2.6 million average American homes . In electricity consumption , if it were a country , the DoD would rank 58th in the world , using slightly less than Denmark and slightly more than Syria ( CIA World Factbook , 2006 ) . The Department of Defense uses 4,600,000,000 US gallons ( 1.7 × 10 L ) of fuel annually , an average of 12,600,000 US gallons ( 48,000,000 L ) of fuel per day . A large Army division may use about 6,000 US gallons ( 23,000 L ) per day . According to the 2005 CIA World Factbook , if it were a country , the DoD would rank 34th in the world in average daily oil use , coming in just behind Iraq and just ahead of Sweden . Contents 1 General 2 Air Force 3 Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Operational Energy Plans and Programs 4 Recent developments 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links General ( edit ) See also : Climate change and national security The military recognizes that renewable energy can provide improvements in force safety and budget stability as well as mitigate climate change so it has several programs working on deploying alternative energy at major facilities and in forward operating bases . Admiral Samuel J. Locklear has called climate change the biggest concern for the United States military . Air Force ( edit ) The Air Force is the largest user of fuel energy in the federal government . The Air Force uses 10 % of the nation 's aviation fuel . ( JP - 8 accounts for nearly 90 % of its fuels . ) This fuel usage breaks down as such : 82 % jet fuel , 16 % facility management and 2 % ground vehicle / equipment . To meet renewable energy goals , the Air Force plans to certify its entire fleet on coal - to - liquid synthetic fuel blends by 2011 . By 2016 , it plans to fuel half of its domestic transportation by US - produced synthetic blends , including blends of biofuels and jetfuels , known as Hydrotreated Renewable Jet ( HRJ ) . The Air Force is currently the leading purchaser of renewable energy within the Federal government and has been a long time pioneer of renewable energy development and leadership . The Air Force is recognized by the Environmental Protection Agency as a Green Power Partner , one of the nation 's top purchasers of green power . The Air Force Energy Plan , published in May 2010 , includes more information about the Air Force 's goals , including reducing demand , increasing supply , and changing the culture to include energy awareness . Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Operational energy plans and programs ( edit ) In 2010 , DoD established the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Operational Energy Plans and Programs to coordinate energy issues . In July 2010 , DoD also signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the U.S. Department of Energy to facilitate cooperation and accelerate research , development , and deployment of energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies . DoD 's Energy Conservation Investment Program ( ECIP ) improves the energy and water efficiency of existing Military Services ' facilities . The program 's projects help the Military Services save on energy usage and cost . The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 provided $120 million for the ECIP . The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 has also given money for the Army , Navy , Marine Corps , Air Force , Army Reserve , Navy Reserve , Marine Corps Reserve , Air Force Reserve , Army National Guard and Air National Guard facilities to invest in energy efficiency . Recent developments ( edit ) The US Army has recently prioritized renewable energy strategies in Iraq . Strategies include the Tactical Garbage to Energy Refinery Program , which converts 1 short ton ( 0.91 t ) of waste to 11 US gal ( 42 L ) of JP - 8 fuel , a photovoltaic flexible , portable mat , insulating foam technology , hybrid - electric Manned Ground Vehicles ( MGV ) , and highly efficient portable cells . The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act gave more than $150 million to develop these technologies . Stateside , the Army created the Net Zero program with a goal to have 30 installations achieve net - zero energy by 2030 , including some that will also be net - zero in waste and water . In 2011 , they opened the Base Camp Systems Integration Laboratory , which compares an energy efficient base camp with a traditional one and trains soldiers to use energy efficient technologies . The Army Energy Security Implementation Strategy , published in 2009 , gives details about the Army 's energy goals . The Department of the Navy established Task Force Energy to focus on meeting energy goals , which include reducing non-tactical petroleum use in the commercial fleet by 50 percent by 2015 , producing at least 50 percent of shore based energy from alternative sources by 2050 , acquiring 50 percent of total energy from alternative sources by 2020 , and having 50 percent of Navy and Marine Corps installations be net - zero by 2020 . The Navy hopes to demonstrate a Green Strike Group ( fueled by biofuels and nuclear power ) by 2012 and sail the Great Green Fleet by 2016 . The Office of Naval Research developed and deployed the Experimental Forward Operating Base ( ExFOB ) , including photovoltaic energy , shelter insulation , small unit water purification , and energy efficient heating , lighting , and cooling . The Marine Corps established the Expeditionary Energy Office to increase combat effectiveness by reducing the need for liquid fossil fuel by 50 percent by 2025 , using liquid fuel for mobility only . The Defense Department plans to invest $9 billion to improve energy use in military operations through 2017 . Through the SolarStrong program , a total of 300MW of PV installations were done on 120,000 roofs of base housing throughout the U.S. The 14MW Nellis Solar Power Plant went online in 2007 . Fort Bliss has a 1.4 MW PV array as well as 13MW of base housing PV and a second 15MW solar farm should be online in 2015 . Fort Irwin had initially proposed a 500MW PV farm but 15MW solar farm was later awarded for construction with a separate 2MW PV system at the base hospital . A 14MW PV plant was built at China Lake in 2011 . Fort Drum converted a coal power plant to a 28MW biomass plant . In 2014 , the U.S. military invested $210 million in 3 biofuel refineries which will produce fuels which meet military specifications . See also ( edit ) Energy in the United States United States energy law Military budget of the United States Military -- industrial complex Army Energy Initiatives Task Force SolarStrong References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lengyel , Colonel , USAF , Gregory J. ( August 2007 ) . `` Department of Defense Energy Strategy : Teaching an Old Dog New Tricks '' ( PDF ) . 21st Century Defense Initiative Foreign Policy Studies . Washington , D.C : The Brookings Institution . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 29 , 2014 . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Chief of US Pacific forces calls climate biggest worry March 9 , 2013 Boston Globe Jump up ^ Navy Admiral Samuel J. Locklear says the biggest security threat in the Pacific region is climate change . March 12 , 2013 Wall Street Journal Jump up ^ Powering America 's Defense : Energy and the Risks to National Security Archived 2010 - 01 - 08 at the Wayback Machine. , CNA Analysis & Solutions , May 2009 ^ Jump up to : Environmental and Energy Study Institute . `` DoD 's Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Initiatives '' . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Air Force leads the way as Green Power Partner '' . U.S. Air Force . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Air Force Energy Plan '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Air Force . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Whitehouse.gov ^ Jump up to : Vogel , Steve . Pentagon Prioritizes Pursuit Of Alternative Fuel Sources , The Washington Post , 4 / 13 / 09 Jump up ^ `` Army Vision for Net Zero '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Army . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Base Camp Integration Lab opens at Fort Devens '' . U.S. Army . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ http://www.asaie.army.mil/Public/Partnerships/doc/AESIS_13JAN09_Approved%204-03-09.pdf Jump up ^ `` Army Energy Security Implementation Strategy '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Army . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Navy Energy , Environment , and Climate Change '' . U.S. Navy . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` ONR Experimental Forward Operating Base '' . Office of Naval Research . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` USMC Expeditionary Energy Office '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Marine Corps . Jump up ^ `` Department of Defense Certifies Key Energy Investments Support Increased Combat Capability . '' DoD , 15 August 2012 . Jump up ^ SolarCity announces another major military housing contract , DigitalGreenMedia , Amanda H. Miller , July 26 , 2013 Jump up ^ These 5 Department of Defense Solar Energy Projects Will Forever Change What Fuels America 's Military , Tim Bolger , Cleantechnica , October 1st , 2013 Jump up ^ Fort Drum Ditches Coal For 100 % Renewable Biomass , CleanTechnica , Tina Casey , February 20th , 2014 Jump up ^ US Navy , DOE , USDA award $210 M for 3 biorefineries and mil - spec fuels , Biofuels Digest , Jim Lane , September 19 , 2014 Further reading ( edit ) The Jane 's Interview : William C. Anderson , Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Installations , Environment , and Logistics , Jane 's Defence Weekly , 12 March 2008 ( p. 34 ) . External links ( edit ) Journal of Energy Security Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_usage_of_the_United_States_military&oldid=828658837 '' Categories : United States Department of Defense Energy in the United States Military -- industrial complex Military economics Military industry Energy law Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Edit links This page was last edited on 3 March 2018 , at 23 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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Highest-paid NBA players by season

Highest - paid NBA players by season - wikipedia Highest - paid NBA players by season Jump to : navigation , search The highest - paid NBA players by season over the past twelve seasons have received contracts with salaries noted in the twenty - million - dollar range . In this twelve - year span , Kevin Garnett received $28,000,000 , which was the highest salary payment of any NBA player , during the 2003 -- 04 season . Garnett has been the highest - paid NBA player per year in seven of the past twelve NBA seasons . Michael Jordan was the first NBA player to sign a contract worth over thirty million dollars in a season . During the 1997 -- 98 season , Jordan earned $33,000,000 . Kobe Bryant become just the second player to reach this milestone when the 2013 -- 14 season began . LeBron James became the third in the 2016 -- 17 season . Stephen Curry became the first player to eclipse $40 - Million per year when he signed a record 5 - year contract worth $201 - Million in 2017 . Beginning in the 1984 -- 85 NBA season , the NBA 's first salary cap was introduced . The NBA salary cap is the maximum dollar amount each NBA team can spend on its players for the season . However , the NBA uses a `` soft '' salary cap , which means that significant `` salary exceptions '' allow NBA teams to exceed their allotted amount in order to sign players . The salary cap is determined during the offseason , but as stated earlier , it is liable to change . Michael Jordan , who earned $33,000,000 in the 1997 -- 98 NBA season , attempts a slam dunk at the old Boston Garden . An exception is necessary to sign a player for a contract that would exceed the salary cap threshold of the `` soft cap '' . The Larry Bird exception , more commonly known as Bird Rights , allows teams to re-sign a current player only if he has played for that particular team for a minimum of three years . Another exception known as the mid-level exception allows for teams that are over the salary cap to sign one or more players as long as they do not exceed the total amount of the average NBA salary . Next , the bi-annual exception can be used by teams every other year to sign a free agent ( s ) for up to two years at an amount set by the NBA . Finally , the rookie player exception allows any NBA team to sign their first - round draft pick to a contract based upon a scale previously set forth by the NBA . Another option for teams would be to assign players to a league - assigned minimum salary contract for a maximum of two years . According to 2010 -- 11 NBA season game performance , the league 's best players were not its highest - paid players . Each year there are ten players selected to one of the two All - NBA Teams . Out of those ten players chosen that year , Kobe Bryant was the only player that was also among the game 's ten highest - paid during the 2010 -- 11 NBA season . Contents ( hide ) 1 2010s 1.1 2017 -- 2018 1.2 2016 -- 2017 1.3 2015 -- 2016 1.4 2014 -- 2015 1.5 2013 -- 2014 1.6 2012 -- 2013 1.7 2011 -- 2012 1.8 2010 -- 2011 1.9 2009 -- 2010 2 2000s 2.1 2008 -- 2009 2.2 2007 -- 2008 2.3 2006 -- 2007 2.4 2005 -- 2006 2.5 2004 -- 2005 2.6 2003 -- 2004 2.7 2002 -- 2003 2.8 2001 -- 2002 2.9 2000 -- 2001 2.10 1999 -- 2000 3 1990s 3.1 1998 -- 1999 4 See also 5 References 2010s 2017 -- 2018 Player Salary Team Stephen Curry $34,682,550 Golden State Warriors LeBron James $33,285,709 Cleveland Cavaliers Paul Millsap $31,269,231 Denver Nuggets Gordon Hayward $29,727,900 Boston Celtics Blake Griffin $29,512,900 Los Angeles Clippers Kyle Lowry $28,703,704 Toronto Raptors Russell Westbrook $28,530,608 Oklahoma City Thunder Mike Conley , Jr . $28,530,608 Memphis Grizzlies James Harden $28,299,399 Houston Rockets DeMar DeRozan $27,739,975 Toronto Raptors 2016 -- 2017 LeBron James became the third player to sign a contract worth over thirty million dollars in a season , after Michael Jordan and Kobe Bryant . Player Salary Team LeBron James $30,963,450 Cleveland Cavaliers Al Horford $26,540,100 Boston Celtics DeMar DeRozan $26,540,100 Toronto Raptors James Harden $26,540,100 Houston Rockets Kevin Durant $26,540,100 Golden State Warriors Russell Westbrook $26,540,100 Oklahoma City Thunder Mike Conley , Jr . $26,540,100 Memphis Grizzlies Dirk Nowitzki $25,000,000 Dallas Mavericks Carmelo Anthony $24,559,380 New York Knicks Damian Lillard $24,328,425 Portland Trail Blazers 2015 -- 2016 Kobe Bryant , who spent his entire 20 - year career in a Los Angeles Lakers uniform , was the highest - paid player in the league from the 2009 -- 10 until his retirement at the conclusion of the 2015 -- 16 season . Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $25,000,000 Los Angeles Lakers LeBron James $22,970,500 Cleveland Cavaliers Carmelo Anthony $22,875,000 New York Knicks Dwight Howard $22,359,364 Houston Rockets Chris Bosh $22,192,730 Miami Heat Chris Paul $21,468,695 Los Angeles Clippers Kevin Durant $20,158,622 Oklahoma City Thunder Derrick Rose $20,093,064 Chicago Bulls Dwyane Wade $20,000,000 Miami Heat LaMarcus Aldridge $19,689,000 San Antonio Spurs 2014 -- 2015 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $23,500,000 Los Angeles Lakers Amar'e Stoudemire $23,410,988 New York Knicks Joe Johnson $23,180,790 Brooklyn Nets Carmelo Anthony $22,458,401 New York Knicks Dwight Howard $21,436,271 Houston Rockets Chris Bosh $20,644,400 Miami Heat LeBron James $20,644,400 Cleveland Cavaliers Chris Paul $20,068,563 Los Angeles Clippers Deron Williams $19,754,465 Brooklyn Nets Rudy Gay $19,317,326 Sacramento Kings 2013 -- 2014 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $30,453,805 Los Angeles Lakers Dirk Nowitzki $22,721,381 Dallas Mavericks Amar'e Stoudemire $21,679,893 New York Knicks Joe Johnson $21,466,718 Brooklyn Nets Carmelo Anthony $21,388,953 New York Knicks Dwight Howard $20,513,178 Houston Rockets Pau Gasol $19,285,850 Los Angeles Lakers Chris Bosh $19,067,500 Miami Heat LeBron James $19,067,500 Miami Heat Dwyane Wade $18,673,000 Miami Heat 2012 -- 2013 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $30,453,805 Los Angeles Lakers Dirk Nowitzki $20,907,128 Dallas Mavericks Amar'e Stoudemire $19,948,799 New York Knicks Joe Johnson $19,752,645 Brooklyn Nets Carmelo Anthony $19,444,503 New York Knicks Pau Gasol $19,285,850 Los Angeles Lakers Chris Bosh $19,067,500 Miami Heat LeBron James $19,067,500 Miami Heat Dwyane Wade $18,673,000 Miami Heat Chris Paul $18,668,431 Los Angeles Clippers 2011 -- 2012 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $25,244,493 Los Angeles Lakers Kevin Garnett $21,247,044 Boston Celtics Tim Duncan $21,164,619 San Antonio Spurs Rashard Lewis $21,136,631 Washington Wizards Dirk Nowitzki $19,092,873 Dallas Mavericks Pau Gasol $18,714,150 Los Angeles Lakers Carmelo Anthony $18,518,574 New York Knicks Amar'e Stoudemire $18,217,705 New York Knicks Elton Brand $18,160,355 Philadelphia 76ers Dwight Howard $18,091,770 Orlando Magic 2010 -- 2011 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $24,806,250 Los Angeles Lakers Rashard Lewis $19,573,711 Washington Wizards Tim Duncan $18,835,381 San Antonio Spurs Kevin Garnett $18,832,044 Boston Celtics Michael Redd $18,300,000 Milwaukee Bucks Andrei Kirilenko $17,823,000 Utah Jazz Pau Gasol $17,823,000 Los Angeles Lakers Gilbert Arenas $17,730,694 Washington Wizards Yao Ming $17,686,100 Houston Rockets Zach Randolph $17,666,666 Memphis Grizzlies 2009 -- 2010 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $23,034,375 Los Angeles Lakers Jermaine O'Neal $23,016,000 Miami Heat Tracy McGrady $22,843,124 New York Knicks Tim Duncan $22,183,220 San Antonio Spurs Shaquille O'Neal $21,000,000 Cleveland Cavaliers Dirk Nowitzki $19,795,714 Dallas Mavericks Paul Pierce $19,795,712 Boston Celtics Ray Allen $18,776,860 Boston Celtics Rashard Lewis $18,010,791 Orlando Magic Michael Redd $17,040,000 Milwaukee Bucks 2000s 2008 -- 2009 Kevin Garnett was the highest - paid player during the 2008 -- 09 , 2007 -- 08 , and 2006 -- 07 seasons ; he relinquished that position to Shaquille O'Neal for two seasons , but was also the highest - paid player during the 2003 -- 04 , 2002 -- 03 , 2001 -- 02 , and 2000 -- 01 seasons . Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $24,751,934 Boston Celtics Jason Kidd $21,372,000 Dallas Mavericks Jermaine O'Neal $21,372,000 Toronto Raptors Kobe Bryant $21,262,500 Los Angeles Lakers Shaquille O'Neal $21,000,000 Phoenix Suns Allen Iverson $20,840,625 Detroit Pistons Stephon Marbury $20,840,625 Boston Celtics Tim Duncan $20,598,704 San Antonio Spurs Tracy McGrady $20,370,437 Houston Rockets Ray Allen $18,388,430 Boston Celtics 2007 -- 2008 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $23,751,934 Boston Celtics Shaquille O'Neal $21,000,000 Phoenix Suns Jason Kidd $19,728,000 New Jersey Nets Jermaine O'Neal $19,728,000 Indiana Pacers Kobe Bryant $19,490,625 Los Angeles Lakers Tim Duncan $19,014,188 San Antonio Spurs Allen Iverson $19,012,500 Denver Nuggets Stephon Marbury $19,012,500 New York Knicks Tracy McGrady $18,257,750 Houston Rockets Baron Davis $16,440,000 Golden State Warriors 2006 -- 2007 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $21,000,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shaquille O'Neal $20,000,000 Miami Heat Jason Kidd $18,084,000 New Jersey Nets Jermaine O'Neal $18,084,000 Indiana Pacers Kobe Bryant $17,718,750 Los Angeles Lakers Tim Duncan $17,429,673 San Antonio Spurs Allen Iverson $17,184,375 Philadelphia 76ers Stephon Marbury $17,184,375 New York Knicks Tracy McGrady $16,901,500 Houston Rockets Grant Hill $16,901,500 Orlando Magic 2005 -- 2006 Player Salary Team Shaquille O'Neal $20,000,000 Miami Heat Chris Webber $19,125,000 Philadelphia 76ers Kevin Garnett $18,000,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Allen Iverson $16,453,125 Philadelphia 76ers Stephon Marbury $16,453,125 New York Knicks Jason Kidd $16,440,000 New Jersey Nets Jermaine O'Neal $16,440,000 Indiana Pacers Kobe Bryant $15,946,875 Los Angeles Lakers Tim Duncan $15,845,157 San Antonio Spurs Vin Baker $15,750,000 Los Angeles Clippers 2004 -- 2005 Player Salary Team Shaquille O'Neal $29,464,000 Miami Heat Dikembe Mutombo $19,684,000 Houston Rockets Allan Houston $17,531,000 New York Knicks Chris Webber $17,351,000 Sacramento Kings Damon Stoudamire $15,750,000 Portland Trail Blazers Penny Hardaway $14,625,000 New York Knicks Latrell Sprewell $14,625,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shareef Abdur - Rahim $14,625,000 Portland Trail Blazers Stephon Marbury $14,625,000 New York Knicks Michael Finley $14,609,000 Dallas Mavericks 2003 -- 2004 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $28,000,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shaquille O'Neal $26,571,000 Los Angeles Lakers Rasheed Wallace $18,000,000 Portland Trail Blazers Dikembe Mutombo $17,895,000 New York Knicks Allan Houston $15,937,000 New York Knicks Chris Webber $15,937,000 Sacramento Kings Damon Stoudamire $14,625,000 Portland Trail Blazers Penny Hardaway $13,500,000 Phoenix Suns Latrell Sprewell $13,500,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Antonio McDyess $13,500,000 Phoenix Suns 2002 -- 2003 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $25,200,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shaquille O'Neal $23,571,000 Los Angeles Lakers Shawn Kemp $21,500,000 Orlando Magic Juwan Howard $20,625,000 Denver Nuggets Scottie Pippen $19,727,000 Portland Trail Blazers Karl Malone $19,250,000 Utah Jazz Rasheed Wallace $16,200,000 Portland Trail Blazers Dikembe Mutombo $16,105,000 New Jersey Nets Chris Webber $14,343,000 Sacramento Kings Damon Stoudamire $13,500,000 Portland Trail Blazers 2001 -- 2002 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $22,400,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shaquille O'Neal $21,428,000 Los Angeles Lakers Alonzo Mourning $18,756,000 Miami Heat Juwan Howard $18,750,000 Denver Nuggets Scottie Pippen $18,083,000 Portland Trail Blazers Karl Malone $17,500,000 Utah Jazz Rasheed Wallace $14,400,000 Portland Trail Blazers Dikembe Mutombo $14,315,000 Philadelphia 76ers Gary Payton $12,926,000 Seattle SuperSonics Shawn Kemp $12,770,000 Portland Trail Blazers 2000 -- 2001 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $19,600,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shaquille O'Neal $19,285,000 Los Angeles Lakers Alonzo Mourning $16,879,000 Miami Heat Juwan Howard $16,875,000 Washington Wizards Hakeem Olajuwon $16,685,000 Houston Rockets Karl Malone $15,750,000 Utah Jazz Dikembe Mutombo $14,422,000 Philadelphia 76ers Patrick Ewing $14,000,000 Seattle SuperSonics David Robinson $13,196,000 San Antonio Spurs Scottie Pippen $13,151,000 Portland Trail Blazers 1999 -- 2000 Player Salary Team Shaquille O'Neal $17,142,000 Los Angeles Lakers Kevin Garnett $16,806,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Alonzo Mourning $15,004,000 Miami Heat Juwan Howard $15,000,000 Washington Wizards Scottie Pippen $14,795,000 Portland Trail Blazers Karl Malone $14,000,000 Utah Jazz Larry Johnson $11,910,000 New York Knicks Gary Payton $11,020,000 Seattle SuperSonics Rasheed Wallace $10,800,000 Portland Trail Blazers Shawn Kemp $10,780,000 Cleveland Cavaliers 1990s 1998 -- 1999 Player Salary Team Patrick Ewing $18,500,000 New York Knicks Shaquille O'Neal $17,000,000 Los Angeles Lakers David Robinson $14,841,000 San Antonio Spurs Kevin Garnett $14,000,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Alonzo Mourning $13,130,000 Miami Heat Juwan Howard $13,125,000 Washington Wizards Hakeem Olajuwon $12,943,000 Houston Rockets Dikembe Mutombo $11,218,000 Atlanta Hawks Jayson Williams $11,000,000 New Jersey Nets Scottie Pippen $11,000,000 Houston Rockets See also National Basketball Association portal Business and economics portal List of highest paid Major League Baseball players List of player salaries in the NHL List of highest paid American television stars List of highest paid film actors List of highest paid mayors List of salaries References Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant to Become NBA 's Second Ever $30 - Million Player '' . aolnews.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Salary Cap History '' . insidehoops.com . Jump up ^ `` NBA Salary Cap Explained '' . about.com . Jump up ^ `` Mid Level Exception '' . sportscity.com . Jump up ^ `` Bi-annual Exception '' . sportscity.com . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( 2010 - 11 - 04 ) . `` The NBA 's Highest - Paid Players '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` 2017 - 18 NBA Player Contracts '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The NBA 's 25 highest - paid players for the 2016 - 17 season '' . Foxsports.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2015 - 2016 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2014 - 2015 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2013 - 2014 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2012 - 2013 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2011 - 2012 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2010 - 2011 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2009 - 2010 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2008 - 2009 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA Salaries '' . Insidehoops.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2007 - 2008 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2006 - 2007 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2005 - 2006 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2004 - 2005 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2003 - 2004 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2002 - 2003 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2001 - 2002 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2000 - 2001 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 1999 - 2000 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ . Sports Reference LLC http://www.basketball-reference.com/leagues/NBA_1999.html . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 20 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Summer League Christmas Day All - Star Weekend Game MVP Playoffs List Finals Champions MVP Others NBA Silver Anniversary Team NBA 35th Anniversary Team 50 Greatest Players ABA Merger Arenas Awards BAA Cheerleading Collective bargaining agreement Criticisms and controversies 2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal G League Dress code Draft eligibility Global Games Africa 2015 , Africa 2017 First overall draft picks Hall of Fame Members Head coaches Current Player - coaches Champions Foreign coaches Lockouts Larry O'Brien Trophy Mascots Midwest Division NBA champions NBA Store Media TV NBA TV NBL NBPA Owners Players Current rosters Foreign players Race and ethnicity Retired numbers Banned or suspended Highest paid Records regular season post-season All - Star Game Win - loss records Rivalries Salary cap Seasons Teams Defunct Expansion Relocated Timeline WNBA Basketball in the United States Portal 2017 -- 18 season Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Highest-paid_NBA_players_by_season&oldid=803417623 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists National Basketball Association statistical leaders Employee compensation in the United States Income of sportspeople Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 12 : 17 . 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Ice

Ice - wikipedia Ice It has been suggested that Ice cube be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since October 2018 . This article is about water ice . For the broader concept of `` ices '' as used in the planetary sciences , see Volatiles . For other uses , see Ice ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ice Ice sample cored in Antarctica , containing air bubbles that are thousands of years old Physical properties Density ( ρ ) 0.9167 -- 0.9168 g / cm Refractive index ( n ) 1.309 Mechanical properties Young 's modulus ( E ) 3400 to 37,500 kg - force / cm Tensile strength ( σ ) 5 to 18 kg - force / cm Compressive strength ( σ ) 24 to 60 kg - force / cm Poisson 's ratio ( ν ) 6999360000000000000 ♠ 0.36 ± 0.13 Thermal properties Thermal conductivity ( k ) 0.0053 ( 1 + 0.105 θ ) cal / ( cm s K ) , θ = temperature in ° C Linear thermal expansion coefficient ( α ) 6995550000000000000 ♠ 5.5 × 10 Specific heat capacity ( c ) 0.5057 − 0.001863 θ cal / ( g K ) , θ = absolute value of temperature in ° C Electrical properties Dielectric constant ( ε ) ~ 3.15 The properties of ice vary substantially with temperature , purity and other factors . Ice is water frozen into a solid state . Depending on the presence of impurities such as particles of soil or bubbles of air , it can appear transparent or a more or less opaque bluish - white color . In the Solar System , ice is abundant and occurs naturally from as close to the Sun as Mercury to as far away as the Oort cloud objects . Beyond the Solar System , it occurs as interstellar ice . It is abundant on Earth 's surface -- particularly in the polar regions and above the snow line -- and , as a common form of precipitation and deposition , plays a key role in Earth 's water cycle and climate . It falls as snowflakes and hail or occurs as frost , icicles or ice spikes . Ice molecules can exhibit eighteen or more different phases ( packing geometries ) that depend on temperature and pressure . When water is cooled rapidly ( quenching ) , up to three different types of amorphous ice can form depending on the history of its pressure and temperature . When cooled slowly correlated proton tunneling occurs below 20 K ( − 253 ° C ) giving rise to macroscopic quantum phenomena . Virtually all the ice on Earth 's surface and in its atmosphere is of a hexagonal crystalline structure denoted as ice I ( spoken as `` ice one h '' ) with minute traces of cubic ice denoted as ice I . The most common phase transition to ice I occurs when liquid water is cooled below 7002273149999999999 ♠ 0 ° C ( 7002273149999999999 ♠ 273.15 K , 7002273149999999999 ♠ 32 ° F ) at standard atmospheric pressure . It may also be deposited directly by water vapor , as happens in the formation of frost . The transition from ice to water is melting and from ice directly to water vapor is sublimation . Ice is used in a variety of ways , including cooling , winter sports and ice sculpture . Contents 1 Physical properties 1.1 Phases 1.2 Friction properties 2 Natural formation 2.1 On the oceans 2.2 On land and structures 2.3 On rivers and streams 2.4 On lakes 2.5 In the air 2.5. 1 Rime ice 2.5. 2 Ice pellets 2.5. 3 Hail 2.5. 4 Snow 2.5. 5 Diamond dust 3 Ablation 4 Role in human activities 4.1 Cooling 4.1. 1 Harvesting 4.1. 2 Mechanical production 4.2 Transportation 4.2. 1 Land travel 4.2. 2 Water - borne travel 4.2. 3 Air travel 4.3 Recreation and sports 4.4 Other uses 5 `` Ice '' of other materials 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Physical properties ( edit ) The three - dimensional crystal structure of H O ice I ( c ) is composed of bases of H O ice molecules ( b ) located on lattice points within the two - dimensional hexagonal space lattice ( a ) . As a naturally occurring crystalline inorganic solid with an ordered structure , ice fits the properties of a mineral . It possesses a regular crystalline structure based on the molecule of water , which consists of a single oxygen atom covalently bonded to two hydrogen atoms , or H -- O -- H. However , many of the physical properties of water and ice are controlled by the formation of hydrogen bonds between adjacent oxygen and hydrogen atoms ; while it is a weak bond , it is nonetheless critical in controlling the structure of both water and ice . An unusual property of ice frozen at atmospheric pressure is that the solid is approximately 8.3 % less dense than liquid water ( which is equivalent to volumetric expansion of 9 % ) . The density of ice is 0.9167 -- 0.9168 g / cm at 0 ° C and standard atmospheric pressure ( 101,325 Pa ) , whereas water has a density of 0.9998 -- 0.999863 g / cm at the same temperature and pressure . Liquid water is densest , essentially 1.00 g / cm , at 4 ° C and becomes less dense as the water molecules begin to form the hexagonal crystals of ice as the freezing point is reached . This is due to hydrogen bonding dominating the intermolecular forces , which results in a packing of molecules less compact in the solid . Density of ice increases slightly with decreasing temperature and has a value of 0.9340 g / cm at − 180 ° C ( 93 K ) . When water freezes , it increases in volume ( about 9 % for fresh water ) . The effect of expansion during freezing can be dramatic , and ice expansion is a basic cause of freeze - thaw weathering of rock in nature and damage to building foundations and roadways from frost heaving . It is also a common cause of the flooding of houses when water pipes burst due to the pressure of expanding water when it freezes . The result of this process is that ice ( in its most common form ) floats on liquid water , which is an important feature in Earth 's biosphere . It has been argued that without this property , natural bodies of water would freeze , in some cases permanently , from the bottom up , resulting in a loss of bottom - dependent animal and plant life in fresh and sea water . Sufficiently thin ice sheets allow light to pass through while protecting the underside from short - term weather extremes such as wind chill . This creates a sheltered environment for bacterial and algal colonies . When sea water freezes , the ice is riddled with brine - filled channels which sustain sympagic organisms such as bacteria , algae , copepods and annelids , which in turn provide food for animals such as krill and specialised fish like the bald notothen , fed upon in turn by larger animals such as emperor penguins and minke whales . When ice melts , it absorbs as much energy as it would take to heat an equivalent mass of water by 80 ° C. During the melting process , the temperature remains constant at 0 ° C. While melting , any energy added breaks the hydrogen bonds between ice ( water ) molecules . Energy becomes available to increase the thermal energy ( temperature ) only after enough hydrogen bonds are broken that the ice can be considered liquid water . The amount of energy consumed in breaking hydrogen bonds in the transition from ice to water is known as the heat of fusion . As with water , ice absorbs light at the red end of the spectrum preferentially as the result of an overtone of an oxygen -- hydrogen ( O -- H ) bond stretch . Compared with water , this absorption is shifted toward slightly lower energies . Thus , ice appears blue , with a slightly greener tint than liquid water . Since absorption is cumulative , the color effect intensifies with increasing thickness or if internal reflections cause the light to take a longer path through the ice . Other colors can appear in the presence of light absorbing impurities , where the impurity is dictating the color rather than the ice itself . For instance , icebergs containing impurities ( e.g. , sediments , algae , air bubbles ) can appear brown , grey or green . Phases ( edit ) `` Ice IV '' redirects here . For the high speed train , see ICE 4 . `` Ice X '' redirects here . For other uses , see Icex ( disambiguation ) . Pressure dependence of ice melting Ice may be any one of the 18 known solid crystalline phases of water , or in an amorphous solid state at various densities . Most liquids under increased pressure freeze at higher temperatures because the pressure helps to hold the molecules together . However , the strong hydrogen bonds in water make it different : For some pressures higher than 1 atm ( 0.10 MPa ) , water freezes at a temperature below 0 ° C , as shown in the phase diagram below . The melting of ice under high pressures is thought to contribute to the movement of glaciers . Ice , water , and water vapour can coexist at the triple point , which is exactly 273.16 K ( 0.01 ° C ) at a pressure of 611.657 Pa . The kelvin is in fact defined as 1 / 273.16 of the difference between this triple point and absolute zero . Unlike most other solids , ice is difficult to superheat . In an experiment , ice at − 3 ° C was superheated to about 17 ° C for about 250 picoseconds . Subjected to higher pressures and varying temperatures , ice can form in 18 separate known crystalline phases . With care , at least 15 of these phases ( one of the known exceptions being ice X ) can be recovered at ambient pressure and low temperature in metastable form . The types are differentiated by their crystalline structure , proton ordering , and density . There are also two metastable phases of ice under pressure , both fully hydrogen - disordered ; these are IV and XII . Ice XII was discovered in 1996 . In 2006 , XIII and XIV were discovered . Ices XI , XIII , and XIV are hydrogen - ordered forms of ices I , V , and XII respectively . In 2009 , ice XV was found at extremely high pressures and − 143 ° C. At even higher pressures , ice is predicted to become a metal ; this has been variously estimated to occur at 1.55 TPa or 5.62 TPa . As well as crystalline forms , solid water can exist in amorphous states as amorphous ice ( ASW ) of varying densities . Water in the interstellar medium is dominated by amorphous ice , making it likely the most common form of water in the universe . Low - density ASW ( LDA ) , also known as hyperquenched glassy water , may be responsible for noctilucent clouds on Earth and is usually formed by deposition of water vapor in cold or vacuum conditions . High - density ASW ( HDA ) is formed by compression of ordinary ice I or LDA at GPa pressures . Very - high - density ASW ( VHDA ) is HDA slightly warmed to 160K under 1 -- 2 GPa pressures . In outer space , hexagonal crystalline ice ( the predominant form found on Earth ) is extremely rare . Amorphous ice is more common ; however , hexagonal crystalline ice can be formed by volcanic action . Log - lin pressure - temperature phase diagram of water . The Roman numerals correspond to some ice phases listed below . An alternative formulation of the phase diagram for certain ices and other phases of water Phase Characteristics Amorphous ice Amorphous ice is an ice lacking crystal structure . Amorphous ice exists in three forms : low - density ( LDA ) formed at atmospheric pressure , or below , high density ( HDA ) and very high density amorphous ice ( VHDA ) , forming at higher pressures . LDA forms by extremely quick cooling of liquid water ( `` hyperquenched glassy water '' , HGW ) , by depositing water vapour on very cold substrates ( `` amorphous solid water '' , ASW ) or by heating high density forms of ice at ambient pressure ( `` LDA '' ) . Ice I Normal hexagonal crystalline ice . Virtually all ice in the biosphere is ice I , with the exception only of a small amount of ice I . Ice I A metastable cubic crystalline variant of ice . The oxygen atoms are arranged in a diamond structure . It is produced at temperatures between 130 and 220 K , and can exist up to 240 K , when it transforms into ice I. It may occasionally be present in the upper atmosphere . Ice II A rhombohedral crystalline form with highly ordered structure . Formed from ice I by compressing it at temperature of 190 -- 210 K. When heated , it undergoes transformation to ice III . Ice III A tetragonal crystalline ice , formed by cooling water down to 250 K at 300 MPa . Least dense of the high - pressure phases . Denser than water . Ice IV A metastable rhombohedral phase . It can be formed by heating high - density amorphous ice slowly at a pressure of 810 MPa . It does not form easily without a nucleating agent . Ice V A monoclinic crystalline phase . Formed by cooling water to 253 K at 500 MPa . Most complicated structure of all the phases . Ice VI A tetragonal crystalline phase . Formed by cooling water to 270 K at 1.1 GPa . Exhibits Debye relaxation . Ice VII A cubic phase . The hydrogen atoms ' positions are disordered . Exhibits Debye relaxation . The hydrogen bonds form two interpenetrating lattices . Ice VIII A more ordered version of ice VII , where the hydrogen atoms assume fixed positions . It is formed from ice VII , by cooling it below 5 ° C ( 278 K ) . Ice IX A tetragonal phase . Formed gradually from ice III by cooling it from 208 K to 165 K , stable below 140 K and pressures between 200 MPa and 400 MPa . It has density of 1.16 g / cm , slightly higher than ordinary ice . Ice X Proton - ordered symmetric ice . Forms at about 70 GPa . Ice XI An orthorhombic , low - temperature equilibrium form of hexagonal ice . It is ferroelectric . Ice XI is considered the most stable configuration of ice I . Ice XII A tetragonal , metastable , dense crystalline phase . It is observed in the phase space of ice V and ice VI . It can be prepared by heating high - density amorphous ice from 77 K to about 183 K at 810 MPa . It has a density of 1.3 g cm at 127 K ( i.e. , approximately 1.3 times more dense than water ) . Ice XIII A monoclinic crystalline phase . Formed by cooling water to below 130 K at 500 MPa . The proton - ordered form of ice V . Ice XIV An orthorhombic crystalline phase . Formed below 118 K at 1.2 GPa . The proton - ordered form of ice XII . Ice XV The proton - ordered form of ice VI formed by cooling water to around 80 -- 108 K at 1.1 GPa . Ice XVI The least dense crystalline form of water , topologically equivalent to the empty structure of sII clathrate hydrates . Square ice Square ice crystals form at room temperature when squeezed between two layers of graphene . The material was a new crystalline phase of ice , joining 17 others , when it was first reported in 2014 . The research derived from the earlier discovery that water vapor and liquid water could pass through laminated sheets of graphene oxide , unlike smaller molecules such as helium . The effect is thought to be driven by the van der Waals force , which may involve more than 10,000 atmospheres of pressure . Friction properties ( edit ) Frozen waterfall in southeast New York The low coefficient of friction ( `` slipperiness '' ) of ice has been attributed to the pressure of an object coming into contact with the ice , melting a thin layer of the ice and allowing the object to glide across the surface . For example , the blade of an ice skate , upon exerting pressure on the ice , would melt a thin layer , providing lubrication between the ice and the blade . This explanation , called `` pressure melting '' , originated in the 19th century . It , however , did not account for skating on ice temperatures lower than − 4 ° C ( 25 ° F ; 269 K ) , which is often skated upon . A second theory describing the coefficient of friction of ice suggested that ice molecules at the interface can not properly bond with the molecules of the mass of ice beneath ( and thus are free to move like molecules of liquid water ) . These molecules remain in a semi-liquid state , providing lubrication regardless of pressure against the ice exerted by any object . However , the significance of this hypothesis is disputed by experiments showing a high coefficient of friction for ice using atomic force microscopy . A third theory is `` friction heating '' , which suggests that friction of the material is the cause of the ice layer melting . However , this theory does not sufficiently explain why ice is slippery when standing still even at below - zero temperatures . A comprehensive theory of ice friction takes into account all the above - mentioned friction mechanisms . This model allows quantitative estimation of the friction coefficient of ice against various materials as a function of temperature and sliding speed . In typical conditions related to winter sports and tires of a vehicle on ice , melting of a thin ice layer due to the frictional heating is the primary reason for the slipperiness . Natural formation ( edit ) Feather ice on the plateau near Alta , Norway . The crystals form at temperatures below − 30 ° C ( − 22 ° F ) . The term that collectively describes all of the parts of the Earth 's surface where water is in frozen form is the cryosphere . Ice is an important component of the global climate , particularly in regard to the water cycle . Glaciers and snowpacks are an important storage mechanism for fresh water ; over time , they may sublimate or melt . Snowmelt is an important source of seasonal fresh water . The World Meteorological Organization defines several kinds of ice depending on origin , size , shape , influence and so on . Clathrate hydrates are forms of ice that contain gas molecules trapped within its crystal lattice . On the oceans ( edit ) Main article : Sea ice Ice that is found at sea may be in the form of drift ice floating in the water , fast ice fixed to a shoreline or anchor ice if attached to the sea bottom . Ice which calves ( breaks off ) from an ice shelf or glacier may become an iceberg . Sea ice can be forced together by currents and winds to form pressure ridges up to 12 metres ( 39 ft ) tall . Navigation through areas of sea ice occurs in openings called `` polynyas '' or `` leads '' or requires the use of a special ship called an `` icebreaker '' . On land and structures ( edit ) Ice on deciduous tree after freezing rain Ice on land ranges from the largest type called an `` ice sheet '' to smaller ice caps and ice fields to glaciers and ice streams to the snow line and snow fields . Aufeis is layered ice that forms in Arctic and subarctic stream valleys . Ice , frozen in the stream bed , blocks normal groundwater discharge , and causes the local water table to rise , resulting in water discharge on top of the frozen layer . This water then freezes , causing the water table to rise further and repeat the cycle . The result is a stratified ice deposit , often several meters thick . Freezing rain is a type of winter storm called an ice storm where rain falls and then freezes producing a glaze of ice . Ice can also form icicles , similar to stalactites in appearance , or stalagmite - like forms as water drips and re-freezes . The term `` ice dam '' has three meanings ( others discussed below ) . On structures , an ice dam is the buildup of ice on a sloped roof which stops melt water from draining properly and can cause damage from water leaks in buildings . On rivers and streams ( edit ) A small frozen rivulet Ice which forms on moving water tends to be less uniform and stable than ice which forms on calm water . Ice jams ( sometimes called `` ice dams '' ) , when broken chunks of ice pile up , are the greatest ice hazard on rivers . Ice jams can cause flooding , damage structures in or near the river , and damage vessels on the river . Ice jams can cause some hydropower industrial facilities to completely shut down . An ice dam is a blockage from the movement of a glacier which may produce a proglacial lake . Heavy ice flows in rivers can also damage vessels and require the use of an icebreaker to keep navigation possible . Ice discs are circular formations of ice surrounded by water in a river . Pancake ice is a formation of ice generally created in areas with less calm conditions . On lakes ( edit ) Ice forms on calm water from the shores , a thin layer spreading across the surface , and then downward . Ice on lakes is generally four types : Primary , secondary , superimposed and agglomerate . Primary ice forms first . Secondary ice forms below the primary ice in a direction parallel to the direction of the heat flow . Superimposed ice forms on top of the ice surface from rain or water which seeps up through cracks in the ice which often settles when loaded with snow . Shelf ice occurs when floating pieces of ice are driven by the wind piling up on the windward shore . Candle ice is a form of rotten ice that develops in columns perpendicular to the surface of a lake . In the air ( edit ) Ice formation on vehicle windshield Rime ice ( edit ) Rime is a type of ice formed on cold objects when drops of water crystallize on them . This can be observed in foggy weather , when the temperature drops during the night . Soft rime contains a high proportion of trapped air , making it appear white rather than transparent , and giving it a density about one quarter of that of pure ice . Hard rime is comparatively dense . Ice pellets ( edit ) Main article : Ice pellets An accumulation of ice pellets Ice pellets are a form of precipitation consisting of small , translucent balls of ice . This form of precipitation is also referred to as `` sleet '' by the United States National Weather Service . ( In Commonwealth English `` sleet '' refers to a mixture of rain and snow ) . Ice pellets are usually smaller than hailstones . They often bounce when they hit the ground , and generally do not freeze into a solid mass unless mixed with freezing rain . The METAR code for ice pellets is PL . Ice pellets form when a layer of above - freezing air is located between 1,500 and 3,000 metres ( 4,900 and 9,800 ft ) above the ground , with sub-freezing air both above and below it . This causes the partial or complete melting of any snowflakes falling through the warm layer . As they fall back into the sub-freezing layer closer to the surface , they re-freeze into ice pellets . However , if the sub-freezing layer beneath the warm layer is too small , the precipitation will not have time to re-freeze , and freezing rain will be the result at the surface . A temperature profile showing a warm layer above the ground is most likely to be found in advance of a warm front during the cold season , but can occasionally be found behind a passing cold front . Hail ( edit ) Main article : Hail A large hailstone , about 6 cm ( 2.4 in ) in diameter Like other precipitation , hail forms in storm clouds when supercooled water droplets freeze on contact with condensation nuclei , such as dust or dirt . The storm 's updraft blows the hailstones to the upper part of the cloud . The updraft dissipates and the hailstones fall down , back into the updraft , and are lifted up again . Hail has a diameter of 5 millimetres ( 0.20 in ) or more . Within METAR code , GR is used to indicate larger hail , of a diameter of at least 6.4 millimetres ( 0.25 in ) and GS for smaller . Stones just larger than golf ball - sized are one of the most frequently reported hail sizes . Hailstones can grow to 15 centimetres ( 6 in ) and weigh more than 0.5 kilograms ( 1.1 lb ) . In large hailstones , latent heat released by further freezing may melt the outer shell of the hailstone . The hailstone then may undergo ' wet growth ' , where the liquid outer shell collects other smaller hailstones . The hailstone gains an ice layer and grows increasingly larger with each ascent . Once a hailstone becomes too heavy to be supported by the storm 's updraft , it falls from the cloud . Hail forms in strong thunderstorm clouds , particularly those with intense updrafts , high liquid water content , great vertical extent , large water droplets , and where a good portion of the cloud layer is below freezing 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) . Hail - producing clouds are often identifiable by their green coloration . The growth rate is maximized at about − 13 ° C ( 9 ° F ) , and becomes vanishingly small much below − 30 ° C ( − 22 ° F ) as supercooled water droplets become rare . For this reason , hail is most common within continental interiors of the mid-latitudes , as hail formation is considerably more likely when the freezing level is below the altitude of 11,000 feet ( 3,400 m ) . Entrainment of dry air into strong thunderstorms over continents can increase the frequency of hail by promoting evaporational cooling which lowers the freezing level of thunderstorm clouds giving hail a larger volume to grow in . Accordingly , hail is actually less common in the tropics despite a much higher frequency of thunderstorms than in the mid-latitudes because the atmosphere over the tropics tends to be warmer over a much greater depth . Hail in the tropics occurs mainly at higher elevations . Snow ( edit ) Main article : Snowflake Snowflakes by Wilson Bentley , 1902 . Snow crystals form when tiny supercooled cloud droplets ( about 10 μm in diameter ) freeze . These droplets are able to remain liquid at temperatures lower than − 18 ° C ( 255 K ; 0 ° F ) , because to freeze , a few molecules in the droplet need to get together by chance to form an arrangement similar to that in an ice lattice ; then the droplet freezes around this `` nucleus . '' Experiments show that this `` homogeneous '' nucleation of cloud droplets only occurs at temperatures lower than − 35 ° C ( 238 K ; − 31 ° F ) . In warmer clouds an aerosol particle or `` ice nucleus '' must be present in ( or in contact with ) the droplet to act as a nucleus . Our understanding of what particles make efficient ice nuclei is poor -- what we do know is they are very rare compared to that cloud condensation nuclei on which liquid droplets form . Clays , desert dust and biological particles may be effective , although to what extent is unclear . Artificial nuclei are used in cloud seeding . The droplet then grows by condensation of water vapor onto the ice surfaces . Diamond dust ( edit ) Main article : Diamond dust So - called `` diamond dust '' , also known as ice needles or ice crystals , forms at temperatures approaching − 40 ° C ( − 40 ° F ) due to air with slightly higher moisture from aloft mixing with colder , surface - based air . The METAR identifier for diamond dust within international hourly weather reports is IC . Ablation ( edit ) Main article : Ablation Ablation of ice refers to both its melting and its dissolution . In fresh ambient melting describes a phase transition from solid to liquid . To melt ice means breaking the hydrogen bonds between the water molecules . The ordering of the molecules in the solid breaks down to a less ordered state and the solid melts to become a liquid . This is achieved by increasing the internal energy of the ice beyond the melting point . When ice melts it absorbs as much energy as would be required to heat an equivalent amount of water by 80 ° C. While melting , the temperature of the ice surface remains constant at 0 ° C. The velocity of the melting process depends on the efficiency of the energy exchange process . An ice surface in fresh water melts solely by free convection with a velocity that depends linearly on the water temperature , T , when T is less than 3.98 ° C , and superlinearly when T is equal to or greater than 3.98 ° C , with the rate being proportional to ( T − 3.98 ° C ) , with α = 5 / 3 for T much greater than 8 ° C , and α = 4 / 3 for inbetween temperatures T . In salty ambient conditions , dissolution rather than melting often causes the ablation of ice . For example , the temperature of the Arctic Ocean is generally below the melting point of ablating sea ice . The phase transition from solid to liquid is achieved by mixing salt and water molecules , similar to the dissolution of sugar in water , even though the water temperature is far below the melting point of the sugar . Hence dissolution is rate limited by salt transport whereas melting can occur at much higher rates that are characteristic for heat transport . Role in human activities ( edit ) Humans have used ice for cooling and food preservation for centuries , relying on harvesting natural ice in various forms and then transitioning to the mechanical production of the material . Ice also presents a challenge to transportation in various forms and a setting for winter sports . Cooling ( edit ) Ice has long been valued as a means of cooling . In 400 BC Iran , Persian engineers had already mastered the technique of storing ice in the middle of summer in the desert . The ice was brought in during the winters from nearby mountains in bulk amounts , and stored in specially designed , naturally cooled refrigerators , called yakhchal ( meaning ice storage ) . This was a large underground space ( up to 5000 m ) that had thick walls ( at least two meters at the base ) made of a special mortar called sarooj , composed of sand , clay , egg whites , lime , goat hair , and ash in specific proportions , and which was known to be resistant to heat transfer . This mixture was thought to be completely water impenetrable . The space often had access to a qanat , and often contained a system of windcatchers which could easily bring temperatures inside the space down to frigid levels on summer days . The ice was used to chill treats for royalty . Harvesting ( edit ) Main article : Ice cutting Harvesting ice on Lake St. Clair in Michigan , c. 1905 There were thriving industries in 16th / 17th century England whereby low - lying areas along the Thames Estuary were flooded during the winter , and ice harvested in carts and stored inter-seasonally in insulated wooden houses as a provision to an icehouse often located in large country houses , and widely used to keep fish fresh when caught in distant waters . This was allegedly copied by an Englishman who had seen the same activity in China . Ice was imported into England from Norway on a considerable scale as early as 1823 . In the United States , the first cargo of ice was sent from New York City to Charleston , South Carolina in 1799 , and by the first half of the 19th century , ice harvesting had become big business . Frederic Tudor , who became known as the `` Ice King '' , worked on developing better insulation products for the long distance shipment of ice , especially to the tropics ; this became known as the ice trade . Trieste sent ice to Egypt , Corfu , and Zante ; Switzerland sent it to France ; and Germany sometimes was supplied from Bavarian lakes . The Hungarian Parliament building used ice harvested in the winter from Lake Balaton for air conditioning . Ice houses were used to store ice formed in the winter , to make ice available all year long , and early refrigerators were known as iceboxes , because they had a block of ice in them . In many cities , it was not unusual to have a regular ice delivery service during the summer . The advent of artificial refrigeration technology has since made delivery of ice obsolete . Ice is still harvested for ice and snow sculpture events . For example , a swing saw is used to get ice for the Harbin International Ice and Snow Sculpture Festival each year from the frozen surface of the Songhua River . Mechanical production ( edit ) Layout of a late 19th - Century ice factory Ice is now produced on an industrial scale , for uses including food storage and processing , chemical manufacturing , concrete mixing and curing , and consumer or packaged ice . Most commercial icemakers produce three basic types of fragmentary ice : flake , tubular and plate , using a variety of techniques . Large batch ice makers can produce up to 75 tons of ice per day . In 2002 , there were 426 commercial ice - making companies in the United States , with a combined value of shipments of $595,487,000 . Home refrigerators can also make ice with a built in icemaker , which will typically make ice cubes or crushed ice . Stand - alone icemaker units that make ice cubes are often called ice machines . Transportation ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ice can present challenges to safe transportation on land , sea and in the air . Land travel ( edit ) Road ice decreases tire traction , thereby affecting driving safety . Ice forming on roads is a dangerous winter hazard . Black ice is very difficult to see , because it lacks the expected frosty surface . Whenever there is freezing rain or snow which occurs at a temperature near the melting point , it is common for ice to build up on the windows of vehicles . Driving safely requires the removal of the ice build - up . Ice scrapers are tools designed to break the ice free and clear the windows , though removing the ice can be a long and laborious process . Far enough below the freezing point , a thin layer of ice crystals can form on the inside surface of windows . This usually happens when a vehicle has been left alone after being driven for a while , but can happen while driving , if the outside temperature is low enough . Moisture from the driver 's breath is the source of water for the crystals . It is troublesome to remove this form of ice , so people often open their windows slightly when the vehicle is parked in order to let the moisture dissipate , and it is now common for cars to have rear - window defrosters to solve the problem . A similar problem can happen in homes , which is one reason why many colder regions require double - pane windows for insulation . When the outdoor temperature stays below freezing for extended periods , very thick layers of ice can form on lakes and other bodies of water , although places with flowing water require much colder temperatures . The ice can become thick enough to drive onto with automobiles and trucks . Doing this safely requires a thickness of at least 30 cm ( one foot ) . Water - borne travel ( edit ) Channel through ice for ship traffic on Lake Huron with ice breakers in background For ships , ice presents two distinct hazards . Spray and freezing rain can produce an ice build - up on the superstructure of a vessel sufficient to make it unstable , and to require it to be hacked off or melted with steam hoses . And icebergs -- large masses of ice floating in water ( typically created when glaciers reach the sea ) -- can be dangerous if struck by a ship when underway . Icebergs have been responsible for the sinking of many ships , the most famous being the Titanic . For harbors near the poles , being ice - free is an important advantage . Ideally , all year long . Examples are Murmansk ( Russia ) , Petsamo ( Russia , formerly Finland ) and Vardø ( Norway ) . Harbors which are not ice - free are opened up using icebreakers . Air travel ( edit ) Rime ice on the leading edge of an aircraft wing , partially released by the black pneumatic boot . For aircraft , ice can cause a number of dangers . As an aircraft climbs , it passes through air layers of different temperature and humidity , some of which may be conducive to ice formation . If ice forms on the wings or control surfaces , this may adversely affect the flying qualities of the aircraft . During the first non-stop flight across the Atlantic , the British aviators Captain John Alcock and Lieutenant Arthur Whitten Brown encountered such icing conditions -- Brown left the cockpit and climbed onto the wing several times to remove ice which was covering the engine air intakes of the Vickers Vimy aircraft they were flying . One vulnerability effected by icing that is associated with reciprocating internal combustion engines is the carburetor . As air is sucked through the carburetor into the engine , the local air pressure is lowered , which causes adiabatic cooling . Thus , in humid near - freezing conditions , the carburetor will be colder , and tend to ice up . This will block the supply of air to the engine , and cause it to fail . For this reason , aircraft reciprocating engines with carburetors are provided with carburetor air intake heaters . The increasing use of fuel injection -- which does not require carburetors -- has made `` carb icing '' less of an issue for reciprocating engines . Jet engines do not experience carb icing , but recent evidence indicates that they can be slowed , stopped , or damaged by internal icing in certain types of atmospheric conditions much more easily than previously believed . In most cases , the engines can be quickly restarted and flights are not endangered , but research continues to determine the exact conditions which produce this type of icing , and find the best methods to prevent , or reverse it , in flight . Recreation and sports ( edit ) Main article : Ice sports Skating fun by 17th century Dutch painter Hendrick Avercamp Ice also plays a central role in winter recreation and in many sports such as ice skating , tour skating , ice hockey , bandy , ice fishing , ice climbing , curling , broomball and sled racing on bobsled , luge and skeleton . Many of the different sports played on ice get international attention every four years during the Winter Olympic Games . A sort of sailboat on blades gives rise to ice yachting . Another sport is ice racing , where drivers must speed on lake ice , while also controlling the skid of their vehicle ( similar in some ways to dirt track racing ) . The sport has even been modified for ice rinks . Other uses ( edit ) Ice cubes or crushed ice can be used to cool drinks . As the ice melts , it absorbs heat and keeps the drink near 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) . Ice can be used to reduce swelling ( by decreasing blood flow ) and pain by pressing it against an area of the body . Ice pier during 1983 cargo operations . McMurdo Station , Antarctica Engineers used the substantial strength of pack ice when they constructed Antarctica 's first floating ice pier in 1973 . Such ice piers are used during cargo operations to load and offload ships . Fleet operations personnel make the floating pier during the winter . They build upon naturally occurring frozen seawater in McMurdo Sound until the dock reaches a depth of about 22 feet ( 6.7 m ) . Ice piers have a lifespan of three to five years . Structures and ice sculptures are built out of large chunks of ice or by spraying water The structures are mostly ornamental ( as in the case with ice castles ) , and not practical for long - term habitation . Ice hotels exist on a seasonal basis in a few cold areas . Igloos are another example of a temporary structure , made primarily from snow . In cold climates , roads are regularly prepared on iced - over lakes and archipelago areas . Temporarily , even a railroad has been built on ice . During World War II , Project Habbakuk was an Allied programme which investigated the use of pykrete ( wood fibers mixed with ice ) as a possible material for warships , especially aircraft carriers , due to the ease with which a vessel immune to torpedoes , and a large deck , could be constructed by ice . A small - scale prototype was built , but the need for such a vessel in the war was removed prior to building it in full - scale . Ice has even been used as the material for a variety of musical instruments , for example by percussionist Terje Isungset . Ice is used to cool and preserve food in iceboxes . Ice can be used as part of an air conditioning system , using battery - or solar - powered fans to blow hot air over the ice . This is especially useful during heat waves when power is out and standard ( electrically powered ) air conditioners do not work . `` Ice '' of other materials ( edit ) Main article : Volatiles The solid phases of several other volatile substances are also referred to as ices ; generally a volatile is classed as an ice if its melting point lies above or around 100 K . The best known example is dry ice , the solid form of carbon dioxide . A `` magnetic analogue '' of ice is also realized in some insulating magnetic materials in which the magnetic moments mimic the position of protons in water ice and obey energetic constraints similar to the Bernal - Fowler ice rules arising from the geometrical frustration of the proton configuration in water ice . These materials are called spin ice . 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Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 7 May 2009 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ National Severe Storms Laboratory ( 23 April 2007 ) . `` Aggregate hailstone '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Archived from the original on 10 August 2009 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Brimelow , Julian C. ; Reuter , Gerhard W. ; Poolman , Eugene R. ( 2002 ) . `` Modeling Maximum Hail Size in Alberta Thunderstorms '' . Weather and Forecasting. 17 ( 5 ) : 1048 -- 1062 . Bibcode : 2002WtFor ... 17.1048 B . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0434 ( 2002 ) 017 < 1048 : MMHSIA > 2.0.CO ; 2 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Jacque ( 10 April 2000 ) . `` Hail Fact Sheet '' . University Corporation for Atmospheric Research . Archived from the original on 15 October 2009 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hail storms rock southern Qld '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 19 October 2004 . Archived from the original on 6 March 2010 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . 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Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( 2009 ) . `` Cloud seeding '' . American Meteorological Society . Archived from the original on 15 March 2012 . Retrieved 28 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ) . `` Diamond Dust '' . American Meteorological Society . Archived from the original on 3 April 2009 . Retrieved 21 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Keitzl , Thomas ; Mellado , Juan Pedro ; Notz , Dirk ( 2016 ) . `` Impact of Thermally Driven Turbulence on the Bottom Melting of Ice '' . J. Phys . Oceanogr. 46 ( 4 ) : 1171 -- 1187 . Bibcode : 2016JPO ... 46.1171 K . doi : 10.1175 / JPO - D - 15 - 0126.1 . Jump up ^ Woods , Andrew W. ( 1992 ) . `` Melting and dissolving '' . J. Fluid Mech. 239 : 429 -- 448 . Bibcode : 1992JFM ... 239 ... 429W . doi : 10.1017 / S0022112092004476 . ^ Jump up to : Reynolds , Francis J. , ed. ( 1921 ) . `` Ice '' . Collier 's New Encyclopedia . New York : P.F. Collier & Son Company . Jump up ^ `` Ice is money in China 's coldest city '' . AFP via The Sydney Morning Herald . 13 November 2008 . Archived from the original on 2 October 2009 . Retrieved 26 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : ASHRAE . `` Ice Manufacture '' . 2006 ASHRAE Handbook : Refrigeration . Inch - Pound Edition . p. 34 - 1 . ISBN 1 - 931862 - 86 - 9 . Jump up ^ Rydzewski , A.J. `` Mechanical Refrigeration : Ice Making . '' Marks ' Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers . 11th ed . McGraw Hill : New York . pp. 19 -- 24 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 142867 - 5 . Jump up ^ U.S. Census Bureau . `` Ice manufacturing : 2002 . '' Archived 22 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine . 2002 Economic Census . Jump up ^ Deuster , Patricia A. ; Singh , Anita ; Pelletier , Pierre A. ( 2007 ) . The U.S. Navy Seal Guide to Fitness and Nutrition . Skyhorse Publishing Inc. p. 117 . ISBN 1 - 60239 - 030 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Unique ice pier provides harbor for ships , '' Archived 23 February 2011 at Wikiwix Antarctic Sun . 8 January 2006 ; McMurdo Station , Antarctica . ^ Jump up to : Makkonen , L. ( 1994 ) `` Ice and Construction '' . E & FN Spon , London . ISBN 0 - 203 - 62726 - 1 . Jump up ^ Gold , L.W. ( 1993 ) . `` The Canadian Habbakuk Project : a Project of the National Research Council of Canada '' . International Glaciological Society . ISBN 0946417164 . Jump up ^ Talkington , Fiona ( 3 May 2005 ) . `` Terje Isungset Iceman Is Review '' . BBC Music . Archived from the original on 24 September 2013 . Retrieved 24 May 2011 . External links ( edit ) Look up ice in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ice . Wikisource has the text of The New Student 's Reference Work article Ice . The National Snow and Ice Data Center , based in the United States The phase diagram of water , including the ice variants Webmineral listing for Ice MinDat.org listing and location data for Ice The physics of ice The phase diagrams of water with some high pressure diagrams ' Unfreezable ' water , ' bound water ' and water of hydration Electromechanical properties of ice Estimating the maximum thickness of an ice layer Sandia 's Z machine creates ice in nanoseconds Amazing ice at Lac Leman The Surprisingly Cool History of Ice Ice the solid state of water Crystalline types Ih Ic II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI Square crystals Formations and phenomena Amorphous solid Anchor Black Clathrate hydrates Cap Cave Circle or disc Clear Crystals Dam ( roof ) Diamond dust Drift Dune Field Firn Fog Frazil Frost Frost heave Frost flower ( sea ice ) Glacier Glaze Hair ice Iceberg ( calving ) Icicle Jacking Jam Nucleus Sheet Shove Spike Stalactites Macroscopic quantum phenomena Névé Needle Rime hard soft Sea Slurry Slush Storm Volcano Ice - 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List of monarchs in Britain by length of reign

List of monarchs in Britain by length of reign - wikipedia List of monarchs in Britain by length of reign Elizabeth II The following is a list , ordered by length of reign , of the monarchs of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ( 1927 -- present ) , the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( 1801 -- 1927 ) , the Kingdom of Great Britain ( 1707 -- 1801 ) , the Kingdom of England ( 871 -- 1707 ) , the Kingdom of Scotland ( 878 -- 1707 ) , the Kingdom of Ireland ( 1542 -- 1800 ) , and the Principality of Wales ( 1216 -- 1542 ) . Queen Elizabeth II became the longest - reigning British monarch on 9 September 2015 when she surpassed the reign of her great - great - grandmother Victoria . On 6 February 2017 she became the first British monarch to celebrate a Sapphire Jubilee , commemorating 65 years on the throne . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overall 1.1 Gallery 1.2 Elizabeth II 2 Unitary monarchy 2.1 United Kingdom 2.2 Great Britain 3 Kingdoms 3.1 England 3.2 Scotland 3.3 Ireland 4 Principalities 4.1 Gwynedd 4.2 Wales 5 See also 6 References Overall ( edit ) These are the ten longest reigning monarchs in Britain for whom there is reliable recorded evidence . No . Name Reign Duration From To Days Years , days Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom 6 February 1952 Present 24,267 7004242670000000000 ♠ 66 years , 160 days Victoria of the United Kingdom 20 June 1837 22 January 1901 23,226 63 years , 216 days George III of the United Kingdom 25 October 1760 29 January 1820 21,644 59 years , 96 days James VI of Scotland 24 July 1567 27 March 1625 21,066 57 years , 246 days 5 Henry III of England 28 October 1216 16 November 1272 20,473 56 years , 19 days 6 Edward III of England 25 January 1327 20 June 1377 18,410 50 years , 147 days 7 William I of Scotland 9 December 1165 4 December 1214 17,892 48 years , 360 days 8 Llywelyn of Gwynedd 1195 11 April 1240 16,173 -- 16,902 c. 44 -- 45 years 9 Elizabeth I of England 17 November 1558 24 March 1603 16,198 44 years , 127 days 10 David II of Scotland 7 June 1329 22 February 1371 15,235 41 years , 260 days The longest claim by a pretender was that of James Francis Edward Stuart ( the `` Old Pretender '' ) , who was the Jacobite pretender to the thrones of England , Scotland and Ireland for 64 years , 3 months , and 16 days ( 17 September 1701 -- 1 January 1766 ) . Gallery ( edit ) 1 -- Elizabeth II 2 -- Victoria 3 -- George III 4 -- James VI 5 -- Henry III 6 -- Edward III 7 -- William I 8 -- Llywelyn I 9 -- Elizabeth I 10 -- David II Elizabeth II ( edit ) On 9 September 2015 ( at the age of 89 years , 141 days ) , Elizabeth II became the longest - reigning British monarch and the longest - reigning female monarch in world history . On 23 May 2016 ( at the age of 90 years , 32 days ) , her reign surpassed the claimed reign of James Francis Edward Stuart ( the `` Old Pretender '' ) . On 13 October 2016 ( at the age of 90 years , 175 days ) , she became the world 's longest - reigning current monarch ( and the world 's longest - serving current head of state ) after the death of Bhumibol Adulyadej ( Rama IX ) , King of Thailand . Should she still be reigning on -- 18 July 2020 ( at age 94 years , 88 days ) , she will have been queen for 25,000 days . 6 February 2022 ( at age 95 years , 291 days ) , she will celebrate her platinum jubilee , marking 70 years on the throne . 27 May 2024 ( at age 98 years , 36 days ) , she will surpass Louis XIV of France as the longest - reigning monarch of a major European country . Unitary monarchy ( edit ) See also : List of British monarchs United Kingdom ( edit ) On 1 January 1801 the Kingdom of Great Britain united with the Kingdom of Ireland to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland , becoming the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland by Act of Parliament in 1927 following the creation of the Irish Free State in 1922 . Name Reign Duration From To ( days ) ( years , days ) Elizabeth II 6 February 1952 Present 24,267 7004242670000000000 ♠ 66 years , 160 days Victoria 20 June 1837 22 January 1901 23,226 63 years , 216 days George V 6 May 1910 20 January 1936 9,390 25 years , 259 days George III 1 January 1801 29 January 1820 6,967 19 years , 28 days George VI 11 December 1936 6 February 1952 5,535 15 years , 57 days George IV 29 January 1820 26 June 1830 3,801 10 years , 148 days Edward VII 22 January 1901 6 May 1910 3,391 9 years , 104 days William IV 26 June 1830 20 June 1837 2,551 6 years , 359 days Edward VIII 20 January 1936 11 December 1936 326 326 days Great Britain ( edit ) On 1 May 1707 , under the Acts of Union 1707 , the Kingdom of England united with the Kingdom of Scotland as the Kingdom of Great Britain . Name Reign Duration From To ( days ) ( years , days ) George III ( also United Kingdom ) 25 October 1760 1 January 1801 14,677 40 years , 68 days George II 22 June 1727 25 October 1760 12,168 33 years , 114 days George I 1 August 1714 11 June 1727 4,697 12 years , 314 days Anne 1 May 1707 1 August 1714 2,649 7 years , 92 days Kingdoms ( edit ) England ( edit ) See also : List of English monarchs Includes English monarchs from the installation of Alfred the Great as King of Wessex in 871 to Anne ( House of Stuart ) and the Acts of Union on 1 May 1707 , when the crown became part of the Kingdom of Great Britain . Name Reign Duration From To ( days ) ( years , days ) Henry III 28 October 1216 16 November 1272 20,473 56 years , 19 days Edward III 25 January 1327 21 June 1377 18,410 50 years , 147 days Elizabeth I 17 November 1558 24 March 1603 16,198 44 years , 127 days Henry VI 1 September 1422 31 October 1470 4 March 1461 11 April 1471 14,064 162 Total : 14,226 38 years , 184 days 162 days 38 years , 347 days Æthelred II 18 March 978 3 February 1014 25 December 1013 23 April 1016 13,065 810 Total : 13,875 35 years , 282 days 2 years , 80 days 37 years , 362 days Henry VIII 22 April 1509 28 January 1547 13,795 37 years , 281 days Charles II 30 January 1649 6 February 1685 13,156 36 years , 7 days Henry I 5 August 1100 1 December 1135 12,901 35 years , 118 days Henry II ( co-ruler with Henry the Young King ) 25 October 1154 6 July 1189 12,673 34 years , 254 days Edward I 20 November 1272 7 July 1307 12,646 34 years , 229 days Alfred the Great 24 April 871 26 October 899 10,412 28 years , 185 days Edward the Elder 27 October 899 17 July 924 9,029 24 years , 264 days Charles I 27 March 1625 30 January 1649 8,710 23 years , 309 days Henry VII 22 August 1485 21 April 1509 8,642 23 years , 242 days Edward the Confessor 8 June 1042 5 January 1066 8,612 23 years , 211 days Richard II 22 June 1377 29 September 1399 8,134 22 years , 99 days James I 24 March 1603 27 March 1625 8,039 22 years , 3 days Edward IV 4 March 1461 11 April 1471 3 October 1470 9 April 1483 3,500 4,381 Total : 7,881 9 years , 213 days 11 years , 363 days 21 years , 211 days William I 12 December 1066 9 September 1087 7,563 20 years , 258 days Edward II 8 July 1307 20 January 1327 7,136 19 years , 196 days Cnut 30 November 1016 12 November 1035 6,921 18 years , 347 days Stephen 22 December 1135 1 November 1141 7 April 1141 25 October 1154 1,933 4,741 Total : 6,674 5 years , 106 days 12 years , 358 days 18 years , 99 days 6 April 1199 19 October 1216 6,406 17 years , 196 days Edgar I 1 October 959 8 July 975 5,759 15 years , 280 days Æthelstan 2 August 924 ( or 925 ) 27 October 939 5,564 or 5,199 15 years , 86 days or 14 years , 86 days Henry IV 30 September 1399 20 March 1413 4,919 13 years , 171 days William III ( co-ruler with Mary II ) 13 February 1689 8 March 1702 4,770 13 years , 23 days Henry the Young King ( co-ruler with Henry II ) 14 June 1170 11 June 1183 4,745 12 years , 362 days William II 26 September 1087 2 August 1100 4,693 12 years , 310 days Richard I 6 July 1189 6 April 1199 3,561 9 years , 274 days Eadred 26 May 946 23 November 955 3,468 9 years , 181 days Henry V 21 March 1413 31 August 1422 3,450 9 years , 163 days Edmund I 27 October 939 26 May 946 2,403 6 years , 211 days Edward VI 28 January 1547 6 July 1553 2,351 6 years , 159 days Mary II ( co-ruler with William III ) 13 February 1689 28 December 1694 2,144 5 years , 318 days Mary I 19 July 1553 17 November 1558 1,947 5 years , 121 days Anne ( also Kingdom of Great Britain ) 8 March 1702 30 April 1707 1,879 5 years , 53 days Eadwig 23 November 955 1 October 959 1,408 3 years , 312 days James II 6 February 1685 11 December 1688 1,404 3 years , 309 days Edward the Martyr 9 July 975 18 March 978 984 2 years , 253 days Harold I 12 November 1037 17 March 1040 856 2 years , 126 days Harthacnut 17 March 1040 8 June 1042 813 2 years , 83 days Richard III 26 June 1483 22 August 1485 788 2 years , 57 days Harold II 5 January 1066 14 October 1066 282 282 days Edmund II 23 April 1016 30 November 1016 221 221 days Matilda ( disputed ) 7 April 1141 1 November 1141 208 208 days Edward V 9 April 1483 26 June 1483 78 78 days Edgar II 15 October 1066 17 December 1066 63 63 days Sweyn Forkbeard 25 December 1013 3 February 1014 40 40 days Jane ( disputed ) 10 July 1553 19 July 1553 9 9 days Scotland ( edit ) See also : List of Scottish monarchs Includes Scottish monarchs from the installation of Kenneth I ( House of Alpin ) in 848 to Anne ( House of Stuart ) and the Acts of Union on 1 May 1707 , when the crown became part of the Kingdom of Great Britain . Name Reign Duration From To ( days ) ( years , days ) James VI 24 July 1567 27 March 1625 21,066 57 years , 246 days William I 9 December 1165 4 December 1214 17,892 48 years , 360 days Constantine II 900 943 c . 15,500 c. 43 years David II 7 June 1329 22 February 1371 15,235 41 years , 260 days Alexander III 6 July 1249 19 March 1286 13,405 36 years , 256 days Malcolm III 17 March 1058 13 November 1093 13,025 35 years , 241 days Alexander II 4 December 1214 6 July 1249 12,633 34 years , 214 days James I 4 April 1406 21 February 1437 11,281 30 years , 323 days Malcolm II 25 March 1005 25 November 1034 10,837 29 years , 245 days James V 9 September 1513 14 December 1542 10,688 29 years , 96 days David I 23 April 1124 24 May 1153 10,623 29 years , 31 days James III 3 August 1460 11 June 1488 10,174 27 years , 313 days Charles II 30 January 1649 29 May 1660 3 September 1651 6 February 1685 946 9,019 Total : 9,965 2 years , 216 days 24 years , 253 days 27 years , 104 days James IV 11 June 1488 9 September 1513 9,220 25 years , 90 days Mary I 14 December 1542 24 July 1567 8,988 24 years , 222 days Charles I 27 March 1625 30 January 1649 8,710 23 years , 309 days Kenneth II 971 995 c . 8,700 c. 23 - 24 years James II 21 February 1437 3 August 1460 8,564 23 years , 164 days Robert I 25 March 1306 7 June 1329 8,475 23 years , 74 days Robert II 22 February 1371 19 April 1390 6,996 19 years , 56 days Alexander I 8 January 1107 23 April 1124 6,315 17 years , 106 days Macbeth 14 August 1040 15 August 1057 6,210 17 years , 1 day Robert III 19 April 1390 4 April 1406 5,828 15 years , 350 days Constantine I 862 877 c . 5,400 c. 15 years Kenneth MacAlpin 843 13 February 858 c . 5,100 c. 14 years William II 11 May 1689 8 March 1702 4,683 12 years , 301 days Malcolm IV 24 May 1153 9 December 1165 4,582 12 years , 199 days Giric ( co-ruler with Eochaid ? ) 878 889 c . 4.000 c. 11 years Donald II 889 900 c . 4,000 c. 11 years Malcolm I 943 954 c . 3,600 c. 10 - 11 years Edgar 1097 8 January 1107 c . 3,600 c. 10 years Kenneth III 997 25 March 1005 c . 2,900 c. 8 years Indulf 954 962 c . 2,700 c. 8 years Duncan I 25 November 1034 14 August 1040 2,089 5 years , 263 days Mary II 11 April 1689 28 December 1694 2,087 5 years , 261 days Amlaíb 971 977 c . 2,000 c. 5 - 6 years Anne ( also Kingdom of Great Britain ) 8 March 1702 30 April 1707 1,879 5 years , 53 days Dub 962 c. 966 - 967 c . 1,800 c. 5 years Cuilén c. 966 - 967 971 c . 1,800 c. 5 years Domnall mac Ailpín 858 13 April 862 c . 1.300 c. 4 years James VII 6 February 1685 11 December 1688 ( claimed until 16 September 1701 . ) 1,404 ( claimed 6,065 . ) 3 years , 309 days claimed 16 years , 222 days Margaret 25 November 1286 26 September 1290 1,401 3 years , 305 days John Balliol 17 November 1292 10 July 1296 1,331 3 years , 236 days Donald III 13 November 1093 1097 c . 1,000 c. 3 - 4 years Constantine III 1095 1097 c. 700 c. 2 years Áed mac Cináeda 877 878 c. 365 c. 1 year Lulach 15 August 1057 17 March 1058 212 212 days Duncan II May 1094 12 November 1094 c. 195 `` less than 7 months '' Ireland ( edit ) See also : Monarchy of Ireland The High King of Ireland ( 846 -- 1198 ) was primarily a titular title ( with the exception of Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair who was regarded as the first `` King of Ireland '' ) . The later Kingdom of Ireland ( 1542 -- 1800 ) came into being under the Crown of Ireland Act 1542 , the long title of which was `` An Act that the King of England , his Heirs and Successors , be Kings of Ireland '' . In 1801 the Irish crown became part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2018 ) Name Reign Duration From To ( days ) ( years , days ) Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair 1166 1193 c. 26 - 27 years Edward Bruce ( disputed ) June 1315 14 October 1318 c. 3 years , 100 days Brian Ua Néill ( disputed ) 1258 1260 c. 1 - 2 years Principalities ( edit ) Gwynedd ( edit ) See also : List of rulers of Gwynedd The Principality ( or Kingdom ) of Gwynedd ( 5th century -- 1216 ) was based in northwest Wales , its rulers were repeatedly acclaimed as `` King of the Britons '' before losing their power in civil wars or Saxon and Norman invasions . In 1216 it was superseded by the title Principality of Wales , although the new title was not first used until the 1240s . This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2018 ) Name Reign Duration From To ( days ) ( years , days ) Gruffudd ap Cynan 1081 1137 c. 55 - 56 years Llywelyn the Great 1195 11 April 1240 > 16,172 c. 44 - 45 years Owain Gwynedd 1137 1170 > 11,688 c. 33 years Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd 1170 1195 > 8,766 c. 25 years Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd 1170 1170 < 1 year Wales ( edit ) See also : List of Princes of Wales The Principality of Wales ( 1216 -- 1542 ) was a client state of England for much of its history , except for brief periods when it was de facto independent under a Welsh Prince of Wales ( see House of Aberffraw ) . From 1301 it was first used as a title of the English ( and later British ) heir apparent . The Laws in Wales Acts 1535 -- 1542 formally incorporated all of Wales within the Kingdom of England . This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2018 ) Name Reign Duration From To ( days ) ( years , days ) Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 1253 11 December 1282 > 10,572 c. 29 years Owain Glyndŵr ( disputed ) 16 September 1400 c. 1416 > 5,585 c. 16 years Owain Goch ap Gruffydd 25 February 1246 1255 > 3,000 c. 9 years Owain Lawgoch ( disputed ) May 1372 July 1378 > 2,221 c. 6 years Dafydd ap Llywelyn 12 April 1240 25 February 1246 2,145 5 years , 319 days Dafydd ap Gruffydd 11 December 1282 3 October 1283 296 296 days Charles , Prince of Wales , is the longest - serving Prince of Wales , with a tenure of 7004219050000000000 ♠ 59 years , 355 days since his proclamation as such in 1958 . See also ( edit ) Current reigning monarchs by length of reign List of British monarchs by longevity List of British monarchy records List of longest - reigning monarchs Line of succession to the British throne Monarchy of the United Kingdom References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Patricia Treble ( 30 December 2014 ) . `` Palace calculations : Queen Elizabeth II set to lap Victoria '' . Maclean 's . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Website of the British Monarchy '' . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . On 9 September 2015 , The Queen will become the longest reigning British Monarch , surpassing Queen Victoria . Jump up ^ Warren Gaebel . `` Longest Reigning British Monarch '' . Warren Gaebel . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Elizabeth is about to become Britain 's longest - reigning queen . Here 's how she 's changed monarchy '' . The Spectator. 2015 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Famous Stewarts '' . www.stewartsociety.org . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Thailand 's King Bhumibol Adulyadej dies at 88 '' . BBC News . 2016 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ By PA Oct 13 , 2016 . `` Queen takes over longest reign mantle after Thailand 's King Bhumibol dies '' . Aol.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 13 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Queen Elizabeth II becomes longest - reigning British monarch '' . Deutsche Welle. 2015 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Victoria Arbiter ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Queen Elizabeth II : The platinum monarch ? '' . CNN . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elledge , Jonn ( 9 September 2015 ) . `` Queen Elizabeth II is about to become Britain 's longest reigning monarch so here are some charts '' . New Statesman . Jump up ^ `` Royal And Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 '' . Legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : George III , King of Great Britain , became King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland on 1 January 1801 . ^ Jump up to : Anne , Queen of England and Queen of Scots , became Queen of Great Britain on 1 May 1707 . ^ Jump up to : Monarch 's total length of reign is the sum of the two reigns displayed . ^ Jump up to : Charles II King of England and King of Scots concurrently from 30 January 1649 to 6 February 1685 . ^ Jump up to : Charles I was King of England and King of Scots concurrently . ^ Jump up to : James VI , King of Scots , became James I , King of England , in 1603 . ^ Jump up to : William of Orange became William III , King of England , on 13 February 1689 and William II , King of Scots , on 11 May 1689 . ^ Jump up to : Mary II became Queen of England on 13 February 1689 and Queen of Scots on 11 May 1689 . Jump up ^ James was James II , King of England , and James VII , King of Scots , concurrently . Jump up ^ James was James II , King of England , and James VII , King of Scotland , concurrently . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_monarchs_in_Britain_by_length_of_reign&oldid=848299565 '' Categories : Lists of British monarchs Lists of monarchs by length of reign Queens regnant United Kingdom - related lists of superlatives Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use British English from September 2015 Use dmy dates from September 2015 Articles to be expanded from February 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 1 July 2018 , at 02 : 35 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

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Milky Way

Milky Way - wikipedia Milky Way Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the galaxy . For other uses , see Milky Way ( disambiguation ) . Milky Way Galaxy The Milky Way 's Galactic Center in the night sky above Paranal Observatory ( the laser creates a guide - star for the telescope ) . Observation data Type Sb , Sbc , or SB ( rs ) bc ( barred spiral galaxy ) Diameter 100 -- 180 kly ( 31 -- 55 kpc ) Thickness of thin stellar disk ≈ 2 kly ( 0.6 kpc ) Number of stars 100 -- 400 billion ( 2.5 × 10 ± 1.5 × 10 ) Oldest known star ≥ 13.7 Gyr Mass 0.8 -- 1.5 × 10 M Angular momentum ≈ 7067100000000000000 ♠ 1 × 10 J s Sun 's distance to Galactic Center 26.4 ± 1.0 kly ( 8.09 ± 0.31 kpc ) Sun 's Galactic rotation period 240 Myr Spiral pattern rotation period 220 -- 360 Myr Bar pattern rotation period 100 -- 120 Myr Speed relative to CMB rest frame 631 ± 20 km / s Escape velocity at Sun 's position 550 km / s Dark matter density at Sun 's position 0.0088 + 0.0024 − 0.0018 M pc or 0.35 + 0.08 − 0.07 GeV cm See also : Galaxy , List of galaxies The Milky Way is the galaxy that contains our Solar System . The descriptive `` milky '' is derived from the appearance from Earth of the galaxy -- a band of light seen in the night sky formed from stars that can not be individually distinguished by the naked eye . The term Milky Way is a translation of the Latin via lactea , from the Greek γαλαξίας κύκλος ( galaxías kýklos , `` milky circle '' ) . From Earth , the Milky Way appears as a band because its disk - shaped structure is viewed from within . Galileo Galilei first resolved the band of light into individual stars with his telescope in 1610 . Until the early 1920s , most astronomers thought that the Milky Way contained all the stars in the Universe . Following the 1920 Great Debate between the astronomers Harlow Shapley and Heber Curtis , observations by Edwin Hubble showed that the Milky Way is just one of many galaxies . The Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy with a diameter between 100,000 and 180,000 light - years . The Milky Way is estimated to contain 100 -- 400 billion stars . There are probably at least 100 billion planets in the Milky Way . The Solar System is located within the disk , about 26,000 light - years from the Galactic Center , on the inner edge of one of the spiral - shaped concentrations of gas and dust called the Orion Arm . The stars in the inner ≈ 10,000 light - years form a bulge and one or more bars that radiate from the bulge . The very center is marked by an intense radio source , named Sagittarius A * , which is likely to be a supermassive black hole . Stars and gases at a wide range of distances from the Galactic Center orbit at approximately 220 kilometers per second . The constant rotation speed contradicts the laws of Keplerian dynamics and suggests that much of the mass of the Milky Way does not emit or absorb electromagnetic radiation . This mass has been termed `` dark matter '' . The rotational period is about 240 million years at the position of the Sun . The Milky Way as a whole is moving at a velocity of approximately 600 km per second with respect to extragalactic frames of reference . The oldest stars in the Milky Way are nearly as old as the Universe itself and thus probably formed shortly after the Dark Ages of the Big Bang . The Milky Way has several satellite galaxies and is part of the Local Group of galaxies , which is a component of the Virgo Supercluster , which is itself a component of the Laniakea Supercluster . Contents ( hide ) 1 Appearance 2 Size and mass 3 Contents 4 Structure 4.1 Galactic quadrants 4.2 Galactic Center 4.3 Spiral arms 4.4 Halo 4.4. 1 Gaseous halo 4.5 Sun 's location and neighborhood 4.6 Galactic rotation 5 Formation 5.1 Age and cosmological history 6 Environment 7 Velocity 8 Etymology and mythology 9 Astronomical history 9.1 Mapping 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Appearance A view of the Milky Way toward the constellation Sagittarius ( including the Galactic Center ) as seen from an area not polluted by light ( the Black Rock Desert , Nevada ) . The bright object on the right is Jupiter , just above Antares . Play media This time - lapse video captures the Milky Way circling over ALMA . The `` Milky Way '' can be seen as a hazy band of white light some 30 degrees wide arcing across the sky . Although all the individual naked - eye stars in the entire sky are part of the Milky Way , the light in this band originates from the accumulation of unresolved stars and other material located in the direction of the galactic plane . Dark regions within the band , such as the Great Rift and the Coalsack , are areas where light from distant stars is blocked by interstellar dust . The area of the sky obscured by the Milky Way is called the Zone of Avoidance . The Milky Way has a relatively low surface brightness . Its visibility can be greatly reduced by background light such as light pollution or stray light from the Moon . The sky needs to be darker than about 20.2 magnitude per square arcsecond in order for the Milky Way to be seen . It should be visible when the limiting magnitude is approximately + 5.1 or better and shows a great deal of detail at + 6.1 . This makes the Milky Way difficult to see from any brightly lit urban or suburban location , but very prominent when viewed from a rural area when the Moon is below the horizon . The new world atlas of artificial night sky brightness shows that more than one - third of Earth 's population can not see the Milky Way from their homes due to light pollution . As viewed from Earth , the visible region of the Milky Way 's Galactic plane occupies an area of the sky that includes 30 constellations . The center of the Galaxy lies in the direction of the constellation Sagittarius ; it is here that the Milky Way is brightest . From Sagittarius , the hazy band of white light appears to pass around to the Galactic anticenter in Auriga . The band then continues the rest of the way around the sky , back to Sagittarius . The band divides the night sky into two roughly equal hemispheres . The Galactic plane is inclined by about 60 degrees to the ecliptic ( the plane of Earth 's orbit ) . Relative to the celestial equator , it passes as far north as the constellation of Cassiopeia and as far south as the constellation of Crux , indicating the high inclination of Earth 's equatorial plane and the plane of the ecliptic , relative to the Galactic plane . The north Galactic pole is situated at right ascension 12 49 , declination + 27.4 ° ( B1950 ) near β Comae Berenices , and the south Galactic pole is near α Sculptoris . Because of this high inclination , depending on the time of night and year , the arc of the Milky Way may appear relatively low or relatively high in the sky . For observers from approximately 65 degrees north to 65 degrees south on Earth 's surface , the Milky Way passes directly overhead twice a day . The Milky Way arching at a high inclination across the night sky ( fish - eye mosaic shot at Paranal , Chile ) . The bright object is Jupiter in the constellation Sagittarius , and the Magellanic Clouds can be seen on the left . Galactic north is downwards . Size and mass A photograph of galaxy UGC 12158 , which is thought to resemble the Milky Way in appearance . The Milky Way is the second - largest galaxy in the Local Group , with its stellar disk approximately 100,000 ly ( 30 kpc ) in diameter , and , on average , approximately 1,000 ly ( 0.3 kpc ) thick . As a guide to the relative physical scale of the Milky Way , if the Solar System out to Neptune were the size of a US quarter ( 24.3 mm ( 0.955 in ) ) , the Milky Way would be approximately the size of the continental United States . A ring - like filament of stars wrapping around the Milky Way may belong to the Milky Way itself , rippling above and below the relatively flat galactic plane . If so , that would mean a diameter of 150,000 -- 180,000 light - years ( 46 -- 55 kpc ) . Schematic profile of the Milky Way . Estimates of the mass of the Milky Way vary , depending upon the method and data used . At the low end of the estimate range , the mass of the Milky Way is 5.8 × 10 solar masses ( M ) , somewhat less than that of the Andromeda Galaxy . Measurements using the Very Long Baseline Array in 2009 found velocities as large as 254 km / s ( 570,000 mph ) for stars at the outer edge of the Milky Way . Because the orbital velocity depends on the total mass inside the orbital radius , this suggests that the Milky Way is more massive , roughly equaling the mass of Andromeda Galaxy at 7 × 10 M within 160,000 ly ( 49 kpc ) of its center . In 2010 , a measurement of the radial velocity of halo stars found that the mass enclosed within 80 kilo parsecs is 7 × 10 M. According to a study published in 2014 , the mass of the entire Milky Way is estimated to be 8.5 × 10 M , which is about half the mass of the Andromeda Galaxy . Much of the mass of the Milky Way appears to be dark matter , an unknown and invisible form of matter that interacts gravitationally with ordinary matter . A dark matter halo is spread out relatively uniformly to a distance beyond one hundred kiloparsecs from the Galactic Center . Mathematical models of the Milky Way suggest that the mass of dark matter is 1 -- 1.5 × 10 M. Recent studies indicate a range in mass , as large as 4.5 × 10 M and as small as 8 × 10 M . The total mass of all the stars in the Milky Way is estimated to be between 4.6 × 10 M and 6.43 × 10 M. In addition to the stars , there is also interstellar gas , comprising 90 % hydrogen and 10 % helium by mass , with two thirds of the hydrogen found in the atomic form and the remaining one - third as molecular hydrogen . The mass of this gas is equal to between 10 % and 15 % of the total mass of the galaxy 's stars . Interstellar dust accounts for an additional 1 % of the total mass of the gas . Contents Further information : Exoplanet The Milky Way contains between 200 and 400 billion stars and at least 100 billion planets . The exact figure depends on the number of very - low - mass stars , which are hard to detect , especially at distances of more than 300 ly ( 90 pc ) from the Sun . As a comparison , the neighboring Andromeda Galaxy contains an estimated one trillion ( 10 ) stars . Filling the space between the stars is a disk of gas and dust called the interstellar medium . This disk has at least a comparable extent in radius to the stars , whereas the thickness of the gas layer ranges from hundreds of light years for the colder gas to thousands of light years for warmer gas . The disk of stars in the Milky Way does not have a sharp edge beyond which there are no stars . Rather , the concentration of stars decreases with distance from the center of the Milky Way . For reasons that are not understood , beyond a radius of roughly 40,000 ly ( 13 kpc ) from the center , the number of stars per cubic parsec drops much faster with radius . Surrounding the galactic disk is a spherical Galactic Halo of stars and globular clusters that extends further outward but is limited in size by the orbits of two Milky Way satellites , the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds , whose closest approach to the Galactic Center is about 180,000 ly ( 55 kpc ) . At this distance or beyond , the orbits of most halo objects would be disrupted by the Magellanic Clouds . Hence , such objects would probably be ejected from the vicinity of the Milky Way . The integrated absolute visual magnitude of the Milky Way is estimated to be around − 20.9 . Both gravitational microlensing and planetary transit observations indicate that there may be at least as many planets bound to stars as there are stars in the Milky Way , and microlensing measurements indicate that there are more rogue planets not bound to host stars than there are stars . The Milky Way contains at least one planet per star , resulting in 100 -- 400 billion planets , according to a January 2013 study of the five - planet star system Kepler - 32 with the Kepler space observatory . A different January 2013 analysis of Kepler data estimated that at least 17 billion Earth - sized exoplanets reside in the Milky Way . On November 4 , 2013 , astronomers reported , based on Kepler space mission data , that there could be as many as 40 billion Earth - sized planets orbiting in the habitable zones of Sun - like stars and red dwarfs within the Milky Way . 11 billion of these estimated planets may be orbiting Sun - like stars . The nearest such planet may be 4.2 light - years away , according to a 2016 study . Such Earth - sized planets may be more numerous than gas giants . Besides exoplanets , `` exocomets '' , comets beyond the Solar System , have also been detected and may be common in the Milky Way . 360 - degree panorama view of the Milky Way ( an assembled mosaic of photographs ) by ESO . The galactic centre is in the middle of the view , with galactic north up . Structure Play media An artist 's impression that shows how the Milky Way would look from very different perspectives than from Earth . From some angles , the central bulge shows up as a peanut - shaped glowing ball of stars , and from above , the central narrow bar appears clearly . The many spiral arms and their associated dust clouds are also clearly seen . Artist 's conception of the spiral structure of the Milky Way with two major stellar arms and a bar Spitzer reveals what can not be seen in visible light : cooler stars ( blue ) , heated dust ( reddish hue ) , and Sgr A * as bright white spot in the middle . Bright X-ray flares from Sagittarius A * , location of the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way . The Milky Way consists of a bar - shaped core region surrounded by a disk of gas , dust and stars . The mass distribution within the Milky Way closely resembles the type Sbc in the Hubble classification , which represents spiral galaxies with relatively loosely wound arms . Astronomers began to suspect that the Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy , rather than an ordinary spiral galaxy , in the 1990s . Their suspicions were confirmed by the Spitzer Space Telescope observations in 2005 that showed the Milky Way 's central bar to be larger than previously thought . Galactic quadrants Main article : Galactic quadrant A galactic quadrant , or quadrant of the Milky Way , refers to one of four circular sectors in the division of the Milky Way . In actual astronomical practice , the delineation of the galactic quadrants is based upon the galactic coordinate system , which places the Sun as the origin of the mapping system . Quadrants are described using ordinals -- for example , `` 1st galactic quadrant '' , `` second galactic quadrant '' , or `` third quadrant of the Milky Way '' . Viewing from the north galactic pole with 0 degrees ( ° ) as the ray that runs starting from the Sun and through the Galactic Center , the quadrants are as follows : 1st galactic quadrant -- 0 ° ≤ longitude ( l ) ≤ 90 ° 2nd galactic quadrant -- 90 ° ≤ l ≤ 180 ° 3rd galactic quadrant -- 180 ° ≤ l ≤ 270 ° 4th galactic quadrant -- 270 ° ≤ l ≤ 360 ° ( 0 ° ) Galactic Center Main article : Galactic Center The Sun is 25,000 -- 28,000 ly ( 7.7 -- 8.6 kpc ) from the Galactic Center . This value is estimated using geometric - based methods or by measuring selected astronomical objects that serve as standard candles , with different techniques yielding various values within this approximate range . In the inner few kpc ( around 10,000 light - years radius ) is a dense concentration of mostly old stars in a roughly spheroidal shape called the bulge . It has been proposed that the Milky Way lacks a bulge formed due to a collision and merger between previous galaxies , and that instead it has a pseudobulge formed by its central bar . The Galactic Center is marked by an intense radio source named Sagittarius A * ( pronounced Sagittarius A-star ) . The motion of material around the center indicates that Sagittarius A * harbors a massive , compact object . This concentration of mass is best explained as a supermassive black hole ( SMBH ) with an estimated mass of 4.1 -- 4.5 million times the mass of the Sun . The rate of accretion of the SMBH is consistent with an inactive galactic nucleus , being estimated at around 6995100000000000000 ♠ 1 × 10 M y . Observations indicate that there are SMBH located near the center of most normal galaxies . The nature of the Milky Way 's bar is actively debated , with estimates for its half - length and orientation spanning from 1 to 5 kpc ( 3,000 -- 16,000 ly ) and 10 -- 50 degrees relative to the line of sight from Earth to the Galactic Center . Certain authors advocate that the Milky Way features two distinct bars , one nestled within the other . However , RR Lyrae variables do not trace a prominent Galactic bar . The bar may be surrounded by a ring called the `` 5 - kpc ring '' that contains a large fraction of the molecular hydrogen present in the Milky Way , as well as most of the Milky Way 's star formation activity . Viewed from the Andromeda Galaxy , it would be the brightest feature of the Milky Way . X-ray emission from the core is aligned with the massive stars surrounding the central bar and the Galactic ridge . Illustration of the two gigantic X-ray / gamma - ray bubbles ( blue - violet ) of the Milky Way ( center ) In 2010 , two gigantic spherical bubbles of high energy emission were detected to the north and the south of the Milky Way core , using data from the Fermi Gamma - ray Space Telescope . The diameter of each of the bubbles is about 25,000 light - years ( 7.7 kpc ) ; they stretch up to Grus and to Virgo on the night - sky of the southern hemisphere . Subsequently , observations with the Parkes Telescope at radio frequencies identified polarized emission that is associated with the Fermi bubbles . These observations are best interpreted as a magnetized outflow driven by star formation in the central 640 ly ( 200 pc ) of the Milky Way . Later , on January 5 , 2015 , NASA reported observing an X-ray flare 400 times brighter than usual , a record - breaker , from Sagittarius A * . The unusual event may have been caused by the breaking apart of an asteroid falling into the black hole or by the entanglement of magnetic field lines within gas flowing into Sagittarius A * . Spiral arms For more details on this topic , see Spiral galaxy . Outside the gravitational influence of the Galactic bars , the structure of the interstellar medium and stars in the disk of the Milky Way is organized into four spiral arms . Spiral arms typically contain a higher density of interstellar gas and dust than the Galactic average as well as a greater concentration of star formation , as traced by H II regions and molecular clouds . The Milky Way 's spiral structure is uncertain , and there is currently no consensus on the nature of the Milky Way 's spiral arms . Perfect logarithmic spiral patterns only crudely describe features near the Sun , because galaxies commonly have arms that branch , merge , twist unexpectedly , and feature a degree of irregularity . The possible scenario of the Sun within a spur / Local arm emphasizes that point and indicates that such features are probably not unique , and exist elsewhere in the Milky Way . Estimates of the pitch angle of the arms range from about 7 ° to 25 ° . There are thought to be four spiral arms that all start near the Milky Way 's center . These are named as follows , with the positions of the arms shown in the image at right : Observed ( normal lines ) and extrapolated ( dotted lines ) structure of the spiral arms . The gray lines radiating from the Sun 's position ( upper center ) list the three - letter abbreviations of the corresponding constellations . Color Arm ( s ) cyan 3 - kpc Arm ( Near 3 kpc Arm and Far 3 kpc Arm ) and Perseus Arm purple Norma and Outer arm ( Along with extension discovered in 2004 ) green Scutum -- Centaurus Arm pink Carina -- Sagittarius Arm There are at least two smaller arms or spurs , including : orange Orion -- Cygnus Arm ( which contains the Sun and Solar System ) Two spiral arms , the Scutum -- Centaurus arm and the Carina -- Sagittarius arm , have tangent points inside the Sun 's orbit about the center of the Milky Way . If these arms contain an overdensity of stars compared to the average density of stars in the Galactic disk , it would be detectable by counting the stars near the tangent point . Two surveys of near - infrared light , which is sensitive primarily to red giants and not affected by dust extinction , detected the predicted overabundance in the Scutum -- Centaurus arm but not in the Carina -- Sagittarius arm : the Scutum - Centaurus Arm contains approximately 30 % more red giants than would be expected in the absence of a spiral arm . This observation suggests that the Milky Way possesses only two major stellar arms : the Perseus arm and the Scutum -- Centaurus arm . The rest of the arms contain excess gas but not excess old stars . In December 2013 , astronomers found that the distribution of young stars and star - forming regions matches the four - arm spiral description of the Milky Way . Thus , the Milky Way appears to have two spiral arms as traced by old stars and four spiral arms as traced by gas and young stars . The explanation for this apparent discrepancy is unclear . Clusters detected by WISE used to trace the Milky Way 's spiral arms The Near 3 kpc Arm ( also called Expanding 3 kpc Arm or simply 3 kpc Arm ) was discovered in the 1950s by astronomer van Woerden and collaborators through 21 - centimeter radio measurements of HI ( atomic hydrogen ) . It was found to be expanding away from the central bulge at more than 50 km / s . It is located in the fourth galactic quadrant at a distance of about 5.2 kpc from the Sun and 3.3 kpc from the Galactic Center . The Far 3 kpc Arm was discovered in 2008 by astronomer Tom Dame ( Harvard - Smithsonian CfA ) . It is located in the first galactic quadrant at a distance of 3 kpc ( about 10,000 ly ) from the Galactic Center . A simulation published in 2011 suggested that the Milky Way may have obtained its spiral arm structure as a result of repeated collisions with the Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy . It has been suggested that the Milky Way contains two different spiral patterns : an inner one , formed by the Sagittarius arm , that rotates fast and an outer one , formed by the Carina and Perseus arms , whose rotation velocity is slower and whose arms are tightly wound . In this scenario , suggested by numerical simulations of the dynamics of the different spiral arms , the outer pattern would form an outer pseudoring , and the two patterns would be connected by the Cygnus arm . The long filamentary molecular cloud dubbed `` Nessie '' probably forms a dense `` spine '' of the Scutum -- Centarus Arm Outside of the major spiral arms is the Monoceros Ring ( or Outer Ring ) , a ring of gas and stars torn from other galaxies billions of years ago . However , several members of the scientific community recently restated their position affirming the Monoceros structure is nothing more than an over-density produced by the flared and warped thick disk of the Milky Way . Halo The Galactic disk is surrounded by a spheroidal halo of old stars and globular clusters , of which 90 % lie within 100,000 light - years ( 30 kpc ) of the Galactic Center . However , a few globular clusters have been found farther , such as PAL 4 and AM1 at more than 200,000 light - years from the Galactic Center . About 40 % of the Milky Way 's clusters are on retrograde orbits , which means they move in the opposite direction from the Milky Way rotation . The globular clusters can follow rosette orbits about the Milky Way , in contrast to the elliptical orbit of a planet around a star . Although the disk contains dust that obscures the view in some wavelengths , the halo component does not . Active star formation takes place in the disk ( especially in the spiral arms , which represent areas of high density ) , but does not take place in the halo , as there is little gas cool enough to collapse into stars . Open clusters are also located primarily in the disk . Discoveries in the early 21st century have added dimension to the knowledge of the Milky Way 's structure . With the discovery that the disk of the Andromeda Galaxy ( M31 ) extends much further than previously thought , the possibility of the disk of the Milky Way extending further is apparent , and this is supported by evidence from the discovery of the Outer Arm extension of the Cygnus Arm and of a similar extension of the Scutum - Centaurus Arm . With the discovery of the Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy came the discovery of a ribbon of galactic debris as the polar orbit of the dwarf and its interaction with the Milky Way tears it apart . Similarly , with the discovery of the Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy , it was found that a ring of galactic debris from its interaction with the Milky Way encircles the Galactic disk . The Sloan Digital Sky Survey of the northern sky shows a huge and diffuse structure ( spread out across an area around 5,000 times the size of a full moon ) within the Milky Way that does not seem to fit within current models . The collection of stars rises close to perpendicular to the plane of the spiral arms of the Milky Way . The proposed likely interpretation is that a dwarf galaxy is merging with the Milky Way . This galaxy is tentatively named the Virgo Stellar Stream and is found in the direction of Virgo about 30,000 light - years ( 9 kpc ) away . Gaseous halo In addition to the stellar halo , the Chandra X-ray Observatory , XMM - Newton , and Suzaku have provided evidence that there is a gaseous halo with a large amount of hot gas . The halo extends for hundreds of thousand of light years , much further than the stellar halo and close to the distance of the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds . The mass of this hot halo is nearly equivalent to the mass of the Milky Way itself . The temperature of this halo gas is between 1 and 2.5 million K ( 1.8 and 4.5 million F ) . Observations of distant galaxies indicate that the Universe had about one - sixth as much baryonic ( ordinary ) matter as dark matter when it was just a few billion years old . However , only about half of those baryons are accounted for in the modern Universe based on observations of nearby galaxies like the Milky Way . If the finding that the mass of the halo is comparable to the mass of the Milky Way is confirmed , it could be the identity of the missing baryons around the Milky Way . Sun 's location and Neighborhood Diagram of the Sun 's location in the Milky Way . The angles represent longitudes in the galactic coordinate system . Diagram of the stars in the Solar neighborhood The Sun is near the inner rim of the Orion Arm , within the Local Fluff of the Local Bubble , and in the Gould Belt , at a distance of 26.4 ± 1.0 kly ( 8.09 ± 0.31 kpc ) from the Galactic Center . The Sun is currently 5 -- 30 parsecs ( 16 -- 98 ly ) from the central plane of the Galactic disk . The distance between the local arm and the next arm out , the Perseus Arm , is about 2,000 parsecs ( 6,500 ly ) . The Sun , and thus the Solar System , is located in the Milky Way 's galactic habitable zone . There are about 208 stars brighter than absolute magnitude 8.5 within a sphere with a radius of 15 parsecs ( 49 ly ) from the Sun , giving a density of one star per 69 cubic parsecs , or one star per 2,360 cubic light - years ( from List of nearest bright stars ) . On the other hand , there are 64 known stars ( of any magnitude , not counting 4 brown dwarfs ) within 5 parsecs ( 16 ly ) of the Sun , giving a density of about one star per 8.2 cubic parsecs , or one per 284 cubic light - years ( from List of nearest stars ) . This illustrates the fact that there are far more faint stars than bright stars : in the entire sky , there are about 500 stars brighter than apparent magnitude 4 but 15.5 million stars brighter than apparent magnitude 14 . The apex of the Sun 's way , or the solar apex , is the direction that the Sun travels through space in the Milky Way . The general direction of the Sun 's Galactic motion is towards the star Vega near the constellation of Hercules , at an angle of roughly 60 sky degrees to the direction of the Galactic Center . The Sun 's orbit about the Milky Way is expected to be roughly elliptical with the addition of perturbations due to the Galactic spiral arms and non-uniform mass distributions . In addition , the Sun passes through the Galactic plane approximately 2.7 times per orbit . This is very similar to how a simple harmonic oscillator works with no drag force ( damping ) term . These oscillations were until recently thought to coincide with mass lifeform extinction periods on Earth . However , a reanalysis of the effects of the Sun 's transit through the spiral structure based on CO data has failed to find a correlation . It takes the Solar System about 240 million years to complete one orbit of the Milky Way ( a galactic year ) , so the Sun is thought to have completed 18 -- 20 orbits during its lifetime and 1 / 1250 of a revolution since the origin of humans . The orbital speed of the Solar System about the center of the Milky Way is approximately 220 km / s ( 490,000 mph ) or 0.073 % of the speed of light . The Sun moves through the heliosphere at 84,000 km / h ( 52,000 mph ) . At this speed , it takes around 1,400 years for the Solar System to travel a distance of 1 light - year , or 8 days to travel 1 AU ( astronomical unit ) . The Solar System is headed in the direction of the zodiacal constellation Scorpius , which follows the ecliptic . Galactic rotation Galaxy rotation curve for the Milky Way . Vertical axis is speed of rotation about the Galactic Center . Horizontal axis is distance from the Galactic Center in kpcs . The Sun is marked with a yellow ball . The observed curve of speed of rotation is blue . The predicted curve based upon stellar mass and gas in the Milky Way is red . Scatter in observations roughly indicated by gray bars . The difference is due to dark matter . The stars and gas in the Milky Way rotate about its center differentially , meaning that the rotation period varies with location . As is typical for spiral galaxies , the orbital speed of most stars in the Milky Way does not depend strongly on their distance from the center . Away from the central bulge or outer rim , the typical stellar orbital speed is between 210 and 240 km / s ( 470,000 and 540,000 mph ) . Hence the orbital period of the typical star is directly proportional only to the length of the path traveled . This is unlike the situation within the Solar System , where two - body gravitational dynamics dominate , and different orbits have significantly different velocities associated with them . The rotation curve ( shown in the figure ) describes this rotation . Toward the center of the Milky Way the orbit speeds are too low , whereas beyond 7 kpcs the speeds are too high to match what would be expected from the universal law of gravitation . If the Milky Way contained only the mass observed in stars , gas , and other baryonic ( ordinary ) matter , the rotation speed would decrease with distance from the center . However , the observed curve is relatively flat , indicating that there is additional mass that can not be detected directly with electromagnetic radiation . This inconsistency is attributed to dark matter . The rotation curve of the Milky Way agrees with the universal rotation curve of spiral galaxies , the best evidence for the existence of dark matter in galaxies . Alternatively , a minority of astronomers propose that a modification of the law of gravity may explain the observed rotation curve . Formation Nature timeline view discuss edit - 13 -- -- - 12 -- -- - 11 -- -- - 10 -- -- - 9 -- -- - 8 -- -- - 7 -- -- - 6 -- -- - 5 -- -- - 4 -- -- - 3 -- -- - 2 -- -- - 1 -- -- 0 -- cosmic expansion Earliest light cosmic speed - up Solar System water Single - celled life photosynthesis Multicellular life Land life Earliest gravity Dark energy Dark matter ← Earliest universe ( − 13.80 ) ← Earliest galaxy ← Earliest quasar ← Omega Centauri forms ← Andromeda Galaxy forms ← Milky Way Galaxy spiral arms form ← Alpha Centauri forms ← Earliest Earth ( − 4.54 ) ← Earliest life ← Earliest oxygen ← Atmospheric oxygen ← Earliest sexual reproduction ← Cambrian explosion ← Earliest humans i f r i m o r d i l Axis scale : billions of years ago . Also see : Human timeline and Life timeline Main article : Galaxy formation and evolution The Milky Way began as one or several small overdensities in the mass distribution in the Universe shortly after the Big Bang . Some of these overdensities were the seeds of globular clusters in which the oldest remaining stars in what is now the Milky Way formed . Nearly half the matter in the Milky Way may have come from other distant galaxies . Nonetheless , these stars and clusters now comprise the stellar halo of the Milky Way . Within a few billion years of the birth of the first stars , the mass of the Milky Way was large enough so that it was spinning relatively quickly . Due to conservation of angular momentum , this led the gaseous interstellar medium to collapse from a roughly spheroidal shape to a disk . Therefore , later generations of stars formed in this spiral disk . Most younger stars , including the Sun , are observed to be in the disk . Since the first stars began to form , the Milky Way has grown through both galaxy mergers ( particularly early in the Milky Way 's growth ) and accretion of gas directly from the Galactic halo . The Milky Way is currently accreting material from two of its nearest satellite galaxies , the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds , through the Magellanic Stream . Direct accretion of gas is observed in high - velocity clouds like the Smith Cloud . However , properties of the Milky Way such as stellar mass , angular momentum , and metallicity in its outermost regions suggest it has undergone no mergers with large galaxies in the last 10 billion years . This lack of recent major mergers is unusual among similar spiral galaxies ; its neighbour the Andromeda Galaxy appears to have a more typical history shaped by more recent mergers with relatively large galaxies . According to recent studies , the Milky Way as well as the Andromeda Galaxy lie in what in the galaxy color -- magnitude diagram is known as the `` green valley '' , a region populated by galaxies in transition from the `` blue cloud '' ( galaxies actively forming new stars ) to the `` red sequence '' ( galaxies that lack star formation ) . Star - formation activity in green valley galaxies is slowing as they run out of star - forming gas in the interstellar medium . In simulated galaxies with similar properties , star formation will typically have been extinguished within about five billion years from now , even accounting for the expected , short - term increase in the rate of star formation due to the collision between both the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy . In fact , measurements of other galaxies similar to the Milky Way suggest it is among the reddest and brightest spiral galaxies that are still forming new stars and it is just slightly bluer than the bluest red sequence galaxies . Age and cosmological History Night sky from a hypothetical planet within the Milky Way 10 billion years ago . Globular clusters are among the oldest objects in the Milky Way , which thus set a lower limit on the age of the Milky Way . The ages of individual stars in the Milky Way can be estimated by measuring the abundance of long - lived radioactive elements such as thorium - 232 and uranium - 238 , then comparing the results to estimates of their original abundance , a technique called nucleocosmochronology . These yield values of about 12.5 ± 3 billion years for CS 31082 - 001 and 13.8 ± 4 billion years for BD + 17 ° 3248 . Once a white dwarf is formed , it begins to undergo radiative cooling and the surface temperature steadily drops . By measuring the temperatures of the coolest of these white dwarfs and comparing them to their expected initial temperature , an age estimate can be made . With this technique , the age of the globular cluster M4 was estimated as 12.7 ± 0.7 billion years . Age estimates of the oldest of these clusters gives a best fit estimate of 12.6 billion years , and a 95 % confidence upper limit of 16 billion years . Several individual stars have been found in the Milky Way 's halo with measured ages very close to the 13.80 - billion - year age of the Universe . In 2007 , a star in the galactic halo , HE 1523 - 0901 , was estimated to be about 13.2 billion years old . As the oldest known object in the Milky Way at that time , this measurement placed a lower limit on the age of the Milky Way . This estimate was made using the UV - Visual Echelle Spectrograph of the Very Large Telescope to measure the relative strengths of spectral lines caused by the presence of thorium and other elements created by the R - process . The line strengths yield abundances of different elemental isotopes , from which an estimate of the age of the star can be derived using nucleocosmochronology . Another star , HD 140283 , is 14.5 ± 0.7 billion years old . The age of stars in the galactic thin disk has also been estimated using nucleocosmochronology . Measurements of thin disk stars yield an estimate that the thin disk formed 8.8 ± 1.7 billion years ago . These measurements suggest there was a hiatus of almost 5 billion years between the formation of the galactic halo and the thin disk . Recent analysis of the chemical signatures of thousands of stars suggests that stellar formation might have dropped by an order of magnitude at the time of disk formation , 10 to 8 billion years ago , when interstellar gas was too hot to form new stars at the same rate as before . The satellite galaxies surrounding the Milky way are not randomly distributed , but seemed to be the result of a break - up of some larger system producing a ring structure 500,000 light years in diameter and 50,000 light years wide . Close encounters between galaxies , like that expected in 4 billion years with the Andromeda Galaxy rips off huge tails of gas , which , over time can coalesce to form dwarf galaxies in a ring at right angles to the main disc . Environment Diagram of the galaxies in the Local Group relative to the Milky Way The position of the Local Group within the Virgo Supercluster Main article : Local Group The Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy are a binary system of giant spiral galaxies belonging to a group of 50 closely bound galaxies known as the Local Group , surrounded by a Local Void , itself being part of the Virgo Supercluster . Surrounding the Virgo Supercluster are a number of voids , devoid of many galaxies , the Microscopium Void to the `` north '' , the Sculptor Void to the `` left '' , the Bootes Void to the `` right '' and the Canes - Major Void to the South . These voids change shape over time , creating filamentous structures of galaxies . The Virgo Supercluster , for instance , is being drawn towards the Great Attractor , which in turn forms part of a greater structure , called Laniakea . Two smaller galaxies and a number of dwarf galaxies in the Local Group orbit the Milky Way . The largest of these is the Large Magellanic Cloud with a diameter of 14,000 light - years . It has a close companion , the Small Magellanic Cloud . The Magellanic Stream is a stream of neutral hydrogen gas extending from these two small galaxies across 100 ° of the sky . The stream is thought to have been dragged from the Magellanic Clouds in tidal interactions with the Milky Way . Some of the dwarf galaxies orbiting the Milky Way are Canis Major Dwarf ( the closest ) , Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy , Ursa Minor Dwarf , Sculptor Dwarf , Sextans Dwarf , Fornax Dwarf , and Leo I Dwarf . The smallest dwarf galaxies of the Milky Way are only 500 light - years in diameter . These include Carina Dwarf , Draco Dwarf , and Leo II Dwarf . There may still be undetected dwarf galaxies that are dynamically bound to the Milky Way , which is supported by the detection of nine new satellites of the Milky Way in a relatively small patch of the night sky in 2015 . There are also some dwarf galaxies that have already been absorbed by the Milky Way , such as Omega Centauri . In 2014 researchers reported that most satellite galaxies of the Milky Way actually lie in a very large disk and orbit in the same direction . This came as a surprise : according to standard cosmology , the satellite galaxies should form in dark matter halos , and they should be widely distributed and moving in random directions . This discrepancy is still not fully explained . In January 2006 , researchers reported that the heretofore unexplained warp in the disk of the Milky Way has now been mapped and found to be a ripple or vibration set up by the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds as they orbit the Milky Way , causing vibrations when they pass through its edges . Previously , these two galaxies , at around 2 % of the mass of the Milky Way , were considered too small to influence the Milky Way . However , in a computer model , the movement of these two galaxies creates a dark matter wake that amplifies their influence on the larger Milky Way . Current measurements suggest the Andromeda Galaxy is approaching us at 100 to 140 km / s ( 220,000 to 310,000 mph ) . In 3 to 4 billion years , there may be an Andromeda -- Milky Way collision , depending on the importance of unknown lateral components to the galaxies ' relative motion . If they collide , the chance of individual stars colliding with each other is extremely low , but instead the two galaxies will merge to form a single elliptical galaxy or perhaps a large disk galaxy over the course of about a billion years . Velocity Although special relativity states that there is no `` preferred '' inertial frame of reference in space with which to compare the Milky Way , the Milky Way does have a velocity with respect to cosmological frames of reference . One such frame of reference is the Hubble flow , the apparent motions of galaxy clusters due to the expansion of space . Individual galaxies , including the Milky Way , have peculiar velocities relative to the average flow . Thus , to compare the Milky Way to the Hubble flow , one must consider a volume large enough so that the expansion of the Universe dominates over local , random motions . A large enough volume means that the mean motion of galaxies within this volume is equal to the Hubble flow . Astronomers believe the Milky Way is moving at approximately 630 km / s ( 1,400,000 mph ) with respect to this local co-moving frame of reference . The Milky Way is moving in the general direction of the Great Attractor and other galaxy clusters , including the Shapley supercluster , behind it . The Local Group ( a cluster of gravitationally bound galaxies containing , among others , the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy ) is part of a supercluster called the Local Supercluster , centered near the Virgo Cluster : although they are moving away from each other at 967 km / s ( 2,160,000 mph ) as part of the Hubble flow , this velocity is less than would be expected given the 16.8 million pc distance due to the gravitational attraction between the Local Group and the Virgo Cluster . Another reference frame is provided by the cosmic microwave background ( CMB ) . The Milky Way is moving at 552 ± 6 km / s ( 1,235,000 ± 13,000 mph ) with respect to the photons of the CMB , toward 10.5 right ascension , − 24 ° declination ( J2000 epoch , near the center of Hydra ) . This motion is observed by satellites such as the Cosmic Background Explorer ( COBE ) and the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe ( WMAP ) as a dipole contribution to the CMB , as photons in equilibrium in the CMB frame get blue - shifted in the direction of the motion and red - shifted in the opposite direction . Etymology and mythology Main articles : List of names for the Milky Way and Milky Way ( mythology ) In Babylonia , the Milky Way was said to be the tail of Tiamat , set in the sky by Marduk after he had slain the salt water goddess . It is believed this account , from the Enuma Elish had Marduk replace an earlier Sumerian story when Enlil of Nippur had slain the goddess . Llys Dôn ( literally `` The Court of Dôn '' ) is the traditional Welsh name for the constellation Cassiopeia . At least three of Dôn 's children also have astronomical associations : Caer Gwydion ( `` The fortress of Gwydion '' ) is the traditional Welsh name for the Milky Way , and Caer Arianrhod ( `` The Fortress of Arianrhod '' ) being the constellation of Corona Borealis . In western culture the name `` Milky Way '' is derived from its appearance as a dim un-resolved `` milky '' glowing band arching across the night sky . The term is a translation of the Classical Latin via lactea , in turn derived from the Hellenistic Greek γαλαξίας , short for γαλαξίας κύκλος ( galaxías kýklos , `` milky circle '' ) . The Ancient Greek γαλαξίας ( galaxias ) -- from root γαλακτ - , γάλα ( `` milk '' ) + - ίας ( forming adjectives ) -- is also the root of `` galaxy '' , the name for our , and later all such , collections of stars . In Greek mythology it was supposedly made from the forceful suckling of Heracles , when Hera acted as a wetnurse for the hero . The Milky Way , or `` milk circle '' , was just one of 11 `` circles '' the Greeks identified in the sky , others being the zodiac , the meridian , the horizon , the equator , the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn , Arctic and Antarctic circles , and two colure circles passing through both poles . Astronomical History See also : Galaxy § Observation history The shape of the Milky Way as deduced from star counts by William Herschel in 1785 ; the Solar System was assumed near center In Meteorologica ( DK 59 A80 ) , Aristotle ( 384 -- 322 BC ) wrote that the Greek philosophers Anaxagoras ( c. 500 -- 428 BC ) and Democritus ( 460 -- 370 BC ) proposed that the Milky Way might consist of distant stars . However , Aristotle himself believed the Milky Way to be caused by `` the ignition of the fiery exhalation of some stars which were large , numerous and close together '' and that the `` ignition takes place in the upper part of the atmosphere , in the region of the world which is continuous with the heavenly motions . '' The Neoplatonist philosopher Olympiodorus the Younger ( c. 495 -- 570 A.D. ) criticized this view , arguing that if the Milky Way were sublunary , it should appear different at different times and places on Earth , and that it should have parallax , which it does not . In his view , the Milky Way is celestial . This idea would be influential later in the Islamic world . The Persian astronomer Abū Rayhān al - Bīrūnī ( 973 -- 1048 ) proposed that the Milky Way is `` a collection of countless fragments of the nature of nebulous stars '' . The Andalusian astronomer Avempace ( d 1138 ) proposed the Milky Way to be made up of many stars but appears to be a continuous image due to the effect of refraction in Earth 's atmosphere , citing his observation of a conjunction of Jupiter and Mars in 1106 or 1107 as evidence . Ibn Qayyim Al - Jawziyya ( 1292 -- 1350 ) proposed that the Milky Way is `` a myriad of tiny stars packed together in the sphere of the fixed stars '' and that these stars are larger than planets . According to Jamil Ragep , the Persian astronomer Naṣīr al - Dīn al - Ṭūsī ( 1201 -- 1274 ) in his Tadhkira writes : `` The Milky Way , i.e. the Galaxy , is made up of a very large number of small , tightly clustered stars , which , on account of their concentration and smallness , seem to be cloudy patches . Because of this , it was likened to milk in color . '' Actual proof of the Milky Way consisting of many stars came in 1610 when Galileo Galilei used a telescope to study the Milky Way and discovered that it is composed of a huge number of faint stars . In a treatise in 1755 , Immanuel Kant , drawing on earlier work by Thomas Wright , speculated ( correctly ) that the Milky Way might be a rotating body of a huge number of stars , held together by gravitational forces akin to the Solar System but on much larger scales . The resulting disk of stars would be seen as a band on the sky from our perspective inside the disk . Kant also conjectured that some of the nebulae visible in the night sky might be separate `` galaxies '' themselves , similar to our own . Kant referred to both the Milky Way and the `` extragalactic nebulae '' as `` island universes '' , a term still current up to the 1930s . The first attempt to describe the shape of the Milky Way and the position of the Sun within it was carried out by William Herschel in 1785 by carefully counting the number of stars in different regions of the visible sky . He produced a diagram of the shape of the Milky Way with the Solar System close to the center . In 1845 , Lord Rosse constructed a new telescope and was able to distinguish between elliptical and spiral - shaped nebulae . He also managed to make out individual point sources in some of these nebulae , lending credence to Kant 's earlier conjecture . Photograph of the `` Great Andromeda Nebula '' from 1899 , later identified as the Andromeda Galaxy In 1917 , Heber Curtis had observed the nova S Andromedae within the Great Andromeda Nebula ( Messier object 31 ) . Searching the photographic record , he found 11 more novae . Curtis noticed that these novae were , on average , 10 magnitudes fainter than those that occurred within the Milky Way . As a result , he was able to come up with a distance estimate of 150,000 parsecs . He became a proponent of the `` island universes '' hypothesis , which held that the spiral nebulae were actually independent galaxies . In 1920 the Great Debate took place between Harlow Shapley and Heber Curtis , concerning the nature of the Milky Way , spiral nebulae , and the dimensions of the Universe . To support his claim that the Great Andromeda Nebula is an external galaxy , Curtis noted the appearance of dark lanes resembling the dust clouds in the Milky Way , as well as the significant Doppler shift . The controversy was conclusively settled by Edwin Hubble in the early 1920s using the Mount Wilson observatory 2.5 m ( 100 in ) Hooker telescope . With the light - gathering power of this new telescope , he was able to produce astronomical photographs that resolved the outer parts of some spiral nebulae as collections of individual stars . He was also able to identify some Cepheid variables that he could use as a benchmark to estimate the distance to the nebulae . He found that the Andromeda Nebula is 275,000 parsecs from the Sun , far too distant to be part of the Milky Way . Mapping The ESA spacecraft Gaia provides distance estimates by determining the parallax of a billion stars and is mapping the Milky Way with four planned releases of maps in 2022 . See also Baade 's Window Oort constants List of galaxies Galactic astronomy Notes Jump up ^ Jay M. Pasachoff in his textbook Astronomy : From the Earth to the Universe states the term Milky Way should refer exclusively to the band of light that the galaxy forms in the night sky , while the galaxy should receive the full name Milky Way Galaxy . See : Pasachoff , Jay M. ( 1994 ) . Astronomy : From the Earth to the Universe . Harcourt School . p. 500 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 001667 - 3 . Jump up ^ See also Bortle Dark - Sky Scale . 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Extragalactic Astronomy and Cosmology . Springer . p. 4 , Figure 1.4 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 33174 - 3 . Jump up ^ Jones , Mark H. ; Lambourne , Robert J. ; Adams , David John ( 2004 ) . An Introduction to Galaxies and Cosmology . Cambridge University Press . p. 21 ; Figure 1.13 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 54623 - 0 . Jump up ^ Imamura , Jim ( August 10 , 2006 ) . `` Mass of the Milky Way Galaxy '' . University of Oregon . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2007 . Retrieved May 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Peter Schneider ( 2006 ) . Extragalactic Astronomy and Cosmology . Springer . p. 413 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 33174 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Staff ( 27 July 2017 ) . `` Milky Way 's origins are not what they seem '' . Phys.org . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Wethington , Nicholas ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` Formation of the Milky Way '' . Universe Today . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Buser , R. ( 2000 ) . `` The Formation and Early Evolution of the Milky Way Galaxy '' . Science . 287 ( 5450 ) : 69 -- 74 . Bibcode : 2000Sci ... 287 ... 69B . doi : 10.1126 / science. 287.5450. 69 . PMID 10615051 . Jump up ^ Wakker , B.P. ; Van Woerden , H. ( 1997 ) . `` High - Velocity Clouds '' . Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 35 : 217 -- 266 . Bibcode : 1997ARA&A ... 35 ... 217W . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. astro. 35.1. 217 . Jump up ^ Lockman , F.J. ; et al. ( 2008 ) . `` The Smith Cloud : A High - Velocity Cloud Colliding with the Milky Way '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 679 : L21 -- L24 . arXiv : 0804.4155 . Bibcode : 2008ApJ ... 679L ... 21L . doi : 10.1086 / 588838 . Jump up ^ Yin , J. ; Hou , J.L ; Prantzos , N. ; Boissier , S. ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Milky Way versus Andromeda : a tale of two disks '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 505 ( 2 ) : 497 -- 508 . arXiv : 0906.4821 . Bibcode : 2009A&A ... 505 ... 497Y . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 / 200912316 . Jump up ^ Hammer , F. ; Puech , M. ; Chemin , L. ; Flores , H. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` The Milky Way , an Exceptionally Quiet Galaxy : Implications for the Formation of Spiral Galaxies '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 662 ( 1 ) : 322 -- 334 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0702585 . Bibcode : 2007ApJ ... 662 ... 322H . doi : 10.1086 / 516727 . Jump up ^ Mutch , S.J. ; Croton , D.J. ; Poole , G.B. ( 2011 ) . `` The Mid-life Crisis of the Milky Way and M31 '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 736 ( 2 ) : 84 . arXiv : 1105.2564 . Bibcode : 2011ApJ ... 736 ... 84M . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 736 / 2 / 84 . Jump up ^ Licquia , T. ; Newman , J.A. ; Poole , G.B. ( 2012 ) . `` What Is The Color Of The Milky Way ? '' . American Astronomical Society . Bibcode : 2012AAS ... 21925208L . Jump up ^ `` A firestorm of star birth ( artist 's illustration ) '' . www.spacetelescope.org . ESA / Hubble . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2015 . Retrieved 14 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Cayrel ; et al. ( 2001 ) . `` Measurement of stellar age from uranium decay '' . Nature . 409 : 691 -- 692 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0104357 . Bibcode : 2001Natur. 409 ... 691C . doi : 10.1038 / 35055507 . PMID 11217852 . Jump up ^ Cowan , J.J. ; Sneden , C. ; Burles , S. ; Ivans , I.I. ; Beers , T.C. ; Truran , J.W. ; Lawler , J.E. ; Primas , F. ; Fuller , G.M. ; et al. ( 2002 ) . `` The Chemical Composition and Age of the Metal ‐ poor Halo Star BD + 17o3248 '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 572 ( 2 ) : 861 -- 879 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0202429 . Bibcode : 2002ApJ ... 572 ... 861C . doi : 10.1086 / 340347 . Jump up ^ Krauss , L.M. ; Chaboyer , B. ( 2003 ) . `` Age Estimates of Globular Clusters in the Milky Way : Constraints on Cosmology '' . Science . 299 ( 5603 ) : 65 -- 69 . Bibcode : 2003Sci ... 299 ... 65K . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1075631 . PMID 12511641 . ^ Jump up to : Frebel , A. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Discovery of HE 1523 - 0901 , a strongly r - process - enhanced metal - poor star with detected uranium '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 660 ( 2 ) : L117 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0703414 . Bibcode : 2007ApJ ... 660L. 117F . doi : 10.1086 / 518122 . Jump up ^ `` Hubble Finds Birth Certificate of Oldest Known Star in the Milky Way '' . NASA . March 7 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ del Peloso , E.F. ( 2005 ) . `` The age of the Galactic thin disk from Th / Eu nucleocosmochronology . III . Extended sample '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 440 ( 3 ) : 1153 -- 1159 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0506458 . Bibcode : 2005A&A ... 440.1153 D . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 : 20053307 . Jump up ^ Skibba , Ramon ( 2016 ) , `` Milky Way retired early from star making '' ( New Scientist , 5 Mar , 2016 ) , p. 9 Jump up ^ Lynden - Bell , D. ( 1976 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Dwarf Galaxies and Globular Clusters in High Velocity Hydrogen Streams '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 174 ( 3 ) : 695 -- 710 . Bibcode : 1976MNRAS. 174 ... 695L . doi : 10.1093 / mnras / 174.3. 695 . ISSN 0035 - 8711 . Jump up ^ Kroupa , P. , C. Theis and C.M. Boily ( 2005 ) `` The great disk of Milky - Way satellites and cosmological sub-structures '' ( Astronomy and Astrophysics , Volume 431 , Number 2 , February IV 2005 ) pp. 517 -- 521 Jump up ^ Hadhazy , Adam ( 2016 ) , `` Nothing Really Matters : Gaping Cosmic Voids '' ( Discover , Dec 2016 ) Jump up ^ R. Brent Tully ; Helene Courtois ; Yehuda Hoffman ; Daniel Pomarède ( September 2 , 2014 ) . `` The Laniakea supercluster of galaxies '' . Nature ( published September 4 , 2014 ) . 513 ( 7516 ) : 71 -- 73 . arXiv : 1409.0880 . Bibcode : 2014Natur. 513 ... 71T . doi : 10.1038 / nature13674 . PMID 25186900 . Jump up ^ Putman , M.E. ; Staveley ‐ Smith , L. ; Freeman , K.C. ; Gibson , B.K. ; Barnes , D.G. ( 2003 ) . `` The Magellanic Stream , High ‐ Velocity Clouds , and the Sculptor Group '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 586 : 170 -- 194 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0209127 . Bibcode : 2003ApJ ... 586 ... 170P . doi : 10.1086 / 344477 . Jump up ^ Sergey E. Koposov ; Vasily Belokurov ; Gabriel Torrealba ; N. Wyn Evans ( 10 March 2015 ) . `` Beasts of the Southern Wild . Discovery of a large number of Ultra Faint satellites in the vicinity of the Magellanic Clouds '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 805 : 130 . arXiv : 1503.02079 . Bibcode : 2015ApJ ... 805 ... 130K . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 805 / 2 / 130 . Jump up ^ Noyola , E. ; Gebhardt , K. ; Bergmann , M. ( April 2008 ) . `` Gemini and Hubble Space Telescope Evidence for an Intermediate - Mass Black Hole in ω Centauri '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 676 ( 2 ) : 1008 -- 1015 . arXiv : 0801.2782 . Bibcode : 2008ApJ ... 676.1008 N . doi : 10.1086 / 529002 . Jump up ^ Lea Kivivali ( 11 June 2014 ) . `` Nearby satellite galaxies challenge standard model of galaxy formation '' . Swinburne University of Technology . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pawlowski ; et al. ( 10 June 2014 ) . `` Co-orbiting satellite galaxy structures are still in conflict with the distribution of primordial dwarf galaxies '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 442 : 2362 -- 2380 . arXiv : 1406.1799 . Bibcode : 2014MNRAS. 442.2362 P . doi : 10.1093 / mnras / stu1005 . Jump up ^ `` Milky Way Galaxy is warped and vibrating like a drum '' ( Press release ) . University of California , Berkeley . January 9 , 2006 . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2014 . Retrieved October 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Junko Ueda ; et al. `` Cold molecular gas in merger remnants . I. Formation of molecular gas disks '' . The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series . 214 ( 1 ) . arXiv : 1407.6873 . Bibcode : 2014ApJS ... 214 ... 1U . doi : 10.1088 / 0067 - 0049 / 214 / 1 / 1 . Jump up ^ Wong , Janet ( April 14 , 2000 ) . `` Astrophysicist maps out our own galaxy 's end '' . University of Toronto . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2007 . Retrieved January 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mark H. Jones ; Robert J. Lambourne ; David John Adams ( 2004 ) . An Introduction to Galaxies and Cosmology . Cambridge University Press . p. 298 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 54623 - 0 . Jump up ^ Kocevski , D.D. ; Ebeling , H. ( 2006 ) . `` On the origin of the Local Group 's peculiar velocity '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 645 ( 2 ) : 1043 -- 1053 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0510106 . Bibcode : 2006ApJ ... 645.1043 K . doi : 10.1086 / 503666 . Jump up ^ Peirani , S ; Defreitaspacheco , J ( 2006 ) . `` Mass determination of groups of galaxies : Effects of the cosmological constant '' . New Astronomy . 11 ( 4 ) : 325 -- 330 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0508614 . Bibcode : 2006NewA ... 11 ... 325P . doi : 10.1016 / j. newast. 2005.08. 008 . ^ Jump up to : Kogut , A. ; et al. ( 1993 ) . `` Dipole anisotropy in the COBE differential microwave radiometers first - year sky maps '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 419 : 1 . arXiv : astro - ph / 9312056 . Bibcode : 1993ApJ ... 419 ... 1K . doi : 10.1086 / 173453 . Jump up ^ Jankowski , Connie ( 2010 ) . Pioneers of Light and Sound . Compass Point Books . p. 6 . ISBN 0 - 7565 - 4306 - 1 . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schiller , Jon ( 2010 ) . Big Bang & Black Holes . CreateSpace . p. 163 . ISBN 1 - 4528 - 6552 - 3 . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Simpson , John ; Weiner , Edmund , eds . ( March 30 , 1989 ) . The Oxford English Dictionary ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0198611862 . See the entries for `` Milky Way '' and `` galaxy '' . Jump up ^ Eratosthenes ( 1997 ) . Condos , Theony , ed . Star Myths of the Greeks and Romans : A Sourcebook Containing the Constellations of Pseudo-Eratosthenes and the Poetic Astronomy of Hyginus . Red Wheel / Weiser . ISBN 1890482935 . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Aristotle with W.D. Ross , ed. , The Works of Aristotle ... ( Oxford , England : Clarendon Press , 1931 ) , vol . III , Meteorologica , E.W. Webster , trans. , Book 1 , Part 8 , pp. 39 -- 40 Archived April 11 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . : `` ( 2 ) Anaxagoras , Democritus , and their schools say that the milky way is the light of certain stars . '' Jump up ^ ( Aristotle with Ross , 1931 ) , p. 41 : Archived April 11 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . `` For it is natural to suppose that , if the motion of a single star excites a flame , that of all the stars should have a similar result , and especially in that region in which the stars are biggest and most numerous and nearest to one another . '' Jump up ^ ( Aristotle with Ross , 1931 ) , p. 43 : Archived April 11 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . `` We have now explained the phenomena that occur in that part of the terrestrial world which is continuous with the motions of the heavens , namely , shooting - stars and the burning flame , comets and the milky way , these being the chief affections that appear in that region . '' ^ Jump up to : Montada , Josep Puig ( September 28 , 2007 ) . `` Ibn Bajja '' . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2012 . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Heidarzadeh , Tofigh ( 2008 ) . A history of physical theories of comets , from Aristotle to Whipple . Springer . pp. 23 -- 25 . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 8322 - X . Jump up ^ O'Connor , John J. ; Robertson , Edmund F. , `` Abu Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al - Biruni '' , MacTutor History of Mathematics archive , University of St Andrews . Jump up ^ Livingston , John W. ( 1971 ) . `` Ibn Qayyim al - Jawziyyah : A Fourteenth Century Defense against Astrological Divination and Alchemical Transmutation '' . Journal of the American Oriental Society . American Oriental Society . 91 ( 1 ) : 96 -- 103 ( 99 ) . doi : 10.2307 / 600445 . JSTOR 600445 . Jump up ^ Ragep , Jamil ( 1993 ) . Nasir al - Din al - Tusi 's Memoir on Astronomy ( al - Tadhkira fi ` ilm al - hay ' a ) . New York : Springer - Verlag . p. 129 . Jump up ^ Galileo Galilei , Sidereus Nuncius ( Venice , ( Italy ) : Thomas Baglioni , 1610 ) , pages 15 and 16 . Archived March 16 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . English translation : Galileo Galilei with Edward Stafford Carlos , trans. , The Sidereal Messenger ( London , England : Rivingtons , 1880 ) , pages 42 and 43 . Archived December 2 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ O'Connor , J.J. ; Robertson , E.F. ( November 2002 ) . `` Galileo Galilei '' . University of St. Andrews . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2012 . Retrieved January 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Thomas Wright , An Original Theory or New Hypothesis of the Universe ... ( London , England : H. Chapelle , 1750 ) . On page 57 Archived November 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Wright stated that despite their mutual gravitational attraction , the stars in the constellations do n't collide because they are in orbit , so centrifugal force keeps them separated : `` ... centrifugal force , which not only preserves them in their orbits , but prevents them from rushing all together , by the common universal law of gravity , ... '' On page 48 Archived November 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Wright stated that the form of the Milky Way is a ring : `` ... the stars are not infinitely dispersed and distributed in a promiscuous manner throughout all the mundane space , without order or design , ... this phænomenon ( is ) no other than a certain effect arising from the observer 's situation , ... To a spectator placed in an indefinite space , ... it ( i.e. the Milky Way ( Via Lactea ) ) ( is ) a vast ring of stars ... '' On page 65 Archived November 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Wright speculated that the central body of the Milky Way , around which the rest of the galaxy revolves , might not be visible to us : `` ... the central body A , being supposed as incognitum ( i.e. an unknown ) , without ( i.e. outside of ) the finite view ; ... '' On page 73 Archived November 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Wright called the Milky Way the Vortex Magnus ( the great whirlpool ) and estimated its diameter to be 8.64 × 10 miles ( 13.9 × 10 km ) . On page 33 Archived November 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Wright speculated that there are a vast number of inhabited planets in the galaxy : `` ... ; therefore we may justly suppose , that so many radiant bodies ( i.e. stars ) were not created barely to enlighten an infinite void , but to ... display an infinite shapeless universe , crowded with myriads of glorious worlds , all variously revolving round them ; and ... with an inconceivable variety of beings and states , animate ... '' Jump up ^ Immanuel Kant , Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels ... Archived November 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . ( Universal Natural History and Theory of Heaven ... ) , ( Koenigsberg and Leipzig , ( Germany ) : Johann Friederich Petersen , 1755 ) . On pages 2 -- 3 , Kant acknowledged his debt to Thomas Wright : `` Dem Herrn Wright von Durham , einen Engeländer , war es vorbehalten , einen glücklichen Schritt zu einer Bemerkung zu thun , welche von ihm selber zu keiner gar zu tüchtigen Absicht gebraucht zu seyn scheinet , und deren nützliche Anwendung er nicht genugsam beobachtet hat . Er betrachtete die Fixsterne nicht als ein ungeordnetes und ohne Absicht zerstreutes Gewimmel , sondern er fand eine systematische Verfassung im Ganzen , und eine allgemeine Beziehung dieser Gestirne gegen einen Hauptplan der Raume , die sie einnehmen . '' ( To Mr. Wright of Durham , an Englishman , it was reserved to take a happy step towards an observation , which seemed , to him and to no one else , to be needed for a clever idea , the exploitation of which he has n't studied sufficiently . He regarded the fixed stars not as a disorganized swarm that was scattered without a design ; rather , he found a systematic shape in the whole , and a general relation between these stars and the principal plane of the space that they occupy . ) Jump up ^ Kant ( 1755 ) , pages xxxiii -- xxxvi of the Preface ( Vorrede ) : Archived November 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . `` Ich betrachtete die Art neblichter Sterne , deren Herr von Maupertuis in der Abhandlung von der Figur der Gestirne gedenket , und die die Figur von mehr oder weniger offenen Ellipsen vorstellen , und versicherte mich leicht , daß sie nichts anders als eine Häufung vieler Fixsterne seyn können . Die jederzeit abgemessene Rundung dieser Figuren belehrte mich , daß hier ein unbegreiflich zahlreiches Sternenheer , und zwar um einen gemeinschaftlichen Mittelpunkt , müste geordnet seyn , weil sonst ihre freye Stellungen gegen einander , wohl irreguläre Gestalten , aber nicht abgemessene Figuren vorstellen würden . Ich sahe auch ein : daß sie in dem System , darinn sie sich vereinigt befinden , vornemlich auf eine Fläche beschränkt seyn müßten , weil sie nicht zirkelrunde , sondern elliptische Figuren abbilden , und daß sie wegen ihres blassen Lichts unbegreiflich weit von uns abstehen . '' ( I considered the type of nebulous stars , which Mr. de Maupertuis considered in his treatise on the shape of stars , and which present the figures of more or less open ellipses , and I readily assured myself , that they could be nothing else than a cluster of fixed stars . That these figures always measured round informed me that here an inconceivably numerous host of stars , ( which were clustered ) around a common center , must be orderly , because otherwise their free positions among each other would probably present irregular forms , not measurable figures . I also realized : that in the system in which they find themselves bound , they must be restricted primarily to a plane , because they display not circular , but elliptical figures , and that on account of their faint light , they are located inconceivably far from us . ) Jump up ^ Evans , J.C. ( November 24 , 1998 ) . `` Our Galaxy '' . George Mason University . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2012 . Retrieved January 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ The term Weltinsel ( island universe ) appears nowhere in Kant 's book of 1755 . The term first appeared in 1850 , in the third volume of von Humboldt 's Kosmos : Alexander von Humboldt , Kosmos , vol. 3 ( Stuttgart & Tübingen , ( Germany ) : J.G. Cotta , 1850 ) , pages 187 , 189 . From page 187 : Archived November 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . `` Thomas Wright von Durham , Kant , Lambert und zuerst auch William Herschel waren geneigt die Gestalt der Milchstraße und die scheinbare Anhäufung der Sterne in derselben als eine Folge der abgeplatteten Gestalt und ungleichen Dimensionen der Weltinsel ( Sternschict ) zu betrachten , in welche unser Sonnensystem eingeschlossen ist . '' ( Thomas Wright of Durham , Kant , Lambert and first of all also William Herschel were inclined to regard the shape of the Milky Way and the apparent clustering of stars in it as a consequence of the oblate shape and unequal dimensions of the world island ( star stratum ) , in which our solar system is included . ) In the English translation -- Alexander von Humboldt with E.C. Otté , trans. , Cosmos ... ( New York City : Harper & Brothers , 1897 ) , vols. 3 -- 5 -- see page 147 . Jump up ^ William Herschel ( 1785 ) `` On the Construction of the Heavens , '' Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London , 75 : 213 -- 266 . Herschel 's diagram of the Milky Way appears immediately after the article 's last page . See : Google Books Archived November 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . The Royal Society of London Archived April 6 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Abbey , Lenny . `` The Earl of Rosse and the Leviathan of Parsontown '' . The Compleat Amateur Astronomer . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2013 . Retrieved January 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Curtis , H.D. ( 1988 ) . `` Novae in spiral nebulae and the Island Universe Theory '' . Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific . 100 : 6 -- 7 . Bibcode : 1988PASP ... 100 ... 6C . doi : 10.1086 / 132128 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Harold F. `` Robert Julius Trumpler '' . National Academy of Sciences . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2012 . Retrieved January 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sandage , Allan ( 1989 ) . `` Edwin Hubble , 1889 -- 1953 '' . Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada . 83 ( 6 ) . Bibcode : 1989JRASC ... 83 ... 351S . Jump up ^ Hubble , E.P. ( 1929 ) . `` A spiral nebula as a stellar system , Messier 31 '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 69 : 103 -- 158 . Bibcode : 1929ApJ ... 69 ... 103H . doi : 10.1086 / 143167 . Jump up ^ `` New Milky Way Map Is a Spectacular Billion - Star Atlas '' . 2016 - 09 - 14 . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Gaia > Gaia DR1 '' . www.cosmos.esa.int . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 15 . Further reading Thorsten Dambeck in Sky and Telescope , `` Gaia 's Mission to the Milky Way '' , March 2008 , p. 36 -- 39 . Cristina Chiappini , The Formation and Evolution of the Milky Way , American Scientist , November / December 2001 , pp. 506 -- 515 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Milky Way Galaxy . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Milky Way Milky Way -- 3D Map Milky Way -- Basic plan map -- Includes spiral arms and Orion spur Milky Way -- IRAS ( infrared ) survey -- wikisky.org Milky Way -- H - Alpha survey -- wikisky.org Milky Way -- MultiWavelength -- Images and VRML models ( NASA ) Milky Way -- Panorama ( 9 billion pixels ) . Milky Way -- Animated tour , University of South Wales Milky Way -- SEDS Messier website Milky Way -- Infrared Images Milky Way Video ( 02 : 37 ) -- VISTA IR Telescope Image ( October 24 , 2012 ) Milky Way Video ( 06 : 37 ) -- in RealTime ( Oregon ; September 17 , 2016 ) All - Sky Map -- CMB radiation ( Planck ; one - year survey ) The Milky Way Location Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Pisces -- Cetus Supercluster Complex → Observable universe → Universe Each arrow ( → ) may be read as `` within '' or `` part of '' . Galactic core Center of the Milky Way Sagittarius A Sagittarius A * Supermassive black hole Spiral arms Carina -- Sagittarius Norma -- Cygnus Orion -- Cygnus Perseus Scutum -- Centaurus Satellite galaxies Magellanic Clouds Large Magellanic Cloud Small Magellanic Cloud Magellanic Stream Magellanic Bridge Sagittarius Spheroidal Sagittarius Stream Boötes II Coma Berenices Messier 54 Palomar 12 Segue 1 Segue 2 Terzan 7 Dwarfs Boötes I Boötes III Canes Venatici I Canes Venatici II Canis Major Carina Crater 2 Draco Fornax Hercules Leo I Leo II Leo IV Leo V Leo T Phoenix Pisces I Pisces II Sculptor Sextans Triangulum II Ursa Major I Ursa Major II Ursa Minor Virgo I Other Monoceros Ring Virgo Stream Koposov I Koposov II Segue 3 Willman 1 Related Andromeda -- Milky Way collision Astronomy portal Earth 's location in the Universe Included Earth → Solar System → Local Interstellar Cloud → Local Bubble → Gould Belt → Orion Arm → Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Pisces -- Cetus Supercluster Complex → Observable universe → Universe Each arrow ( → ) may be read as `` within '' or `` part of '' . Related Cosmic View ( 1957 essay ) To the Moon and Beyond ( 1964 film ) Cosmic Zoom ( 1968 film ) Powers of Ten ( 1968 and 1977 films ) Cosmic Voyage ( 1996 documentary ) Cosmic Eye ( 2012 ) Astronomy portal - Cosmology portal VIAF : 240859756 GND : 4169926 - 9 SUDOC : 027831965 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Milky_Way&oldid=806409229 '' Categories : Astronomical objects known since antiquity Barred spiral galaxies Milky Way Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from February 2012 Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from February 2015 Good articles Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Лезги ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Novial Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois Picard Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Тыва дыл Удмурт Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Võro Walon 文言 West - Vlams Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 21 : 01 . 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Succession (TV series)

Succession ( TV series ) - wikipedia Succession ( TV series ) Succession Genre Drama Created by Jesse Armstrong Starring Hiam Abbass Nicholas Braun Brian Cox Kieran Culkin Peter Friedman Natalie Gold Matthew Macfadyen Alan Ruck Parker Sawyers Sarah Snook Jeremy Strong Rob Yang Composer ( s ) Nicholas Britell Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 10 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Ilene S. Landress Kevin Messick Frank Rich Will Ferrell Adam McKay Jesse Armstrong Producer ( s ) Regina Heyman Dara Schnapper Cinematography Andrij Parekh Editor ( s ) Mark Yoshikawa Running time 56 -- 61 minutes Production company ( s ) Gary Sanchez Productions Project Zeus Release Original network HBO Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Audio format 5.1 surround Original release June 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 03 ) -- present ( present ) External links Official website Succession is an American drama television series about a dysfunctional American global - media family that premiered on June 3 , 2018 , on HBO . It was created by Jesse Armstrong with Will Ferrell and Adam McKay serving as executive producers . McKay also directed the pilot episode . In June 2018 , it was announced that the series had been renewed for a second season . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Premiere 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Ratings 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) Succession follows `` the Roy family -- Logan Roy and his four children -- who control one of the biggest media and entertainment conglomerates in the world . The series tracks their lives as they contemplate what the future will hold for them once their aging father begins to step back from the company . '' Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Hiam Abbass as Marcia `` Marcy '' Roy , the third wife of Logan Roy . Nicholas Braun as Greg Hirsch , the great - nephew of Logan Roy and grandson of Ewan Roy . Brian Cox as Logan Roy , the founder of media and entertainment conglomerate Waystar Royco . Kieran Culkin as Roman Roy , the third and youngest son of Logan Roy from his second marriage . Peter Friedman as Frank Vernon , the COO of Waystar Royco and long time confidante of Logan Roy . Natalie Gold as Rava Roy , the separated wife of Kendall Roy . Matthew Macfadyen as Tom Wamsgans , the fiance of Shiv Roy . Alan Ruck as Connor Roy , the eldest son of Logan Roy from his first marriage . Parker Sawyers as Alessandro Daniels , an executive of Waystar Royco present during the Vaulter acquisition meetings . Sarah Snook as Siobhan `` Shiv '' Roy , the youngest child and daughter of Logan Roy from his second marriage . Jeremy Strong as Kendall Roy , the second son of Logan Roy from his second marriage . Rob Yang as Lawrence Yee , the founder of media website Vaulter that is acquired by Waystar Royco . Recurring ( edit ) Scott Nicholson as Colin , Logan 's body man . J. Smith - Cameron as Gerri Killman , general counsel to Waystar Royco . David Rasche as Karl , a member of Waystar Royco 's legal team . Arian Moayed as Stewy Hosseini , a financier and friend of Kendall 's who becomes a member of Waystar Royco 's board . Ashley Zukerman as Nate Sofrelli , a political strategist and former romantic partner of Shiv 's . He convinces her to work on the Eavis presidential campaign and the two of them are having an affair . Juliana Canfield as Jess Jordan , Kendall 's assistant . Dagmara Domińczyk as Karolina , a member of Waystar Royco 's legal team . Justine Lupe as Willa , Connor Roy 's young girlfriend . Peggy J. Scott as Jeane , Logan 's secretary . Judy Reyes as Eva , a member of Waystar Royco 's legal team and an executive producer at ATN , a news channel owned by Waystar Royco . Eric Bogosian as Gil Eavis , a liberal presidential candidate whom Nate introduces to Shiv . He is vocally opposed to Waystar Royco 's attempted takeover of local news networks and becomes a target of their cable news network ATN because of it . Swayam Bhatia as Sophie Roy , Kendall 's daughter . Quentin Morales as Iverson Roy , Kendall 's son . Molly Griggs as Grace , Roman 's girlfriend whom he breaks up with after she tells him that she enjoyed The Biggest Turkey in the World , a film Roman tried to kill while working in Waystar Royco 's film division . Larry Pine as Sandy Furness , the owner of a rival media conglomerate who plots a hostile takeover of Waystar Royco with Kendall . Caitlin FitzGerald as Tabitha , a woman who gave Tom a blowjob at his bachelor party and whom Roman is now dating . Mary Birdsong as Marianne , Logan 's niece and Greg 's mother . Jake Choi as Tatsuya , an associate of Lawrence . Eisa Davis as Joyce Miller , the former Attorney General of New York elected to a seat in the United States Senate for whom Shiv serves as a political strategist . James Cromwell as Ewan Roy , Logan 's estranged brother and Greg 's grandfather who resides in Canada . Darius Homayoun as Amir , Marcy 's son who announces at Thanksgiving dinner that he has been hired to head Waystar Royco 's animation division in Europe . Harriet Walter as Caroline Collingwood , the second wife of Logan Roy and Kendall , Shiv , and Roman 's mother . Jack Gilpin as Mr. Wamsgans , Tom 's Father . Kristin Griffith as Mrs. Wamsgans , Tom 's mother and a highly - respected attorney in the Minneapolis -- Saint Paul area . Guest ( edit ) Mark Blum as Bill ( `` Sad Sack Wasp Trap '' ) , the retiring head of Waystar Royco 's Adventure Parks division . Annika Boras as Anna Newman ( `` Sad Sack Wasp Trap '' ) , an on - air personality at ATN , the news network owned by Waystar Royco , that Kendall takes to the family 's annual charity event , the Roy Endowment Creative New York ( RECNY ) ball . David Patrick Kelly as Paul Chambers ( `` Which Side Are You On ? '' ) , a member of Waystar Royco 's board that votes against a vote of no confidence in regards to Logan . Griffin Dunne as Dr. Alon Parfit ( `` Austerlitz '' ) , a corporate therapist hired to work with the Roy family as Logan attempts to rehabilitate their public image . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Celebration '' Adam McKay Jesse Armstrong June 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 03 ) 0.582 `` Shit Show at the Fuck Factory '' Mark Mylod Tony Roche June 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 10 ) 0.491 `` Lifeboats '' Mark Mylod Jonathan Glatzer June 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 17 ) 0.605 `` Sad Sack Wasp Trap '' Adam Arkin Anna Jordan June 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 24 ) 0.543 5 `` I Went to Market '' Adam Arkin Georgia Pritchett July 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 01 ) 0.583 6 `` Which Side Are You On ? '' Andrij Parekh Susan Soon He Stanton July 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 08 ) 0.673 7 `` Austerlitz '' Miguel Arteta Lucy Prebble July 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 15 ) 0.626 8 `` Prague '' S.J. Clarkson Jon Brown July 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 22 ) 0.637 9 `` Pre-Nuptial '' Mark Mylod Jesse Armstrong July 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 29 ) 0.558 10 `` Nobody Is Ever Missing '' Mark Mylod Jesse Armstrong August 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 05 ) 0.730 Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) On June 6 , 2016 , HBO announced that they had given the production a pilot order . The episode was set to be written by Jesse Armstrong and directed by Adam McKay . Executive producers for the pilot were to include Armstrong , McKay , Will Ferrell , Frank Rich , and Kevin Messick . On May 16 , 2017 , it was announced that HBO had given the production a series order for a first season consisting of ten episodes . The previously announced creative was expected to continue their involvement as the series enters into production . On November 17 , 2017 , it was announced that Nicholas Britell would serve as the series ' composer . On April 26 , 2018 , it was announced that the series would premiere on June 3 , 2018 . On June 11 , 2018 , it was announced that HBO had renewed the series for a second season . Casting ( edit ) On October 6 , 2016 , it was announced that Brian Cox , Jeremy Strong , Kieran Culkin , Sarah Snook , Nicholas Braun , and Matthew Macfadyen had been cast in lead roles in the series ' pilot . On November 4 , 2016 , it was announced that Hiam Abbass , Alan Ruck , Rob Yang , Parker Sawyers , and Peter Friedman had also joined the main cast of the pilot . On January 24 , 2018 , it was reported that Ashley Zukerman had joined the series in a recurring role . On March 7 , 2018 , it was reported that Jake Choi had been cast in a recurring role . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography for the first season of the series began in October 2017 in New York City at locations including Lexington Avenue and East 75th Street . During the week of November 20 , 2017 , production took place in the Financial District of Manhattan . In December 2017 , the series was reportedly in production on the sixth episode . From mid-January 2018 to the end of the month , the production moved from New York to New Mexico . Filming reportedly took place around the Santa Fe area of the state . On February 22 , 2018 , filming took place in New Jersey which required the closing of the Atlantic City - Brigantine tunnel . On February 25 , 2018 , filming took place at Eastnor Castle near Ledbury in Herefordshire , England . Release ( edit ) Promotional poster . Marketing ( edit ) On January 18 , 2018 , HBO released the first teaser trailer for the series . On March 27 , 2018 , a second teaser trailer was released . On April 26 , 2018 , the first full trailer was released . Premiere ( edit ) On April 27 , 2018 , the series held its official world premiere during the Series Mania Festival in Lille , France in which the pilot episode was screened . On May 22 , 2018 , the series held its official US premiere at the Time Warner Center in New York City . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The series has been met with a positive response from critics upon its premiere . On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , the series holds a 86 % approval rating with an average rating of 7.2 out of 10 based on 57 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` The spectacle of rich people behaving badly makes Succession entertaining , but only up to a point . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned the series a score of 70 out of 100 based on 29 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews . '' Ratings ( edit ) Media outlets have characterized the show 's ratings as `` fairly low '' and `` bordering on miniscule . '' The premiere episode drew 582,000 viewers , down from the 1.39 million viewers that watched its lead - in Westworld . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Baculinao , Michael ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` New Drama Series `` Succession '' Debuts This June on HBO `` . TVOvermind . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.3. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 12 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.10. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 19 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.17. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 26 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.24. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 3 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.1. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 10 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.8. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.15. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 24 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.22. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 31 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.29. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 7 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.5. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nakamura , Reid ( 2016 - 06 - 06 ) . `` Adam McKay , Kathryn Bigelow Projects Land Pilot Orders at HBO '' . TheWrap . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` HBO Orders Drama Pilots From Adam McKay & Kathryn Bigelow '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` HBO Orders Tycoon Family Drama From Adam McKay , Jihadi Recruitment Project From Kathryn Bigelow '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wright , Megh ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` HBO Orders Drama Pilot ' Succession ' from Adam McKay and Will Ferrell '' . Splitsider . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Danette ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Will Ferrell and Adam McKay are also working on a drama pilot for HBO '' . AV Club . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Adam McKay 's ' Succession ' Media Family Drama Picked Up To Series By HBO '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` HBO Gives Series Order to Family Drama ' Succession ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Adam McKay 's Succession TV Series Lands a Full Order at HBO '' . / Film . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Will Ferrell - Adam McKay Political Drama ' Succession ' Ordered by HBO '' . Variety . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Baxter , Joseph ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Succession : HBO Orders Family Drama Series by Will Ferrell and Adam McKay '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Barsanti , Sam ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` HBO picks up Adam McKay and Will Ferrell 's political drama '' . AV Club . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Adam McKay Reteams With Composer Nicholas Britell On Two Projects '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Succession ' : Premiere Date Set For HBO 's Media - Family Drama '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( June 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Succession ' Renewed For Season 2 By HBO '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Succession ' : Brian Cox , Jeremy Strong & Kieran Culkin Lead Cast Of HBO Drama Pilot From Adam McKay '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Succession ' : Alan Ruck , Parker Sawyers & More Join Adam McKay 's HBO Drama Pilot '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Succession ' : Ashley Zukerman Set To Recur On Adam McKay 's HBO Drama '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Single Parents ' : Kimrie Lewis & Jake Choi Cast In ABC Comedy Pilot '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Deehan , Tom ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` New HBO drama , Succession , heads for New Mexico '' The Location Guide `` . The Location Guide . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Scott , Joshua ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's ' Luke Cage ' Sets up Near Union Square + More NYC Projects Filming '' . Backstage . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rampell , Ed ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Actor / activist James Cromwell continues anti-fracking fight '' . People 's World . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cloutier , Benjamin ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` The New Mexico Film Office Announces HBO 's New Drama Series `` Succession '' to film in New Mexico '' ( PDF ) . New Mexico Film Office . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gomez , Adrian ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' films fourth season in ABQ '' . Albuquerque Journal . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` HBO series `` Succession '' filming in New Mexico `` . Ruidoso News . January 17 , 2018 . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stelnicki , Tripp ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` Santa Fe ranked among best small cities for moviemaking '' . The Santa Fe New Mexican . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Jeff ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` HBO filming to close part of Atlantic City - Brigantine tunnel Thursday '' . NJ.com . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Atlantic City - Brigantine tunnel closed because of TV filming '' . 6abc Philadelphia . February 22 , 2018 . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Reil , Maxwell ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` HBO show shuts down tunnel to film in A.C. '' Press of Atlantic City . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goddard , Ben ( February 25 , 2018 ) . `` Film crews arrive at Eastnor Castle for filming of American drama series '' . Hereford Times . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chancellor , Agard ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` HBO teases a familial power struggle in new ' Succession ' trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Succession ' Trailer : Business Management `` Is a Big Dick Competition '' in Adam McKay 's HBO Series `` . Collider . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Harris , Hunter ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Succession Trailer : HBO 's New Family - Business Battle Royale '' . Vulture . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cranswick , Amie ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` First trailer for HBO 's Succession starring Brian Cox '' . Flickering Myth . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Franklin , Garth ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` HBO Premieres `` Succession '' Series Trailer - Dark Horizons `` . Dark Horizons . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hopewell , John ( April 28 , 2018 ) . `` HBO 's ' Succession ' Opens 9th Series Mania to Applause '' . Variety . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tedder , Michael ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` Why Brian Cox Says Wealthy Family Drama ' Succession ' Is Both Timeless and Timely '' . Variety . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Succession : Season 1 - Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Succession : Season 1 - Metacritic '' . Metacritic . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Salem , Mitch ( August 6 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY Season Finale Review : `` Succession '' `` . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( August 6 , 2018 ) . `` Critic 's Notebook : How ' Succession ' Quickly Became One of TV 's Best Comedies ( or Dramas ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Succession on IMDb HBO programming Former Series 1970s debuts Inside the NFL On Location Race for the Pennant Standing Room Only ( `` Vanities '' ) Tennis on HBO Time Was 1980s debuts 1st & Ten America Undercover ( `` Autopsy '' , `` Real Sex '' and `` Taxicab Confessions '' ) Babar Braingames Encyclopedia Encyclopedia Brown Fraggle Rock The Ghost of Faffner Hall The Hitchhiker The Kids in the Hall Maximum Security Not Necessarily the News One Night Stand Philip Marlowe , Private Eye The Ray Bradbury Theater The Storyteller Tales from the Crypt Video Jukebox 1990s debuts The Adventures of Tintin Arliss The Chris Rock Show The Country Mouse and the City Mouse Adventures Crashbox Def Comedy Jam Dennis Miller Live Dream On George and Martha Happily Ever After : Fairy Tales for Every Child HBO Comedy Half - Hour Hotel Room The Larry Sanders Show Lifestories : Families in Crisis A Little Curious The Little Lulu Show Mokku of the Oak Tree Mr. Show with Bob and David The Neverending Story Oz Perversions of Science Pippi Longstocking Rainbow Fish Reverb Sex and the City The Sopranos Spicy City Tenacious D Todd McFarlane 's Spawn Tracey Takes On ... 2000s debuts Animated Tales of the World Big Love Bored to Death Carnivàle Cathouse : The Series Classical Baby Costas Now Da Ali G Show Deadwood Def Poetry Jam Eastbound & Down The Electric Company Entourage Extras Flight of the Conchords G String Divas Harold and the Purple Crayon Hung I Spy In Treatment Joe Buck Live John from Cincinnati K Street Kindergarten KO Nation The Life & Times of Tim Little Britain USA Lucky Louie The Mind of the Married Man The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency On the Record with Bob Costas Pinky Dinky Doo Pornucopia Project Greenlight Rome Six Feet Under Stuart Little : The Animated Series Summer Heights High Tales from the Neverending Story Tell Me You Love Me True Blood Tourgasm Unscripted The Wire 2010s debuts After the Thrones Angry Boys Any Given Wednesday with Bill Simmons Boardwalk Empire The Brink Doll & Em Enlightened Family Tree Funny or Die Presents Getting On Girls Hello Ladies Here and Now How to Make It in America Ja'mie : Private School Girl Jonah from Tonga The Leftovers Life 's Too Short Looking Luck Masterclass The Newsroom The Ricky Gervais Show Togetherness Treme Vice Principals Vinyl Miniseries All the Rivers Run Angels in America Assume the Position with Mr. Wuhl Band of Brothers The Casual Vacancy The Corner Elizabeth I Empire Falls From the Earth to the Moon Foo Fighters : Sonic Highways Generation Kill House of Saddam The Jinx : The Life and Deaths of Robert Durst John Adams Laurel Avenue Mildred Pierce Mosaic The Night Of Olive Kitteridge The Pacific Parade 's End Sharp Objects Show Me a Hero Tanner ' 88 Current and upcoming Current All Def Comedy ( since 2016 ) Animals . 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Yukon

Yukon - Wikipedia Yukon Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Canadian territory . For other uses , see Yukon ( disambiguation ) . Yukon Flag Coat of arms Motto ( s ) : ( No official motto ) BC AB SK MB ON QC NB PE NS NL YT NT NU Confederation June 13 , 1898 ( 9th ) Capital Whitehorse Largest city Whitehorse Largest metro Whitehorse Government Commissioner Doug Phillips Premier Sandy Silver ( Liberal ) Legislature Yukon Legislative Assembly Federal representation ( in Canadian Parliament ) House seats 1 of 338 ( 0.3 % ) Senate seats 1 of 105 ( 1 % ) Area Total 482,443 km ( 186,272 sq mi ) Land 474,391 km ( 183,163 sq mi ) Water 8,052 km ( 3,109 sq mi ) 1.7 % Area rank Ranked 9th 4.8 % of Canada Population ( 2016 ) Total 35,874 Estimate ( 2017 Q3 ) 38,459 Rank Ranked 13th Density 0.08 / km ( 0.2 / sq mi ) Demonym ( s ) Yukoner FR : Yukonnais ( e ) Official languages English , French GDP Rank 12th Total ( 2011 ) C $2.660 billion Per capita C $75,141 ( 3rd ) Time zone UTC - 8 Postal abbr . YT Postal code prefix Y ISO 3166 code CA - YT Flower Fireweed Tree Subalpine fir Bird Common raven Website www.gov.yk.ca Rankings include all provinces and territories Downtown Whitehorse along the Yukon River Yukon ( / ˈjuːkɒn / ; French : ( jykɔ̃ ) ; also commonly called the Yukon ) is the smallest and westernmost of Canada 's three federal territories ( the other two are the Northwest Territories and Nunavut ) . The territory has the smallest population of any province or territory in Canada , with 35,874 people . Whitehorse is the territorial capital and Yukon 's only city . The territory was split from the Northwest Territories in 1898 and was named the Yukon Territory . The federal government 's Yukon Act , which received royal assent on March 27 , 2002 , established Yukon as the territory 's official name , though Yukon Territory is also still popular in usage and Canada Post continues to use the territory 's internationally approved postal abbreviation of YT . Though officially bilingual ( English and French ) , the Yukon Government also recognizes First Nations languages . At 5,959 m ( 19,551 ft ) , Yukon 's Mount Logan , in Kluane National Park and Reserve , is the highest mountain in Canada and the second - highest on the North American continent ( after Denali in the U.S. state of Alaska ) . Most of Yukon has a subarctic climate , characterized by long cold winters and brief warm summers . The Arctic Ocean coast has a tundra climate . Notable rivers include the Yukon River , after which the territory was named , as well as the Pelly , Stewart , Peel , White and Tatshenshini rivers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 4 Demographics 4.1 Municipalities by population 4.2 Ethnicity 4.3 Language 4.4 Religion 5 Economy 5.1 Tourism 6 Arts and culture 6.1 Events and festivals 7 Government 7.1 Federal representation 7.2 First Nations 8 Infrastructure 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Etymology ( edit ) The territory is named after the Yukon River , the longest river in Yukon . The name itself is from a contraction of the words in the Gwich'in phrase chųų gąįį han , which means white water river and refers to `` the pale colour '' of glacial runoff in the Yukon River . History ( edit ) Main article : History of Yukon Long before the arrival of Europeans , central and southern Yukon was populated by First Nations people , and the area escaped glaciation . Sites of archeological significance in Yukon hold some of the earliest evidence of the presence of human occupation in North America . The sites safeguard the history of the first people and the earliest First Nations of the Yukon . The volcanic eruption of Mount Churchill in approximately 800 AD in what is now the U.S. state of Alaska blanketed southern Yukon with a layer of ash which can still be seen along the Klondike Highway , and which forms part of the oral tradition of First Nations peoples in Yukon and further south in Canada . Coastal and inland First Nations had extensive trading networks . European incursions into the area only began early in the 19th century with the fur trade , followed by missionaries . By the 1870s and 1880s gold miners began to arrive . This drove a population increase that justified the establishment of a police force , just in time for the start of the Klondike Gold Rush in 1897 . The increased population coming with the gold rush led to the separation of the Yukon district from the Northwest Territories and the formation of the separate Yukon Territory in 1898 . Geography ( edit ) Map of Yukon Main article : Geography of Yukon The territory is the approximate shape of a right triangle , bordering the U.S. state of Alaska to the west and northwest for 1,210 km ( 752 mi ) mostly along longitude 141 ° W , the Northwest Territories to the east and British Columbia to the south . Its northern coast is on the Beaufort Sea . Its ragged eastern boundary mostly follows the divide between the Yukon Basin and the Mackenzie River drainage basin to the east in the Mackenzie mountains . Most of the territory is in the watershed of its namesake , the Yukon River . The southern Yukon is dotted with a large number of large , long and narrow glacier - fed alpine lakes , most of which flow into the Yukon River system . The larger lakes include Teslin Lake , Atlin Lake , Tagish Lake , Marsh Lake , Lake Laberge , Kusawa Lake and Kluane Lake . Bennett Lake on the Klondike Gold Rush trail is a lake flowing into Nares Lake , with the greater part of its area within Yukon . Canada 's highest point , Mount Logan ( 5,959 m or 19,551 ft ) , is in the territory 's southwest . Mount Logan and a large part of the Yukon 's southwest are in Kluane National Park and Reserve , a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Other national parks include Ivvavik National Park and Vuntut National Park in the north . Mount Logan from the southeast Other watersheds include the Mackenzie River , the Peel Watershed and the Alsek -- Tatshenshini , and a number of rivers flowing directly into the Beaufort Sea . The two main Yukon rivers flowing into the Mackenzie in the Northwest Territories are the Liard River in the southeast and the Peel River and its tributaries in the northeast . Notable widespread tree species within Yukon are the black spruce and white spruce . Many trees are stunted because of the short growing season and severe climate . The capital , Whitehorse , is also the largest city , with about three - quarters of the population ; the second largest is Dawson City ( pop. 2,016 ) , which was the capital until 1952 . Climate ( edit ) See also : Climate change in the Arctic Köppen climate types in Yukon While the average winter temperature in the Yukon is mild by Canadian arctic standards , no other place in North America gets as cold as the Yukon during extreme cold snaps . The temperature has dropped down to − 60 ° C ( − 76 ° F ) three times , 1947 , 1954 , and 1968 . The most extreme cold snap occurred in February 1947 when the abandoned town of Snag dropped down to − 63.0 ° C ( − 81.4 ° F ) . Unlike most of Canada where the most extreme heat waves occur in July , August , and even September , The Yukon 's extreme heat tends to occur in June and even May . The Yukon has recorded 36 ° C ( 97 ° F ) three times . The first time was in June 1969 when Mayo recorded a temperature of 36.1 ° C ( 97 ° F ) . 14 years later this record was almost beaten when Forty Mile recorded 36 ° C ( 97 ° F ) in May 1983 . The old record was finally broken 21 years later in June 2004 when the Mayo Road weather station , located just northwest of Whitehorse , recorded a temperature of 36.5 ° C ( 97.7 ° F ) . Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected locations in Yukon City July ( ° C ) July ( ° F ) January ( ° C ) January ( ° F ) Whitehorse 21 / 8 70 / 46 − 11 / − 19 12 / − 2 Dawson City 23 / 8 73 / 46 − 22 / − 30 − 8 / − 22 Old Crow 20 / 9 68 / 48 − 25 / − 34 − 13 / − 29 Demographics ( edit ) Distribution of Yukon 's eight municipalities by type Main article : Demographics of Yukon The population of Yukon in the 2016 census is 35,874 , an increase of 5.8 % from 2011 . With a land area of 474,712.64 km ( 183,287.57 sq mi ) , it had a population density of 0.1 / km ( 0.2 / sq mi ) in 2011 . Municipalities by population ( edit ) Main article : List of municipalities in Yukon Name Status Official name Incorporation date 2016 Census of Population Population ( 2016 ) Population ( 2011 ) Change Land area ( km2 ) Population density Carmacks Town Village of Carmacks 000000001984 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 , 1984 493 503 2999801192842942350 ♠ − 2.0 % 7001369500000000000 ♠ 36.95 13.3 / km Dawson Town City of Dawson 000000001902 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 1902 1,375 1,319 7000424564063684610 ♠ + 4.2 % 7001324500000000000 ♠ 32.45 42.4 / km Faro Town Town of Faro 000000001969 - 06 - 13 - 0000 June 13 , 1969 348 344 7000116279069767440 ♠ + 1.2 % 7002203570000000000 ♠ 203.57 1.7 / km Haines Junction Town Village of Haines Junction 000000001984 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 , 1984 613 593 7000337268128161890 ♠ + 3.4 % 7001344900000000000 ♠ 34.49 17.8 / km Mayo Town Village of Mayo 000000001984 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 1984 200 226 2998884955752212390 ♠ − 11.5 % 7000106000000000000 ♠ 1.06 188.7 / km Teslin Town Village of Teslin 000000001984 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 , 1984 124 122 7000163934426229510 ♠ + 1.6 % 7000192000000000000 ♠ 1.92 64.6 / km Watson Lake Town Town of Watson Lake 000000001984 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1 , 1984 790 802 2999850374064837910 ♠ − 1.5 % 7000611000000000000 ♠ 6.11 129.3 / km Whitehorse City City of Whitehorse 000000001950 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 1950 25,085 23,276 7000777195394397660 ♠ + 7.8 % 7002416540000000000 ♠ 416.54 60.2 / km Total municipalities -- -- -- 29,028 27,185 7000677947397461840 ♠ + 6.8 % 7002733090000000000 ♠ 733.09 39.6 / km Territory of Yukon -- -- -- 35,874 33,897 7000583237454642000 ♠ + 5.8 % 7005474712680000000 ♠ 474,712.68 0.08 / km Ethnicity ( edit ) This article 's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out - of - date information . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( April 2017 ) According to the 2006 Canada Census the majority of the territory 's population was of European descent , although it has a significant population of First Nations communities across the territory . The top ten ancestries were : Ranking Ethnic group Population 1 . English 8,795 2 . North American First Nations 7,070 3 . Scottish 7,005 4 . Canadian 6,075 5 . Irish 5,735 6 . German 4,835 7 . French 4,330 8 . Ukrainian 1,620 9 . Dutch ( Netherlands ) 1,475 10 . Norwegian 1,340 The 2011 National Household Survey examined Yukon 's ethnocultural diversity and immigration . At that time , 87.7 % of residents were Canadian - born and 24.2 % were of Aboriginal origin . The most common countries of birth for immigrants were the United Kingdom ( 15.9 % ) , the Philippines ( 15.0 % ) , and the United States ( 13.2 % ) . Among very recent immigrants ( between 2006 and 2011 ) living in Yukon , 63.5 % were born in Asia . Language ( edit ) First Nations linguistic groups by tribes / clans Linguistic group Tribe / clan Gwich'in Vuntut Gwitchin First Nation , Old Crow Hän Tr'ondëk Hwëch'in First Nation , Dawson City Upper Tanana White River First Nation , Beaver Creek Small communities near Tok ( Alaska ) Northern Tutchone Selkirk First Nation Little Salmon / Carmacks First Nation First Nation of Nacho Nyak Dun , Mayo Southern Tutchone Champagne and Aishihik First Nations , Haines Junction Kluane First Nation , Burwash Landing Ta'an Kwach'an Council , Lake Laberge Kwanlin Dün First Nation , Whitehorse Kaska Ross River Dena Council , Ross River Liard River First Nation , Watson Lake Inland Tlingit Teslin Tlingit Council Tagish Carcross / Tagish First Nation Mother tongue , 2011 census Rank Language Population Percent 1 . English 28,065 82.9 % 2 . French 1,455 4.3 % 3 . German 805 2.4 % 4 . Tagalog 425 1.3 % 5 . Kaska 265 0.8 % 6 . Northern Tutchone 200 0.6 % 7 . Spanish 180 0.5 % 8 . Southern Tutchone 140 0.4 % 8 . Dutch 130 0.4 % 10 . Chinese 130 0.4 % The most commonly reported mother tongue among the 33,145 single responses to the 2011 Canadian census was English at 28,065 ( 7001850000000000000 ♠ 85 % ) . The second-most common was 1,455 ( 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 % ) for French . Among 510 multiple respondents , 140 of them ( 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 % ) reported a mother tongue of both English and French , while 335 ( 7001660000000000000 ♠ 66 % ) reported English and a ' non-official language ' and 20 ( 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 % ) reported French and a ' non-official language ' . The Yukon Language Act `` recognises the significance '' of aboriginal languages in Yukon ; however , only English and French are available for laws , court proceedings , and legislative assembly proceedings . Religion ( edit ) This article 's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out - of - date information . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( May 2012 ) The 2011 National Household Survey reported that 49.9 % of Yukoners reported having no religious affiliation , the highest percentage in Canada . The most frequently reported religious affiliation was Christianity , reported by 46.2 % of residents . Of these , the most common denominations were the Catholic Church ( 39.6 % ) , the Anglican Church of Canada ( 17.8 % ) and the United Church of Canada ( 9.6 % ) . Economy ( edit ) Yukon 's historical major industry was mining ( lead , zinc , silver , gold , asbestos and copper ) . The government acquired the land from the Hudson 's Bay Company in 1870 and split it from the Northwest Territories in 1898 to fill the need for local government created by the population influx of the gold rush . Thousands of these prospectors flooded the territory , creating a colourful period recorded by authors such as Robert W. Service and Jack London . The memory of this period and the early days of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police , as well as the territory 's scenic wonders and outdoor recreation opportunities , makes tourism the second most important industry . Manufacturing , including furniture , clothing , and handicrafts , follows in importance , along with hydroelectricity . The traditional industries of trapping and fishing have declined . Today , the government sector is by far the biggest employer in the territory , directly employing approximately 5,000 out of a labour force of 12,500 , on a population of 36,500 . On 1 May 2015 , Yukon modified its Business Corporations Act , in an effort to attract more benefits and participants to its economy . One amendment to the BCA lets a proxy be given for voting purposes . Another change will allow directors to pursue business opportunities declined by the corporation , a practice off - limits in most other jurisdictions due to the inherent potential for conflicts of interest . One of the changes will allow a corporation to serve as a director of a subsidiary registered in Yukon . The legislation also allows companies to add provisions in their articles of incorporation giving directors blanket approval to sell of all of the company 's assets without requiring a shareholder vote . If provided for by a unanimous shareholders agreement , a corporation is not required to have directors at all . There is increased flexibility regarding the location of corporate records offices , including the ability to maintain a records office outside of the Yukon so long as it is accessible by electronic means . Tourism ( edit ) Yukon welcome sign Yukon 's tourism motto is `` Larger than life '' . Yukon 's major appeal is its nearly pristine nature . Tourism relies heavily on this , and there are many organized outfitters and guides available to hunters and anglers and nature lovers of all sorts . Sports enthusiasts can paddle lakes and rivers with canoes and kayaks , ride or walk trails , ski or snowboard in an organized setting or access the backcountry by air or snowmobile , climb the highest peaks in Canada or take a family hike up smaller mountains , or try ice climbing and dog sledding . There are also various festivals and sporting events such as the Yukon International Storytelling Festival and Yukon Sourdough Rendezvous . There are many opportunities to experience pre-colonial lifestyles by learning about Yukon 's First Nations . Wildlife and nature observation is exceptional and a wide variety of large mammals , birds , and fish are easily accessible , whether or not within Yukon 's many territorial parks ( Herschel Island Qikiqtaruk Territorial Park , Tombstone Territorial Park , Fishing Branch Ni'iinlii'njik Park , Coal River Springs Territorial Park ) and national parks ( Kluane National Park and Reserve , Vuntut National Park , Ivvavik National Park ) and reserves , or nearby Liard River Hot Springs Provincial Park in British Columbia . The latitude enables the view of aurora borealis in Yukon . Arts and culture ( edit ) See also : Music of Yukon Although English is the main language used in the territory , as evidenced by the census , the Government of Yukon recognizes several aboriginal languages as part of the cultural heritage of the territory : the Tlingit , and the less common Tahltan , as well as seven Athapaskan languages , Upper Tanana , Gwitchin , Hän , Northern Tutchone , Southern Tutchone , Kaska and Tagish , some of which are rare . As noted above , the `` aboriginal identity population '' makes up a substantial minority , accounting for about 25 percent . Notwithstanding , the aboriginal culture is strongly reflected in such areas as winter sports , as in the Yukon Quest sled dog race . The modern comic - book character Yukon Jack depicts a heroic aboriginal persona . By far the strongest cultural and tourism aspect of Yukon , however , is the legacy of the Klondike Gold Rush ( 1897 -- 1899 ) , which inspired such contemporary writers at the time as Robert W. Service , Jack London and Jules Verne and which continues to inspire films and games from Mae West 's Klondike Annie to The Yukon Trail ( see Cultural legacy of the Klondike Gold Rush ) . Notable residents have included Leslie Nielsen , Erik Nielsen and Pierre Berton . Events and festivals ( edit ) See also : Category : Festivals in Yukon Yukon also has a wide array of cultural and sporting events and infrastructures that attract artists , participants and tourists from all parts of the world ; Yukon International Storytelling Festival , Dawson City Music Festival , Yukon Quest , Yukon Sourdough Rendezvous , the Adäka Cultural Festival , the Yukon Beringia Interpretive Centre , Northern Lights Centre , Klondike Gold Rush memorials and activities , Takhini Hot Springs , and the Whitehorse fish ladder . Government ( edit ) Chief Isaac of the Hän , Yukon Territory , 1898 In the 19th century , Yukon was a segment of North - Western Territory that was administered by the Hudson 's Bay Company , and then of the Northwest Territories administered by the federal Canadian government . It only obtained a recognizable local government in 1895 when it became a separate district of the Northwest Territories . In 1898 , it was made a separate territory with its own commissioner and an appointed Territorial Council . Prior to 1979 , the territory was administered by the commissioner who was appointed by the federal Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development . The commissioner had a role in appointing the territory 's Executive Council , served as chair , and had a day - to - day role in governing the territory . The elected Territorial Council had a purely advisory role . In 1979 , a significant degree of power was devolved from the commissioner and the federal government to the territorial legislature which , in that year , adopted a party system of responsible government . This change was accomplished through a letter from Jake Epp , the Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development , rather than through formal legislation . In preparation for responsible government , political parties were organized and ran candidates to the Yukon Legislative Assembly for the first time in 1978 . The Progressive Conservatives won these elections and formed the first party government of Yukon in January 1979 . The Yukon New Democratic Party ( NDP ) formed the government from 1985 to 1992 under Tony Penikett and again from 1996 under Piers McDonald until being defeated in 2000 . The conservatives returned to power in 1992 under John Ostashek after having renamed themselves the Yukon Party . The Liberal government of Pat Duncan was defeated in elections in November 2002 , with Dennis Fentie of the Yukon Party forming the government as Premier . The Yukon Act , passed on April 1 , 2003 , formalized the powers of the Yukon government and devolved additional powers to the territorial government ( e.g. , control over land and natural resources ) . As of 2003 , other than criminal prosecutions , the Yukon government has much of the same powers as provincial governments , and the other two territories are looking to obtaining the same powers . Today the role of commissioner is analogous to that of a provincial lieutenant governor ; however , unlike lieutenant - governors , commissioners are not formal representatives of the Queen but are employees of the federal government . Although there has been discussion in the past about Yukon becoming Canada 's 11th province , it is generally felt that its population base is too sparse for this to occur at present . At the federal level , the territory is represented in the Parliament of Canada by a single Member of Parliament and one senator . Members of Parliament from Canadian territories are full and equal voting representatives and residents of the territory enjoy the same rights as other Canadian citizens . One Yukon Member of Parliament , Erik Nielsen , was the Deputy Prime Minister under the government of Brian Mulroney , while another , Audrey McLaughlin , was the leader of the federal New Democratic Party from 1989 to 1995 . Federal representation ( edit ) Main article : Yukon ( electoral district ) The entire territory is one riding ( electoral district ) in the Canadian House of Commons , also called Yukon . The current holder of the seat is Liberal Member of Parliament Larry Bagnell following his victory in the 2015 federal election . Yukon is allocated one seat in the Senate of Canada and has been represented by three Senators since the position was created in 1975 . The Senate position is held by Conservative senator Daniel Lang , who was appointed by then - Prime Minister Stephen Harper on December 22 , 2008 . It was previously filled by Ione Christensen , of the Liberal Party . Appointed to the Senate in 1999 by Prime Minister Jean Chrétien , Christensen resigned in December 2006 to help her ailing husband . From 1975 to 1999 , Paul Lucier ( Liberal ) served as Senator for Yukon . Lucier was appointed by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau . First Nations ( edit ) Much of the population of the territory is First Nations . An umbrella land claim agreement representing 7,000 members of 14 different First Nations was signed with the federal government in 1993 . Eleven of the 14 Yukon First Nations have negotiated and signed comprehensive land claim and self - government agreements . The 14 First Nations speak eight different languages . The territory once had an Inuit settlement , located on Herschel Island off the Arctic coast . This settlement was dismantled in 1987 and its inhabitants relocated to the neighbouring Northwest Territories . As a result of the Inuvialuit Final Agreement , the island is now a territorial park and is known officially as Qikiqtaruk Territorial Park , Qikiqtaruk being the name of the island in Inuvialuktun . Government Seat Chief Carcross / Tagish First Nation Carcross Khà Shâde Héni Andy Carvill Champagne and Aishihik First Nations Haines Junction Steve Smith First Nation of Na - cho Nyak Dun Mayo Simon Mervyn Kluane First Nation Burwash Landing Mathieya Alatini Kwanlin Dün First Nation Whitehorse Doris Bill Liard River First Nation Watson Lake Daniel Morris Little Salmon / Carmacks First Nation Carmacks Eric Fairclough Ross River Dena Council Ross River Jack Caesar Selkirk First Nation Pelly Crossing Kevin McGinty Ta'an Kwach'an Council Whitehorse Kristina Kane Teslin Tlingit Council Teslin Richard Sidney Tr'ondëk Hwëch'in Dawson City Roberta Joseph Vuntut Gwitchin First Nation Old Crow Bruce Charlie White River First Nation Beaver Creek Angela Demit Infrastructure ( edit ) Road sign on Dempster Highway , Eagle Plains Before modern forms of transportation , the rivers and mountain passes were the main transportation routes for the coastal Tlingit people trading with the Athabascans of which the Chilkoot Pass and Dalton Trail , as well as the first Europeans . From the Gold Rush until the 1950s , riverboats plied the Yukon River , mostly between Whitehorse and Dawson City , with some making their way further to Alaska and over to the Bering Sea , and other tributaries of the Yukon River such as the Stewart River . Most of the riverboats were owned by the British - Yukon Navigation Company , an arm of the White Pass and Yukon Route , which also operated a narrow gauge railway between Skagway , Alaska , and Whitehorse . The railway ceased operation in the 1980s with the first closure of the Faro mine . It is now run during the summer months for the tourism season , with operations as far as Carcross . Today , major land routes include the Alaska Highway , the Klondike Highway ( between Skagway and Dawson City ) , the Haines Highway ( between Haines , Alaska , and Haines Junction ) , and the Dempster Highway ( linking Inuvik , Northwest Territories to the Klondike Highway ) , all paved except for the Dempster . Other highways with less traffic include the `` Robert Campbell Highway '' linking Carmacks ( on the Klondike Highway ) to Watson Lake ( Alaska Highway ) via Faro and Ross River , and the `` Silver Trail '' linking the old silver mining communities of Mayo , Elsa and Keno City to the Klondike Highway at the Stewart River bridge . Air travel is the only way to reach the far north community of Old Crow . Whitehorse International Airport serves as the air transport infrastructure hub , with scheduled direct flights to Vancouver , Kelowna , Calgary , Edmonton , Yellowknife , Inuvik , Ottawa , Dawson City , Old Crow and Frankfurt . Whitehorse International Airport is also the headquarters and primary hub for Air North , Yukon 's Airline . Every Yukon community is served by an airport or community aerodrome . The communities of Dawson City and Old Crow have regular scheduled service through Air North . Air charter businesses exist primarily to serve the tourism and mining exploration industries . See also ( edit ) Yukon portal Canada portal Arctic portal Main article : Outline of Yukon Canada Outline of Canada Index of Canada - related articles Bibliography of Canada Canada -- Wikipedia book History of the west coast of North America Bluefish Caves , archeological site Peel Watershed Yukon College Yukon Energy Corporation Yukon Field Force Yukon Members of Parliament Yukon Quest References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mardy Derby ( January 31 , 2016 ) . `` Whitehorse Legion looking for a Yukon motto '' . CBC News . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and dwelling counts , for Canada , provinces and territories , 2016 and 2011 censuses '' . Statistics Canada . February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Population by year of Canada of Canada and territories '' . Statistics Canada . September 26 , 2014 . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gross domestic product , expenditure - based , by province and territory ( 2011 ) '' . Statistics Canada . November 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Government of Yukon : Emblems and Symbols '' . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yukon Act , SC 2002 , c 7 '' . CanLII . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Canada , Government of Canada , Statistics . `` Population and Dwelling Count Highlight Tables , 2016 Census '' . www12.statcan.gc.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Table 8 Abbreviations and codes for provinces and territories , 2011 Census '' . Statistics Canada . December 30 , 2015 . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dear Sir , I have great pleasure in informing you that I have at length after much trouble and difficulties , succeed ( ed ) in reaching the ' Youcon ' , or white water River , so named by the ( Gwich'in ) natives from the pale colour of its water . ... , I have the honour to Remain Your obt Servt , John Bell '' Hudson 's Bay Company Correspondence to George Simpson from John Bell ( August 1 , 1845 ) , HBC Archives , D. 5 / 14 , fos. 212 - 215d , also quoted in , Coates , Kenneth S. & William R. Morrison ( 1988 ) . Land of the Midnight Sun : A History of the Yukon . Hurtig Publishers . p. 21 . ISBN 0 - 88830 - 331 - 9 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ In Gwich'in , adjectives , such as choo ( big ) and gąįį ( white ) , follow the nouns that they modify . Thus , white water is chųų gąįį ( water white ) . White water river is chųų gąįį han ( water white river ) . Peter , Katherine ( 1979 ) . Dinjii Zhuh Ginjik Nagwan Tr'iłtsąįį : Gwich'in Junior Dictionary ( PDF ) . Univ. of Alaska . pp. ii ( ą , į , ų are nasalized a , i , u ) , xii ( adjectives follow nouns ) , 19 ( nitsii or choo ( big ) ) , 88 ( ocean = chųų choo ( water big ) ) , 105 ( han ( river ) ) , 142 ( chųų ( water ) ) , 144 ( gąįį ( white ) ) . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Borkhataria , Cecile ( January 16 , 2017 ) . `` Did the first humans arrive in North America 10,000 years earlier than thought ? Bones fund in Canada cave show ' indisputable ' marks from stone tools '' . Daily Mail . ^ Jump up to : Services , Cultural . Archaeology Program . Department of Tourism and Culture . ( Online ) March 8th , 2011 . ( Cited : April 7th , 2012 . ) http://www.tc.gov.yk.ca/archaeology.html . Jump up ^ `` Boundary Facts '' . International Boundary Commission . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2011 . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Length of boundary by province -- Yukon - 1,210 km or 752 miles Jump up ^ Carl Duncan , `` The Dempster : Highway to the Arctic Archived May 4 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . '' accessed 2009.10. 22 . Jump up ^ `` Life At Minus 80 : The Men Of Snag '' . The Weather Doctor . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Climate Data and Information Archive '' . Environment Canada . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Population and dwelling counts , for Canada , provinces and territories , and census subdivisions ( municipalities ) , 2011 and 2006 censuses ( Yukon ) '' . Statistics Canada . January 13 , 2014 . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Yukon Communities '' . Yukon Government : Department of Community Services . November 7 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2014 . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Association of Yukon Communities Incorporation Dates '' . Association of Yukon Communities . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2014 . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Population and dwelling counts , for Canada , provinces and territories , and census subdivisions ( municipalities ) , 2016 and 2011 censuses -- 100 % data ( Yukon ) '' . Statistics Canada . February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Statistics Canada . `` Ethnic origins , 2006 counts , for Canada , provinces and territories '' . Jump up ^ `` Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity , 2011 National Household Survey '' ( PDF ) . Statistics Canada . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Council of Yukon First Nations ^ Jump up to : `` Focus on Geography Series , 2011 Census , Yukon '' . Statistics Canada . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Language Act , Statues of the Yukon ( 2002 ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity , 2011 National Householder '' ( PDF ) . 2.statcan.ca . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : cbc.ca : `` Go north , not west : Yukon lures businesses with new company rules '' , 1 May 2015 Jump up ^ gov.yk.ca : `` BUSINESS CORPORATIONS ACT '' Archived October 16 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. , 1 May 2015 Jump up ^ gov.yk.ca : `` O.I.C. 2015 / 06 BUSINESS CORPORATIONS ACT '' Archived October 9 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. , 1 May 2015 Jump up ^ gov.yk.ca : `` O.I.C. 2015 / 07 SOCIETIES ACT '' Archived October 9 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. , 1 May 2015 ^ Jump up to : theglobeandmail.com : `` Yukon 's move to draw corporations worries shareholders coalition '' , 18 Jun 2015 ^ Jump up to : deallawwire.com : `` Changes of note to the Yukon Business Corporations Act '' , 2 Jun 2015 Jump up ^ Travel Yukon Archived October 12 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Yukon First Nation Tourist Association '' . Yfnta.org . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Territorial Parks '' . Environmentyukon.gov.yk.ca . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Herschel Island Qikiqtaruk Territorial Park '' . Environmentyukon.gov.yk.ca . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tombstone Territorial Park '' . Environmentyukon.gov.yk.ca . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fishing Branch Ni'iinlii'njik Park '' . Environmentyukon.gov.yk.ca . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Coal River Springs Territorial Park '' . Environmentyukon.gov.yk.ca . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Yukon Territory History and Culture , Pinnacle Travel Jump up ^ `` Dawson Music Festival '' . Dcmf.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Yukon Beringia Interpretive Centre '' . Beringia.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Lights Centre '' . Northernlightscentre.ca . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Whitehorse fish ladder '' . Yukonenergy.ca . February 1 , 2011 . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Coates and Morrison , p. 74 Jump up ^ Coates and Morrison , p. 103 Jump up ^ `` Senators - Detailed Information '' . Parliament of Canada . Retrieved December 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Former Yukon MLA named to Senate seat '' . Cbc.ca . December 22 , 2008 . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Council '' . Ctfn.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Dän nätthe dä̀tthʼi ( Chief and Council ) '' . Champagne and Aishihik First Nations . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Governance and Administration '' . First Nation of Nacho Nyak Dun . 2016 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Chief and Council '' . Kluane First Nation . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Doris Bill elected Kwanlin Dun chief '' . CBC News . 2014 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Liard First Nation '' . Kaska Dena Council . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Chief & Council '' . Little Salmon Carmacks First Nation . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Ross River Dena Council elects Jack Caesar as chief '' . CBC News . 2015 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Selkirk First Nation . `` The Council '' . Selkirk First Nation . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Chief and Council '' . Government of the Ta'an Kwäch'än Council . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Sidney elected chief of Teslin Tlingit Council '' . CBC News . 2016 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Roberta Joseph new chief of Dawson 's Tr'ondek Hwech'in '' . CBC News . 2014 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Bruce Charlie elected new chief of Vuntut Gwitchin First Nation '' . CBC News . 2016 - 05 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Chief & Council '' . White River First Nation . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Timetable , Summer 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Condor Airlines . 2017 - 08 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Further reading ( edit ) Coates , Kenneth ( 1985 ) , Canada 's colonies : a history of the Yukon and Northwest Territories , Lorimer , ISBN 0 - 88862 - 931 - 1 Coates , Ken S. & Morrison , William R. ( 1988 ) , Land of the Midnight Sun : A History of the Yukon , Edmonton : Hurtig Publishers , ISBN 0 - 88830 - 331 - 9 Cody , William J ( 2000 ) , Flora of the Yukon Territory , National Research Press , ISBN 0 - 660 - 18110 - X Hart , Ann ( 2000 ) , Alaska and the Yukon , JPM Publications , ISBN 2 - 88452 - 051 - 1 Laguna , Frederica De ( 2000 ) , Travels among the Dena : exploring Alaska 's Yukon Valley , Univ. of Washington Press , ISBN 0 - 295 - 97902 - X O'Reilly , Shauna ; Brennan O'Reilly ( 2009 ) , Alaska Yukon Pacific Exposition , Arcadia Pub , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 7132 - 4 Webb , Melody ( 1993 ) , Yukon : The Last Frontier , University of British Columbia Press , ISBN 0 - 7748 - 0441 - 6 External links ( edit ) Find more aboutYukonat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Yukon Government Yukon at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Yukon Attraction & Service Guides Immigration Yukon William E. Meed Yukon Photography Collection - University of Washington Library Henry M. 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A Whiter Shade of Pale

A Whiter Shade of Pale - wikipedia A Whiter Shade of Pale Jump to : navigation , search `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' A-side label of the UK vinyl single Single by Procol Harum from the album Procol Harum B - side `` Lime Street Blues '' Released 12 May 1967 Format 7 - inch record Recorded Olympic Sound Studios , London Genre Baroque rock Length 4 : 03 Label Deram Songwriter ( s ) Gary Brooker , Keith Reid , Matthew Fisher Producer ( s ) Denny Cordell Procol Harum singles chronology `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' ( 1967 ) `` Homburg '' ( 1967 ) `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' ( 1967 ) `` Homburg '' ( 1967 ) `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' is the debut song by the British rock band Procol Harum , released 12 May 1967 . The single reached number one in the UK Singles Chart on 8 June 1967 and stayed there for six weeks . Without much promotion , it reached number 5 on the Bilboard pop chart in the United States . One of the anthems of the 1967 Summer of Love , it is one of fewer than 30 singles to have sold over 10 million copies worldwide . With its haunting Bach - derived instrumental melody , soulful vocals , and unusual lyrics -- by the song 's co-authors Gary Brooker , Keith Reid and Matthew Fisher -- `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' reached No. 1 in several countries when released in 1967 . In the years since , it has become an enduring classic . It was the most played song in the last 75 years in public places in the UK ( as of 2009 ) , and the United Kingdom performing rights group Phonographic Performance Limited in 2004 recognised it as the most - played record by British broadcasting of the past 70 years . Also in 2004 , Rolling Stone placed `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' 57th on its list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . In 1977 , the song was named joint winner ( along with Queen 's `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' ) of `` The Best British Pop Single 1952 -- 1977 '' at the Brit Awards . In 1998 the song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame . More than 1000 recorded cover versions by other artists are known . The song has been included in many music compilations over the decades and has also been used in the soundtracks of numerous films , including The Big Chill , Purple Haze , Breaking the Waves , The Boat That Rocked , Martin Scorsese 's segment of New York Stories , Stonewall , and Ken Burns and Lynn Novick 's documentary series The Vietnam War . Cover versions of the song have also been featured in many films , for example , by King Curtis in Withnail and I and by Annie Lennox in The Net . The original writing credits were for Brooker and Reid only . On 30 July 2009 , Matthew Fisher won co-writing credit for the music in a unanimous ruling from the Law Lords . Contents ( hide ) 1 Recording and personnel 2 Lyrics 3 Composition 4 Release and reception 5 Promotional films 6 Authorship lawsuit 7 Chart performance 7.1 Weekly singles charts 7.2 Year - end charts 8 Annie Lennox version 8.1 Charts 9 References 10 Sources 11 External links Recording and personnel ( edit ) The song was performed and recorded at Olympic Sound Studios in London , England , with Gary Brooker providing the vocals and piano , Matthew Fisher on a Hammond M - 102 organ , David Knights on bass and Ray Royer on guitar . Drums were by session drummer Bill Eyden . A few days later , the song was re-recorded with the band 's then newly recruited drummer Bobby Harrison , but that version was discarded , and one of the original mono recordings was chosen for release . Producer for the record was Denny Cordell , and Keith Grant was the sound engineer . The song was included on the US release of the Procol Harum album , in September 1967 , but not on the later UK version . Lyrics ( edit ) Reid got the title and starting point for the song at a party . He overheard someone at the party saying to a woman , `` You 've turned a whiter shade of pale '' , and the phrase stuck in his mind . The original lyrics had four verses , of which only two are heard on the original recording . The third verse has been heard in live performances by Procol Harum , and more seldom also the fourth . The author of Procol Harum : Beyond the Pale , Claes Johansen , suggests that the song `` deals in metaphorical form with a male / female relationship which after some negotiation ends in a sexual act '' . This is supported by Tim de Lisle in Lives of the Great Songs , who remarks that the lyrics concern a drunken seduction , which is described through references to sex as a form of travel , usually nautical , using mythical and literary journeys . Other observers have also commented that the lyrics concern a sexual relationship . Contrary to the above interpretations , Reid was quoted in the February 2008 issue of Uncut magazine as saying : I was trying to conjure a mood as much as tell a straightforward , girl - leaves - boy story . With the ceiling flying away and room humming harder , I wanted to paint an image of a scene . I was n't trying to be mysterious with those images , I was trying to be evocative . I suppose it seems like a decadent scene I 'm describing . But I was too young to have experienced any decadence , then . I might have been smoking when I conceived it , but not when I wrote . It was influenced by books , not drugs . Structurally and thematically , the song is unusual in many respects . While the recorded version is 4 : 03 long , it is composed of only two verses , each with chorus . The piece is also more instrument - driven than most songs of the period , and with a much looser rhyme scheme . Its unusually allusive and referential lyrics are much more complex than most lyrics of the time ( for example , the chorus focuses on Chaucer 's `` The Miller 's Tale '' ) . Thus , this piece can be considered an early example of progressive rock . The phrase a whiter shade of pale has since gained widespread use in the English language , noticed by several dictionaries . As such , the phrase is today often used in contexts independent of any consideration of the song . It has also been heavily paraphrased , in forms like `` an Xer shade of Y '' , to the extent that it has been recognised as a snowclone -- a type of cliché and phrasal template . Composition ( edit ) The song 's distinctive , Bach - inspired organ part was played on a Hammond M102 . The song is in moderate time in C major and is characterised by the bassline moving stepwise downwards in a repeated pattern throughout . In classical music this is known as a ground bass . The harmonic structure is identical for the organ melody , the verse and the chorus , except that the chorus finishes with a cadence . The main organ melody appears at the beginning and after each verse / chorus . But it is also heard throughout , playing variations of its theme and counterpointing the vocal line . As the chorus commences `` And so it was , and later ... '' , the vocal and organ accompaniment begin a short crescendo , with the organist running his finger rapidly down and up the entire keyboard . The final instrumental fades out to silence -- a common device in pop music of the time . Dutch author , and Bach aficionado , Maarten ' t Hart calls `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' an `` original adaptation '' of Johann Sebastian Bach 's Ich steh mit einem Fuß im Grabe , BWV 156 . Besides , the Hammond organ line of the song came from Bach 's `` Sleepers , Wake ! '' and `` Air on the G String '' , both of which use a similar stepwise bass motion . The similarity is referred to in the 1982 play The Real Thing by Tom Stoppard and 1991 film The Commitments . A yet closer melodic influence that is seldom cited can arguably be found in the organ choral prelude `` O Mensch bewein dein ' Sünde groß '' ( O Man , Lament Your Sin So Great ) , BWV 622 , from Bach 's Orgelbüchlein ( Little Organ Book ) . The music also borrows ideas from `` When a Man Loves a Woman '' by Percy Sledge . Release and reception ( edit ) The single was released on 12 May 1967 in the United Kingdom by Deram Records and entered Record Retailer 's chart ( later the UK Singles Chart ) on 25 May . In two weeks it reached number 1 , where it stayed for six weeks . Writing in 2005 , Jim Irvin of Mojo said that its arrival at number 1 on 8 June 1967 , on the same day that the Beatles ' Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band topped the national albums chart , marked the start of the Summer of Love in Britain . According to music journalist and author Harvey Kubernik , in the context of the Summer of Love , `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' was the `` one song ( that ) stood above all others , its Everest - like status conferred by no less than John Lennon and Paul McCartney , who were enthralled by the Chaucerian wordplay and heavenly Baroque accompaniment '' . Kubernik also writes that , amid the search for higher consciousness during the flower power era , the song `` galvanised a congregation of disaffected youth dismissive of traditional religion but anxious to achieve spiritual salvation '' . In the United States , the single reached number 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 and sold over 1 million copies . It also peaked at number 22 on the soul charts there . In the Netherlands , the song entered the chart at number 1 in June 1967 and again reached number 1 in July 1972 . A May 1972 re-release on Fly Records stayed in the UK charts for a total of 12 weeks and peaked at number 13 . `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' has continued to receive critical acclaim . Along with Queen 's `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' , `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' was jointly recognised as `` The Best British Pop Single 1952 -- 1977 '' at the BRIT Awards , part of Elizabeth II 's Silver Jubilee . In 1998 the song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame . In 2004 , it appeared at number 57 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of the `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . British TV station Channel 4 placed the song at number 19 in its chart of `` The 100 Greatest No. 1 Singles '' . Promotional films ( edit ) One of the clips for the song was filmed at Witley Court , part of which was gutted by fire in 1937 . The first promotional clip for `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' was shot in the ruins of Witley Court in Worcestershire , England . It features four of the five musicians who played on the hit single : Gary Brooker , Matthew Fisher , David Knights and Ray Royer , in performance and walking through the ruins . Only the drummer in the video is n't on the record : early band member Bobby Harrison is seen miming to session man Bill Eyden 's drumming . The film was directed by Peter Clifton , whose insertion of Vietnam War newsreel footage caused it to be banned from airplay on the BBC 's Top of the Pops TV show . Procol Harum subsequently made a second promotional clip , using `` Scopitone '' technology . By this time , Robin Trower and B.J. Wilson had replaced Royer and Harrison in the band , so only three of the five musicians on the recording are represented . No performance footage appears in this film -- only scenes of the five musicians cavorting around London and running across fields . The same lineup , with Fisher wearing a monk 's cowl , mimed to the song on Top of the Pops , although Brooker sang live . Black - and - white footage of the performance has been shown online . The song represents 1967 in the 2004 release Top of the Pops 40th Anniversary 1964 -- 2004 DVD . There was also a film shot as part of Joel Gallen 's Deja - View music video series . Originally airing on various networks in late 1985 through 1986 , this video starred Harry Dean Stanton and Bernie Taupin , but featured no member of the band . It has also aired on VH1 Classic , and has recently surfaced online . Authorship lawsuit ( edit ) In 2005 , former Procol Harum organist Matthew Fisher filed suit in the High Court against Gary Brooker and his publisher , claiming that he co-wrote the music for the song . Fisher won the case on 20 December 2006 but was awarded 40 % of the composers ' share of the music copyright , rather than the 50 % he was seeking and was not granted royalties for the period before 2005 . Brooker and publisher Onward Music were granted leave to appeal , and a hearing on the matter was held before a panel of three judges during the week of 1 October 2007 . The decision , on 4 April 2008 , by Lord Justice Mummery , in the Court of Appeal upheld Fisher 's co-authorship but ruled that he should receive no royalties as he had taken too long ( 38 years ) to bring his claim to litigation . Full royalty rights were returned to Brooker . On 5 November 2008 , Fisher was granted permission to appeal this decision to the House of Lords . Lawyers say it is the first time the Law Lords have been asked to rule on a copyright dispute involving a song . The appeal was heard in the House of Lords on 22 -- 23 April 2009 . On 30 July 2009 the Law Lords unanimously ruled in Fisher 's favour . They noted that the delay in bringing the case had not caused any harm to the other party ; on the contrary he had benefited financially from it . They also pointed out that there were no time limits to copyright claims under English law . The right to future royalties was therefore returned to Fisher . The musicological basis of the judgment , and its effect on the rights of musicians who contribute composition to future works , has drawn some attention in the music world . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly singles charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 ) Peak position Australia Go - Set Austria Belgium Canada France Germany Ireland Italy Netherlands New Zealand ( Listener ) Norway Poland Spain United Kingdom United States 5 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 ) Ranking Australia 14 Canada 27 United States 38 Annie Lennox version ( edit ) `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' Single by Annie Lennox from the album Medusa B - side `` Heaven '' `` ( I 'm Always Touched By Your ) Presence , Dear '' Released May 1995 Format CD single Length 5 : 15 Label Arista Songwriter ( s ) Gary Brooker , Matthew Fisher , Keith Reid Producer ( s ) Stephen Lipson Annie Lennox singles chronology `` No More `` I Love You 's '' '' ( 1995 ) `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' ( 1995 ) `` Waiting in Vain '' ( 1995 ) `` No More `` I Love You 's '' '' ( 1995 ) `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' ( 1995 ) `` Waiting in Vain '' ( 1995 ) `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' was covered by Annie Lennox for her 1995 album Medusa . It was released as the second single in May 1995 and became a top - forty hit in Europe and Canada . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 56 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 48 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 16 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 37 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) 45 France ( SNEP ) 17 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 77 Ireland ( IRMA ) 25 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 39 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 11 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 26 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 16 US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) US Hot Dance Singles Sales ( Billboard ) US Hot Singles Sales ( Billboard ) 66 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Harrington , Joe S. ( 2002 ) . Sonic Cool : The Life & Death of Rock ' n ' Roll . Hal Leonard Corporation . ISBN 978 - 0 - 634 - 02861 - 8 . Jump up ^ Beckerman , Jim ( March 21 , 2015 ) . `` ' Walk Away Renee ' collaborator Michael Brown of Englewood Cliffs , dies at 65 '' . The Record . Jump up ^ `` EveryHit.com '' . everyHit.com . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2006 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits . Billboard Books . Jump up ^ `` Procul Harum Signer Gary Brooker Wins A Whiter Shade of Pale Royalty Court Battle '' . The Mirror . Retrieved 30 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Show 49 - The British are Coming ! The British are Coming ! : With an emphasis on Donovan , the Bee Gees and the Who . ( Part 6 ) : UNT Digital Library '' . Digital.library.unt.edu. 5 August 2011 . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Whiter Shade ' most played ' song '' . BBC News . 13 April 2009 . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Procol Harum Shades Rivals in UK Survey '' . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . Jump up ^ The BRITs 1977 `` . Brits.co.uk . Retrieved 20 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Grammy Hall of Fame Award Grammy.org Retrieved 30 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Whiter Shade of Pale Versions -- Martin 's Collection '' . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Procol Harum Beyond The Pale '' by Claes Johansen , pp. 68 , 86 , SAF Publishing , London , 2000 . ^ Jump up to : Kubernik 2017 , p. 191 . ^ Jump up to : Paul Simpson , The rough guide to cult pop , Page 249 . Rough Guides , 2003 , ISBN 1843532298 . 15 December 2003 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84353 - 229 - 3 . Retrieved 8 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Claes Johansen , Procol Harum : beyond the pale , pp. 57 -- 62 . SAF Publishing , 2000 , ISBN 0 - 946719 - 28 - 4 . 2000 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 946719 - 28 - 0 . Retrieved 8 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Miscellaneous Keith Reid words '' . Retrieved 1 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Lives of the Great Songs , Tim de Lisle , Trafalgar Square , 1995 , ISBN 1 - 85793 - 374 - 5 . Jump up ^ Knowles , Elizabeth ( editor ) , ed. ( 2007 ) . `` Reid , Keith & Brooker , Gary '' . Oxford Dictionary of Modern Quotations . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 920895 - 1 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Knowles , Elizabeth ( editor ) , ed. ( 2004 ) . `` Reid , Keith '' . The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 860720 - 5 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Ratcliffe , Susan , ed. ( 2006 ) . `` Reid , Keith '' . Oxford Dictionary of Phrase , Saying , & Quotation . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280650 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` ' A Whiter shade of pale ' in common parlance '' . Retrieved 23 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Snowclones Database '' . Archived from the original on 22 June 2009 . Retrieved 29 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Pullum , Geoffrey K ; Liberman , Mark ( 2006 ) . Far from the Madding Gerund and Other Dispatches from the Language Log . Wilsonville , Or. : William , James & Co . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59028 - 055 - 3 . Jump up ^ Holm - Hudson , Kevin ( 2008 ) . Genesis and The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway . Ashgate Publishing Ltd. p. 78 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 6147 - 4 . Retrieved 8 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Irvin , Jim ( Summer 2005 ) . `` The Beatles : After Pepper '' . Mojo . Available at Rock 's Backpages ( subscription required ) . Jump up ^ Kubernik 2017 , pp. 149 , 191 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 -- 2004 . Record Research . p. 473 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 160 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` THE 100 GREATEST No. 1 SINGLES '' . Retrieved 21 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Hereford and Worcester - Places - Witley court '' . BBC . 14 July 2008 . Retrieved 10 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Alan ( November -- December 2009 ) . `` Procol Harum '' . Shindig ! . p. 55 . Jump up ^ Noel Holston ( 12 December 1985 ) . `` Deja View Looks Into The ' 60s '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved 27 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A Whiter Shade Of Pale - Harry Dean Stanton - Procol Harum '' . Youtube. 21 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Deja View '' . Internet Movie Database . Jump up ^ `` A Whiter Shade of Pale authorship lawsuit '' . Retrieved 21 September 2006 . Jump up ^ BBC NEWS Entertainment Organist wins Procol Harum battle . Jump up ^ `` Judgment in the AWSoP lawsuit appeal , 4 April 2008 '' . Procolharum.com . Retrieved 10 August 2011 . Jump up ^ BBC - Procol Harum ruling is overturned . Jump up ^ BBC News , 6 November 2008 , Lords House to hear Procol battle ; www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Law Lords hear Harum song battle '' . BBC News . 22 April 2009 . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Bowcott , Owen ( 22 April 2009 ) . `` A Whiter Shade of Pale : House of Lords asked to rule in copyright wrangle '' . London : Guardian . Retrieved 29 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Victory for Whiter Shade organist '' . BBC . 30 July 2009 . Archived from the original on 31 July 2009 . Retrieved 30 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Judgments -- Fisher ( Original Respondent and Cross-appellant ) v Brooker and others ( Original Appellants and Cross-respondents ) '' . 30 July 2009 . Retrieved 31 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Gendelman , David . `` Blogs : : Crawdaddy : : Paste '' . Crawdaddy.wolfgangsvault.com . Archived from the original on 1 September 2009 . Retrieved 10 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles - Volume 7 , No. 24 , August 12 1967 '' . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Flavour of New Zealand , 11 August 1967 Jump up ^ `` Go - Set Magazine Charts '' . www.poparchives.com.au . Barry McKay . January 2007 . Retrieved 13 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RPM 100 Top Singles of 1967 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1967 / Top 100 Songs of 1967 '' . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan Gavin ( 2011 ) . Australia 's Music Charts 1988 - 2010 . Mt . Martha , VIC , Australia : Moonlight Publishing . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Annie Lennox -- A Whiter Shade of Pale ... '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Annie Lennox -- A Whiter Shade of Pale ... '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 2736 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 2743 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Annie Lennox -- A Whiter Shade of Pale ... '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Annie Lennox -- A Whiter Shade of Pale ... '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Annie Lennox '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Annie Lennox -- A Whiter Shade of Pale ... '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Annie Lennox -- A Whiter Shade of Pale ... '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Annie Lennox : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Annie Lennox -- Chart history '' Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 for Annie Lennox . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dance Singles Sales '' . Billboard . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Singles Sales '' . Billboard . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Sources ( edit ) Kubernik , Harvey ( 2017 ) . 1967 : A Complete Rock Music History of the Summer of Love . New York , NY : Sterling . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4549 - 2052 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics A Whiter Shade of Pale : authorised lyrics of all four verses `` Procol Harum : The ultimate tale of A Whiter Shade Of Pale '' , article on the song 's 40th anniversary , from Classic Rock magazine Bill Eyden Obituary Procol Harum -- A Whiter Shade Of Pale , live video from Eagle Rock Entertainment 's official channel on YouTube `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' Scopitone film on YouTube Preceded by `` Silence is Golden '' by The Tremeloes UK Singles Chart number one single 8 June 1967 -- 18 July 1967 ( six weeks ) Succeeded by `` All You Need Is Love '' by The Beatles Preceded by `` Black Velvet Band '' by Johnny McEvoy Ireland 1967 number one single 22 June 1967 -- 19 July 1967 ( five weeks ) Succeeded by `` Black Velvet Band '' by Johnny McEvoy Preceded by `` This is My Song '' by Petula Clark Australia 1967 number one single 8 July 1967 -- 28 July 1967 ( three weeks ) Succeeded by `` All You Need is Love / Baby , You 're a Rich Man '' by The Beatles Procol Harum Gary Brooker Geoff Dunn Matt Pegg Josh Phillips Geoff Whitehorn Dave Ball Graham Broad Dave Bronze Pete Brown Mark Brzezicki Alan Cartwright Chris Copping Matthew Fisher Mick Grabham Bobby Harrison David Knights Dee Murray Keith Reid Tim Renwick Ray Royer Don Snow Peter Solley Henry Spinetti Jerry Stevenson Robin Trower Ian Wallace B.J. Wilson Studio albums Procol Harum Shine On Brightly A Salty Dog Home Broken Barricades Grand Hotel Exotic Birds and Fruit Procol 's Ninth Something Magic The Prodigal Stranger The Well 's on Fire Novum Live albums Procol Harum Live : In Concert with the Edmonton Symphony Orchestra One More Time -- Live in Utrecht 1992 Live at the Union Chapel One Eye to the Future -- Live in Italy 2007 Procol Harum -- In Concert With the Danish National Concert Orchestra and Choir The Spirit of Nøkken MMX Some Long Road as Liquorice John Death Ai n't Nothin ' to Get Excited About Songs `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' `` Homburg '' `` A Salty Dog '' `` Conquistador '' Related articles Discography Guy Stevens The Paramounts Book : Procol Harum The Box Tops Rick Levy Gary Talley Bill Cunningham Ron Krasinski Barry Walsh Rick Allen Thomas Boggs Alex Chilton Harold Cloud John Evans Bobby Guidotti Gene Houston Rick Pipkin Joe Savage Swain Schaefer Danny Smythe Larry Spillman Studio albums The Letter / Neon Rainbow Cry Like a Baby Non-Stop Tear Off ! Compilation albums Super Hits The Greatest Hits The Ultimate Box Tops The Best of the Box Tops - Soul Deep Songs `` The Letter '' `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' `` Neon Rainbow '' `` Cry Like a Baby '' `` You Keep Me Hangin ' On '' Related articles Big Star Bell Records Sundazed Records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Whiter_Shade_of_Pale&oldid=803631770 '' Categories : Procol Harum songs 1967 singles Brit Award for British Single Debut singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in New Zealand Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Deram Records singles Arista Records singles Songs with lyrics by Keith Reid Song recordings produced by Denny Cordell Shorty Long songs Annie Lennox songs R.B. Greaves songs The Box Tops songs Songs written by Gary Brooker Popular songs based on classical works Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2010 Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardbubbling100 Use dmy dates from February 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano עברית Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 18 : 08 . 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In the Pines

In the Pines - wikipedia In the Pines For other uses , see In the Pines ( disambiguation ) . `` In the Pines '' Song Published 1917 Songwriter ( s ) Traditional `` In the Pines '' , also known as `` Where Did You Sleep Last Night ? '' and `` Black Girl '' , is a traditional American folk song originating from two songs , `` In the Pines '' and `` The Longest Train '' , both of whose authorship is unknown and date back to at least the 1870s ( though some contend an older , Irish history ) . The songs originated in the Southern Appalachian area of the United States in the contiguous areas of Eastern Tennessee and Kentucky , Western North Carolina and Northern Georgia . Versions of the song have been recorded by many artists in numerous genres , but it is most often associated with American bluegrass musician Bill Monroe and American Blues musician Lead Belly , both of whom recorded very different versions of the song in the 1940s and 1950s . A version of the song performed by The Four Pennies reached the UK top - twenty in 1964 . A live performance by the American grunge band Nirvana reinterpreted Lead Belly 's version and was recorded during their MTV Unplugged performance in 1993 . Contents 1 Early history 2 Influential versions 2.1 Bill Monroe 2.2 Lead Belly 2.3 Cajun versions 2.4 The Four Pennies 2.5 Mark Lanegan / Nirvana 2.6 Other versions 3 In popular culture 3.1 Film 3.2 Literature 3.3 Television 3.4 Games 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Early history ( edit ) Like numerous other folk songs , `` In the Pines '' was passed on from one generation and locale to the next by word of mouth . The first printed version of the song , compiled by Cecil Sharp , appeared in 1917 , and comprised just four lines and a melody . The lines are : Black girl , black girl , do n't lie to me Where did you stay last night ? I stayed in the pines where the sun never shines And shivered when the cold wind blows In 1925 , a version of the song was recorded onto phonograph cylinder by a folk collector . This was the first documentation of `` The Longest Train '' variant of the song , which includes a verse about `` The longest train I ever saw '' . This verse probably began as a separate song that later merged into `` In the Pines '' . Lyrics in some versions about `` Joe Brown 's coal mine '' and `` the Georgia line '' may refer to Joseph E. Brown , a former Governor of Georgia , who famously leased convicts to operate coal mines in the 1870s . While early renditions which mention the head in the `` driver 's wheel '' make clear that the decapitation was caused by the train , some later versions would omit the reference to the train and reattribute the cause . As music historian Norm Cohen pointed out in his 1981 book , Long Steel Rail : The Railroad in American Folksong , the song came to consist of three frequent elements : a chorus about `` in the pines '' , a verse about `` the longest train '' and a verse about a decapitation , but not all elements are present in all versions . Starting in 1926 , commercial recordings of the song were made by various folk and bluegrass bands . In her 1970 Ph. D. dissertation , Judith McCulloh ( 1935 - 2014 ) found 160 permutations of the song . As well as rearrangement of the three frequent elements , the person who goes into the pines , or who is decapitated , is described as a man , woman , adolescent , husband , wife , or parent , while the pines can be seen as representing sexuality , death , or loneliness . The train is described as killing a loved one , as taking one 's beloved away , or as leaving an itinerant worker far from home . In variants in which the song describes a confrontation , the person being challenged is always a woman . The folk version by the Kossoy Sisters asks , `` Little girl , little girl , where 'd you stay last night ? Not even your mother knows . '' The reply to the question , `` Where did you get that dress / And those shoes that are so fine ? '' from one version is , `` From a man in the mines / Who sleeps in the pines . '' The theme of a woman being caught doing something she should not is thus also common to many variants . One variant , performed in the early twentieth century by the Ellison clan ( Ora Ellison , deceased ) in Lookout Mountain , Georgia , tells of a young Georgia girl who flees to the pines after being raped . Her rapist , a male soldier , is later beheaded by the train . Some versions of the song also reference the Great Depression , with the `` black girl '' being a hobo on the move from the police , who witnesses the murder of her father while train - jumping . She hides from this by sleeping in the pines , in the cold . Influential versions ( edit ) Bill Monroe ( edit ) Bill Monroe 's 1941 and 1952 recordings , both under the title `` In the Pines '' , were highly influential on later bluegrass and country versions . Recorded with his Bluegrass Boys and featuring fiddles and yodelling , they represent the `` longest train '' variant of the song , and omit any reference to a decapitation . However , as Eric Weisbard writes in a 1994 article in The New York Times , `` ... the enigmatic train is almost as frightening , suggesting an eternal passage : ' I asked my captain for the time of day / He said he throwed his watch away . ' '' Lead Belly ( edit ) Huddie Ledbetter , a.k.a. Lead Belly , recorded over half - a-dozen versions between 1944 and 1948 , most often under the title , `` Black Girl '' or `` Black Gal '' . His first rendition , for Musicraft Records in New York City in February 1944 , is arguably his most familiar . Listed as `` Where Did You Sleep Last Night '' , this version appears on a number of Lead Belly `` best - of '' compilations , such as Absolutely the Best ( 2000 ) . Another familiar version was recorded for Moses Asch , founder of Folkways Records , in New York City . Listed as `` Black Girl '' or `` In the Pines '' , this version appears on compilations such as Where Did You Sleep Last Night -- Lead Belly Legacy Vol. 1 ( 1996 ) , and The Definitive Lead Belly ( 2008 ) . Lead Belly is often said to be the author of the song , e.g. by Nirvana on their MTV Unplugged album in 1994 . However , Lead Belly did n't write the song , but reinterpreted it , as did other musicians before and after him . According to the American folklorist Alan Lomax , Lead Belly learned the song from someone 's interpretation of the 1917 version compiled by Cecil Sharp , and by the 1925 phonograph recording . Cajun versions ( edit ) `` In the Pines '' , converted into the Cajun French language and sung under the titles `` Pine Grove Blues '' or `` Ma Negresse '' , became one of the landmark songs of Cajun music . The song is most associated with Nathan Abshire , the Louisiana Cajun accordion player , for whom `` Pine Grove Blues '' was his biggest hit . His melody is a hard - driving blues , but the lyrics , when translated to English , are the familiar `` Hey , my girl , where did you sleep last night ? '' The Cajun French word `` negresse '' and the masculine counterpart `` negre '' are terms of endearment without regard to race . He recorded it at least three times , from the 1940s onward . Since then , Abshire 's version has been covered by a wide variety of Cajun and zydeco musicians , including the Pine Leaf Boys , the Lost Bayou Ramblers , Beau Jocque , and Cedric Watson . The Four Pennies ( edit ) The Four Pennies recorded and released the song as `` Black Girl '' in October 1964 . Their version reached No. 20 in the UK , but was not released by their label in the US . Mark Lanegan / Nirvana ( edit ) `` Where Did You Sleep Last Night '' Song by Nirvana from the album MTV Unplugged in New York Released 1 November 1994 Recorded November 18 , 1993 at Sony Music Studios in New York City Length 5.08 Label DGC Records Songwriter ( s ) Lead Belly Producer ( s ) Alex Coletti , Scott Litt , Nirvana MTV Unplugged in New York track listing 13 tracks `` About a Girl '' `` Come as You Are '' `` Jesus Does n't Want Me for a Sunbeam '' `` The Man Who Sold the World '' `` Pennyroyal Tea '' `` Dumb '' `` Polly '' `` On a Plain '' `` Something in the Way '' `` Plateau '' `` Oh , Me '' `` Lake of Fire '' `` All Apologies '' `` Where Did You Sleep Last Night '' Nirvana occasionally performed the song during the early 1990s . Singer / guitarist Kurt Cobain was introduced to the song by fellow Seattle musician Mark Lanegan , and played guitar on a version on Lanegan 's 1990 album , The Winding Sheet . Like Lanegan , Cobain usually screamed its final verse . It is likely that Cobain referenced Lead Belly 's 1944 Musicraft version for his interpretation of the song ; Lanegan owned an original 78 rpm record of this version , and it is the one that Cobain 's version most closely resembles in terms of lyrics , form and title . In a 2009 MTV article , Kurt Loder remembers discussing the song 's title with Cobain , with Cobain insisting , `` But the Leadbelly version is called ' Where Did You Sleep Last Night , ' '' and Loder preferring the `` In the Pines '' title used by Bill Monroe ( as well as Lead Belly ) . Cobain earned critical acclaim for his acoustic performance of the song during Nirvana 's MTV Unplugged appearance in 1993 . Canadian musician Neil Young described Cobain 's vocals during the final screamed verse as `` Unearthly , like a werewolf , unbelievable . '' This version was originally sanctioned to be released as a b - side to the band 's `` Pennyroyal Tea '' single in 1994 , but the single was cancelled following Cobain 's death in April 1994 . It was posthumously released on the band 's MTV Unplugged in New York album in November 1994 , and as a promotional single from the album . In 2002 the song featured as a bonus track on Nirvana 's `` best of '' compilation album Nirvana . A solo Cobain home demo , recorded in 1990 , appears on the band 's 2004 rarities box set , With the Lights Out . Nirvana 's chart positions Chart ( 1995 ) Position French Airplay Chart 62 Other versions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dock Walsh recorded the first known commercial version April 17 , 1926 ( Columbia mastered W142031 - 1 ; released on 15094 - D , September 20 , 1926 ) . Darby and Tarlton recorded the song in 1927 as Lonesome In The Pines , and reworked it as Lonesome Railroad in 1928 . Roscoe Holcomb recorded a version , available on The High Lonesome Sound . The Louvin Brothers ' version appears on the 1956 album , Tragic Songs of Life . Dave Van Ronk 's version appears on The Folkway Years 1959 -- 1961 . The New Christy Minstrels recorded a version for their 1961 Columbia Records debut album . Joan Baez 's version appears on Very Early Joan , which includes performances from 1961 and 1963 . Fred Gerlach 's version , titled `` Little Girl '' , appears on his album Twelve - String Guitar , released on Folkways Records in 1962 . Doc Watson often performed the song , and a live recording exists , dating from the 1960s . Marianne Faithfull recorded a version of the song for her 1965 album Come My Way . Jackson C. Frank recorded `` In The Pines '' , which was released on the unreleased tracks and demos compilation Fixin ' to Die . Tiny Tim 's version is the B - side of his single `` April Showers '' , in 1966 . Norma Tanega 's 1966 `` Hey Girl '' is derived from Lead Belly 's version . Grateful Dead recorded the song on July 17 , 1966 . It appears on their 2001 box set , The Golden Road . Jerry Reed recorded a version on Jerry Reed Explores Guitar Country , released in 1969 . Long John Baldry 's `` Black Girl '' , a duet with Maggie Bell , appears on his 1971 album It Ai n't Easy . A rendition also appears on Long John Baldry Trio - Live ( 1999 ) . Link Wray recorded two versions titled `` Georgia Pines '' and `` In the Pines '' on his 1973 folk rock release Beans and Fatback . Gene Clark recorded the song for his 1977 album Two Sides to Every Story . Charlie Feathers recorded a version in the 1980s in Memphis . The Oak Ridge Boys recorded `` In the Pines '' on their 1983 album , Deliver . Dolly Parton 's version appears on her 1994 album Heartsongs : Live from Home . Odetta recorded the song for her 2001 Lead Belly tribute album , Looking for a Home -- Thanks to Leadbelly . Pete Seeger 's version of `` Black Girl '' appears on the 2002 Smithsonian Folkways re-release of recordings from the 1950s and 1960s entitled American Favorite Ballads , Vol. 1 . Josh White 's version of `` Black Girl '' appears on his 1955 album , 25th Anniversary : The Story of John Henry , A Musical Narrative . Another version appears on New York to London ( 2002 ) . R. Crumb performed the song in Hamburg , Germany in 2003 . The only known release is on R. Crumb 's Music Sampler , included with the R. Crumb Handbook . ( Smog ) 's version appears on his 2005 album A River Ai n't Too Much to Love . Ralph Stanley and Jimmy Martin 's version appears on their album First Time Together , released in 2005 . Jack Rose 's version appears on his 2010 EP Ragged and Right . Laura Gibson 's version appears as a b - side on her single La Grande Kid Cudi and Dot da Genius , known collectively as WZRD , recorded a rendition on their eponymous 2012 album . My Own Private Alaska on the album `` Amen '' ( 2010 ) . Joe Banfi `` Where Did You Sleep Last Night ? '' on the EP `` Iron '' in 2012 Brad Paisley contributed a version of the song to the Orthophonic Joy collection released in 2015 . Loretta Lynn recorded a cover for her 2016 album Full Circle . The Journeymen recorded a cover of this song , titled `` Black Girl '' , for their eponymous album in 1961 . The Finnish rock group Lasten Hautausmaa recorded a cover of the song in Finnish with the name `` Tyttöni '' ( `` My Girl '' ) to close their 2015 eponymous debut LP . Danny Farrant and Paul Rawson covered this song for the compilation album Dark Country II . Forbidden Dimension a Calgary band , recorded a version for their album Sin Gallery ( 1993 ) . Fantastic Negrito recorded a version for his album `` The Last Days of Oakland '' in 2016 . Bob Dylan performed the song in concert at Carnegie Chapter Hall in New York City , November 4 , 1961 ( only available as a bootleg recording ) . Marilyn Manson performed the song at two concerts in Manchester and Glasgow in November 2015 . Fábio M Silva recorded a contemporary version entitled `` In The Dark '' with adapted lyrics for his 2018 GOTH album . Danish rock band Gasolin ' recorded a version in Danish titled `` Min tøs '' on their 1972 album Gasolin ' 2 . In popular culture ( edit ) Film ( edit ) A version of the song is sung during Elia Kazan 's 1960 film , Wild River . A few lines of the song are sung by Sissy Spacek in the Loretta Lynn biopic , Coal Miner 's Daughter . The song is briefly heard in the background in the film I Know What You Did Last Summer . Literature ( edit ) Danzy Senna titled her memoir Where Did You Sleep Last Night ? A Personal History after this song in memory of her paternal grandmother . Karl Edward Wagner references the song lyrics and the title in his 1973 horror story `` In the Pines '' . In 2007 , Czech - American writer - singer Natálie Kocábová used a strophe of `` Where Did You Sleep Last Night '' for the opening of her novella Růže : Cesta za světlem ... ( `` Rose : A Way to the Light '' ) . Television ( edit ) A version of the song by Danny Farrant is used in the trailer for American Gods , and appears in the first episode of the series . The song becomes an important plot point in the fourth series of Ripper Street . A version of it appears in the opening scene of the Marvel 's The Defenders seventh episode `` Fish in the Jailhouse '' . A version of the song is heard in the background on a scence in S1E9 of The Chi . Games ( edit ) A rendition by Jared Emerson - Johnson and Janel Drewis is played during the closing credits of The Walking Dead : Season Two - Episode 2 : A House Divided released in 2014 . A version of the song , as of yet unidentified , can be found playing in certain parts of the Ubisoft video game Far Cry 5 , released on March 27 , 2018 . See also ( edit ) List of train songs References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cohen , Norm ( 2000 ) , Long Steel Rail : The Railroad in American Folk Song . Chicago , University of Illinois Press , pp. 491 - 496 . ISBN 0252068815 . Accessed 2017 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` In the Pines '' , Second Hand Songs . Accessed 2017 - 19 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Five Good Covers : In The Pines ( Where Did You Sleep Last Night ) '' , ( www.covermesongs.com Cover Me ) . Accessed 2017 - 09 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Seida , Linda . `` The Four Pennies -- Music Biography , Credits and Discography '' . AllMusic . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ MTV Unplugged in New York ( 1993 ) , DGC Records . ^ Jump up to : Weisbard , Eric ( November 13 , 1994 ) . `` A Simple Song That Lives Beyond Time '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Cohen , Norm ( 2000 ) . Long Steel Rail : The Railroad in American Folksong ( 2 ed . ) . p. 459 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 06881 - 2 . Jump up ^ McCulloh , Judith Marie ( 1970 ) , In the Pines : The Melodic - Textual Identity of an American Lyric Folksong Cluster ( Ph. D. dissertation , Folklore ) format = requires url = ( help ) , Indiana University Jump up ^ `` The Four Pennies -- Discover music , videos , concerts , stats , & pictures at '' . Last.fm . March 22 , 2012 . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kurt Loder ( April 8 , 2009 ) . `` Nirvana 's Kurt Cobain : Still Missed '' . MTV.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nirvana 's Tense , Brilliant Unplugged in New York , 20 Years Later '' . The Atlantic . December 12 , 2013 . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nirvana - Where Did You Sleep Last Night Discogs.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` InfoDisc : Accès direct à ces Artistes ( The user must select `` Nirvana '' from the dropdown list ) `` . Infodisc.fr . Retrieved October 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Laura Gibson - La Grande b / w In the Pines '' . Discogs . Jump up ^ `` Lasten Hautausmaa - Lasten Hautausmaa '' . Discogs . Jump up ^ Horáková , Hana ( August 15 , 2010 ) . `` Cesta Natálie Kocáb '' . VašeLiteratura ( in Czech ) . VašeLiteratura . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Telltale Games '' . Telltale Games . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ubisoft Entertainment '' . Ubisoft . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Where Did You Sleep Last Night Nirvana 's version of the Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics American folk music African - American Appalachian Blues Cajun Creole Folk revival ( 1950s -- 60s ) Gospel Jazz Dixieland Native American Old - time Ragtime Spirituals Swamp pop Tejano Zydeco Country music Americana Bluegrass Honky - tonk Rockabilly Western swing Truman Capote 's Breakfast at Tiffany 's Adaptations House of Flowers ( 1954 musical ) Breakfast at Tiffany 's ( 1961 film ) Breakfast at Tiffany 's ( 1966 musical ) Breakfast at Tiffany 's ( 2013 play ) Music `` Moon River '' Breakfast at Tiffany 's : Music from the Motion Picture ( 1961 soundtrack ) Jazz for `` Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' ( 1961 album ) `` Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' ( 1995 song ) Other Black Givenchy dress of Audrey Hepburn Nirvana Kurt Cobain Krist Novoselic Aaron Burckhard Dale Crover Dave Foster Chad Channing Jason Everman Dave Grohl Pat Smear Studio albums Bleach Nevermind In Utero Live albums MTV Unplugged in New York From the Muddy Banks of the Wishkah Live at Reading Compilation albums Incesticide Nirvana Sliver : The Best of the Box Icon Box sets Singles With the Lights Out Nevermind : The Singles Extended plays Blew Hormoaning Singles `` Love Buzz '' `` Sliver '' `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' `` Come as You Are '' `` Lithium '' `` In Bloom '' `` Heart - Shaped Box '' `` All Apologies '' / `` Rape Me '' `` Pennyroyal Tea '' `` About a Girl '' `` You Know You 're Right '' Promotional singles `` On a Plain '' `` '' All Apologies '' ( Unplugged ) '' `` The Man Who Sold the World '' `` Where Did You Sleep Last Night '' `` Lake of Fire '' `` Aneurysm '' ( live ) `` Drain You '' ( live ) Split singles `` Candy / Molly 's Lips '' `` Here She Comes Now / Venus in Furs '' `` Puss / Oh , the Guilt '' Other songs `` Been a Son '' `` Breed '' `` Do Re Mi '' `` Dumb '' `` I Hate Myself and Want to Die '' `` Marigold '' `` Negative Creep '' `` Old Age '' `` Polly '' `` Sappy '' `` Scentless Apprentice '' `` Something in the Way '' `` Spank Thru '' Videos Live ! Tonight ! Sold Out ! ! MTV Unplugged in New York Live at Reading Live at the Paramount Live and Loud Related Articles Discography ( Bootlegs ) Awards and nominations Songs Concerts `` Smells Like Nirvana '' Frances Bean Cobain Suicide of Kurt Cobain 12 - 12 - 12 : The Concert for Sandy Relief Verse Chorus Verse Bands Dain Bramage Eyes Adrift Fecal Matter Flipper Foo Fighters Melvins The No WTO Combo Scream Sweet 75 Them Crooked Vultures Queens of the Stone Age Books Come as You Are : The Story of Nirvana Heavier Than Heaven Journals Letters to Kurt Albums Nevermind It 's an Interview The `` Priest '' They Called Him Smells Like Bleach : A Punk Tribute to Nirvana Newermind : A Tribute to Nirvana In Utero , in Tribute , in Entirety Whatever Nevermind Doused in Mud , Soaked in Bleach Montage of Heck : The Home Recordings Films and documentaries 1991 : The Year Punk Broke Teen Spirit : The Tribute to Kurt Cobain Hype ! Kurt & Courtney Classic Albums : Nirvana -- Nevermind Last Days Nirvana -- A Classic Album Under Review -- In Utero Kurt Cobain : About a Son Kurt Cobain : Montage of Heck Soaked in Bleach Autopsy : The Last Hours of ... Kurt Cobain Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_the_Pines&oldid=850428611 '' Categories : Appalachian folk songs Lead Belly songs Nirvana ( band ) songs Live singles 1870s songs Songs about trains Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL CS1 Czech - language sources ( cs ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Duration without hAudio microformat Articles needing additional references from November 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Italiano עברית Norsk Polski Português Русский Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 20 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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where did you sleep last night song wiki

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Common cause and special cause (statistics)

Common cause and special cause ( statistics ) - wikipedia Common cause and special cause ( statistics ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about statistical patterns . For visible patterns , see Patterns in nature . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Type of variation Synonyms Common cause Chance cause Non-assignable cause Noise Natural pattern Random effects Random error Special cause Assignable cause Signal Unnatural pattern Systematic effects Systematic error Common and special causes are the two distinct origins of variation in a process , as defined in the statistical thinking and methods of Walter A. Shewhart and W. Edwards Deming . Briefly , `` common causes '' , also called natural patterns , are the usual , historical , quantifiable variation in a system , while `` special causes '' are unusual , not previously observed , non-quantifiable variation . The distinction is fundamental in philosophy of statistics and philosophy of probability , with different treatment of these issues being a classic issue of probability interpretations , being recognised and discussed as early as 1703 by Gottfried Leibniz ; various alternative names have been used over the years . The distinction has been particularly important in the thinking of economists Frank Knight , John Maynard Keynes and G.L.S. Shackle . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins and concepts 2 Definitions 2.1 Common - cause variations 2.2 Special - cause variation 3 Examples 3.1 Common causes 3.2 Special causes 4 Importance to economics 5 Importance to industrial and quality management 6 Importance to statistics 6.1 Deming and Shewhart 6.2 Keynes 7 Common mode failure in engineering 8 See also 9 Bibliography 10 References Origins and concepts ( edit ) In 1703 , Jacob Bernoulli wrote to Gottfried Leibniz to discuss their shared interest in applying mathematics and probability to games of chance . Bernoulli speculated whether it would be possible to gather mortality data from gravestones and thereby calculate , by their existing practice , the probability of a man currently aged 20 years outliving a man aged 60 years . Leibniz replied that he doubted this was possible : Nature has established patterns originating in the return of events but only for the most part . New illnesses flood the human race , so that no matter how many experiments you have done on corpses , you have not thereby imposed a limit on the nature of events so that in the future they could not vary . This captures the central idea that some variation is predictable , at least approximately in frequency . This common - cause variation is evident from the experience base . However , new , unanticipated , emergent or previously neglected phenomena ( e.g. `` new diseases '' ) result in variation outside the historical experience base . Shewhart and Deming argued that such special - cause variation is fundamentally unpredictable in frequency of occurrence or in severity . John Maynard Keynes emphasised the importance of special - cause variation when he wrote : By `` uncertain '' knowledge ... I do not mean merely to distinguish what is known for certain from what is only probable . The game of roulette is not subject , in this sense , to uncertainty ... The sense in which I am using the term is that in which the prospect of a European war is uncertain , or the price of copper and the rate of interest twenty years hence , or the obsolescence of a new invention ... About these matters there is no scientific basis on which to form any calculable probability whatever . We simply do not know ! Definitions ( edit ) Common - cause variations ( edit ) Common - cause variation is characterised by : Phenomena constantly active within the system ; Variation predictable probabilistically ; Irregular variation within a historical experience base ; and Lack of significance in individual high or low values . The outcomes of a perfectly balanced roulette wheel are a good example of common - cause variation . Common - cause variation is the noise within the system . Walter A. Shewhart originally used the term chance cause . The term common cause was coined by Harry Alpert in 1947 . The Western Electric Company used the term natural pattern . Shewhart called a process that features only common - cause variation as being in statistical control . This term is deprecated by some modern statisticians who prefer the phrase stable and predictable . Special - cause variation ( edit ) Special - cause variation is characterised by : New , unanticipated , emergent or previously neglected phenomena within the system ; Variation inherently unpredictable , even probabilistically ; Variation outside the historical experience base ; and Evidence of some inherent change in the system or our knowledge of it . Special - cause variation always arrives as a surprise . It is the signal within a system . Walter A. Shewhart originally used the term assignable cause . The term special - cause was coined by W. Edwards Deming . The Western Electric Company used the term unnatural pattern . Examples ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Common causes ( edit ) Inappropriate procedures Poor design Poor maintenance of machines Lack of clearly defined standard operating procedures Poor working conditions , e.g. lighting , noise , dirt , temperature , ventilation Substandard raw materials Measurement error Quality control error Vibration in industrial processes Ambient temperature and humidity Normal wear and tear Variability in settings Computer response time Special causes ( edit ) Poor adjustment of equipment ... Operator falls asleep Faulty controllers Machine malfunction Fall of ground Computer crash Poor batch of raw material Power surges High healthcare demand from elderly people Broken part Lack of awareness Abnormal traffic ( click fraud ) on web ads Extremely long lab testing turnover time due to switching to a new computer system Operator absent Importance to economics ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Knightian uncertainty . In economics , this circle of ideas is analysed under the rubric of `` Knightian uncertainty '' . John Maynard Keynes and Frank Knight both discussed the inherent unpredictability of economic systems in their work and used it to criticise the mathematical approach to economics , in terms of expected utility , developed by Ludwig von Mises and others . Keynes in particular argued that economic systems did not automatically tend to the equilibrium of full employment owing to their agents ' inability to predict the future . As he remarked in The General Theory of Employment , Interest and Money : ... as living and moving beings , we are forced to act ... ( even when ) our existing knowledge does not provide a sufficient basis for a calculated mathematical expectation . Keynes ' thinking was at odds with the classical liberalism of the Austrian School of economists , but G.L.S. Shackle recognised the importance of Keynes 's insight and sought to formalise it within a free - market philosophy . In financial economics , the black swan theory of Nassim Nicholas Taleb is based on the significance and unpredictability of special causes . Importance to industrial and quality Management ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A special - cause failure is a failure that can be corrected by changing a component or process , whereas a common - cause failure is equivalent to noise in the system and specific actions can not be made to prevent the failure . Harry Alpert observed : A riot occurs in a certain prison . Officials and sociologists turn out a detailed report about the prison , with a full explanation of why and how it happened here , ignoring the fact that the causes were common to a majority of prisons , and that the riot could have happened anywhere . The quote recognises that there is a temptation to react to an extreme outcome and to see it as significant , even where its causes are common to many situations and the distinctive circumstances surrounding its occurrence , the results of mere chance . Such behaviour has many implications within management , often leading to ad - hoc interventions that merely increase the level of variation and frequency of undesirable outcomes . Deming and Shewhart both advocated the control chart as a means of managing a business process in an economically efficient manner . Importance to statistics ( edit ) Deming and Shewhart ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Within the frequency probability framework , there is no process whereby a probability can be attached to the future occurrence of special cause . One might naively ask whether the Bayesian approach does allow such a probability to be specified . The existence of special - cause variation led Keynes and Deming to an interest in Bayesian probability , but no formal synthesis emerged from their work . Most statisticians of the Shewhart - Deming school take the view that special causes are not embedded in either experience or in current thinking ( that 's why they come as a surprise ; their prior probability has been neglected -- in effect , assigned the value zero ) so that any subjective probability is doomed to be hopelessly badly calibrated in practice . It is immediately apparent from the Leibniz quote above that there are implications for sampling . Deming observed that in any forecasting activity , the population is that of future events while the sampling frame is , inevitably , some subset of historical events . Deming held that the disjoint nature of population and sampling frame was inherently problematic once the existence of special - cause variation was admitted , rejecting the general use of probability and conventional statistics in such situations . He articulated the difficulty as the distinction between analytic and enumerative statistical studies . Shewhart argued that , as processes subject to special - cause variation were inherently unpredictable , the usual techniques of probability could not be used to separate special - cause from common - cause variation . He developed the control chart as a statistical heuristic to distinguish the two types of variation . Both Deming and Shewhart advocated the control chart as a means of assessing a process 's state of statistical control and as a foundation for forecasting . Keynes ( edit ) Keynes identified three domains of probability : frequency probability ; subjective or Bayesian probability ; and events lying outside the possibility of any description in terms of probability ( special causes ) and sought to base a probability theory thereon . Common mode failure in engineering ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( February 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Common mode failure has a more specific meaning in engineering . It refers to events which are not statistically independent . That is , failures in multiple parts of a system caused by a single fault , particularly random failures due to environmental conditions or aging . An example is when all of the pumps for a fire sprinkler system are located in one room . If the room becomes too hot for the pumps to operate , they will all fail at essentially the same time , from one cause ( the heat in the room ) . Another example is an electronic system wherein a fault in a power supply injects noise onto a supply line , causing failures in multiple subsystems . This is particularly important in safety - critical systems using multiple redundant channels . If the probability of failure in one subsystem is p , then it would be expected that an N channel system would have a probability of failure of p However , in practice , the probability of failure is much higher because they are not statistically independent ; for example ionizing radiation or electromagnetic interference ( EMI ) may affect all the channels . The principle of redundancy states that , when events of failure of a component are statistically independent , the probabilities of their joint occurrence multiply . Thus , for instance , if the probability of failure of a component of a system is one in one thousand per year , the probability of the joint failure of two of them is one in one million per year , provided that the two events are statistically independent . This principle favors the strategy of the redundancy of components . One place this strategy is implemented is in RAID 1 , where two hard disks store a computer 's data redundantly . But even so there can be many common modes : consider a RAID1 where two disks are purchased online and are installed in a computer , there can be many common modes : The disks are likely to be from the same manufacturer and of the same model , therefore they share the same design flaws . The disks are likely to have similar serial numbers , thus they may share any manufacturing flaws affecting production of the same batch . The disks are likely to have been shipped at the same time , thus they are likely to have suffered from the same transportation damage . As installed both disks are attached to the same power supply , making them vulnerable to the same power supply issues . As installed both disks are in the same case , making them vulnerable to the same overheating events . They will be both attached to the same card or motherboard , and driven by the same software , which may have the same bugs . Because of the very nature of RAID1 , both disks will be subjected to the same workload and very closely similar access patterns , stressing them in the same way . Also , if the events of failure of two components are maximally statistically dependent , the probability of the joint failure of both is identical to the probability of failure of them individually . In such a case , the advantages of redundancy are negated . Strategies for the avoidance of common mode failures include keeping redundant components physically isolated . A prime example of redundancy with isolation is a nuclear power plant . The new ABWR has three divisions of Emergency Core Cooling Systems , each with its own generators and pumps and each isolated from the others . The new European Pressurized Reactor has two containment buildings , one inside the other . However , even here it is possible for a common mode failure to occur ( for example , in the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant , mains power was severed by the Tōhoku earthquake , then the thirteen backup diesel generators were all simultaneously disabled by the subsequent tsunami that flooded the basements of the turbine halls ) . See also ( edit ) Corrective and preventative action ( CAPA ) Nuclear safety Probabilistic risk assessment Statistical process control Bibliography ( edit ) Deming , W.E. ( 1975 ) On probability as a basis for action , The American Statistician , 29 ( 4 ) , pp. 146 -- 152 Deming , W.E. ( 1982 ) Out of the Crisis : Quality , Productivity and Competitive Position ISBN 0 - 521 - 30553 - 5 Keynes , J.M. ( 1936 ) The General Theory of Employment , Interest and Money ISBN 1 - 57392 - 139 - 4 Keynes , J.M. ( 1921 ) Knight , F.H. ( 1921 ) Risk , Uncertainty and Profit ISBN 1 - 58798 - 126 - 2 Shackle , G.L.S. ( 1972 ) Epistemics and Economics : A Critique of Economic Doctrines ISBN 1 - 56000 - 558 - 0 Shewhart , W.A. ( 1931 ) Economic Control of Quality of Manufactured Product ISBN 0 - 87389 - 076 - 0 Shewhart , W.A. ( 1939 ) Statistical Method from the Viewpoint of Quality Control ISBN 0 - 486 - 65232 - 7 Wheeler , D.J. & Chambers , D.S. ( 1992 ) Understanding Statistical Process Control ISBN 0 - 945320 - 13 - 2 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shewhart , Walter A. ( 1931 ) . `` Economic control of quality of manufactured product '' . New York City : D. Van Nostrand Company , Inc : 7 . OCLC 1045408 . ^ Jump up to : Western Electric Company ( 1956 ) . `` Introduction to Statistical Quality Control handbook '' ( 1 ed . ) . Indianapolis , Indiana : Western Electric Co : 23 -- 24 . OCLC 33858387 . Jump up ^ Shewhart , Walter A. ( 1931 ) . `` Economic control of quality of manufactured product '' . New York City : D. Van Nostrand Company , Inc : 14 . OCLC 1045408 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Inference '' . Archived from the original on 7 October 2006 . Retrieved 13 November 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Keynes , J.M. ( 1921 ) . A Treatise on Probability . ISBN 0 - 333 - 10733 - 0 . Jump up ^ Thomson , Jim ( February 2012 ) . `` Common - Mode Failure Considerations in High - Integrity C&I Systems '' ( PDF ) . Safety in Engineering . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Randell , Brian Design Fault Tolerance in The Evolution of Fault - Tolerant Computing , Avizienis , A. ; Kopetz , H. ; Laprie , J. - C. ( eds . ) , pp. 251 - 270 . Springer - Verlag , 1987 . ISBN 3 - 211 - 81941 - X . Jump up ^ `` SEI Framework : Fault Tolerance Mechanisms '' . Redundancy Management . NIST High Integrity Software Systems Assurance . March 30 , 1995 . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Edwards , G.T. ; Watson , I.A. ( July 1979 ) . `` A Study of Common - Mode Failures '' . SRD R146 . UK Atomic Energy Authority : Safety and Reliability Directorate . Jump up ^ Bourne , A.J. ; Edwards , G.T. ; Hunns , D.M. ; Poulter , D.R. ; Watson , I.A. ( January 1981 ) . `` Defences against Common - Mode Failures in Redundancy Systems -- A Guide for Management , Designers and Operators '' . SRD R196 . UK Atomic Energy Authority : Safety and Reliability Directorate . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Common_cause_and_special_cause_(statistics)&oldid=816311782 '' Categories : Probability interpretations Statistical process control Philosophy of statistics Risk analysis Applied mathematics Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2013 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010 Articles that may contain original research from February 2013 All articles that may contain original research Use dmy dates from August 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 15 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

the three classes of fire most common in healthcare settings

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Love It or List It

Love It or List It - wikipedia Love It or List It Jump to : navigation , search Love It or List It Genre Reality renovations , upgrading Created by Maria Armstrong Catherine Fogarty Directed by Various Starring Hilary Farr David Visentin Narrated by Jacqueline Hennessy Theme music composer Lou Pomanti Country of origin Canada United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 10 No. of episodes 130 ( List of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Maria Armstrong Catherine Fogarty Producer ( s ) Maria Armstrong Location ( s ) Toronto , Ontario , Canada , Raleigh -- Durham , North Carolina , United States Running time 44 minutes Production company ( s ) Big Coat Productions Release Original network W Network HGTV Original release September 8 , 2008 -- present External links Website Production website Love It or List It is a Canadian home design TV show currently airing on HGTV , W Network , and on OWN Canada , and is the original show in the Love it or List It franchise . The show is produced by Big Coat Productions and was based in Toronto and other surrounding areas in Ontario , Canada . The show premiered as a primetime program on W Network on September 8 , 2008 , and has since aired on OWN Canada as well as HGTV in the United States . In September 2014 , the show began filming in the United States in North Carolina . In September 2017 , HGTV ordered 20 additional episodes of the program . The next season is to start airing in July 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 2 Host and crew 3 Episodes 4 Franchise 5 International syndication 6 Reception 7 Controversy 8 References 9 External links Format ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Every episode of Love It or List It follows the same formula . A couple ( usually , but not in all cases ) presents their living situation in the current house that they own . In most episodes , the couple is split on whether or not they want to stay in the house . Interior designer Hilary Farr and real estate agent David Visentin tour the couple 's home before meeting with them . The tour usually consists of David finding mostly negative things to say about the residence while Hilary is convinced that she can work magic with whatever plans she is given . At the meetup between the couple and the hosts of the show , both Hilary and David are briefed as to what the couple 's desires are . Hilary is given a list of renovations the couple wants for the current house and her budget for the entire project . David , meanwhile , is tasked with searching for a new home for the couple that both meets their needs and stays within their desired budget . Common challenges faced by Hilary are an inadequate budget to complete the entire request list from the homeowners , often due to discovery of unforeseen issues with the house that are uncovered during the renovation such as lack of compliance with modern building codes . Common issues for David , meanwhile , depend on the homeowners ' desires ; for instance , the couple has children enrolled in the neighborhood school and they do not desire to change , or the potential house is too distant from family members or a workplace . After Hilary 's renovation is complete , the homeowners are given a tour of their current home to see what she was able to accomplish . After the tour , David meets with them and hands them an evaluation of the home 's current market value following the renovations . He will then remind the couple what they could have in one of the new homes they looked at and that they would not get that in their current home . After a moment to deliberate , Hilary and David pose a question to the homeowners . They must choose to either Love It , meaning that they will continue to live in their current home with the renovations , or to List It , meaning that they will buy one of the homes David showed them and sell their current home . After they reveal their decision , the homeowners explain their reasoning to Hilary and David ( who , if they decided to Love It , reacts with incredulity ) before bidding them farewell . Host and crew ( edit ) Hosts Hilary Farr -- Hilary Farr is a home designer from Toronto , Ontario . She has lived in Australia , England , California , and New York City . Farr honed her skills on properties in Los Angeles , Santa Barbara , New York and Toronto . When she first moved back to Toronto , she became the first designer to `` stage '' properties for sale . She continues to build and design homes in the downtown core where she herself owns properties . David Visentin -- David Visentin is a real estate agent in Southern Ontario with Country Living Realty Limited . He has been practicing since 1987 . Assistant Designer Desta Ostapyk ( Canadian episodes ) -- Desta is a Toronto - based designer who graduated in 2004 from the Toronto International Academy of Design and Technology in Interior Design , and has since focused on a career in the Television Industry . She first started working with Big Coat Productions during her last semester of school as an intern for HGTV 's hit series My Parents House . She soon became the Design Stylist for the show . Contractors Eric Eremita ( North Carolina episodes ) -- General contractor and designer Eric Eremita was selected to be the one and only general contractor on HGTV 's `` Love It or List It '' U.S. version , after HGTV network took notice of him when he competed in its `` Brother vs. Brother '' reality show . Eddie Richardson ( Canadian episodes ) -- Eddie Richardson was a contractor on Love It or List It who started his own family business . Richardson has also been a pro-beach volleyball player and professional bass fisherman . Fergus McLaren ( Canadian episodes ) -- Fergus McLaren started up his own construction company , R - Mac Solutions , 10 years ago . Behind the Scenes Architect : Simon West Senior Production Coordinator : Linda Johnstone Construction Coordinator : David Violante Construction Assistants : Chris Blinn , Adam Dalgarno , Ahren Mrowietz , Dale George Design Coordinator : Kaaveh Shoman Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Love It or List It episodes Season Start date End date Episodes Hilary wins David wins September 8 , 2008 January 5 , 2009 12 9 April 6 , 2009 December 7 , 2009 18 10 8 May 3 , 2010 November 8 , 2010 21 9 12 March 14 , 2011 November 11 , 2011 19 12 7 5 February 20 , 2012 November 19 , 2012 18 10 8 6 January 19 , 2013 July 1 , 2013 14 8 6 7 January 8 , 2014 April 9 , 2014 14 11 8 September 8 , 2014 January 19 , 2015 16 8 8 9 March 9 , 2015 December 7 , 2015 22 13 9 Total 154 90 64 Victories for Hilary are families or clients who decided to love their home and stay . Victories for David are families and clients who decided to list and move into a new or better home . Franchise ( edit ) Main article : Love It or List It ( franchise ) Love It or List It has spawned five spinoffs . The first , known as Love It or List It Vancouver ( or Love it or List it Too in the US ) , was launched in winter 2012 and is hosted by Jillian Harris and Todd Talbot . The second spin - off , a British version known as Love It or List It UK , debuted in 2015 , is hosted by Kirstie Allsopp and Phil Spencer . The third spin off , Love It or List It Vacation Homes debuted in spring 2016 and is hosted by Dan Vickery and Elisa Goldhawke . A fourth spin off , Vendre ou renover au Quebec debuted in January 2017 and is hosted by Maika Desnoyers and Daniel Corbin . The fifth spin off , Love It Or List It Australia debuted in September 2017 and is hosted by Andrew Winter and Neale Whittaker . International syndication ( edit ) Country / Region Name Television Network Dubbing / Subtitles Australia Love It or List It Lifestyle Home N / A Canada Love It or List It W Network N / A USA Love It or List It HGTV N / A Spain Tu casa a juicio Divinity Spanish Brazil Ame - a ou Deixe - a Discovery Home & Health Portuguese Norway Bolighjelpen TV 2 ( Norway ) Norwegian Bulgaria Podnovi ili proday Fox Life ( Bulgaria ) Bulgarian Italy Prendere o lasciare Cielo dubbed in Italian Reception ( edit ) On August 31 , 2010 , Love It or List It was nominated for two Gemini Awards : Best Reality Program or Series and Best Direction in a Reality Program or Series . When HGTV premiered the show on the network , the company stated that Love It or List It has been the highest rating reality series since Candice Olson 's Candice Tells All . In 2012 , New York Times ' columnist Gail Collins noted that it was US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton 's favorite TV show . According to Collins , Clinton finds the show `` very calming '' after being interviewed about her departure from politics . In a 2013 interview with Las Vegas Magazine , Vanna White from Wheel of Fortune said it was one of her favourite HGTV programs . Actress Julianne Moore also gave similar praise for the show in an interview with Katie Couric and the Daily Mail . According to the Wall Street Journal , the show and its Vancouver spinoff is one of Canada 's beloved reality series . Controversy ( edit ) In April 2016 , homeowners Deanna Murphy and Tim Sullivan who had participated in a 2015 Love It or List It episode filed suit against production company Big Coat TV , as well as the North Carolina contractor ( Aaron Fitz Construction ) who had been hired by the show to do the renovations on their home . The couple alleges that the renovation funds that they provided were not properly disbursed , and that the work on their home was done to a substandard quality . Moreover , the lawsuit states that the television personalities on the show do not play an active role in the renovation process , and that they were not shown homes on the market by any licensed North Carolina real estate agent . Big Coat TV has commented that they `` do intend to vigorously defend what ( they ) consider to be false allegations . '' The suit was settled in April 2017 . The plaintiffs had signed a confidentiality agreement ; their lawyer would not comment on the settlement . Big Coat had previously filed a countersuit for libel , slander and product disparagement ; parts of that suit had been dismissed by the time of the settlement but that was under appeal by Big Coat . After the agreements had been concluded , both suits were dismissed . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.bigcoatproductions.com/blog/post/love-it-or-list-it-is-on-the-move-to-the-us . Big Coat Productions . Retrieved 12 December 2014 Jump up ^ `` HGTV Orders 20 New Episodes of Hit Series ' Love It or List It ' Scripps Networks Interactive Newsroom '' . newsroom.scrippsnetworksinteractive.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Host Bios ; Hilary Farr `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved June 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Host Bios ; David Visentin `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved June 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Big Coat Productions '' . Big Coat Productions . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2013 . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Love it or List it launches new spin off Jump up ^ `` Kirstie and Phil 's Love It or List It will return for a second series : Channel 4 orders six more episodes of the show to air in 2016 '' . Digital Spy. 2 June 2015 . Retrieved 14 March 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.bigcoatmedia.com/ Jump up ^ http://www.hgtv.ca/tags/love-it-or-list-it-vacation-homes/ Jump up ^ http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/tv/reality-tv/i-fear-pineapples-are-very-much-the-new-owls-love-it-or-list-it-hosts-kiss-and-tell-on-renos/news-story/935d73b586c68943a6a455f02354bef9 Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` HGTV Acquires Canadian Lifestyle Series ' Love It Or List It ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ W Network 's Top Rated Show ; http://corusent.com/home/Corporate/PressReleases/tabid/1697/Default.aspx?Id=2323 Jump up ^ Maga , Carly ( March 29 , 2012 ) . `` Hillary Clinton 's favorite show is Canada 's ' Love It Or List It ' '' . Ca.omg.yahoo.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Miller , Julie . `` Hillary Clinton 's Unlikely Favorite TV Show Revealed '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vanity Fair : Hillary Clinton 's Unlikely Favorite TV Show Revealed '' . Huffingtonpost.com . November 13 , 2012 . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hillary Clinton likes ' Love It or List It ' '' . Politico.Com . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Love it or list it News , Video and Gossip '' . Jezebel . November 11 , 2012 . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Collins , Gail ( November 10 , 2012 ) . `` Hillary 's Next Move '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Q&A WITH VANNA WHITE '' . Las Vegas Magazine . September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Daily Mail . London http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/you/article-2376232/Julianne-Moore-My-50s-important-years.html . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Julianne Moore Opens Up About Her Family '' . KatieCouric.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` W Network Announces Return of Home - grown Favourites in Fall 2013 Lineup '' . The Wall Street Journal . July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.bizjournals.com/charlotte/bizwomen/news/latest-news/2017/05/lawsuit-against-producer-of-love-it-or-list-it.html Jump up ^ CNN , Lisa Respers France . `` ' Love It or List It ' homeowners file suit '' . CNN . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` ' Love It Or List It ' homeowners sue over Raleigh renovation '' . miamiherald . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` '' Raleigh property owners settle lawsuit with ' Love It or List It ' `` '' . News & Observer . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ http://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/local/article150134792.html Jump up ^ https://www.bizjournals.com/charlotte/bizwomen/news/latest-news/2017/05/lawsuit-against-producer-of-love-it-or-list-it.html External links ( edit ) Love It or List It on HGTV Love It or List It on W Network Love It or List It at the Internet Movie Database ( hide ) Love It or List It franchise Love It or List It Hosts Hilary Farr David Visentin Other Episodes Love It or List It Vancouver Hosts Jillian Harris Todd Talbot Love It or List It UK Hosts Kirstie Allsopp Phil Spencer Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_It_or_List_It&oldid=834260200 '' Categories : Love It or List It 2008 Canadian television series debuts 2000s Canadian reality television series Television series produced in Toronto 2010s Canadian reality television series Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use mdy dates from February 2014 Articles needing additional references from November 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 19 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

where is love it or list it shot

2211549938585388574

Blues

Blues - wikipedia Blues Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the music genre . For other uses , see Blues ( disambiguation ) . Blues Stylistic origins Work songs spirituals folk music Cultural origins Late 19th century , Deep South , United States Typical instruments Guitar piano harmonica bass drums blues harp slide guitar xylophone Derivative forms Bluegrass jazz jug band ragtime rock and roll country Subgenres Boogie - woogie classic female blues country blues electric blues jump blues piano blues ( complete list ) Fusion genres Blues rock gospel blues punk blues rhythm and blues soul blues Regional scenes British blues Canadian blues Chicago blues Delta blues Detroit blues hill country blues Kansas City blues Louisiana blues Memphis blues New Orleans blues Piedmont blues St. Louis blues swamp blues Texas blues West Coast blues Other topics List of genres list of musicians list of standards origins African - American topics History ( timeline ) ( show ) Atlantic slave trade African - American history Slavery in the United States History in agriculture African - American business history African - American military history Jim Crow laws Great Migration Redlining Second Great Migration Post-Civil War reform movements Civil rights movement Origins of the civil rights movement Civil rights movement Black Power movement Post -- civil rights era New Great Migration Culture ( show ) Studies Art Business history Black conductors Black mecca Black schools Black colleges and universities Juneteenth Kwanzaa Literature Museums Music Neighborhoods Religion ( show ) Black church Black theology Nation of Islam Political movements ( show ) Afrocentrism Black Power Anarchism Capitalism Conservatism Leftism Nationalism Populism Black Panther Party Garveyism Pan-Africanism Back - to - Africa movement Civic / economic groups ( show ) Rights organizations National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) National Urban League ( NUL ) Association for the Study of African American Life and History ( ASALH ) United Negro College Fund ( UNCF ) Thurgood Marshall College Fund National Black Chamber of Commerce ( NBCC ) National Pan-Hellenic Council ( NPHC ) National Council of Negro Women ( NCNW ) TransAfrica Forum Sports ( show ) Negro league baseball Athletic associations and conferences Central ( CIAA ) Southern ( SIAC ) Mid-Eastern ( MEAC ) Southwestern ( SWAC ) Ethnic subdivisions ( show ) Americo - Liberians Black Indians Black Southerners Gullah Igbo Languages ( show ) English American English African - American English Gullah Louisiana Creole French Diaspora ( show ) Nova Scotia Liberia Sierra Leone France Lists ( show ) African Americans African - American firsts First mayors US state firsts Landmark African - American legislation African American - related topics Topics related to Black and African people Category : African - American society African American portal Blues is a music genre and musical form originated by African Americans in the Deep South of the United States around the end of the 19th century . The genre developed from roots in African musical traditions , African - American work songs , spirituals , and the folk music of white Americans of European heritage . Blues incorporated spirituals , work songs , field hollers , shouts , chants , and rhymed simple narrative ballads . The blues form , ubiquitous in jazz , rhythm and blues and rock and roll , is characterized by the call - and - response pattern , the blues scale and specific chord progressions , of which the twelve - bar blues is the most common . Blue notes ( or `` worried notes '' ) , usually thirds or fifths flattened in pitch , are also an essential part of the sound . Blues shuffles or walking bass reinforce the trance - like rhythm and form a repetitive effect known as the groove . Blues as a genre is also characterized by its lyrics , bass lines , and instrumentation . Early traditional blues verses consisted of a single line repeated four times . It was only in the first decades of the 20th century that the most common current structure became standard : the AAB pattern , consisting of a line sung over the four first bars , its repetition over the next four , and then a longer concluding line over the last bars . Early blues frequently took the form of a loose narrative , often relating the racial discrimination and other challenges experienced by African - Americans . Many elements , such as the call - and - response format and the use of blue notes , can be traced back to the music of Africa . The origins of the blues are also closely related to the religious music of the Afro - American community , the spirituals . The first appearance of the blues is often dated to after the ending of slavery and , later , the development of juke joints . It is associated with the newly acquired freedom of the former slaves . Chroniclers began to report about blues music at the dawn of the 20th century . The first publication of blues sheet music was in 1908 . Blues has since evolved from unaccompanied vocal music and oral traditions of slaves into a wide variety of styles and subgenres . Blues subgenres include country blues , such as Delta blues and Piedmont blues , as well as urban blues styles such as Chicago blues and West Coast blues . World War II marked the transition from acoustic to electric blues and the progressive opening of blues music to a wider audience , especially white listeners . In the 1960s and 1970s , a hybrid form called blues rock developed , which blended blues styles with rock music . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Lyrics 3 Form 4 History 4.1 Origins 4.2 Prewar blues 4.2. 1 Urban blues 4.3 1950s 4.4 1960s and 1970s 4.5 1980s to the present 5 Musical impact 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Etymology The term blues may have come from `` blue devils '' , meaning melancholy and sadness ; an early use of the term in this sense is in George Colman 's one - act farce Blue Devils ( 1798 ) . The phrase blue devils may also have been derived from Britain in the 1600s , when the term referred to the `` intense visual hallucinations that can accompany severe alcohol withdrawal '' . As time went on , the phrase lost the reference to devils , and `` it came to mean a state of agitation or depression . '' By the 1800s in the United States , the term blues was associated with drinking alcohol , a meaning which survives in the phrase blue law , which prohibits the sale of alcohol on Sunday . Though the use of the phrase in African - American music may be older , it has been attested to in print since 1912 , when Hart Wand 's `` Dallas Blues '' became the first copyrighted blues composition . In lyrics the phrase is often used to describe a depressed mood . Some sources state that the term blues is related to `` blue notes '' , the flatted , often microtonal notes used in blues , but the Oxford English Dictionary claims that the term blues came first and led to the naming of `` blue notes '' . Lyrics American blues singer Robert Johnson ( 1911 -- 1938 ) , His landmark recordings in 1936 and 1937 display a combination of singing , guitar skills , and songwriting talent that has influenced later generations of musicians . American blues singer Ma Rainey ( 1886 -- 1939 ) , the `` Mother of the Blues '' The lyrics of early traditional blues verses probably often consisted of a single line repeated four times . It was only in the first decades of the 20th century that the most common current structure became standard : the so - called AAB pattern , consisting of a line sung over the four first bars , its repetition over the next four , and then a longer concluding line over the last bars . Two of the first published blues songs , `` Dallas Blues '' ( 1912 ) and `` Saint Louis Blues '' ( 1914 ) , were 12 - bar blues with the AAB lyric structure . W.C. Handy wrote that he adopted this convention to avoid the monotony of lines repeated three times . The lines are often sung following a pattern closer to rhythmic talk than to a melody . Early blues frequently took the form of a loose narrative . African - American singers voiced his or her `` personal woes in a world of harsh reality : a lost love , the cruelty of police officers , oppression at the hands of white folk , ( and ) hard times '' . This melancholy has led to the suggestion of an Igbo origin for blues because of the reputation the Igbo had throughout plantations in the Americas for their melancholic music and outlook on life when they were enslaved . The lyrics often relate troubles experienced within African American society . For instance Blind Lemon Jefferson 's `` Rising High Water Blues '' ( 1927 ) tells of the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 : `` Backwater rising , Southern peoples ca n't make no time I said , backwater rising , Southern peoples ca n't make no time And I ca n't get no hearing from that Memphis girl of mine . '' Although the blues gained an association with misery and oppression , the lyrics could also be humorous and raunchy : `` Rebecca , Rebecca , get your big legs off of me , Rebecca , Rebecca , get your big legs off of me , It may be sending you baby , but it 's worrying the hell out of me . '' From Big Joe Turner 's `` Rebecca '' , a compilation of traditional blues lyrics Hokum blues celebrated both comedic lyrical content and a boisterous , farcical performance style . Tampa Red 's classic `` Tight Like That '' ( 1928 ) is a sly wordplay with the double meaning of being `` tight '' with someone coupled with a more salacious physical familiarity . Blues songs with sexually explicit lyrics were known as dirty blues . The lyrical content became slightly simpler in postwar blues , which tended to focus on relationship woes or sexual worries . Lyrical themes that frequently appeared in prewar blues , such as economic depression , farming , devils , gambling , magic , floods and drought , were less common in postwar blues . The writer Ed Morales claimed that Yoruba mythology played a part in early blues , citing Robert Johnson 's `` Cross Road Blues '' as a `` thinly veiled reference to Eleggua , the orisha in charge of the crossroads '' . However , the Christian influence was far more obvious . The repertoires of many seminal blues artists , such as Charley Patton and Skip James , included religious songs or spirituals . Reverend Gary Davis and Blind Willie Johnson are examples of artists often categorized as blues musicians for their music , although their lyrics clearly belong to spirituals . Form The blues form is a cyclic musical form in which a repeating progression of chords mirrors the call and response scheme commonly found in African and African - American music . During the first decades of the 20th century blues music was not clearly defined in terms of a particular chord progression . With the popularity of early performers , such as Bessie Smith , use of the twelve - bar blues spread across the music industry during the 1920s and 30s . Other chord progressions , such as 8 - bar forms , are still considered blues ; examples include `` How Long Blues '' , `` Trouble in Mind '' , and Big Bill Broonzy 's `` Key to the Highway '' . There are also 16 - bar blues , such as Ray Charles 's instrumental `` Sweet 16 Bars '' and Herbie Hancock 's `` Watermelon Man '' . Idiosyncratic numbers of bars are occasionally used , such as the 9 - bar progression in `` Sitting on Top of the World '' , by Walter Vinson . Chords played over a 12 - bar scheme : Chords for a blues in C : I I or IV I7 IV IV I7 V V or IV I or V C or F C7 C7 G or F C or G The basic 12 - bar lyric framework of a blues composition is reflected by a standard harmonic progression of 12 bars in a 4 / 4 time signature . The blues chords associated to a twelve - bar blues are typically a set of three different chords played over a 12 - bar scheme . They are labeled by Roman numbers referring to the degrees of the progression . For instance , for a blues in the key of C , C is the tonic chord ( I ) and F is the subdominant ( IV ) . The last chord is the dominant ( V ) turnaround , marking the transition to the beginning of the next progression . The lyrics generally end on the last beat of the tenth bar or the first beat of the 11th bar , and the final two bars are given to the instrumentalist as a break ; the harmony of this two - bar break , the turnaround , can be extremely complex , sometimes consisting of single notes that defy analysis in terms of chords . Much of the time , some or all of these chords are played in the harmonic seventh ( 7th ) form . The use of the harmonic seventh interval is characteristic of blues and is popularly called the `` blues seven '' . Blues seven chords add to the harmonic chord a note with a frequency in a 7 : 4 ratio to the fundamental note . At a 7 : 4 ratio , it is not close to any interval on the conventional Western diatonic scale . For convenience or by necessity it is often approximated by a minor seventh interval or a dominant seventh chord . A minor pentatonic scale ; play ( help info ) In melody , blues is distinguished by the use of the flattened third , fifth and seventh of the associated major scale . These specialized notes are called the blue or bent notes . These scale tones may replace the natural scale tones , or they may be added to the scale , as in the case of the minor blues scale , in which the flattened third replaces the natural third , the flattened seventh replaces the natural seventh and the flattened fifth is added between the natural fourth and natural fifth . While the 12 - bar harmonic progression had been intermittently used for centuries , the revolutionary aspect of blues was the frequent use of the flattened third , flattened seventh , and even flattened fifth in the melody , together with crushing -- playing directly adjacent notes at the same time ( i.e. , minor second ) -- and sliding , similar to using grace notes . The blue notes allow for key moments of expression during the cadences , melodies , and embellishments of the blues . Detroit blues Example of Detroit blues rock shuffle G7 Shuffle Example of Chicago blues shuffle Problems playing these files ? See media help . Blues shuffles or walking bass reinforce the trance - like rhythm and call - and - response , and they form a repetitive effect called a groove . Characteristic of the blues since its Afro - American origins , the shuffles played a central role in swing music . The simplest shuffles , which were the clearest signature of the R&B wave that started in the mid-1940s , were a three - note riff on the bass strings of the guitar . When this riff was played over the bass and the drums , the groove `` feel '' was created . Shuffle rhythm is often vocalized as `` dow , da dow , da dow , da '' or `` dump , da dump , da dump , da '' : it consists of uneven , or `` swung '' , eighth notes . On a guitar this may be played as a simple steady bass or it may add to that stepwise quarter note motion from the fifth to the sixth of the chord and back . Blues shuffle or boogie in E major ( Play ( help info ) ) . Guitar tablature for a blues shuffle in E major . `` The Memphis Blues '' The Memphis Blues , composed by W.C. Handy in 1912 and recorded by the Victor Military Band , the first known commercial recording of Handy 's first commercially successful blues composition Crazy Blues The first commercial recording of vocal blues by an African - American singer : Mamie Smith 's performance of Perry Bradford 's `` Crazy Blues '' in 1920 Keep your lamp trimmed and burning Traditional spiritual performed by Texas gospel singer Blind Willie Johnson ( vocal and guitar ) and Willie B. Harris ( vocal ) in 1927 , an example of the close relationship between gospel and blues music Dupree Blues Piedmont blues , performed in 1930 by Blind Willie Walker Milwaukee Blues Bluegrass , performed in 1930 by Charlie Poole , a bluesman of Irish descent Good Liquor Gonna Carry Me Down Chicago blues of the late prewar era , the so - called Bluebird sound , recorded by Big Bill Broonzy Deep Elem Blues Rockabilly version of a traditional blues recorded by Jerry Lee Lewis in 1956 or 1957 Problems playing these files ? See media help . History Origins Main article : Origins of the blues The first publication of blues sheet music may have been `` I Got the Blues '' , published by New Orleans musician Antonio Maggio in 1908 and described as `` the earliest published composition known to link the condition of having the blues to the musical form that would become popularly known as ' the blues . ' '' Hart Wand 's `` Dallas Blues '' was published in 1912 ; W.C. Handy 's `` The Memphis Blues '' followed in the same year . The first recording by an African American singer was Mamie Smith 's 1920 rendition of Perry Bradford 's `` Crazy Blues '' . But the origins of the blues were some decades earlier , probably around 1890 . This music is poorly documented , partly because of racial discrimination in U.S. society , including academic circles , and partly because of the low rate of literacy among rural African Americans at the time . Reports of blues music in southern Texas and the Deep South were written at the dawn of the 20th century . Charles Peabody mentioned the appearance of blues music at Clarksdale , Mississippi , and Gate Thomas reported similar songs in southern Texas around 1901 -- 1902 . These observations coincide more or less with the recollections of Jelly Roll Morton , who said he first heard blues music in New Orleans in 1902 ; Ma Rainey , who remembered first hearing the blues in the same year in Missouri ; and W.C. Handy , who first heard the blues in Tutwiler , Mississippi , in 1903 . The first extensive research in the field was performed by Howard W. Odum , who published an anthology of folk songs from Lafayette County , Mississippi , and Newton County , Georgia , between 1905 and 1908 . The first noncommercial recordings of blues music , termed proto - blues by Paul Oliver , were made by Odum for research purposes at the very beginning of the 20th century . They are now lost . Other recordings that are still available were made in 1924 by Lawrence Gellert . Later , several recordings were made by Robert W. Gordon , who became head of the Archive of American Folk Songs of the Library of Congress . Gordon 's successor at the library was John Lomax . In the 1930s , Lomax and his son Alan made a large number of non-commercial blues recordings that testify to the huge variety of proto - blues styles , such as field hollers and ring shouts . A record of blues music as it existed before 1920 can also be found in the recordings of artists such as Lead Belly and Henry Thomas . All these sources show the existence of many different structures distinct from twelve - , eight - , or sixteen - bar . John Lomax ( left ) shaking hands with musician `` Uncle '' Rich Brown in Sumterville , Alabama The social and economic reasons for the appearance of the blues are not fully known . The first appearance of the blues is usually dated after the Emancipation Act of 1863 , between 1870 and 1900 , a period that coincides with post-emancipation and later , the establishment of juke joints as places where blacks went to listen to music , dance , or gamble after a hard day 's work . This period corresponds to the transition from slavery to sharecropping , small - scale agricultural production , and the expansion of railroads in the southern United States . Several scholars characterize the development of blues music in the early 1900s as a move from group performance to individualized performance . They argue that the development of the blues is associated with the newly acquired freedom of the enslaved people . According to Lawrence Levine , `` there was a direct relationship between the national ideological emphasis upon the individual , the popularity of Booker T. Washington 's teachings , and the rise of the blues . '' Levine stated that `` psychologically , socially , and economically , African - Americans were being acculturated in a way that would have been impossible during slavery , and it is hardly surprising that their secular music reflected this as much as their religious music did . '' There are few characteristics common to all blues music , because the genre took its shape from the idiosyncrasies of individual performers . However , there are some characteristics that were present long before the creation of the modern blues . Call - and - response shouts were an early form of blues - like music ; they were a `` functional expression ... style without accompaniment or harmony and unbounded by the formality of any particular musical structure '' . A form of this pre-blues was heard in slave ring shouts and field hollers , expanded into `` simple solo songs laden with emotional content '' . Blues has evolved from the unaccompanied vocal music and oral traditions of slaves imported from West Africa and rural blacks into a wide variety of styles and subgenres , with regional variations across the United States . Although blues ( as it is now known ) can be seen as a musical style based on both European harmonic structure and the African call - and - response tradition that transformed into an interplay of voice and guitar , the blues form itself bears no resemblance to the melodic styles of the West African griots , and the influences are faint and tenuous . Additionally , there are theories that the four - beats - per - measure structure of the blues might have its origins in the Native American tradition of pow wow drumming . No specific African musical form can be identified as the single direct ancestor of the blues . However the call - and - response format can be traced back to the music of Africa . That blue notes predate their use in blues and have an African origin is attested to by `` A Negro Love Song '' , by the English composer Samuel Coleridge - Taylor , from his African Suite for Piano , written in 1898 , which contains blue third and seventh notes . The Diddley bow ( a homemade one - stringed instrument found in parts of the American South in the early twentieth century ) and the banjo are African - derived instruments that may have helped in the transfer of African performance techniques into the early blues instrumental vocabulary . The banjo seems to be directly imported from West African music . It is similar to the musical instrument that griots and other Africans such as the Igbo played ( called halam or akonting by African peoples such as the Wolof , Fula and Mandinka ) . However , in the 1920s , when country blues began to be recorded , the use of the banjo in blues music was quite marginal and limited to individuals such as Papa Charlie Jackson and later Gus Cannon . Blues music also adopted elements from the `` Ethiopian airs '' , minstrel shows and Negro spirituals , including instrumental and harmonic accompaniment . The style also was closely related to ragtime , which developed at about the same time , though the blues better preserved `` the original melodic patterns of African music '' . Charley Patton , one of the originators of the Delta blues style , playing with a pick or a bottleneck slide The musical forms and styles that are now considered the blues as well as modern country music arose in the same regions of the southern United States during the 19th century . Recorded blues and country music can be found as far back as the 1920s , when the record industry created the marketing categories `` race music '' and `` hillbilly music '' to sell music by blacks for blacks and by whites for whites , respectively . At the time , there was no clear musical division between `` blues '' and `` country '' , except for the ethnicity of the performer , and even that was sometimes documented incorrectly by record companies . Though musicologists can now attempt to define the blues narrowly in terms of certain chord structures and lyric forms thought to have originated in West Africa , audiences originally heard the music in a far more general way : it was simply the music of the rural south , notably the Mississippi Delta . Black and white musicians shared the same repertoire and thought of themselves as `` songsters '' rather than blues musicians . The notion of blues as a separate genre arose during the black migration from the countryside to urban areas in the 1920s and the simultaneous development of the recording industry . Blues became a code word for a record designed to sell to black listeners . The origins of the blues are closely related to the religious music of Afro - American community , the spirituals . The origins of spirituals go back much further than the blues , usually dating back to the middle of the 18th century , when the slaves were Christianized and began to sing and play Christian hymns , in particular those of Isaac Watts , which were very popular . Before the blues gained its formal definition in terms of chord progressions , it was defined as the secular counterpart of spirituals . It was the low - down music played by rural blacks . Depending on the religious community a musician belonged to , it was more or less considered a sin to play this low - down music : blues was the devil 's music . Musicians were therefore segregated into two categories : gospel singers and blues singers , guitar preachers and songsters . However , when rural black music began to be recorded in the 1920s , both categories of musicians used similar techniques : call - and - response patterns , blue notes , and slide guitars . Gospel music was nevertheless using musical forms that were compatible with Christian hymns and therefore less marked by the blues form than its secular counterpart . Prewar blues The American sheet music publishing industry produced a great deal of ragtime music . By 1912 , the sheet music industry had published three popular blues - like compositions , precipitating the Tin Pan Alley adoption of blues elements : `` Baby Seals ' Blues '' , by `` Baby '' Franklin Seals ( arranged by Artie Matthews ) ; `` Dallas Blues '' , by Hart Wand ; and `` The Memphis Blues '' , by W.C. Handy . Sheet music from `` Saint Louis Blues '' ( 1914 ) Handy was a formally trained musician , composer and arranger who helped to popularize the blues by transcribing and orchestrating blues in an almost symphonic style , with bands and singers . He became a popular and prolific composer , and billed himself as the `` Father of the Blues '' ; however , his compositions can be described as a fusion of blues with ragtime and jazz , a merger facilitated using the Cuban habanera rhythm that had long been a part of ragtime ; Handy 's signature work was the `` Saint Louis Blues '' . In the 1920s , the blues became a major element of African American and American popular music , reaching white audiences via Handy 's arrangements and the classic female blues performers . The blues evolved from informal performances in bars to entertainment in theaters . Blues performances were organized by the Theater Owners Bookers Association in nightclubs such as the Cotton Club and juke joints such as the bars along Beale Street in Memphis . Several record companies , such as the American Record Corporation , Okeh Records , and Paramount Records , began to record African - American music . As the recording industry grew , country blues performers like Bo Carter , Jimmie Rodgers ( country singer ) , Blind Lemon Jefferson , Lonnie Johnson , Tampa Red and Blind Blake became more popular in the African American community . Kentucky - born Sylvester Weaver was in 1923 the first to record the slide guitar style , in which a guitar is fretted with a knife blade or the sawed - off neck of a bottle . The slide guitar became an important part of the Delta blues . The first blues recordings from the 1920s are categorized as a traditional , rural country blues and a more polished city or urban blues . Country blues performers often improvised , either without accompaniment or with only a banjo or guitar . Regional styles of country blues varied widely in the early 20th century . The ( Mississippi ) Delta blues was a rootsy sparse style with passionate vocals accompanied by slide guitar . The little - recorded Robert Johnson combined elements of urban and rural blues . In addition to Robert Johnson , influential performers of this style included his predecessors Charley Patton and Son House . Singers such as Blind Willie McTell and Blind Boy Fuller performed in the southeastern `` delicate and lyrical '' Piedmont blues tradition , which used an elaborate ragtime - based fingerpicking guitar technique . Georgia also had an early slide tradition , with Curley Weaver , Tampa Red , `` Barbecue Bob '' Hicks and James `` Kokomo '' Arnold as representatives of this style . The lively Memphis blues style , which developed in the 1920s and 1930s near Memphis , Tennessee , was influenced by jug bands such as the Memphis Jug Band or the Gus Cannon 's Jug Stompers . Performers such as Frank Stokes , Sleepy John Estes , Robert Wilkins , Joe McCoy , Casey Bill Weldon and Memphis Minnie used a variety of unusual instruments such as washboard , fiddle , kazoo or mandolin . Memphis Minnie was famous for her virtuoso guitar style . Pianist Memphis Slim began his career in Memphis , but his distinct style was smoother and had some swing elements . Many blues musicians based in Memphis moved to Chicago in the late 1930s or early 1940s and became part of the urban blues movement . Bessie Smith , an early blues singer , known for her powerful voice Urban blues City or urban blues styles were more codified and elaborate , as a performer was no longer within their local , immediate community , and had to adapt to a larger , more varied audience 's aesthetic . Classic female urban and vaudeville blues singers were popular in the 1920s , among them `` the big three '' -- Gertrude `` Ma '' Rainey , Bessie Smith , and Lucille Bogan -- and Victoria Spivey . Mamie Smith , more a vaudeville performer than a blues artist , was the first African American to record a blues song in 1920 ; her second record , `` Crazy Blues '' , sold 75,000 copies in its first month . Ma Rainey , the `` Mother of Blues '' , and Bessie Smith each `` ( sang ) around center tones , perhaps in order to project her voice more easily to the back of a room '' . Smith would `` sing a song in an unusual key , and her artistry in bending and stretching notes with her beautiful , powerful contralto to accommodate her own interpretation was unsurpassed '' . In 1920 the vaudeville singer Lucille Hegamin became the second black woman to record blues when she recorded `` The Jazz Me Blues '' . These recordings were typically labeled `` race records '' to distinguish them from records sold to white audiences . Nonetheless , the recordings of some of the classic female blues singers were purchased by white buyers as well . These blueswomen 's contributions to the genre included `` increased improvisation on melodic lines , unusual phrasing which altered the emphasis and impact of the lyrics , and vocal dramatics using shouts , groans , moans , and wails . The blues women thus effected changes in other types of popular singing that had spin - offs in jazz , Broadway musicals , torch songs of the 1930s and 1940s , gospel , rhythm and blues , and eventually rock and roll . '' Bluebird Records Urban male performers included popular black musicians of the era , such as Tampa Red , Big Bill Broonzy and Leroy Carr . An important label of this era was the Chicago - based Bluebird Records . Before World War II , Tampa Red was sometimes referred to as `` the Guitar Wizard '' . Carr accompanied himself on the piano with Scrapper Blackwell on guitar , a format that continued well into the 1950s with artists such as Charles Brown and even Nat `` King '' Cole . A typical boogie - woogie bass line Boogie - woogie was another important style of 1930s and early 1940s urban blues . While the style is often associated with solo piano , boogie - woogie was also used to accompany singers and , as a solo part , in bands and small combos . Boogie - Woogie style was characterized by a regular bass figure , an ostinato or riff and shifts of level in the left hand , elaborating each chord and trills and decorations in the right hand . Boogie - woogie was pioneered by the Chicago - based Jimmy Yancey and the Boogie - Woogie Trio ( Albert Ammons , Pete Johnson and Meade Lux Lewis ) . Chicago boogie - woogie performers included Clarence `` Pine Top '' Smith and Earl Hines , who `` linked the propulsive left - hand rhythms of the ragtime pianists with melodic figures similar to those of Armstrong 's trumpet in the right hand '' . The smooth Louisiana style of Professor Longhair and , more recently , Dr. John blends classic rhythm and blues with blues styles . Another development in this period was big band blues . The `` territory bands '' operating out of Kansas City , the Bennie Moten orchestra , Jay McShann , and the Count Basie Orchestra were also concentrating on the blues , with 12 - bar blues instrumentals such as Basie 's `` One O'Clock Jump '' and `` Jumpin ' at the Woodside '' and boisterous `` blues shouting '' by Jimmy Rushing on songs such as `` Going to Chicago '' and `` Sent for You Yesterday '' . A well - known big band blues tune is Glenn Miller 's `` In the Mood '' . In the 1940s , the jump blues style developed . Jump blues grew up from the boogie woogie wave and was strongly influenced by big band music . It uses saxophone or other brass instruments and the guitar in the rhythm section to create a jazzy , up - tempo sound with declamatory vocals . Jump blues tunes by Louis Jordan and Big Joe Turner , based in Kansas City , Missouri , influenced the development of later styles such as rock and roll and rhythm and blues . Dallas - born T - Bone Walker , who is often associated with the California blues style , performed a successful transition from the early urban blues à la Lonnie Johnson and Leroy Carr to the jump blues style and dominated the blues - jazz scene at Los Angeles during the 1940s . 1950s The transition from country blues to urban blues that began in the 1920s was driven by the successive waves of economic crisis and booms which led many rural blacks to move to urban areas , in a movement known as the Great Migration . The long boom following World War II induced another massive migration of the African - American population , the Second Great Migration , which was accompanied by a significant increase of the real income of the urban blacks . The new migrants constituted a new market for the music industry . The term race record , initially used by the music industry for African - American music , was replaced by the term rhythm and blues . This rapidly evolving market was mirrored by Billboard magazine 's Rhythm and Blues chart . This marketing strategy reinforced trends in urban blues music such as the use of electric instruments and amplification and the generalization of the blues beat , the blues shuffle , which became ubiquitous in R&B . This commercial stream had important consequences for blues music , which , together with jazz and gospel music , became a component of R&B . Muddy Waters , described as `` the guiding light of the modern blues school '' John Lee Hooker Otis Rush , an originator of the `` West Side sound '' After World War II , new styles of electric blues became popular in cities such as Chicago , Memphis , Detroit and St. Louis . Electric blues used electric guitars , double bass ( gradually replaced by bass guitar ) , drums , and harmonica ( or `` blues harp '' ) played through a microphone and a PA system or an overdriven guitar amplifier . Chicago became a center for electric blues from 1948 on , when Muddy Waters recorded his first success , `` I Ca n't Be Satisfied '' . Chicago blues is influenced to a large extent by Delta blues , because many performers had migrated from the Mississippi region . Howlin ' Wolf , Muddy Waters , Willie Dixon and Jimmy Reed were all born in Mississippi and moved to Chicago during the Great Migration . Their style is characterized by the use of electric guitar , sometimes slide guitar , harmonica , and a rhythm section of bass and drums . The saxophonist J.T. Brown played in bands led by Elmore James and by J.B. Lenoir , but the saxophone was used as a backing instrument for rhythmic support more than as a lead instrument . Little Walter , Sonny Boy Williamson ( Rice Miller ) and Sonny Terry are well known harmonica ( called `` harp '' by blues musicians ) players of the early Chicago blues scene . Other harp players such as Big Walter Horton were also influential . Muddy Waters and Elmore James were known for their innovative use of slide electric guitar . Howlin ' Wolf and Muddy Waters were known for their deep , `` gravelly '' voices . The bassist and prolific songwriter and composer Willie Dixon played a major role on the Chicago blues scene . He composed and wrote many standard blues songs of the period , such as `` Hoochie Coochie Man '' , `` I Just Want to Make Love to You '' ( both penned for Muddy Waters ) and , `` Wang Dang Doodle '' and `` Back Door Man '' for Howlin ' Wolf . Most artists of the Chicago blues style recorded for the Chicago - based Chess Records and Checker Records labels . Smaller blues labels of this era included Vee - Jay Records and J.O.B. Records . During the early 1950s , the dominating Chicago labels were challenged by Sam Phillips ' Sun Records company in Memphis , which recorded B.B. King and Howlin ' Wolf before he moved to Chicago in 1960 . After Phillips discovered Elvis Presley in 1954 , the Sun label turned to the rapidly expanding white audience and started recording mostly rock ' n ' roll . In the 1950s , blues had a huge influence on mainstream American popular music . While popular musicians like Bo Diddley and Chuck Berry , both recording for Chess , were influenced by the Chicago blues , their enthusiastic playing styles departed from the melancholy aspects of blues . Chicago blues also influenced Louisiana 's zydeco music , with Clifton Chenier using blues accents . Zydeco musicians used electric solo guitar and cajun arrangements of blues standards . In England , electric blues took root there during a much acclaimed Muddy Waters tour . Waters , unsuspecting of his audience 's tendency towards skiffle , an acoustic , softer brand of blues , turned up his amp and started to play his Chicago brand of electric blues . Although the audience was largely jolted by the performance , the performance influenced local musicians such as Alexis Korner and Cyril Davies to emulate this louder style , inspiring the British invasion of the Rolling Stones and the Yardbirds . In the late 1950s , a new blues style emerged on Chicago 's West Side pioneered by Magic Sam , Buddy Guy and Otis Rush on Cobra Records . The `` West Side sound '' had strong rhythmic support from a rhythm guitar , bass guitar and drums and as perfected by Guy , Freddie King , Magic Slim and Luther Allison was dominated by amplified electric lead guitar . Expressive guitar solos were a key feature of this music . Other blues artists , such as John Lee Hooker had influences not directly related to the Chicago style . John Lee Hooker 's blues is more `` personal '' , based on Hooker 's deep rough voice accompanied by a single electric guitar . Though not directly influenced by boogie woogie , his `` groovy '' style is sometimes called `` guitar boogie '' . His first hit , `` Boogie Chillen '' , reached number 1 on the R&B charts in 1949 . By the late 1950s , the swamp blues genre developed near Baton Rouge , with performers such as Lightnin ' Slim , Slim Harpo , Sam Myers and Jerry McCain around the producer J.D. `` Jay '' Miller and the Excello label . Strongly influenced by Jimmy Reed , Swamp blues has a slower pace and a simpler use of the harmonica than the Chicago blues style performers such as Little Walter or Muddy Waters . Songs from this genre include `` Scratch my Back '' , `` She 's Tough '' and `` I 'm a King Bee '' . Alan Lomax 's recordings of Mississippi Fred McDowell would eventually bring him wider attention on both the blues and folk circuit , with McDowell 's droning style influencing North Mississippi hill country blues musicians . 1960s and 1970s Blues legend B.B. King with his guitar , `` Lucille '' By the beginning of the 1960s , genres influenced by African American music such as rock and roll and soul were part of mainstream popular music . White performers such as the Beatles had brought African - American music to new audiences , both within the U.S. and abroad . However , the blues wave that brought artists such as Muddy Waters to the foreground had stopped . Bluesmen such as Big Bill Broonzy and Willie Dixon started looking for new markets in Europe . Dick Waterman and the blues festivals he organized in Europe played a major role in propagating blues music abroad . In the UK , bands emulated U.S. blues legends , and UK blues rock - based bands had an influential role throughout the 1960s . Blues performers such as John Lee Hooker and Muddy Waters continued to perform to enthusiastic audiences , inspiring new artists steeped in traditional blues , such as New York -- born Taj Mahal . John Lee Hooker blended his blues style with rock elements and playing with younger white musicians , creating a musical style that can be heard on the 1971 album Endless Boogie . B.B. King 's singing and virtuoso guitar technique earned him the eponymous title `` king of the blues '' . King introduced a sophisticated style of guitar soloing based on fluid string bending and shimmering vibrato that influenced many later electric blues guitarists . In contrast to the Chicago style , King 's band used strong brass support from a saxophone , trumpet , and trombone , instead of using slide guitar or harp . Tennessee - born Bobby `` Blue '' Bland , like B.B. King , also straddled the blues and R&B genres . During this period , Freddie King and Albert King often played with rock and soul musicians ( Eric Clapton and Booker T & the MGs ) and had a major influence on those styles of music . Eric Clapton performing at Hyde Park , London , in June 2008 The music of the civil rights movement and Free Speech Movement in the U.S. prompted a resurgence of interest in American roots music and early African American music . As well festivals such as the Newport Folk Festival brought traditional blues to a new audience , which helped to revive interest in prewar acoustic blues and performers such as Son House , Mississippi John Hurt , Skip James , and Reverend Gary Davis . Many compilations of classic prewar blues were republished by the Yazoo Records . J.B. Lenoir from the Chicago blues movement in the 1950s recorded several LPs using acoustic guitar , sometimes accompanied by Willie Dixon on the acoustic bass or drums . His songs , originally distributed only in Europe , commented on political issues such as racism or Vietnam War issues , which was unusual for this period . His album Alabama Blues contained a song with the following lyric : I never will go back to Alabama , that is not the place for me ( 2x ) You know they killed my sister and my brother , and the whole world let them peoples go down there free Texas blues guitarist Stevie Ray Vaughan White audiences ' interest in the blues during the 1960s increased due to the Chicago - based Paul Butterfield Blues Band featuring guitarist Michael Bloomfield , and the British blues movement . The style of British blues developed in the UK , when bands such as the Animals , Fleetwood Mac , John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers , the Rolling Stones , the Yardbirds , the supergroup Cream and the Irish musician Rory Gallagher performed classic blues songs from the Delta or Chicago blues traditions . In 1963 , LeRoi Jones , later known as Amiri Baraka , was the first to write a book on the social history of the blues in Blues People : The Negro Music in White America . The Argentine power trio Manal in 1970 , the first blues group to perform in Spanish In 1970 the trio Manal established in Argentina the basics of blues sung in Castilian . Influenced poetically by the tango and generate Beatnik , and musically by the blues , rock , jazz and African music of River Plate , the trio composed of Alejandro Medina , Javier Martinez and Claudio Gabis created a music that fused the roots of a genre born in the Mississippi Delta with elements of idiosyncrasy and local geography Porteña . The lyrics of Manal emphasize existentialism , the industrial city and the railroads , is notable in one of his most well - known songs , `` Avellaneda Blues '' : Vía muerta , calle con asfalto siempre destrozado . Tren de carga , el humo y el hollín , están por todos lados . Sur y aceite , barriles en el barro , galpón abandonado . Charco sucio , el agua va pudriendo , un zapato olvidado . Dead rail , street with asphalt always shattered . Freight train , smoke and soot , are everywhere . South and oil , barrels in the mud , abandoned shed . Dirty puddle , the water is rotting , a forgotten shoe . `` Avellaneda Blues '' by Manal ( 1970 ) . The British and blues musicians of the early 1960s inspired a number of American blues rock fusion performers , including the Doors , Canned Heat , the early Jefferson Airplane , Janis Joplin , Johnny Winter , The J. Geils Band , Ry Cooder , and the Allman Brothers Band . One blues rock performer , Jimi Hendrix , was a rarity in his field at the time : a black man who played psychedelic rock . Hendrix was a skilled guitarist , and a pioneer in the innovative use of distortion and audio feedback in his music . Through these artists and others , blues music influenced the development of rock music . Santana , which was originally called the Carlos Santana Blues Band , also experimented with Latin - influenced blues and blues rock music around this time . At the end of the 1950s appeared the bluesy Tulsa Sound merging rock'n'roll , jazz and country influences . This particular music style was popularized in the 1970s by J.J. Cale and the cover versions performed by Eric Clapton of `` After Midnight '' and `` Cocaine '' . In the early 1970s , The Texas rock - blues style emerged , which used guitars in both solo and rhythm roles . In contrast with the West Side blues , the Texas style is strongly influenced by the British rock - blues movement . Major artists of the Texas style are Johnny Winter , Stevie Ray Vaughan , the Fabulous Thunderbirds ( led by harmonica player and singer - songwriter Kim Wilson ) , and ZZ Top . These artists all began their musical careers in the 1970s but they did not achieve international success until the next decade . 1980s to the present Denise LaSalle Since the 1980s there has been a resurgence of interest in the blues among a certain part of the African - American population , particularly around Jackson , Mississippi and other deep South regions . Often termed `` soul blues '' or `` Southern soul '' , the music at the heart of this movement was given new life by the unexpected success of two particular recordings on the Jackson - based Malaco label : Z.Z. Hill 's Down Home Blues ( 1982 ) and Little Milton 's The Blues is Alright ( 1984 ) . Contemporary African - American performers who work in this style of the blues include Bobby Rush , Denise LaSalle , Sir Charles Jones , Bettye LaVette , Marvin Sease , Peggy Scott - Adams , Mel Waiters , Clarence Carter , Dr. `` Feelgood '' Potts , O.B. Buchana , Ms. Jody , Shirley Brown , and dozens of others . During the 1980s blues also continued in both traditional and new forms . In 1986 the album Strong Persuader announced Robert Cray as a major blues artist . The first Stevie Ray Vaughan recording Texas Flood was released in 1983 , and the Texas - based guitarist exploded onto the international stage . John Lee Hooker 's popularity was revived with the album The Healer in 1989 . Eric Clapton , known for his performances with the Blues Breakers and Cream , made a comeback in the 1990s with his album Unplugged , in which he played some standard blues numbers on acoustic guitar . However , beginning in the 1990s , digital multitrack recording and other technological advances and new marketing strategies including video clip production increased costs , challenging the spontaneity and improvisation that are an important component of blues music . In the 1980s and 1990s , blues publications such as Living Blues and Blues Revue were launched , major cities began forming blues societies , outdoor blues festivals became more common , and more nightclubs and venues for blues emerged . In the 1990s , the largely ignored hill country blues gained minor recognition in both blues and alternative rock music circles with northern Mississippi artists R.L. Burnside and Junior Kimbrough . Blues performers explored a range of musical genres , as can be seen , for example , from the broad array of nominees of the yearly Blues Music Awards , previously named W.C. Handy Awards or of the Grammy Awards for Best Contemporary and Traditional Blues Album . The Billboard Blues Album chart provides an overview of current blues hits . Contemporary blues music is nurtured by several blues labels such as : Alligator Records , Ruf Records , Severn Records , Chess Records ( MCA ) , Delmark Records , NorthernBlues Music , Fat Possum Records and Vanguard Records ( Artemis Records ) . Some labels are famous for rediscovering and remastering blues rarities , including Arhoolie Records , Smithsonian Folkways Recordings ( heir of Folkways Records ) , and Yazoo Records ( Shanachie Records ) . From the late 2000s to the present day , blues rock has gained a cultural following , especially after the rise of the Internet , when artists started creating YouTube channels , forums , and Facebook pages . Notable blues rock musicians of this period include Joe Bonamassa , Gary Clark Jr. , John Mayer , Shemekia Copeland , Eric Gales , Beth Hart , Warren Haynes , Jason Ricci , Susan Tedeschi , Derek Trucks , Ben Harper ( in collaboration with Charlie Musselwhite ) and Orianthi . Alternative rock artists still combine strong elements of blues in their music , especially ZZ Ward , Cage the Elephant , Jack White , and the Black Keys . Musical impact Blues musical styles , forms ( 12 - bar blues ) , melodies , and the blues scale have influenced many other genres of music , such as rock and roll , jazz , and popular music . Prominent jazz , folk or rock performers , such as Louis Armstrong , Duke Ellington , Miles Davis , and Bob Dylan have performed significant blues recordings . The blues scale is often used in popular songs like Harold Arlen 's `` Blues in the Night '' , blues ballads like `` Since I Fell for You '' and `` Please Send Me Someone to Love '' , and even in orchestral works such as George Gershwin 's `` Rhapsody in Blue '' and `` Concerto in F '' . Gershwin 's second `` Prelude '' for solo piano is an interesting example of a classical blues , maintaining the form with academic strictness . The blues scale is ubiquitous in modern popular music and informs many modal frames , especially the ladder of thirds used in rock music ( for example , in `` A Hard Day 's Night '' ) . Blues forms are used in the theme to the televised Batman , teen idol Fabian Forte 's hit , `` Turn Me Loose '' , country music star Jimmie Rodgers ' music , and guitarist / vocalist Tracy Chapman 's hit `` Give Me One Reason '' . Early country bluesmen such as Skip James , Charley Patton , Georgia Tom Dorsey played country and urban blues and had influences from spiritual singing . Dorsey helped to popularize Gospel music . Gospel music developed in the 1930s , with the Golden Gate Quartet . In the 1950s , soul music by Sam Cooke , Ray Charles and James Brown used gospel and blues music elements . In the 1960s and 1970s , gospel and blues were merged in soul blues music . Funk music of the 1970s was influenced by soul ; funk can be seen as an antecedent of hip - hop and contemporary R&B . R&B music can be traced back to spirituals and blues . Musically , spirituals were a descendant of New England choral traditions , and in particular of Isaac Watts 's hymns , mixed with African rhythms and call - and - response forms . Spirituals or religious chants in the African - American community are much better documented than the `` low - down '' blues . Spiritual singing developed because African - American communities could gather for mass or worship gatherings , which were called camp meetings . Edward P. Comentale has noted how the blues was often used as a medium for art or self - expression , stating : `` As heard from Delta shacks to Chicago tenements to Harlem cabarets , the blues proved -- despite its pained origins -- a remarkably flexible medium and a new arena for the shaping of identity and community . '' Duke Ellington straddled the big band and bebop genres . Ellington extensively used the blues form . Before World War II , the boundaries between blues and jazz were less clear . Usually jazz had harmonic structures stemming from brass bands , whereas blues had blues forms such as the 12 - bar blues . However , the jump blues of the 1940s mixed both styles . After WWII , blues had a substantial influence on jazz . Bebop classics , such as Charlie Parker 's `` Now 's the Time '' , used the blues form with the pentatonic scale and blue notes . Bebop marked a major shift in the role of jazz , from a popular style of music for dancing , to a `` high - art '' , less - accessible , cerebral `` musician 's music '' . The audience for both blues and jazz split , and the border between blues and jazz became more defined . The blues ' 12 - bar structure and the blues scale was a major influence on rock and roll music . Rock and roll has been called `` blues with a backbeat '' ; Carl Perkins called rockabilly `` blues with a country beat '' . Rockabillies were also said to be 12 - bar blues played with a bluegrass beat . `` Hound Dog '' , with its unmodified 12 - bar structure ( in both harmony and lyrics ) and a melody centered on flatted third of the tonic ( and flatted seventh of the subdominant ) , is a blues song transformed into a rock and roll song . Jerry Lee Lewis 's style of rock and roll was heavily influenced by the blues and its derivative boogie woogie . His style of music was not exactly rockabilly but it has been often called real rock and roll ( this is a label he shares with several African American rock and roll performers ) . Many early rock and roll songs are based on blues : `` That 's All Right Mama '' , `` Johnny B. Goode '' , `` Blue Suede Shoes '' , `` Whole Lotta Shakin ' Goin On '' , `` Shake , Rattle , and Roll '' , and `` Long Tall Sally '' . The early African American rock musicians retained the sexual themes and innuendos of blues music : `` Got a gal named Sue , knows just what to do '' ( `` Tutti Frutti '' , Little Richard ) or `` See the girl with the red dress on , She can do the Birdland all night long '' ( `` What 'd I Say '' , Ray Charles ) . The 12 - bar blues structure can be found even in novelty pop songs , such as Bob Dylan 's `` Obviously Five Believers '' and Esther and Abi Ofarim 's `` Cinderella Rockefella '' . Early country music was infused with the blues . Jimmie Rodgers , Moon Mullican , Bob Wills , Bill Monroe and Hank Williams have all described themselves as blues singers and their music has a blues feel that is different , at first glance at least , from the later country pop of artists like Eddy Arnold . Yet , if one looks back further , Arnold also started out singing bluesy songs like ' I 'll Hold You in My Heart ' . A lot of the 1970s - era `` outlaw '' country music by Willie Nelson and Waylon Jennings also borrowed from the blues . When Jerry Lee Lewis returned to country after the decline of 1950s style rock and roll , he sang his country with a blues feel and often included blues standards on his albums . In popular Culture The music of Taj Mahal for the 1972 movie Sounder marked a revival of interest in acoustic blues . Like jazz , rock and roll , heavy metal music , hip hop music , reggae , rap , country music , and pop music , blues has been accused of being the `` devil 's music '' and of inciting violence and other poor behavior . In the early 20th century , the blues was considered disreputable , especially as white audiences began listening to the blues during the 1920s . In the early twentieth century , W.C. Handy was the first to popularize blues - influenced music among non-black Americans . During the blues revival of the 1960s and ' 70s , acoustic blues artist Taj Mahal and legendary Texas bluesman Lightnin ' Hopkins wrote and performed music that figured prominently in the popularly and critically acclaimed film Sounder ( 1972 ) . The film earned Mahal a Grammy nomination for Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture and a BAFTA nomination . Almost 30 years later , Mahal wrote blues for , and performed a banjo composition , claw - hammer style , in the 2001 movie release Songcatcher , which focused on the story of the preservation of the roots music of Appalachia . Perhaps the most visible example of the blues style of music in the late 20th century came in 1980 , when Dan Aykroyd and John Belushi released the film The Blues Brothers . The film drew many of the biggest living influencers of the rhythm and blues genre together , such as Ray Charles , James Brown , Cab Calloway , Aretha Franklin , and John Lee Hooker . The band formed also began a successful tour under the Blues Brothers marquee. 1998 brought a sequel , Blues Brothers 2000 that , while not holding as great a critical and financial success , featured a much larger number of blues artists , such as B.B. King , Bo Diddley , Erykah Badu , Eric Clapton , Steve Winwood , Charlie Musselwhite , Blues Traveler , Jimmie Vaughan , and Jeff Baxter . In 2003 , Martin Scorsese made significant efforts to promote the blues to a larger audience . He asked several famous directors such as Clint Eastwood and Wim Wenders to participate in a series of documentary films for PBS called The Blues . He also participated in the rendition of compilations of major blues artists in a series of high - quality CDs . Blues guitarist and vocalist Keb ' Mo ' performed his blues rendition of `` America , the Beautiful '' in 2006 to close out the final season of the television series The West Wing . See also Music portal Jazz portal African American portal Blues dance Blues Hall of Fame Mississippi Blues Trail Blues -- Wikipedia book Lists : List of blues festivals List of blues musicians List of blues standards List of British blues musicians List of films based on blues music List of train songs General : African American culture 20th - century music National Blues Museum Notes ^ Jump up to : `` BBC -- GCSE Bitesize : Origins of the blues '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kunzler 's dictionary of jazz provides two separate entries : `` blues '' , an originally African - American genre ( p. 128 ) , and the `` blues form '' , a widespread musical form ( p. 131 ) . Kunzler , Martin ( 1988 ) . Jazz - Lexicon . Hamburg : Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag . Jump up ^ `` The Evolution of Differing Blues Styles '' . How to Play Blues Guitar . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2010 . Retrieved August 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ The `` Trésor de la Langue Française informatisé '' provides this etymology of blues and cites Colman 's farce as the first appearance of the term in the English language ; see `` Blues '' ( in French ) . Centre Nationale de Ressources Textuelles et Lixicales . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2010 . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Devi , Debra ( 2013 ) . `` Why Is the Blues Called the ' Blues ' ? '' Huffington Post , 4 January 2013 . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Davis , Francis ( 1995 ) . The History of the Blues . New York : Hyperion . Jump up ^ Partridge , Eric ( 2002 ) . A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 29189 - 7 . Jump up ^ Bolden , Tony ( 2004 ) . Afro - Blue : Improvisations in African American Poetry and Culture . University of Illinois Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 02874 - 8 . Jump up ^ Ferris , p. 230 . Jump up ^ Handy , W.C. ( 1941 ) . Father of the Blues : An Autobiography . Arna Bontemps , ed . New York : Macmillan . p. 143 . ( No ISBN . ) Jump up ^ Ewen , pp. 142 -- 143 . Jump up ^ Blesh , Rudi ; Janis , Harriet Grossman ( 1958 ) . They All Played Ragtime : The True Story of an American Music . Sidgwick & Jackson . p. 186 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4437 - 3152 - 2 . Jump up ^ Thomas , James G. Jr. ( 2007 ) . The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture : Ethnicity . University of North Carolina Press . p. 166 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 5823 - 3 . Jump up ^ Komara , p. 476 . Jump up ^ Moore , Allan F. ( 2002 ) . The Cambridge Companion to Blues and Gospel Music . Cambridge University Press . p. 32 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 00107 - 6 . Jump up ^ Oliver , p. 281 . ^ Jump up to : Morales , p. 277 . ^ Jump up to : Humphrey , Mark A . In Nothing but the Blues . pp. 107 -- 149 . Jump up ^ Calt , Stephen ; Perls , Nick ; Stewart , Michael . Ten Years of Black Country Religion 1926 -- 1936 ( LP back cover notes ) . New York : Yazoo Records . L - 1022 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Reverend Gary Davis '' . 2009 . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2009 . Retrieved February 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Corcoran , Michael . `` The Soul of Blind Willie Johnson '' . Austin American - Statesman . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2010 . Retrieved February 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Brozman , Bob ( 2002 ) . `` The Evolution of the 12 - Bar Blues Progression , '' . Retrieved May 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Charters , Samuel . In Nothing but the Blues . p. 20 . Jump up ^ Fullman , Ellen . `` The Long String Instrument '' ( PDF ) . MusicWorks . Issue 37 , Fall 1987 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A Jazz Improvisation Almanac , Outside Shore Music Online School '' . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ewen , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Grace notes were common in the Baroque and Classical periods , but they acted as ornamentation rather than as part of the harmonic structure . For example , Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 's Piano Concerto No. 21 has a flatted fifth in the dominant . In these periods , this was a technique for building tension for resolution into the perfect fifth ; in contrast , a blues melody uses the flatted fifth as part of the scale . Jump up ^ Kunzler , p. 1065 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Barry . In Nothing but the Blues . p. 316 . Jump up ^ Hamburger , David ( 2001 ) . Acoustic Guitar Slide Basics . ISBN 978 - 1 - 890490 - 38 - 6 . Jump up ^ Burger , Jim . `` Lesson 72 : Basic Blues Shuffle '' . Retrieved November 25 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Savidge , Wilbur M. ; Vradenburg , Randy L. ( 2002 ) . Everything About Playing the Blues . Music Sales Distributed . p. 35 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 884848 - 09 - 4 . Jump up ^ Lynn Abbott and Doug Seroff , `` '' They Cert'ly Sound Good to Me `` : Sheet Music , Southern Vaudeville , and the Commercial Ascendancy of the Blues '' , American Music , Vol. 14 , No. 4 , New Perspectives on the Blues ( Winter , 1996 ) , p. 406 Jump up ^ Evans , David . In Nothing but the Blues . p. 33 . ^ Jump up to : Kunzler , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Bastin , Bruce . In Nothing but the Blues . p. 206 . Jump up ^ Evans , David . In Nothing but the Blues . pp. 33 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Cowley , John H. In Nothing but the Blues . p. 265 . Jump up ^ Cowley , John H. In Nothing but the Blues . pp. 268 -- 269 . Jump up ^ `` Lead Belly Foundation '' . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2010 . Retrieved September 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Oliphant , Dave . `` Henry Thomas '' . The Handbook of Texas Online . Retrieved September 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Garofalo , pp. 46 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Oliver , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Bohlman , Philip V. ( 1999 ) . `` Immigrant , Folk , and Regional Music in the Twentieth Century '' . The Cambridge History of American Music . David Nicholls , ed . Cambridge University Press . p. 285 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 45429 - 2 . Jump up ^ Oliver , Paul ( 1984 ) . Blues Off the Record : Thirty Years of Blues Commentary . New York : Da Capo Press . pp. 45 -- 47 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80321 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Levine , Lawrence W. ( 1977 ) . Black Culture and Black Consciousness : Afro - American Folk Thought from Slavery to Freedom . Oxford University Press . p. 223 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 502374 - 9 . Jump up ^ Southern , p. 333 . Jump up ^ Garofalo , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Ferris , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Morales , p. 276 . Morales attributed this claim to John Storm Roberts in Black Music of Two Worlds , beginning his discussion with a quote from Roberts : `` There does not seem to be the same African quality in blues forms as there clearly is in much Caribbean music . '' Jump up ^ `` Call and Response in Blues '' . How to Play Blues Guitar . Retrieved August 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Charters , Samuel . In Nothing but the Blues . p. 25 . Jump up ^ Oliver , p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Music : Exploring Native American Influence on the Blues '' . Jump up ^ Vierwo , Barbara ; Trudeau , Andy . The Curious Listener 's Guide to the Blues . Stone Press . p. 15 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 399 - 53072 - 2 . Jump up ^ Scott ( 2003 ) . From the Erotic to the Demonic : On Critical Musicology . Oxford University Press . p. 182 . A blues idiom is hinted at in `` A Negro Love - Song '' , a pentatonic melody with blue third and seventh in Coleridge - Taylor 's African Suite of 1898 , before the first blues publications . Jump up ^ Steper , Bill ( 1999 ) . `` African - American Music from the Mississippi Hill Country : `` They Say Drums Was a-Calling '' `` . APF Reporter . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2008 . Retrieved October 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Chambers , Douglas B. ( 2009 ) . Murder at Montpelier : Igbo Africans in Virginia . University Press of Mississippi . p. 180 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60473 - 246 - 7 . Jump up ^ Charters , Samuel . In Nothing but the Blues . pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Charters , Samuel . In Nothing but the Blues . p. 16 . Jump up ^ Garofalo , p. 44 . `` Gradually , instrumental and harmonic accompaniment were added , reflecting increasing cross-cultural contact . '' Garofalo cited other authors who also mention the `` Ethiopian airs '' and `` Negro spirituals '' . Jump up ^ Schuller , cited in Garofalo , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Garofalo , pp. 44 -- 47 : `` As marketing categories , designations like race and hillbilly intentionally separated artists along racial lines and conveyed the impression that their music came from mutually exclusive sources . Nothing could have been further from the truth ... In cultural terms , blues and country were more equal than they were separate . '' Garofalo claimed that `` artists were sometimes listed in the wrong racial category in record company catalogues . '' Jump up ^ Wolfe , Charles . In Nothing but the Blues . pp. 233 -- 263 . Jump up ^ Golding , Barrett . `` The Rise of the Country Blues '' . NPR . Retrieved December 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Humphrey , Mark A . In Nothing but the Blues . p. 110 . Jump up ^ Garofalo , p. 27 . Garofalo cited Barlow in `` Handy 's sudden success demonstrated ( the ) commercial potential of ( the blues ) , which in turn made the genre attractive to the Tin Pan Alley hacks , who wasted little time in turning out a deluge of imitations . '' ( Parentheticals in Garofalo . ) ^ Jump up to : Garofalo , p. 27 . Jump up ^ `` Kentuckiana Blues Society '' . Retrieved September 26 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Clarke , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Clarke , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Clarke , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Calt , Stephen ; Perls , Nick ; Stewart , Michael . The Georgia Blues 1927 -- 1933 ( LP back cover notes ) . New York : Yazoo Records . L - 1012 . Jump up ^ Kent , Don ( 1968 ) . 10 Years In Memphis 1927 -- 1937 ( vinyl back cover ) . New York : Yazoo Records . L - 1002 . Jump up ^ Calt , Stephen ; Perls , Nick ; Stewart , Michael ( 1970 ) . Memphis Jamboree 1927 -- 1936 ( vinyl back cover ) . New York : Yazoo Records . L - 1021 . ^ Jump up to : Garofalo , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Hawkeye Herman . `` Blues Foundation homepage '' . Blues Foundation . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2008 . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Clarke , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Stewart - Baxter , Derrick ( 1970 ) . Ma Rainey and the Classic Blues Singers . New York : Stein & Day . p. 16 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Jesse R. ; Fairweather , Abrol ( eds . ) ( 2011 ) . Blues : Thinking Deep About Feeling Low . Hoboken , N.J. : Wiley . p. 159 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Daphne Duval ( 1988 ) . Black Pearls : Blues Queens of the ' 20s . New Brunswick : Rutgers University Press . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Oliver , Paul . Boogie Woogie Trio ( vinyl back cover ) . Copenhagen : Storyville . SLP 184 . Jump up ^ Garofalo , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Komara , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Humphrey , Mark A . In Nothing but the Blues . pp. 175 -- 177 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Barry . In Nothing but the Blues . pp. 313 -- 314 . Jump up ^ Dicaire ( 1999 ) , p. 79 Jump up ^ Komara , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Humphrey , Mark . A . In Nothing but the Blues . p. 179 . ^ Jump up to : Herzhaft , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Pierson , Leroy ( 1976 ) . Detroit Ghetto Blues 1948 to 1954 ( LP back cover notes ) . St. Louis : Nighthawk Records . 104 . Jump up ^ Humphrey , Mark A . In Nothing but the Blues . p. 180 . Jump up ^ Howlin ' Wolf & Jimmy Reed interviewed on the Pop Chronicles ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ Humphrey , Mark A . In Nothing but the Blues . p. 187 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Barry . In Nothing but the Blues . p. 342 . Jump up ^ Herzhaft , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Herzhaft , p. 236 . Jump up ^ Herzhaft , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Palmer ( 1981 ) , pp. 257 -- 259 . Jump up ^ Komara , p. 49 . Jump up ^ `` Blues '' . Encyclopedia of Chicago . Retrieved August 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bailey , C. Michael ( October 4 , 2003 ) . `` West Side Chicago Blues '' . All About Jazz . Retrieved August 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bjorn , Lars ( 2001 ) . Before Motown . University of Michigan Press . p. 175 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 06765 - 7 . Jump up ^ Herzhaft , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Herzhaft , p. 188 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hill Country Blues '' . Msbluestrail.org . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ O'Neal , Jim . In Nothing but the Blues . pp. 347 -- 387 . Jump up ^ Komara , Edward M. ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of the Blues . Routledge . p. 385 . ^ Jump up to : Komara , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Komara , p. 388 . Jump up ^ O'Neal , Jim . In Nothing but the Blues . p. 380 . Jump up ^ `` A Short Blues History '' . History of Rock . Retrieved August 14 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Jorge Senno . `` El Blues en el Río de la Plata '' La Casa del Blues . Jump up ^ Avellaneda Blues Rock.com.ar Jump up ^ Garofalo , pp. 224 -- 225 . Jump up ^ `` History of Heavy Metal : Origins and Early Popularity ( 1960s and early 1970s ) '' . September 18 , 2006 . Retrieved August 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Komara , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Martin , Stephen ( April 3 , 2008 ) . `` Malaco Records to be honored with blues trail marker '' ( PDF ) . Mississippi Development Authority . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 10 , 2008 . Retrieved August 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Aldin , Mary Katherine . In Nothing but the Blues . p. 130 . Jump up ^ `` Blues -- By Category '' . About.com . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2006 . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` About.com '' . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2009 . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Blues Music Awards information '' . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2006 . Retrieved November 25 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` About.com '' . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2009 . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . / Jump up ^ Jennifer Nicole ( August 15 , 2005 ) . `` The Blues : The Revolution of Music '' . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2008 . Retrieved August 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Phil Petrie . `` History of gospel music '' . Retrieved September 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ comentale , Edward ( 2013 ) . Sweet Air . Chicago , Illinois : University of Illinois Press . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 07892 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Influence of the Blues on Jazz '' ( PDF ) . Thelonious Monk Institute of Jazz . Retrieved August 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Peter van der Merwe ( 2004 ) . Roots of the Classical : The Popular Origins of Western Music . Oxford University Press . p. 461 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 816647 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` The Blues Influence On Rock & Roll '' . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2007 . Retrieved August 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` History of Rock and Roll '' . Zip - Country Homepage . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2008 . Retrieved September 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Country music '' . Columbia College Chicago . 2007 -- 2008 . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2008 . Retrieved September 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ SFGate Jump up ^ `` Sounder '' The Internet Movie Database . Retrieved February 11 , 2007 . Archived May 30 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Blues '' ( 2003 ) ( mini ) on IMDb References Barlow , William ( 1993 ) . `` Cashing In '' . Split File : African Americans in the Mass Media : 31 . Bransford , Steve ( 2004 ) . `` Blues in the Lower Chattahoochee Valley '' Southern Spaces . Clarke , Donald ( 1995 ) . The Rise and Fall of Popular Music . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 11573 - 9 . Lawrence Cohn , ed. ( 1993 ) . Nothing but the Blues : The Music and the Musicians . Abbeville Publishing Group ( Abbeville Press , Inc . ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55859 - 271 - 1 . Dicaire , David ( 1999 ) . Blues Singers : Biographies of 50 Legendary Artists of the Early 20th Century . McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 0606 - 7 . Ewen , David ( 1957 ) . Panorama of American Popular Music . Prentice Hall . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 648360 - 1 . Ferris , Jean ( 1993 ) . America 's Musical Landscape . Brown & Benchmark . ISBN 978 - 0 - 697 - 12516 - 3 . Garofalo , Reebee ( 1997 ) . Rockin ' Out : Popular Music in the USA . Allyn & Bacon . ISBN 978 - 0 - 205 - 13703 - 9 . Herzhaft , Gérard ; Harris , Paul ; Debord , Brigitte ( 1997 ) . Encyclopedia of the Blues . University of Arkansas Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55728 - 452 - 5 . Komara , Edward M. ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of the Blues . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 92699 - 7 . Kunzler , Martin ( 1988 ) . Jazz Lexikon ( in German ) . Rohwolt Taschenbuch Verlag . ISBN 978 - 3 - 499 - 16316 - 6 . Morales , Ed ( 2003 ) . The Latin Beat . Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81018 - 3 . Oliver , Paul ; Wright , Richard ( 1990 ) . Blues Fell This Morning : Meaning in the Blues . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 37793 - 5 . Palmer , Robert ( 1981 ) . Deep Blues . Viking . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 49511 - 5 . Schuller , Gunther ( 1968 ) . Early Jazz : Its Roots and Musical Development . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 504043 - 2 . Southern , Eileen ( 1997 ) . The Music of Black Americans . W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 03843 - 9 . Curiel , Jonathan ( August 15 , 2004 ) . `` Muslim Roots of the Blues '' . SFGate . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2005 . Retrieved August 24 , 2005 . Further reading Brown , Luther . `` Inside Poor Monkey 's '' , Southern Spaces , June 22 , 2006 . Dixon , Robert M.W. ; Godrich , John ( 1970 ) . Recording the Blues . London : Studio Vista . 85 pp. SBN 289 - 79829 - 9 . Oakley , Giles ( 1976 ) . The Devil 's Music : A History of the Blues . London : BBC . p. 287 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 563 - 16012 - 0 . Keil , Charles ( 1991 ) ( 1966 ) . Urban Blues . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 42960 - 1 . Oliver , Paul ( 1998 ) . The Story of the Blues ( new ed . ) . Northeastern University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55553 - 355 - 7 . Oliver , Paul ( 1965 ) . Conversation with the Blues , Volume 1 . New York : Horizon Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8180 - 1223 - 5 . Rowe , Mike ( 1973 ) . Chicago Breakdown . Eddison Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85649 - 015 - 6 . Titon , Jeff Todd ( 1994 ) . Early Downhome Blues : A Musical and Cultural Analysis ( 2nd ed . ) . University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4482 - 3 . Welding , Peter ; Brown , Toby , eds. ( 1991 ) . Bluesland : Portraits of Twelve Major American Blues Masters . New York : Penguin Group . 253 + ( 2 ) pp. ISBN 0 - 525 - 93375 - 1 . External links Library resources about Blues Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Find more aboutBluesat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Blues at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) The American Folklife Center 's Online Collections and Presentations American Music : An almost comprehensive collection of historical blues recordings . 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The Alienist

The Alienist - wikipedia The Alienist Jump to : navigation , search For the 1881 -- 1882 novella `` The Alienist '' by Machado de Assis , see O alienista . For the 1970 Brazilian comedy film , see The Alienist ( film ) . For the 2018 U.S. television series , see The Alienist ( TV series ) . The Alienist 1st ed cover Author Caleb Carr Country United States Language English Publisher Random House Publication date 15 March 1994 Media type Print ( Hardcover ) Pages 496 ISBN 0 - 679 - 41779 - 6 OCLC 28798086 Dewey Decimal 813 /. 54 20 LC Class PS3553. A76277 A44 1994 Followed by The Angel of Darkness The Alienist is a crime novel by Caleb Carr first published in 1994 and is the first book in the Kreizler series . It takes place in New York City in 1896 , and includes appearances by many famous figures of New York society in that era , including Theodore Roosevelt and J.P. Morgan . The sequel to the novel is The Angel of Darkness . The story follows Roosevelt , then New York City police commissioner , and Dr. Laszlo Kreizler , as their investigative team attempts to solve gruesome murders through new methods including fingerprinting and psychology . The first murder victim investigated is a 13 - year - old immigrant who has had his eyes removed , his genitals removed and stuffed in his mouth , and other injuries . The investigators deal with various interest groups that wish to maintain the status quo regarding the poor immigrant population in New York City . The book made best - sellers lists of Publishers Weekly and The New York Times the month it was published , and film rights to the story were purchased by producer Scott Rudin and Paramount Pictures . The film studio has since moved the rights over to its television division , where a 10 - part event TV series adaptation began its run on January 22nd on TNT. The Alienist received generally positive reception . Booklist described it as `` superbly atmospheric and compelling '' , Forbes called the work a `` fascinating , fast - paced spine - tingler '' , and author Paul Levine wrote in the Chicago Tribune `` at the end the reader thirsts for another tale of Dr. Laszlo Kreizler '' . The Houston Chronicle characterized it `` an out - and - out page - turner '' , and The Seattle Times noted `` Carr brings the dual sensibilities of historian and novelist to the story . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Characters 2.1 Historical figures 3 Composition and biographical background 4 Genre and style 5 Themes 6 Reception 6.1 Sales and marketing 6.2 Reviews 7 Adaptations 7.1 Film 7.2 TV series 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot summary ( edit ) Narrated from the first - person perspective of John Moore , a crime reporter for The New York Times , the novel begins on January 8 , 1919 , the day that Theodore Roosevelt is buried . Moore has dinner with Laszlo Kreizler , the famous alienist . Kreizler is surrounded by those he has rescued , including his black servant , Cyrus Montrose , and a boy named Stevie `` Stevepipe '' Taggert . ( Mary Palmer , another patient and Kreizler 's housekeeper , is deceased by the time of this dinner . ) Together , they reminisce about their times with Roosevelt , but they focus on one moment : the spring of 1896 and their efforts to catch a serial killer on the Lower East Side of Manhattan . The novel is narrated in retrospect , with Moore commenting on the events and how they impacted later history . At 2 AM on March 3 , 1896 , Moore is awakened by one of Kreizler 's servants banging incessantly on his door . Stevie , a young boy whom Kreizler had saved from being institutionalized and who is dedicated to Kreizler , brings Moore to the scene of a crime that Kreizler wants Moore to see . Roosevelt , the police commissioner , is already at the scene . When Moore sees the nature of the brutal murder , he is appalled . The victim , Georgio `` Gloria '' Santorelli , is a 13 - year - old boy who prostituted himself by dressing up as a girl ; the boy 's wrists are tied behind his back , and he is kneeling with his face pressed on the steel walkway where he was found . Though makeup paint and powder on his face are still intact , his eyes are gouged out , his right hand is chopped off , his genitals are cut off and stuffed between his jaws , he has huge gashes across his entire body , his throat has been slashed , and his buttocks are `` shorn off '' . The policeman at the scene , Detective Sergeant Connor , makes it clear that murders of such victims are usually ignored . Ambulance standing outside Bellevue , a psychiatric hospital , in New York City in 1895 `` Prior to the twentieth century , persons suffering from mental illness were thought to be ' alienated , ' not only from the rest of society but from their own true natures . Those experts who studied mental pathologies were known as ' alienists ' . '' -- `` Note '' at the beginning of the novel At Roosevelt 's request , Moore , Kreizler , and he meet the following morning in Roosevelt 's office to discuss the case . Kreizler has examined the body and disagrees with the official coroner 's report . He connects the Santorelli killing to that of a second case he knows of in which two children , Benjamin and Sofia Zweig , were killed and had their eyes gouged out . Roosevelt announces that he knows of two more murders that match the pattern . Roosevelt decides to investigate , but because Kreizler has such a dubious reputation as an alienist , and because the investigation will become politically difficult , he establishes a base of operations for them outside the police precinct . Politically , Roosevelt can not afford to be associated with the investigation and is not involved with the day - to - day operations . Kreizler asks for some young detectives who are open to new methods and receives the help of Sara Howard , the first woman to be hired by the police department , and Marcus and Lucius Isaacson , two Jewish brothers who were hired when Roosevelt began removing corrupt police officers from the force . The Isaacsons bring sophisticated methods , such as the Bertillon system and fingerprinting , to the investigation , although these were not popular in New York City police departments at the time nor accepted in courts of law . The group begins to investigate the victims , hoping to understand the mind of the murderer by understanding his victims . They interview Georgio Santorelli 's mother and discover , for example , that there was discord in his family . Georgio 's parents had learned of his being manipulated into performing sexual acts for older boys in school , and the father 's response was to try to beat it out of the boy . Georgio eventually left home and lived on the streets as a male - for - male prostitute . They also read the emerging science of psychology , such as the works of William James . Another body is discovered , and the evidence suggests that the victim knew his attacker . The team also deduces that the killer 's agility on rooftops suggests that he is familiar with mountain - or rock - climbing . Kreizler , Roosevelt , Moore , and Howard must deal with various interest groups during their investigation who wish to maintain society 's status quo , including a corrupt police force , which takes bribes from owners of the brothels whose prostitutes include poor immigrants ; the Catholic Church , which is wary of the potential power of an organized immigrant population ; the Episcopal Church ; and J.P. Morgan . Characters ( edit ) John Moore a freelance reporter and the narrator of the novel ; Dr. Laszlo Kreizler the titular alienist of the novel ; Sara Howard Moore 's longtime friend , now a secretary at NYPD headquarters ; Stevie Taggert Kreizler 's teenage groom and carriage driver ; Cyrus Montrose Kreizler 's valet and bodyguard ; Mary Palmer Kreizler 's housemaid ; Marcus and Lucius Isaacson brother Detective Sergeants with the NYPD ; Historical figures ( edit ) Thomas F. Byrnes Anthony Comstock Michael Corrigan James `` Biff '' Ellison H.H. Holmes ( mentioned only ) Paul Kelly Jack McManus Adolf Meyer J.P. Morgan Jesse Pomeroy Henry C. Potter Jacob Riis Theodore Roosevelt Lincoln Steffens Composition and biographical background ( edit ) The Alienist is set in the neighborhood where Carr lives , and he has spent hours wandering around it . He also spent a lot of time researching his book at the J.P. Morgan Library . Carr pitched the book as non-fiction , because he was afraid his agent and editor would not accept a fiction book from a non-fiction author . Only when the publisher was on the verge of buying the book did he reveal the truth . The novel `` allowed him to exorcise some of his demons , mostly centered on his relationship with his father , which was stormy and sometimes violent . '' Carr will not reveal specific details of his family history , but he has said , `` It 's safe to assume that I know something about family violence ... '' and he told New York magazine , `` I 'm the only kid in my family who never tried to kill himself ... I kind of figured somebody else was going to kill me anyway . '' Carr 's natural father , Lucien Carr , was a writer , who in the 1940s was at the center of a group of as - yet unknown writers ( Jack Kerouac , Allen Ginsberg , and William Burroughs ) . In the summer of 1944 , he killed his former scoutmaster , a man who was enamored with him . One night , the scoutmaster supposedly made a move on Lucien Carr , and Carr stabbed him in the chest with his Boy Scout knife . Carr disposed of the body in the Hudson River , and together he and Kerouac got rid of the knife . Carr was sentenced to two years ' jail time and Kerouac a few days . Caleb Carr was `` fascinated with the psychology of killers , who were subliminally acting out the pain of being controlled by monstrous parents by controlling and killing victims , seeking a release that would never come . '' As he explains , `` For me it began in New York with the Son of Sam killings while I was in college ... I think I can understand some of the kind of rage that 's behind what they do . I ca n't understand the major portion of it because that 's what leads to the violence they commit . But I can understand the germ of it . '' Genre and style ( edit ) The Alienist has been called a detective novel , an historical novel , and a mystery novel . It is set in 1896 , `` the moment in history when the modern idea of the serial killer became available '' , eight years after the Jack the Ripper case , and at a time when the word psychopath was new to scientists . Like E.L. Doctorow 's Ragtime , the novel combines fact with fiction . Historical figures such as Lincoln Steffens , Jacob Riis , Anthony Comstock , and J. Pierpont Morgan appear briefly in the novel and interact with the fictional characters . Carr includes period details , such as descriptions of `` sumptuous meals of turtle soup au clair , Creole eggs , broiled squab , saddle of lamb a la Colbert and ' a liter of smooth , dark Wurzburger ( beer ) that had a head as thick as whipped cream ' '' . Themes ( edit ) `` The biggest challenge was to study the psychological literature of that day , so that none of my characters would know any more than they * could * have known about psychology . '' -- Caleb Carr In an interview with The Record , Carr stated he wanted to entertain the reader , while also staying faithful to the time period . Carr , a historian by training , wanted to find a form of writing where he could meld his interest in fiction with his knowledge of history . `` The one thing I wanted to show was that people back then are a lot more like people today than we realize , '' said Carr . Carr researched the science and literature of the time period and noted , `` The biggest challenge was to study the psychological literature of that day so that none of my characters would not know more than they could have known in terms of psychology . We 're talking about a time when ( Sigmund Freud ) had just published his first book . '' Author Paul Levine compares Kreizler to Sherlock Holmes and Sigmund Freud . He likens The Alienist to Ragtime by E.L. Doctorow ; both stories fuse historical fiction with real characters from the time period . Levine notes the story serves as a `` painless history lesson '' , and comments that the juxtaposition of J.P. Morgan 's lifestyle with `` the teeming tenements where police dare not enter '' , serve as `` reminders that crime and class distinction are hardly new '' . Carr has said that `` The Alienist is about how violent behavior is perpetuated from one generation to the next . '' The Alienist `` explores the causes of insanity and criminality , and ultimately the nature of evil '' . Another theme is destiny , and the novel investigates New York City 's destiny , `` saying its basic character and problems have endured over history '' . Reception ( edit ) Sales and marketing ( edit ) Random House paid Carr in advance of $60,000 for the book . Paperback rights were sold at auction to Bantam for $1,001,000 . The book made Publishers Weekly 's list of best - sellers in April 1994 , and during the summer of 1994 reached between no . 4 and no . 7 on The New York Times Best Seller list . Reviews ( edit ) `` The story feels like a Sherlock Holmes tale , reads like a modern thriller , and is historically accurate . '' -- The Record The book has received generally favorable reviews ; `` while most critics found it entertaining , some said it was sometimes flabby with historical detail and its prose was less than literature . '' In a review published in Booklist , Brad Hooper calls The Alienist and Caleb Carr 's sequel , The Angel of Darkness , `` superbly atmospheric and compelling '' . A review of The Alienist in Forbes comments : `` Wonderfully evocative of the age , this fascinating , fast - paced spine - tingler never flags . '' Writing for The Record , Laurence Chollet notes : `` The story feels like a Sherlock Holmes tale , reads like a modern thriller , and is historically accurate . '' In his review in The Gazette of Colorado Springs , Victor Greto wrote : `` Through his research into the New York of the late 19th century , ( Carr ) has also fleshed out an atmosphere and a time that , on the one hand , seems grimly real and unapproachably evil , but , on the other , is within our intellectual grasp . '' In her review for Tulsa World , Patricia Ann Jones wrote that the novel `` breaks new ground on several fronts . As a historical novel it paints an unrivaled picture of New York . As a thriller it sets a new pace . But as a psychological study it stands completely on its own . The writing is quite simply , superb . '' In his review of the book for the Chicago Tribune , Mortal Sin author Paul Levine writes : `` the long story never becomes tedious , and at the end the reader thirsts for another tale of Dr. Lazlo Kreizler '' . Kathye Self of the Houston Chronicle characterizes the work as `` an out - and - out page - turner about the first time a ' psychological profile ' was used to track down a serial murderer '' . Christopher Lehmann - Haupt writes in The Tampa Tribune : `` Carr has lovingly evoked not only a physical sense of old New York but the spirit of the time as well , when the powers in charge were worried about unrest among the masses of cheap immigrant labor . '' In a review for The Seattle Times , Deloris Tarzan Ament comments : `` A contributing editor to Military History Quarterly , Carr brings the dual sensibilities of historian and novelist to the story . '' In his review for The Washington Post , novelist Jack Katzenbach argued that Carr 's impeccable research and rich detail hindered the work 's pace but rewarded readers by portraying `` the excitement of a world on the verge of change , where invention was the stuff of daily miracle , '' specifically when it came to forensics . According to The New York Times , `` the only real weakness of the book lies in the stringent rationality of Kreizler 's investigation . The more his logic makes sense the less threatening his quarry seems , at least to the reader ... The story 's fatalism grows tedious ... Nor does it help that throughout most of the story none of the major characters are directly threatened by the killer . Of course , it is deplorable that children are being murdered . But none of them figure strongly enough in the story to arouse the reader 's visceral identification . '' Scott Eyman of The Palm Beach Post was critical of the `` flaccid dialogue '' and `` vague characters '' . Hary Levins from the St. Louis Post-Dispatch noted that the novel does include a few notable anachronisms . For example , the `` heroes display an early ( and highly improbable ) political correctness toward blacks and homosexuals . And his detective team anticipates the feminist movement by enlisting a tough - minded career woman who 's unafraid to pack a pistol and spout a bit of scatological English . '' Adaptations ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Carr told The Orange County Register he had envisioned a film adaptation of his work while writing the story . `` I was always aware that if done correctly , this could end up being a great movie . I grew up with the movies . I 've written scripts . Movies are something I 've always loved , '' he said . Carr thought of Emma Thompson to play Sara , and Anthony Hopkins or Sam Neill to play Kreizler . Before the book was published , film producer Scott Rudin purchased the film rights to the novel for $500,000 . In June 1993 , Paramount Pictures bought the film rights to the novel for $750,000 . In January 1995 , The River Wild director Curtis Hanson was reported to have been in the process of final negotiations with Scott Rudin and Paramount Pictures to direct The Alienist . By May 1995 , Hanson was signed on as the film 's director . Variety reported that the film 's producers planned for filming to start in Spring 1995 , with an intended Christmas release date in mind . Tony Award - winning playwright David Henry Hwang adapted the book for film . Scouts for the film visited Philadelphia in May 1995 to consider location shooting in the city . Film scouts for The Alienist were particularly interested in Philadelphia 's Academy of Music , Eastern State Penitentiary , and Waterworks . Paramount Pictures was concerned with the film 's budget , which reportedly was almost $50 million . By 1997 , multiple script drafts from three writers brought costs to approximately $2 million . After delays in production , Paramount Pictures told the group behind the film they had two months to set the project up at another studio . In a review of Carr 's sequel The Angel of Darkness , Malcolm L. Johnson of The Hartford Courant cited concerns over how to depict the mutilation of the murdered prostitutes in the film , writing : `` Questions about how to treat this gruesome element has perhaps delayed the film of The Alienist . '' When in a 1999 online chat with fans , set up by Time and Yahoo ! , Carr was asked if there were film plans for The Alienist or The Angel of Darkness , he responded : `` Only ' The Alienist , ' and the attempts have been so bad that I have not yet sold ' Angel ' to the movies . What happened was that a producer bought the rights and then decided he had to completely change the characters in the book . We got into a huge conflict , one that is actually ongoing . '' TV series ( edit ) Main article : The Alienist ( TV series ) In April 2015 , Deadline reported that Paramount Television had decided to use a three - year , first - look production deal they made with Anonymous Content productions to adapt The Alienist as an event TV series . Jakob Verbruggen will serve as director after replacing Cary Fukunaga . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lehmann - Haupt , Christopher ( September 29 , 1997 ) . `` ' The Angel of Darkness ' : Pursuing a Mysterious Kidnapper in Old New York '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Jaafar , Ali ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` Cary Fukunaga Behind Event TV Series ' The Alienist ' Reteaming With Anonymous Content & Paramount '' . Deadline.com . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McLehman , Cindy ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` The Alienist : Jakob Verbuggen Replaces Cary Fukunaga as Director of TNT Series '' . TVseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hooper , Brad ( April 1 , 2000 ) . `` The Alienist ( Book review ) '' . Booklist. 96 ( 15 ) : 1442 . ^ Jump up to : Forbes staff ( October 14 , 1996 ) . `` The Alienist '' . Forbes . Forbes , Inc. 158 ( 9 ) : 28 . ^ Jump up to : Levine , Paul ( April 17 , 1994 ) . `` Psychology Yesterday - A Period Mystery Introduces Modern Sleuthing to 1896 '' . Chicago Tribune . p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Bergin , Kathye Self ( April 24 , 1994 ) . `` Hunting the ' imaginary man ' : Compelling thriller tracks 1890s serial killer with early psychological profile '' . Houston Chronicle . p. 23 . ^ Jump up to : Ament , Deloris Tarzan ( May 1 , 1994 ) . `` Murder , He Wrote - ' The Alienist ' Crackles With History , Colorful Characters '' . The Seattle Times . p . M2 . Jump up ^ Carr , Caleb ( 1994 ) . The Alienist . New York : Random House . pp. `` Note '' . ISBN 0 - 679 - 41779 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Capuzzo , Mike ( August 25 , 1994 ) . `` Author feeds his romantic , sinister iamge '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . LexisNexis . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Purdy , Matthew ( May 19 , 1994 ) . `` Writing to Flee the Past '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Begley , Adam ( March 31 , 1994 ) . `` Tracking a Serial Killer In Victorian New York '' . Newsday . AccessWorldNews . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Levins , Harry ( May 1 , 1994 ) . `` On the trail of a murderer - thriller unfolds in 19th - century '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . AccessWorldNews . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Chollet , Laurence ( April 10 , 1994 ) . `` Authenticity Fills a Novel '' . The Record . Bergen Record Corp. p . E05 . ^ Jump up to : Lehmann - Haupt , Christopher ( March 29 , 1994 ) . `` Of an Erudite Sleuth Tracking a Madman '' . The New York Times . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : New York Times News Service ( June 26 , 1994 ) . `` ' Alienist ' Makes Publisher Blush In Paperback Profits '' . The Deseret News . Deseret News Publishing Company . p . E5 . Jump up ^ The Cincinnati Post staff ( April 9 , 1994 ) . `` Publishers Weekly best - sellers '' . The Cincinnati Post . p. 3D . Jump up ^ `` New York Times Best Sellers List '' . Austin American - Statesman. April 17 , 1994 . p. 6 . Jump up ^ Greto , Victor ( April 10 , 1994 ) . `` 19th century New York comes to life - ' The Alienist ' fleshes out a city where decay , indifference coexist '' . The Gazette ( Colorado Springs ) . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Jones , Patricia ( May 22 , 1994 ) . `` ' The Alienist ' Is Best Seller With Reason - Superb Thriller Explores Mental Illness in 1890s '' . Tulsa World . AccessWorldNews . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Lehmann - Haupt , Christopher ( May 1 , 1994 ) . `` Murder and philosophy '' . The Tampa Tribune . The Tribune Co. p. 6 . Jump up ^ Katzenbach , Jack ( March 27 , 1994 ) . `` Ragtime Ripper '' . The Washington Post . LexisNexis . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Eyman , Scott ( May 15 , 1994 ) . `` Tedious ' Alienist ' has no place on best - seller list '' . The Palm Beach Post . AccesWorldNews . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Takahama , Valerie ( July 3 , 1994 ) . `` ' Alienist ' author is no stranger to films - Profile : Caleb Carr had a movie in mind when he wrote his book _ and now Hollywood has picked up on the idea '' . The Orange County Register . p. e28 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita M. ( Variety magazine ) ( January 18 , 1995 ) . `` ' River Wild ' Director Set to Steer ' Alienist ' '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Chicago Sun - Times , Inc. p. 32 . ^ Jump up to : Rea , Steven ( Knight - Ridder Newspapers ) ( May 3 , 1995 ) . `` '' Alienist '' scouts take look at Philadelphia `` . The Tampa Tribune . The Tribune Co. p. 6 . ^ Jump up to : Mercury News Staff and Wire Reports ( January 1 , 1997 ) . `` Pressure Applied To ' Alienist ' Team '' . San Jose Mercury News . p. 12E . Jump up ^ Johnson , Malcolm L. ( September 14 , 1997 ) . `` Carr 's ' Angel ' Falls Short of Chilling ' Alienist ' '' . The Hartford Courant . The Hartford Courant Co. p . G3 . Jump up ^ `` Novelist Caleb Carr - Transcript from Nov. 3 , 1999 '' . Time . Visions of the 21st Century . November 3 , 1999 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 27 . Further reading ( edit ) Bergmann , Ina , `` Jack the Ripper 's American Cousins : Representations of Good and Evil in Historical Crime Fiction , '' Representations of Evil in Fiction and Film , Anglistik -- Amerikanistik -- Anglophonie , vol. 11 , ed . Jochen Achilles and Ina Bergmann ( Trier : WVT , 2009 ) 137 - 56 . Link , Alex , `` City Limits : Fixing New York in Caleb Carr 's The Alienist , '' CLUES : A Journal of Detection 23.3 ( Spring 2005 ) : 31 - 41 . Tallack , Douglas , `` Caleb Carr : Running Away from the Darkness , '' The Detective as Historian : History and Art in Historical Crime Fiction , ed . Ray B. Browne and Lawrence A. Kreiser , Jr . ( Bowling Green : Bowling Green State U Popular P , 2000 ) 251 - 64 . External links ( edit ) Books portal Psychology portal 17th Street Comprehensive site dedicated to The Alienist and The Angel of Darkness Discussion BHW The book The Alienist discussed in detail on a popular forum . ( hide ) Novels by Caleb Carr Dr. Laszlo Kreizler novels The Alienist ( 1994 ) The Angel of Darkness ( 1997 ) Surrender , New York ( 2016 ) Other novels Casing the Promised Land ( 1980 ) Killing Time ( 2000 ) The Italian Secretary ( 2005 ) The Legend of Broken ( 2012 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Alienist&oldid=837648052 '' Categories : American crime novels American historical novels 1994 American novels Novels by Caleb Carr Novels about prostitution 1896 in fiction Novels set in New York City Anthony Award - winning works Random House books American mystery novels Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 03 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who is the killer in the alienist based on

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2018 U.S. Figure Skating Championships

2018 U.S. Figure Skating Championships - wikipedia 2018 U.S. Figure Skating Championships Jump to : navigation , search 2018 U.S. Figure Skating Championships Type : National Championship Date : December 29 -- January 8 Season : 2017 -- 18 Location : San Jose , California Host : U.S. Figure Skating Venue : SAP Center Champions Men 's singles : Nathan Chen ( S ) Camden Pulkinen ( J ) Ladies ' singles : Bradie Tennell ( S ) Alysa Liu ( J ) Pair skating : Alexa Scimeca Knierim / Chris Knierim ( S ) Audrey Lu / Misha Mitrofanov ( J ) Ice dancing : Madison Hubbell / Zachary Donohue ( S ) Christina Carreira / Anthony Ponomarenko ( J ) Navigation Previous : 2017 U.S. Championships Next : 2019 U.S. Championships The 2018 Prudential U.S. Figure Skating Championships were held from December 29 , 2017 -- January 8 , 2018 at the SAP Center in San Jose , California . Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men 's singles , ladies singles , pair skating , and ice dancing at the senior , junior , novice , intermediate , and juvenile levels . The results were part of the U.S. selection criteria for the 2018 Winter Olympics , 2018 Four Continents Championships , 2018 World Junior Championships , and the 2018 World Championships . San Jose was announced as the host in August 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Qualifying 2 Schedule 3 Medal summary 3.1 Senior 3.2 Junior 3.3 Novice 3.4 Intermediate 3.5 Juvenile 4 Senior results 4.1 Senior men 4.2 Senior ladies 4.3 Senior pairs 4.4 Senior ice dance 5 Junior results 5.1 Junior men 5.2 Junior ladies 5.3 Junior pairs 5.4 Junior ice dance 6 Novice results 6.1 Novice men 6.2 Novice ladies 6.3 Novice pairs 6.4 Novice ice dance 7 International team selections 7.1 Winter Olympics 7.2 World Championships 7.3 Four Continents 7.4 World Junior Championships 8 References 9 External links Qualifying ( edit ) Competitors qualified at regional and sectional competitions held from October to November 2017 or earned a bye . Date Event Type Location Results October 4 -- 8 , 2017 North Atlantic Regional Hackensack , New Jersey October 4 -- 8 , 2017 Upper Great Lakes Regional Blaine , Minnesota October 11 -- 15 , 2017 Northwest Pacific Regional Eugene , Oregon October 11 -- 15 , 2017 South Atlantic Regional Aston , Pennsylvania October 11 -- 15 , 2017 Southwestern Regional Fort Collins , Colorado October 11 -- 15 , 2017 Southwest Pacific Regional Ontario , California October 18 -- 22 , 2017 New England Regional Westborough , Massachusetts October 18 -- 22 , 2017 Eastern Great Lakes Regional Antioch , Tennessee October 18 -- 22 , 2017 Central Pacific Regional Salt Lake City , Utah November 15 -- 19 , 2017 Eastern Sectional Boxborough , Massachusetts November 15 -- 19 , 2017 Midwestern Sectional Bloomington , Minnesota November 15 -- 19 , 2017 Pacific Coast Sectional Spokane , Washington December 29 , 2017 -- January 7 , 2018 U.S. Championships Final San Jose , California In late December 2017 , U.S. Figure Skating published the list of skaters who had qualified or received a bye . Schedule ( edit ) The competition took place over ten days . All times are in PST . Date Time Event Segment December 29 9 : 10 AM Juvenile girls Free skate 10 : 45 AM Juvenile boys 12 : 30 PM Juvenile pairs 3 : 00 PM Intermediate pairs Short program 4 : 45 PM Intermediate ladies 6 : 30 PM Intermediate men December 30 2 : 45 PM Intermediate pairs Free skate 4 : 45 PM Intermediate ladies 6 : 30 PM Intermediate men December 31 10 : 30 AM Juvenile dance Pattern dance 1 ( Foxtrot ) 11 : 45 AM Pattern dance 2 ( Cha Cha ) 7 : 00 PM Junior pairs Short program 8 : 55 PM Junior ladies January 1 9 : 30 AM Intermediate dance Pattern dance 1 ( Tango ) 10 : 45 AM Pattern dance 2 ( Fourteenstep ) 12 : 10 PM Junior men Short program 2 : 15 PM Juvenile dance Free dance 4 : 05 PM Novice dance Pattern dance 1 ( Argentine tango ) 5 : 20 PM Pattern dance 2 ( Quickstep ) 6 : 45 PM Novice pairs Short program January 2 8 : 50 AM Novice ladies Short program 10 : 30 AM Novice men 12 : 10 PM Intermediate dance Free dance 12 : 30 PM Junior pairs Free skate 3 : 30 PM Novice pairs 6 : 15 PM Novice dance Free dance 7 : 50 PM Junior ladies Free skate January 3 8 : 15 AM Novice ladies Free skate 10 : 15 AM Junior men 1 : 00 PM Junior dance Short dance 3 : 15 PM Novice men Free skate 6 : 35 PM Senior ladies Short program January 4 9 : 50 AM Junior dance Free dance 1 : 00 PM Senior pairs Short program 5 : 40 PM Senior men January 5 1 : 10 PM Senior dance Short dance 3 : 45 PM Senior ladies Free skate January 6 11 : 45 AM Senior pairs Free skate 3 : 45 PM Senior men January 7 12 : 30 PM Senior dance Free dance Medal summary ( edit ) Senior ( edit ) Discipline Gold Silver Bronze Pewter Men Nathan Chen Ross Miner Vincent Zhou Adam Rippon Ladies Bradie Tennell Mirai Nagasu Karen Chen Ashley Wagner Pairs Alexa Scimeca Knierim / Chris Knierim Tarah Kayne / Danny O'Shea Deanna Stellato / Nathan Bartholomay Ashley Cain / Timothy LeDuc Ice dancing Madison Hubbell / Zachary Donohue Maia Shibutani / Alex Shibutani Madison Chock / Evan Bates Kaitlin Hawayek / Jean - Luc Baker Junior ( edit ) Discipline Gold Silver Bronze Pewter Men Camden Pulkinen Dinh Tran Maxim Naumov Ryan Dunk Ladies Alysa Liu Pooja Kalyan Ting Cui Hanna Harrell Pairs Audrey Lu / Misha Mitrofanov Sarah Feng / TJ Nyman Laiken Lockley / Keenan Prochnow Nadine Wang / Spencer Howe Ice dancing Christina Carreira / Anthony Ponomarenko Caroline Green / Gordon Green Chloe Lewis / Logan Bye Eliana Gropman / Ian Somerville Novice ( edit ) Discipline Gold Silver Bronze Pewter Men Goku Endo Max Lake Nicholas Hsieh Lucas Altieri Ladies Beverly Zhu Emilea Zingas Violeta Ushakova Calista Choi Pairs Jade Hom / Franz - Peter Jerosch Joanna Hubbart / William Hubbart Masha Mokhova / Ivan Mokhov Ellie McClellan / Jim Garbutt Ice dancing Katarina Wolfkostin / Howard Zhao Gianna Buckley / Jeffrey Chen Caroline Liu / Kenan Slevira Elizabeth Tkachenko / Alexei Kiliakov Intermediate ( edit ) Discipline Gold Silver Bronze Pewter Men Maxim Zharkov Matthew Nielsen Liam Kapeikis William Annis Ladies Indi Cha Alyssa Chan Arianna Concepcion Alena Budko Pairs Zoe Larson / Nick Hubbart Cate Fleming / Jedidiah Isbell Katie Luong / Nathan Luong Sydney Flaum / Cayden McKenzie - Cook Ice dancing Elliana Peal / Ethan Peal Claire Cain / Andrei Davydov Anna Gissibl / Alexander Colucci Nastia Efimova / Jonathan Zhao Juvenile ( edit ) Discipline Gold Silver Bronze Pewter Men Keita Horiko Jacob Sanchez Nhat - Viet Nguyen Andriy Kratyuk Ladies Isabeau Levito Clara Kim Macie Rolf Madeleine Park Pairs Natasha Mishkutionok / Daniel Tioumentsev Nadia Wang / Jaden Schwab Dalila DeLaura / Ryan Xie Megan Voigt / Levon Davis Ice dancing Jenna Hauer / Benjamin Starr Zoe Sensenbrenner / Matthew Sperry Kristina Bland / Gabriel Francis Emma L'Esperance / Mika Amdour Senior results ( edit ) Senior men ( edit ) Rank Name Club Total SP FS Nathan Chen Salt Lake Figure Skating 315.23 104.45 210.78 Ross Miner SC of Boston 274.51 6 88.91 185.60 Vincent Zhou SC of San Francisco 273.83 5 89.02 184.81 Adam Rippon SC of New York 268.34 96.52 171.82 5 Grant Hochstein SC of New York 255.31 92.18 5 163.13 6 Jason Brown Skokie Valley SC 253.68 93.23 6 160.45 7 Timothy Dolensky Atlanta FSC 236.33 7 85.06 9 151.27 8 Alexander Johnson Braemar - City of Lakes FSC 232.62 10 79.60 8 153.02 9 Max Aaron Broadmoor SC 224.20 12 74.95 10 149.25 10 Alexei Krasnozhon Stars FSC of Texas 223.58 8 82.58 13 141.00 11 Jimmy Ma SC of New York 222.41 11 75.28 11 147.13 12 Tomoki Hiwatashi DuPage FSC 217.53 15 63.48 7 154.05 13 Andrew Torgashev Panthers FSC 217.01 9 81.32 14 135.69 14 Sean Rabbitt Glacier Falls FSC 214.53 13 73.29 12 141.24 15 Jordan Moeller Northern Ice SC 180.21 20 55.35 15 124.86 16 Ben Jalovick Centennial 7k SC 178.33 19 56.12 16 122.21 17 Daniel Kulenkamp FSC of Southern California 177.95 18 60.15 17 117.80 18 Emmanuel Savary University of Delaware FSC 177.13 14 64.65 18 112.48 19 Sebastien Payannet Los Angeles FSC 172.89 16 61.29 20 111.60 20 Scott Dyer All Year FSC 172.04 17 60.17 19 111.87 21 Kevin Shum SC of Boston 163.33 21 52.04 21 111.29 Senior ladies ( edit ) Rank Name Club Total SP FS Bradie Tennell Skokie Valley SC 219.51 73.79 145.72 Mirai Nagasu Pasadena FSC 213.84 73.09 140.75 Karen Chen Peninsula SC 198.59 69.48 129.11 Ashley Wagner SC of Wilmington 196.19 5 65.94 130.25 5 Mariah Bell Rocky Mountain FSC 192.34 6 65.18 6 127.16 6 Starr Andrews Los Angeles FSC 189.91 8 62.55 5 127.36 7 Angela Wang Salt Lake Figure Skating 188.01 67.00 7 121.01 8 Amber Glenn Dallas FSC 168.06 9 61.62 9 106.44 9 Courtney Hicks All Year FSC 165.48 11 57.81 8 107.67 10 Tessa Hong Los Angeles FSC 156.86 13 55.82 11 101.04 11 Caroline Zhang All Year FSC 156.38 10 60.29 14 96.09 12 Franchesca Chiera Panthers FSC 150.99 14 53.85 13 97.14 13 Hannah Miller Lansing SC 149.14 12 57.57 16 91.57 14 Kaitlyn Nguyen Los Angeles FSC 146.20 17 46.30 12 99.90 15 Brynne McIsaac Broadmoor SC 145.54 20 43.97 10 101.57 16 Emmy Ma SC of Boston 138.02 18 45.55 15 92.47 17 Megan Wessenberg SC of Boston 131.73 22 40.90 17 90.83 18 Katie McBeath Westminster FSC of Erie 124.64 15 48.53 18 76.11 19 Vivian Le Los Angeles FSC 122.60 16 46.65 19 75.95 20 Emily Chan Dallas FSC 104.43 19 44.79 20 59.64 21 ! WD Polina Edmunds Peninsula SC 63.78 7 63.78 withdrew from competition 22 ! WD Ashley Lin Dallas FSC 42.33 21 42.33 withdrew from competition Senior pairs ( edit ) Rank Name Club Total SP FS Alexa Scimeca Knierim / Chris Knierim DuPage FSC / Broadmoor SC 206.60 71.10 135.50 Tarah Kayne / Danny O'Shea Southwest Florida FSC / Southwest Florida FSC 200.80 68.93 131.87 Deanna Stellato / Nathan Bartholomay Southwest Florida FSC / Southwest Florida FSC 197.65 67.84 129.81 Ashley Cain / Timothy LeDuc SC of New York / Los Angeles FSC 187.14 8 60.03 127.11 5 Haven Denney / Brandon Frazier SC of New York / All Year FSC 186.32 63.63 5 122.69 6 Marissa Castelli / Mervin Tran SC of Boston / SC of Boston 182.38 6 60.75 6 121.63 7 Chelsea Liu / Brian Johnson Orange County FSC / Detroit SC 167.47 5 62.35 9 105.12 8 Jessica Pfund / Joshua Santillan Southwest Florida FSC / All Year FSC 163.62 7 60.52 10 103.10 9 Jessica Calalang / Zack Sidhu DuPage FSC / Las Vegas FSC 162.23 12 50.43 7 111.80 10 Erika Smith / AJ Reiss SC of New York / Los Angeles FSC 159.03 11 50.95 8 108.08 11 Nica Digerness / Danny Neudecker Broadmoor SC / Seattle SC 154.10 9 53.78 11 100.32 12 Winter Deardorff / Max Settlage Northern Kentucky SC / Broadmoor SC 145.66 10 51.15 13 94.51 13 Caitlin Fields / Ernie Utah Stevens Indiana World Sk Acad FSC / Indiana World Sk Acad FSC 142.12 13 45.49 12 96.63 14 Alexandria Yao / Jacob Simon Peninsula SC / Skokie Valley SC 128.12 15 40.97 14 87.15 15 Allison Timlen / Justin Highgate - Brutman Columbia FSC ( MD ) / St. Clair Shores FSC 126.05 14 41.70 15 84.35 Senior ice dance ( edit ) Rank Name Club Total SD FD Madison Hubbell / Zachary Donohue Lansing SC / Lansing SC 197.12 79.10 118.02 Maia Shibutani / Alex Shibutani SC of New York / SC of New York 196.93 82.33 114.60 Madison Chock / Evan Bates All Year FSC / Ann Arbor FSC 196.60 77.61 118.99 Kaitlin Hawayek / Jean - Luc Baker Detroit SC / Seattle SC 187.61 73.18 114.43 5 Rachel Parsons / Michael Parsons Washington FSC / Washington FSC 176.07 5 72.69 6 103.38 6 Lorraine McNamara / Quinn Carpenter Peninsula SC / Washington FSC 175.19 6 69.16 5 106.03 7 Elliana Pogrebinsky / Alex Benoit Peninsula SC / Skokie Valley SC 167.98 7 66.41 7 101.57 8 Alexandra Aldridge / Daniel Eaton Detroit SC / Ann Arbor FSC 153.93 8 61.21 8 92.72 9 Karina Manta / Joseph Johnson Coyotes SC of Arizona / Broadmoor SC 151.00 9 58.29 9 92.71 10 Julia Biechler / Damian Dodge SC of Wilmington / IceWorks SC 136.37 10 54.53 10 81.84 11 Elicia Reynolds / Stephen Reynolds Ice Line FSC / Ice Line FSC 110.92 11 40.92 11 70.00 12 Cassidy Klopstock / Jacob Schedl Centennial 7k SC / University of Delaware FSC 89.28 12 37.16 12 52.12 13 Ashley Bain / Oleg Altukhov North Jersey FSC / North County FSC 79.42 13 31.17 13 48.25 Junior results ( edit ) Junior men ( edit ) Rank Name Club Total SP FS Camden Pulkinen Broadmoor SC 219.29 67.88 151.41 Dinh Tran SC of San Francisco 199.95 67.28 132.67 Maxim Naumov SC of Boston 179.00 64.07 114.93 Ryan Dunk Baltimore FSC 172.68 10 53.43 119.25 5 Tony Lu North Jersey FSC 166.57 62.43 7 104.14 6 Alex Wellman Broadmoor SC 160.69 8 56.23 6 104.46 7 Paul Yeung All Year FSC 158.71 11 53.30 5 105.41 8 Sasha Lunin Fort Wayne ISC 148.67 9 54.86 8 93.81 9 Peter Liu SC of Wilmington 143.63 5 58.33 11 85.30 10 Patrick Frohling All Year FSC 138.43 12 52.22 10 86.21 11 Kendrick Weston Salt Lake Figure Skating 136.83 6 58.10 12 78.73 12 Justin Wichmann Dallas FSC 135.95 13 48.05 9 87.90 13 Luke Ferrante SC of Huntsville 129.58 7 56.48 13 73.10 Junior ladies ( edit ) Rank Name Club Total SP FS Alysa Liu St. Moritz ISC 184.16 63.83 120.33 Pooja Kalyan Ozark FSC 166.53 54.55 111.98 Ting Cui Baltimore FSC 165.51 11 45.55 119.96 Hanna Harell Dallas FSC 154.36 5 52.10 102.26 5 Emily Zhang Richmond FSC 149.83 56.97 8 92.86 6 Gabriella Izzo SC of Boston 148.04 55.19 7 93.05 7 Angelina Huang St. Peters FSA 143.84 6 51.27 9 92.57 8 Akari Nakahara All Year FSC 143.41 7 49.12 6 94.29 9 Audrey Shin SC of New York 140.50 10 46.05 5 94.45 10 Emma Coppess All Year FSC 139.30 8 48.08 10 91.22 11 Lily Sun Peninsula SC 137.75 9 47.38 11 90.37 12 Jenna Shi Arctic FSC 114.50 12 44.20 12 70.30 Junior pairs ( edit ) Rank Name Club Total SP FS Audrey Lu / Misha Mitrofanov Dallas FSC / Dallas FSC 173.31 60.80 112.51 Sarah Feng / TJ Nyman SC of San Francisco / Broadmoor SC 155.57 58.37 97.20 Laiken Lockley / Keenan Prochnow DuPage FSC / DuPage FSC 153.04 58.67 94.37 Nadine Wang / Spencer Howe SC of New York / Los Angeles FSC 135.96 5 46.58 89.38 5 Elli Kopmar / Jonah Barrett Southwest Florida FSC / Southwest Florida FSC 132.90 52.18 5 80.72 6 Ainsley Peterson / Griffin Schwab All Year FSC / SC of New York 124.21 6 45.86 6 78.35 7 Sarah Rose / Ian Meyh Southwest Florida FSC / Southwest Florida FSC 115.54 9 39.48 7 76.06 8 Evelyn Grace Hanns / Kristofer Ogren Broadmoor SC / Kansas City FSC 114.62 7 43.85 9 70.77 9 Meiryla Findley / Matthew Rounis Broadmoor SC / Los Angeles FSC 113.82 8 40.74 8 73.08 10 Eliana Secunda / Blake Eisenach Rocky Mountain FSC / Rocky Mountain FSC 100.74 10 37.14 10 63.60 11 Sapphire Jaeckel / Matthew Scoralle Los Angeles FSC / Los Angeles FSC 88.92 11 35.35 12 53.57 12 Cora DeWyre / Jacob Nussle Ice House Skating Academy / Ice House Skating Academy 85.44 12 27.56 11 57.88 13 Juliette Erickson / Nathan Grundhofer SC of Boston / St. Moritz ISC 64.86 13 24.67 13 40.19 Junior ice dance ( edit ) Rank Name Club Total SD FD Christina Carreira / Anthony Ponomarenko SC of New York / SC of San Francisco 159.18 68.70 90.48 Caroline Green / Gordon Green Pavilion SC of Cleveland Heights / Washington FSC 146.72 63.14 83.58 Chloe Lewis / Logan Bye All Year FSC / SC of New York 143.21 62.14 81.07 Eliana Gropman / Ian Somerville Pavilion SC of Cleveland Heights / Washington FSC 138.90 61.13 5 77.77 5 Avonley Nguyen / Vadym Kolesnik Washington FSC / SC of Novi 134.31 7 54.02 80.29 6 Emma Gunter / Caleb Wein Washington FSC / Washington FSC 132.89 5 56.31 6 76.58 7 Jocelyn Haines / James Koszuta Buffalo SC / Glacier Falls FSC 126.59 6 55.69 7 70.90 8 Alina Efimova / Alexander Petrov Peninsula SC / Hershey FSC 120.92 8 52.06 8 68.86 9 Katarina DelCamp / Maxwell Gart Dallas FSC / All Year FSC 116.65 9 50.26 10 66.39 10 Isabelle Amoia / Luca Becker SC of Novi / Washington FSC 116.08 10 49.50 9 66.58 11 Sophia Elder / Christopher Elder Louisville Skating Academy / Louisville Skating Academy 111.02 11 49.14 12 61.88 12 Molly Cesanek / Nikolay Usanov SC of Novi / SC of San Francisco 106.60 13 44.04 11 62.56 13 Allie Rose / JT Michel Philadelphia SC & HS / Louisville Skating Academy 103.55 12 45.11 13 58.44 Novice results ( edit ) Novice men ( edit ) Rank Name Club Total SP FS Goku Endo Los Angeles FSC 156.14 54.11 102.03 Max Lake All Year FSC 155.77 52.66 103.11 Nicholas Hsieh SC of Wilmington 151.64 56.75 6 94.89 Lucas Altieri Panthers FSC 144.63 48.65 95.98 5 Chase Finster Northern Kentucky SC 142.44 9 41.40 101.04 6 Nathan Chapple Shaker FSC 140.60 7 44.74 5 95.86 7 Jordan Evans University of Delaware FSC 136.74 5 45.39 8 91.35 8 Jonathan Yang St. Paul FSC 136.50 6 44.85 7 91.65 9 Henry Privett - Mendoza Pasadena FSC 119.08 8 42.88 10 76.20 10 Daniel Argueta Texas Gulf Coast FSC 116.83 12 36.04 9 80.79 11 Joshua Simkin FSC of Southern California 112.09 11 36.75 11 75.34 12 Eric Prober Pines FSC 105.14 10 40.21 12 64.93 Novice ladies ( edit ) Rank Name Club Total SP FS Beverly Zhu All Year FSC 167.69 54.91 112.78 Emilea Zingas St. Clair Shores FSC 132.68 6 43.43 89.25 Violeta Ushakova SC of New York 131.52 46.76 5 84.76 Calista Choi Skokie Valley SC 131.20 10 40.90 90.30 5 Noelle Rosa Salt Lake Figure Skating 130.86 5 44.22 86.64 6 Sophia Chouinard Panthers FSC 125.99 8 42.03 6 83.96 7 Christina Lin Murray Silver Blades FSC 125.58 48.29 8 77.29 8 Sarah Jung Columbia FSC ( MD ) 123.08 9 41.68 7 81.40 9 Jessica Lin Dallas FSC 118.50 7 42.50 10 76.00 10 Ariela Masarsky DuPage FSC 117.79 45.75 11 72.04 11 Maddie Weiler SC of Boston 117.56 11 40.71 9 76.85 12 ! WD Amie Miyagi Salt Lake Figure Skating 33.45 12 33.45 withdrew from competition Novice pairs ( edit ) Rank Name Club Total SP FS Jade Hom / Franz - Peter Jerosch Colonial FSC / North Atlantic FSC 126.99 46.67 80.32 Joanna Hubbart / William Hubbart Champions ' Edge SC / Champions ' Edge SC 118.31 7 40.31 78.00 Masha Mokhova / Ivan Mokhov Lansing SC / Lansing SC 116.64 43.70 5 72.94 Ellie McClellan / Jim Garbutt Champions ' Edge SC / Champions ' Edge SC 113.84 8 40.04 73.80 5 Hilary Asher / Nathaniel Dennler Lone Star FSC / Colonial FSC 112.84 41.19 6 71.65 6 Ashley Haywood / Alec Schmitt Lakewood Winter Club / Bremerton FSC 110.74 10 36.57 74.17 7 Jasmine Fendi / Joshua Fendi Los Angeles FSC / Los Angeles FSC 110.03 41.30 7 68.73 8 Isabelle Goldstein / Keyton Bearinger Detroit SC / Detroit SC 106.90 5 40.51 9 66.39 9 Georgia Bush / Timmy Chapman Central Florida FSC / Central Florida FSC 106.36 9 38.85 8 67.51 10 Sarah Burden / Jake Pagano Broadmoor SC / Nashville FSC 106.17 6 40.41 10 65.76 11 Isabelle Martins / Ryan Bedard Chicago FSC / Northern Ice SC 94.75 11 35.33 11 59.42 12 Paige Ruggeri / Christopher Aaron Garden State SC / Hudson Valley FSC 86.76 12 30.82 12 55.94 13 Milena Markin / Matthew Essigmann Los Angeles FSC / Ithaca Area FSA 69.55 13 24.42 13 45.13 Novice ice dance ( edit ) Rank Name Club Total PD1 PD2 FD Katarina Wolfkostin / Howard Zhao Peninsula SC / Detroit SC 122.41 24.16 24.71 73.54 Gianna Buckley / Jeffrey Chen Seattle SC / Peninsula SC 116.77 26.50 25.64 64.63 Caroline Liu / Kenan Slevira Hickory Hill FSC / All Year FSC 115.56 23.42 24.65 67.49 Elizabeth Tkachenko / Alexei Kiliakov Washington FSC / Washington FSC 112.95 24.12 23.98 64.85 5 Oona Brown / Gage Brown SC of New York / SC of New York 106.48 6 22.50 10 18.43 65.55 6 Isabel Blahunka / Will Shawver Louisville Skating Academy / Louisville Skating Academy 99.68 5 22.52 6 20.27 8 56.89 7 Maxine Weatherby / Dmitry Bogomol Los Angeles FSC / Pines FSC 99.11 9 20.55 8 19.58 6 58.98 8 Cordelia Pride / Benjamin Lawless All Year FSC / Philadelphia SC & HS 96.43 8 21.09 5 21.67 10 53.67 9 Anna Pettersson / TJ Carey Colonial FSC / SC of Boston 94.40 10 19.92 7 20.25 9 54.23 10 Jordan Lin / Morgan Sletten Washington FSC / Washington FSC 93.68 12 17.56 9 19.20 7 56.92 11 Paulina Brykalova / Daniel Brykalov St. Paul FSC / St. Paul FSC 90.16 7 21.93 12 16.37 11 51.86 12 Isabella Flores / Mikhail Gumba Broadmoor SC / Broadmoor SC 86.84 11 19.42 11 16.93 12 50.49 International team Selections ( edit ) Winter Olympics ( edit ) U.S. Figure Skating began announcing the team for the 2018 Winter Olympics on January 6 , 2018 . Men Ladies Pairs Ice dancing Nathan Chen Karen Chen Alexa Scimeca Knierim / Chris Knierim Madison Chock / Evan Bates Adam Rippon Mirai Nagasu Madison Hubbell / Zachary Donohue Vincent Zhou Bradie Tennell Maia Shibutani / Alex Shibutani 1st alt . Jason Brown Ashley Wagner Tarah Kayne / Danny O'Shea Kaitlin Hawayek / Jean - Luc Baker 2nd alt . Ross Miner Mariah Bell Deanna Stellato / Nathan Bartholomay Lorraine McNamara / Quinn Carpenter 3rd alt . Max Aaron Angela Wang Ashley Cain / Timothy LeDuc Rachel Parsons / Michael Parsons The selections for the team event at the Olympics were as follows : Men Ladies Pairs Ice dancing SP / SD Nathan Chen Bradie Tennell Alexa Scimeca Knierim / Chris Knierim Maia Shibutani / Alex Shibutani FS / FD Adam Rippon Mirai Nagasu World Championships ( edit ) U.S. Figure Skating began announcing the team for the 2018 World Championships on January 6 , 2018 . Men Ladies Pairs Ice dancing Nathan Chen Karen Chen Tarah Kayne / Danny O'Shea Madison Chock / Evan Bates Adam Rippon Mirai Nagasu Alexa Scimeca Knierim / Chris Knierim Madison Hubbell / Zachary Donohue Vincent Zhou Bradie Tennell Maia Shibutani / Alex Shibutani 1st alt . Jason Brown Ashley Wagner Deanna Stellato / Nathan Bartholomay Kaitlin Hawayek / Jean - Luc Baker 2nd alt . Ross Miner Mariah Bell Ashley Cain / Timothy LeDuc Lorraine McNamara / Quinn Carpenter 3rd alt . Max Aaron Angela Wang Haven Denney / Brandon Frazier Rachel Parsons / Michael Parsons Four Continents ( edit ) U.S. Figure Skating began announcing the team for the 2018 Four Continents Championships on January 6 , 2018 . Men Ladies Pairs Ice dancing Max Aaron Starr Andrews Ashley Cain / Timothy LeDuc Kaitlin Hawayek / Jean - Luc Baker Jason Brown Mariah Bell Tarah Kayne / Danny O'Shea Lorraine McNamara / Quinn Carpenter Ross Miner ( withdrew ) Ashley Wagner ( withdrew ) Deanna Stellato / Nathan Bartholomay Rachel Parsons / Michael Parsons 1st alt . Grant Hochstein ( called up ) Angela Wang ( called up ) Haven Denney / Brandon Frazier Elliana Pogrebinsky / Alex Benoit 2nd alt . Timothy Dolensky Amber Glenn Marissa Castelli / Mervin Tran Karina Manta / Joseph Johnson 3rd alt . Alexander Johnson Courtney Hicks Chelsea Liu / Brian Johnson Julia Biechler / Damian Dodge World Junior Championships ( edit ) U.S. Figure Skating began announcing the team for the 2018 World Junior Championships on January 6 , 2018 . Men Ladies Pairs Ice dancing Tomoki Hiwatashi Starr Andrews ( withdrew ) Audrey Lu / Misha Mitrofanov Christina Carreira / Anthony Ponomarenko Alexei Krasnozhon Ting Cui Sarah Feng / TJ Nyman Caroline Green / Gordon Green Camden Pulkinen Chloe Lewis / Logan Bye Alt . Maxim Naumov Hanna Harrell Laiken Lockley / Keenan Prochnow Eliana Gropman / Ian Somerville Alt . Andrew Torgashev Tessa Hong Nadine Wang / Spencer Howe Avonley Nguyen / Vadym Kolesnik Alt . Dinh Tran Emmy Ma ( called up ) Elli Kopmar / Jonah Barrett Emma Gunter / Caleb Wein References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` San Jose Selected To Host 2018 Prudential U.S. Figure Skating Championships '' . usfsa.org. 29 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 North Atlantic Regional FS Championships '' . U.S. Figure Skating . October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Upper Great Lakes Regional Championships '' . U.S. Figure Skating . October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Northwest Pacific Regional FS Championships '' . U.S. Figure Skating . October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 South Atlantic Regional FS Championships '' . U.S. Figure Skating . October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Southwestern Regional FS Championships '' . U.S. Figure Skating . October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Southwest Pacific Regional FS Championships '' . U.S. Figure Skating . October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 New England Regional FS Championships '' . U.S. Figure Skating . October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Eastern Great Lakes Regional FS Championships '' . U.S. Figure Skating . October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Central Pacific Regional FS Championships '' . U.S. Figure Skating . October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Eastern Sectional Figure Skating Championships '' . U.S. Figure Skating . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Midwestern Sectional Figure Skating Championships '' . U.S. Figure Skating . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Pacific Coast Sectional Figure Skating Championships '' . U.S. Figure Skating . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 Prudential U.S. Figure Skating Championships '' . U.S. Figure Skating . Jump up ^ `` Qualifiers '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Figure Skating . December 21 , 2017 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Schedule '' . sapcenter.com . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2017 . `` Schedule , PDF '' ( PDF ) . sapcenter.com . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Figure Skating Announces Men 's Nominations for 2018 U.S. Olympic Figure Skating Team '' . U.S. Figure Skating . January 7 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Figure Skating Announces Ladies Nominations for 2018 U.S. Olympic Figure Skating Team '' . U.S. Figure Skating . January 6 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Figure Skating Announces Pairs Nomination for 2018 U.S. Olympic Figure Skating Team '' . U.S. Figure Skating . January 7 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Figure Skating Announces Ice Dance Nominations for 2018 U.S. Olympic Figure Skating Team '' . U.S. Figure Skating . January 7 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Figure Skating Announces Men 's Selections for World , Four Continents and World Junior Teams '' . U.S. Figure Skating . January 7 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Figure Skating Announces Ladies Selections for World , Four Continents and World Junior Teams '' . U.S. Figure Skating . January 6 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Figure Skating Announces Pairs Selections for World , Four Continents and World Junior Teams '' . U.S. Figure Skating . January 7 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Figure Skating Announces Ice Dance Selections for World , Four Continents and World Junior Teams '' . U.S. Figure Skating . January 7 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Results at U.S. Figure Skating ( hide ) U.S. Figure Skating Championships 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 2017 -- 18 figure skating season Olympics Qualification Men 's singles Ladies ' singles Pair skating Ice dancing Team event ISU Championships European Championships Four Continents Championships World Junior Championships World Championships ISU Grand Prix Rostelecom Cup Skate Canada International Cup of China NHK Trophy Internationaux de France Skate America Grand Prix Final ISU Challenger Series U.S. Classic Lombardia Trophy Autumn Classic Ondrej Nepela Trophy Nebelhorn Trophy Finlandia Trophy Minsk - Arena Ice Star Warsaw Cup Tallinn Trophy Golden Spin of Zagreb Junior internationals ISU Junior Grand Prix Junior Grand Prix Final National championships Canada China Germany Japan Russia South Korea United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_U.S._Figure_Skating_Championships&oldid=828395028 '' Categories : U.S. Figure Skating Championships December 2017 sports events in the United States January 2018 sports events in the United States Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Navigation Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 2 March 2018 , at 08 : 03 . 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Advertising agency

Advertising agency - wikipedia Advertising agency Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) An advertising agency , often referred to as a creative agency , is a business dedicated to creating , planning , and handling advertising and sometimes other forms of promotion and marketing for its clients . An ad agency is generally independent from the client ; it may be an internal department or agency that provides an outside point of view to the effort of selling the client 's products or services , or an outside firm . An agency can also handle overall marketing and branding strategies promotions for its clients , which may include sales as well . Typical ad agency clients include businesses and corporations , non-profit organizations and private agencies . Agencies may be hired to produce television commercials , radio commercials , online advertising , out - of - home advertising , mobile marketing , and AR advertising , as part of an advertising campaign . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Global advertising agency 3 Client relationships 4 Agencies 5 Creativity 6 Advertising effects 7 Spending 8 Commission rates for advertising agencies 9 See also 10 References History ( edit ) The first acknowledged advertising agency was William Taylor in 1786 . Another early agency , started by James ' Jem ' White in 1800 at Fleet Street , London , eventually evolved into White Bull Holmes , a recruitment advertising agency , that went out of business in the late 1980s . In 1812 George Reynell , an officer at the London Gazette , set up another of the early advertising agencies , also in London . This remained a family business until 1993 , as ' Reynell & Son , ' and is now part of the TMP Worldwide agency ( UK and Ireland ) under the brand TMP Reynell . Another early agency that traded until recently , was founded by Charles Barker , and the firm he established traded as ' Barkers ' until 2009 when it went into Administration . Volney B. Palmer opened the first American advertising agency , in Philadelphia in 1850 . This agency placed ads produced by its clients in various newspapers . In 1856 Mathew Brady created the first modern advertisement when he placed an ad in the New York Herald paper offering to produce `` photographs , ambrotypes and daguerreotypes . '' His ads were the first whose typeface and fonts were distinct from the text of the publication and from that of other advertisements . At that time all newspaper ads were set in agate and only agate . His use of larger distinctive fonts caused a sensation . Later that same year Robert E. Bonner ran the first full - page ad in a newspaper . In 1864 , William James Carlton began selling advertising space in religious magazines . In 1869 , Francis Ayer , at the age of 20 , created the first full service advertising agency in Philadelphia , called N.W. Ayer & Son . It was the oldest advertising agency in America , and dissolved in 2002 . James Walter Thompson joined Carlton 's firm in 1868 . Thompson rapidly became their best salesman , purchasing the company in 1877 and renaming it the James Walter Thompson Company . Realizing that he could sell more space if the company provided the service of developing content for advertisers , Thompson hired writers and artists to form the first known Creative Department in an advertising agency . He is credited as the `` father of modern magazine advertising '' in the US . Global advertising agency ( edit ) Globalization of advertising originates in earlier days of the twentieth century . American advertising agencies began as the process of opening overseas offices before the two World Wars and accelerated their globalization throughout the latter part of the twentieth century . McCann Erickson , an agency established in New York City in 1902 , opened its first European offices by 1927 . It was followed up with offices opening in South America in 1935 and in Australia in 1959 . Companies such as J. Walter Thompson adopted a strategy to expand in order to provide the advertising services wherever clients operated . In the 1960s and 1970s , English agencies began to realize the overseas opportunities associated with globalization . Expanding overseas gives potential to wider markets . Saatchi & Saatchi , perhaps one of the most iconic English agencies was founded in 1970 and rapidly developed a global network of offices on the back of relationships with clients such as British Airways and Toyota . Client relationships ( edit ) Studies show that successful advertising agencies tend to have a shared sense of purpose with their clients through collaboration . This includes a common set of client objectives where agencies feel a shared sense of ownership of the strategic process . Successful advertisements start with clients building a good relationship with the agencies and work together to figure out what their objectives are . Clients must trust the agencies to do their jobs correctly and accordingly with the resources they have provided . Breakdowns in relationships were more likely to occur when agencies felt undermined , subjugated or even feel they do n't have an equal status . Traditionally advertising agencies tend to be in a position to take the lead on projects but results are best when there is a more collaborative relationship . Stronger collaboration happens in situations where a personal chemistry has been established between both parties . Finding out similar likes and dislikes , points of view and even hobbies and passions . Personal chemistry builds with the length of the client relationship , frequency of meetings , and how far mutual respect goes between parties . This was one trait that advertising agencies were perceived to not always have . It was suggested that on occasions media planners and researchers were more closely involved in the project because of their personal relationships with their clients . Successful strategic planning is best when both parties are involved due to the bond between sides by understanding each other 's views and mindset . Involved advertising account planners are seen to contribute towards successful agency client collaboration . Planners of advertising agencies tend to be capable of creating a very powerful , trusting relationship with their clients because they were seen as intellectual prowess , seniority and have empathy in the creative process . Agencies ( edit ) All advertising agencies are called that because they are acting as agents for their principals which were the media . They were then , and are now , paid by the media to sell advertising space to clients . Originally , in the 18th century , and the first half of the 19th , advertising agencies made all of their income from commissions paid by the media for selling space to the client Although it is still the case that the majority of their income comes from the media , in the middle of the 19th century , agencies began to offer additional services which they sold directly to the client . Services such as writing the text of the advertisement . Creativity ( edit ) Agencies believe there is only one rule for advertising to be effective : `` it has to be creative . '' Even more than the visual presentation or wording , most agencies seek innovative ways to pass on the message ( s ) to consumers . Success comes when agencies are able to be creative enough to break through the targets ' mindset and ignite a brand relationship . Advertising agencies can either play it safe and risk losing the marketing war or can try to constantly come up with fresh ideas . Use of creativity by agencies is `` unexpected '' because so much advertising today is expected . This will capture the attention of audiences , therefore the message is more likely to get through . There have been many advertisements that have surprised audiences because it was not normal for them to see that in an advertisement of that nature . The best use of creativity is when the agencies make consumers think about the product or brand . The type of creativity is distinctive communication which is breaking through the clutter . Advertising effects ( edit ) This section is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor 's personal feelings about a topic . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) People do n't buy products , they buy benefits . Mere product benefits can be the same across multiple products , so then how does a consumer chose one product over the other ? In a marketplace increasingly full of parity products , consumers buy into the advertising . The more persuasive and charmingly put forth proposition , generally wins the consumers ' attention and share of wallet . Agency practitioners strongly believe that when audiences are exposed to ads it causes changes in human cognition , emotions , and behavior . An account manager of twenty - two years of experience in the industry says that people would n't want to be in the advertising business if they did n't believe that it worked , therefore you will not find anyone in an advertising agency questioning whether or not advertising works . First effect is making audiences stop and look at the ad generating attention . Once attention is gained , ads are next thought to lead to brand awareness . Establishing brand awareness is a key component of an advertisement 's effectiveness . Practitioners believe that advertising will lead to changes in attitudes towards a brand , referring to the concept of attitude by different labels such as `` opinions '' , `` judgments '' , `` perception '' , `` persuasion '' , `` brand image '' , `` interest in the brand '' . Advertising can create change in both emotional and rational based attitudes . It is believed that a good advertisement includes both components . Spending ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Studies show that advertising spending has increased significantly throughout the years . In 2007 , an estimated $150 billion was spent on advertising in the US ; and $385 billion globally . By 2010 the number had exceeded $450 billion . The main reason for the increase in spending is the fact that the costs of selling are lower than they used to be , therefore companies are able to increase spending on advertising without increasing their sales budgets . They do this in search of new markets to further their businesses . Commission rates for advertising agencies ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The worldwide commission rate for advertising agencies is fixed at 15 % of the total billing . This is the only source of income they earn from media . The 15 % must cover costs such as payroll , fixed and variable costs . Agencies are demanding to increase the commission rate but clients are not even willing to give the 15 % even though it 's the only source of revenue for the Agency . There are cases that agencies are forced to lower their rates to the level of 5 % to 10 % due to competition . So in some cases there are agencies that are not even getting the fixed 15 % . See also ( edit ) List of advertising agencies Advertising Employment agency News agency References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mackay , Adrian ( 2004 ) , The Practice of Advertising , London : Butterworth - Heinemann , ISBN 0 - 7506 - 6173 - 9 . p. 70 . Jump up ^ `` RECORDS OF R.F. WHITE AND SON LTD '' ( PDF ) . National Archives . 1983 . Retrieved 16 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : John W. Hartman Center for Sales , Advertising & Marketing History . `` Emergence of Advertising in America : Timeline '' . Durham , NC : Duke University Libraries . Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 28 . 1841 - Volney B. Palmer opens the first American advertising agency , in Philadelphia . Jump up ^ Faulconbridge , J.R. , Taylor , P. , & Nativel , C. ( 2010 ) . The Globalization of Advertising : Agencies , Cities and Spaces of Creativity . Taylor and Francis . Jump up ^ Leslie , D.A. ( 1995 ) . Global Scan : The Globalization of Advertising Agencies , Concepts , and Campaigns ( Vols . Vol. 71 , No. 4 ) . Clark University . Jump up ^ McArthur , & Griffin . ( 1997 ) . A marketing management view of integrated marketing . Journal of Advertising Research , 19 - 26 . Jump up ^ Grant , I. , & McLeod , C. ( 2007 ) . Advertising agency planning conceptualising network relationships . Marketing Management , 429 . ^ Jump up to : Mayer , Richard ( 2005 ) . `` Chapter 5 : The Advertising Agency '' . In Mackay , Adrian . The Practice of Advertising ( hardbound ) format = requires url = ( help ) ( illustrated , revised ed . ) . Routledge . p. 70 . ISBN 9780750661737 . ^ Jump up to : Nyilasy , G. , & Reid , L.N. ( 2009 ) . AGENCY PRACTITIONER THEORIES OF HOW ADVERTISING WORKS . Journal of Advertising , Vol. 38 Issue 3 , p81 - 96 . 16p. 2 Charts . ^ Jump up to : Huma , M.Z. ( 1999 ) . Advertising expenses are paid by consumer Jump up ^ Bly , R.W. ( 1999 ) . Advertising Managers . Prentice Hall USA , , 20 - 21 . GND : 4065521 - 0 NDL : 00566305 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advertising_agency&oldid=837037380 '' Categories : Advertising agencies Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Articles needing additional references from April 2015 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing style editing from June 2017 All articles needing style editing Articles needing additional references from June 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska తెలుగు Türkçe Українська 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 10 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

what is often called the advertising department within the firm

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The Challenge: Champs vs. Pros

The challenge : Champs vs. Pros - wikipedia The challenge : Champs vs. Pros Jump to : navigation , search The Challenge : Champs vs. Pros Genre Reality game show Presented by Victor Cruz Starring Winners Cara Maria Sorbello Darrell Taylor Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 6 Production Location ( s ) Los Angeles , California Running time 60 minutes ( including commercials ) Production company ( s ) Bunim / Murray Productions Release Original network MTV Picture format 16 : 9 HD Original release May 16 ( 2017 - 05 - 16 ) -- June 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) Chronology Followed by Champs vs. Stars External links Website www.mtv.com/shows/champs-vs-pros The Challenge : Champs vs. Pros is a the first installment of a special mini-series of MTV 's long - running reality game show , The Challenge . In the six - week event , ten Challenge greats competed against ten professional athletes . The series premiered on Tuesday , May 16 , 2017 , and concluded on June 20 , 2017 . The series was hosted by NFL wide receiver Victor Cruz . Contestants competed to win $ 50,000 to donate to the charity of their choice . The format featured alumni from Real World , Road Rules , and The Challenge , competing with athletes who have participated in professional leagues and events such as the National Football League , Women 's National Basketball Association , Ultimate Fighting Championship , World Surfing Championship , along with the Winter and Summer Olympics . It was followed by a second installment , Champs vs. Stars . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 2 Gameplay 2.1 Challenge games 2.2 Arena games 3 Game summary 3.1 Episode progress 4 Episodes 5 References 6 External links Cast ( edit ) Host : Victor Cruz , NFL wide receiver Player Sport / Original season Charity Raised Finish Sorbello , Cara Maria ! Cara Maria Sorbello Fresh Meat II ASPCA $55,000 Winners Taylor , Darrell ! Darrell Taylor RR : Campus Crawl March of Dimes $55,000 Wimbley , Kamerion ! Kamerion Wimbley Athlete , Retired NFL linebacker ! Retired NFL linebacker Kamerion Wimbley Foundation $1,000 Runners - Up Jacobellis , Lindsey ! Lindsey Jacobellis Athlete , Snowboarder ! Snowboarder and Olympic medalist ASPCA $5,000 Nakagawa , Camila ! Camila Nakagawa Spring Break Challenge Men With Dreams $1,000 Third Place Wes Bergmann RW : Austin American Cancer Society $1,000 Tamburello , Chris ! Chris `` CT '' Tamburello RW : Paris Grayken Center for Addiction Medicine $5,000 Episode 6 Kenworthy , Gus ! Gus Kenworthy Athlete , Skier and Olympic Medalist ! Skier and Olympic medalist The Trevor Project and Happy Hippie Foundation $1,000 Hazel , Louise ! Louise Hazel Athlete , Heptathlete and Olympian ! Heptathlete and Olympian Save the Children $5,000 Lolo Jones Athlete , Olympic Hurdler and Bobsledder ! Olympic hurdler and bobsledder Hurdles of Hope $1,000 Mitchell , Ashley ! Ashley Mitchell RW : Ex-Plosion Facing Addiction $1,000 Episode 5 Vito , Louie ! Louie Vito Athlete , Snowboarder and Olympian ! Snowboarder and Olympian Wings for Life $1,000 Wiseley , Jordan ! Jordan Wiseley RW : Portland Lucky Fin Project $5,000 Episode 4 Punk , CM ! CM Punk Athlete , UFC Fighter / Ex - Professional Wrestler ! UFC Fighter / Former Pro Wrestler PAWS Chicago $1,000 Blanco , Tia ! Tia Blanco Athlete , Surfer and World Champion ! Surfer and World Champion St. Jude 's Children 's Hospital $1,000 Episode 3 / 4 Kelsey , Ashley ! Ashley Kelsey RW : San Diego ( 2011 ) Make - A-Wish Foundation $1,000 Episode 3 Devenanzio , Johnny ! Johnny `` Bananas '' Devenanzio RW : Key West Special Olympics $1,000 Episode 2 Merriman , Shawne ! Shawne Merriman Athlete , Retired NFL linebacker ! Retired NFL linebacker Lights On Foundation $1,000 Wiggins , Candice ! Candice Wiggins Athlete , Retired WNBA Player ! Retired WNBA Player Greater Than AIDS $1,000 Episode 1 Portillo , Veronica ! Veronica Portillo RR : Semester at Sea Planned Parenthood $1,000 Charity money shared ^ Jump up to : After winning final challenge Cara Maria agreed to give $5,000 of her prize money to each of Wes and Camila 's charities . ^ Jump up to : After both being eliminated Louise and Lolo agreed to pool their prize money together and split it $3,000 to each of their charities . Jump up ^ After defeating Ashley in elimination Lolo agreed to give $5,000 of her own personal money to Ashley 's charity , raising Ashley 's total raised to $6,000 . The contestant is on the Pros team . The contestant is on the Champs team . Gameplay ( edit ) Challenge games ( edit ) Against the Ropes : Similar to the original challenge `` Piggy Back '' from Free Agents , teams are separated into two groups of five . Then , each group has to advance on hanging ropes from one platform to another that is suspended above water . After one player advances onto one rope , the next teammate has to use the first player as a `` human bridge '' in order to advance to the next rope . Subsequent players will continue the process , until each player is hanging into their own rope , at which point , players will continue to use their teammates as `` human bridges '' in order to reach the opposite platform . The team that gets the most players across wins . Winners : Pros Tailgate BBQ : Similar to the original challenge `` Sausage Party '' from Free Agents , players have to roll themselves along a `` barbecue - style '' obstacle course , while covered in shrink wrap . Each player will wiggle and roll through a variety of `` condiments '' and on oversize metal bars that resemble a grill grate , and toward place mats with hot dog labels on them . Certain players from each team will have to hold a `` chip '' bag in their mouth . If they do not hold it in their mouth the entire way through , a two - minute penalty will be added to their team total . The team with the shortest time wins . Winners : Champs Out of Bounds : Similar to the original challenge `` Pole Push '' from The Gauntlet III , Played in same sex heats , A pole is situated in the middle of a large rectangular pit surrounded by water . Pros and Champs will go head to head to try and push their opponent into the water . The team with the most points at the end wins . Winners : Pros Keep Your Eyes On The Prize : Similar to the original challenge `` Do n't Forget About Me '' from Battle of the Exes II , Teams will have to split up into groups . One team member will life up a steel door out of the sand that is connected to a memory puzzle for as long as they can . 2 other team members will try and memorize one row at a time . Those 2 team members will tell another 2 team members what the row combination is . Those 2 people will then sprint to their last team member and tell them what the row is . If the row is wrong , they will have to take that whole row down and restart that row . The team who finishes first wins . Winners : Champs Over the Line : Similar to the original challenge `` Reaching Out '' from The Duel . Arena games ( edit ) Pull No Punches : Similar to the original `` Wrecking Wall '' from Free Agents , each player must punch through a 30 - foot dry wall to make holes so they can climb up until they can reach a bell . The first player to ring the bell wins the elimination round . Played by : Ashley M. vs. Veronica and Candice vs. Lolo Blindsided : Similar to the original `` Snapper '' from Rivals II , played within a large circle , players have to swing and break a wooden stick at their opponent , while blindfolded . The blindfolded players will be wearing bells on their shoes and guided by their partners , who are standing outside of the circle . The player that breaks a stick on their opponent two times , wins the elimination . Played by : CM Punk vs. Shawne and Johnny vs. Wes Basket Brawl : Similar to the original `` Balls In '' from The Inferno II , Free Agents , and Invasion of the Champions , each player will be given five chances to get as many balls inside a barrel , located in the middle of a large circle . If a player is either knocked out of or steps out of the ring , or if the ball is knocked out of the ring , their ball is considered `` dead . '' Players will alternate between offense and defense in each round . To make things harder , the barrel is elevated and they are given a medicine ball . Played by : Ashley K. vs. Ashley M. and Lolo vs. Tia Ice Bath : Similar to the original `` Chill Out '' from Rivals III , players will have to submerge their arms into a bucket full of ice water for 1 minute . They will then have to unlock a series of locks to reveal a slide puzzle . They will then have to solve the puzzle . If the puzzle is not unlocked or solved within 2 minutes , they will then have to submerge their arms in the ice bucket again for another minute . The first player to solve their puzzle first wins . Played by : CM Punk vs. Gus and Jordan vs. Wes Game summary ( edit ) Episode Gender Team Captains Winners Arena contestants Arena game Arena outcome # Challenge Champs Pros Captain Voted In Captain 's pick Voted In Winner Loser Against The Ropes Female Ashley M . Louise Pros Ashley M . Veronica Candice Lolo Pull No Punches Ashley M . Veronica Lolo Candice Tailgate BBQ Male Jordan CM Punk Champs CM Punk Shawne Wes Bananas Blindsided CM Punk Shawne Wes Bananas 3 / 4 Out of Bounds Female Ashley M . Lindsey Pros Ashley M . Ashley K . Lolo Tia Basket Brawl Ashley M . Ashley K . Lolo Tia Keep Your Eyes On The Prize Male Darrell Gus Champs Gus CM Punk Wes Jordan Ice Bath Gus CM Punk Wes Jordan 5 Over The Line Male CT Louie Champs Louie N / A Wes N / A Going the Distance Wes Louie Female Cara Maria Lolo Lolo Ashley M . Lolo Ashley M . 6 No Guts , No Glory N / A CT Gus Lolo Louise Final Challenge N / A Darrell & Cara Maria 2nd place : Kamerion & Lindsey ; 3rd place : Wes & Camila Episode progress ( edit ) Champs Episodes 5 6 Cara Maria SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE WIN WIN WINNER Darrell SAFE SAFE SAFE WIN SAFE WIN WINNER Camila SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE THIRD Wes SAFE ARENA SAFE ARENA ARENA SAFE THIRD CT SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE WIN OUT Ashley M . ARENA SAFE ARENA SAFE OUT Jordan SAFE WIN SAFE OUT Ashley K . SAFE SAFE OUT Johnny SAFE OUT Veronica OUT Pros Episodes 3 / 4 5 6 Kamerion SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE WIN SECOND Lindsey SAFE SAFE WIN SAFE SAFE WIN SECOND Gus SAFE SAFE SAFE ARENA SAFE OUT Lolo ARENA SAFE ARENA SAFE ARENA OUT Louise WIN SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE OUT Louie SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE OUT CM Punk SAFE ARENA SAFE OUT Tia SAFE SAFE OUT Shawne SAFE OUT Candice OUT Competition The contestant won the final challenge . The contestant did not win the final challenge . The contestant was immune from the Arena after being the team captain on the winning team and won $5,000 for their charity . The contestant won the challenge and was able to move on to the final challenge . The contestant was not selected for the Arena . The contestant won in the Arena . The contestant lost in the Arena and was eliminated . The contestant did n't win the challenge or was n't picked to be in the final challenge and was eliminated . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Original air date U.S. TV first - run viewers ( million ) `` Secrets and Limes '' May 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 16 ) 0.57 `` Settling the Scores '' May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 0.53 `` Watch Out for the Wolfpack '' May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) 0.63 `` A Cold Day In Hell '' June 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 06 ) 0.60 5 `` Immovable Objections '' June 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 13 ) 0.58 6 `` No Guts No Glory '' June 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) 0.53 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Preview of MTV series The Challenge : Champs vs. Pros '' . espn.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Champs vs Pros : Beloved Challenge Victors Set to Battle Top Athletes . '' . MTV.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.16. 2017 '' . Retrieved 19 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.23. 2017 '' . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.30. 2017 '' . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.6. 2017 '' . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.13. 2017 '' . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.20. 2017 '' . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Real World , Road Rules , and The Challenge Real World seasons New York Los Angeles San Francisco London Miami Boston Seattle Hawaii New Orleans Back to New York Chicago Las Vegas Paris San Diego Philadelphia Austin Key West Denver Reunited : Las Vegas Sydney Hollywood Brooklyn Cancun D.C. New Orleans ( 2010 ) Las Vegas ( 2011 ) San Diego ( 2011 ) St. Thomas Portland Ex-Plosion Skeletons Go Big or Go Home Seattle : Bad Blood Road Rules seasons USA -- The First Adventure USA -- The Second Adventure Europe Islands Northern Trail Down Under Latin America Semester at Sea Maximum Velocity Tour The Quest Campus Crawl South Pacific X-Treme Viewers ' Revenge ( hide ) The Challenge seasons Road Rules : All Stars Real World / Road Rules Challenge Challenge 2000 Extreme Challenge Battle of the Seasons ( 2002 ) Battle of the Sexes The Gauntlet The Inferno Battle of the Sexes 2 The Inferno II The Gauntlet 2 Fresh Meat The Duel The Inferno 3 The Gauntlet III The Island The Duel II The Ruins Spring Break Challenge Fresh Meat II Cutthroat Rivals Battle of the Exes Battle of the Seasons ( 2012 ) Rivals II Free Agents Battle of the Exes II Battle of the Bloodlines Rivals III Invasion of the Champions Champs vs. Pros XXX : Dirty 30 Champs vs. Stars Related Bunim / Murray Productions Mary - Ellis Bunim Jonathan Murray MTV MTV Classic The Real World Movie : The Lost Season T.J. Lavin Diem Brown Pedro Real World Presents : Return to Duty List of Real World cast members List of The Challenge contestants Are You the One ? The Real World : Stockholm The Real World : Visby MTV original programming ( current and upcoming ) Music series MTV Unplugged ( since 1989 ) News True Life ( since 1998 ) Reality Catfish : The TV Show ( since 2012 ) Girl Code ( since 2013 ) Greatest Party Story Ever ( since 2016 ) My Super Sweet 16 ( since 2005 ) Promposal ( since 2017 ) Real World ( since 1992 ) Ridiculousness ( since 2011 ) Siesta Key ( since 2017 ) Teen Mom OG ( since 2009 ) Teen Mom 2 ( since 2011 ) Teen Mum ( since 2017 ) Competitive Are You the One ? ( since 2014 ) Are You the One ? : Second Chances ( since 2017 ) Broke Ass Game Show ( since 2015 ) The Challenge ( since 1998 ) The Challenge : Champs vs. Stars ( since 2017 ) Fear Factor ( since 2017 ) Talk Are You the One ? : The Aftermatch Live ( since 2014 ) Scripted Scream ( since 2015 ) Comedy Wild ' n Out ( since 2005 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Challenge:_Champs_vs._Pros&oldid=804929561 '' Categories : The Challenge ( TV series ) 2010s American television series Television shows set in Los Angeles 2017 American television series debuts 2017 American television series endings Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 00 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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who went home on the challenge champs vs pros

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Slow Hand

Slow Hand - wikipedia Slow Hand Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Pointer Sisters song . For the Eric Clapton album , see Slowhand . For other uses , see Slow Hand ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Slow Hand '' Single by The Pointer Sisters from the album Black & White B - side `` Holdin ' Out for Love '' Released May 1981 Format 7 '' Genre R&B , pop , soul Length 3 : 57 Label Planet Songwriter ( s ) Michael Clark , John Bettis Producer ( s ) Richard Perry The Pointer Sisters singles chronology `` Where Did the Time Go '' ( 1980 ) `` Slow Hand '' ( 1981 ) `` What a Surprise '' ( 1981 ) `` Where Did the Time Go '' ( 1980 ) `` Slow Hand '' ( 1981 ) `` What a Surprise '' ( 1981 ) `` Slow Hand '' is a ballad written by John Bettis and Michael Clark and recorded by The Pointer Sisters . It was first released in the spring of 1981 as the advance single for Black & White . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and impact 2 Charts 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Personnel 4 Del Reeves version 5 Conway Twitty version 5.1 Charts 6 Modestep version 7 References 8 External links Background and impact ( edit ) Although its sultry style recalls the Pointer Sisters ' first top ten hit , the 1978 number 2 hit `` Fire '' , `` Slow Hand '' was not written for the group ; in fact John Bettis would state `` the Pointer Sisters were the furthest ( act ) from ( the composers ' ) minds . '' Like `` Fire '' -- which also featured Anita Pointer on lead -- `` Slow Hand '' peaked at number 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 for 3 weeks , behind `` Endless Love '' by Diana Ross and Lionel Richie . `` Slow Hand '' reached that position in August 1981 when it also reached number 7 on the R&B chart . `` Slow Hand '' also afforded the Pointer Sisters international success , including the first appearance by the group in the UK top 10 . The track was ranked in the top 25 best singles of the year by The Village Voice Pazz & Jop poll . `` Slow Hand '' was not the first song recorded by the sisters to have a country feel . In 1974 the group wrote and recorded the breakthrough track `` Fairytale '' . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1981 ) Peak position Australian Kent Music Report 5 Canadian RPM Top Singles Dutch Top 40 33 French Singles Chart 55 Irish Singles Chart New Zealand Singles Chart 6 UK Singles Chart 10 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard R&B Chart 7 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 6 US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1981 ) Rank Australia 28 Canada 68 New Zealand 20 UK 100 US Billboard Hot 100 19 US Cash Box 5 Personnel ( edit ) Lead vocals by Anita Pointer Background vocals by Ruth Pointer and June Pointer Produced by Richard Perry Written by John Bettis and James Bruce Clark ( ASCAP listing ) Del Reeves version ( edit ) The song was covered in 1981 by country singer Del Reeves , whose version peaked at # 53 on the Hot Country Singles chart . Conway Twitty version ( edit ) `` Slow Hand '' Single by Conway Twitty from the album Southern Comfort B - side `` When Love Was Something Else '' Released April 24 , 1982 Genre Country Length 2 : 56 Label Elektra Songwriter ( s ) Michael Clark , John Bettis Producer ( s ) Jimmy Bowen , Conway Twitty Conway Twitty singles chronology `` The Clown '' ( 1981 ) `` Slow Hand '' ( 1982 ) `` Over Thirty ( Not Over the Hill ) '' ( 1982 ) `` The Clown '' ( 1981 ) `` Slow Hand '' ( 1982 ) `` Over Thirty ( Not Over the Hill ) '' ( 1982 ) The song was covered in April 1982 by country singer Conway Twitty with minor lyric changes to accommodate a heterosexual male singer . His version , on Elektra Records , topped the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart for two weeks that June , and was his last multi-week number - one song . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1982 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Canadian RPM Country Tracks 6 Modestep version ( edit ) The song was covered in 2013 by dubstep and hard rock group , Modestep . It was included on their debut album Evolution Theory . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Billboard vol. 93 # 33 ( 22 August 1981 ) p . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 465 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 194 . Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , September 5 , 1981 Jump up ^ http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.4689&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=mhe12pta2k83e08udtq66ot062 Jump up ^ http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/?chart=3870 Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com Jump up ^ http://tropicalglen.com/Archives/80s_files/1981YESP.html Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits : 1944 - 2006 , Second edition . Record Research . p. 362 . Jump up ^ `` Conway Twitty -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Conway Twitty . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` For All the Wrong Reasons '' by The Bellamy Brothers Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single June 19 - June 26 , 1982 Succeeded by `` Any Day Now '' by Ronnie Milsap The Pointer Sisters Anita Pointer Ruth Pointer Sadako Johnson Bonnie Pointer June Pointer Issa Pointer Studio albums The Pointer Sisters That 's a Plenty Steppin ' Having a Party Energy Priority Special Things Black & White So Excited ! Break Out Contact Hot Together Serious Slammin ' Right Rhythm Only Sisters Can Do That Live albums Live at the Opera House Compilation albums The Best of the Pointer Sisters Singles `` Yes We Can Can '' `` Wang Dang Doodle '' `` Steam Heat '' `` Fairytale '' `` How Long ( Betcha ' Got a Chick on the Side ) '' `` Fire '' `` He 's So Shy '' `` Slow Hand '' `` I 'm So Excited '' `` Automatic '' `` Jump ( for My Love ) '' `` Neutron Dance '' `` Dare Me '' Related topics Discography * Pinball Number Count Book : The Pointer Sisters Conway Twitty Studio albums Sings Saturday Night with Conway Twitty Lonely Blue Boy House on Old Lonesome Road Crazy in Love Even Now Final Touches Collaboration albums We Only Make Believe Lead Me On Louisiana Woman , Mississippi Man Country Partners Dynamic Duo Compilation albums 25 Number Ones Notable singles `` It 's Only Make Believe '' `` Mona Lisa '' `` Danny Boy '' `` Next in Line '' `` I Love You More Today '' `` To See My Angel Cry '' `` Hello Darlin ' '' `` Fifteen Years Ago '' `` How Much More Can She Stand '' `` I Ca n't See Me Without You '' `` ( Lost Her Love ) On Our Last Date '' `` I Ca n't Stop Loving You '' `` She Needs Someone to Hold Her ( When She Cries ) '' `` You 've Never Been This Far Before '' `` There 's a Honky Tonk Angel ( Who 'll Take Me Back In ) '' `` I 'm Not Through Loving You Yet '' `` I See the Want To in Your Eyes '' `` Linda on My Mind '' `` Touch the Hand '' `` This Time I 've Hurt Her More Than She Loves Me '' `` After All the Good Is Gone '' `` The Games That Daddies Play '' `` I Ca n't Believe She Gives It All to Me '' `` Play Guitar Play '' `` I 've Already Loved You in My Mind '' `` Georgia Keeps Pulling on My Ring '' `` Boogie Grass Band '' `` Your Love Had Taken Me That High '' `` Do n't Take It Away '' `` I May Never Get to Heaven '' `` Happy Birthday Darlin ' '' `` I 'd Love to Lay You Down '' `` Rest Your Love on Me '' `` Tight Fittin ' Jeans '' `` Red Neckin ' Love Makin ' Night '' `` The Clown '' `` Slow Hand '' `` We Did But Now You Do n't '' `` The Rose '' `` We Had It All '' `` Lost in the Feeling '' `` Heartache Tonight '' `` Three Times a Lady '' `` Somebody 's Needin ' Somebody '' `` I Do n't Know a Thing About Love ( The Moon Song ) '' `` Ai n't She Somethin ' Else '' `` Do n't Call Him a Cowboy '' `` Between Blue Eyes and Jeans '' `` Desperado Love '' `` Fallin ' for You for Years '' `` Julia '' `` I Want to Know You Before We Make Love '' `` That 's My Job '' `` Goodbye Time '' `` Saturday Night Special '' `` I Wish I Was Still in Your Dreams '' `` She 's Got a Single Thing in Mind '' `` House on Old Lonesome Road '' `` Fit to Be Tied Down '' `` Crazy in Love '' `` I Could n't See You Leavin ' '' `` Rainy Night in Georgia '' Collaboration singles `` After the Fire Is Gone '' `` Lead Me On '' `` Louisiana Woman , Mississippi Man '' `` Feelins ' '' `` The Letter '' `` I Ca n't Love You Enough '' `` Making Believe '' `` Do n't Cry Joni '' Related articles Discography Discography with Loretta Lynn MGM Records Decca Records MCA Records Elektra Records Warner Bros. Records Joni Lee Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slow_Hand&oldid=783786969 '' Categories : 1981 singles 1982 singles The Pointer Sisters songs Conway Twitty songs Del Reeves songs Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Songs with lyrics by John Bettis Song recordings produced by Jimmy Bowen Song recordings produced by Richard Perry Elektra Records singles 1981 songs Planet Records singles Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 June 2017 , at 17 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

the song i want a man with a slow hand

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All by Myself

All by Myself - wikipedia All by Myself For other uses , see All by Myself ( disambiguation ) . `` All by Myself '' Single by Eric Carmen from the album Eric Carmen B - side `` Everything '' Released December 1 , 1975 Format 7 '' single Genre Pop soft rock Length 7 : 10 ( album version ) 4 : 22 ( single edit ) Label Arista Songwriter ( s ) Eric Carmen Producer ( s ) Jimmy Ienner Eric Carmen singles chronology `` All by Myself '' ( 1975 ) `` Never Gonna Fall in Love Again '' ( 1976 ) `` All by Myself '' ( 1975 ) `` Never Gonna Fall in Love Again '' ( 1976 ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic No rating `` All by Myself '' is a song by American artist Eric Carmen released in 1975 . The verse is based on the second movement ( Adagio sostenuto ) of Sergei Rachmaninoff 's Piano Concerto No. 2 in C minor , Opus 18 . The chorus is borrowed from the song `` Let 's Pretend '' , which Carmen wrote and recorded with the Raspberries in 1972 . The song was the first released on Carmen 's first solo LP after leaving the power pop group the Raspberries and was released as the first single in December 1975 , to great acclaim . It reached number 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 behind The Miracles ' `` Love Machine '' and The Four Seasons ' `` December , 1963 ( Oh What a Night ) '' , number 1 on Cash Box Top 100 Singles and number 3 in Canada . The single sold more than one million copies in the United States and was certified gold by the RIAA in April 1976 . `` All By Myself '' was Carmen 's first of eight US Top 40 hits . In the UK , however , this was his only Top 40 success , peaking at number 12 . In a 2006 poll for UK 's Five programme Britain 's Favourite Break - up Songs , Eric Carmen 's version of this song was voted seventeenth . Rachmaninoff 's music was in the public domain in the United States and Carmen thought no copyright existed on it , but it was still protected outside the U.S. Subsequent to the release of the album , he was contacted by the Rachmaninoff estate and informed otherwise . An agreement was reached in which the estate would receive 12 percent of the royalties from `` All by Myself '' as well as from `` Never Gonna Fall in Love Again '' , which was based on the third movement from Rachmaninoff 's Symphony No. 2 . Carmen has stated that he also incorporated part of another melody into this song . The melody was taken from his previous hit with the Raspberries , `` Let 's Pretend . '' Carmen 's original version has spawned numerous cover versions by such artists as Rico J. Puno in 1976 , Celine Dion in 1996 , Frank Sinatra , Igudesman & Joo , Il Divo , and Only Men Aloud ! . The slide guitar solo was performed by famed studio guitarist Hugh McCracken . Contents ( hide ) 1 Television performance 2 Chart performance 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Celine Dion version 3.1 Critical reception 3.2 Charts 3.2. 1 Weekly charts 3.2. 2 Year - end charts 3.3 Certifications and sales 3.4 Release history 4 Other cover versions 5 Use in popular culture 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Television performance ( edit ) Carmen performed `` All By Myself '' and his follow - up hit , `` Never Gonna Fall in Love Again , '' on The Midnight Special television program on July 23 , 1976 ( season 4 , episode 37 ) . The show was hosted by The Spinners . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1975 -- 76 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 7 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 15 Canada ( RPM ) Top Singles Canadian Adult Contemporary Ireland ( IRMA ) 16 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 10 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) 9 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 12 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 6 US Cash Box Top 100 US Record World Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 ) Rank Australia 67 Canada ( RPM ) Top Singles 54 US Billboard Hot 100 40 US Cash Box 41 Celine Dion version ( edit ) `` All by Myself '' Single by Celine Dion from the album Falling into You Released October 7 , 1996 Format CD single cassette single Recorded 1995 : The Record Plant , Compass Point , Capitol Studios Genre Pop , soft rock Length 5 : 09 ( album version ) 4 : 30 ( single version ) 3 : 54 ( radio edit ) Label Columbia Epic Songwriter ( s ) Eric Carmen Sergei Rachmaninoff Producer ( s ) David Foster Celine Dion singles chronology `` The Power of the Dream '' ( 1996 ) `` All by Myself '' ( 1996 ) `` Les derniers seront les premiers '' ( 1996 ) `` The Power of the Dream '' ( 1996 ) `` All by Myself '' ( 1996 ) `` Les derniers seront les premiers '' ( 1996 ) Music video `` All by Myself '' on YouTube One of the most notable cover versions of `` All by Myself '' was recorded by Celine Dion in 1996 . It was the fourth ( or third , depending on the country ) hit single from her album Falling into You . Produced by David Foster at Compass Point Studios in The Bahamas , it was released on October 7 , 1996 in Europe , January 13 , 1997 in Australia , and March 11 , 1997 in North America . There were three music videos made . The first one was released in October 1996 . It contains fragments from Dion 's photo session for the Falling into You album cover and some scenes from her Live à Paris concert . It was made for the single version and it was directed by Nigel Dick . The second version was made for the UK market with the same white T - shirt scenes but adding footage of a young couple in love at Christmas time , instead of scenes from Dion 's concert . This was made for the album version . Finally , a live music video was released in March 1997 in North America ( from the 1996 concert in Montreal ) . Dion performed this song many times during world tours , TV shows and music events such as the Grammy Awards ( 1997 ) , Billboard Music Awards ( 1997 ) and Bambi Awards ( 1996 ) . A performance from her 2008 - 2009 Taking Chances Tour can be found on the Taking Chances World Tour : The Concert DVD / CD . It is currently included in the set list of Dion 's Las Vegas residency show Céline which premiered on March 15 , 2011 . The song was also performed during the 2013 Sans attendre Tour ; the Quebec City performance was included in the Céline ... une seule fois / Live 2013 CD / DVD . The song was also performed in Dion 's 2017 European tour . Dion also recorded a Spanish version of `` All by Myself , '' called `` Sola otra vez '' ( English : By Myself Again ) . It was added to the Falling into You Latin American / Spanish edition , and as a B - side to other singles from that album . This version became available worldwide on Dion 's later compilation The Collector 's Series , Volume One . The CD single was released in 1996 in Brazil only . Dion 's `` Sola otra vez '' was selected the number one Spanish language cover of an English pop song by TheSpanishVersion.Org . The `` All by Myself '' single became one of Dion 's biggest hits in the United States , reaching number 1 on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks ( for three weeks ) and the Latin Pop Airplay ( two weeks ) . It peaked at number 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 ( number 7 on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay and number 5 on the Hot 100 Singles Sales ) . It was also a top 10 hit in France , United Kingdom , Wallonia in Belgium and the Republic of Ireland . In Canada , `` All by Myself '' was released as a promotional single only , hitting number 1 on the Adult Contemporary Chart . `` All by Myself '' was certified gold in the US ( 500,000 ) , and silver in the UK ( 200,000 ) and France ( 165,000 ) . The track was included on some editions of Dion 's greatest hits All the Way ... A Decade of Song in 1999 and on My Love : Essential Collection in 2008 . This version also features on the ITV game show Take Me Out if the contestant leaves the show without a date . Critical reception ( edit ) Dion 's cover received positive reviews . New York Times editor Stephen Holden wrote that the remake , along with `` Because You Loved Me , '' `` are the strongest cuts on an album crammed with formulaic romantic bombast . '' Dave Sholin from the Gavin Report commented : `` Demand by both programmers and the public for this rendition of Eric Carmen 's 1976 smash made it the obvious choice to be the third single lifted off Celine 's multi-platinum and Grammy - nominated album , Falling Into You . '' Music.uk.launch.yahoo.com editor Dan Leroy wrote : `` Trying to out - emote Eric Carmen was almost crazy enough to work . '' Entertainment Weekly editor Chuck Eddy said : '' ... But only in her desolate cover of Eric Carmen 's All by Myself does she truly crash through the glass ceiling of passion . '' Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1996 -- 97 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 38 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 27 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 14 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 7 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 7 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Canada ( Nielsen BDS Airplay Chart ) 9 Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) 15 France ( SNEP ) 5 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 55 Iceland ( Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) 8 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 35 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 20 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 21 Norway ( VG - lista ) 15 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 6 Spain ( Top 40 Radio ) 31 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 36 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 6 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 12 US Hot Latin Songs ( Billboard ) `` Sola Otra Vez '' 5 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 7 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 33 US Tropical Airplay ( Billboard ) `` Sola Otra Vez '' Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1996 ) Position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 93 France ( SNEP ) 49 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 292 Chart ( 1997 ) Position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 58 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 6 Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) 52 US Billboard Hot 100 49 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 13 US Hot Latin Songs ( Billboard ) `` Sola Otra Vez '' 38 Certifications and sales ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales France ( SNEP ) Silver 164,400 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format United Kingdom December 9 , 1996 CD cassette United States March 11 , 1997 CD cassette 7 '' Other cover versions ( edit ) In 1994 , `` All By Myself '' was covered by New Zealand singer Margaret Urlich . Her version reached # 100 in Australia in November 1994 , and # 26 in New Zealand in March 1995 . The 2001 motion picture Bridget Jones 's Diary featured a cover version performed by Jamie O'Neal showing actress Renée Zellweger singing to it in the famous pajamas scene . This track is also played over the other Bridget Jones films Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason and Bridget Jones 's Baby . In 2008 , the male voice choir Only Men Aloud ! covered the song on their self - named album and also released it as a single . Use in popular culture ( edit ) The Carmen version is used in the video introduction for Conan O'Brien 's `` Legally Prohibited from Being Funny on Television Tour '' , when an obese and bearded version of the talk show host struggles to cope with losing his job as host of Tonight Show . The Carmen version is also featured in the second season 's episode 17 of the popular 1990s sitcom Friends ( set on Joey & Chandler 's friendship ) , and a season 4 episode of the hit sitcom That ' 70s Show whereas Eric Forman breaks up with Donna Pinciotti . It was also featured in the films Under Wraps , Bridget Jones ' Diary and To Die For . The version is used also in the film I nuovi mostri directed by Dino Risi , with Ornella Muti and Yorgo Voyagis . In the Disney film Zootopia , a snippet is heard of it as the main character , Judy Hopps , browses through one depressing song after another on her clock radio . A character is featured performing the song as karaoke in the 2001 Angel episode `` Happy Anniversary '' . The song was used in advertisements : Toyota Soarer , Japan , 1991 Honda CR - V Second Generation , Thailand , 2002 Visine `` Distance '' version , Indonesia , 2011 See also ( edit ) Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1976 Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1997 List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 1997 List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1997 ( U.S. ) List of number - one Billboard Hot Latin Pop Airplay of 1997 List of UK top 10 singles in 1996 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hogya , Bernie ( 2005 ) . `` '' All By Myself '' 30th Anniversary `` . EricCarmen.com . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2011 . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Matthew Greenwald . `` All by Myself '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Glee ' Covers ' All By Myself ' : The Story Behind The Song '' . Jump up ^ Matthew Greenwald . `` All by Myself - Eric Carmen -- Song Info '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ Gordon Pogoda ( 1991 ) . `` An Interview with Eric Carmen '' . ericcarmen.com . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2011 . Retrieved August 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA - Gold and Platinum - Search Results - Eric Carmen singles '' . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rust , Victor ( 2010 ) . The Cliff Richard Recording Catalogue 1958 - 2010 . ISBN 9780956738400 . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Soeder , John . `` One Lonely Song , But Many Voices Keep Eric Carmen 's Tear - Jerker in Rotation '' The Plain Dealer February 12 , 2006 : J1 Jump up ^ Vandeventer , Mary . `` Symphony Promises a Crowd Pleaser '' The Beaumont Enterprise January 19 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` An Interview with Eric Carmen '' . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Carmen interview '' . 2005 . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TV.com . `` The Midnight Special '' . TV.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2016 . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Eric Carmen -- All By Myself '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ Canada , Library and Archives ( July 17 , 2013 ) . `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.fireballmedia.ie , Jaclyn Ward - Fireball Media Group - . `` The Irish Charts - All there is to know '' . www.irishcharts.ie . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Eric Carmen '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Eric Carmen -- All By Myself '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` SA Charts 1965 -- 1989 '' . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Carmen : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Carmen Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Carmen Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 3 / 13 / 76 '' . tropicalglen.com . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 26 , No. 14 & 15 , January 08 1977 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1976 '' . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2009 . Retrieved November 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , December 25 , 1976 Jump up ^ Roberts , Randall ( June 11 , 2014 ) . `` Alone in Las Vegas , man crafts clip for Celine Dion 's ' All By Myself ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Falling into You Archived September 15 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved January 31 , 1996 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2014 . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LOS DIEZ : The Spanish Version 's Ten Best '' . Thespanishversion.org . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New Releases '' . The New York Times . April 14 , 1996 . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sholin , Dave ( January 24 , 1997 ) . `` Gavin Picks > Singles '' ( PDF ) . Gavin Report . No. 2140 . p. 62 . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2012 . Retrieved March 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Falling Into You - EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Céline Dion -- All by Myself '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Céline Dion -- All by Myself '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Céline Dion -- All by Myself '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Céline Dion -- All by Myself '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 3210 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 3 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 3191 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 3 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Nanda Lwin ( 1999 ) . Top 40 Hits : The Essential Chart Guide . Music Data Canada . ISBN 1 - 896594 - 13 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` The Eurochart Hot 100 Singles '' . Music & Media . December 28 , 1996 . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2008 . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Céline Dion -- All by Myself '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Céline Dion -- All by Myself '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 4 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 ( 23.01. 1997 - 29.01. 1997 ) '' ( PDF ) ( in Icelandic ) . Dagblaðið Vísir - Tónlist . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- All by Myself '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 4 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 51 , 1996 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 4 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Céline Dion -- All by Myself '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Céline Dion -- All by Myself '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Céline Dion -- All by Myself '' . VG - lista . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Fernando Salaverri ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Céline Dion -- All by Myself '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 4 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Hot Latin Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Tropical Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports annuels 1996 '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Classement Singles - année 1996 '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2012 . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaarlijsten 1996 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RPM ' 97 Year End ... Top 100 Hit Tracks '' . RPM . December 15 , 1997 . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RPM ' 97 Year End ... Top 100 Adult Contemporary Tracks '' . RPM . December 15 , 1997 . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Romanian Top 100 : Top of the Year 1997 '' ( in Romanian ) . Romanian Top 100 . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2005 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Year in Music '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . December 27 , 1997 . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certifications Singles Argent - année 1996 '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2012 . Retrieved September 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Les Meilleures Ventes `` Tout Temps '' de 45 T. / Singles / Téléchargement '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Celine Dion -- All by Myself '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Silver in the Certification field . Enter All by Myself in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Celine Dion -- All by Myself '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : `` Celine Dion -- All by Myself '' . Discogs . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gavin Ryan ( 2011 ) . Australia 's Music Charts 1988 - 2010 . Mt . Martha , VIC , Australia : Moonlight Publishing . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart - The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . THE OFFICIAL NZ MUSIC CHART . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 2001 ) '' . External links ( edit ) Celine Dion -- `` All by Myself '' on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Eric Carmen Studio albums Eric Carmen Boats Against the Current Change of Heart Tonight You 're Mine Eric Carmen 1984 I Was Born to Love You Compilation albums The Definitive Collection Singles `` All by Myself '' `` Never Gonna Fall in Love Again '' `` Sunrise '' `` She Did It '' `` Change Of Heart '' `` Baby I Need Your Lovin ' '' `` It Hurts Too Much '' `` I Wanna Hear It from Your Lips '' `` Hungry Eyes '' `` Make Me Lose Control '' Songwriting `` Go All the Way '' `` I Wanna be With You '' `` Let 's Pretend '' `` Overnight Sensation ( Hit Record ) '' `` That 's Rock ' n ' Roll '' `` Hey Deanie '' `` I Need You ( 3T song ) '' `` Almost Paradise '' `` Maybe My Baby * Related topics Raspberries Jimmy Ienner Book : Eric Carmen Margaret Urlich Studio albums Safety in Numbers ( 1989 ) Chameleon Dreams ( 1992 ) Live ( 1994 ) The Deepest Blue ( 1995 ) Second Nature ( 1999 ) Singles `` Escaping '' `` Only My Heart Calling '' `` Number One ( Remember When We Danced All Night ) '' `` Guilty People '' `` Boy in the Moon '' `` Human Race '' `` ( I Do n't Want to Be ) Second Best '' `` Burnt Sienna '' `` Man Overboard '' `` Where Is the Love '' ( with Rick Price ) `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' `` All By Myself '' `` Gonna Make You Mine '' `` Every Little Thing '' `` All For The Love '' Related articles Peking Man ( band ) `` Room That Echoes '' When the Cat 's Away ( band ) `` The Horses '' Kate Ceberano and Friends Rick Price Celine Dion English singles Singles discography Albums discography 1980s `` Listen to the Magic Man '' `` Michael 's Song '' `` Ca n't Live with You , Ca n't Live Without You '' 1990s `` ( If There Was ) Any Other Way '' `` Unison '' `` Where Does My Heart Beat Now '' `` The Last to Know '' `` Have a Heart '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` If You Asked Me To '' `` Nothing Broken but My Heart '' `` Love Can Move Mountains '' `` Water from the Moon '' `` Did You Give Enough Love '' `` When I Fall in Love '' `` The Power of Love '' `` Misled '' `` Love Lights the World '' `` Think Twice '' `` Only One Road '' `` Calling You '' `` Next Plane Out '' `` Just Walk Away '' `` To Love You More '' `` ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman '' `` Falling into You '' `` Because You Loved Me '' `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' `` The Power of the Dream '' `` All by Myself '' `` Send Me a Lover '' `` Call the Man '' `` Make You Happy '' `` Dreamin ' of You '' `` Tell Him '' `` Be the Man '' `` The Reason '' `` My Heart Will Go On '' `` Immortality '' `` When I Need You '' `` I Hate You Then I Love You '' `` Miles to Go ( Before I Sleep ) '' `` It 's Hard to Say Goodbye '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` I 'm Your Angel '' `` The Prayer '' `` Treat Her Like a Lady '' `` That 's the Way It Is '' `` Then You Look at Me '' 2000s `` Live ( for the One I Love ) '' `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' `` I Want You to Need Me '' `` If Walls Could Talk '' `` Do n't Save It All for Christmas Day '' `` God Bless America '' `` A New Day Has Come '' `` I 'm Alive '' `` Goodbye 's ( The Saddest Word ) '' `` At Last '' `` I Drove All Night '' `` Have You Ever Been in Love '' `` One Heart '' `` Stand by Your Side '' `` Faith '' `` You and I '' `` Beautiful Boy '' `` Miracle '' `` In Some Small Way '' `` Taking Chances '' `` Eyes on Me '' `` A World to Believe In '' `` Alone '' `` My Love '' 2010s `` Loved Me Back to Life '' `` Breakaway '' `` Incredible '' `` Water and a Flame '' `` Hymn '' `` The Show Must Go On '' `` Recovering '' `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Ashes '' Other `` Voices That Care '' `` What More Can I Give '' `` Come Together Now '' `` Sing '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' Book Portal Only Men Aloud ! Studio albums Only Men Aloud ! ( 2008 ) Band of Brothers ( 2009 ) In Festive Mood ( 2011 ) Singles `` All by Myself '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' Featured singles `` Caliban 's Dream '' Television Last Choir Standing Related articles Only Boys Aloud Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_by_Myself&oldid=846592712 '' Categories : 1970s ballads Eric Carmen songs Celine Dion songs 1975 singles 1975 songs 1976 singles 1996 singles American soft rock songs Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Song recordings produced by David Foster Songs about loneliness Songs written by Eric Carmen Pop ballads Il Divo songs RPM Adult Contemporary number - one singles Arista Records singles Columbia Records singles Epic Records singles Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Icelandic - language sources ( is ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Romanian - language sources ( ro ) Use mdy dates from November 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Singlechart usages for Billboardlatintropical Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Svenska Tagalog ไทย Tiếng Việt 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 18 : 39 ( UTC ) . 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History of citizenship

History of citizenship - wikipedia History of citizenship Jump to : navigation , search Ancient Athenian armor from the 6th century BC called a greave covered a citizen - soldier 's knee and lower leg , and signified citizenship in a city - state . History of citizenship describes the changing relation between an individual and the state , commonly known as citizenship . Citizenship is generally identified not as an aspect of Eastern civilization but of Western civilization . There is a general view that citizenship in ancient times was a simpler relation than modern forms of citizenship , although this view has been challenged . While there is disagreement about when the relation of citizenship began , many thinkers point to the early city - states of ancient Greece , possibly as a reaction to the fear of slavery , although others see it as primarily a modern phenomenon dating back only a few hundred years . In Roman times , citizenship began to take on more of the character of a relationship based on law , with less political participation than in ancient Greece but a widening sphere of who was considered to be a citizen . In the Middle Ages in Europe , citizenship was primarily identified with commercial and secular life in the growing cities , and it came to be seen as membership in emerging nation - states . In modern democracies , citizenship has contrasting senses , including a liberal - individualist view emphasizing needs and entitlements and legal protections for essentially passive political beings , and a civic - republican view emphasizing political participation and seeing citizenship as an active relation with specific privileges and obligations . While citizenship has varied considerably throughout history , there are some common elements of citizenship over time . Citizenship bonds extend beyond basic kinship ties to unite people of different genetic backgrounds , that is , citizenship is more than a clan or extended kinship network . It generally describes the relation between a person and an overall political entity such as a city - state or nation and signifies membership in that body . It is often based on , or a function of , some form of military service or expectation of future military service . It is generally characterized by some form of political participation , although the extent of such participation can vary considerably from minimal duties such as voting to active service in government . And citizenship , throughout history , has often been seen as an ideal state , closely allied with freedom , an important status with legal aspects including rights , and it has sometimes been seen as a bundle of rights or a right to have rights . Last , citizenship almost always has had an element of exclusion , in the sense that citizenship derives meaning , in part , by excluding non-citizens from basic rights and privileges . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Ancient conceptions 2.1 Jewish people in the ancient world 2.2 Ancient Greece 2.2. 1 Polis citizenship 2.2. 2 Spartan citizenship 2.2. 3 Athenian citizenship 2.2. 4 Plato on citizenship 2.2. 5 Aristotle on citizenship 2.3 Roman conceptions 2.3. 1 Differences from Greece 2.3. 2 Class concerns 2.3. 3 A legal relation 2.3. 4 Expansion of citizenship 2.3. 5 Decline of Rome 3 Early modern ideas of citizenship 3.1 Feudalism 3.2 Renaissance Italy 3.3 Early European towns 3.4 Emerging nation - states 3.5 Great Britain 3.6 The American Revolution 3.7 The French Revolution 3.8 Early modern : 1700s - 1800s 3.9 Eastern conceptions 4 Modern senses 4.1 Transitions 4.2 Citizenship today 4.3 Competing senses 4.3. 1 Liberal - individualist view 4.3. 2 Civic - republican view 4.4 Other views 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Overview ( edit ) Contrasting senses of citizenship from ancient times to the present day , according to Peter Zarrow . While a general definition of citizenship is membership in a political society or group , citizenship as a concept is difficult to define . Thinkers as far back as Aristotle realized that there was no agreed - upon definition of citizenship . And modern thinkers , as well , agree that the history of citizenship is complex with no single definition predominating . It is hard to isolate what citizenship means without reference to other terms such as nationalism , civil society , and democracy . According to one view , citizenship as a subject of study is undergoing transformation , with increased interest while the meaning of the term continues to shift . There is agreement citizenship is culture - specific : it is a function of each political culture . Further , how citizenship is seen and understood depends on the viewpoint of the person making the determination , such that a person from an upper class background will have a different notion of citizenship than a person from the lower class . The relation of citizenship has not been a fixed or static relation , but constantly changes within each society , and that according to one view , citizenship might `` really have worked '' only at select periods during certain times , such as when the Athenian politician Solon made reforms in the early Athenian state . The history of citizenship has sometimes been presented as a stark contrast between ancient citizenship and post-medieval times . One view is that citizenship should be studied as a long and direct progression throughout Western civilization , beginning from Ancient Greece or perhaps earlier , extending to the present ; for example , thinker Feliks Gross examined citizenship as the `` history of the continuation of a single institution . '' Other views question whether citizenship can be examined as a linear process , growing over time , usually for the better , and see the linear progression approach as an oversimplification possibly leading to incorrect conclusions . According to this view , citizenship should not be considered as a `` progressive realisation of the core meanings that are definitionally built into citizenship . '' Another caveat , offered by some thinkers , is to avoid judging citizenship from one era in terms of the standards of another era ; according to this view , citizenship should be understood by examining it within the context of a city - state or nation , and trying to understand it as people from these societies understood it . The rise of citizenship has been studied as an aspect of the development of law . Ancient conceptions ( edit ) Jewish people in the ancient world ( edit ) The Israelites preserved their identity as a people despite being enslaved by neighboring civilizations , and this sense of ethnic identity has been linked to the development of citizenship . One view is that the beginning of citizenship dates back to the ancient Israelites . These people developed an understanding of themselves as a distinct and unique people -- different from the Egyptians or Babylonians . They had a written history , common language and one - deity - only religion sometimes described as ethical monotheism . While most peoples developed a loose identity tied to a specific geographic location , the Jewish people kept their common identity despite being physically moved to different lands , such as when they were held captive as slaves in ancient Egypt or Babylon . The Jewish Covenant has been described as a binding agreement not just with a few people or tribal leaders , but between the whole nation of Israel , including men , women and children , with the Jewish deity Yahweh . Jews , similar to other tribal groups , did not see themselves as citizens per se but they formed a strong attachment to their own group , such that people of different ethnicities were considered as part of an `` outgroup '' . This is in contrast to the modern understanding of citizenship as a way to accept people of different races and ethnicities under the umbrella of being citizens of a nation . Ancient Greece ( edit ) Polis citizenship ( edit ) Main article : Polis There is more widespread agreement that the first real instances of citizenship began in ancient Greece . And while there were precursors of the relation in societies before then , it emerged in readily discernible form in the Greek city - states which began to dot the shores of the Aegean Sea , the Black Sea , the Adriatic Sea , and elsewhere around the Mediterranean perhaps around the 8th century BCE . The modern day distinction sometimes termed consent versus descent distinction -- that is , citizenship by choice versus birthright citizenship , has been traced back to ancient Greece . And thinkers such as J.G.A. Pocock have suggested that the modern - day ideal of citizenship was first articulated by the ancient Athenians and Romans , although he suggested that the `` transmission '' of the sense of citizenship over two millennia was essentially a myth enshrouding western civilization . One writer suggests that despite the long history of China , there never was a political entity within China similar to the Greek polis . To the ancients , citizenship was a bond between a person and the city - state . Before Greek times , a person was generally connected to a tribe or kin - group such as an extended family , but citizenship added a layer to these ties -- a non-kinship bond between the person and the state . Historian Geoffrey Hosking in his 2005 Modern Scholar lecture course suggested that citizenship in ancient Greece arose from an appreciation for the importance of freedom . Hosking explained : It can be argued that this growth of slavery was what made Greeks particularly conscious of the value of freedom . After all , any Greek farmer might fall into debt and therefore might become a slave , at almost any time ... When the Greeks fought together , they fought in order to avoid being enslaved by warfare , to avoid being defeated by those who might take them into slavery . And they also arranged their political institutions so as to remain free men . -- Geoffrey Hosking , 2005 Slaves working in a mine . The sustenance provided by slaves meant that citizens had free time to participate in politics . Geoffrey Hosking suggests that fear of being enslaved was a central motivating force for the development of the Greek sense of citizenship . Sculpture : a Greek woman being served by a slave - child . The Greek sense of the polis , in which citizenship and the rule of law prevailed , was an important strategic advantage for the Greeks during their wars with Persia . The polis was grounded in nomos , the rule of law , which meant that no man -- no matter who he might be -- was master , and all men were subject to the same rules . Any leader who set himself above the law was reckoned to be a tyrannos -- a tyrant . It was also grounded in the notion of citizenship -- the idea that every man born from the blood of the community has a share in power and responsibility . This notion that ... the proper way for us to live is as citizens in communities under the rule of law ... is an idea originated by the Greeks and bequeathed by them as their greatest contribution to the rest of mankind and history . It meant that Greeks were willing to live , fight , and die for their poleis ... -- Robert L. Dise , Jr. , 2009 Greeks could see the benefits of having slaves , since their labor permitted slaveowners to have substantial free time , enabling participation in public life . While Greeks were spread out in many separate city - states , they had many things in common in addition to shared ideas about citizenship : the Mediterranean trading world , kinship ties , the common Greek language , a shared hostility to the so - called non-Greek - speaking or barbarian peoples , belief in the prescience of the oracle at Delphi , and later on the early Olympic Games which involved generally peaceful athletic competitions between city - states . City - states often feuded with each other ; one view was that regular wars were necessary to perpetuate citizenship , since the seized goods and slaves helped make the city - state rich , and that a long peaceful period meant ruin for citizenship . An important aspect of polis citizenship was exclusivity . Polis meant both the political assembly as well as the entire society . Inequality of status was widely accepted . Citizens had a higher status than non-citizens , such as women , slaves or barbarians . For example , women were believed to be irrational and incapable of political participation , although a few writers , most notably Plato , disagreed . Methods used to determine whether someone could be a citizen or not could be based on wealth , identified by the amount of taxes one paid , or political participation , or heritage if both parents were citizens of the polis . The first form of citizenship was based on the way people lived in the ancient Greek times , in small - scale organic communities of the polis . Citizenship was not seen as a separate activity from the private life of the individual person , in the sense that there was not a distinction between public and private life . The obligations of citizenship were deeply connected into one 's everyday life in the polis . The Greek - style phalanx required close cohesion , since each soldier 's shield protected the soldier to his left . Many thinkers link the phalanx to the development of citizenship . The Greek sense of citizenship may have arisen from military necessity , since a key military formation demanded cohesion and commitment by each particular soldier . The phalanx formation had hoplite soldiers ranked shoulder - to - shoulder in a `` compact mass '' with each soldier 's shield guarding the soldier to his left . If a single fighter failed to keep his position , then the entire formation could fall apart . Individual soldiers were generally protected provided that the entire mass stayed together . This technique called for large numbers of soldiers , sometimes involving most of the adult male population of a city - state , who supplied weapons at their own expense . The idea of citizenship , then , was that if each man had a say in whether the entire city - state should fight an adversary , and if each man was bound to the will of the group , then battlefield loyalty was much more likely . Political participation was thus linked with military effectiveness . In addition , the Greek city - states were the first instances in which judicial functions were separated from legislative functions in the law courts . Selected citizens served as jurors , and they were often paid a modest sum for their service . Greeks often despised tyrannical governments . In a tyrannical arrangement , there was no possibility of citizenship since political life was totally engineered to benefit the ruler . Spartan citizenship ( edit ) The culture of ancient Sparta valued physical exercise , often in the nude , with training for young men described as `` ferociously fierce '' . Several thinkers suggest that ancient Sparta , not Athens , was the originator of the concept of citizenship . Spartan citizenship was based on the principle of equality among a ruling military elite called Spartiates . They were `` full Spartan citizens '' -- men who graduated from a rigorous regimen of military training and at age 30 received a land allotment called a kleros , although they had to keep paying dues to pay for food and drink as was required to maintain citizenship . In the Spartan approach to phalanx warfare , virtues such as courage and loyalty were particularly emphasized relative to other Greek city - states . Each Spartan citizen owned at least a minimum portion of the public land which was sufficient to provide food for a family , although the size of these plots varied . The Spartan citizens relied on the labor of captured slaves called helots to do the everyday drudgework of farming and maintenance , while the Spartan men underwent a rigorous military regimen , and in a sense it was the labor of the helots which permitted Spartans to engage in extensive military training and citizenship . Citizenship was viewed as incompatible with manual labor . Citizens ate meals together in a `` communal mess '' . They were `` frugally fed , ferociously disciplined , and kept in constant training through martial games and communal exercises , '' according to Hosking . As young men , they served in the military . It was seen as virtuous to participate in government when men grew older . Participation was required ; failure to appear could entail a loss of citizenship . But the philosopher Aristotle viewed the Spartan model of citizenship as `` artificial and strained '' , according to one account . While Spartans were expected to learn music and poetry , serious study was discouraged . Historian Ian Worthington described a `` Spartan mirage '' in the sense that the mystique about military invincibility tended to obscure weaknesses within the Spartan system , particularly their dependence on helots . In contrast with Athenian women , Spartan women could own property , and owned at one point up to 40 % of the land according to Aristotle , and they had greater independence and rights , although their main task was not to rule the homes or participate in governance but rather to produce strong and healthy babies . Athenian citizenship ( edit ) Aristotle , according to J.G.A. Pocock , suggested that ancient Greeks thought that being a citizen was a natural state . It was an elitist notion , according to Peter Riesenberg , in which small scale communities had generally similar ideas of how people should behave in society and what constituted appropriate conduct . Geoffrey Hosking described a possible Athenian logic leading to participatory democracy : If you 've got a lot of soldiers of rather modest means , and you want them to enthusiastically participate in war , then you 've got to have a political and economic system which does n't allow too many of them to fall into debt , because debt ultimately means slavery , and slaves can not fight in the army . And it needs a political system which gives them a say on matters that concern their lives . -- Geoffrey Hosking , 2005 As a consequence , the original Athenian aristocratic constitution gradually became more inappropriate , and gave way to a more inclusive arrangement . In the early 6th century BCE , the reformer Solon canceled all existing land debts , and enabled free Athenian males to participate in the assembly or ecclesia . In addition , he encouraged foreign craftsmen , particularly skilled in pottery , to move to Athens and offered citizenship by naturalization as an incentive . Solon expected that aristocratic Athenians would continue running affairs but nevertheless citizens had a `` political voice in the Assembly . '' The Athenian conception of citizenship reflected a desire for freedom itself . Photo : Parthenon . Subsequent reformers moved Athens even more towards direct democracy . The Greek reformer Cleisthenes in 508 BC re-engineered Athenian society from organizations based on family - style groupings , or phratries , to larger mixed structures which combined people from different types of geographic areas -- coastal areas and cities , hinterlands , and plains -- into the same group . Cleisthenes abolished the tribes by `` redistributing their identity so radically '' so they ceased to exist . The result was that farmers , sailors and sheepherders came together in the same political unit , in effect lessening kinship ties as a basis for citizenship . In this sense , Athenian citizenship extended beyond basic bonds such as ties of family , descent , religion , race , or tribal membership , and reached towards the idea of a civic multiethnic state built on democratic principles . Cleisthenes took democracy to the masses in a way that Solon did n't ... Cleisthenes gave these same people the opportunity to participate in a political system in which all citizens -- noble and non-noble -- were in theory equal , and regardless of where they lived in Attica , could take part in some form of state administration . -- Ian Worthington , 2009 According to Feliks Gross , such an arrangement can succeed if people from different backgrounds can form constructive associations . The Athenian practice of ostracism , in which citizens could vote anonymously for a fellow citizen to be expelled from Athens for up to ten years , was seen as a way to pre-emptively remove a possible threat to the state , without having to go through legal proceedings . It was intended to promote internal harmony . Athenian citizenship was based on obligations of citizens towards the community rather than rights given to its members . This was not a problem because people had a strong affinity with the polis ; their personal destiny and the destiny of the entire community were strongly linked . Also , citizens of the polis saw obligations to the community as an opportunity to be virtuous . It was a source of honour and respect . According to one view , the citizenry was `` its own master '' . The people were sovereign ; there was no sovereignty outside of the people themselves . In Athens , citizens were both ruler and ruled . Further , important political and judicial offices were rotated to widen participation and prevent corruption , and all citizens had the right to speak and vote in the political assembly . Pocock explained : ... what makes the citizen the highest order of being is his capacity to rule , and it follows that rule over one 's equal is possible only where one 's equal rules over one . Therefore the citizen rules and is ruled ; citizens join each other in making decisions where each decider respects the authority of the others , and all join in obeying the decisions ( now known as `` laws '' ) they have made . -- J.G.A. Pocock The Athenian conception was that `` laws that should govern everybody , '' in the sense of equality under the law or the Greek term isonomia . Citizens had certain rights and duties : the rights included the chance to speak and vote in the common assembly , to stand for public office , to serve as jurors , to be protected by the law , to own land , and to participate in public worship ; duties included an obligation to obey the law , and to serve in the armed forces which could be `` costly '' in terms of buying or making expensive war equipment or in risking one 's own life , according to Hosking . This balance of participation , obligations and rights constituted the essence of citizenship , together with the feeling that there was a common interest which imposed its obligations on everyone . -- Geoffrey Hosking , 2005 Hosking noticed that citizenship was `` relatively narrowly distributed '' and excluded all women , all minors , all slaves , all immigrants , and most colonials , that is , citizens who left their city to start another usually lost their rights from their city - state of origin . Many historians felt this exclusiveness was a weakness in Athenian society , according to Hosking , but he noted that there were perhaps 50,000 Athenian citizens overall , and that at most , a tenth of these ever took part in an actual assembly at any one time . Hosking argued that if citizenship had been spread more widely , it would have hurt solidarity . Pocock expresses a similar sentiment and noted that citizenship requires a certain distance from the day - to - day drudgery of daily living . Greek males solved this problem to some extent with the subjugation of women as well as the institution of slavery which freed their schedules so they could participate in the assembly . Pocock asked : for citizenship to happen , was it necessary to prevent free people from becoming `` too much involved in the world of things '' ? Or , could citizenship be extended to working class persons , and if so , what does this mean for the nature of citizenship itself ? Plato on citizenship ( edit ) The philosopher Plato envisioned a warrior class similar to the Spartan conception in that these persons did not engage in farming , business , or handicrafts , but their main duty was to prepare for war : to train , to exercise , to train , to exercise , constantly . Like the Spartan practice , Plato 's idealized community was one of citizens who kept common meals to build common bonds . Citizenship status , in Plato 's ideal view , was inherited . There were four separate classes . There were penalties for failing to vote . A key part of citizenship was obeying the law and being `` deferent to the social and political system '' and having internal self - control . Aristotle on citizenship ( edit ) Writing a generation after Plato , and in contrast with his teacher , Aristotle did not like Sparta 's commune - oriented approach . He felt Sparta 's land allocation system as well as the communal meals led to a world in which rich and poor were polarized . He recognized differences in citizenship patterns based on age : the young were `` underdeveloped '' citizens , while the elderly were `` superannuated '' citizens . And he noted that it was hard to classify the citizenship status of some persons , such as resident aliens who still had access to courts , or citizens who had lost their citizenship franchise . Still , Aristotle 's conception of citizenship was that it was a legally guaranteed role in creating and running government . It reflected the division of labor which he believed was a good thing ; citizenship , in his view , was a commanding role in society with citizens ruling over non-citizens . At the same time , there could not be a permanent barrier between the rulers and the ruled , according to Aristotle 's conception , and if there was such a barrier , citizenship could not exist . Aristotle 's sense of citizenship depended on a `` rigorous separation of public from private , of polis from oikos , of persons and actions from things '' which allowed people to interact politically with equals . To be truly human , one had to be an active citizen to the community : To take no part in the running of the community 's affairs is to be either a beast or a god ! -- Aristotle In Aristotle 's view , `` man is a political animal '' . Isolated men were not truly free , in his view . A beast was animal - like without self - control over passions and unable to coordinate with other beasts , and therefore could not be a citizen . And a god was so powerful and immortal that he or she did not need help from others . In Aristotle 's conception , citizenship was possible generally in a small city - state since it required direct participation in public affairs with people knowing `` one another 's characters '' . What mattered , according to Pocock 's interpretation of Aristotle , was that citizens had the freedom to take part in political discussions if they chose to do so . And citizenship was not merely a means to being free , but was freedom itself , a valued escape from the home - world of the oikos to the political world of the polis . It meant active sharing in civic life , meaning that all men rule , and are ruled , alternatively . And citizens were those who shared in deliberative and judicial office , and in that sense , attained the status of citizenship . What citizens do should benefit not just a segment of society , but be in the interest of everybody . Unlike Plato , Aristotle believed that women were incapable of citizenship since it did not suit their natures . In Aristotle 's conception , humans are destined `` by nature '' to live in a political association and take short turns at ruling , inclusively , participating in making legislative , judicial and executive decisions . But Aristotle 's sense of `` inclusiveness '' was limited to adult Greek males born in the polity : women , children , slaves , and foreigners ( that is , resident aliens ) , were generally excluded from political participation . Roman conceptions ( edit ) Differences from Greece ( edit ) During the Roman Republic , soldiers of the army met in a democratic assembly called the Centuriate Assembly which gathered for legislative , electoral , and military purposes . But the participation of most Roman citizens in politics waned as Rome grew . Roman citizenship was similar to the Greek model but differed in substantive ways . Geoffrey Hosking argued that Greek ideas of citizenship in the city - state , such as the principles of equality under the law , civic participation in government , and notions that `` no one citizen should have too much power for too long '' , were carried forth into the Roman world . But unlike the Greek city - states which enslaved captured peoples following a war , Rome offered relatively generous terms to its captives , including chances for captives to have a `` second category of Roman citizenship '' . Conquered peoples could not vote in the Roman assembly but had full protections of the law , and could make economic contracts and could marry Roman citizens . They blended together with Romans in a culture sometimes described as Romanitas -- ceremonies , public baths , games , and a common culture helped unite diverse groups within the empire . One view was that the Greek sense of citizenship was an `` emancipation from the world of things '' in which citizens essentially acted upon other citizens ; material things were left back in the private domestic world of the oikos . But the Roman sensibility took into account to a greater extent that citizens could act upon material things as well as other citizens , in the sense of buying or selling property , possessions , titles , goods . Accordingly , citizens often encountered other citizens on the basis of commerce which often required regulation . It introduced a new level of complexity regarding the concept of citizenship . Pocock explained : The person was defined and represented through his actions upon things ; in the course of time , the term property came to mean , first , the defining characteristic of a human or other being ; second , the relation which a person had with a thing ; and third , the thing defined as the possession of some person . -- J.G.A. Pocock , 1988 Class concerns ( edit ) A further departure from the Greek model was that the Roman government pitted the upper - class patrician interests against the lower - order working groups known as the plebeian class in a dynamic arrangement , sometimes described as a `` tense tug - of - war '' between the dignity of the great man and the liberty of the small man . Through worker discontent , the plebs threatened to set up a rival city to Rome , and through negotiation around 494 BCE , won the right to have their interests represented in government by officers known as tribunes . The Roman Republic , according to Hosking , tried to find a balance between the upper and lower classes . And writers such as Burchell have argued that citizenship meant different things depending on what social class one belonged to : for upper - class men , citizenship was an active chance to influence public life ; for lower - class men , it was about a respect for `` private rights '' or ius privatum . A legal relation ( edit ) Saint Paul declared that he was a Roman citizen and therefore deserved to be treated with fairness before the law . Pocock explained that a citizen came to be understood as a person `` free to act by law , free to ask and expect the law 's protection , a citizen of such and such a legal community , of such and such a legal standing in that community . '' An example was Saint Paul demanding fair treatment after his arrest by claiming to be a Roman citizen . Many thinkers including Pocock suggested that the Roman conception of citizenship had a greater emphasis than the Greek one of it being a legal relationship with the state , described as the `` legal and political shield of a free person '' . And citizenship was believed to have had a `` cosmopolitan character '' . Citizenship meant having rights to have possessions , immunities , expectations , which were `` available in many kinds and degrees , available or unavailable to many kinds of person for many kinds of reason . '' Citizens could `` sue and be sued in certain courts '' . And the law , itself , was a kind of bond uniting people , in the sense of it being the results of past decisions by the assembly , such that citizenship came to mean `` membership in a community of shared or common law '' . According to Pocock , the Roman emphasis on law changed the nature of citizenship : it was more impersonal , universal , multiform , having different degrees and applications . It included many different types of citizenship : sometimes municipal citizenship , sometimes empire - wide citizenship . The Twelve Tables inscribed law in stone , and protected citizenship since the law was plainly visible for everybody to see . Law continued to advance as a subject under the Romans . The Romans developed law into a kind of science known as jurisprudence . Law helped protect citizens : The college of priests agreed to have basic laws inscribed upon twelve stone tablets displayed in the forum for everyone to see ... Inscribing these things on stone tablets was very important because it meant , first of all , that law was stable and permanent ; the same for everyone , and it could not be altered at the whim of powerful people . And secondly , it was publicly known ; it was not secret ; it could be consulted by anybody at any time . -- Geoffrey Hosking , 2005 Specialists in law found ways to adapt the fixed laws , and to have the common law or jus gentium , work in harmony with natural law or ius naturale , which are rules common to all things . Property was protected by law , and served as a protection of individuals against the power of the state . In addition , unlike the Greek model where laws were mostly made in the assembly , Roman law was often determined in other places than official government bodies . Rules could originate through court rulings , by looking to past court rulings , by sovereign decrees , and the effect was that the assembly 's power became increasingly marginalized . Expansion of citizenship ( edit ) In the Roman Empire , polis citizenship expanded from small scale communities to the entire empire . In the early years of the Roman Republic , citizenship was a prized relationship which was not widely extended . Romans realised that granting citizenship to people from all over the empire legitimized Roman rule over conquered areas . As the centuries went by , citizenship was no longer a status of political agency , but it had been reduced to a judicial safeguard and the expression of rule and law . The Roman conception of citizenship was relatively more complex and nuanced than the earlier Athenian conception , and it usually did not involve political participation . There was a `` multiplicity of roles '' for citizens to play , and this sometimes led to `` contradictory obligations '' . Roman citizenship was not a single black - and - white category of citizen versus non-citizen , but rather there were more gradations and relationships possible . Women were respected to a greater extent with a secure status as what Hosking terms `` subsidiary citizens '' . But the citizenship rules generally had the effect of building loyalty throughout the empire among highly diverse populations . The Roman statesman Cicero , while encouraging political participation , saw that too much civic activism could have consequences that were possibly dangerous and disruptive . David Burchell argued that in Cicero 's time , there were too many citizens pushing to `` enhance their dignitas '' , and the result of a `` political stage '' with too many actors all wanting to play a leading role , was discord . The problem of extreme inequality of landed wealth led to a decline in the citizen - soldier arrangement , and was one of many causes leading to the dissolution of the Republic and rule by dictators . The Roman Empire gradually expanded the inclusiveness of persons considered as `` citizens '' , while the economic power of persons declined , and fewer men wanted to serve in the military . The granting of citizenship to wide swaths of non-Roman groups diluted its meaning , according to one account . Decline of Rome ( edit ) When the Western Roman empire fell in 476 AD , the western part run by Rome was sacked , while the eastern empire headquartered at Constantinople endured . Some thinkers suggest that as a result of historical circumstances , western Europe evolved with two competing sources of authority -- religious and secular -- and that the ensuing separation of church and state was a `` major step '' in bringing forth the modern sense of citizenship . In the eastern half which survived , religious and secular authority were merged in the one emperor . The eastern Roman emperor Justinian , who ruled the eastern empire from 527 to 565 , thought that citizenship meant people living with honor , not causing harm , and to `` give each their due '' in relation with fellow citizens . Early modern ideas of citizenship ( edit ) Feudalism ( edit ) During the Middle Ages , the lord - vassal relation dominated ; vassals provided service and loyalty , while lords provided protection . In the feudal system , there were relationships characterized as reciprocal , with bonds between lords and vassals going both ways : vassals promised loyalty and subsistence , while lords promised protection . The basis of feudal arrangement was control over land . The loyalty of a person was not to a law , or to a constitution , or to an abstract concept such as a nation , but to a person , namely , the next higher - level up , such as a knight , lord , or king . One view is that feudalism 's reciprocal obligation system gave rise to the idea of the individual and the citizen . According to a related view , the Magna Carta , while a sort of `` feudal document '' , marked a transition away from feudalism since the document was not a personal unspoken bond between nobles and the king , but rather was more like a contract between two parties , written in formal language , describing how different parties were supposed to behave towards each other . The Magna Carta posited that the liberty , security and freedom of individuals were `` inviolable '' . Gradually the personal ties linking vassals with lords were replaced with contractual and more impersonal relationships . The early days of medieval communes were marked by intensive citizenship , according to one view . Sometimes there was terrific religious activism , spurred by fanatics and religious zealotry , and as a result of the discord and religious violence , Europeans learned to value the `` dutiful passive citizen '' as much preferred to the `` self - directed religious zealot '' , according to another . Renaissance Italy ( edit ) According to historian Andrew C. Fix , unlike the rest of Europe , 14th century Italy was urbanized to a much greater extent , with more people living in towns such as Milan , Rome , Genoa , Pisa , Florence , Venice and Naples . Trade in spices with the Middle East , and new industries such as wool and clothing , led to greater prosperity , which in turn permitted greater education and study of the liberal arts , particularly among urbanized youth . A philosophy of Studia Huminitatis , later called humanism , emerged with an emphasis away from the church and towards secularism ; thinkers reflected on the study of ancient Rome and ancient Greece including its ideas of citizenship and politics . Competition among the cities helped spur thinking . Fix suggested that of the northern Italian cities , it was Florence which most closely resembled a Republic , although most Italian cities were `` complex oligarchies ruled by groups of rich citizens called patricians , the commercial elite . '' While the city had thrown off control by the Holy Roman Empire in the twelfth century , it came close to being conquered by Milan in 1450 , but was spared when the capable leader of Milan died unexpectedly during a siege . Florence 's city leaders wondered how to protect their city in the future , and figured that civic education was crucial so that citizens and leaders could cope with future unexpected crises . Politics , previously `` shunned as unspiritual '' , came to be viewed as a `` worthy and honorable vocation '' , and it was expected that most sectors of the public , from the richer commercial classes and patricians , to workers and the lower classes , should participate in public life . A new sense of citizenship began to emerge based on an `` often turbulent internal political life in the towns '' , according to Fix , with competition among guilds and `` much political debate and confrontation '' . Early European towns ( edit ) Emerging cities such as Florence gave people new opportunities to be a citizen of their city , or participate in a guild , or serve on a town council . An emerging phenomenon dubbed the public sphere emerged in Europe , a space between government authority and private life , in which citizens could have rational - critical discussions in town squares like this one about government decisions , and form public opinion as a counterweight to authority . During the Renaissance and growth of Europe , medieval political scholar Walter Ullmann suggested that the essence of the transition was from people being subjects of a monarch or lord to being citizens of a city and later to a nation . A distinguishing characteristic of a city was having its own law , courts , and independent administration . And being a citizen often meant being subject to the city 's law in addition to helping to choose officials . Cities were defensive entities , and its citizens were persons who were `` economically competent to bear arms , to equip and train themselves . '' According to one theorist , the requirement that individual citizen - soldiers provide their own equipment for fighting helped to explain why Western cities evolved the concept of citizenship , while Eastern ones generally did not . And city dwellers who had fought alongside nobles in battles were no longer content with having a subordinate social status , but demanded a greater role in the form of citizenship . In addition to city administration as a way of participating in political decision - making , membership in guilds was an indirect form of citizenship in that it helped their members succeed financially ; guilds exerted considerable political influence in the growing towns . Emerging nation - states ( edit ) During European Middle Ages , citizenship was usually associated with cities . Nobility in the aristocracy used to have privileges of a higher nature than commoners . The rise of citizenship was linked to the rise of republicanism , according to one account , since if a republic belongs to its citizens , then kings have less power . In the emerging nation - states , the territory of the nation was its land , and citizenship was an idealized concept . Increasingly , citizenship related not to a person such as a lord or count , but rather citizenship related a person to the state on the basis of more abstract terms such as rights and duties . Citizenship was increasingly seen as a result of birth , that is , a birthright . But nations often welcomed foreigners with vital skills and capabilities , and came to accept these new people under a process of naturalization . Increasing frequency of cases of naturalization helped people see citizenship as a relationship which was freely chosen by people . Citizens were people who voluntarily chose allegiance to the state , who accepted the legal status of citizenship with its rights and responsibilities , who obeyed its laws , who were loyal to the state . Great Britain ( edit ) See also : Early English and British nationality law and Social history of England The early modern period saw significant social change in Great Britain in terms of the position of individuals in society and the growing power of Parliament in relation to the monarch . Passage of the Petition of Right in 1628 and Habeas Corpus Act in 1679 established certain liberties for subjects . The idea of a political party took form with groups debating rights to political representation during the Putney Debates of 1647 . After the English Civil Wars ( 1642 -- 1651 ) and the Glorious Revolution of 1688 , the Bill of Rights was enacted in 1689 , which codified certain rights and liberties . The Bill set out the requirement for regular elections , rules for freedom of speech in Parliament and limited the power of the monarch , ensuring that , unlike much of Europe at the time , royal absolutism would not prevail . Across Europe , the Age of Enlightenment in the 18th century spread new ideas about liberty , reason and politics across the continent and beyond . The American Revolution ( edit ) British colonists across the Atlantic had grown up in a system in which local government was democratic , marked by participation by affluent men , but after the French and Indian War , colonists came to resent an increase in taxes imposed by Britain to offset expenses . What was particularly irksome to colonists was their lack of representation in the British Parliament , and the phrase no taxation without representation became a common grievance . The struggle between rebelling colonists and British troops was a time when citizenship `` worked '' , according to one view . American and subsequent French declarations of rights were instrumental in linking the notion of fundamental rights to popular sovereignty in the sense that governments drew their legitimacy and authority from the consent of the governed . The Framers designed the United States Constitution to accommodate a rapidly growing republic by opting for representative democracy as opposed to direct democracy , but this arrangement challenged the idea of citizenship in the sense that citizens were , in effect , choosing other persons to represent them and take their place in government . The revolutionary spirit created a sense of `` broadening inclusion '' . The Constitution specified a three - part structure of government with a federal government and state governments , but it did not specify the relation of citizenship . The Bill of Rights protected the rights of individuals from intrusion by the federal government , although it had little impact on judgements by the courts for the first 130 years after ratification . The term citizen was not defined by the Constitution until the Fourteenth Amendment was added in 1868 , which defined American citizenship as `` All persons born or naturalized in the United States '' not possessing foreign allegiance . The American Revolution demonstrated that it was plausible for Enlightenment ideas about how a government should be organized to actually be put into practice . The French Revolution ( edit ) Painting recreating a scene from the French Revolution . It linked citizenship with popular sovereignty . The French Revolution marked major changes and has been widely seen as a watershed event in modern politics . Up until then , the main ties between people under the Ancien Regime were hierarchical , such that each person owed loyalty to the next person further up the chain of command ; for example , serfs were loyal to local vassals , who in turn were loyal to nobles , who in turn were loyal to the king , who in turn was presumed to be loyal to God . Clergy and aristocracy had special privileges , including preferential treatment in law courts , and were exempt from taxes ; this last privilege had the effect of placing the burden of paying for national expenses on the peasantry . One scholar who examined pre-Revolutionary France described powerful groups which stifled citizenship and included provincial estates , guilds , military governors , courts with judges who owned their offices , independent church officials , proud nobles , financiers and tax farmers . They blocked citizenship indirectly since they kept a small elite governing group in power , and kept regular people away from participating in political decision - making . These arrangements changed substantially during and after the French Revolution . Louis XVI mismanaged funds , vacillated , was blamed for inaction during a famine , causing the French people to see the interest of the king and the national interest as opposed . During the early stages of the uprising , the abolition of aristocratic privilege happened during a pivotal meeting on August 4 , 1789 , in which an aristocrat named Vicomte de Noailles proclaimed before the National Assembly that he would renounce all special privileges and would henceforward be known only as the `` Citizen of Noailles . '' Other aristocrats joined him which helped to dismantle the Ancien Regime 's seignorial rights during `` one night of heated oratory '' , according to one historian . Later that month , the Assembly 's Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen linked the concept of rights with citizenship and asserted that rights of man were `` natural , inalienable , and sacred '' , that all men were `` born free and equal , and that the aim of all political association is maintenance of their rights '' , according to historian Robert Bucholz . However , the document said nothing about the rights of women , although activist Olympe de Gouge issued a proclamation two years later which argued that women were born with equal rights to men . People began to identify a new loyalty to the nation as a whole , as citizens , and the idea of popular sovereignty earlier espoused by the thinker Rousseau took hold , along with strong feelings of nationalism . Louis XVI and his wife were guillotined . Citizenship became more inclusive and democratic , aligned with rights and national membership . The king 's government was replaced with an administrative hierarchy at all levels , from a national legislature to even power at the local commune , such that power ran both up and down the chain of command . Loyalty became a cornerstone in the concept of citizenship , according to Peter Riesenberg . One analyst suggested that in the French Revolution , two often polar - opposite versions of citizenship merged : ( 1 ) the abstract idea of citizenship as equality before the law caused by the centralizing and rationalizing policies of absolute monarchs and ( 2 ) the idea of citizenship as a privileged status reserved for rule - makers , brought forth defensively by an aristocratic elite guarding its exclusiveness . According to one view by the German philosopher Max Stirner , the Revolution emancipated the citizen but not the individual , since the individuals were not the agents of change , but only the collective force of all individuals ; in Stirner 's sense , the `` agent of change '' was effectively the nation . The British thinker T.H. Marshall saw in the 18th century `` serious growth '' of civil rights , with major growth in the legal aspects of citizenship , often defended through courts of law . These civil rights extended citizenship 's legal dimensions : they included the right to free speech , the right to a fair trial , and generally equal access to the legal system . Marshall saw the 18th century as signifying civil rights which was a precursor to political rights such as suffrage , and later , in the 20th century , social rights such as welfare . Early modern : 1700s - 1800s ( edit ) Philosopher Jürgen Habermas . After 1750 , states such as Britain and France invested in massive armies and navies which were so expensive to maintain that the option of hiring mercenary soldiers became less attractive . Rulers found troops within the public , and taxed the public to pay for these troops , but one account suggested that the military buildup had a side - effect of undermining the military 's autonomous political power . Another view corroborates the idea that military conscription spurred development of a broader role for citizens . A phenomenon known as the public sphere arose , according to philosopher Jürgen Habermas , as a space between authority and private life in which citizens could meet informally , exchange views on public matters , criticize government choices and suggest reforms . It happened in physical spaces such as public squares as well as in coffeehouses , museums , restaurants , as well as in media such as newspapers , journals , and dramatic performances . It served as a counterweight to government , a check on its power , since a bad ruling could be criticized by the public in places such as editorials . According to Schudson , the public sphere was a `` playing field for citizenship '' . Eastern conceptions ( edit ) In the late - 19th century , thinking about citizenship began to influence China . Discussion started of ideas ( such as legal limits , definitions of monarchy and the state , parliaments and elections , an active press , public opinion ) and of concepts ( such as civic virtue , national unity , and social progress ) . Modern senses ( edit ) Transitions ( edit ) T.H. Marshall . John Stuart Mill in his work On Liberty ( 1859 ) believed that there should be no distinctions between men and women , and that both were capable of citizenship . British sociologist Thomas Humphrey Marshall suggested that the changing patterns of citizenship were as follows : first , a civil relation in the sense of having equality before the law , followed by political citizenship in the sense of having the power to vote , and later a social citizenship in the sense of having the state support individual persons along the lines of a welfare state . Marshall argued in the middle of the 20th century that modern citizenship encompassed all three dimensions : civil , political , and social . He wrote that citizenship required a vital sense of community in the sense of a feeling of loyalty to a common civilization . Thinkers such as Marc Steinberg saw citizenship emerge from a class struggle interrelated with the principle of nationalism . People who were native - born or naturalised members of the state won a greater share of the rights out of `` a continuing series of transactions between persons and agents of a given state in which each has enforceable rights and obligations '' , according to Steinberg . This give - and - take to a common acceptance of the powers of both the citizen and the state . He argued that : The contingent and uneven development of a bundle of rights understood as citizenship in the early nineteenth century was heavily indebted to class conflict played out in struggles over state policy on trade and labor . -- Marc Steinberg , writing in 1996 Nationalism emerged . Many thinkers suggest that notions of citizenship rights emerged from this spirit of each person identifying strongly with the nation of their birth . A modern type of citizenship is one which lets people participate in a number of different ways . Citizenship is not a `` be-all end - all '' relation , but only one of many types of relationships which a person might have . It has been seen as an `` equalizing principle '' in the sense that most other people have the same status . One theory sees different types of citizenship emanating out from concentric circles -- from the town , to the state , to the world -- and that citizenship can be studied by looking at which types of relations people value at any one time . The idea that participating in lawmaking is an essential aspect of citizenship continues to be expressed by different thinkers . For example , British journalist and pamphleteer William Cobbett said that the `` greatest right '' , which he called the `` right of rights '' , was having a share in the `` making of the laws '' , and then submitting the laws to the `` good of the whole . '' Social forces led to an `` expanding democracy '' in Meiji Japan . A painting by Toyohara Chikanobu showing the promulgation of the Meiji Constitution c. late 19th century . The idea of citizenship , and western senses of government , began to emerge in Asia in the 19th and 20th centuries . In Meiji Japan , popular social forces exerted influence against traditional types of authority , and out of a period of negotiations and concessions by the state came a time of `` expanding democracy '' , according to one account . Numerous cause - and - effect relations worked to bring about a Japanese version of citizenship : expanding military activity led to an enlarged state and territory , which furthered direct rule including the power of the military and the Japanese emperor , but this indirectly led to popular resistance , struggle , bargaining , and consequently an expanded role for citizens in early 20th century Japan . Citizenship today ( edit ) The concept of citizenship is hard to isolate , since it relates to many other contextual aspects of society such as the family , military service , the individual , freedom , religion , ideas of right and wrong , ethnicity , and patterns for how a person should behave in society . According to British politician Douglas Hurd , citizenship is essentially doing good to others . When there are many different ethnic and religious groups within a nation , citizenship may be the only real bond which unites everybody as equals without discrimination -- it is a `` broad bond '' as one writer described it . Citizenship links `` a person with the state '' and gives people a universal identity -- as a legal member of a nation -- besides their identity based on ties of ethnicity or an ethnic self . But clearly there are wide differences between ancient conceptions of citizenship and modern ones . While the modern one still respects the idea of participation in the political process , it is usually done through `` elaborate systems of political representation at a distance '' such as representative democracy , and carried out under the `` shadow of a permanent professional administrative apparatus . '' Unlike the ancient patterns , modern citizenship is much more passive ; action is delegated to others ; citizenship is often a constraint on acting , not an impetus to act . Nevertheless , citizens are aware of their obligations to authorities , and they are aware that these bonds `` limits their personal political autonomy in a quite profound manner '' . But there are disagreements that the contrast between ancient and modern versions of citizenship was that sharp ; one theorist suggested that the supposedly `` modern '' aspects of so - called passive citizenship , such as tolerance , respect for others , and simply `` minding one 's own business '' , were present in ancient times too . Citizenship can be seen as both a status and an ideal . Sometimes mentioning the idea of citizenship implies a host of theories as well as the possibility of social reform , according to one view . It invokes a model of what a person should do in relation to the state , and suggests education or punishment for those who stray from the model . Several thinkers see the modern notion of individualism as being sometimes consistent with citizenship , and other times opposed to it . Accordingly , the modern individual and the modern citizen seem to be the same , but too much individualism can have the effect of leading to a `` crisis of citizenship '' . Another agreed that individualism can corrupt citizenship . Another sees citizenship as a substantial dilemma between the individual and society , and between the individual and the state , and asked questions such as whether the focus of a person 's efforts should be on the collective good or on the individual good ? In a Marxist view , the individual and the citizen were both `` essentially necessary '' to each other in that neither could exist without the other , but both aspects within a person were essentially antagonistic to each other . Habermas suggested in his book The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere that while citizenship widened to include more people , the public sphere shrunk and became commercialized , devoid of serious debate , with media coverage of political campaigns having less focus on issues and more focus on sound bites and political scandals , and in the process , citizenship became more common but meant less . Political participation declined for most people . Oath of citizenship ceremony in Canada . Other thinkers echo that citizenship is a vortex for competing ideas and currents , sometimes working against each other , sometimes working in harmony . For example , sociologist T.H. Marshall suggested that citizenship was a contradiction between the `` formal political equality of the franchise '' and the `` persistence of extensive social and economic inequality . '' In Marshall 's sense , citizenship was a way to straddle both issues . A wealthy person and a poor person were both equal in the sense of being citizens , but separated by the economic inequality . Marshall saw citizenship as the basis for awarding social rights , and he made a case that extending such rights would not jeopardize the structure of social classes or end inequality . He saw capitalism as a dynamic system with constant clashes between citizenship and social class , and how these clashes played out determined how a society 's political and social life would manifest themselves . Citizenship was not always about including everybody , but was also a powerful force to exclude persons at the margins of society , such as the outcasts , illegal immigrants and others . In this sense , citizenship was not only about getting rights and entitlements but it was a struggle to `` reject claims of entitlement by those initially residing outside the core , and subsequently , of migrant and immigrant labour . '' But one thinker described democratic citizenship as inclusive , generally , and wrote that democratic citizenship : ... ( democratic citizenship ) extends human , political and civil rights to all inhabitants , regardless of race , religion , ethnicity , or culture . In a civic state , which is based on the concept of such citizenship , even foreigners are protected by the rule of law . '' -- Feliks Gross , 1999 Competing senses ( edit ) Citizenship in the modern sense is often seen as having two widely divergent strains marked by tension between them . Liberal - individualist view ( edit ) A Dutch passport . In modern times , passports are often used as proof of citizenship . The liberal - individualist conception of citizenship , or sometimes merely the liberal conception , has a concern that the individual 's status may be undermined by government . The perspective suggests a language of `` needs '' and `` entitlements '' necessary for human dignity and is based on reason for the pursuit of self - interest or more accurately as enlightened self - interest . The conception suggests a focus on the manufacture of material things as well as man 's economic vitality , with society seen as a `` market - based association of competitive individuals . '' From this view , citizens are sovereign , morally autonomous beings with duties to pay taxes , obey the law , engage in business transactions , and defend the nation if it comes under attack , but are essentially passive politically . This conception of citizenship has sometimes been termed conservative in the sense that passive citizens want to conserve their private interests , and that private people have a right to be left alone . This formulation of citizenship was expressed somewhat in the philosophy of John Rawls , who believed that every person in a society has an `` equal right to a fully adequate scheme of equal basic rights and liberties '' and that society has an obligation to try to benefit the `` least advantaged members of society '' . But this sense of citizenship has been criticized ; according to one view , it can lead to a `` culture of subjects '' with a `` degeneration of public spirit '' since economic man , or homo economicus , is too focused on material pursuits to engage in civic activity to be true citizens . Civic - republican view ( edit ) A competing vision is that democratic citizenship may be founded on a `` culture of participation '' . This orientation has sometimes been termed the civic - republican or classical conception of citizenship since it focuses on the importance of people practicing citizenship actively and finding places to do this . Unlike the liberal - individualist conception , the civic - republican conception emphasizes man 's political nature , and sees citizenship as an active , not passive , activity . A general problem with this conception , according to critics , is that if this model is implemented , it may bring about other issues such as the free rider problem in which some people neglect basic citizenship duties and consequently get a free ride supported by the citizenship efforts of others . This view emphasizes the democratic participation inherent in citizenship , and can `` channel legitimate frustrations and grievances '' and bring people together to focus on matters of common concern and lead to a politics of empowerment , according to theorist Dora Kostakopoulou . Like the liberal - individualist conception , it is concerned about government running roughshod over individuals , but unlike the liberal - individualist conception , it is relatively more concerned that government will interfere with popular places to practice citizenship in the public sphere , rather than take away or lessen particular citizenship rights . This sense of citizenship has been described as `` active and public citizenship '' , and has sometimes been called a `` revolutionary idea '' . According to one view , most people today live as citizens according to the liberal - individualist conception but wished they lived more according to the civic - republican ideal . Other views ( edit ) Australia holds citizenship ceremonies on Australia Day , the anniversary of the day Britain claimed sovereignty over Australia in 1788 . The subject of citizenship , including political discussions about what exactly the term describes , can be a battleground for ideological debates . In Canada , citizenship and related issues such as civic education are `` hotly contested . '' There continues to be sentiment within the academic community that trying to define one `` unitary theory of citizenship '' which would describe citizenship in every society , or even in any one society , would be a meaningless exercise . Citizenship has been described as `` multi-layered belongings '' -- different attachments , different bonds and allegiances . This is the view of Hebert & Wilkinson who suggest there is not one single perspective on citizenship but `` multiple citizenship '' relations since each person belongs to many different groups which define him or her . Sociologist Michael Schudson examined changing patterns of citizenship in US history and suggested there were four basic periods : The colonial era was marked by property - owning white males who delegated authority to `` gentlemen '' , and almost all people did not participate as citizens according to his research . Early elections did n't generate much interest , were characterized by low voter turnout , and rather reflected an existing social hierarchy . Representative assemblies `` barely existed '' in the 18th century , according to Schudson . Political parties became prominent in the 19th century to win lucrative patronage jobs , and citizenship meant party loyalty . The 20th century citizenship ideal was having an `` informed voter '' , choosing rationally ( ie voting ) based on information from sources such as newspapers and books . Citizenship came to be seen as a basis for rights and entitlements from government . Schudson predicted the emergence of what he called the monitorial citizen : persons engaged in watching for issues such as corruption and government violations of rights . Schudson chronicled changing patterns in which citizenship expanded to include formerly disenfranchised groups such as women and minorities while parties declined . Interest groups influenced legislators directly via lobbying . Politics retreated to being a peripheral concern for citizens who were often described as `` self - absorbed '' . In the 21st - century America , citizenship is generally considered to be a legal marker recognizing that a person is an American . Duty is generally not part of citizenship . Citizens generally do not see themselves as having a duty to provide assistance to one another , although officeholders are seen as having a duty to the public . Rather , citizenship is a bundle of rights which includes being able to get assistance from the federal government . A similar pattern marks the idea of citizenship in many western - style nations . Most Americans do not think much about citizenship except perhaps when applying for a passport and traveling internationally . Feliks Gross sees 20th century America as an `` efficient , pluralistic and civic system that extended equal rights to all citizens , irrespective of race , ethnicity and religion . '' According to Gross , the US can be considered as a `` model of a modern civic and democratic state '' although discrimination and prejudice still survive . The exception , of course , is that persons living within the borders of America illegally see citizenship as a major issue . Nevertheless , one of the constants is that scholars and thinkers continue to agree that the concept of citizenship is hard to define , and lacks a precise meaning . See also ( edit ) Citizenship Citizenship in the United States Cosmopolitanism Global citizenship Transnational citizenship Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Zarrow 1997 , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Isin ( co-editor ) , Engin F. ; Turner ( co-editor ) , Bryan S. ( 2002 ) . Handbook of Citizenship Studies . Chapter 5 -- David Burchell -- Ancient Citizenship and its Inheritors ; Chapter 6 -- Rogers M. Smith -- Modern Citizenship . London : Sage . pp. 89 -- 104 , 105 . ISBN 0 - 7619 - 6858 - X . Jump up ^ Virginia Leary ( 2000 ) . `` Citizenship . Human rights , and Diversity '' . In Alan C. Cairns , John C. Courtney , Peter MacKinnon , Hans J. Michelmann , David E. Smith . Citizenship , Diversity , and Pluralism : Canadian and Comparative Perspectives . McGill - Queen 's Press - MQUP . pp. 247 -- 264 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 1893 - 3 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Zarrow , Peter ( 1997 ) , Fogel , Joshua A. ; Zarrow , Peter G. , eds. , Imagining the People : Chinese Intellectuals and the Concept of Citizenship , 1890 - 1920 , Armonk , NY : M.E. Sharpe , p. 3 , ISBN 0 - 7656 - 0098 - 6 ^ Jump up to : Heater , Derek ( 2004 ) . A Brief History of Citizenship . New York City : New York University Press . p. 157 . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 3671 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Kostakopoulou , Dora ( 1994 ) . The Future Governance of Citizenship . United States and Canada : Cambridge University Press . pp. 13 , 195 `` The Cartography of Citizenship '' , and `` Conclusion '' . ^ Jump up to : Hebert ( editor ) , Yvonne M. ( 2002 ) . Citizenship in transformation in Canada . chapters by Veronica Strong - Boag , Yvonne Hebert , Lori Wilkinson . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . pp. 3 , 4 , 5 . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 0850 - X . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Gross , Feliks ( 1999 ) . Citizenship and ethnicity : the growth and development of a democratic multiethnic institution . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . pp. xi , xii , xiii , 4 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 30932 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Hosking , Geoffrey ( 2005 ) . Epochs of European Civilization : Antiquity to Renaissance . Lecture 3 : Ancient Greece . United Kingdom : The Modern Scholar via Recorded Books . pp. 1 , 2 ( tracks ) . ISBN 1 - 4025 - 8360 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Gross , Feliks ( 1999 ) . Citizenship and ethnicity : the growth and development of a democratic multiethnic institution . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . pp. xiii . ISBN 0 - 313 - 30932 - 9 . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . ( see page xiii ) ... In a tribal state those who are `` different '' belong to `` other '' ethnic , religious or racial groups , not to the dominant cluster , and are an `` out - group '' , subject to discrimination of varying degrees ... Jump up ^ Pocock , J.G.A. ( 1998 ) . The Citizenship Debates . Chapter 2 -- The Ideal of Citizenship since Classical Times ( originally published in Queen 's Quarterly 99 , no . 1 ) . Minneapolis , MN : The University of Minnesota . p. 31 . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 2880 - 7 . Jump up ^ Pocock 1998 , p. 31 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , David ( 1994 ) . Bryan Turner ; Peter Hamilton , eds . Citizenship : Critical Concepts . United States and Canada : Routledge . pp. 476 pages total ; . ISBN 0 - 415 - 07036 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Robert L. Dise , Jr. , The Great Courses , Ancient Empires before Alexander , The Teaching Company , 2009 , Part 3 of 3 , see page 33 in the guide book , Accessed Nov. 6 , 2013 , ISBN 1 - 59803 - 558 - 4 Jump up ^ Weber 1998 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Pocock 1998 , p. 32 . ^ Jump up to : Pocock 1998 , p. 33 . ^ Jump up to : The Long Shadow of the Ancient Greek World , professor Ian Worthington , U. Missouri - Columbia , Part 2 of 4 , The Teaching Company , ISBN 1 - 59803 - 544 - 4 , 2009 , see page 18 of the guidebook Jump up ^ The Long Shadow of the Ancient Greek World , professor Ian Worthington , U. Missouri - Columbia , Part 2 of 4 , The Teaching Company , ISBN 1 - 59803 - 544 - 4 , 2009 , see page 29 of the guidebook ^ Jump up to : The Long Shadow of the Ancient Greek World , professor Ian Worthington , U. Missouri - Columbia , Part 1 of 4 , The Teaching Company , ISBN 1 - 59803 - 544 - 4 , 2009 , see pages 72 , 155 of the guidebook Jump up ^ J.V. Fine , The Ancient Greeks : A Critical History Jump up ^ Fine , John V.A. The Ancient Greeks : A critical history ( Harvard University Press , 1983 ) . ISBN 0 - 674 - 03314 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Pocock 1998 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Note : see Plato , 1941 , VIII. 546 ^ Jump up to : Aristotle , 1948 , 1253a Jump up ^ Aristotle , 1948 , 1326b Jump up ^ Zarrow 1997 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Aristotle , 1948 , 1283b Jump up ^ Aristotle , 1948 , 1275b ^ Jump up to : Hosking , Geoffrey ( 2005 ) . Epochs of European Civilization : Antiquity to Renaissance . Lecture 5 : Rome as a city - state . United Kingdom : The Modern Scholar via Recorded Books . pp. tracks 1 through 9 . ISBN 1 - 4025 - 8360 - 5 . Jump up ^ Pocock 1998 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Pocock 1998 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Burchell , David ( 1995 ) ' The Attributes of Citizens : Virtue , Manners and the Activity of Citizenship ' , Economy and Society , 24 ( 4 ) : 540 - 58 . ^ Jump up to : Pocock 1998 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Note : Paul 's claim of being a Roman citizen did not ultimately prevent his execution . ^ Jump up to : Zarrow 1997 , p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : Pocock 1998 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Pocock 1998 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ For further information , see Civis romanus sum Jump up ^ Burchell , David ( 1998 ) ' Civic Personae : MacIntyre , Cicero and Moral Personality ' , History of Political Thought , 19 ( 1 ) : 101 - 18 . Jump up ^ Note : this date has been questioned by some historians -- Arnaldo Momigliano , 1973 , `` La caduta senza rumore di un impero nel 476 d.C. '' ( `` The noiseless fall of an empire in 476 AD '' ) . Jump up ^ Justinian . Institutiones : I.i ^ Jump up to : Zarrow 1997 , p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Andrew C. Fix ( 2005 ) . `` The Renaissance , the Reformation , and the Rise of Nations ( Course Guidebook ) '' . The Teaching Company . Part I , see pages 10 - 13 ... Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Note : the term ' commune ' denoted a ' republic ' back then ^ Jump up to : Weber 1998 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Weber 1998 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Weber 1998 , pp. 46 - 47 . Jump up ^ Note : see burgher , Grand Burgher ( German Großbürger ) and Bourgeoisie . Jump up ^ `` Citizenship 1625 - 1789 '' . The National Archives . Retrieved 22 January 2016 ; `` Rise of Parliament '' . The National Archives . Retrieved 22 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Heater , Derek ( 2006 ) . `` Emergence of Radicalism '' . Citizenship in Britain : A History . Edinburgh University Press . pp. 30 -- 42 . ISBN 9780748626724 . Jump up ^ `` Britain 's unwritten constitution '' . British Library . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . The key landmark is the Bill of Rights ( 1689 ) , which established the supremacy of Parliament over the Crown ... The Bill of Rights ( 1689 ) then settled the primacy of Parliament over the monarch 's prerogatives , providing for the regular meeting of Parliament , free elections to the Commons , free speech in parliamentary debates , and some basic human rights , most famously freedom from ' cruel or unusual punishment ' . Jump up ^ `` Constitutionalism : America & Beyond '' . Bureau of International Information Programs ( IIP ) , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . The earliest , and perhaps greatest , victory for liberalism was achieved in England . The rising commercial class that had supported the Tudor monarchy in the 16th century led the revolutionary battle in the 17th , and succeeded in establishing the supremacy of Parliament and , eventually , of the House of Commons . What emerged as the distinctive feature of modern constitutionalism was not the insistence on the idea that the king is subject to law ( although this concept is an essential attribute of all constitutionalism ) . This notion was already well established in the Middle Ages . What was distinctive was the establishment of effective means of political control whereby the rule of law might be enforced . Modern constitutionalism was born with the political requirement that representative government depended upon the consent of citizen subjects ... However , as can be seen through provisions in the 1689 Bill of Rights , the English Revolution was fought not just to protect the rights of property ( in the narrow sense ) but to establish those liberties which liberals believed essential to human dignity and moral worth . The `` rights of man '' enumerated in the English Bill of Rights gradually were proclaimed beyond the boundaries of England , notably in the American Declaration of Independence of 1776 and in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789 . Jump up ^ `` Enlightenment '' . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 20 August 2010 . Retrieved 22 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Bill Of Rights : A Brief History '' . ACLU . Retrieved 21 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Foundations of Western Civilization II : A History of the Modern World , The Teaching Company , 2006 , course guide , Accessed Oct 29 , 2013 , pp. 120 - 124 ^ Jump up to : Tilly , Charles ( 1996 ) . Charles Tilly , ed . Citizenship , Identity and Social History . International Review of Social History Supplements ( Reprint ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 229 , 230 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 55814 - X . ^ Jump up to : Ikegami , Eiko ( 1996 ) . Charles Tilly , ed . Citizenship , Identity and Social History . International Review of Social History Supplements ( Reprint ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 216 , 217 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 55814 - X . ^ Jump up to : Turner , Bryan S. ( 1994 ) . Bryan Turner ; Peter Hamilton , eds . Citizenship : Critical Concepts . United States and Canada : Routledge . pp. 476 pages total ; source : Sociology , 1990 vol. 24 , pp. 189 -- 217 ; in the book , pages 199 + . Jump up ^ Zarrow 1997 , p. 7 . ^ Jump up to : Schudson , Michael ( 1998 ) . The Good Citizen : A Brief History of American Civic Life . New York : Simon & Schuster -- Martin Kessler Books -- The Free Press . ISBN 0 - 684 - 82729 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Steinberg , Marc ( 1996 ) . Charles Tilly , ed . Citizenship , Identity and Social History . International Review of Social History Supplements ( Reprint ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 237 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 55814 - X . ^ Jump up to : Oldfield , Adrian ( 1994 ) . Bryan Turner ; Peter Hamilton , eds . Citizenship : Critical Concepts . United States and Canada : Routledge . pp. 476 pages total ; source : The Political Quarterly , 1990 vol. 61 , pp. 177 -- 187 ; in the book , pages 188 + . Jump up ^ Bulmer , M. and Rees , A.M. ( 1996 ) `` Conclusion : citizenship in the twenty - first century '' in Bulmer , M. and A.M. Rees ( eds . ) Citizenship today : the contemporary relevance of T.H. Marshall , UCL Press : London . p. 270 . Jump up ^ Blyton , P. ( 1982 ) . T.H. Marshall 1893 - 1981 . International Social Science Journal . Vol. 91 ( 1 ) , pg. 157 - 8 . Jump up ^ Marshall , T.H. ( 1960 ) . `` Sociology - The Road Ahead . '' In T.H. Marshall ( editor ) ( 1965 ) . Class , Citizenship , and Social Development . 2nd ed . Garden City , New York : Anchor Books . Pages 28 - 33 . ^ Jump up to : Beiner ( editor ) , Ronald ( 1995 ) . Theorizing Citizenship . J.G.A. Pocock , Michael Ignatieff . USA : State University of New York , Albany . pp. 29 , 54 . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 2335 - 2 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Rawls , John ( 1998 ) . Citizenship in Ancient and Medieval Cities . Chapter 4 . Minneapolis , MN : The University of Minnesota . p. 56 . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 2880 - 7 . Jump up ^ Jane Mansbridge , Beyond Adversary Democracy ( New York : Basic Books , 1980 ) , p. 131 - 132 References ( edit ) Pocock , J.G.A. ( 1998 ) . The Citizenship Debates . Chapter 2 -- The Ideal of Citizenship since Classical Times ( originally published in Queen 's Quarterly 99 , no . 1 ) . Minneapolis , MN : The University of Minnesota . p. 31 . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 2880 - 7 . Weber , Max ( 1998 ) . Citizenship in Ancient and Medieval Cities . Chapter 3 . Minneapolis , MN : The University of Minnesota . pp. 43 -- 49 . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 2880 - 7 . Zarrow , Peter ( 1997 ) , Fogel , Joshua A. ; Zarrow , Peter G. , eds. , Imagining the People : Chinese Intellectuals and the Concept of Citizenship , 1890 - 1920 , Armonk , NY : M.E. Sharpe , p. 3 , ISBN 0 - 7656 - 0098 - 6 External links ( edit ) Bürger , Bürgertum , Bürgerlichkeit a historical overview of the related term Bürger focused on Germany Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_citizenship&oldid=799485881 '' Categories : Political concepts Nationality History of Europe History of North America Western culture Legal history by issue Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from May 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 00 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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of the types of rights associated with the growth of citizenship

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Quark

Quark - wikipedia Quark This article is about the particle . For other uses , see Quark ( disambiguation ) . Quark A proton is composed of two up quarks , one down quark , and the gluons that mediate the forces `` binding '' them together . The color assignment of individual quarks is arbitrary , but all three colors must be present . Composition Elementary particle Statistics Fermionic Generation 1st , 2nd , 3rd Interactions Electromagnetism , gravitation , strong , weak Symbol q Antiparticle Antiquark ( q ) Theorized Murray Gell - Mann ( 1964 ) George Zweig ( 1964 ) Discovered SLAC ( c. 1968 ) Types 6 ( up , down , strange , charm , bottom , and top ) Electric charge + ​ ⁄ e , − ​ ⁄ e Color charge Yes Spin ​ ⁄ Baryon number ​ ⁄ A quark ( / kwɔːrk , kwɑːrk / ) is a type of elementary particle and a fundamental constituent of matter . Quarks combine to form composite particles called hadrons , the most stable of which are protons and neutrons , the components of atomic nuclei . Due to a phenomenon known as color confinement , quarks are never directly observed or found in isolation ; they can be found only within hadrons , which exist as either baryons ( which include protons and neutrons ) or as mesons . For this reason , much of what is known about quarks has been drawn from observations of hadrons . Quarks have various intrinsic properties , including electric charge , mass , color charge , and spin . They are the only elementary particles in the Standard Model of particle physics to experience all four fundamental interactions , also known as fundamental forces ( electromagnetism , gravitation , strong interaction , and weak interaction ) , as well as the only known particles whose electric charges are not integer multiples of the elementary charge . There are six types , known as flavors , of quarks : up , down , strange , charm , bottom , and top . Up and down quarks have the lowest masses of all quarks . The heavier quarks rapidly change into up and down quarks through a process of particle decay : the transformation from a higher mass state to a lower mass state . Because of this , up and down quarks are generally stable and the most common in the universe , whereas strange , charm , bottom , and top quarks can only be produced in high energy collisions ( such as those involving cosmic rays and in particle accelerators ) . For every quark flavor there is a corresponding type of antiparticle , known as an antiquark , that differs from the quark only in that some of its properties have equal magnitude but opposite sign . The quark model was independently proposed by physicists Murray Gell - Mann and George Zweig in 1964 . Quarks were introduced as parts of an ordering scheme for hadrons , and there was little evidence for their physical existence until deep inelastic scattering experiments at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center in 1968 . Accelerator experiments have provided evidence for all six flavors . The top quark , first observed at Fermilab in 1995 , was the last to be discovered . Contents 1 Classification 2 History 3 Etymology 4 Properties 4.1 Electric charge 4.2 Spin 4.3 Weak interaction 4.4 Strong interaction and color charge 4.5 Mass 4.6 Size 4.7 Table of properties 5 Interacting quarks 5.1 Sea quarks 5.2 Other phases of quark matter 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Classification ( edit ) See also : Standard Model Six of the particles in the Standard Model are quarks ( shown in purple ) . Each of the first three columns forms a generation of matter . The Standard Model is the theoretical framework describing all the currently known elementary particles . This model contains six flavors of quarks ( q ) , named up ( u ) , down ( d ) , strange ( s ) , charm ( ) , bottom ( ) , and top ( ) . Antiparticles of quarks are called antiquarks , and are denoted by a bar over the symbol for the corresponding quark , such as u for an up antiquark . As with antimatter in general , antiquarks have the same mass , mean lifetime , and spin as their respective quarks , but the electric charge and other charges have the opposite sign . Quarks are spin - ​ ⁄ particles , implying that they are fermions according to the spin -- statistics theorem . They are subject to the Pauli exclusion principle , which states that no two identical fermions can simultaneously occupy the same quantum state . This is in contrast to bosons ( particles with integer spin ) , of which any number can be in the same state . Unlike leptons , quarks possess color charge , which causes them to engage in the strong interaction . The resulting attraction between different quarks causes the formation of composite particles known as hadrons ( see `` Strong interaction and color charge '' below ) . The quarks that determine the quantum numbers of hadrons are called valence quarks ; apart from these , any hadron may contain an indefinite number of virtual `` sea '' quarks , antiquarks , and gluons , which do not influence its quantum numbers . There are two families of hadrons : baryons , with three valence quarks , and mesons , with a valence quark and an antiquark . The most common baryons are the proton and the neutron , the building blocks of the atomic nucleus . A great number of hadrons are known ( see list of baryons and list of mesons ) , most of them differentiated by their quark content and the properties these constituent quarks confer . The existence of `` exotic '' hadrons with more valence quarks , such as tetraquarks ( q q q q ) and pentaquarks ( q q q q q ) , were conjectured from the beginnings of the quark model but not discovered until the early 21st century . Elementary fermions are grouped into three generations , each comprising two leptons and two quarks . The first generation includes up and down quarks , the second strange and charm quarks , and the third bottom and top quarks . All searches for a fourth generation of quarks and other elementary fermions have failed , and there is strong indirect evidence that no more than three generations exist . Particles in higher generations generally have greater mass and less stability , causing them to decay into lower - generation particles by means of weak interactions . Only first - generation ( up and down ) quarks occur commonly in nature . Heavier quarks can only be created in high - energy collisions ( such as in those involving cosmic rays ) , and decay quickly ; however , they are thought to have been present during the first fractions of a second after the Big Bang , when the universe was in an extremely hot and dense phase ( the quark epoch ) . Studies of heavier quarks are conducted in artificially created conditions , such as in particle accelerators . Having electric charge , mass , color charge , and flavor , quarks are the only known elementary particles that engage in all four fundamental interactions of contemporary physics : electromagnetism , gravitation , strong interaction , and weak interaction . Gravitation is too weak to be relevant to individual particle interactions except at extremes of energy ( Planck energy ) and distance scales ( Planck distance ) . However , since no successful quantum theory of gravity exists , gravitation is not described by the Standard Model . See the table of properties below for a more complete overview of the six quark flavors ' properties . History ( edit ) Murray Gell - Mann George Zweig The quark model was independently proposed by physicists Murray Gell - Mann and George Zweig in 1964 . The proposal came shortly after Gell - Mann 's 1961 formulation of a particle classification system known as the Eightfold Way -- or , in more technical terms , SU ( 3 ) flavor symmetry , streamlining its structure . Physicist Yuval Ne'eman had independently developed a scheme similar to the Eightfold Way in the same year . An early attempt at constituent organization was available in the Sakata model . At the time of the quark theory 's inception , the `` particle zoo '' included , amongst other particles , a multitude of hadrons . Gell - Mann and Zweig posited that they were not elementary particles , but were instead composed of combinations of quarks and antiquarks . Their model involved three flavors of quarks , up , down , and strange , to which they ascribed properties such as spin and electric charge . The initial reaction of the physics community to the proposal was mixed . There was particular contention about whether the quark was a physical entity or a mere abstraction used to explain concepts that were not fully understood at the time . In less than a year , extensions to the Gell - Mann -- Zweig model were proposed . Sheldon Lee Glashow and James Bjorken predicted the existence of a fourth flavor of quark , which they called charm . The addition was proposed because it allowed for a better description of the weak interaction ( the mechanism that allows quarks to decay ) , equalized the number of known quarks with the number of known leptons , and implied a mass formula that correctly reproduced the masses of the known mesons . In 1968 , deep inelastic scattering experiments at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center ( SLAC ) showed that the proton contained much smaller , point - like objects and was therefore not an elementary particle . Physicists were reluctant to firmly identify these objects with quarks at the time , instead calling them `` partons '' -- a term coined by Richard Feynman . The objects that were observed at SLAC would later be identified as up and down quarks as the other flavors were discovered . Nevertheless , `` parton '' remains in use as a collective term for the constituents of hadrons ( quarks , antiquarks , and gluons ) . Photograph of the event that led to the discovery of the Σ baryon , at the Brookhaven National Laboratory in 1974 The strange quark 's existence was indirectly validated by SLAC 's scattering experiments : not only was it a necessary component of Gell - Mann and Zweig 's three - quark model , but it provided an explanation for the kaon ( ) and pion ( π ) hadrons discovered in cosmic rays in 1947 . In a 1970 paper , Glashow , John Iliopoulos and Luciano Maiani presented the so - called GIM mechanism to explain the experimental non-observation of flavor - changing neutral currents . This theoretical model required the existence of the as - yet undiscovered charm quark . The number of supposed quark flavors grew to the current six in 1973 , when Makoto Kobayashi and Toshihide Maskawa noted that the experimental observation of CP violation could be explained if there were another pair of quarks . Charm quarks were produced almost simultaneously by two teams in November 1974 ( see November Revolution ) -- one at SLAC under Burton Richter , and one at Brookhaven National Laboratory under Samuel Ting . The charm quarks were observed bound with charm antiquarks in mesons . The two parties had assigned the discovered meson two different symbols , J and ψ ; thus , it became formally known as the J / ψ meson . The discovery finally convinced the physics community of the quark model 's validity . In the following years a number of suggestions appeared for extending the quark model to six quarks . Of these , the 1975 paper by Haim Harari was the first to coin the terms top and bottom for the additional quarks . In 1977 , the bottom quark was observed by a team at Fermilab led by Leon Lederman . This was a strong indicator of the top quark 's existence : without the top quark , the bottom quark would have been without a partner . However , it was not until 1995 that the top quark was finally observed , also by the CDF and DØ teams at Fermilab . It had a mass much larger than had been previously expected , almost as large as that of a gold atom . Etymology ( edit ) For some time , Gell - Mann was undecided on an actual spelling for the term he intended to coin , until he found the word quark in James Joyce 's book Finnegans Wake : -- Three quarks for Muster Mark ! Sure he has n't got much of a bark And sure any he has it 's all beside the mark . The word quark itself is of German origin and denotes a dairy product , but is also a colloquial term for '' rubbish '' . Gell - Mann went into further detail regarding the name of the quark in his book The Quark and the Jaguar : In 1963 , when I assigned the name `` quark '' to the fundamental constituents of the nucleon , I had the sound first , without the spelling , which could have been `` kwork '' . Then , in one of my occasional perusals of Finnegans Wake , by James Joyce , I came across the word `` quark '' in the phrase `` Three quarks for Muster Mark '' . Since `` quark '' ( meaning , for one thing , the cry of the gull ) was clearly intended to rhyme with `` Mark '' , as well as `` bark '' and other such words , I had to find an excuse to pronounce it as `` kwork '' . But the book represents the dream of a publican named Humphrey Chimpden Earwicker . Words in the text are typically drawn from several sources at once , like the `` portmanteau '' words in Through the Looking - Glass . From time to time , phrases occur in the book that are partially determined by calls for drinks at the bar . I argued , therefore , that perhaps one of the multiple sources of the cry `` Three quarks for Muster Mark '' might be `` Three quarts for Mister Mark '' , in which case the pronunciation `` kwork '' would not be totally unjustified . In any case , the number three fitted perfectly the way quarks occur in nature . Zweig preferred the name ace for the particle he had theorized , but Gell - Mann 's terminology came to prominence once the quark model had been commonly accepted . The quark flavors were given their names for several reasons . The up and down quarks are named after the up and down components of isospin , which they carry . Strange quarks were given their name because they were discovered to be components of the strange particles discovered in cosmic rays years before the quark model was proposed ; these particles were deemed `` strange '' because they had unusually long lifetimes . Glashow , who co-proposed charm quark with Bjorken , is quoted as saying , `` We called our construct the ' charmed quark ' , for we were fascinated and pleased by the symmetry it brought to the subnuclear world . '' The names `` bottom '' and `` top '' , coined by Harari , were chosen because they are `` logical partners for up and down quarks '' . In the past , bottom and top quarks were sometimes referred to as `` beauty '' and `` truth '' respectively , but these names have somewhat fallen out of use . While `` truth '' never did catch on , accelerator complexes devoted to massive production of bottom quarks are sometimes called `` beauty factories '' . Properties ( edit ) Electric charge ( edit ) See also : Electric charge Quarks have fractional electric charge values -- either ( − ​ ⁄ ) or ( + ​ ⁄ ) times the elementary charge ( e ) , depending on flavor . Up , charm , and top quarks ( collectively referred to as up - type quarks ) have a charge of + ​ ⁄ e , while down , strange , and bottom quarks ( down - type quarks ) have − ​ ⁄ e . Antiquarks have the opposite charge to their corresponding quarks ; up - type antiquarks have charges of − ​ ⁄ e and down - type antiquarks have charges of + ​ ⁄ e . Since the electric charge of a hadron is the sum of the charges of the constituent quarks , all hadrons have integer charges : the combination of three quarks ( baryons ) , three antiquarks ( antibaryons ) , or a quark and an antiquark ( mesons ) always results in integer charges . For example , the hadron constituents of atomic nuclei , neutrons and protons , have charges of 0 e and + 1 e respectively ; the neutron is composed of two down quarks and one up quark , and the proton of two up quarks and one down quark . Spin ( edit ) See also : Spin ( physics ) Spin is an intrinsic property of elementary particles , and its direction is an important degree of freedom . It is sometimes visualized as the rotation of an object around its own axis ( hence the name `` spin '' ) , though this notion is somewhat misguided at subatomic scales because elementary particles are believed to be point - like . Spin can be represented by a vector whose length is measured in units of the reduced Planck constant ħ ( pronounced `` h bar '' ) . For quarks , a measurement of the spin vector component along any axis can only yield the values + ħ / 2 or − ħ / 2 ; for this reason quarks are classified as spin - ​ ⁄ particles . The component of spin along a given axis -- by convention the z axis -- is often denoted by an up arrow ↑ for the value + ​ ⁄ and down arrow ↓ for the value − ​ ⁄ , placed after the symbol for flavor . For example , an up quark with a spin of + ​ ⁄ along the z axis is denoted by u ↑ . Weak interaction ( edit ) Main article : Weak interaction Feynman diagram of beta decay with time flowing upwards . The CKM matrix ( discussed below ) encodes the probability of this and other quark decays . A quark of one flavor can transform into a quark of another flavor only through the weak interaction , one of the four fundamental interactions in particle physics . By absorbing or emitting a W boson , any up - type quark ( up , charm , and top quarks ) can change into any down - type quark ( down , strange , and bottom quarks ) and vice versa . This flavor transformation mechanism causes the radioactive process of beta decay , in which a neutron ( n ) `` splits '' into a proton ( p ) , an electron ( ) and an electron antineutrino ( ν ) ( see picture ) . This occurs when one of the down quarks in the neutron ( u d d ) decays into an up quark by emitting a virtual boson , transforming the neutron into a proton ( u u d ) . The boson then decays into an electron and an electron antineutrino . n → p + + ν ( Beta decay , hadron notation ) u d d → u u d + + ν ( Beta decay , quark notation ) Both beta decay and the inverse process of inverse beta decay are routinely used in medical applications such as positron emission tomography ( PET ) and in experiments involving neutrino detection . The strengths of the weak interactions between the six quarks . The `` intensities '' of the lines are determined by the elements of the CKM matrix . While the process of flavor transformation is the same for all quarks , each quark has a preference to transform into the quark of its own generation . The relative tendencies of all flavor transformations are described by a mathematical table , called the Cabibbo -- Kobayashi -- Maskawa matrix ( CKM matrix ) . Enforcing unitarity , the approximate magnitudes of the entries of the CKM matrix are : ( V u d V u s V u b V c d V c s V c b V t d V t s V t b ) ≈ ( 0.974 0.225 0.003 0.225 0.973 0.041 0.009 0.040 0.999 ) , ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) V_ ( \ mathrm ( ud ) ) & V_ ( \ mathrm ( us ) ) & V_ ( \ mathrm ( ub ) ) \ \ V_ ( \ mathrm ( cd ) ) & V_ ( \ mathrm ( cs ) ) & V_ ( \ mathrm ( cb ) ) \ \ V_ ( \ mathrm ( td ) ) & V_ ( \ mathrm ( ts ) ) & V_ ( \ mathrm ( tb ) ) \ end ( bmatrix ) ) \ approx ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) 0.974&0. 225&0. 003 \ \ 0.225&0. 973&0. 041 \ \ 0.009&0. 040&0. 999 \ end ( bmatrix ) ) , ) where V represents the tendency of a quark of flavor i to change into a quark of flavor j ( or vice versa ) . There exists an equivalent weak interaction matrix for leptons ( right side of the W boson on the above beta decay diagram ) , called the Pontecorvo -- Maki -- Nakagawa -- Sakata matrix ( PMNS matrix ) . Together , the CKM and PMNS matrices describe all flavor transformations , but the links between the two are not yet clear . Strong interaction and color charge ( edit ) See also : Color charge and Strong interaction All types of hadrons have zero total color charge . The pattern of strong charges for the three colors of quark , three antiquarks , and eight gluons ( with two of zero charge overlapping ) . According to quantum chromodynamics ( QCD ) , quarks possess a property called color charge . There are three types of color charge , arbitrarily labeled blue , green , and red . Each of them is complemented by an anticolor -- antiblue , antigreen , and antired . Every quark carries a color , while every antiquark carries an anticolor . The system of attraction and repulsion between quarks charged with different combinations of the three colors is called strong interaction , which is mediated by force carrying particles known as gluons ; this is discussed at length below . The theory that describes strong interactions is called quantum chromodynamics ( QCD ) . A quark , which will have a single color value , can form a bound system with an antiquark carrying the corresponding anticolor . The result of two attracting quarks will be color neutrality : a quark with color charge ξ plus an antiquark with color charge − ξ will result in a color charge of 0 ( or `` white '' color ) and the formation of a meson . This is analogous to the additive color model in basic optics . Similarly , the combination of three quarks , each with different color charges , or three antiquarks , each with anticolor charges , will result in the same `` white '' color charge and the formation of a baryon or antibaryon . In modern particle physics , gauge symmetries -- a kind of symmetry group -- relate interactions between particles ( see gauge theories ) . Color SU ( 3 ) ( commonly abbreviated to SU ( 3 ) ) is the gauge symmetry that relates the color charge in quarks and is the defining symmetry for quantum chromodynamics . Just as the laws of physics are independent of which directions in space are designated x , y , and z , and remain unchanged if the coordinate axes are rotated to a new orientation , the physics of quantum chromodynamics is independent of which directions in three - dimensional color space are identified as blue , red , and green . SU ( 3 ) color transformations correspond to `` rotations '' in color space ( which , mathematically speaking , is a complex space ) . Every quark flavor f , each with subtypes f , f , f corresponding to the quark colors , forms a triplet : a three - component quantum field which transforms under the fundamental representation of SU ( 3 ) . The requirement that SU ( 3 ) should be local -- that is , that its transformations be allowed to vary with space and time -- determines the properties of the strong interaction . In particular , it implies the existence of eight gluon types to act as its force carriers . Mass ( edit ) Current quark masses for all six flavors in comparison , as balls of proportional volumes . Proton ( gray ) and electron ( red ) are shown in bottom left corner for scale See also : Invariant mass Two terms are used in referring to a quark 's mass : current quark mass refers to the mass of a quark by itself , while constituent quark mass refers to the current quark mass plus the mass of the gluon particle field surrounding the quark . These masses typically have very different values . Most of a hadron 's mass comes from the gluons that bind the constituent quarks together , rather than from the quarks themselves . While gluons are inherently massless , they possess energy -- more specifically , quantum chromodynamics binding energy ( QCBE ) -- and it is this that contributes so greatly to the overall mass of the hadron ( see mass in special relativity ) . For example , a proton has a mass of approximately 938 MeV / c , of which the rest mass of its three valence quarks only contributes about 9 MeV / c ; much of the remainder can be attributed to the field energy of the gluons . See Chiral symmetry breaking . The Standard Model posits that elementary particles derive their masses from the Higgs mechanism , which is associated to the Higgs boson . It is hoped that further research into the reasons for the top quark 's large mass of ~ 173 GeV / c , almost the mass of a gold atom , might reveal more about the origin of the mass of quarks and other elementary particles . Size ( edit ) Quarks are treated as zero - dimensional point - like entities of zero size in QCD ; the lack of any detectable size in experiments puts an upper bound on their size of 10 ^ - 4 the size of a proton , i.e. less than 10 ^ - 19 metres Table of properties ( edit ) See also : Flavor ( particle physics ) The following table summarizes the key properties of the six quarks . Flavor quantum numbers ( isospin ( I ) , charm ( C ) , strangeness ( S , not to be confused with spin ) , topness ( T ) , and bottomness ( B ′ ) ) are assigned to certain quark flavors , and denote qualities of quark - based systems and hadrons . The baryon number ( B ) is + ​ ⁄ for all quarks , as baryons are made of three quarks . For antiquarks , the electric charge ( Q ) and all flavor quantum numbers ( B , I , C , S , T , and B ′ ) are of opposite sign . Mass and total angular momentum ( J ; equal to spin for point particles ) do not change sign for the antiquarks . Quark flavor properties Particle Mass ( MeV / c ) J Q ( e ) B ′ Antiparticle Name Symbol Name Symbol First generation up u 7000229999999999999 ♠ 2.3 ± 0.7 ± 0.5 ​ ⁄ + ​ ⁄ + ​ ⁄ + ​ ⁄ 0 0 0 0 antiup u down d 7000480000000000000 ♠ 4.8 ± 0.5 ± 0.3 ​ ⁄ + ​ ⁄ − ​ ⁄ − ​ ⁄ 0 0 0 0 antidown d Second generation charm 7003127500000000000 ♠ 1275 ± 25 ​ ⁄ + ​ ⁄ + ​ ⁄ 0 + 1 0 0 0 anticharm strange s 7001950000000000000 ♠ 95 ± 5 ​ ⁄ + ​ ⁄ − ​ ⁄ 0 0 − 1 0 0 antistrange s Third generation top 7005173210000000000 ♠ 173 210 ± 510 ± 710 ​ ⁄ + ​ ⁄ + ​ ⁄ 0 0 0 + 1 0 antitop bottom 7003418000000000000 ♠ 4180 ± 30 ​ ⁄ + ​ ⁄ − ​ ⁄ 0 0 0 0 − 1 antibottom J = total angular momentum , B = baryon number , Q = electric charge , I = isospin , C = charm , S = strangeness , T = topness , B ′ = bottomness . * Notation such as 7005173210000000000 ♠ 173 210 ± 510 ± 710 denotes two types of measurement uncertainty . In the case of the top quark , the first uncertainty is statistical in nature , and the second is systematic . Interacting quarks ( edit ) See also : Color confinement and Gluon As described by quantum chromodynamics , the strong interaction between quarks is mediated by gluons , massless vector gauge bosons . Each gluon carries one color charge and one anticolor charge . In the standard framework of particle interactions ( part of a more general formulation known as perturbation theory ) , gluons are constantly exchanged between quarks through a virtual emission and absorption process . When a gluon is transferred between quarks , a color change occurs in both ; for example , if a red quark emits a red -- antigreen gluon , it becomes green , and if a green quark absorbs a red -- antigreen gluon , it becomes red . Therefore , while each quark 's color constantly changes , their strong interaction is preserved . Since gluons carry color charge , they themselves are able to emit and absorb other gluons . This causes asymptotic freedom : as quarks come closer to each other , the chromodynamic binding force between them weakens . Conversely , as the distance between quarks increases , the binding force strengthens . The color field becomes stressed , much as an elastic band is stressed when stretched , and more gluons of appropriate color are spontaneously created to strengthen the field . Above a certain energy threshold , pairs of quarks and antiquarks are created . These pairs bind with the quarks being separated , causing new hadrons to form . This phenomenon is known as color confinement : quarks never appear in isolation . This process of hadronization occurs before quarks , formed in a high energy collision , are able to interact in any other way . The only exception is the top quark , which may decay before it hadronizes . Sea quarks ( edit ) Hadrons contain , along with the valence quarks ( q ) that contribute to their quantum numbers , virtual quark -- antiquark ( q q ) pairs known as sea quarks ( q ) . Sea quarks form when a gluon of the hadron 's color field splits ; this process also works in reverse in that the annihilation of two sea quarks produces a gluon . The result is a constant flux of gluon splits and creations colloquially known as `` the sea '' . Sea quarks are much less stable than their valence counterparts , and they typically annihilate each other within the interior of the hadron . Despite this , sea quarks can hadronize into baryonic or mesonic particles under certain circumstances . Other phases of quark matter ( edit ) Main article : QCD matter A qualitative rendering of the phase diagram of quark matter . The precise details of the diagram are the subject of ongoing research . Under sufficiently extreme conditions , quarks may become deconfined and exist as free particles . In the course of asymptotic freedom , the strong interaction becomes weaker at higher temperatures . Eventually , color confinement would be lost and an extremely hot plasma of freely moving quarks and gluons would be formed . This theoretical phase of matter is called quark -- gluon plasma . The exact conditions needed to give rise to this state are unknown and have been the subject of a great deal of speculation and experimentation . A recent estimate puts the needed temperature at 7012190000000000000 ♠ ( 1.90 ± 0.02 ) × 10 kelvin . While a state of entirely free quarks and gluons has never been achieved ( despite numerous attempts by CERN in the 1980s and 1990s ) , recent experiments at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider have yielded evidence for liquid - like quark matter exhibiting `` nearly perfect '' fluid motion . The quark -- gluon plasma would be characterized by a great increase in the number of heavier quark pairs in relation to the number of up and down quark pairs . It is believed that in the period prior to 10 seconds after the Big Bang ( the quark epoch ) , the universe was filled with quark -- gluon plasma , as the temperature was too high for hadrons to be stable . Given sufficiently high baryon densities and relatively low temperatures -- possibly comparable to those found in neutron stars -- quark matter is expected to degenerate into a Fermi liquid of weakly interacting quarks . This liquid would be characterized by a condensation of colored quark Cooper pairs , thereby breaking the local SU ( 3 ) symmetry . Because quark Cooper pairs harbor color charge , such a phase of quark matter would be color superconductive ; that is , color charge would be able to pass through it with no resistance . See also ( edit ) Physics portal Book : Quarks Book : Particles of the Standard Model Book : Hadronic Matter Color -- flavor locking Neutron magnetic moment Leptons Preons Quarkonium Quark star Quark -- lepton complementarity Sakata model Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The main evidence is based on the resonance width of the Z boson , which constrains the 4th generation neutrino to have a mass greater than ~ 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 GeV / c . This would be highly contrasting with the other three generations ' neutrinos , whose masses can not exceed 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 MeV / c . Jump up ^ CP violation is a phenomenon which causes weak interactions to behave differently when left and right are swapped ( P symmetry ) and particles are replaced with their corresponding antiparticles ( C symmetry ) . 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( DØ Collaboration ) ( 1995 ) . `` Search for High Mass Top Quark Production in p p Collisions at √ s = 1.8 TeV `` . Physical Review Letters. 74 ( 13 ) : 2422 -- 2426 . arXiv : hep - ex / 9411001 . Bibcode : 1995PhRvL ... 74.2422 A . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 74.2422 . PMID 10057924 . Jump up ^ K.W. Staley ( 2004 ) . The Evidence for the Top Quark . Cambridge University Press . p. 144 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 82710 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` New Precision Measurement of Top Quark Mass '' . Brookhaven National Laboratory News . 2004 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ J. Joyce ( 1982 ) ( 1939 ) . Finnegans Wake . Penguin Books . p. 383 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 006286 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` What Does ' Quark ' Have to Do with Finnegans Wake ? '' . Merriam - Webster . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ G.E.P. Gillespie . `` Why Joyce Is and Is Not Responsible for the Quark in Contemporary Physics '' ( PDF ) . Papers on Joyce 16 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ M. Gell - Mann ( 1995 ) . The Quark and the Jaguar : Adventures in the Simple and the Complex . Henry Holt and Co. p. 180 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 7253 - 2 . Jump up ^ J. Gleick ( 1992 ) . Genius : Richard Feynman and Modern Physics . Little Brown and Company . p. 390 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 90316 - 5 . Jump up ^ J.J. Sakurai ( 1994 ) . S.F. Tuan , ed . Modern Quantum Mechanics ( Revised ed . ) . Addison -- Wesley . p. 376 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 201 - 53929 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : D.H. Perkins ( 2000 ) . Introduction to High Energy Physics . Cambridge University Press . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 62196 - 0 . Jump up ^ M. Riordan ( 1987 ) . The Hunting of the Quark : A True Story of Modern Physics . Simon & Schuster . p. 210 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 50466 - 3 . Jump up ^ F. Close ( 2006 ) . The New Cosmic Onion . CRC Press . p. 133 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58488 - 798 - 0 . Jump up ^ J.T. Volk ; et al. ( 1987 ) . `` Letter of Intent for a Tevatron Beauty Factory '' ( PDF ) . Fermilab Proposal # 783 . Jump up ^ C. Quigg ( 2006 ) . `` Particles and the Standard Model '' . In G. Fraser . The New Physics for the Twenty - First Century . Cambridge University Press . p. 91 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 81600 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` The Standard Model of Particle Physics '' . BBC . 2002 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ F. Close ( 2006 ) . The New Cosmic Onion . CRC Press . pp. 80 -- 90 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58488 - 798 - 0 . Jump up ^ D. Lincoln ( 2004 ) . Understanding the Universe . World Scientific . p. 116 . ISBN 978 - 981 - 238 - 705 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Weak Interactions '' . Virtual Visitor Center . Stanford Linear Accelerator Center . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ K. Nakamura ; et al. ( Particle Data Group ) ( 2010 ) . `` Review of Particles Physics : The CKM Quark - Mixing Matrix '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Physics G. 37 ( 7A ) : 075021 . Bibcode : 2010JPhG ... 37g5021N . doi : 10.1088 / 0954 - 3899 / 37 / 7A / 075021 . Jump up ^ Z . Maki ; M. Nakagawa ; S. Sakata ( 1962 ) . `` Remarks on the Unified Model of Elementary Particles '' . Progress of Theoretical Physics. 28 ( 5 ) : 870 . Bibcode : 1962PThPh ... 28 ... 870M . doi : 10.1143 / PTP. 28.870 . Jump up ^ B.C. Chauhan ; M. Picariello ; J. Pulido ; E. Torrente - Lujan ( 2007 ) . `` Quark -- Lepton Complementarity , Neutrino and Standard Model Data Predict θ = 6999157079632679490 ♠ 9 ° + 1 ° − 2 ° `` . European Physical Journal . C50 ( 3 ) : 573 -- 578 . arXiv : hep - ph / 0605032 . Bibcode : 2007EPJC ... 50 ... 573C . doi : 10.1140 / epjc / s10052 - 007 - 0212 - z . Jump up ^ R. Nave . `` The Color Force '' . HyperPhysics . Georgia State University , Department of Physics and Astronomy . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ B.A. Schumm ( 2004 ) . Deep Down Things . Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 131 -- 132 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 7971 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Part III of M.E. Peskin ; D.V. Schroeder ( 1995 ) . An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory . Addison -- Wesley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 201 - 50397 - 5 . Jump up ^ V. Icke ( 1995 ) . The Force of Symmetry . Cambridge University Press . p. 216 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 45591 - 6 . Jump up ^ M.Y. Han ( 2004 ) . A Story of Light . World Scientific . p. 78 . ISBN 978 - 981 - 256 - 034 - 6 . Jump up ^ C. Sutton . `` Quantum Chromodynamics ( physics ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ A. Watson ( 2004 ) . The Quantum Quark . Cambridge University Press . pp. 285 -- 286 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 82907 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : K.A. Olive ; et al. ( Particle Data Group ) ( 2014 ) . `` Review of Particle Physics '' . Chinese Physics C. 38 ( 9 ) : 090001 . Bibcode : 2014ChPhC ... 38i0001O . doi : 10.1088 / 1674 - 1137 / 38 / 9 / 090001 . Jump up ^ W. Weise ; A.M. Green ( 1984 ) . Quarks and Nuclei . World Scientific . pp. 65 -- 66 . ISBN 978 - 9971 - 966 - 61 - 4 . Jump up ^ D. McMahon ( 2008 ) . Quantum Field Theory Demystified . McGraw -- Hill . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 154382 - 8 . Jump up ^ S.G. Roth ( 2007 ) . Precision Electroweak Physics at Electron -- Positron Colliders . Springer . p . VI . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 35164 - 1 . Jump up ^ Smaller than Small : Looking for Something New With the LHC by Don Lincoln PBS Nova blog 28 Oct 2014 Jump up ^ R.P. Feynman ( 1985 ) . QED : The Strange Theory of Light and Matter ( 1st ed . ) . Princeton University Press . pp. 136 -- 137 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 08388 - 9 . Jump up ^ M. Veltman ( 2003 ) . Facts and Mysteries in Elementary Particle Physics . World Scientific . pp. 45 -- 47 . ISBN 978 - 981 - 238 - 149 - 1 . Jump up ^ F. Wilczek ; B. Devine ( 2006 ) . Fantastic Realities . World Scientific . p. 85 . ISBN 978 - 981 - 256 - 649 - 2 . Jump up ^ F. Wilczek ; B. Devine ( 2006 ) . Fantastic Realities . World Scientific . pp. 400ff . ISBN 978 - 981 - 256 - 649 - 2 . Jump up ^ M. Veltman ( 2003 ) . Facts and Mysteries in Elementary Particle Physics . World Scientific . pp. 295 -- 297 . ISBN 978 - 981 - 238 - 149 - 1 . Jump up ^ T. Yulsman ( 2002 ) . Origin . CRC Press . p. 55 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7503 - 0765 - 9 . Jump up ^ F. Garberson ( 2008 ) . `` Top Quark Mass and Cross Section Results from the Tevatron '' . arXiv : 0808.0273 ( hep - ex ) . Jump up ^ J. Steinberger ( 2005 ) . Learning about Particles . Springer . p. 130 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 21329 - 1 . Jump up ^ C. - Y . Wong ( 1994 ) . Introduction to High - energy Heavy - ion Collisions . World Scientific . p. 149 . ISBN 978 - 981 - 02 - 0263 - 7 . Jump up ^ S.B. Rüester ; V. Werth ; M. Buballa ; I.A. Shovkovy ; D.H. Rischke ( 2005 ) . `` The Phase Diagram of Neutral Quark Natter : Self - consistent Treatment of Quark Masses '' . Physical Review D. 72 ( 3 ) : 034003 . arXiv : hep - ph / 0503184 . Bibcode : 2005PhRvD ... 72c4004R . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevD. 72.034004 . Jump up ^ M.G. Alford ; K. Rajagopal ; T. Schaefer ; A. Schmitt ( 2008 ) . `` Color Superconductivity in Dense Quark Matter '' . Reviews of Modern Physics. 80 ( 4 ) : 1455 -- 1515 . arXiv : 0709.4635 . Bibcode : 2008RvMP ... 80.1455 A . doi : 10.1103 / RevModPhys. 80.1455 . Jump up ^ S. Mrowczynski ( 1998 ) . `` Quark -- Gluon Plasma '' . Acta Physica Polonica B. 29 : 3711 . arXiv : nucl - th / 9905005 . Bibcode : 1998AcPPB ... 29.3711 M . Jump up ^ Z . Fodor ; S.D. Katz ( 2004 ) . `` Critical Point of QCD at Finite T and μ , Lattice Results for Physical Quark Masses '' . Journal of High Energy Physics. 2004 ( 4 ) : 50 . arXiv : hep - lat / 0402006 . Bibcode : 2004JHEP ... 04 ... 050F . doi : 10.1088 / 1126 - 6708 / 2004 / 04 / 050 . Jump up ^ U. Heinz ; M. Jacob ( 2000 ) . `` Evidence for a New State of Matter : An Assessment of the Results from the CERN Lead Beam Programme '' . arXiv : nucl - th / 0002042 . Jump up ^ `` RHIC Scientists Serve Up `` Perfect '' Liquid `` . Brookhaven National Laboratory . 2005 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ T. Yulsman ( 2002 ) . Origins : The Quest for Our Cosmic Roots . CRC Press . p. 75 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7503 - 0765 - 9 . Jump up ^ A. Sedrakian ; J.W. Clark ; M.G. Alford ( 2007 ) . Pairing in Fermionic Systems . World Scientific . pp. 2 -- 3 . ISBN 978 - 981 - 256 - 907 - 3 . Further reading ( edit ) A. Ali ; G. Kramer ( 2011 ) . `` JETS and QCD : A Historical Review of the Discovery of the Quark and Gluon Jets and Its Impact on QCD '' . European Physical Journal H. 36 ( 2 ) : 245 . arXiv : 1012.2288 . Bibcode : 2011EPJH ... 36 ... 245A . doi : 10.1140 / epjh / e2011 - 10047 - 1 . R. Bowley ; E. Copeland . `` Quarks '' . Sixty Symbols . Brady Haran for the University of Nottingham . D.J. Griffiths ( 2008 ) . Introduction to Elementary Particles ( 2nd ed . ) . Wiley -- VCH . ISBN 978 - 3 - 527 - 40601 - 2 . I.S. Hughes ( 1985 ) . Elementary Particles ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 26092 - 3 . R. Oerter ( 2005 ) . The Theory of Almost Everything : The Standard Model , the Unsung Triumph of Modern Physics . Pi Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 236678 - 6 . A. Pickering ( 1984 ) . Constructing Quarks : A Sociological History of Particle Physics . The University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 66799 - 7 . B. Povh ( 1995 ) . Particles and Nuclei : An Introduction to the Physical Concepts . Springer - Verlag . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 59439 - 2 . M. Riordan ( 1987 ) . The Hunting of the Quark : A True Story of Modern Physics . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 64884 - 8 . B.A. Schumm ( 2004 ) . Deep Down Things : The Breathtaking Beauty of Particle Physics . Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 7971 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Quark . Look up quark in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . 1969 Physics Nobel Prize lecture by Murray Gell - Mann 1976 Physics Nobel Prize lecture by Burton Richter 1976 Physics Nobel Prize lecture by Samuel C.C. Ting 2008 Physics Nobel Prize lecture by Makoto Kobayashi 2008 Physics Nobel Prize lecture by Toshihide Maskawa The Top Quark And The Higgs Particle by T.A. Heppenheimer -- A description of CERN 's experiment to count the families of quarks . Particles in physics Elementary Fermions Quarks Up ( quark antiquark ) Down ( quark antiquark ) Charm ( quark antiquark ) Strange ( quark antiquark ) Top ( quark antiquark ) Bottom ( quark antiquark ) Leptons Electron Positron Muon Antimuon Tau Antitau Electron neutrino Electron antineutrino Muon neutrino Muon antineutrino Tau neutrino Tau antineutrino Bosons Gauge Photon Gluon W and Z bosons Scalar Higgs boson Ghost fields Faddeev -- Popov ghosts Hypothetical Superpartners Gauginos Gluino Gravitino Photino Others Higgsino Neutralino Chargino Axino Sfermion ( Stop squark ) Others Planck particle Axion Dilaton Dual graviton Graviton Leptoquark Majoron Majorana fermion Magnetic monopole Preon Sterile neutrino Tachyon W ′ and Z ′ bosons X and Y bosons Composite Hadrons Baryons / hyperons Nucleon Proton Antiproton Neutron Antineutron Delta baryon Lambda baryon Sigma baryon Xi baryon Omega baryon Mesons / quarkonia Pion Rho meson Eta and eta prime mesons Phi meson J / psi meson Omega meson Upsilon meson Kaon B meson D meson Exotic hadrons Tetraquark Pentaquark Others Atomic nuclei Atoms Exotic atoms Positronium Muonium Tauonium Onia Superatoms Molecules Hypothetical Hypothetical baryons Hexaquark Skyrmion Hypothetical mesons Glueball Theta meson T meson Others Mesonic molecule Pomeron Diquarks Quasiparticles Davydov soliton Dropleton Exciton Hole Magnon Phonon Plasmaron Plasmon Polariton Polaron Roton Trion Lists Baryons Mesons Particles Quasiparticles Timeline of particle discoveries Related History of subatomic physics timeline Standard Model mathematical formulation Subatomic particles Particles Antiparticles Nuclear physics Eightfold Way Quark model Exotic matter Massless particle Relativistic particle Virtual particle Wave -- particle duality Wikipedia books Hadronic Matter Particles of the Standard Model Leptons Quarks Physics portal Into matter Macroscopic object > Molecule > Atom > Subatomic particle ( Composite particle Elementary particle ) GND : 4048005 - 7 NDL : 01215059 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quark&oldid=854467933 '' Categories : Elementary particles Quarks Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Featured articles Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray 粵語 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 78 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 15 : 51 ( UTC ) . 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an antibaryon composed of two anti up quarks and one anti down quark would have a charge of

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Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle

Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle - Wikipedia Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle Jump to : navigation , search This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle Theatrical release poster Directed by Jake Kasdan Produced by Matt Tolmach William Teitler Screenplay by Chris McKenna Erik Sommers Scott Rosenberg Jeff Pinkner Story by Chris McKenna Based on Jumanji by Chris Van Allsburg Starring Dwayne Johnson Jack Black Kevin Hart Karen Gillan Nick Jonas Bobby Cannavale Music by Henry Jackman Cinematography Gyula Pados Edited by Mark Helfrich Steve Edwards Production company Columbia Pictures Matt Tolmach Productions Radar Pictures Seven Bucks Productions Distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing Release date December 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) ( Grand Rex ) December 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 20 ) ( United States ) Running time 119 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $90 -- 110 million Box office $943.7 million Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle is a 2017 American adventure comedy film directed by Jake Kasdan and written by Chris McKenna , Erik Sommers , Scott Rosenberg , and Jeff Pinkner , from a story by McKenna . It is a part of the Jumanji franchise , serving as a sequel to Jumanji ( 1995 ) , which is based on the 1981 children 's book of the same name by Chris Van Allsburg . The film also pays tribute to Robin Williams , star of the first film , through a mention of his character 's name . The film stars Dwayne Johnson , Jack Black , Kevin Hart , Karen Gillan , Nick Jonas , and Bobby Cannavale . Set twenty - one years after the first film , the plot follows four teenagers who are transported into the video game world of Jumanji , playing as the characters they chose . Uniting with another player , they must overcome the game 's magical power in order to win and return home . Principal photography began in Honolulu , Hawaii in September 2016 and ended in Atlanta , Georgia in December 2016 . Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle premiered at the Grand Rex in Paris on December 5 , 2017 , and was theatrically released in the United States on December 20 , 2017 , in RealD 3D and select IMAX . The film received generally positive reviews from critics , who called it a `` pleasant surprise '' and praised the cast . The film has grossed over $943 million worldwide , making it the fifth - highest - grossing film of 2017 and the 42nd - highest - grossing film of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Jumanji 2.2 Reality 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 Sequel 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1996 , in Brantford , New Hampshire , picking up from the previous film 's ending , teenager Alex Vreeke receives the Jumanji board game , found by his father on a beach after it was thrown over a bridge by Alan Parrish and Sarah Whittle 27 years previously . Alex sets the game aside , asking himself , `` Who plays board games anymore ? '' That night , the game , taking advantage of Alex 's interest in video games , magically transforms into a video game cartridge which catches Alex 's attention when he is awakened by the Jumanji drums . As he plays it , he is teleported into the game . Twenty years later in 2016 , four students in Brantford High School are placed in detention together : Spencer Gilpin , who was caught writing an essay for his former friend , Anthony `` Fridge '' Johnson , who is there for the same reason and has been kicked off the football team ; Bethany Walker , who made a video call during an English class quiz and barely missed talking her way out of it ; and Martha Kaply , who refused to participate in P.E. class and accidentally insulted her instructor . Their principal punishes them by sending them to the school basement to prepare magazines for recycling , as an opportunity for them to think about their future . Upon exploring the basement , Fridge discovers Alex 's discarded video game system with the Jumanji cartridge ; Spencer and Fridge set up the game out of curiosity . The game presents five possible playable characters , but the first one is unable to be selected . Spencer and Fridge end up selecting two of the remaining characters , and the girls are also persuaded to choose their own characters . When Spencer hits `` Start '' , the four are sucked into the game . They find themselves in a jungle , each now in the forms of their game avatars . Spencer is a tough , muscular explorer and archaeologist named Dr. Smolder Bravestone ; Fridge is a diminutive zoologist named Franklin `` Mouse '' Finbar , whom he had selected upon misreading the name as `` Moose '' ( it later causes tension as Fridge 's character is designed as a valet for Spencer 's ) ; Bethany is an overweight male cartographer and intellectual named Professor Sheldon `` Shelly '' Oberon , whose nickname she mistook for a woman 's ; and Martha is a gorgeous commando and martial arts expert named Ruby Roundhouse . They soon realize that they each have three lives , and Spencer speculates that if they lose all three , they die for real . Each of them also has special skills and weaknesses . They learn the game 's story from Nigel , an NPC guide : power - corrupted Professor Russel Van Pelt stole the `` Jaguar 's Eye '' , a magical jewel , cursing the land of Jumanji . Nigel escaped from Van Pelt with the jewel , and the players must now return it to its proper place in the eye socket of an enormous jaguar statue and call out `` Jumanji '' ( possibly the only remnant of Jumanji 's board game origins ) to lift the curse . Before departing , Nigel warns them that Van Pelt will stop at nothing to retrieve the jewel , which gives him control over Jumanji 's animals . The group begins to tackle the game 's increasingly difficult `` levels '' , losing lives periodically as they do so . When the group is cornered by Van Pelt 's men at a bazaar , they are rescued by Alex , the missing fifth player , whose avatar is a pilot named Jefferson `` Seaplane '' McDonough . Having taken shelter in a jungle house built by Alan Parrish , Alex believes that he has only been gone for three months , and is distressed to learn of his twenty years of absence . The newcomers vow to help him return home . Working together , the group breaks into a transportation shed , commandeering a helicopter to fly to the jaguar statue and return the jewel , but Fridge accidentally drops the jewel into a herd of white rhinoceros . Spencer sacrifices one of Fridge 's lives by pushing him out of the helicopter as a distraction , and manages to secure the jewel . Upon landing , Alex loses his last life when a mosquito bites him , but Bethany performs CPR and saves him by transferring one of her lives to him . Arriving at the statue , the players find themselves facing a pack of jaguars on one side and Van Pelt 's forces on the other . Using their resources and teamwork , the players outmaneuver their opposition while Spencer and Martha race to the statue . Van Pelt confronts Martha , trapped in a pit of venomous snakes , and demands the jewel , but she sacrifices one of her lives to respawn strategically to get the jewel to Spencer . With all players on their last life , they end the game ( with Van Pelt disintegrating into a crowd of rats ) , and return to the real world ( courtesy of shaking hands with Nigel , who gives them fond farewells ) , though Alex does not appear with them . On their way to the Vreeke household ( formerly the dilapidated home of Alex 's father , `` Old Man '' Vreeke ) , they discover it to be restored and decorated for a Christmas family gathering . An adult Alex arrives , having returned to where he left off in 1996 and changing the course of history . He is now married with children and named his eldest daughter after Bethany out of gratitude for saving his life . He also introduces the four to his infant son Andy . Spencer and Fridge reconcile , Bethany evolves to care for others than herself and makes plans for a summer backpacking adventure , Martha and Spencer become romantically involved ( the end of the film sees them sharing a kiss ) , and the teens are now friends after their experiences in the game . The four hear Jumanji 's drumbeats and take the game behind the school where Fridge destroys it with a bowling ball they found in detention to prevent anyone from playing it again . Cast ( edit ) Alex Wolff as Spencer Gilpin , a nerdy gamer at Brantford High School who goes to detention with Fridge , Martha , and Bethany , for writing Fridge 's homework for him . Spencer is panphobic ; he fears everything or nothing . His experience as Smolder Bravestone helps him cope with his anxiety and becomes assertive . He later becomes Martha 's love interest . He is credited as `` Young Spencer '' . Dwayne Johnson as Dr. Smolder Bravestone , an archaeologist and explorer who is Spencer 's avatar . Bravestone 's strengths are stamina , courage , reflexes , climbing , smoldering intensity , and boomerang throwing . Being the archetypically masculine , intelligent , and courageous video game hero of the story , he apparently has no weaknesses . He is credited as `` Spencer '' . Madison Iseman as Bethany Walker , a pretty and popular yet narcissistic and self - centered teenage girl at Brantford High School who goes to detention with Spencer , Fridge , and Martha , after talking on her phone during a quiz and displaying an arrogant contempt towards her class in the process . Her experience in the game changes her for the better , becoming apathetic with her smartphone , friendly , and seeks exciting interests . She is credited as `` Young Bethany '' . Jack Black as Professor Sheldon `` Shelly '' Oberon , a cartographer , cryptographer , archaeologist and paleontologist who is Bethany 's avatar after mistaking the character 's presented name ( `` Shelly '' ) for that of a woman and calling him , `` the curvy genius . '' Because of his state of being as an `` overweight , middle - aged man '' , Oberon lacks endurance . He / she is credited as `` Bethany '' . Ser'Darius Blain as Anthony `` Fridge '' Johnson , a Brantford High School football jock who lacks confidence to succeed academically , namely because he cares more with dating than studying . He is kicked off the football team and sent to detention for having Spencer write his essays for him ; he is the one who discovers the Jumanji video game , as well as the bowling ball he uses to destroy it . Because of his avatar is highly intelligent , Fridge gains confidence from being Finbar to succeed intellectually . He is credited as `` Young Fridge '' . Kevin Hart as Franklin `` Mouse '' Finbar , a zoologist and weapons specialist whom Fridge chose as his avatar due to the character 's nickname being misread as `` Moose '' due to the game 's font . Finbar 's status as weapons specialist makes him Bravestone 's weapon valet , having everything Bravestone needs in his signature backpack . He earns the nickname `` Mouse '' from his short stature ; though this degrades his speed and strength , Fridge uses the nickname to his advantage to rendezvous with the others in the climax on the back of an elephant that was charging at him earlier . Cake makes him explode , losing a life . In better comparison to Oberon rather than Fridge , despite his size , Finbar is intelligent with his strengths as his fields of expertise . He is credited as `` Fridge '' . Morgan Turner as Martha Kaply , a teenage girl at Brantford High School who goes to detention with Spencer , Fridge , and Bethany , for objecting to physical education class and disregarding her teacher . She later becomes Spencer 's love - interest and gains appreciation with physical fitness after her experience as Ruby Roundhouse . She is credited as `` Young Martha '' . Karen Gillan as Ruby Roundhouse , a commando , martial artist , and dance fighter who is Martha 's avatar ( after Martha was peer - pressured into playing with the others ) . Roundhouse is proficient in karate , t'ai chi , aikido and dance fighting and is reputed as `` killer of men '' because of both her skills and attractiveness . Similar to Bravestone , Roundhouse is the archetypically intelligent , athletic , beautiful , and scantily clad video game heroine of the story , with her only weakness being venom , such as that found in various animals and vegetation in the game . She is credited as `` Martha '' . Mason Guccione as Alex Vreeke , a teenage boy who played , and was trapped inside , the Jumanji video game for 20 years . He is credited as `` Young Alex '' . Colin Hanks portrays adult Alex Vreeke after he returns to 1996 and appears 20 years later , changing history as a result . Out of gratitude for Bethany saving his life , he named his eldest daughter after her . Nick Jonas as Jefferson `` Seaplane '' McDonough , Alex Vreeke 's avatar . McDonough is a mysterious guide , adventurer , and pilot in the game , who waits for and joins the other avatars as they attempt to escape Jumanji . McDonough 's strengths are piloting and making margaritas that `` Mouse '' / `` Fridge '' takes a liking to . His only weakness is mosquito bites , which is bad for him and all the more ironic since the jungle , being a tropical one , is teeming with mosquitoes . He is credited as `` Alex '' . During his twenty - year absence , only a few months have passed for him in the game world ; and in the meantime , he lives in a treehouse built and once occupied by Alan Parrish ( portrayed by Robin Williams and Adam Hann - Byrd in the 1995 film Jumanji ) . Jumanji ( edit ) Bobby Cannavale as Professor Russel Van Pelt , a corrupt explorer once partnered with Dr. Smolder Bravestone , seeking to control the `` Jaguar 's Eye '' , whose power he is demonically possessed by . Despite being the `` boss '' of the film 's video game scenario , he is more relatable to classic kingpin villains ; still , Jonathan Hyde played a different variant of the character in the original film . NPCs in the game include : Rhys Darby as Nigel Billingsley , the main NPC guide in the game . William Tokarsky as an NPC food trader at the place of his name in the credits : Bread / Cake vendor . Rohan Chand as the boy at Bazaar , a young NPC guide who leads Spencer , Fridge , Martha , and Bethany to the black mamba 's basket , which has the next clue . Reality ( edit ) Marc Evan Jackson as Principal Bentley , the principal who makes Spencer , Bethany , Fridge , and Martha clean up the basement as part of their detention . Sean Buxton as Alex 's Father / Jogger , who discovered the Jumanji game Tim Matheson as Older Alex 's Father ( Old Man Vreeke , uncredited ) ; his dialogues in the beginning of the film implies that he had witnessed his son being teleported to the game and was traumatized since . After Alex 's return to 1996 alters history , he is shown to be a happy family man and grandfather . Maribeth Monroe as Bethany Walker 's English teacher Missi Pyle as Coach Webb , Martha Kaply 's physical education ( PE ) instructor Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In July 2012 , rumors emerged that a remake of the film Jumanji was being developed . In an interview with The Hollywood Reporter , Columbia Pictures president Doug Belgrad said : `` We 're going to try and reimagine Jumanji and update it for the present . '' On August 1 , 2012 , it was confirmed that Matthew Tolmach would produce the new version , alongside William Teitler , who produced the original film . In August 2015 , Sony Pictures Entertainment announced that they had scheduled the film for a December 25 , 2016 release . Internet reception to this was negative , with some posters remarking that the announcement came too soon after the death of Robin Williams , who portrayed Alan Parrish from the original film , and had died in August 2014 . The news was heavily criticized by Bradley Pierce , who played Peter Shepherd in the original Jumanji , as well as by E ! News , which stated that they felt that the remake was `` unnecessary and kind of insulting '' . On October 23 , 2015 , Scott Rosenberg was hired to rewrite the script for the film , whose production was a high priority for the studio . On January 14 , 2016 , Deadline reported that Jake Kasdan had been hired to direct , from a script by Rosenberg and Jeff Pinkner , based on a draft by original writers Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers . On April 15 , 2016 , Variety reported that Dwayne Johnson and Kevin Hart were in early talks to star in the film , though both actors had other projects to shoot , which might have created schedule conflicts . Later in April , Johnson confirmed his casting through his Instagram account . In July 2016 , it was reported that Nick Jonas had joined the film 's cast , along with the confirmed casting of Johnson , Hart , and Jack Black . In August 2016 , Johnson clarified that the film would not be a reboot , but a continuation of the 1995 film , while Karen Gillan was also announced as having been cast . On September 20 , 2016 , Ser'Darius Blain and Madison Iseman were cast in the film , with Blain playing Anthony `` Fridge '' Johnson and Iseman playing Bethany Walker . Following them , on September 22 , 2016 , Rhys Darby , Morgan Turner , and Alex Wolff joined the cast , with Darby playing Nigel Billingsley , Turner playing Martha Kaply , and Wolff playing Spencer Gilpin . In November 2016 , Bobby Cannavale announced his casting in the film , and in December 2016 , Tim Matheson also joined the cast , playing Old Man Vreeke . James Newton Howard was originally attached to compose the film 's score ; after the film 's release date was pushed back half a year , he was replaced by Henry Jackman . In March 2017 , during CinemaCon , it was announced that the complete title of the film is Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle . The plot was revealed to involve teenagers cleaning out a school 's basement who find a vintage video game version of Jumanji , and get sucked into the jungle setting of the first film . While many fans theorized whether the film was a sequel or a reboot , the second trailer , which was released on September 20 , 2017 , revealed that the film takes place over twenty - one years after the events of the first . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began on September 19 , 2016 , in Honolulu , Hawaii , primarily taking place in the Kualoa Ranch private nature reserve . The film was then wrapped on December 8 , 2016 , in Atlanta , Georgia . Release ( edit ) In August 2015 , Sony set the film a release date of December 25 , 2016 . As filming did not start until September 2016 , the release was pushed back a year to July 28 , 2017 , and then to December 20 , 2017 . On November 29 , 2017 , it was announced Amazon Prime members in the United States would have early access to movie tickets for a single December 8 , 2017 , screening of the film , at select Regal , National Amusements , ArcLight Cinemas and AMC theaters . The screenings ended up selling out at 1,200 theaters and making $1.9 million . The film was released in IMAX 2D on January 12 , 2018 , for its first time in IMAX in the United States . Home Media ( edit ) Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle was released on Digital HD March 6 and on DVD , Blu - ray and 4K Ultra HD Blu - ray March 20 despite the film was still in theatres . The Blu - ray and digital versions include two additional featurettes : `` Surviving the Jungle : Spectacular Stunts ! '' and `` Book to Board Game to Big Screen & Beyond ! Celebrating The Legacy of Jumanji . '' Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of March 28 , 2018 , Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle has grossed $402 million in the United States and Canada and $541.7 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $943.7 million . Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $305.7 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues , making it the 4th most profitable release of 2017 . In the United States and Canada , the film was released on December 20 , 2017 alongside The Greatest Showman and was projected to gross around $60 million from 3,765 theaters in its six - day opening weekend with the studio predicting a more conservative $45 million debut . The film took in $7.2 million on its first day and $7.6 million on its second day . Over the three - day weekend , the film grossed $36.2 million ( for a six - day total of $71.9 million ) , finishing second at the box office behind Star Wars : The Last Jedi . During its second weekend , the film increased to $50.1 million , again finishing in second place at the box office . The weekend - to - weekend increase of 38.4 % marked the fourth - largest - ever for a film playing in over 3,000 theaters ; fellow 2017 Christmas release The Greatest Showman coincidentally set the record for best hold the same weekend . The film dethroned Star Wars : The Last Jedi for the top spot the following weekend , declining just 28.1 % to $36 million and finished first again the following week with $28.1 million ( and a total of $35.2 million over the four - day MLK weekend ) . Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle also remained at the top of the box office for its third weekend with $19.5 million . Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle again topped the charts the following week with $20 million , despite two new releases in 12 Strong and Den of Thieves . The following week it continued to hold well , dropping just 16 % to $16.4 million , albeit finished second behind newcomer Maze Runner : The Death Cure , and would regain the top spot once again the following weekend with $11.1 million to The Death Cure 's $10.6 million . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 76 % based on 184 reviews , and an average rating of 6.1 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle uses a charming cast and a humorous twist to offer an undemanding yet solidly entertaining update on its source material . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average , the film has a normalized score of 58 out of 100 , based on 44 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale , while comScore reported filmgoers gave an 84 % overall positive score . Dave White of TheWrap praised the cast and called the film a pleasant surprise saying `` Jumanji : Welcome to The Jungle is the Christmas tentpole release that aims to please and succeeds , a funny family entertainment product that subverts more expectations than it was obligated to contractually '' . David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film a `` C '' and called it unnecessary but mildly amusing : `` Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle is further proof that even the stalest whiff of brand recognition has become preferable to originality . Only part of the blame for that belongs to the studios but after cannibalizing themselves for much of the last 20 years , Hollywood has clearly eaten their way down to the crumbs '' . Writing for Variety , Owen Gleiberman was critical of the film saying `` Excitement ! Suspense ! Childlike innocence ! Ingeniously staged action set pieces ! These are a few of the things you will not find , anywhere , in Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle ... It 's supposed to be a board game come to life but really , it 's just a bored game '' . Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . Kids Choice Awards March 2018 Kids Choice Awards for Favorite Movie Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle Won Kids Choice Awards for Favorite Actor Dwayne Johnson Won Kevin Hart Nominated Saturn Awards June 2018 Best Fantasy Film Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle Pending Sequel ( edit ) Dwayne Johnson , Jack Black and Nick Jonas discussed in interviews what Jumanji 3 could be about , including the possibility of the film exploring the origins of the titular game . Karen Gillan has also said that the alternate ending for Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle would have left the door open for another installment . In February 2018 , it was announced that Kasdan would return to direct the sequel , with Rosenberg and Pinkner again writing the script and Johnson , Hart , Black and Gillan also reprising their roles . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Henry Jackman to Score ' Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle ' '' . Film Music Reporter . May 15 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Film releases '' . Variety Insight . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( December 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Jedi ' Now At $99 M , ' Jumanji ' Huge At $72 M+ ; ' All The Money In The World ' Opens To $2.6 M -- Christmas Weekend '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` There 's a touching tribute to Robin Williams in the new Jumanji film '' . Radio Times . Jump up ^ `` Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle is Certified Fresh '' . December 21 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coggan , Devan ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Dwayne Johnson , Jack Black go wild in first Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2017 . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jumanji ' Reboot In The Works '' . Whatstrending.com . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian ( August 1 , 2012 ) . `` Jumanji Reboot Lands Producer Matthew Tolmach '' . Movieweb.com . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Pictures Dates 16 Films Through 2019 ! '' . comingsoon.net . August 5 , 2015 . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2015 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hanks , Henry . `` They 're remaking ' Jumanji , ' and the Internet rage is real '' . CNN . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2015 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pulver , Andrew . `` ' Is nothing sacred ? ' : Twitter responds to news of Jumanji remake '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2015 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mullins , Jenna . `` People Are Livid About This Jumanji Remake , and We Do n't Blame Them '' . E ! News . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2015 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Faherty , Allanah . `` Do n't Worry Internet , Star of the Original ' Jumanji ' Movie Does n't Believe Sony Should Reboot the Film Either '' . Moviepilot . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` Scott Rosenberg Comes Aboard ' Jumanji ' For Columbia Pictures '' . deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2015 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Jake Kasdan To Helm ' Jumanji ' Reboot For Sony '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2016 . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Kevin Hart , Dwayne Johnson Circling ' Jumanji ' Reimagining ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2016 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Evry , Max ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Dwayne Johnson Officially Boards Jumanji Remake '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2016 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jr , Mike Fleming ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` Nick Jonas In Talks To Join ' Jumanji ' Movie '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2016 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dwayne Johnson Says Jumanji Will Not be a Reboot '' . ComingSoon.net . August 21 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2016 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Karen Gillan Game For Big Role In ' Jumanji ' Alongside Dwayne Johnson & Kevin Hart '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2016 . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Sony 's ' Jumanji ' Adds Two More Players Alongside Dwayne Johnson & Kevin Hart '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jumanji ' Sequel Casts Rhys Darby and Morgan Turner '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` Dwayne Johnson 's ' Jumanji ' Sequel Adds ' Naked Brothers Band ' Star '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2016 . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cannavale , Bobby ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` I 'm confused by my costume today # setlife # jumanji '' . Instagram.com . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Tim Matheson On Board For ' Jumanji ' Alongside Dwayne Johnson '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2016 . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Newton Howard to Score Jake Kasdan 's ' Jumanji ' Sequel '' . Film Music Reporter . October 6 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jumanji Starts Production and The Rock Shares a Set Video '' . Collider . September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Delahaye , Julie ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` How to explore the real Jumanji jungle where you can have your own adventure '' . Mirror . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` '' Jumanji '' with Kevin Hart , Jack Black and The Rock wraps in Atlanta `` . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . December 8 , 2016 . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( August 5 , 2015 ) . `` Sony Dates 16 Films Including Two More ' Bad Boys ' Sequels , ' Jumanji ' Remake '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2015 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jumanji : Welcome To The Jungle ' To Swing In Early For Amazon Prime Members '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Allesandro , Anthony ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jumanji : Welcome To The Jungle ' Amazon Prime Sneaks Sell Out Grossing Near $2 M '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ John Latchem ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle ' on Home Video in March '' . Media Play News . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 26 , 2018 ) . `` No. 4 ' Jumanji : Welcome To The Jungle ' Box Office Profits -- 2017 Most Valuable Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Does 2017 's Domestic Box Office Stand A Chance To Eclipse Last Year 's All - Time $11.4 B Record ? '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle ' Tracking for Strong $60 M Christmas Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( December 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Jedi ' Has Upper Hand Over ' Jumanji ' In New Year 's Weekend Duel As 2017 B.O. Closes With $11.1 B -- Monday Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Smallest Second Weekend Drop '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( December 31 , 2017 ) . `` Hugh Jackman 's ' The Greatest Showman ' Just Set A New Box Office Record '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jumanji ' Goes Wild With $36 M ; ' Insidious ' Rises To $29 M+ -- Sunday AM B.O. Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jumanji ' Roars To $34 M ; ' The Post ' Still The Most With $22 M+ ; ' The Commuter ' Punches $16 M : MLK Weekend Box Office Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 21 , 2018 ) . `` January Slows As ' Jumanji ' Takes No. 1 For 3rd Weekend With $19 M To $20 M ; Older Guy Pics ' 12 Strong ' & ' Den Of Thieves ' In Mid-Teens '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 21 , 2018 ) . `` January Slows As ' Jumanji ' Takes No. 1 For 3rd Weekend With $19 M To $20 M ; Older Guy Pics ' 12 Strong ' & ' Den Of Thieves ' In Mid-Teens '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Fox Controls Close To 40 % Of Weekend B.O. Led By ' Maze Runner ' & Oscar Holdovers ; ' Hostiles ' Gallops Past $10 M '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jumanji ' Poised To Be Dwayne Johnson 's Highest Grossing Pic Of All - Time Stateside After Super Bowl Weekend Rebound '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle ' Film Review : A Mainstream Moviegoing Miracle '' . TheWrap . December 8 , 2017 . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ David Ehrlich ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle ' Review : A Robin Williams Relic Is Reborn as a Mildly Amusing Video Game Movie '' . IndieWire . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Film Review : ' Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle ' '' . Variety . December 8 , 2017 . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Farber , Lindsay ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` Nickelodeon 's Kids ' Choice Awards 2018 : Watch Host John Cena Announce the Favorite Movie Nominees '' . E ! News . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rob Keyes . `` Nick Jonas Has A Funny Idea For The Next Jumanji Sequel '' . Screen Rant . Jump up ^ Matt Dolloff . `` Jack Black Has A Great Idea For Jumanji 3 '' . Screen Rant . Jump up ^ Christopher Isaac . `` Here 's Who Jumanji 's Stars Want to See in Jumanji 3 '' . Screen Rant . Jump up ^ Chris Evangelista . `` The ' Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle ' Cast Have ' Jumanji 3 ' Ideas , Plus an Alternate Ending for the New Sequel '' . Slash Film . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Scott Rosenberg & Jeff Pinkner To Write ' Jumanji : Welcome To The Jungle ' Sequel '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle on IMDb Official site -- Sony Pictures Jumanji by Chris Van Allsburg Books Jumanji Zathura Film series Jumanji Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle Television Jumanji episodes Related Zathura : A Space Adventure Films directed by Jake Kasdan Zero Effect ( 1998 ) Orange County ( 2002 ) The TV Set ( 2006 ) Walk Hard : The Dewey Cox Story ( 2007 ) Bad Teacher ( 2011 ) Sex Tape ( 2014 ) Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle ( 2017 ) Works by Chris Van Allsburg Picture books The Garden of Abdul Gasazi ( 1979 ) Jumanji ( 1981 ) The Wreck of the Zephyr ( 1983 ) The Mysteries of Harris Burdick ( 1984 ) The Enchanted World : Ghosts ( 1984 ) The Polar Express ( 1985 ) The Enchanted World : Dwarfs ( 1985 ) The Stranger ( 1986 ) The Z Was Zapped ( 1987 ) Two Bad Ants ( 1988 ) The Wretched Stone ( 1991 ) The Widow 's Broom ( 1992 ) The Sweetest Fig ( 1993 ) The Mysteries of Harris Burdick ( 1994 ) Bad Day at Riverbend ( 1995 ) Zathura ( 2002 ) Probuditi ! ( 2006 ) Queen of the Falls ( 2011 ) Books illustrated A City in Winter ( 1996 ) Film credits Jumanji ( 1995 ) The Polar Express ( 2004 ) Zathura : A Space Adventure ( 2005 ) Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jumanji:_Welcome_to_the_Jungle&oldid=833198184 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2017 3D films 2010s adventure films 2010s comedy science fiction films 2010s fantasy films 2010s sequel films American action adventure films American films American 3D films American adventure comedy films American fantasy adventure films American fantasy - comedy films American high school films American sequel films American teen films Columbia Pictures films Cross-dressing in film Films about video games Films based on children 's books Films set in 1996 Films set in 2016 Films set in New Hampshire Films shot in Atlanta Films shot in Hawaii Films scored by Henry Jackman Films directed by Jake Kasdan Jungle adventure films Sequel films Teen fantasy films Time travel films Transgender in film Virtual reality in fiction Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from March 2018 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский سنڌي Српски / srpski Suomi ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 05 : 43 . 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Region

Region - wikipedia Region Two or three dimensionally defined space , mainly in terrestrial and astrophysics sciences This article is about the concept of region in geography . For other uses , see Region ( disambiguation ) . In geography , regions are areas that are broadly divided by physical characteristics ( physical geography ) , human impact characteristics ( human geography ) , and the interaction of humanity and the environment ( environmental geography ) . Geographic regions and sub-regions are mostly described by their imprecisely defined , and sometimes transitory boundaries , except in human geography , where jurisdiction areas such as national borders are defined in law . Apart from the global continental regions , there are also hydrospheric and atmospheric regions that cover the oceans , and discrete climates above the land and water masses of the planet . The land and water global regions are divided into subregions geographically bounded by large geological features that influence large - scale ecologies , such as plains and features . As a way of describing spatial areas , the concept of regions is important and widely used among the many branches of geography , each of which can describe areas in regional terms . For example , ecoregion is a term used in environmental geography , cultural region in cultural geography , bioregion in biogeography , and so on . The field of geography that studies regions themselves is called regional geography . In the fields of physical geography , ecology , biogeography , zoogeography , and environmental geography , regions tend to be based on natural features such as ecosystems or biotopes , biomes , drainage basins , natural regions , mountain ranges , soil types . Where human geography is concerned , the regions and subregions are described by the discipline of ethnography . A region has its own nature that could not be moved . The first nature is its natural environment ( landform , climate , etc . ) . The second nature is its physical elements complex that were built by people in the past . The third nature is its socio - cultural context that could not be replaced by new immigrants . Contents 1 Globalization 1.1 Continental regions 1.2 Regional geography 2 Human geography 2.1 Historical regions 2.2 Tourism region 2.3 Natural resource regions 2.4 Religious regions 2.5 Political regions 2.6 Administrative regions 2.6. 1 Local administrative regions 2.7 Traditional or informal regions 2.8 Functional regions 2.9 Military regions 2.10 Media geography 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Globalization ( edit ) Global regions distinguishable from space , and are therefore clearly distinguished by the two basic terrestrial environments , land and water . However , they have been generally recognised as such much earlier by terrestrial cartography because of their impact on human geography . They are divided into largest of land regions , known as continents , and the largest of water regions known as oceans . There are also significant regions that do not belong to either classification , such as archipelago regions that are littoral regions , or earthquake regions that are defined in geology . Continental regions ( edit ) Continental regions are usually based on broad experiences in human history and attempts to reduce very large areas to more manageable regionalization for the purpose of study . As such they are conceptual constructs , usually lacking distinct boundaries . Oceanic division into maritime regions are used in conjunction with the relationship to the central area of the continent , using directions of the compass . Some continental regions are defined by the major continental feature of their identity , such as the Amazon basin , or the Sahara , which both occupy a significant percentage of their respective continental land area . To a large extent , major continental regions are mental constructs created by considering an efficient way to define large areas of the continents . For the most part , the images of the world are derived as much from academic studies , the media , or from personal experience of global exploration . They are a matter of collective human knowledge of its own planet and are attempts to better understand their environments . Regional geography ( edit ) Regional geography is a branch of geography that studies regions of all sizes across the Earth . It has a prevailing descriptive character . The main aim is to understand or define the uniqueness or character of a particular region , which consists of natural as well as human elements . Attention is paid also to regionalization , which covers the proper techniques of space delimitation into regions . Regional geography is also considered as a certain approach to study in geographical sciences ( similar to quantitative or critical geographies ; for more information , see history of geography ) . Human geography ( edit ) Human geography is a branch of geography that focuses on the study of patterns and processes that shape human interaction with various discrete environments . It encompasses human , political , cultural , social , and economic aspects among others that are often clearly delineated . While the major focus of human geography is not the physical landscape of the Earth ( see physical geography ) , it is hardly possible to discuss human geography without referring to the physical landscape on which human activities are being played out , and environmental geography is emerging as a link between the two . Regions of human geography can be divided into many broad categories : Cultural geography Demography Development geography Economic geography Ethnography Geopolitics Health geography Historical geography Language geography Religion geography Social geography Time geography Tourism geography Transportation geography Urban geography Media Geography Historical regions ( edit ) Main article : Historical region The field of historical geography involves the study of human history as it relates to places and regions or the study of how places and regions have changed over time . D.W. Meinig , a historical geographer of America , describes many historical regions in his book The Shaping of America : A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History . For example , in identifying European `` source regions '' in early American colonization efforts , he defines and describes the Northwest European Atlantic Protestant Region , which includes sub-regions such as the `` Western Channel Community '' , which itself is made of sub-regions such as the English West Country of Cornwall , Devon , Somerset , and Dorset . In describing historic regions of America , Meinig writes of `` The Great Fishery '' off the coast of Newfoundland and New England , an oceanic region that includes the Grand Banks . He rejects regions traditionally used in describing American history , like New France , `` West Indies '' , the Middle Colonies , and the individual colonies themselves ( Province of Maryland , for example ) . Instead he writes of `` discrete colonization areas , '' which may be named after colonies but rarely adhere strictly to political boundaries . Historic regions of this type Meinig writes about include `` Greater New England '' and its major sub-regions of `` Plymouth , '' `` New Haven shores '' ( including parts of Long Island ) , `` Rhode Island '' ( or `` Narragansett Bay '' ) , `` the Piscataqua , '' `` Massachusetts Bay , '' `` Connecticut Valley , '' and to a lesser degree , regions in the sphere of influence of Greater New England , `` Acadia '' ( Nova Scotia ) , `` Newfoundland and The Fishery / The Banks . '' Other examples of historical regions include Iroquoia , Ohio Country , Illinois Country , and Rupert 's Land . Tourism region ( edit ) Main article : Tourism region A tourism region is a geographical region that has been designated by a governmental organization or tourism bureau as having common cultural or environmental characteristics . These regions are often named after a geographical , former , or current administrative region or may have a name created for tourism purposes . The names often evoke certain positive qualities of the area and suggest a coherent tourism experience to visitors . Countries , states , provinces , and other administrative regions are often carved up into tourism regions to facilitate attracting visitors . Some of the more famous tourism regions based on historical or current administrative regions include Tuscany in Italy and Yucatán in Mexico . Famous examples of regions created by a government or tourism bureau include the United Kingdom 's Lake District and California 's Wine Country . great plains region Natural resource regions ( edit ) Natural resources often occur in distinct regions . Natural resource regions can be a topic of physical geography or environmental geography , but also have a strong element of human geography and economic geography . A coal region , for example , is a physical or geomorphological region , but its development and exploitation can make it into an economic and a cultural region . Some examples of natural resource regions include the Rumaila Field , the oil field that lies along the border or Iraq and Kuwait and played a role in the Gulf War ; the Coal Region of Pennsylvania , which is a historical region as well as a cultural , physical , and natural resource region ; the South Wales Coalfield , which like Pennsylvania 's coal region is a historical , cultural , and natural region ; the Kuznetsk Basin , a similarly important coal mining region in Russia ; Kryvbas , the economic and iron ore mining region of Ukraine ; and the James Bay Project , a large region of Quebec where one of the largest hydroelectric systems in the world has been developed . Religious regions ( edit ) Sometimes a region associated with a religion is given a name , like Christendom , a term with medieval and renaissance connotations of Christianity as a sort of social and political polity . The term Muslim world is sometimes used to refer to the region of the world where Islam is dominant . These broad terms are very vague when used to describe regions . Within some religions there are clearly defined regions . The Roman Catholic Church , the Church of England , the Eastern Orthodox Church , and others , define ecclesiastical regions with names such as diocese , eparchy , ecclesiastical provinces , and parish . For example , the United States is divided into 32 Roman Catholic ecclesiastical provinces . The Lutheran Church -- Missouri Synod is organized into 33 geographic districts , which are subdivided into circuits ( the Atlantic District ( LCMS ) , for example ) . The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints uses regions similar to dioceses and parishes , but uses terms like ward and stake . Political regions ( edit ) See also : Administrative divisions In the field of political geography , regions tend to be based on political units such as sovereign states ; subnational units such as administrative regions , provinces , states ( in the United States ) , counties , townships , territories , etc. ; and multinational groupings , including formally defined units such as the European Union , the Association of Southeast Asian Nations , and NATO , as well as informally defined regions such as the Third World , Western Europe , and the Middle East . Administrative regions ( edit ) Further information : Administrative division The word `` region '' is taken from the Latin regio ( derived from regere , to rule ) , and a number of countries have borrowed the term as the formal name for a type of subnational entity ( e.g. , the región , used in Chile ) . In English , the word is also used as the conventional translation for equivalent terms in other languages ( e.g. , the область ( oblast ) , used in Russia alongside a broader term регион ) . The following countries use the term `` region '' ( or its cognate ) as the name of a type of subnational administrative unit : Belgium ( in French , région ; in German , Region ; the Dutch term gewest is often translated as `` region '' ) Chad ( région , effective from 2002 ) Chile ( región ) Côte d'Ivoire ( région ) Denmark ( effective from 2007 ) England ( not the United Kingdom as a whole ) Eritrea France ( région ) Ghana Guinea ( région ) Guinea - Bissau ( região ) Guyana Hungary ( régió ) Italy ( regione ) Madagascar ( région ) Mali ( région ) Malta ( reġjun ) Namibia New Zealand Peru ( región ) Portugal ( região ) Philippines ( rehiyon ) Senegal ( région ) Tanzania Togo ( région ) Trinidad and Tobago ( Regional Corporation ) The Canadian province of Québec also uses the `` administrative region '' ( région administrative ) . Scotland had local government regions from 1975 to 1996 . In Spain the official name of the autonomous community of Murcia is Región de Murcia . Also , some single - province autonomous communities such as Madrid use the term región interchangeably with comunidad autónoma . Two län ( counties ) in Sweden are officially called ' regions ' : Skåne and Västra Götaland , and there is currently a controversial proposal to divide the rest of Sweden into large regions , replacing the current counties . The government of the Philippines uses the term `` region '' ( in Filipino , rehiyon ) when it 's necessary to group provinces , the primary administrative subdivision of the country . This is also the case in Brazil , which groups its primary administrative divisions ( estados ; `` states '' ) into grandes regiões ( greater regions ) for statistical purposes , while Russia uses экономические районы ( economic regions ) in a similar way , as does Romania and Venezuela . The government of Singapore makes use of the term `` region '' for its own administrative purposes . The following countries use an administrative subdivision conventionally referred to as a region in English : Bulgaria , which uses the област ( oblast ) Russia , which uses the область ( oblast ' ) , and for some regions the край ( krai ) Ukraine , which uses the область ( oblast ' ) Slovakia ( kraj ) China has five 自治区 ( zìzhìqū ) and two 特別 行政區 ( or 特别 行政区 ; tèbiéxíngzhèngqū ) , which are translated as `` autonomous region '' and `` special administrative region '' , respectively . Local administrative regions ( edit ) There are many relatively small regions based on local government agencies such as districts , agencies , or regions . In general , they are all regions in the general sense of being bounded spatial units . Examples include electoral districts such as Washington 's 6th congressional district and Tennessee 's 1st congressional district ; school districts such as Granite School District and Los Angeles Unified School District ; economic districts such as the Reedy Creek Improvement District ; metropolitan areas such as the Seattle metropolitan area , and metropolitan districts such as the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago , the Las Vegas - Clark County Library District , the Metropolitan Police Service of Greater London , as well as other local districts like the York Rural Sanitary District , the Delaware River Port Authority , the Nassau County Soil and Water Conservation District , and C - TRAN . Traditional or informal regions ( edit ) The traditional territorial divisions of some countries are also commonly rendered in English as `` regions '' . These informal divisions do not form the basis of the modern administrative divisions of these countries , but still define and delimit local regional identity and sense of belonging . Examples include : Finland Japan Korea Norway ( landsdeler ) Romania Slovakia Functional regions ( edit ) Functional regions are usually understood to be the areas organised by the horizontal functional relations ( flows , interactions ) that are maximised within a region and minimised across its borders so that the principles of internal cohesiveness and external separation regarding spatial interactions are met ( see , for instance , Farmer and Fotheringham , 2011 ; Klapka , Halas , 2016 ; Smart , 1974 ) . A functional region is not an abstract spatial concept , but to a certain extent it can be regarded as a reflection of the spatial behaviour of individuals in a geographic space . The functional region is conceived as a general concept while its inner structure , inner spatial flows , and interactions need not necessarily show any regular pattern , only selfcontainment . The concept of self - containment remains the only crucial defining characteristic of a functional region . Nodal regions , functional urban regions , daily urban systems , local labour - market areas ( LLMAs ) , or travel - to - work areas ( TTWAs ) are considered to be special instances of a general functional region that need to fulfil some specific conditions regarding , for instance , the character of the region - organising interaction or the presence of urban cores , ( Halas et al. , 2015 ) . Military regions ( edit ) See also : Military district Common military ranks in English Navies Armies Air forces Commissioned officers Admiral of the fleet Field marshal or General of the Army Marshal of the air force Admiral General Air chief marshal Vice admiral Lieutenant general Air marshal Rear admiral Major general Air vice-marshal Commodore Brigadier or brigadier general Air commodore Captain Colonel Group captain Commander Lieutenant colonel Wing commander Lieutenant commander Major or Commandant Squadron leader Lieutenant Captain Flight lieutenant Lieutenant junior grade or sub-lieutenant Lieutenant or first lieutenant Flying officer Ensign or midshipman Second lieutenant Pilot officer Officer cadet Officer cadet Flight cadet Enlisted grades Warrant officer or chief petty officer Warrant officer or sergeant major Warrant officer Petty officer Sergeant Sergeant Leading seaman Corporal or bombardier Corporal Seaman Private or gunner or trooper Aircraftman or airman Talk View In military usage , a region is shorthand for the name of a military formation larger than an Army Group and smaller than an Army Theater or simply Theater . The full name of the military formation is Army Region . The size of an Army Region can vary widely but is generally somewhere between about 1 million and 3 million soldiers . Two or more Army Regions could make up an Army Theater . An Army Region is typically commanded by a full General ( US four stars ) , a Field Marshal , or General of the Army ( US five stars ) , or Generalissimo ( Soviet Union ) . Due to the large size of this formation , its use is rarely employed . Some of the very few examples of an Army Region are each of the Eastern , Western , and southern ( mostly in Italy ) fronts in Europe during World War II . The military map unit symbol for this echelon of formation ( see Military organization and APP - 6A ) consists of six Xs . Media geography ( edit ) Media geography is a spatio - temporal understanding , brought through different gadgets of media , nowadays , media became inevitable at different proportions and everyone supposed to consumed at different gravity . The spatial attributes are studied with the help of media outputs in shape of images which are contested in nature and pattern as well where politics is inseparable . Media geography is giving spatial understanding of mediated image . See also ( edit ) Autonomous region Committee of the Regions Continent Continental fragment Euroregion Latin names of regions Military district Regional district Regionalism ( disambiguation ) Regional municipality Subcontinent Submerged continents Subregion Supercontinent United Nations geoscheme Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Turismo.intoscana.it . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 25 Jump up ^ Visitmexico.com Archived 2010 - 01 - 02 at the Wayback Machine. , Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 25 Jump up ^ Lakedistrict.gov.uk , Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 25 Jump up ^ Winecountry.com , Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 25 Jump up ^ Farmer , CJQ ; Fotheringham , AS ( 2011 ) . `` Network - based functional regions '' . Environment and Planning A. 43 ( 11 ) : 2723 -- 2741 . doi : 10.1068 / a44136 . Jump up ^ Klapka , P ; Halas , M ( 2016 ) . `` Conceptualising patterns of spatial flows : five decades of advances in the definition and use of functional regions '' . Moravian Geographical Reports . 24 ( 2 ) : 2 -- 11 . doi : 10.1515 / mgr - 2016 - 0006 . Jump up ^ Smart , MW ( 1974 ) . `` Labour market areas : uses and definition '' . Progress in Planning . 2 : 239 -- 353 . doi : 10.1016 / 0305 - 9006 ( 74 ) 90008 - 7 . Jump up ^ Halas , M ; Klapka , P ; Tonev , P ; Bednar , M ( 2015 ) . `` An alternative definition and use for the constraint function for rule - based methods of functional regionalisation '' . Environment and Planning A. 47 ( 5 ) : 1175 -- 1191 . doi : 10.1177 / 0308518X15592306 . References ( edit ) Bailey , Robert G. ( 1996 ) Ecosystem Geography . New York : Springer - Verlag . ISBN 0 - 387 - 94586 - 5 Meinig , D.W. ( 1986 ) . The Shaping of America : A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History , Volume 1 : Atlantic America , 1492 - 1800 . New Haven : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 03548 - 9 Moinuddin Shekh. ( 2017 ) `` Mediascape and the State : A Geographical Interpretation of Image Politics in Uttar Pradesh , India . Netherland , Springer . Smith - Peter , Susan ( 2018 ) Imagining Russian Regions : Subnational Identity and Civil Society in Nineteenth - Century Russia . Leiden : Brill , 2017 . ISBN 9789004353497 External links ( edit ) Map and descriptions of hydrologic unit regions of the United States Federal Standards for Delineation of Hydrologic Unit Boundaries Physiographic regions of the United States Continents of the world Africa Antarctica Asia Australia Europe North America South America Afro - Eurasia America Eurasia Oceania Prehistoric supercontinents Gondwana Laurasia Pangaea Pannotia Rodinia Columbia Kenorland Nena Sclavia Ur Vaalbara Other prehistoric continents Amazonia Arctica Asiamerica Atlantica Avalonia Baltica Cimmeria Congo craton Euramerica Kalaharia Kazakhstania Laurentia North China Siberia South China East Antarctica Pampia Cuyania Chilenia Submerged continents Kerguelen Plateau Zealandia Sahul Sunda Possible future supercontinents Pangaea Ultima Amasia Novopangaea Mythical and hypothesised continents Atlantis Kumari Kandam Lemuria Meropis Mu Hyperborea Terra Australis Subcontinents Arabian peninsula Indian subcontinent See also Regions of the world Continental fragment Book Category Regions of the world Regions of Africa Central Africa Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Cape Lopez Mayombe Igboland Mbaise Maputaland Pool Malebo Congo Basin Chad Basin Congolese rainforests Ouaddaï highlands Ennedi Plateau East Africa African Great Lakes Albertine Rift East African Rift Great Rift Valley Gregory Rift Rift Valley lakes Swahili coast Virunga Mountains Kavirondo Zanj Serengeti Horn of Africa Afar Triangle Al - Habash Barbara Danakil Alps Danakil Desert Ethiopian Highlands Gulf of Aden Gulf of Tadjoura Indian Ocean islands Comoros Islands North Africa Maghreb Ifriqiya Barbary Coast Bashmur Ancient Libya Atlas Mountains Nile Valley Cataracts of the Nile Darfur Gulf of Aqaba Lower Egypt Lower Nubia Middle Egypt Nile Delta Nuba Mountains Nubia The Sudans Upper Egypt Western Sahara West Africa Pepper Coast Gold Coast Slave Coast Ivory Coast Cape Palmas Cape Mesurado Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Niger Basin Guinean Forests of West Africa Niger Delta Inner Niger Delta Southern Africa Madagascar Central Highlands ( Madagascar ) Northern Highlands Rhodesia North South Thembuland Succulent Karoo Nama Karoo Bushveld Highveld Fynbos Cape Floristic Region Kalahari Desert Okavango Delta Cape Peninsula False Bay Hydra Bay Macro-regions Aethiopia Arab world Commonwealth realm East African montane forests Eastern Desert Equatorial Africa Françafrique Gibraltar Arc Greater Middle East Islands of Africa List of countries where Arabic is an official language Mediterranean Basin MENA MENASA Middle East Mittelafrika Negroland Northeast Africa Portuguese - speaking African countries Sahara Sahel Sub-Saharan Africa Sudan ( region ) Sudanian Savanna Tibesti Mountains Tropical Africa Regions of Asia Central Greater Middle East Aral Sea Aralkum Desert Caspian Sea Dead Sea Sea of Galilee Tartary Transoxiana Turan Greater Khorasan Ariana Khwarezm Sistan Kazakhstania Eurasian Steppe Asian Steppe Kazakh Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Mongolian - Manchurian grassland Wild Fields Yedisan Muravsky Trail Ural Ural Mountains Volga region Idel - Ural Kolyma Transbaikal Pryazovia Bjarmaland Kuban Zalesye Ingria Novorossiya Gornaya Shoriya Tulgas Iranian Plateau Altai Mountains Pamir Mountains Tian Shan Badakhshan Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Mount Imeon Mongolian Plateau Western Regions Taklamakan Desert Karakoram Trans - Karakoram Tract Siachen Glacier North Inner Asia Northeast Ural Ural Mountains Far East Russian Far East Okhotsk - Manchurian taiga Extreme North Tartary Siberia Baikalia ( Lake Baikal ) Transbaikal Khatanga Gulf Baraba steppe Kamchatka Peninsula Amur Basin Yenisei Gulf Yenisei Basin Sikhote - Alin Beringia Chukchi Peninsula East Orient Japanese archipelago Northeastern Japan Arc Sakhalin Island Arc Korean Peninsula Gobi Desert Taklamakan Desert Greater Khingan Mongolian Plateau Inner Asia Inner Mongolia Outer Mongolia China proper Manchuria Outer Manchuria Inner Manchuria Northeast China Plain Mongolian - Manchurian grassland North China Plain Yan Mountains Kunlun Mountains Liaodong Peninsula Himalayas Tibetan Plateau Tibet Tarim Basin Northern Silk Road Hexi Corridor Nanzhong Lingnan Liangguang Jiangnan Jianghuai Guanzhong Huizhou Wu Jiaozhou Zhongyuan Shaannan Ordos Loop Loess Plateau Shaanbei Hamgyong Mountains Central Mountain Range Japanese Alps Suzuka Mountains Leizhou Peninsula Gulf of Tonkin Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Yenisei Basin Altai Mountains Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass West Greater Middle East MENA MENASA Middle East Red Sea Caspian Sea Mediterranean Sea Zagros Mountains Persian Gulf Pirate Coast Strait of Hormuz Greater and Lesser Tunbs Al - Faw Peninsula Gulf of Oman Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Aden Balochistan Arabian Peninsula Najd Hejaz Tihamah Eastern Arabia South Arabia Hadhramaut Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert Tigris -- Euphrates Mesopotamia Upper Mesopotamia Lower Mesopotamia Sawad Nineveh plains Akkad ( region ) Babylonia Canaan Aram Aram - Naharaim Eber - Nari Suhum Eastern Mediterranean Mashriq Kurdistan Levant Southern Levant Transjordan Jordan Rift Valley Israel Levantine Sea Golan Heights Hula Valley Galilee Gilead Judea Samaria Arabah Anti-Lebanon Mountains Sinai Peninsula Arabian Desert Syrian Desert Fertile Crescent Azerbaijan Syria Palestine Iranian Plateau Armenian Highlands Caucasus Caucasus Mountains Greater Caucasus Lesser Caucasus North Caucasus South Caucasus Kur - Araz Lowland Lankaran Lowland Alborz Absheron Peninsula Anatolia Cilicia Cappadocia Alpide belt South Orient Greater India Indian subcontinent Himalayas Hindu Kush Carnatic region Western Ghats Eastern Ghats Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Pashtunistan Punjab Balochistan Kashmir Kashmir Valley Pir Panjal Range Thar Desert Indus Valley Indus River Delta Indus Valley Desert Indo - Gangetic Plain Eastern coastal plains Western Coastal Plains Meghalaya subtropical forests MENASA Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows Doab Bagar tract Great Rann of Kutch Little Rann of Kutch Deccan Plateau Coromandel Coast Konkan False Divi Point Hindi Belt Ladakh Aksai Chin Gilgit - Baltistan Baltistan Shigar Valley Karakoram Saltoro Mountains Siachen Glacier Bay of Bengal Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Mannar Trans - Karakoram Tract Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Lakshadweep Paropamisadae Andaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman Islands Nicobar Islands Maldive Islands Alpide belt Southeast Orient Sundaland Mainland Indochina Malay Peninsula Maritime Peninsular Malaysia Sunda Islands Greater Sunda Islands Lesser Sunda Islands Indonesian Archipelago Wallacea Timor New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula Philippine Archipelago Luzon Visayas Mindanao Leyte Gulf Gulf of Thailand East Indies Nanyang Alpide belt Asia - Pacific Tropical Asia Ring of Fire Regions of Europe North Nordic Northwestern Scandinavia Scandinavian Peninsula Fennoscandia Baltoscandia Jutland Sápmi West Nordic Baltic Baltic Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Iceland Faroe Islands East Danubian countries Prussia Galicia Volhynia Donbass Sloboda Ukraine Sambia Peninsula Amber Coast Curonian Spit Izyum Trail Lithuania Minor Nemunas Delta Baltic Baltic Sea Vyborg Bay Karelia East Karelia Karelian Isthmus Lokhaniemi Southeastern Balkans Aegean Islands Gulf of Chania North Caucasus Greater Caucasus Kabardia European Russia Southern Russia Central Baltic Baltic Sea Alpine states Alpide belt Visegrád Group Bohemia West Benelux Low Countries Northwest British Isles English Channel Channel Islands Cotentin Peninsula Normandy Brittany Gulf of Lion Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Pyrenees Alpide belt South Italian Peninsula Insular Italy Tuscan Archipelago Aegadian Islands Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Gibraltar Arc Southeastern Mediterranean Crimea Alpide belt Germanic Romance Celtic Slavic countries Uralic European Plain Eurasian Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Wild Fields Pannonian Basin Great Hungarian Plain Little Hungarian Plain Eastern Slovak Lowland Regions of North America Northern Eastern Canada Western Canada Canadian Prairies Central Canada Northern Canada Atlantic Canada The Maritimes French Canada English Canada Acadia Acadian Peninsula Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor Peace River Country Cypress Hills Palliser 's Triangle Canadian Shield Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga Newfoundland ( island ) Vancouver Island Gulf Islands Strait of Georgia Canadian Arctic Archipelago Labrador Peninsula Gaspé Peninsula Avalon Peninsula Bay de Verde Peninsula Brodeur Peninsula Melville Peninsula Bruce Peninsula Banks Peninsula ( Nunavut ) Cook Peninsula Gulf of Boothia Georgian Bay Hudson Bay James Bay Greenland Pacific Northwest Inland Northwest Northeast New England Mid-Atlantic Commonwealth West Midwest Upper Midwest Mountain states Intermountain West Basin and Range Province Oregon Trail Mormon Corridor Calumet Region Southwest Old Southwest Llano Estacado Central United States Tallgrass prairie South South Central Deep South Upland South Four Corners East Coast West Coast Gulf Coast Third Coast Eastern United States Appalachia Trans - Mississippi Great North Woods Great Plains Interior Plains Great Lakes Great Basin Great Basin Desert Acadia Ozarks Ark - La - Tex Waxhaws Siouxland Twin Tiers Driftless Area Palouse Piedmont Atlantic coastal plain Outer Lands Black Dirt Region Blackstone Valley Piney Woods Rocky Mountains Mojave Desert The Dakotas The Carolinas Shawnee Hills San Fernando Valley Tornado Alley North Coast Lost Coast Emerald Triangle San Francisco Bay Area San Francisco Bay North Bay East Bay Silicon Valley Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga Gulf of Mexico Lower Colorado River Valley Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta Yukon -- Kuskokwim Delta Colville Delta Arkansas Delta Mobile -- Tensaw River Delta Mississippi Delta Mississippi River Delta Columbia River Estuary Great Basin High Desert Monterey Peninsula Upper Peninsula of Michigan Lower Peninsula of Michigan Virginia Peninsula Keweenaw Peninsula Middle Peninsula Delmarva Peninsula Alaska Peninsula Kenai Peninsula Niagara Peninsula Beringia Belt regions Bible Belt Black Belt Corn Belt Cotton Belt Frost Belt Rice Belt Rust Belt Sun Belt Snow Belt Latin Northern Mexico Baja California Peninsula Gulf of California Colorado River Delta Gulf of Mexico Soconusco Tierra Caliente La Mixteca La Huasteca Bajío Valley of Mexico Mezquital Valley Sierra Madre de Oaxaca Yucatán Peninsula Basin and Range Province Western Caribbean Zone Isthmus of Panama Gulf of Panama Pearl Islands Azuero Peninsula Mosquito Coast West Indies Antilles Greater Antilles Lesser Antilles Leeward Leeward Antilles Windward Lucayan Archipelago Southern Caribbean Aridoamerica Mesoamerica Oasisamerica Northern Middle Anglo Latin French Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC Regions of Oceania Australasia Gulf of Carpentaria Zealandia Kula Gulf Australia Capital Country Eastern Australia Lake Eyre basin Murray -- Darling basin Northern Australia Nullarbor Plain Outback Southern Australia Maralinga Sunraysia Great Victoria Desert Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf St Vincent Lefevre Peninsula Fleurieu Peninsula Yorke Peninsula Eyre Peninsula Mornington Peninsula Bellarine Peninsula Mount Henry Peninsula Melanesia Islands Region Bismarck Archipelago Solomon Islands North Solomon Islands Solomon Islands Fiji New Caledonia New Guinea Papua New Guinea Republic of West Papua Vanuatu Micronesia Caroline Islands Federated States of Micronesia Palau Kiribati Mariana Islands Guam Northern Mariana Islands Marshall Islands Nauru Wake Island Polynesia Easter Island Hawaiian Islands Cook Islands French Polynesia Austral Islands Gambier Islands Mangareva Islands Marquesas Islands Society Islands Tuamotu Kermadec Islands New Zealand South Island North Island Niue Pitcairn Islands Samoan Islands American Samoa Independent State of Samoa Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Ring of Fire Regions of South America East Amazon basin Atlantic Forest Caatinga Cerrado North Caribbean South America West Indies Los Llanos The Guianas Amazon basin Amazon rainforest Gulf of Paria Paria Peninsula Paraguaná Peninsula Orinoco Delta South Tierra del Fuego Patagonia Pampas Pantanal Gran Chaco Chiquitano dry forests Valdes Peninsula West Andes Tropical Andes Wet Andes Dry Andes Pariacaca mountain range Altiplano Atacama Desert Latin Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC Polar regions Antarctic Antarctic Peninsula East Antarctica West Antarctica Eklund Islands Ecozone Extreme points Islands Arctic Arctic Alaska British Arctic Territories Canadian Arctic Archipelago Finnmark Greenland Northern Canada Northwest Territories Nunavik Nunavut Russian Arctic Sakha Sápmi Yukon North American Arctic Earth 's oceans and seas Arctic Ocean Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Prince Gustav Adolf Sea Pechora Sea Queen Victoria Sea Wandel Sea White Sea Atlantic Ocean Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Lion Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Saint Lawrence Gulf of Sidra Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea James Bay Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Marmara Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea Indian Ocean Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bali Sea Bay of Bengal Flores Sea Great Australian Bight Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Java Sea Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea Timor Sea Pacific Ocean Arafura Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Ceram Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea Southern Ocean Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser - Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea Landlocked seas Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Salton Sea Book Category Designations for types of administrative territorial entities English terms Common English terms Area Insular area Local government area Protected area Special area Statistical area Combined statistical area Metropolitan statistical area Micropolitan statistical area Urban area Canton Half - canton Borough County borough Metropolitan borough Capital Federal capital Imperial capital City City state Autonomous city Charter city Independent city Incorporated city Imperial city Free imperial city Royal free city Community Autonomous community Residential community County Administrative county Autonomous county Consolidated city - county Metropolitan county Non-metropolitan Viscountcy Country Overseas country Department Overseas department District Capital district City district Congressional district Electoral district Federal district Indian government district Land district Metropolitan district Non-metropolitan district Military district Municipal district Police district Regional district Rural district Sanitary district Subdistrict Urban district Special district Division Census division Police division Subdivision Municipality City municipality County municipality Norway Nova Scotia Regional county municipality Direct - controlled municipality District municipality Mountain resort municipality Neutral municipality Regional municipality Resort municipality Rural municipality Specialized municipality Prefecture Autonomous prefecture Subprefecture Super-prefecture Praetorian prefecture Province Autonomous province Overseas province Roman province Region Administrative region Autonomous region Capital region Development region Economic region Mesoregion Microregion Overseas region Planning region Special administrative region Statistical region Subregion Reserve Biosphere reserve Ecological reserve Game reserve Indian reserve Nature reserve State Federal state Free state Sovereign state Territory Capital territory Federal capital territory Dependent territory Federal territory Military territory Organized incorporated territory Overseas territory Union territory Unorganized territory Town Census town Market town Township Charter township Civil township Paper township Survey township Urban township Unit Autonomous territorial unit Local administrative unit Municipal unit Regional unit Zone Economic zone Exclusive economic zone Free economic zone Special economic zone Free - trade zone Neutral zone Self - administered zone Other English terms Current Alpine resort Bailiwick Banner Autonomous Block Cadastre Circle Circuit Colony Commune Condominium Constituency Duchy Eldership Emirate Federal dependency Governorate Hamlet Ilkhanate Indian reservation Manor Royal Muftiate Neighbourhood Parish Periphery Precinct Principality Protectorate Quarter Regency Autonomous republic Riding Sector Autonomous Shire Sultanate Suzerainty Townland Village Administrative Summer Ward Historical Agency Barony Burgh Exarchate Hide Hundred Imperial Circle March Monthon Presidency Residency Roman diocese Seat Tenth Tithing Non-English or loanwords Current Amt Bakhsh Barangay Bezirk Regierungsbezirk Comune Frazione Fu Gemeinde Austria Germany South Tyrol Switzerland Gemeente Gmina Județ Kampong Kunta / kommun Finland Sweden Län Località Megye Muban Mukim Oblast Autonomous Okrug Ostān Poblacion Purok Shahrestān Sum Sýsla Tehsil Vingtaine Historical Commote Gau Heerlijkheid Köping Landskommun Maalaiskunta Nome Egypt Greece Pagus Pargana Plasă Satrapy Socken Subah Syssel Zhou Arabic terms for country subdivisions First - level Muhafazah ( محافظة governorate ) Wilayah ( ولاية province ) Mintaqah ( منطقة region ) Mudiriyah ( مديرية directorate ) Imarah ( إمارة emirate ) Baladiyah ( بلدية municipality ) Shabiyah ( شعبية `` popularate '' ) Second / third - level Mintaqah ( منطقة region ) Qadaa ( قضاء district ) Nahiyah ( ناحية subdistrict ) Markaz ( مركز district ) Mutamadiyah ( معتمدية `` delegation '' ) Daerah / Daïra ( دائرة circle ) Liwa ( لواء banner / sanjak ) City / township - level Amanah ( أمانة municipality ) Baladiyah ( بلدية municipality ) Ḥai ( حي neighborhood / quarter ) Mahallah ( محلة ) Qarya ( قرية ) Sheyakhah ( شياخة `` neighborhood subdivision '' ) Majlis Mahalliyy ( مجلس محلي local council ) Majlis ʾIqlimiyy ( مجلس اقليمي regional council ) English translations given are those most commonly used . French terms for country subdivisions arrondissement département préfecture subprefectures Greek terms for country subdivisions Modern apokentromenes dioikiseis / geniki dioikisis / diamerisma / periphereia nomos / periphereiaki enotita demos / eparchia / koinotita Historical archontia / archontaton bandon demos despotaton dioikesis doukaton droungos eparchia exarchaton katepanikion kephalatikion kleisoura meris naukrareia satrapeia strategis thema toparchia tourma signifies a defunct institution Portuguese terms for country subdivisions Regional subdivisions Estado Distrito federal Província Região Distrito Comarca Capitania Local subdivisions Município Concelho Freguesia Comuna Circunscrição Settlements Cidade Vila Aldeia Bairro Lugar Historical subdivisions in italics . Slavic terms for country subdivisions Current dzielnica gmina krai kraj krajina / pokrajina městys obec oblast / oblast ' / oblasti / oblys / obwód / voblast ' okręg okres okrug opština / općina / občina / obshtina osiedle powiat / povit raion selsoviet / silrada sołectwo voivodeship / vojvodina županija Historical darugha gromada guberniya / gubernia jurydyka khutor obshchina okolia opole pogost prowincja sorok srez starostwo / starostva uyezd volost ziemia župa Spanish terms for country subdivisions National , Federal Comunidad autónoma Departamento Distrito federal Estado Provincia Región Regional , Metropolitan Cantón Comarca Comuna Corregimiento Delegación Distrito Mancomunidad Merindad Municipalidad Municipio Parroquia Ecuador Spain Urban , Rural Aldea Alquería Anteiglesia Asentamiento Asentamiento informal Pueblos jóvenes Barrio Campamento Caserío Ciudad Ciudad autónoma Colonia Lugar Masía Pedanía Población Ranchería Sitio Vereda Villa Village ( Pueblito / Pueblo ) Historical subdivisions in italics . Turkish terms for country subdivisions Modern il ( province ) ilçe ( district ) şehir ( city ) kasaba ( town ) belediye ( municipality ) belde ( community ) köy ( village ) mahalle ( neighbourhood / quarter ) Historical ağalık ( feudal district ) bucak ( subdistrict ) beylerbeylik ( province ) kadılık ( subprovince ) kaza ( sub-province ) hidivlik ( viceroyalty ) mutasarrıflık ( subprovince ) nahiye ( nahiyah ) paşalık ( province ) reya ( Romanian principalities ) sancak ( prefecture ) vilayet ( province ) voyvodalık ( Romanian provinces ) Used by ten or more countries or having derived terms . Historical derivations in italics . 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Colony of Virginia

Colony of Virginia - wikipedia Colony of Virginia Jump to : navigation , search Colony of Virginia Colony of England ( 1607 -- 1707 ) Colony of Great Britain ( 1707 -- 1776 ) 1607 -- 1776 Flag Coat of arms Motto `` En dat Virginia quintum '' ( English , `` Behold , Virginia gives the fifth '' ) Capital Jamestown ( 1607 -- 1699 ) Williamsburg ( 1699 -- 1776 ) Languages English , Siouan languages , Iroquoian languages , Algonquian languages Religion Church of England ( Anglicanism ) Government Constitutional monarchy Governor 1607 Edward Wingfield ( first ) 1771 -- 1775 Lord Dunmore ( last ) Legislature House of Burgesses ( 1619 -- 1776 ) History Founding 1607 Became Royal Colony 1624 Independence 1776 Currency Pound sterling Succeeded by Virginia Province of Carolina Bermuda Today part of United States The Colony of Virginia , chartered in 1606 and settled in 1607 , was the first enduring English colony in North America , following failed proprietary attempts at settlement on Newfoundland by Sir Humphrey Gilbert in 1583 , and the subsequent further south Roanoke Island ( modern eastern North Carolina ) by Sir Walter Raleigh in the late 1580s . The founder of the new colony was the Virginia Company , with the first two settlements in Jamestown on the north bank of the James River and Popham Colony on the Kennebec River in modern - day Maine , both in 1607 . The Popham colony quickly failed due to a famine , disease , and conflict with local Native American tribes in the first two years . Jamestown occupied land belonging to the Powhatan Confederacy , and was also at the brink of failure before the arrival of a new group of settlers and supplies by ship in 1610 . Tobacco became Virginia 's first profitable export , the production of which had a significant impact on the society and settlement patterns . In 1624 , the Virginia Company 's charter was revoked by King James I , and the Virginia colony was transferred to royal authority as a crown colony . After the English Civil War in the 1640s and 50s , the Virginia colony was nicknamed `` The Old Dominion '' by King Charles II for its perceived loyalty to the English monarchy during the era of the Protectorate and Commonwealth of England. . From 1619 to 1775 / 1776 , the colonial legislature of Virginia was the House of Burgesses , which governed in conjunction with a colonial governor . Jamestown on the James River remained the capital of the Virginia colony until 1699 ; from 1699 until its dissolution the capital was in Williamsburg . The colony experienced its first major political turmoil with Bacon 's Rebellion of 1676 . After declaring independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1775 , before the Declaration of Independence was officially adopted , the Virginia colony became the Commonwealth of Virginia , one of the original thirteen states of the United States , adopting as its official slogan `` The Old Dominion '' . The entire modern states of West Virginia , Kentucky , Indiana and Illinois , and portions of Ohio and Western Pennsylvania were later created from the territory encompassed , or claimed by , the colony of Virginia at the time of further American independence in July 1776 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Names and etymology 1.1 Virginia 1.2 Old Dominion 2 History 2.1 Elizabethan colonization attempts in the New World ( 1584 -- 1590 ) 2.2 Virginia Company ( 1606 -- 1624 ) 2.2. 1 Charter of 1606 -- creation of London and Plymouth companies 2.2. 2 Jamestown and the London company 2.2. 3 Powhatan Confederacy 2.2. 4 The Popham colony and the Plymouth company 2.2. 5 Charter of 1609 - the London company expands 2.2. 6 The 1609 Third Supply and Bermuda 2.2. 7 Abandonment and Fourth supply 2.2. 8 First Anglo - Powhatan War ( 1610 - 1614 ) , John Rolfe and Pocahontas 2.2. 9 Second Anglo - Powhatan War ( 1622 - 1632 ) 2.2. 9.1 Indian Massacre of 1622 2.3 Crown colony ( 1624 - 1652 ) 2.3. 1 Third Anglo - Powhatan War ( 1644 - 1646 ) 2.3. 2 Treaty of 1646 2.4 English Civil War and Commonwealth ( 1642 - 1660 ) 2.5 Crown colony restoration ( 1660 - 1775 ) 2.5. 1 Williamsburg era 2.6 American Revolution 3 Relations with the Indians 3.1 Iroquois Confederacy 3.2 Lord Dunmore 's War 4 Geography 4.1 Early settlements 4.2 The `` Hundreds '' 4.3 Citties , Shires , and Counties 4.4 Later settlements 4.5 Northern Neck Proprietary 5 Government and law 6 Economy 7 Culture 7.1 Ethnic origins 7.2 Servitude and slavery 7.3 Religion 7.4 Education and literacy 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Names and etymology ( edit ) Virginia ( edit ) History of Virginia By year Pre-statehood American Revolution U.S. Civil War Post-Civil War Topics : Cities - Politics - Slavery Virginia portal The name `` Virginia '' is the oldest designation for English claims in North America . In 1584 , Sir Walter Raleigh sent Philip Amadas and Arthur Barlowe to explore what is now the North Carolina coast , and they returned with word of a regional king ( weroance ) named Wingina , who ruled a land supposedly called Wingandacoa . The name Virginia for a region in North America may have been originally suggested by Sir Walter Raleigh , named for Queen Elizabeth I , in approximately 1584 . In addition the term Wingandacoa may have influenced the name Virginia . '' On his next voyage , Raleigh learned that while the chief of the Secotans was indeed called Wingina , the expression wingandacoa heard by the English upon arrival actually meant `` What good clothes you wear ! '' in Carolina Algonquian , and was not the name of the country as previously misunderstood . `` Virginia '' was originally a term used to refer to North America 's entire eastern coast from the 34th parallel ( close to Cape Fear ) north to 48th parallel . This area included a large section of Canada and the shores of Acadia . The colony was also known as the Virginia Colony , the Province of Virginia , and occasionally as the Dominion and Colony of Virginia or His Majesty 's Most Ancient Colloney and Dominion of Virginia Old Dominion ( edit ) In gratitude for the loyalty of Virginians to the crown during the English Civil War , Charles II gave it the title of `` Old Dominion '' . The colony seal stated from Latin , ' Behold , Virginia gives the fifth `` , with Virginia claimed as the fifth English dominion after England , France , Scotland and Ireland . The state of Virginia maintains `` Old Dominion '' as its state nickname . The athletic teams of the University of Virginia are known as the `` Cavaliers , '' referring to supporters of Charles II , and Virginia has another state public university called `` Old Dominion University '' . History ( edit ) See also : History of Virginia Although Spain , France , Sweden , and the Netherlands all had competing claims to the region , none of these prevented the English from becoming the first European power to colonize successfully the Mid-Atlantic coastline . Earlier attempts had been made by the Spanish in what is now Georgia ( San Miguel de Gualdape , 1526 -- 27 ; several Spanish missions in Georgia between 1568 and 1684 ) , South Carolina ( Santa Elena , 1566 -- 87 ) , North Carolina ( Joara , 1567 -- 68 ) and Virginia ( Ajacán Mission , 1570 -- 71 ) ; and by the French in South Carolina ( Charlesfort , 1562 -- 63 ) . Farther south , the Spanish colony of Spanish Florida , centered on St. Augustine , was established in 1565 , while to the north , the French were establishing settlements in what is now Canada ( Charlesbourg - Royal briefly occupied 1541 -- 43 ; Port Royal , established in 1605 ) . Elizabethan colonization attempts in the new World ( 1584 -- 1590 ) ( edit ) Main article : Roanoke Colony In 1585 , Sir Walter Raleigh sent his first colonisation mission to the island of Roanoke ( in present - day North Carolina ) , with over 100 male setters . However , when Sir Francis Drake arrived at the colony in summer 1586 , the colonists opted to return to England , due to lack of supply ships , abandoning the colony . Supply ships arrived at the now - abandoned colony later in 1586 ; 15 soldiers were left behind to hold the island , however no trace of these men was later found . In 1587 , Raleigh sent another group to again attempt to establish a permanent settlement . The expedition leader , John White , returned to England for supplies that same year but was unable to return to the colony due to war between England and Spain . When he finally did return in 1590 , he found the colony abandoned . The houses were intact , but the colonists had completely disappeared . Although there are a number of theories about the fate of the colony , it remains a mystery and has come to be known as the `` Lost Colony '' . Two English children were born in this colony ; the first was named Virginia Dare -- Dare County , North Carolina , was named in honor of the baby , who was among those whose fate is unknown . The word Croatoan was found carved into a tree , the name of a tribe on a nearby island . Virginia Company ( 1606 -- 1624 ) ( edit ) Main article : Virginia Company Following the failure of an earlier colonisation attempt , in the early 1600s , England resumed attempts to set up a number of colonies . This time jointstock companies were used rather than giving extensive grants to a landed proprietor such as Gilbert or Raleigh. . Charter of 1606 -- creation of London and Plymouth companies ( edit ) Main article : Charter of 1606 The site of the 1607 Popham Colony is shown by `` Po '' on the map . The settlement at Jamestown is shown by `` J '' . James granted a proprietary charter to two competing branches of the Virginia Company , which were supported by investors . These were the Plymouth Company and the London Company . By the terms of the charter , the Plymouth Company was permitted to establish a colony of 100 miles ( 160 km ) square between the 38th parallel and the 45th parallel ( roughly between Chesapeake Bay and the current U.S. -- Canada border ) . The London Company was permitted to establish between the 34th parallel and the 41st parallel ( approximately between Cape Fear and Long Island Sound ) , and also owned a large portion of Atlantic and Inland Canada . In the area of overlap , the two companies were not permitted to establish colonies within one hundred miles of each other . During 1606 , each company organized expeditions to establish settlements within the area of their rights . The London company formed Jamestown in its exclusive territory , whilst the Plymouth colony formed the Popham Colony in its exclusive territory near what is now Phippsburg , Maine . Jamestown and the London Company ( edit ) Main articles : Jamestown , Virginia and History of the Jamestown Settlement ( 1607 -- 1699 ) The London Company hired Captain Christopher Newport to lead its expedition . On December 20 , 1606 , he set sail from England with his flagship , the Susan Constant , and two smaller ships , the Godspeed , and the Discovery , with 105 men and boys , plus 39 sailors . After an unusually long voyage of 144 days , they arrived at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay and came ashore at the point where the southern side of the bay meets the Atlantic Ocean , an event that has come to be called the `` First Landing '' . They erected a cross and named the point of land Cape Henry , in honor of Henry Frederick , Prince of Wales , the eldest son of King James . Their instructions were to select a location inland along a waterway where they would be less vulnerable to the Spanish or other Europeans also seeking to establish colonies . They sailed westward into the Bay and reached the mouth of Hampton Roads , stopping at a location now known as Old Point Comfort . Keeping the shoreline to their right , they then ventured up the largest river , which they named the James , for their king . After exploring at least as far upriver as the confluence of the Appomattox River at present - day Hopewell , they returned downstream to Jamestown Island , which offered a favorable defensive position against enemy ships and deep water anchorage adjacent to the land . Within two weeks they had constructed their first fort and named their settlement Jamestown . In addition to securing gold and other precious minerals to send back to the waiting investors in England , the survival plan for the Jamestown colonists depended upon regular supplies from England and trade with the Native Americans . The location they selected was largely cut off from the mainland and offered little game for hunting , no fresh drinking water , and very limited ground for farming . Captain Newport returned to England twice , delivering the First Supply and the Second Supply missions during 1608 , and leaving the Discovery for the use of the colonists . However , death from disease and conflicts with the Natives Americans took a fearsome toll of the colonists . Despite attempts at mining minerals , growing silk , and exporting the native Virginia tobacco , no profitable exports had been identified , and it was unclear whether the settlement would survive financially . Powhatan Confederacy ( edit ) See also : Powhatan Confederacy The Powhatan Confederacy was a confederation of numerous linguistically related tribes in the eastern part of Virginia . The Powhatan Confederacy controlled a territory known as Tsenacommacah , which roughly corresponded with the Tidewater region of Virginia . It was in this territory that the English established Jamestown . At the time of the English arrival , the Powhatan were led by the paramount chief Wahunsenacawh . The Popham colony and the Plymouth Company ( edit ) On May 31 , 1607 , about 100 men and boys left England for what is now Maine . Approximately three months later , the group landed on a wooded peninsula where the Kennebec River meets the Atlantic Ocean and began building Fort St. George . By the end of the year , due to limited resources , half of the colonists returned to England . Late the next year , the remaining 45 sailed home , and the Plymouth company fell dormant . Charter of 1609 - the London Company expands ( edit ) Main article : Second Virginia Charter The 1609 charter for the Virginia colony `` from sea to sea '' In 1609 , with the abandonment of the Plymouth Company settlement , the London Company 's Virginia charter was adjusted to include the territory north of the 34th parallel and south of the 39th parallel , with its original coastal grant extended `` from sea to sea '' . Thus , at least according to James I 's writ , the Virginia Colony in its original sense extended to the coast of the Pacific Ocean , in what is now California , with all the states in between ( Kentucky , Missouri , Colorado , Utah , etc . ) belonging to Virginia . For practical purposes , though , the colonists rarely ventured far inland to what was known as `` The Virginia Wilderness '' , although the concept itself helped renew the interest of investors , and additional funds enabled an expanded effort , known as the Third Supply . The 1609 Third Supply and Bermuda ( edit ) Main articles : History of Bermuda and Somers Isles Company Map depicting the Colony of Virginia ( according to the Second Charter ) , made by Willem Blaeu between 1609 and 1638 For the Third Supply , the London Company had a new ship built . The Sea Venture was specifically designed for emigration of additional colonists and transporting supplies . It became the flagship of the Admiral of the convoy , Sir George Somers . The Third Supply was the largest to date , with eight other ships joining the Sea Venture . The new Captain of the Sea Venture was the mission 's Vice-Admiral , Christopher Newport . Hundreds of new colonists were aboard the ships . However , weather was to drastically affect the mission . A few days out of London , the nine ships of the third supply mission encountered a massive hurricane in the Atlantic Ocean . They became separated during the three days the storm lasted . Admiral Somers had the new Sea Venture , carrying most of the supplies of the mission , deliberately driven aground onto the reefs of Bermuda to avoid sinking . However , while there was no loss of life , the ship was wrecked beyond repair , stranding its survivors on the uninhabited archipelago , to which they laid claim for England . The survivors at Bermuda eventually built two smaller ships and most of them continued on to Jamestown , leaving a few on Bermuda to secure the claim . The Company 's possession of Bermuda was made official in 1612 , when the third and final charter extended the boundaries of ' Virginia ' far enough out to sea to encompass Bermuda . Bermuda has since been known officially also as The Somers Isles ( in commemoration of Admiral Somers ) . The shareholders of the Virginia Company spun off a second company , the Somers Isles Company , which administered Bermuda from 1615 to 1684 . Upon their arrival at Jamestown , the survivors of the Sea Venture discovered that the 10 - month delay had greatly aggravated other adverse conditions . Seven of the other ships had arrived carrying more colonists , but little in the way of food and supplies . Combined with a drought , and hostile relations with the Native Americans , the loss of the supplies that had been aboard the Sea Venture resulted in the Starving Time in late 1609 to May 1610 , during which over 80 % of the colonists perished . Conditions were so adverse it appears , from skeletal evidence , that the survivors engaged in cannibalism . The survivors from Bermuda had brought few supplies and food with them , and it appeared to all that Jamestown must be abandoned and it would be necessary to return to England . Abandonment and fourth Supply ( edit ) Statistics regarding mortality rates : Dates Population New arrivals Easter , 1619 ~ 1,000 Easter , 1620 866 1620 -- 1621 + 1,051 Easter 1621 843 1620 -- 1624 + ~ 4,000 Feb. 1624 1,277 During this time , perhaps 5000 Virginians died of disease or were killed in the Indian massacre of 1622 . Samuel Argall was the captain of one of the seven ships of the Third Supply that had arrived at Jamestown in 1609 after becoming separated from the Sea Venture , whose fate was unknown . Depositing his passengers and limited supplies , he returned to England with word of the plight of the colonists at Jamestown . The King authorized another leader , Thomas West , 3rd Baron De La Warr , later better known as `` Lord Delaware '' , to have greater powers , and the London Company organized another supply mission . They set sail from London on April 1 , 1610 . Just after the survivors of the Starving Time and those who had joined them from Bermuda had abandoned Jamestown , the ships of the new supply mission sailed up the James River with food , supplies , a doctor , and more colonists . Lord Delaware was determined that the colony was to survive , and he intercepted the departing ships about 10 miles ( 16 km ) downstream of Jamestown . The colonists thanked Providence for the Colony 's salvation . West proved far harsher and more belligerent toward the Indians than any of his predecessors , engaging in wars of conquest against them . He first sent Gates to drive off the Kecoughtan from their village on July 9 1610 , then gave Chief Powhatan an ultimatum to either return all English subjects and property , or face war . Powhatan responded by insisting that the English either stay in their fort or leave Virginia . Enraged , De la Warr had the hand of a Paspahegh captive cut off and sent him to the paramount chief with another ultimatum : Return all English subjects and property , or the neighboring villages would be burned . This time , Powhatan did not even respond . First Anglo - Powhatan War ( 1610 - 1614 ) , John Rolfe and Pocahontas ( edit ) On August 9 , 1610 , tired of waiting for a response from Powhatan , West sent George Percy with 70 men to attack the Paspahegh capital , burning the houses and cutting down their cornfields . They killed 65 to 75 , and captured one of Wowinchopunk 's wives and her children . Returning downstream , the English threw the children overboard and shot out `` their Braynes in the water '' . The queen was put to the sword in Jamestown . The Paspahegh never recovered from this attack and abandoned their town . Another small force sent with Samuel Argall against the Warraskoyaks found that they had already fled , but he destroyed their abandoned village and cornfields as well . This event triggered the first Anglo - Powhatan War . Among the individuals who had briefly abandoned Jamestown was John Rolfe , a Sea Venture survivor who had lost his wife and son in Bermuda . He was a businessman from London who had some untried seeds for new , sweeter strains of tobacco with him , as well as some untried marketing ideas . It would turn out that John Rolfe held the key to the Colony 's economic success . By 1612 , Rolfe 's new strains of tobacco had been successfully cultivated and exported , establishing a first cash crop for export . Plantations and new outposts sprung up , initially both upriver and downriver along the navigable portion of the James , and thereafter along the other rivers and waterways of the area . The settlement at Jamestown could finally be considered permanently established . A period of peace followed the marriage in 1614 of colonist John Rolfe to Pocahontas , the daughter of Algonquian chief Powhatan . Second Anglo - Powhatan War ( 1622 - 1632 ) ( edit ) Indian massacre of 1622 ( edit ) Main article : Indian Massacre of 1622 Indian massacre of 1622 , depicted in a 1628 woodcut by Matthäus Merian out of Theodore de Bry 's workshop . The relations with the Natives took a turn for the worse after the death of Pocahontas in England and the return of John Rolfe and other colonial leaders in May 1617 . Disease , poor harvests and the growing demand for tobacco lands caused hostilities to escalate . After Wahunsenacawh 's death in 1618 , he was soon succeeded by his own younger brother , Opechancanough . He maintained friendly relations with the Colony on the surface , negotiating with them through his warrior Nemattanew , but by 1622 , after Nemattanew had been slain , Opechancanough was ready to order a limited surprise attack on them , hoping to persuade them to move on and settle elsewhere . Chief Opechancanough organized and led a well - coordinated series of surprise attacks on multiple English settlements along both sides of a 50 - mile ( 80 km ) long stretch of the James River , which took place early on the morning of March 22 , 1622 . This event came to be known as the Indian Massacre of 1622 and resulted in the deaths of 347 colonists ( including men , women , and children ) and the abduction of many others . The Massacre caught most of the Virginia Colony by surprise and virtually wiped out several entire communities , including Henricus and Wolstenholme Town at Martin 's Hundred . Jamestown was spared from destruction , however , due to a Virginia Indian boy named Chanco who , after learning of the planned attacks from his brother , gave warning to colonist Richard Pace with whom he lived . Pace , after securing himself and his neighbors on the south side of the James River , took a canoe across river to warn Jamestown , which narrowly escaped destruction , although there was no time to warn the other settlements . A year later , Captain William Tucker and Dr. John Potts worked out a truce with the Powhatan and proposed a toast using liquor laced with poison . 200 Virginia Indians were killed or made ill by the poison and 50 more were slaughtered by the colonists . For over a decade , the English settlers killed Powhatan men and women , captured children and systematically razed villages , seizing or destroying crops . By 1634 , a six - mile - long palisade was completed across the Virginia Peninsula . The new palisade provided some security from attacks by the Virginia Indians for colonists farming and fishing lower on the Peninsula from that point . On April 18 , 1644 , Opechancanough again tried to force the colonists to abandon the region with another series of coordinated attacks , killing almost 500 colonists . However , this was a much less devastating portion of the growing population than had been the case in the 1622 attacks . The forces of Royal Governor of Virginia William Berkeley captured the old warrior in 1646 , variously thought to be between 90 and 100 years old . In October , while a prisoner , Opechancanough was killed by a soldier ( shot in the back ) assigned to guard him . Crown colony ( 1624 - 1652 ) ( edit ) In 1620 , a successor to the Plymouth Company sent colonists to the New World aboard the Mayflower . Known as Pilgrims , they successfully established a settlement in what became Massachusetts . The portion of what had been Virginia north of the 40th parallel became known as New England , according to books written by Captain John Smith , who had made a voyage there . In 1624 , the charter of the Virginia Company was revoked by King James I and the Virginia Colony was transferred to royal authority in the form of a crown colony . Subsequent charters for the Maryland Colony in 1632 and to the eight Lords Proprietor of the Province of Carolina in 1663 and 1665 further reduced the Virginia Colony to roughly the coastal borders it held until the American Revolution . ( The exact border with North Carolina was disputed until surveyed by William Byrd II in 1728 . ) Third Anglo - Powhatan War ( 1644 - 1646 ) ( edit ) After twelve years of peace following the Indian Wars of 1622 - 1632 , another Anglo -- Powhatan War began on March 18 , 1644 , as a last effort by the remnants of the Powhatan Confederacy , still under Opechancanough , to dislodge the English settlers of the Virginia Colony . Around 500 colonists were killed , but that number represented a relatively low percent of the overall population , as opposed to the earlier massacre ( the 1622 attack had wiped out a third ; that of 1644 barely a tenth ) . However , Opechancanough , still preferring to use Powhatan tactics , did not make any major follow - up to this attack . This was followed by a last effort by the settlers to decimate the Powhatan . In July , they marched against the Pamunkey , Chickahominy , and Powhatan proper ; and south of the James , against the Appomattoc , Weyanoke , Warraskoyak , and Nansemond , as well as two Carolina tribes , the Chowanoke and Secotan . In February 1645 , the colony ordered the construction of three frontier forts : Fort Charles at the falls of the James , Fort James on the Chickahominy , and Fort Royal at the falls of the York . In August , Governor William Berkeley stormed Opechancanough 's stronghold and captured him . All captured males in the village over age 11 were deported to Tangier Island . Opechancanough , around 92 years old , was taken to Jamestown where he was shot in the back by a guard . Opechancanough 's death resulted in the disintegration of the Powhatan Confederacy into its component tribes , whom the colonists continued to attack . In March 1646 , the colony decided to build a fourth frontier fort , Fort Henry , at the falls of the Appomattox , where the modern city of Petersburg is located . Treaty of 1646 ( edit ) Red line shows boundary between the Virginia Colony and Tributary Indian tribes , as established by the Treaty of 1646 . Red dot shows Jamestown , capital of Virginia Colony . In the peace treaty of October 1646 , the new weroance , Necotowance , and the subtribes formerly in the Confederacy , each became tributaries to the King of England . At the same time , a racial frontier was delineated between Indian and English settlements , with members of each group forbidden to cross to the other side except by special pass obtained at one of the newly erected border forts . The extent of the Virginia colony open to patent by English colonists was defined as : All the land between the Blackwater and York rivers , and up to the navigable point of each of the major rivers - which were connected by a straight line running directly from modern Franklin on the Blackwater , northwesterly to the Appomattoc village beside Fort Henry , and continuing in the same direction to the Monocan village above the falls of the James , where Fort Charles was built , then turning sharp right , to Fort Royal on the York ( Pamunkey ) river . Necotowance thus ceded the English vast tracts of still - uncolonized land , much of it between the James and Blackwater . English settlements on the peninsula north of the York and below the Poropotank were also allowed , as they had already been there since 1640 . English Civil War and Commonwealth ( 1642 - 1660 ) ( edit ) See also : Virginia Cavaliers ( historical ) Although the newer , Puritan colonies , most notably Massachusetts , were dominated by Parliamentarians , the older colonies sided with the Crown . The Virginia Company 's two settlements , Virginia and Bermuda ( Bermuda 's Independent Puritans were expelled as the Eleutheran Adventurers , settling the Bahamas under William Sayle ) , Antigua and Barbados were conspicuous in their loyalty to the Crown , and were singled out by the Rump Parliament in An Act for prohibiting Trade with the Barbadoes , Virginia , Bermuda and Antego in October , 1650 . This dictated that due punishment ( be ) inflicted upon the said Delinquents , do Declare all and every the said persons in Barbada 's , Antego , Bermuda 's and Virginia , that have contrived , abetted , aided or assisted those horrid Rebellions , or have since willingly joyned with them , to be notorious Robbers and Traitors , and such as by the Law of Nations are not to be permitted any maner of Commerce or Traffique with any people whatsoever ; and do forbid to all maner of persons , Foreiners , and others , all maner of Commerce , Traffique and Correspondency whatsoever , to be used or held with the said Rebels in the Barbada 's , Bermuda 's , Virginia and Antego , or either of them . The Act also authorised Parliamentary privateers to act against English vessels trading with the rebellious colonies : `` All Ships that Trade with the Rebels may be surprized . Goods and tackle of such ships not to be embezeled , till judgement in the Admiralty ; Two or three of the Officers of every ship to be examined upon oath . '' Virginia 's population swelled with Cavaliers during and after the English Civil War . Despite the resistance of the Virginia Cavaliers , Virginian Puritan Richard Bennett was made Governor answering to Cromwell in 1652 , followed by two more nominal `` Commonwealth Governors '' . Nonetheless , the colony was rewarded for its loyalty to the Crown by Charles the II following the Restoration when he dubbed it the Old Dominion . Crown colony Restoration ( 1660 - 1775 ) ( edit ) With the Restoration in 1660 the Governorship returned to its previous holder , Sir William Berkeley . In 1676 , Bacon 's Rebellion challenged the political order of the colony . While a military failure , its handling did result in Governor Berkeley being recalled to England . In 1679 , the Treaty of Middle Plantation was signed . Williamsburg era ( edit ) Further information : James Blair ( Virginia ) ; Alexander Spotswood ; Sir William Gooch , 1st Baronet ; Robert Dinwiddie ; and Francis Fauquier The largest and richest and most influential of the American colonies was Virginia , where conservatives were in full control of the colonial and local governments . At the local level , Church of England parishes handled many local affairs , and they in turn were controlled not by the minister , but rather by a closed circle of rich landowners who comprised the parish vestry . Ronald L. Heinemann emphasizes the ideological conservatism of Virginia , while noting there were also religious dissenters who were gaining strength by the 1760s : The tobacco planters and farmers of Virginia adhered to the concept of a hierarchical society that they or their ancestors had brought with them from England . Most held to the general idea of a Great Chain of Being : at the top were God and his heavenly host ; next came kings ... who were divinely sanctioned to rule , then a hereditary aristocracy who were followed in descending order by wealthy landed gentry , small , independent farmers , tenant farmers , servants ... Aspirations to rise above one 's station in life were considered a sin . In actual practice , colonial Virginia never had a bishop to represent God nor a hereditary aristocracy with titles like ' duke ' or ' baron ' . However it did have a royal governor appointed by the king , as well as a powerful landed gentry . The status quo was strongly reinforced by what Jefferson called `` feudal and unnatural distinctions '' that were vital to the maintenance of aristocracy in Virginia . He targeted laws such as entail and primogeniture by which the oldest son inherited all the land . As a result increasingly large plantations , worked by white tenant farmers and by black slaves , gained in size and wealth and political power in the eastern ( `` Tidewater '' ) tobacco areas . Maryland and South Carolina had similar hierarchical systems , as did New York and Pennsylvania . During the Revolutionary era , all such laws were repealed by the new states . The most fervent Loyalists left for Canada or Britain or other parts of the Empire . They introduced primogeniture in Upper Canada ( Ontario ) in 1792 , and it lasted until 1851 . Such laws lasted in England until 1926 . American Revolution ( edit ) Main article : Virginia in the American Revolution Relations with the Indians ( edit ) Lines show legal treaty frontiers between Virginia Colony and Indian Nations in various years , as well as today 's state boundaries . Red : Treaty of 1646 . Green : Treaty of Albany ( 1684 ) . Blue : Treaty of Albany ( 1722 ) . Orange : Proclamation of 1763 . Black : Treaty of Camp Charlotte ( 1774 ) . Area west of this line in present - day Southwest Virginia was ceded by the Cherokee in 1775 . As the English expanded out from Jamestown , encroachment of the new arrivals and their ever - growing numbers on what had been Indian lands resulted in several conflicts with the Virginia Indians . For much of the 17th century , English contact and conflict was mostly with the Algonquian peoples that populated the coastal regions , primarily the Powhatan Confederacy . Following a series of wars and the decline of the Powhatan as a political entity , the colonists expanded westward in the late 17th and 18th centuries , encountering the Shawnee , Iroquoian - speaking peoples such as the Nottoway , Meherrin , Iroquois and Cherokee , as well as Siouan - speaking peoples such as the Tutelo , Saponi , and Occaneechi . Iroquois Confederacy ( edit ) See also : Iroquois Confederacy Map of Iroquois expansion during Beaver Wars 1638 - 1711 . A c. 1724 English copy of a deerskin Catawba map of the tribes between Charleston ( left ) and Virginia ( right ) following the displacements of a century of disease and enslavement and the Beaver and Yamasee Wars . As the English settlements expanded beyond the Tidewater territory traditionally occupied by the Powhatan , they encountered new groups with which there had been minimal relations with the Colony . In the late 17th century , the Iroquois Confederacy expanded into the Western region of Virginia as part of the Beaver Wars . They arrived shortly before the English settlers , and displaced the resident Siouan tribes . Lt. Gov. Alexander Spotswood made further advances in policy with the Virginia Indians along the frontier . In 1714 , he established Fort Christanna to help educate and trade with several tribes with which the colony had friendly relations , as well as to help protect them from hostile tribes . In 1722 , he negotiated the Treaty of Albany . Lord Dunmore 's War ( edit ) Main article : Lord Dunmore 's War Geography ( edit ) See also : Environment of Virginia The cultural geography of colonial Virginia gradually evolved , with a variety of settlement and jurisdiction models experimented with . By the late 17th century and into the 18th century , the primary settlement pattern was based on plantations ( to grow tobacco ) , farms , and some towns ( mostly ports or courthouse villages ) . Early settlements ( edit ) The fort at Jamestown , founded in 1607 , remained the primary settlement of the colonists for several years . A few strategic outposts were constructed , including Fort Algernon ( 1609 ) at the entrance to the James River . Early attempts to occupy strategic locations already inhabited by natives at what is now Richmond and Suffolk failed owing to native resistance . A short distance farther up the James , in 1611 , Thomas Dale began the construction of a progressive development at Henricus on and about what was later known as Farrars Island . Henricus was envisioned as possible replacement capital for Jamestown , and was to have the first college in Virginia . ( The ill - fated Henricus was destroyed during the Indian Massacre of 1622 ) . In addition to creating the new settlement at Henricus , Dale also established the port town of Bermuda Hundred , as well as `` Bermuda Cittie '' ( sic ) in 1613 , now part of Hopewell , Virginia . He began the excavation work at Dutch Gap , using methods he had learned while serving in Holland . The `` hundreds '' ( edit ) Bermuda Hundred and other early English settlements upriver of Jamestown Once tobacco had been established as an export cash crop , investors became more interested and groups of them united to create largely self - sufficient `` hundreds . '' The term `` hundred '' is a traditional English name for an administrative division of a shire ( or county ) to define an area which would support one hundred heads of household . In the colonial era in Virginia , the `` hundreds '' were large developments of many acres , necessary to support land hungry tobacco crops . The `` hundreds '' were required to be at least several miles from any existing community . Soon , these patented tracts of land sprung up along the rivers . The investors sent shiploads of settlers and supplies to Virginia to establish the new developments . The administrative centers of Virginia 's hundreds were essentially small towns or villages , and were often palisaded for defense . An example was Martin 's Hundred , located downstream from Jamestown on the north bank of the James River . It was sponsored by the Martin 's Hundred Society , a group of investors in London . It was settled in 1618 , and Wolstenholme Towne was its administrative center , named for Sir John Wolstenholme , one of the investors . Bermuda Hundred ( now in Chesterfield County ) and Flowerdew Hundred ( now in Prince George County ) are other names which have survived over centuries . Others included Berkeley Hundred , Bermuda Nether Hundred , Bermuda Upper Hundred , Smith 's Hundred , Digges Hundred , West Hundred and Shirley Hundred ( and , in Bermuda , Harrington Hundreds ) . Including the creation of the `` hundreds '' , the various incentives to investors in the Virginia Colony finally paid off by 1617 . By this time , the colonists were exporting 50,000 pounds of tobacco to England a year and were beginning to generate enough profit to ensure the economic survival of the colony . Citties , shires , and counties ( edit ) Main articles : Shires of Virginia and Counties of Virginia In 1619 , the plantations and developments were divided into four `` incorporations '' or `` citties '' ( sic ) , as they were called . These were Charles Cittie , Elizabeth Cittie , Henrico Cittie , and James Cittie , which included the relatively small seat of government for the colony at Jamestown Island . Each of the four `` citties '' ( sic ) extended across the James River , the main conduit of transportation of the era . Elizabeth Cittie , know initially as Kecoughtan ( a Native word with many variations in spelling by the English ) , also included the areas now known as South Hampton Roads and the Eastern Shore . In 1634 , a new system of local government was created in the Virginia Colony by order of the King of England . Eight shires were designated , each with its own local officers . Within a few years , the shires were renamed counties , a system which has remained to the present day . Later settlements ( edit ) In 1630 , under the governorship of John Harvey , the first settlement on the York River was founded . In 1632 , the Virginia legislature voted to build a fort to link Jamestown and the York River settlement of Chiskiack and protect the colony from Indian attacks . In 1634 , a palisade was built near Middle Plantation . This wall stretched across the peninsula between the York and James rivers and protected the settlements on the eastern side of the lower Peninsula from Indians . The wall also served to contain cattle . In 1699 , a new capital was established and built at Middle Plantation , soon renamed Williamsburg . Northern Neck proprietary ( edit ) Main article : Northern Neck Proprietary In the period following the English Civil War , the exiled King Charles II of England hoped to shore up the loyalty of several of his supporters by granting them a significant area of mostly uncharted land to control as a Proprietary in Virginia ( a claim that would only be valid were the king to return to power ) . While under the jurisdiction of the Virginia Colony , the proprietary maintained complete control of the granting of land within that territory ( and revenues obtained from it ) until after the American Revolution . The grant was for the land between the Rappahannock and Potomac Rivers , which included the titular Northern Neck , but as time went on also would include all of what is today Northern Virginia and into West Virginia . Due to ambiguities of the text of the various grants causing disputes between the proprietary and the colonial government , the tract was finally demarcated via the Fairfax Line in 1746 . Government and law ( edit ) Main articles : Virginia Governor 's Council and House of Burgesses See also : List of colonial governors of Virginia Hanover County Courthouse ( c. 1735 -- 1742 ) , with its arcaded front , is typical of a numerous colonial courthouse built in Virginia . In the initial years under the Virginia Company , the colony was governed by a council , headed by a council President . From 1611 to 1618 , under the orders of Sir Thomas Dale , the settlers of the colony were under a regime of martial law that became known as Dale 's Code . Under a charter from the company in 1618 , a new model of governance was put in place in 1619 , which created a new House of Burgesses . On July 30 , 1619 , burgesses met at Jamestown Church as the first elected representative legislative assembly in the New World . The legal system in the colony was thereafter based around the English common law . For much of the history of the Royal Colony , the formal appointed governor was absentee , often remaining in England . In his stead , a series of acting or Lieutenant Governors who were physically present held actual authority . In the later years of its history , as it became increasingly `` civilized , '' more governors made the journey . The first settlement in the colony , Jamestown , served as the capital and main port of entry from its founding until 1699 . During this time , a series of statehouses ( capitols ) were used and subsequently consumed by fires ( both accidental , and in the case of Bacon 's Rebellion , intentional ) . Following such a fire , in 1699 the capital was relocated inland , away from the swampy clime of Jamestown to Middle Plantation , soon to be renamed Williamsburg . The capital of Virginia remained in Williamsburg , until it was moved further inland to Richmond in 1779 during the American Revolution . Economy ( edit ) See also : Plantation economy and Tobacco in the American Colonies The entrepreneurs of the Virginia Company experimented with a number of means of making the colony profitable . The orders sent with the first colonists instructed that they search for precious metals ( specifically gold ) . While no gold was found , various products were sent back , including pitch and clapboard . In 1608 , early attempts were made at breaking the Continental hold on glassmaking through the creation of a glassworks . In 1619 , the colonist built the first ironworks in North America . In 1612 , settler John Rolfe planted tobacco obtained from Bermuda ( during his stay there as part of the Third Supply ) . Within a few years , the crop proved extremely lucrative in the European market . As the English increasingly used tobacco products , tobacco in the American colonies became significant economic force , especially in the tidewater region surrounding the Chesapeake Bay . Vast plantations were built along the rivers of Virginia , and social / economic systems developed to grow and distribute this cash crop . Some elements of this system included the importation and employment of slaves to grow crops . Planters would then fill large hogsheads with tobacco and convey them to inspection warehouses . In 1730 , the Virginia House of Burgesses standardized and improved quality of tobacco exported by establishing the Tobacco Inspection Act of 1730 , which required inspectors to grade tobacco at 40 specified locations . Culture ( edit ) Ethnic origins ( edit ) England supplied the great majority of colonists . In 1608 , the first Poles and Slovaks arrived as part of a group of skilled craftsmen . In 1619 , the first Africans arrived , though the concept of racially based slavery did not evolve for several decades . In the mid-17th century , French Huguenots arrived in the colony . In the early 18th century , German specialists arrived to establish the Germanna settlement . Scots and Scots - Irish settled on the Virginia frontier . Some Welsh arrived including the ancestors of Thomas Jefferson . Servitude and slavery ( edit ) Main article : History of slavery in Virginia With the boom in tobacco planting , there was a severe shortage of laborers to work the labor - intensive crop . One method to solve the shortage was through the usage of indentured servants . By the 1640s , legal documents started to define the changing nature of indentured servants and their status as servants . In 1640 , John Punch was sentenced to lifetime servitude as punishment for trying to escape from his master Hugh Gwyn . This is the earliest legal sanctioning of slavery in Virginia . After this trial , the relationship between indentured servants and their masters changed , as planters saw permanent servitude a more appealing and profitable prospect than seven - year indentures . As many indentured workers were illiterate , especially Africans , there were opportunities for abuse by planters and other indenture holders . Some ignored the expiration of servants ' indentured contracts and tried to keep them as lifelong workers . One example is with Anthony Johnson , who argued with Robert Parker , another planter , over the status of John Casor , formerly an indentured servant of his . Johnson argued that his indenture was for life and Parker had interfered with his rights . The court ruled in favor of Johnson and ordered that Casor be returned to him , where he served the rest of his life as a slave . Such documented cases marked the transformation of Negroes from indentured servants into slaves . In the late 17th century , the Royal African Company , which was established by the King of England to supply the great demand for labor to the colonies , had a monopoly on the provision of African slaves to the colony . As plantation agriculture was established earlier in Barbados , in the early years , slaves were shipped from Barbados ( where they were seasoned ) to the colonies of Virginia and Carolina . Religion ( edit ) Main article : Religion in early Virginia In 1619 , the Anglican Church was formally established as the official religion in the colony , and would remain so until shortly after the American Revolution . Establishment meant that local tax funds paid the parish costs , and that the parish had local civic functions such as poor relief . The upper class planters controlled the vestry , which ran the parish and chose the minister . The church in Virginia was controlled by the Bishop of London , who sent priests and missionaries , but there were never enough , and they reported very low standards of personal morality . By the 1760s , dissenting Protestants , especially Baptists and Methodists , were growing rapidly and started challenging the Anglicans for moral leadership . Education and literacy ( edit ) Rear view of the Wren Building at the College of William and Mary , begun in 1695 The first printing press used in Virginia began operation in Jamestown on June 8 , 1680 , though within a few years it was shut down by the Governor and Crown of England for want of a license . It was not until 1736 that the first newspaper , the Virginia Gazette , began circulation under printer William Parks of Williamsburg . The Syms - Eaton Academy , started in 1634 , became the first free public school in America . Private tutors were often favored among those families who could afford them . For most of the 17th century , a university education for settlers of Virginia required a journey to England or Scotland . Such journeys were undertaken by wealthy young men . In the early years , many settlers received their education prior to immigrating to the colony . In 1693 , the College of William and Mary was founded at Middle Plantation ( soon renamed Williamsburg ) . The college included a common school for Virginia Indians , supplemented by local pupils , which lasted until a 1779 overhaul of the institution 's curriculum . The college , located in the capital and heart of the Tidewater region , dominated the colony 's intellectual climate until after independence . After 1747 , some Virginians began to attend institutions at Princeton and Philadelphia . Generations began to move west into the Piedmont and Blue Ridge areas . It is in this region of Virginia that two future Presbyterian colleges trace their origins to lower level institutions founded in this time period . First , what would become Hampden -- Sydney College was founded in 1775 , immediately prior to the American Revolution . Likewise , Augusta Academy was a classical school that would evolve into Washington and Lee University ( though would not grant its first bachelor 's degree until 1785 ) . See also ( edit ) United States portal North America portal Virginia portal British Empire portal English colonial empire Former counties , cities , and towns of Virginia History of Virginia History of Virginia on stamps Jamestown Exposition List of colonial governors of Virginia Southern Colonies Anne Orthwood 's bastard trial , showing the development of law in the Colony of Virginia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Library of Virginia FAQ About Virginia '' . Jump up ^ GILBERT ( Saunders Family ) , SIR HUMPHREY '' ( history ) , Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online , University of Toronto , May 2 , 2005 ^ Jump up to : `` Instructions for the Virginia Colony 1606 '' . American history from revolution to reconstruction . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Tarter , Brent. `` Old Dominion '' . Encyclopedia Virginia . Virginia Foundation for the Humanities . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Questions about Virginia '' . The Library of Virginia . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . `` Virginia was named for Queen Elizabeth I of England , who was known as the Virgin Queen . Historians think the English adventurer Sir Walter Raleigh suggested the name about 1584 . Jump up ^ Stewart , George ( 1945 ) . Names on the Land : A Historical Account of Place - Naming in the United States . New York : Random House . p. 22 . Jump up ^ Sams , Conway ( 1916 ) . The Conquest of Virginia : the Forest Primeval ; An Account Based on Original Documents . New York and London : G.P. Putnam 's Sons . pp. 282 -- 83 . Jump up ^ `` Algonkian Ethnohistory of the Carolina Sound , Part 1 '' . Homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com. 1944 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Vaughan , Alden T. ( 1 January 2004 ) . `` Early American Indian Documents : Virginia treaties , 1607 - 1722 '' . University Publications of America -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Mathews , Mitford McLeod ( 1 January 1951 ) . `` A Dictionary of Americanisms on Historical Principles '' . University of Chicago Press -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Lost Colony : Can New Dig Solve Mystery ? '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The American Story , Penguin , Combined Volume '' . Google books . Penguin . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . An area of overlapping territory was created within which the two companies were not permitted to establish colonies within one hundred miles of each other . Jump up ^ `` The Virginia Company '' . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Prelude to Jamestown '' . Nps.gov. 1989 - 08 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Maine 's Lost Colony '' . Smithsonian . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Hobson Woodward . A Brave Vessel : The True Tale of the Castaways Who Rescued Jamestown and Inspired Shakespeare 's The Tempest . Viking ( 2009 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 02096 - 6 Jump up ^ `` The Third Virginia Charter 1612 '' . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , David. Skeleton of teenage girl confirms cannibalism at Jamestown colony , Washington Post , 1 May 2013 . Retrieved on 1 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Bernard W. Sheehan , Savagism and civility : Indians and Englishmen in Colonial Virginia ( 1990 ) p 226 Jump up ^ `` The Story of Jamestown '' . NPS Historical Handbook . National Park Service . Retrieved 18 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Rountree , Helen C. Pocahontas , Powhatan , Opechancanough : Three Indian Lives Changed by Jamestown . University of Virginia Press : Charlottesville , 2005 ^ Jump up to : Cite error : The named reference TuckerArnold2011 was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ A Study of Virginia Indians Jump up ^ Ronald L. Heinemann et al. Old Dominion , New Commonwealth : A History of Virginia , 1607 -- 2007 ( 2007 ) p 67 Jump up ^ Holly Brewer , `` Entailing Aristocracy in Colonial Virginia : ' Ancient Feudal Restraints ' and Revolutionary Reform , '' William and Mary Quarterly ( 1997 ) 54 # 2 307 - 346 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Richard B. Morris , `` Primogeniture and Entailed Estates in America , '' Columbia Law Review , 27 ( Jan. 1927 ) , 24 - 51 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ John McLaren ( 2005 ) . Despotic Dominion : Property Rights in British Settler Societies . p. 178 . ISBN 9780774810739 . Jump up ^ `` Hundred Define Hundred at Dictionary.com '' . Dictionary.reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` The First Legislative Assembly '' . Colonial National Historical Park ( NPS ) . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Holshouser , Joshua D. ; Brylinsk - Padnbey , Lucyna ; Kielbasa , Katarzyna ( July 2007 ) . `` Jamestown : The Birth of American Polonia 1608 -- 2008 ( The Role and Accomplishments of Polish Pioneers in the Jamestown Colony ) '' . Polish American Congress . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Henderson , George ; Olasij , Thompson Dele ( January 10 , 1995 ) . Migrants , Immigrants , and Slaves : Racial and Ethnic Groups in America . University Press of America . p. 116 . ISBN 978 - 0819197382 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Patrick ( November 8 , 2011 ) . Robertson 's Book of Firsts : Who Did What for the First Time . Bloomsbury Publishing USA . ISBN 978 - 1596915794 . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Uminski , Sigmund H. ( 1974 ) . The Polish pioneers in Virginia . Polish Publication Society of America . p. 8 . ASIN B0006CA8QI . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Christopher E. Hendricks ( 2006 ) . The Backcountry Towns of Colonial Virginia . p. 10 . ISBN 9781572335431 . Jump up ^ Walter Wayland , John ( 1902 ) . `` The Germans of the Valley '' . Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. 9 ( 4 ) : 337 -- 352 . JSTOR 4242456 . Jump up ^ Lyman Chalkey ( 1912 ) . Chronicles of the Scotch - Irish Settlement in Virginia : Extracted from the Original Court Records of Augusta County , 1745 -- 1800 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Alan Pell Crawford ( 2008 ) . Twilight at Monticello : The Final Years of Thomas Jefferson . p. 8 . ISBN 9781400060795 . Jump up ^ Donoghue , John ( 2010 ) . `` Out of the Land of Bondage '' : The English Revolution and the Atlantic Origins of Abolition '' ( PDF ) . The American Historical Review . Jump up ^ Foner , Philip S. ( 1980 ) . `` History of Black Americans : From Africa to the Emergence of the Cotton Kingdom '' . Oxford University Press : 3 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Royal African Company -- Supplying Slaves to Jamestown '' . Colonial National Historical Park ( National Park Service ) . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Edward L. Bond and Joan R. Gundersen . The Episcopal Church in Virginia , 1607 -- 2007 ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Richard R. Beeman , `` Social Change and Cultural Conflict in Virginia : Lunenberg County , 1746 to 1774 . '' William and Mary Quarterly ( 1978 ) : 455 -- 476 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Rhys Isaac , The transformation of Virginia , 1740 -- 1790 ( 1982 ) Jump up ^ James B. Bell , Empire , Religion and Revolution in Early Virginia , 1607 -- 1786 ( 2013 ) . ^ Jump up to : ( none given ) ( July 1 , 1898 ) . `` Old Virginia Editors '' . William and Mary Quarterly . 1 . VII ( 1 ) : 9 -- 12 . doi : 10.2307 / 1919905 . JSTOR 1919905 . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : ( none given ) ( January 1 , 1898 ) . `` Education in Colonial Virginia : Part IV , The Higher Education '' . William and Mary Quarterly . 1 . VII ( 1 ) : 171 -- 172 ; 174 -- 187 . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . Jump up ^ ( none given ) ( July 1 , 1898 ) . `` Education in Colonial Virginia : Part V : Influence of William and Mary College '' . William and Mary Quarterly . 1 . VII ( 1 ) : 1 . doi : 10.2307 / 1919904 . JSTOR 1919904 . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Main article : History of Virginia § Colonial Heinemann , Ronald L. , John G. Kolp , Anthony S. Parent Jr. , and William G. Shade , Old Dominion , New Commonwealth : A History of Virginia , 1607 -- 2007 ( 2007 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 2609 - 4 . Rubin , Louis D. Virginia : A Bicentennial History . States and the Nation Series . ( 1977 ) , popular Wallenstein , Peter . Cradle of America : Four Centuries of Virginia History ( 2007 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 1507 - 0 . 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Western Territory 1860 -- 1981 * British Antigua and Barbuda 1862 -- 1863 Stickeen 1866 -- 1871 British Columbia 1867 -- 1931 * Dominion of Canada 1871 -- 1964 Honduras 1882 -- 1983 * Saint Kitts and Nevis 1889 -- 1962 Trinidad and Tobago 1907 -- 1949 Newfoundland 1958 -- 1962 West Indies Federation 1 . Occupied jointly with the United States . 2 . In 1931 , Canada and other British dominions obtained self - government through the Statute of Westminster . See Name of Canada . 3 . Gave up self - rule in 1934 , but remained a de jure Dominion until it joined Canada in 1949 . South America 1631 -- 1641 Providence Island 1651 -- 1667 Willoughbyland 1670 -- 1688 Saint Andrew and Providence Islands 1831 -- 1966 Guiana Since 1833 Falkland Islands Since 1908 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 4 . Now a department of Colombia . 5 . Occupied by Argentina during the Falklands War of April -- June 1982 . Africa 17th and 18th centuries 19th century 20th century Since 1658 Saint Helena 1792 -- 1961 Sierra Leone 1795 -- 1803 Cape Colony Since 1815 Ascension Island Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha 1806 -- 1910 Cape of Good Hope 1807 -- 1808 Madeira 1810 -- 1968 Mauritius 1816 -- 1965 The Gambia 1856 -- 1910 Natal 1862 -- 1906 Lagos 1868 -- 1966 Basutoland 1874 -- 1957 Gold Coast 1882 -- 1922 Egypt 1884 -- 1900 Niger Coast 1884 -- 1966 Bechuanaland 1884 -- 1960 Somaliland 1887 -- 1897 Zululand 1890 -- 1962 Uganda 1890 -- 1963 Zanzibar 1891 -- 1964 Nyasaland 1891 -- 1907 Central Africa 1893 -- 1968 Swaziland 1895 -- 1920 East Africa 1899 -- 1956 Sudan 1900 -- 1914 Northern Nigeria 1900 -- 1914 Southern Nigeria 1900 -- 1910 Orange River 1900 -- 1910 Transvaal 1903 -- 1976 Seychelles 1910 -- 1931 South Africa 1914 -- 1960 Nigeria 1915 -- 1931 South - West Africa 1919 -- 1961 Cameroons 1920 -- 1963 Kenya 1922 -- 1961 Tanganyika 1923 -- 1965 and 1979 -- 1980 Southern Rhodesia 1924 -- 1964 Northern Rhodesia 6 . League of Nations mandate . 7 . Self - governing Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence in 1965 ( as Rhodesia ) and continued as an unrecognised state until the 1979 Lancaster House Agreement . After recognised independence in 1980 , Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003 . Asia 17th and 18th century 19th century 20th century 1685 -- 1824 Bencoolen 1702 -- 1705 Pulo Condore 1757 -- 1947 Bengal 1762 -- 1764 Manila and Cavite 1781 -- 1784 and 1795 -- 1819 Padang 1786 -- 1946 Penang 1795 -- 1948 Ceylon 1796 -- 1965 Maldives 1812 -- 1824 Banka and Billiton 1819 -- 1826 Malaya 1824 -- 1948 Burma 1826 -- 1946 Straits Settlements 1839 -- 1967 Aden 1839 -- 1842 Afghanistan 1841 -- 1997 Hong Kong 1841 -- 1946 Sarawak 1848 -- 1946 Labuan 1858 -- 1947 India 1874 -- 1963 Borneo 1879 -- 1919 Afghanistan ( protectorate ) 1882 -- 1963 North Borneo 1885 -- 1946 Unfederated Malay States 1888 -- 1984 Brunei 1891 -- 1971 Muscat and Oman 1892 -- 1971 Trucial States 1895 -- 1946 Federated Malay States 1898 -- 1930 Weihai 1878 -- 1960 Cyprus 1907 -- 1949 Bhutan ( protectorate ) 1918 -- 1961 Kuwait 1920 -- 1932 Mesopotamia 1921 -- 1946 Transjordan 1923 -- 1948 Palestine 1945 -- 1946 South Vietnam 1946 -- 1963 North Borneo 1946 -- 1963 Sarawak 1946 -- 1963 Singapore 1946 -- 1948 Malayan Union 1948 -- 1957 Federation of Malaya Since 1960 Akrotiri and Dhekelia ( before as part of Cyprus ) Since 1965 British Indian Ocean Territory ( before as part of Mauritius and the Seychelles ) League of Nations mandate . Iraq 's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the Anglo - Iraqi Treaty Oceania 18th and 19th centuries 20th century 1788 -- 1901 New South Wales 1803 -- 1901 Van Diemen 's Land / Tasmania 1807 -- 1863 Auckland Islands 1824 -- 1980 New Hebrides 1824 -- 1901 Queensland 1829 -- 1901 Swan River / Western Australia 1836 -- 1901 South Australia since 1838 Pitcairn Islands 1841 -- 1907 New Zealand 1851 -- 1901 Victoria 1874 -- 1970 Fiji 1877 -- 1976 Western Pacific Territories 1884 -- 1949 Papua 1888 -- 1901 Rarotonga / Cook Islands 1889 -- 1948 Union Islands 1892 -- 1979 Gilbert and Ellice Islands 1893 -- 1978 Solomon Islands 1900 -- 1970 Tonga 1900 -- 1974 Niue 1901 -- 1942 * Australia 1907 -- 1953 * New Zealand 1919 -- 1942 and 1945 -- 1968 Nauru 1919 -- 1949 New Guinea 1949 -- 1975 Papua and New Guinea 9 . Now part of the * Realm of New Zealand . 10 . Suspended member . 11 . Now Kiribati and * Tuvalu . 12 . Now the * Solomon Islands . 13 . Now * Papua New Guinea . Antarctica and South Atlantic Since 1658 Saint Helena Since 1815 Ascension Island Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha Since 1908 British Antarctic Territory 1841 -- 1933 Australian Antarctic Territory ( transferred to the Commonwealth of Australia ) 1841 -- 1947 Ross Dependency ( transferred to the Realm of New Zealand ) 14 . Since 2009 part of Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha ; Ascension Island ( 1922 -- ) and Tristan da Cunha ( 1938 -- ) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena . 15 . Both claimed in 1908 ; territories formed in 1962 ( British Antarctic Territory ) and 1985 ( South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colony_of_Virginia&oldid=810185156 '' Categories : Former monarchies of North America Former countries in North America States and territories established in 1607 States and territories disestablished in 1776 Colonial Virginia Thirteen Colonies Former English colonies Former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas 1607 establishments in Virginia 1776 disestablishments in Virginia Colonial United States ( British ) Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with broken reference names Former country articles requiring maintenance All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Virginia articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latina Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 20 : 29 . 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The Only Way Is Essex

The Only Way Is Essex - wikipedia The Only Way Is Essex Jump to : navigation , search `` TOWIE '' redirects here . For the hamlet in Aberdeenshire , see Towie , Aberdeenshire . `` Mucklow '' redirects here . For the Australian rules footballer , see Ernest Mucklow . For the current series , see The Only Way Is Essex ( series 21 ) . The Only Way Is Essex Also known as TOWIE Genre Reality television Created by Ruth Wrigley Tony Wood Starring See below Narrated by Denise van Outen Opening theme `` The Only Way Is Up '' by Yazz Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series 21 No. of episodes 249 ( as of 3 May 2017 ) ( list of episodes ) Production Camera setup Multi Camera Running time 30 mins ( series 1 ) 45 mins ( series 2 -- 7 ) 50 mins ( series 8 -- 21 ) 60 mins ( specials , 22 -- present ) Production company ( s ) Lime Pictures Distributor All3Media Release Original network ITVBe ( 2014 -- ) ITV2 ( 2010 -- 14 ) Picture format 1080i HDTV Original release 10 October 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 10 ) -- present Chronology Related shows It 's All About Amy Mark Wright 's Hollywood Nights Educating Joey Essex There 's Something About Megan External links Website The Only Way Is Essex ( often abbreviated as TOWIE / ˈtaʊwiː / ) is a British reality television series based in Brentwood , England . It shows `` real people in modified situations , saying unscripted lines but in a structured way '' . The show is filmed just a few days in advance . It is narrated by Denise van Outen , who is from Basildon , Essex . The show has been described as Britain 's answer to The Hills and Jersey Shore . Each series lasts six weeks , airing on Wednesdays and Sundays at 10pm on ITV2 from 2010 to 2014 , although it was announced in February 2014 that the show would be moved to ITV2 's sister channel ITVBe when the channel launches . The first series consisted of 10 episodes and ran for 30 minutes , with a Christmas special following later in the year . Due to popularity , the show was extended to 45 - minute episodes and renewed for a year 's airing . On 22 May 2011 , the series won the Audience Award at the 2011 BAFTA Awards . The 12th series was the last to air on ITV2 before the show moved to ITV 's new channel , ITVBe in October 2014 . On 13 March 2016 , ITVBe aired a one - off documentary hosted by former cast member Mark Wright discussing the history of the show . Celebrities as well as cast members past and present united to talk about the popularity of the show , the fame the cast members have achieved from appearing in the series as well as the influence it has had on the economy . On 28 February 2017 , with the announcement of the cast for the show 's twentieth series it was confirmed that instead of the usual three series per year , ITVBe would only be airing two series , but with more episodes . On 21 December 2017 , it was announced that a further two series had been commissioned for 2018 . It was also confirmed that the series will only air once a week unlike past series which aired twice a week . It was also announced that episode running times would be increased from 50 minutes to 60 minutes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series 1.1 Series 1 ( 2010 ) 1.2 Series 2 ( 2011 ) 1.3 Series 3 ( 2011 ) 1.4 Series 4 ( 2012 ) 1.5 Series 5 ( 2012 ) 1.6 Series 6 ( 2012 ) 1.7 Series 7 ( 2012 ) 1.8 Series 8 ( 2013 ) 1.9 Series 9 ( 2013 ) 1.10 Series 10 ( 2013 ) 1.11 Series 11 ( 2014 ) 1.12 Series 12 ( 2014 ) 1.13 Series 13 ( 2014 ) 1.14 Series 14 ( 2015 ) 1.15 Series 15 ( 2015 ) 1.16 Series 16 ( 2015 ) 1.17 Series 17 ( 2016 ) 1.18 Series 18 ( 2016 ) 1.19 Series 19 ( 2016 ) 1.20 Series 20 ( 2017 ) 1.21 Series 21 ( 2017 ) 1.22 Series 22 ( 2018 ) 2 Cast 2.1 Other appearances 3 Reception 4 Production 5 Fresh Out of Essex 6 Music 6.1 Singles 6.2 Joey Essex Presents Essex Anthems 6.3 The Only Way Is Marbs -- Marbella Sessions 6.4 The Only Way Is Essex -- Dance Anthems 7 DVD releases 8 International broadcasting 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Series ( edit ) Main articles : List of The Only Way Is Essex episodes and TOWIE Live Year Series Number of Episodes Average viewers Channel Series 1 10 977,000 ITV2 2011 Series 2 14 1,466,000 Series 3 14 1,772,000 2012 Series 4 10 1,518,000 Series 5 10 1,576,000 Series 6 10 1,267,000 Series 7 10 1,441,000 2013 Series 8 12 1,379,000 Series 9 12 1,386,000 Series 10 12 1,379,000 2014 Series 11 12 1,491,000 Series 12 12 1,581,000 Series 13 11 1,092,000 ITVBe 2015 Series 14 13 992,000 Series 15 12 910,000 Series 16 12 1,069,000 2016 Series 17 14 1,123,000 Series 18 10 1,056,000 Series 19 10 1,044,000 2017 Series 20 18 1,047,000 Series 21 18 TBA Series 1 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Only Way Is Essex ( series 1 ) The first series of the show began airing on 10 October 2010 and concluded on 10 November 2010 , consisting of 10 episodes . Due to the success of the series , a Christmas special aired the same year on 24 December 2010 . This series was heavily centered on the love triangle of Mark Wright , Lauren Goodger , and Lucy Mecklenburgh . This was the only series to feature cast members Candy Jacobs and Michael Woods . Mark also appeared alongside fellow cast members Amy Childs , James Argent , Nanny Pat and Sam Faiers on Alan Carr : Chatty Man on 21 February 2011 to discuss the first series and also confirmed a second series . Series 2 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Only Way Is Essex ( series 2 ) The second series began airing on 20 March 2011 and concluded on 4 May 2011 . Due to the popularity of the first series , the second series consisted of 14 episodes . Before the series aired , the cast filmed a four - minute music video that was screened on ITV2 ; dance duo LMFAO remixed their hit single `` I 'm in Miami Bitch '' and replaced it with `` I 'm in Essex Girl '' . This series saw the departure of Amy Childs off screen and introduced new characters Joey Essex , Gemma Collins , Chloe Sims , Debbie Douglass , Carol Wright and Mick Norcross . Series 3 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Only Way Is Essex ( series 3 ) The third series began airing on 24 September 2011 and concluded on 9 November 2011 , consisting of 14 episodes . As well as being the first series to feature new cast members Mario Falcone , Dino and Georgio Georgiades , Billi Mucklow and Cara Kilbey , this series saw the departures of original cast members Mark Wright , Harry Derbidge , Kirk Norcross and Maria Fowler . A second Christmas special aired on 20 December . The cast of the third series ( excluding Wright and Norcross ) covered the Wham ! single `` Last Christmas '' ; the official video premiered on ITV2 in November and the single peaked at number 32 on the UK Singles Chart . Series 4 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Only Way Is Essex ( series 4 ) The fourth series began airing on 29 January 2012 and concluded on 29 February 2012 , consisting of 10 episodes . On 25 January , the show was nominated for `` Most Popular Reality Programme '' at the National Television Awards . The series was the last to feature Dino and Georgio Georgiades but included the arrival of new cast members Ricky Rayment , Bobby - Cole Norris , James `` Diags '' Bennewith , Georgia Dorsett , Tom Kilbey , Little Chris Drake and Charlie King . Mick Norcross returned to the series for the first time without his son Kirk . This was also the first series where the opening scenes changed to include silhouettes of the current characters , with the theme tune playing on the background . Series 5 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Only Way Is Essex ( series 5 ) The fifth series began airing on 15 April 2012 and yet again ran for 10 episodes concluding on 27 May 2012 . The series included just one new cast member as Danni Park - Dempsey made her first appearance . It was also the last to include Georgina Dorsett who left after just two series . Shortly after the series , an hour - long special entitled The Only Way Is Marbs , set in the holiday destination of Marbella , aired on 13 June 2012 . Tinchy Stryder made a guest appearance in the episode . Series 6 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Only Way Is Essex ( series 6 ) The sixth series started airing from 22 July 2012 and concluded on 22 August 2012 . Lauren Goodger confirmed that this series would be her last and she departed at the end of the series . Former cast member Mark Wright , who last appeared in Series 3 , made a cameo in the eighth episode , but did not have a speaking part . Series 7 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Only Way Is Essex ( series 7 ) The seventh series started airing from 30 September 2012 with all of the cast from the previous series returning apart from Lauren Goodger , and original cast member Kirk Norcross returning to the series after departing in Series 3 . This made him the first cast member to return to the show . The series was renewed for two further series in August 2012 , set to air sometime in 2013 . On 13 November 2012 it was confirmed that three festive specials would air in December including a live episode , a first for the show . The live episode was met with numerous negative reviews , with Digital Spy commenting that it just did n't work and was complete car crash TV with it not making much sense . On 14 December 2012 it was confirmed that former cast member Mark Wright would return for a cameo appearance in the 2012 Christmas special . Original cast member Lydia Bright , Tom Kilbey , and Cara Kilbey all left after this series , and it was the first to include Danny Walia and Jasmin Walia , who had previously made a cameo in the first Christmas special of the show . Series 8 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Only Way Is Essex ( series 8 ) The eighth series started airing from 24 February 2013 and saw the introduction of several new cast members including James Locke , Dan Osborne , Jack Bennewith and Abi Clarke . Twin sisters Amy and Sally Broadbent were also confirmed to have joined the cast however after two episodes , Lucy Mecklenburgh announced on Twitter that they had been used by the show to create storylines and had been dropped from the cast . The series saw the departures of numerous long serving cast members such as Kirk Norcross , Debbie Douglas and Mick Norcross , Billi Mucklow and Danni Park - Dempsey who all announced their departures midway through the series . Series 9 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Only Way Is Essex ( series 9 ) The ninth series began airing from 2 June 2013 with two The Only Way Is Marbs specials and concluded after 12 episodes on 10 July 2013 . On 24 May 2013 it was revealed that Gary Lineker 's brother , Wayne Lineker , had joined the cast . However he only appeared in two episodes . The series was the first to include new cast members Ferne McCann and Charlie Sims , and was the last to include Charlie King . It also featured the one off return of Lydia Bright , who had previously featured in the show from Series 1 through to 7 . Series 10 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Only Way Is Essex ( series 10 ) The tenth series began with two - hour long The Only Way Is Vegas specials on 6 and 9 October 2013 , as confirmed by ITV Press Centre on 25 September 2013 . The regular tenth series followed running from 13 October to 13 November 2013 . Ahead the series finale it was confirmed that Joey Essex would make his final appearance . As well as being the last series to include Joey , Abi , and Little Chris also made their final appearances during this series . Elliott Wright , Lewis Bloor and Danni Armstrong all made their first appearances in this series . A third Christmas special aired on 11 December 2013 and was Lucy Mecklenburgh 's final episode . Series 11 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Only Way Is Essex ( series 11 ) The eleventh series started airing from 23 February 2014 consisting of 12 episodes , ending on 2 April 2014 . This series was the first to include Fran Parman , Grace Andrews and Georgia Kousoulou but was the last to feature original cast member Sam Faiers as she departed to focus on her health . Mark Wright also made another cameo appearance during this series , and it also included the return of Lydia Bright who made a full - time return to the series during the series finale . Series 12 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Only Way Is Essex ( series 12 ) The twelfth series began on 22 June 2014 with two The Only Way Is Marbs specials followed by 10 regular episodes , concluding on 30 July 2014 . Original cast member Harry Derbidge made a full - time return to this series , however he was axed at the end of the series and did not return for the thirteenth . It was also the final series to feature Grace Andrews but first to include Vas J. Morgan . Mario Falcone was also absent during this series following a suspension . Series 13 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Only Way Is Essex ( series 13 ) The thirteenth series , the first to air on new channel ITVBe , began on 8 October 2014 with two The Only Way Is Ibiza specials , followed by 10 regular episodes , concluding on 16 November 2014 , with the 2014 Christmas special following a month later on 10 December 2014 . The new channel also launched on 8 October 2014 . Because of this , the first episode of The Only Way Is Ibiza featured a live after party straight after the episode hosted by Mark Wright and narrator of the show Denise van Outen . Mario Falcone returned to the series following his suspension . This was the final series to feature long running cast member Tom Pearce , and the only series to include Georgia `` George '' Harrison . Tommy `` Mal '' Mallet also made his first appearance during this series . George later went onto appear in Love Island in 2017 . Series 14 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Only Way Is Essex ( series 14 ) The fourteenth series began on 22 February 2015 and consisted of thirteen episodes ending on 5 April 2015 . Original cast member Arg returned to the show after his suspension during the thirteenth series . After the launch of the new series , Mark Wright returned to host another live after party . The series includes the final appearances of Charlie Sims and Dan Osborne , but the first for Dan Edgar , Chloe Lewis and Jake Hall . Series 15 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Only Way Is Essex ( series 15 ) The fifteenth series launched on 14 June 2015 with two Marbella specials . It is the third series to feature on ITV 's new channel ITVBe . As well as confirming the new launch date , it was confirmed that ITV had renewed the show for a further six series , taking it to series 21 . Ahead of the series it was announced that cast member Ricky Rayment had taken a short break from the show but would be back , however he did not return . It was also confirmed that Mario Falcone had been suspended from the show for the second time , this time after promoting slimming pills on social media . He returned to the show during the fourth episode . Series 16 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Only Way Is Essex ( series 16 ) The sixteenth series began on 4 October 2015 . This is the first series to be included under the new contract which was confirmed on 3 June 2015 , renewing the show for a further six series . Ahead of the series , it was announced that cast member Gemma Collins had quit the show . She had appeared on the show since the second series . For the Essexmas special , Gemma Collins , Mario Falcone and Lauren Goodger each made a brief return to the show . This was the last series to feature Nanny Pat who died on 16 December 2015 , and Lauren Pope who made her exit during the series . Series 17 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Only Way Is Essex ( series 17 ) The seventeenth series began on 28 February 2016 . Ahead of the series , it was announced that Jess Wright , who had appeared on the show since the first series had quit . It was also confirmed that Ferne McCann would be taking a break from the series . It will be the first series to include new cast members Chloe Meadows , Courtney Green , and Chris and Jon Clark . Jon previously appeared on ITV2 's Love Island . This series will also feature the show 's 200th episode . Despite previously announcing that she 'd quit the show , Gemma Collins appeared in this series . On 9 March 2016 , it was announced that former Ex on the Beach star and Celebrity Big Brother housemate Megan McKenna has joined the cast and would be making her debut during the 200th episode . However , Megan previously made a brief appearance on the first Essexmas special in 2010 where she originally auditioned for Jess Wright 's new girl group . On 13 March 2016 , ahead of the show 's milestone 200th episode , a special episode titled `` The Power of TOWIE '' aired hosted by Mark Wright , where cast past and present united to discuss the show 's history . Series 18 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Only Way Is Essex ( series 18 ) The eighteenth series began on 17 July 2016 with a The Only Way is Mallorca special . Ahead of the series it was announced that cast member Jake Hall had quit the show having appeared since the fourteenth series . Despite quitting the show at the end of the sixteenth series , Jess Wright made a one - off appearance to support Bobby over the loss of his dog . It was also the first series not to include long - running cast member Lewis Bloor , who quit during the previous series . New cast member Amber Dowding joined the show for this series . Love Island winners Nathan Massey and Cara De La Hoyde also made guest appearances during the ninth episode of the series . This was the final series to include Billie Faiers after it was announced she had quit the show , as well as Mike Hassini , who did not return for the nineteenth series . Series 19 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Only Way Is Essex ( series 19 ) The nineteenth series began on 9 October 2016 with a The Only Way Is Marbs special . Ahead of the series it was confirmed that former cast member Lauren Goodger would be making her return to the series having previously appeared during the first to the sixth series , and then again during the 2015 Essexmas special . This is the first series not to include Billie Faiers , after it was announced she had quit the show . It includes the first appearances of new cast members Ben Shenel and Ercan Ramadan . Mario Falcone and Frankie Essex also made a surprise one - off return to the series during the final episode of the series to celebrate Chloe Sims 's 35th birthday . Love Island winners Nathan Massey and Cara De La Hoyde both made another guest appearance during the eighth episode . Original cast member James Argent was also absent for most of this series due to him taking a break from the show . A further two Essexmas specials aired in December 2016 , where Danni announced her departure from the series . Series 20 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Only Way Is Essex ( series 20 ) The twentieth series began on 5 March 2017 with the cast heading to Tenerife , and concluded on 3 May 2017 after eighteen episodes , making this the longest series to date . Ahead of the series it was announced that James Argent had taken a break from the series having only appeared in the first half of the previous series . It was also announced that Mario Falcone , Jamie Reed and Charlie King would all be returning to the series . Lauren Pope also made a return to the series during the final episode , and Fran Parman also made a brief return during this episode . This was the first series to include new cast members Amber Turner , Myles Barnett , Yazmin Oukhellou , Jack Rigden , Jordan Brook and Jade Lewis . This was the final series to include cast members Ben Shenel and Ercan Ramadan , as well as Kate Wright who announced her departure ahead of the final episode . Series 21 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Only Way Is Essex ( series 21 ) The twenty - first series began on 10 September 2017 with the cast heading to Marbella , and will conclude after eighteen episodes . Ahead of the series it was announced that James Argent would be returning to the series following his break from the show . It was also confirmed that after making brief appearances during the previous series , Lauren Pope and Mario Falcone would be returning to the series as full - time cast members . With this announcement , it was revealed that Mike Hassini would also be returning to the series having previously left the show after the eighteenth series . New cast members Ruby Lacey , Maddie Hooper and Taylor Barnett were also confirmed to have joined the show . Former cast member Danielle Armstrong also made a brief return to the series , appearing in the Halloween special episode airing on 29 October 2017 . Series 22 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) On 21 December 2017 , it was announced that a further two series had been commissioned for 2018 . It was also confirmed that the series will only air once a week unlike past series which aired twice a week . It was also announced that episode running times would be increased from 50 minutes to 60 minutes . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of The Only Way Is Essex cast members This is a list of main and supporting cast members currently appearing in the show . From series 1 -- 3 , the main cast received star billing in the opening credits and were credited by their first names . Cast member Series Year James `` Arg '' Argent 1 -- 19 , 21 -- 2010 -- 16 , 2017 -- Lauren Pope 1 -- 16 , 20 -- 2010 -- 15 , 2017 -- Megan McKenna 1 , 17 -- 2010 , 2016 -- Chloe Sims 2 -- 2011 -- Gemma Collins 2 -- 2011 -- Mario Falcone 3 -- 11 , 13 -- 16 , 19 -- 2011 -- 15 , 2016 -- James `` Diags '' Bennewith 4 -- 2012 -- Bobby - Cole Norris 4 -- 2012 -- Charlie King 4 -- 9 , 20 -- 2012 -- 13 , 2017 -- Joan Collins 5 -- 12 , 20 -- 2012 -- 14 , 2017 -- James `` Lockie '' Lock 8 -- 2013 -- Georgia Kousoulou 11 -- 2014 -- Vas Morgan 12 -- 19 , 21 -- 2014 -- 16 , 2017 -- Tommy Mallet 13 -- 2014 -- Dan Edgar 14 -- 2015 -- Chloe Lewis 14 -- 2015 -- Pete Wicks 15 -- 2015 -- Mike Hassini 16 -- 18 , 21 -- 2015 -- 16 , 2017 -- Liam `` Gatsby '' Blackwell 16 -- 2015 -- Chloe Meadows 17 -- 2016 -- Courtney Green 17 -- 2016 -- Jon Clark 17 -- 2016 -- Chris Clark 17 -- 2016 -- Nikki Blackwell 17 -- 2016 -- Amber Dowding 18 -- 2016 -- Tanya McKenna 18 -- 2016 -- Nathan Massey 18 -- 2016 -- Amber Turner 20 -- 2017 -- Myles Barnett 20 -- 2017 -- Yazmin Oukhellou 20 -- 2017 -- Jack Rigden 20 -- 2017 -- Jordan Brooks 20 -- 2017 -- Ruby Lacey 21 -- 2017 -- Taylor Barnett 21 -- 2017 -- Other appearances ( edit ) As well as appearing in The Only Way Is Essex , some of the cast members have competed in other reality TV shows including Celebrity Big Brother , I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! , Let 's Sing and Dance , Splash ! , Dancing on Ice , Celebrity Super Spa , The Jump , Tumble , Strictly Come Dancing , Get Your Act Together , Celebrity MasterChef , Dance Dance Dance and Love Island . Celebrity Big Brother Amy Childs -- Series 8 ( 2011 ) -- Fourth Kirk Norcross -- Series 9 ( 2012 ) -- Evicted Mario Falcone -- Series 12 ( 2013 ) -- Fifth Sam Faiers -- Series 13 ( 2014 ) -- Fifth Lauren Goodger -- Series 14 ( 2014 ) -- Evicted Gemma Collins -- Series 17 ( 2016 ) -- Evicted Lewis Bloor -- Series 18 ( 2016 ) -- Evicted I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Mark Wright -- Series 11 ( 2011 ) -- Runner - up Joey Essex -- Series 13 ( 2013 ) -- Fourth Gemma Collins -- Series 14 ( 2014 ) -- Twelfth ( walked ) Ferne McCann -- Series 15 ( 2015 ) -- Third Let 's Sing and Dance Amy Childs and Harry Derbridge -- Series 4 ( 2012 ) -- Eliminated ( Heat 2 ) Splash ! Joey Essex -- Series 1 ( 2013 ) -- Eliminated ( Heat 2 ) Gemma Collins -- Series 2 ( 2014 ) -- Eliminated ( Heat 1 ) Dan Osborne -- Series 2 ( 2014 ) -- Fourth Dancing on Ice Lauren Goodger -- Series 8 ( 2013 ) -- Eleventh Celebrity Super Spa James `` Arg '' Argent -- Series 1 ( 2013 ) -- Eliminated The Jump Amy Childs -- Series 1 ( 2014 ) -- Thirteenth Joey Essex -- Series 2 ( 2015 ) -- Winner James `` Arg '' Argent -- Series 3 ( 2016 ) -- Tenth Lydia Bright -- Series 4 ( 2017 ) -- Sixth Tumble Lucy Mecklenburgh -- Series 1 ( 2014 ) -- Sixth Strictly Come Dancing Mark Wright -- Series 12 ( 2014 ) -- Fourth Get Your Act Together Elliott Wright -- Series 1 ( 2015 ) -- Eliminated ( Heat 4 ) Celebrity MasterChef Amy Childs -- Series 11 ( 2016 ) -- Eliminated Dance Dance Dance Jess Wright -- Series 1 ( 2017 ) -- Fourth Love Island Georgia Harrison -- Series 3 ( 2017 ) -- Dumped Reception ( edit ) The genre of `` scripted reality '' has attracted much criticism for a lack of authenticity , or indeed outright deception ( see article on reality television ) . The show has been criticised for its negative and stereotypical representation of Essex , and there have been a number of complaints to ITV2 . Some Essex residents felt it was not a true representation of the area and the people who live there . Kirk Norcross responded to this criticism by saying , `` We are all from Essex , so this is Essex . It 's not acting . It 's not like they 've got people from America and said ' Right , act like you think you know where Essex is . ' We are Essex people so what you 're watching is Essex . '' In April 2011 , it was reported that Big Brother 8 winner Brian Belo intended to sue the makers of The Only Way Is Essex -- claiming they `` stole his idea '' . Belo was in the original pilot of the show -- provisionally titled Totally Essex -- alongside current stars Mark Wright , Sam Faiers , Kirk Norcross and Amy Childs . Belo plans to sue his former manager and Lime Productions , which makes the show , for lost earnings of up to £ 100,000 a series . The Sun reported that Belo had spent the previous two years working on an idea for a United Kingdom version of The Hills , with his manager successfully pitching the pilot to Lime Productions . After not making the cast list , Belo believed he might be involved in producing the show , but was `` cut '' from the production entirely . Series 1 title card with the original cast members including Mark Wright , Lauren Goodger and Amy Childs ( 2010 ) On 24 October 2011 , it was reported that sisters Sam and Billie Faiers had been attacked by a group of girls on a night out : `` The sisters were first targeted inside the club when the girls made off with Billie 's handbag ... When they left , the gang followed them back to Essex . '' An insider also commented saying `` Both Sam and Billie later went to A&E to get checked out . They are fine now , just a bit shocked , although Sam has been left with two black eyes . '' A video of the attack leaked online a day later . The aftermath of the attack was aired during series 3 episode 10 . In May 2012 , it was reported that original cast member Lauren Goodger had fallen out with the show 's director for her bad timekeeping on set and her diva demands . Goodger appeared in the first four episodes of series 5 , and was suspended from appearing in the show , however on 18 May 2012 , it was confirmed that the issues had been resolved and that Goodger would be returning to the programme . Goodger returned in episode 9 and her absence from the show was not mentioned on screen . On 1 December 2012 , it was reported that X Factor finalist Rylan Clark would appear on the TOWIE Live special episode and later return as a full - time cast member in 2013 . Mario Falcone reacted to the rumours by saying , `` If he comes on Monday 's live show , that 's fine because it 's all for charity , but if he comes on TOWIE as a main character , I 'll leave . We hate him . He 's a douche bag . '' Kirk Norcross commented , `` I 've met Rylan before and he 's actually a really nice boy but when people think of Essex they just think of the abbreviation , the ' Shut - up ' , the ' Oh my god ' - that was all Amy Childs and we do n't want that . '' On 3 December , following Falcone and Norcross 's comments , Clark pulled out of his one - off appearance for the live episode , later saying : `` TOWIE 's a great programme and I wish them all the best of luck , but I ca n't do the show because I 've got commitments to the X Factor tour and I 've got to be in rehearsals . I 've never met Mario in my life , so I find it very unprofessional and ungentlemanly for him to go around talking about people he has n't even met , Anyone who cheats on his girlfriend that much is n't worth my time . '' The live episode was called `` an utter car crash '' and `` possibly the worst TV show ever '' . Production ( edit ) The show is filmed just a few days in advance , and is narrated by Denise van Outen , who is a native of the Essex town of Basildon . The first series ran initially for four weeks , airing every Wednesday and Sunday . The show has been described by the Daily Mirror as Britain 's answer to The Hills and Jersey Shore . Series 2 began on 20 March 2011 , once again airing every Wednesday and Sunday , but with longer episodes than Series 1 . Series 2 also saw the departure of original cast member Amy Childs . The second series consisted of 14 episodes , ending on 4 May 2011 . The series returned for a third series on 25 September 2011 and was the final series to feature two of the original cast members Mark Wright whose departure was seen in the final episode while Kirk Norcross departed off - screen like Childs . The series ended on 9 November 2011 . On 2 December 2011 , it was revealed that many of the cast would not be returning for the fourth series in 2012 but would feature in the 2011 Christmas Special . The fourth series began in January 2012 . Digital Spy reported that the series had been renewed for a further four series following the Christmas Special and would air four 10 - episode runs in 2012 . On 11 January it was reported that 12 new characters would be joining the cast . Fresh out of Essex ( edit ) Fresh Out of Essex was a set of mini online 5 -- 12 minute episodes that were uploaded onto the official website when the series was off air . 35 mini-episodes were uploaded , with two series airing in 2012 . The series has not returned . Music ( edit ) In December 2011 the show 's current cast released a cover of the Wham ! classic Last Christmas , with their own unique version of the show 's theme song ' The Only Way Is Up ' as the single 's B - side . The version used on the show , by Yazz , spent five weeks at number one in 1988 . All profits from the single go to Text Santa , a major new charity initiative set up by ITV , which aims to raise money and awareness for a group of charities , including Crisis , Samaritans and Great Ormond Street Hospital . The official video for the single premiered on 1 December at 11 pm on ITV2 and featured Jess Wright taking lead vocals alongside Lauren and Gemma . The video shows the current cast from series 3 singing in the studio with clips of the Lauren , Mark and Lucy love triangle from series 1 . Half of the current cast , including main singers on the single Jessica Wright and James Argent , performed the single on the final episode of the Text Santa TV series . Singles ( edit ) Artist Single Year Peak chart positions Album UK SCO IRE NED Joey Essex `` Reem '' 2011 -- -- -- -- non-album singles Cast of Series 3 `` Last Christmas '' 33 43 -- -- Jess Wright `` Dance All Night '' 2012 36 26 -- -- TBA `` Dominos '' 2013 -- -- -- -- non-album single Megan McKenna `` High Heeled Shoes '' 2017 43 9 TBA TBA TBA `` Far Cry from Love '' 52 13 TBA TBA Joey Essex Presents Essex Anthems ( edit ) Joey Essex Presents Essex Anthems is a 60 - song compilation album of dance tracks selected by Joey Essex , released on 17 March 2014 . ( show ) Disc One No . Title Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` Rather Be '' ( The Magician Remix ) Clean Bandit featuring Jess Glynne 2 . `` Everything You Never Had ( We Had It All ) '' Breach featuring Andreya Triana 3 . `` Look Right Through '' ( MK Vocal Edit ) Storm Queen 4 . `` Need U ( 100 % ) '' ( Radio Edit ) Duke Dumont featuring A * M * E 5 . `` Rattle '' Bingo Players 6 . `` Shot Me Down '' ( Extended ) David Guetta featuring Skylar Grey 7 . `` Eat , Sleep , Rave , Repeat '' ( Calvin Harris Remix ) Fatboy Slim and Riva Starr featuring Beardyman 8 . `` Summertime Sadness '' ( Cedric Gervais Remix ) Lana Del Rey vs. Cedric Gervais 9 . `` Levels '' Avicii 10 . `` Animals '' Martin Garrix 11 . `` This Is What It Feels Like '' ( UK Radio Edit ) Armin van Buuren featuring Trevor Guthrie 12 . `` Million Voices '' Otto Knows 13 . `` Hello '' Martin Solveig and Dragonette 14 . `` I Need Your Love '' Calvin Harris featuring Ellie Goulding 15 . `` I Love It '' Icona Pop featuring Charli XCX 16 . `` Dirty Talk '' ( Laidback Luke Remix ) Wynter Gordon 17 . `` Higher ( Free ) '' ( Steve Smart & Westfunk Remix ) All About She 18 . `` Paradise '' ( Fedde le Grand Remix ) Coldplay 19 . `` Locked Out of Heaven '' ( Sultan and Ned Shepard Remix ) ( Radio Edit ) Bruno Mars 20 . `` Miami 2 Ibiza '' Swedish House Mafia vs. Tinie Tempah ( show ) Disc Two No . Title Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` Trumpets '' Jason Derulo 2 . `` Pass Out '' ( Radio Edit ) Tinie Tempah 3 . `` Waiting All Night '' Rudimental featuring Ella Eyre 4 . `` Antenna '' ( UK Radio Edit ) Fuse ODG 5 . `` Do n't Stop the Party '' Pitbull featuring TJR 6 . `` Beautiful People '' Chris Brown featuring Benny Benassi 7 . `` Infinity 2008 '' ( Klaas Remix ) Guru Josh Project 8 . `` Good Feeling '' Flo Rida 9 . `` Riverside '' Sidney Samson 10 . `` Let the Bass Kick in Miami Girl '' ( Radio Mix ) Chuckie and LMFAO 11 . `` Heatwave '' Wiley featuring Ms D 12 . `` Re-Rewind '' Artful Dodger featuring Craig David 13 . `` Gotta Get Thru This '' Daniel Bedingfield 14 . `` Jack '' Breach 15 . `` Let Me Show You ' 99 '' K - Klass 16 . `` Dirty Cash ( Money Talks ) '' ( Sold Out 7 '' Edit ) The Adventures of Stevie V 17 . `` Rhythm of the Night '' ( Original Radio Version ) ( UK Edit ) Corona 18 . `` Anthem '' N - Joi 19 . `` U Sure Do '' Strike 20 . `` Do n't You Want Me '' Felix ( show ) Disc Three No . Title Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` We No Speak Americano '' ( UK Radio Edit ) Yolanda Be Cool vs. DCUP 2 . `` Barbra Streisand '' Duck Sauce 3 . `` Put Your Hands Up 4 Detroit '' ( Radio Edit ) Fedde le Grande 4 . `` Ca n't Get Blue Monday Out of My Head '' Kylie Minogue 5 . `` Show Me Love '' Steve Angello and Laidback Luke featuring Robin S . 6 . `` Missing '' ( Todd Terry Remix ) Everything but the Girl 7 . `` You Do n't Know Me '' ( Radio Edit ) Armand Van Helden 8 . `` The Bomb '' The Bucketheads 9 . `` Dreamer '' Livin ' Joy 10 . `` Push the Feeling On '' ( The Dub of Doom ) Nightcrawlers 11 . `` Where Love Lives '' Alison Limerick 12 . `` The Weekend '' ( Radio Edit ) Michael Gray 13 . `` Turn Around '' ( Radio Edit ) Phats & Small 14 . `` I Luv U Baby '' ( Dancing Divaz 1995 Club Mix ) The Original 15 . `` Love Generation '' Bob Sinclar 16 . `` Love on My Mind '' ( Sharp Boys House Dub Mix ) Freemasons 17 . `` Sound of Eden '' Shades of Rhythm 18 . `` Let Me Be Your Fantasy '' Baby D 19 . `` Dreaming '' ( Ruff Driverz Ruff Radio Edit ) Ruff Driverz Presents Arrola 20 . `` Call on Me '' Eric Prydz The Only Way Is Marbs -- Marbella Sessions ( edit ) The Only Way Is Marbs -- Marbella Sessions is a 61 - song compilation album released 23 June 2014 to coincide with the start of series 12 which saw the return of The Only Way Is Marbs . The album is mixed by Lauren Pope . ( show ) Disc One No . Title Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` Jubel ( Original Mix ) '' Klingande 2 . `` Extraordinary ( Klingande Remix ) '' Clean Bandit featuring Sharna Bass 3 . `` Ready for Your Love '' Gorgon City featuring MNEK 4 . `` I Love You '' Mark Wells 5 . `` If U Got It ( Mark Knight Remix Radio Edit ) '' Chris Malinchak 6 . `` Come On Now ( Set It Off ) ( Radio Edit ) '' Tube & Berger and Juliet Sikora 7 . `` Shake That ( Radio Edit ) '' Dansson and Marlon Hoffstadt 8 . `` Ey Yo '' Kant 9 . `` Bassline ( Main Mix ) '' Gotsome featuring The Get Along Gang 10 . `` Reverse Skydiving ( Shadow Child Remix ) '' Hot Natured featuring Anabel Englund 11 . `` My Love '' Route 94 featuring Jess Glynne 12 . `` Powerless ( MK Remix ) '' Rudimental featuring Becky Hill 13 . `` Everything You Never Had ( We Had It All ) '' Breach featuring Andreya Triana 14 . `` Dance With Me ( MK Remix ) '' Le Youth featuring Dominique Young Unique 15 . `` Sonnentanz ( Sun Do n't Shine ) '' Klangkarussell 16 . `` No Eyes ( Radio Edit ) '' Claptone featuring Jaw 17 . `` Lonely ( DJ S.K.T . Remix Extended Mix ) '' La La Land 18 . `` Crossing Boarders ( Pleasurekraft Remix ) '' Booka Shade featuring Kalkbrenner 19 . `` Into the Blue ( Vanilla Ace Remix ) '' Kylie Minogue 20 . `` Come With Me ( Radio Mix ) '' Nora En Pure ( show ) Disc Two No . Title Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` A Sky Full of Stars '' Coldplay 2 . `` How I Feel ( Special Features Radio Mix ) '' Flo Rida 3 . `` Take Me Home ( Extended Mix ) '' Cash Cash featuring Bebe Rexha 4 . `` Bad ( Radio Edit ) '' David Guetta and Showtek featuring Vassy 5 . `` Animals '' Martin Garrix 6 . `` Gecko ( Radio Edit ) '' Oliver Heldens 7 . `` Wizzard ( Tchami Remix ) '' Martin Garrix and Jay Hardway 8 . `` Come Alive ( Le Youth Remix ) '' Chromeo featuring Toro Y Moi 9 . `` Trill Me ( Riva Starr Remix ) '' Junior Jack 10 . `` Hope '' Alex Metric and Oliver 11 . `` Eat , Sleep , Rave , Repeat ( Calvin Harris Remix ) '' Fatboy Slim and Riva Starr featuring Beardyman 12 . `` Dirty Talk ( Laidback Luke Remix ) '' Wynter Gordon 13 . `` Under Control '' Calvin Harris and Alesso featuring Hurts 14 . `` Dare You ( Radio Edit ) '' Hardwell featuring Matthew Koma 15 . `` Hey Now ( Arty Remix ) '' London Grammar 16 . `` Hard to Beat ( Axwell Mix ) ( Radio Edit ) '' Hard - Fi 17 . `` Howl at the Moon ( Radio Edit ) '' Stadiumx and Taylr Renee 18 . `` Locked Out of Heaven ( Cassette 's Answering Machine Mix ) '' Bruno Mars 19 . `` You ( Tiësto vs. Twoloud Remix ) '' Glantis 20 . `` Raise Your Hands ( Radio Edit ) '' Ummet Ozcan 21 . `` Tsunami ( Jump ) ( Bill & Will Remix ) '' DVBBS & Borgeous featuring Tinie Tempah ( show ) Disc Three No . Title Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` Rather Be ( All About She Remix ) '' Clean Bandit featuring Jess Glynne 2 . `` I Follow Rivers ( The Magician Remix ) '' Lykke Li 3 . `` Infinity ( Radio Edit ) '' Infinity Ink 4 . `` Jack '' Breach 5 . `` What Might I Do ( Radio Edit ) '' Ben Pearce 6 . `` American Dream ( Andre Crom & Chi Thanh Remix ) '' Jakatta 7 . `` At Night ( Kid Creme Remix ) '' Shakedown 8 . `` Disco 's Revenge ( Mole Hole Dirty Mix ) '' Gusto 9 . `` Salsoul Nugget ( If U Wanna ) ( M&S Radio Version ) '' M&S Present ... The Girl Next Door 10 . `` Love On My Mind ( Sharp Boys House Dub Mix ) '' Freemasons 11 . `` Big Love ( The Dronez Mix ) '' Peter Heller 's Big Love 12 . `` Push the Feeling On ( The Dub of Doom ) '' Nightcrawlers 13 . `` Sugar Is Sweeter ( Armand 's Drum ' n ' Bass Mix Edit ) '' C.J. Bolland 14 . `` Professional Widow ( Armand Van Helden 's Star Trunk Mix ) ( Radio Edit ) '' Tori Amos 15 . `` Soin Spin Sugar ( Armand 's Dark Garage Mix ) '' Sneaker Pimps 16 . `` I Feel Love ( Raf Zone Mix ) '' CRW 17 . `` Missing ( Todd Terry Remix ) '' Everything But the Girl 18 . `` You and I ( Deadmau5 Radio Edit ) '' Medina 19 . `` Boom Boom ( Heartbeat ) ( Radio Edit ) '' Ray Foxx featuring Rachel K Collier 20 . `` Show Me Love ( Extended Mix ) '' Steve Angello and Laidback Luke featuring Robin S . The Only Way Is Essex -- Dance Anthems ( edit ) The Only Way Is Essex -- Dance Anthems is a 61 - song compilation album due to be released 13 October 2014 The album is the second to be mixed by Lauren Pope . ( show ) Disc One No . Title Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` Am I Wrong '' Nico & Vinz 4 : 07 2 . `` Waves '' ( Robin Schulz Radio Edit ) Mr Probz 3 : 27 3 . `` Prayer in C '' ( Robin Schulz Radio Edit ) Lillywood & Robin Schulz 3 : 09 4 . `` Pushing On '' ( Radio Edit ) Oliver $ & Jimi Jules 2 : 41 5 . `` Gecko ( Overdrive ) '' ( DJ S.K.T Remix ) Oliver Heldens & Becky Hill 4 : 25 6 . `` I Wanna Feel '' ( Radio Edit ) Secondcity 5 : 18 7 . `` Always '' MK featuring Alana 6 : 14 8 . `` Benediction '' Hot Natured 6 : 39 9 . `` I Got U '' ( MK Remix ) Duke Dumont featuring Jax Jones 7 : 17 10 . `` Right Here '' ( Skream Remix ) Jess Glynne 8 : 40 11 . `` Ey Yo '' KANT vs. MK 6 : 16 12 . `` Here for You '' Gorgon City featuring Laura Welsh 3 : 50 13 . `` You Know the Words '' ( Devolution Remix ) Wiley 6 : 12 14 . `` Push the Feeling On 2014 '' Nightcrawlers vs. DJ S.K.T 4 : 20 15 . `` Sing That Song '' TIEKS featuring Celeste 2 : 59 16 . `` Higher Ground '' ( KANT Remix ) Blonde featuring Charli Taft 6 : 13 17 . `` Freedom '' ( Route 94 Remix ) Grades 4 : 47 18 . `` Kisses for Breakfast '' ( Ill Blu Remix ) Melissa Steel featuring Popcaan 5 : 01 19 . `` Never Say Never '' ( Mark Knight Remix ) Basement Jaxx 7 : 10 20 . `` Own Up '' ( Ben Pearce Remix ) Motez 5 : 13 21 . `` Sunlight '' ( Radio Edit ) The Magician featuring Years and Years 3 : 13 ( show ) Disc Two No . Title Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` Lovers on the Sun '' David Guetta featuring Sam Martin 3 : 23 2 . `` A Sky Full of Stars '' ( Hardwell Remix ) Coldplay 5 : 13 3 . `` Sing '' ( Syn Cole Remix ) Ed Sheeran 4 : 45 4 . `` Wasted '' ( TST Remix ) Tiësto featuring Matthew Koma 4 : 35 5 . `` C.U.B.A '' Calvin Harris 4 : 26 6 . `` Changes '' ( Stefan Dabruck Remix ) Faul & Wad Ad vs. Pnau 6 : 00 7 . `` Come Over '' ( Cahill Remix ) Clean Bandit featuring Stylo G 3 : 02 8 . `` Fancy '' ( Riddim Commission Remix ) Iggy Azalea featuring Charli XCX 4 : 40 9 . `` Boom Clap '' ( Cahill Remix ) Charli XCX 5 : 28 10 . `` Heart Weighs a Ton '' Alex Metric featuring Stefan Storm 3 : 41 11 . `` Lightning '' ( Sex Panther Remix ) Cash Cash featuring John Rzeznik 6 : 24 12 . `` Twisted '' ( Extended Mix ) Fedde le Grand 5 : 06 13 . `` AnyTime '' ( Extended Mix ) Don Diablo 4 : 33 14 . `` One More Day ( Stay with Me ) '' ( Extended Mix ) Example 5 : 00 15 . `` Way We Are '' Kove featuring Melissa Steel 3 : 21 16 . `` You '' ( Moska Remix ) Galantis 6 : 39 17 . `` Fix Me '' Swanky Tunes featuring Raign 5 : 16 18 . `` Tremor '' Dimitri Vegas , Martin Garrix & Like Mike 3 : 12 19 . `` Ping Pong '' ( Radio Edit ) Armin van Buuren 2 : 58 20 . `` Come with Me ( We Are One 2014 ) '' ( Paul van Dyk Festival Mix ) Paul van Dyk & Ummet Ozcan 5 : 25 ( show ) Disc Three No . Title Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` Lola 's Theme '' ( Extended Vocal Mix ) The Shapeshifters 6 : 55 2 . `` Sing It Back '' ( Boris Dlugosch Mix ) Moloko 4 : 27 3 . `` Calabria '' ( Original ) Rune 7 : 35 4 . `` Needin ' U '' David Morales Presents The Face 7 : 53 5 . `` Salsoul Nugget ( If U Wanna ) '' ( M&S Radio Version ) M&S Presents ... The Girl Next Door 3 : 29 6 . `` Want Love '' ( Original Radio Edit ) Hysteric Ego 3 : 33 7 . `` U Do n't Know Me '' ( Radio Edit ) Armand Van Helden featuring Duane Harden 3 : 20 8 . `` Get Get Down '' ( Original Mix ) Paul Johnson 6 : 32 9 . `` Love Do n't Let Me Go ( Walking Away ) '' David Guetta vs. The Egg 3 : 11 10 . `` Sun Is Shining '' Funkstar De Luxe 3 : 53 11 . `` I Luv U Baby '' The Original 6 : 43 12 . `` Say Say Say ( Waiting 4 U ) '' ( Hi_Tack Remix ) Hi_Tack 8 : 03 13 . `` Out of Touch '' ( Radio Mix ) Uniting Nations 2 : 48 14 . `` Bromance '' ( Avicii 's Arena Mix ) Tim Berg 8 : 15 15 . `` Million Voices '' Otto Knows 3 : 25 16 . `` Miami 2 Ibiza '' ( Radio Edit ) Swedish House Mafia vs. Tinie Tempah 2 : 47 17 . `` Lies '' ( Otto Knows Remix Radio Edit ) Burns 3 : 48 18 . `` Infinity 2008 '' ( Klaas Remix ) Guru Josh Project 6 : 29 19 . `` Greece 2000 '' ( Original Mix ) Three Drives on a Vinyl 8 : 02 20 . `` Touch Me '' ( Radio Edit ) Rui da Silva featuring Cassandra 3 : 26 ( show ) iTunes bonus tracks No . Title Length 62 . `` The Only Way Is Essex -- Dance Anthems ( Continuous Mix 1 ) '' 1 : 19 : 52 63 . `` The Only Way Is Essex -- Dance Anthems ( Continuous Mix 2 ) '' 1 : 18 : 43 64 . `` The Only Way Is Essex -- Dance Anthems ( Continuous Mix 3 ) '' 1 : 19 : 41 DVD releases ( edit ) Series Date released No. of episodes No. of discs Special features The Complete First Series 28 March 2011 11 2010 Christmas Special The Complete Second Series 26 September 2011 14 Chapter Selections The Complete Third Series 20 January 2012 15 2011 Christmas Special The Complete Fourth Series 7 May 2012 10 Chapter Selections The Complete Fifth Series 1 October 2012 11 The Only Way Is Marbs Special The Complete Sixth Series 8 October 2012 10 Chapter Selections The Complete Seventh Series 18 February 2013 11 1 episode of 2012 Christmas Special International broadcasting ( edit ) Series 1 - 17 have been shown in Australia on LifeStyle You channel on Foxtel , and Series 1 - 4 have been shown in New Zealand on LifeStyle You channel on Sky TV . Series 1 -- 20 are available in the United States on video - on - demand site Hulu . The show airs in Israel on yes Drama . Series 1 - 5 has been showing in South Africa ( June 2013 - June 2014 ) . Series 17 began broadcasting on UTV Ireland on 18 April 2016 . See also ( edit ) Television in the United Kingdom portal It 's All About Amy Mark Wright 's Hollywood Nights Educating Joey Essex There 's Something About Megan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.ok.co.uk/tv/the-only-way-is-essex/1259305/towie-series-22-2018-cast-spoilers-return-when-on-weekly-episodes-day-cull-axe-only-way-is-essex Jump up ^ `` Grace Dent 's TV OD '' . The Guardian . 23 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Huddson , Polly ( 10 December 2010 ) . `` The Only Way Is Essex : Our guide to the jaw - dropping new TV show '' . Daily Mirror . Jump up ^ Jeffrey , Morgan ( 12 February 2014 ) . `` ITV announces new channel ITVBe , exclusive new home of TOWIE '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved 12 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PICTURES ! The Only Way Is Essex cast 2017 - who 's on the show ! '' . 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.thesun.co.uk/tvandshowbiz/5187203/the-only-way-is-essex-series-22-is-confirmed-but-show-announces-it-will-only-air-once-a-week-in-2018/ Jump up ^ Eriksen , Alanah ( 23 January 2012 ) . `` There 's a new Captain in Essex : Ricky Rayment will be TOWIE 's leading man ... but he 's no Mark Wright '' . Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ `` The Only Way Is Marbs pictures see TOWIE stars show off bikini bodies '' . Metro . Jump up ^ `` ' The Only Way Is Essex ' renewed for four more series '' . Digital Spy. 13 November 2011 . Retrieved 31 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TOWIE stars to face axe unless they stop being boring ! '' . TellyMix. 14 August 2012 . Retrieved 13 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lucy Mecklenburgh on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Kirk Norcross on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Debbie Towie on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ Radio Times staff . `` The Only Way is Essex series 9 air date revealed '' . RadioTimes . Jump up ^ Gary Lineker 's brother Wayne joins ' The Only Way is Essex ' Digital Spy Jump up ^ `` ' The Only Way Is Vegas ' date confirmed '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ `` The Only Way Is Essex return date confirmed for June 14 on ITVBe - The Only Way Is Essex '' . TellyMix . Jump up ^ `` ITV renews The Only Way Is Essex for a further six series '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ `` Ricky Rayment is taking a break from TOWIE by mutual agreement with producers '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ `` Mario Falcone has been suspended from TOWIE for the second time '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ Harry Fletcher . `` ITV renews The Only Way Is Essex for a further six series '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ Halina Watts ( 17 August 2015 ) . `` Gemma Collins quits TOWIE again - and this time she means it '' . mirror . Jump up ^ `` The Only Way Is Essex 2016 start date confirmed '' . TellyMix . Jump up ^ `` Jess Wright quits The Only Way Is Essex after five years '' . TellyMix . Jump up ^ `` Ferne McCann is taking a break from The Only Way Is Essex '' . TellyMix . Jump up ^ `` Meet TOWIE 's newbies Chloe Meadows and Courtney Green '' . TellyMix . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 's Jon Clark joins The Only Way Is Essex '' . TellyMix . Jump up ^ `` OMG ! Amy Childs and Gemma Collins WILL appear in the 200th episode of The Only Way Is Essex '' . Jump up ^ `` Megan McKenna is joining The Only Way Is Essex '' . TellyMix . Jump up ^ `` The Only Way Is Essex celebrates its landmark 200th episode this Sunday - The Only Way Is Essex - TellyMix '' . TellyMix . Jump up ^ `` TOWIE return date ! The Only Way Is Mallorca to air Sunday , 17 July at 10pm '' . Jump up ^ Walker , Danny ( 17 July 2016 ) . `` The Only Way is Essex in Mallorca sizzles as cast gossip about Pete and Megan '' . Jump up ^ `` Jake Hall WON 'T be returning to TOWIE '' . 15 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jess Wright is spotted filming for TOWIE with co-star Bobby Norris '' . Jump up ^ `` TOWIE : Chris Clark 's girlfriend Amber joins the show '' . 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island winners Nathan and Cara film TOWIE guest appearance '' . ^ Jump up to : `` TOWIE 's Billie says goodbye to reality show '' . Jump up ^ `` Suitcases at the ready , we 're going to Marbs ! '' . itv.com . Jump up ^ `` Lauren Goodger CONFIRMS her return to TOWIE '' . Jump up ^ `` Digital Spy - Showbiz news , showbiz pictures , showbiz interviews '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ Harris , Niomi ( 7 November 2016 ) . `` The Only Way Is Essex : Mario Falcone and Frankie Essex make shock RETURN for finale '' . Jump up ^ Minn , Hayley ( 3 November 2016 ) . `` TOWIE : Cara De La Hoyde and Nathan Massey announce they 're ' getting a baby ' '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Towie 's James ' Arg ' Argent ' on a break ' from hit ITVBe show to work on his ' wellbeing ' '' . 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` When is The Only Way Is Essex Christmas special on ITV and who is in it ? '' . 16 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Danielle Armstrong confirms Towie departure and closure over James Lock '' . 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Harris , Niomi ( 30 January 2017 ) . `` Pete Wicks and Megan McKenna arrive in Tenerife amid split rumours '' . ^ Jump up to : `` PICTURES ! The Only Way Is Essex cast 2017 - who 's on the show ! '' . 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mario Falcone returns to Towie 18 months after quitting the show '' . 15 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Storey , Katie ( 10 February 2017 ) . `` TOWIE : Frankie Essex 's ex RETURNS to show after explosive showdown '' . Jump up ^ Minn , Hayley ( 17 March 2017 ) . `` Charlie King confesses fears of facing ex Gemma Collins as returns to TOWIE '' . Jump up ^ `` Lauren Pope returns to The Only Way Is Essex for explosive series finale '' . 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All you need to know about series 20 of The Only Way Is Essex '' . 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Who is Jack Rigden ? New The Only Way is Essex star who 's friends with Megan McKenna - all you need to know '' . 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Who is Jordan Brook ? New The Only Way is Essex star who 's friends with Megan McKenna - all you need to know '' . 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Dear , Alice ( 21 April 2017 ) . `` TOWIE 's Jade Lewis set for a very AWKWARD showdown ? '' . Jump up ^ Minn , Hayley ( 20 April 2017 ) . `` Kate Wright quits TOWIE after being linked to Rio Ferdinand '' . Jump up ^ http://www.tellymix.co.uk/reality-tv/the-only-way-is-essex/328215-way-essex-back-towies-new-series-back-september.html Jump up ^ http://www.ok.co.uk/tv/the-only-way-is-essex/1166654/the-only-way-is-essex-series-21-start-date-confirmed-new-trailer-cast-megan-pete-towie-marbella Jump up ^ http://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-news/towies-james-argent-thanks-morning-11086677 Jump up ^ http://www.digitalspy.com/tv/reality-tv/news/g24842/towie-photos-arg-lauren-pope-mario-falcone-officially-back-the-only-way-is-essex/ Jump up ^ http://www.tellymix.co.uk/gallery/328841-way-essex-cast-towie-veterans-legends-return-new-series.html Jump up ^ https://www.thesun.co.uk/tvandshowbiz/4246816/taylor-barnett-the-only-way-is-essex-chloe-meadows/ Jump up ^ http://www.digitalspy.com/tv/the-only-way-is-essex/news/a841737/towie-danielle-armstrong-return-halloween-special-james-locke/ Jump up ^ https://www.thesun.co.uk/tvandshowbiz/5187203/the-only-way-is-essex-series-22-is-confirmed-but-show-announces-it-will-only-air-once-a-week-in-2018/ ^ Jump up to : `` Sam Faiers defends The Only Way Is Essex '' . Music Rooms. 2010 - 10 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Langley , William ( 2010 - 10 - 17 ) . `` The Only Way is Essex : the worst address in England ? '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` TV 's The Only Way Is Essex slammed as ' offensive ' '' . Ilford Recorder. 2010 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` ESSEX : ITV2 show The Only Way is Essex could set us back 20 years '' . This Is Total Essex. 2010 - 10 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Only Way Is Essex was insultingly bad '' . Metro. 2010 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The Only Way is Essex ... ? '' . Alexandra 's Complaints of the Day . 2010 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Only Way is Essex stars : We really do represent our area '' . London 24 . 2011 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brian Belo : Essex was my idea , I 'm suing '' . The Sun . London . 2011 - 04 - 15 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Brian Belo ' suing Only Way Is Essex makers ' '' . Digital Spy. 2011 - 04 - 15 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` ' Only Way Is Essex ' Sam Faiers , sister Billie ' attacked by girl gang '' . Digital Spy. 24 October 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` TOWIE Cast Members In Rylan Quit Threat '' . MTV UK . Jump up ^ Hannah Hope , `` Your Ry - Q is too low for TOWIE : Rylan Clark quits show after Mario jibe '' , Mirror , 3 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Wardle , Hilary ( 1999 - 12 - 31 ) . `` TV review : TOWIE Live - the only way is dire '' . Tv.uk.msn.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ 04 / 12 / 2012 10 : 16 GMT Updated : 04 / 12 / 2012 12 : 35 GMT ( 2012 - 12 - 04 ) . `` TOWIE Live Review : Panned As The Worst TV Show Ever ( TWITTER REACTIONS ) '' . Huffingtonpost.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ Martin , Laura ( 2012 - 12 - 04 ) . `` TOWIE Live panned by viewers as the worst piece of TV ever '' . Mirror . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Watch the new TWATS trailer - The Only Way Is Essex '' . Itv.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` ' Only Way Is Essex ' Sam Faiers , Kirk Norcross , Harry Derbidge axed ? - The Only Way Is Essex News - TV '' . Digital Spy. 2 December 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( 13 November 2011 ) . `` TOWIE ' recommissioned for four more series ' '' . Metro . Jump up ^ `` ' The Only Way Is Essex ' : 12 new characters cast ? '' . Digital Spy. 11 January 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` ' Only Way Is Essex ' stars confirm Christmas single '' . Digital Spy. 10 November 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Joey Essex Presents Essex Anthems : Amazon.co.uk : Music '' . Amazon.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` The Only Way Is Marbs - Marbella Sessions ( Box set ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Music - The Only Way Is Essex - Dance Anthems by Various Artists '' . Apple iTunes UK . 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Monarch butterfly migration

Monarch butterfly migration - wikipedia Monarch butterfly migration Jump to : navigation , search Diagram showing Monarch butterfly migration ( click to enlarge ) 1 ) March ; 2 ) April ; 3 ) End of April ; 4 ) April - June ; 5 ) June - August ; 6 ) September - November Monarch butterflies ( Danaus plexippus ) perform annual migrations across North America which have been called `` one of the most spectacular natural phenomena in the world '' . Starting in September and October , eastern and northeastern populations migrate from southern Canada and the United States to overwintering sites in central Mexico where they arrive around November . They start the return trip in March , arriving around July . No individual butterfly completes the entire round trip ; female monarchs lay eggs for the next generation during the northward migration and at least four generations are involved in the annual cycle . Similarly , the western populations migrate annually between regions west of the Rocky Mountains including northern Canada and overwintering sites on the coast of California . Monarchs also perform small distance migrations in Australia and New Zealand . There are also some populations , for instance in Florida and the Caribbean , that do not migrate . Recently discovered overwintering sites have been identified in Arizona and northern Florida . Contents ( hide ) 1 Range of the migration 2 Habitats 3 Historical accounts 3.1 Before 1975 3.2 After 1975 4 Southern migration 4.1 Initiation 4.2 Monarchs in diapause 4.3 Other characteristics of migrant monarchs 5 Colony dispersal and northern migration 5.1 Northern migration 5.1. 1 Initiation 5.2 Rates of recolonization 6 Migration routes 7 Roosting sites 8 Overwintering sites 9 Sex ratios 10 Population and migratory study methods 10.1 Mark and recapture 10.2 Butterfly counts 10.3 Aerial and satellite observations 10.4 Direct observations 10.4. 1 Types of data collected 10.4. 2 Use of data and availability 10.4. 3 Observers 10.5 Tagging 11 Migratory theory mechanisms 11.1 Instinct 11.2 Geographical features 11.3 Chemical markers 11.4 Position of the sun 11.5 Other theories 12 Extinction 13 Conservation 13.1 Adult mortality 13.2 Overwintering sites 13.3 Reductions in milkweed and agricultural regions of the United States 13.4 Other threats 14 Conservation programs 15 Proposed policies to conserve the migration 16 Economic influences related to the migration phenomena 17 Politics 17.1 Affected people groups 17.2 Presidential memorandum and national strategy 17.3 Efforts to designate the monarch as endangered 17.4 Scientific community 17.5 Local governments 18 See also 19 References 20 Bibliography 21 External links Range of the migration ( edit ) The western population overwinters in various coastal sites in central and southern California , United States , notably in Pacific Grove , Santa Cruz , and Grover Beach . Western monarchs also overwinter in Baja , California 's central valley , and the Sierra Nevada foothills . Not all monarchs migrate . Migrating populations and non-migrating populations coexist in many areas . Monarchs are year - round residents in Florida and monarchs migrate to Florida and Gulf coast areas , and can often continue to breed and survive the winter . The monarch population in Florida may be a result from migratory butterflies that do not to migrate north in the spring . These locations provide access to nectar plants . If there is a hard frost in these areas they do not survive . Asclepias curassavica , an introduced annual ornamental , provides larval food if native species are unavailable , although because of the risks to monarchs from the spread of the parasite , OE , this plant is not recommended for planting . Year - round breeding of resident monarch populations exist in the Caribbean , and in Mexico as far south as the Yucatán peninsula . Surprisingly , monarchs do not migrate over most of their global range . Tagging records demonstrate that the eastern and western populations are not entirely separate . Arizona butterflies have been captured at overwintering sites in both California and Michoacan , Mexico . In some instances monarchs from Arizona and New Mexico were found overwintering in California and in Mexico . Overwintering monarchs cluster on oyamel trees in a preserve outside of Angangueo , Michoacan , Mexico ; one tree is completely covered in butterflies . roosting , overwintering butterflies in Pacific Grove , California Monarchs roosting during fall in central Texas Fall - migrating monarchs are not the same ones that migrated northward approximately five months before . Instead the northern - migrating butterflies are at least four generations removed from overwintering sites . The eastern population migrates up to 4830 miles ( 7,778 km ) to overwintering sites in Mexico . Other insects show migratory behavior but not nearly for as long distances . The exception would be the desert locust , Schistocerca gregaria : it was reported once in 1950 that individual swarms were seen migrating from the Arabian peninsula over 5,000 km ( 3,105 miles ) to the west coast of Africa in seven weeks . Habitats ( edit ) Ideal habitats have a profound effect on the migration of large numbers of monarchs . The single most influential factor is the weather . Ideal habitats promote the migration of large numbers of migrating monarchs . Summer The ideal summer breeding habitat will provide ample nectaring plants for the adults and abundant , healthy larval plants . Low populations of predators and parasites will also allow for more monarchs surviving into adulthood . A low prevalence of disease will improve the survival . Monarchs breed the fastest within a specific temperature range . An increase of the range of the breeding population is another indicator that the habitat is conducive to reproductive success . Fall In North America the ideal breeding habitat changes in late summer . The migration begins and the ideal habitat required for successful migration changes to a ' corridor ' ( to Mexico ) of available nectaring plants , optimal temperatures , tailwinds and low precipitation . The butterflies must also remain hydrated . An early frost will kill migrating butterflies . Winter The ideal habitat for monarchs in winter exists in their overwintering sites . The factors influencing the habitat include : the condition of the forest canopy , precipitation , predation , availability of suitable trees on which to roost , sources of water , the ideal temperature range , sunlight , lack of rain and ice and human activity near the sites . Roosting butterflies have been observed to roost in sumacs , locusts , basswood elm , oak , osage orange , mulberry , pecan , willow , cottonwood , and mesquite . If conditions are too hot in the overwintering sites , the butterflies will use up their fat reserves and not survive until spring . High temperatures initiate reproductive behavior with the possibility of the butterflies leaving the overwintering areas too early while it is still too cold in the north to stimulate the emergence of food plants and nectar plants Spring The ideal habitat for monarchs migrating north from Mexico sites to Texas and Oklahoma is less studied . Presumably , tailwinds assist the migration north . Rainfall is critical in creating the ideal habitat for the returning monarchs which must have abundant , lush and healthy food plants available for larvae . Ideal growth of larval plants that emerge in succession as the breeding butterflies migrate north , is also critical . Drought is a big factor influencing the emergence of food plants . If any of these habitats is less than ideal , the population of monarchs will be negatively affected though ideal conditions in the other habitats monarchs encounter make up for the ' losses ' . Historical accounts ( edit ) Before 1975 ( edit ) As late as 1951 , monarchs were thought to overwinter in northern latitudes as adults or pupae . Roosts of thousands were observed in southern regions of North America . Migrating western populations of D. plexippus and their overwintering sites were known long before the winter sites in Mexico were located by Canadian and American researchers in the 1970s . Pre-Hispanic Native Americans , the Purépecha and Otomi once occupied this area and tied the harvest of corn to the arrival of the butterflies . Monarchs appear in legends of the people that live near overwintering areas . In the areas surrounding the overwintering sites in Mexico , local residents were quite aware of the overwintering behavior of monarch butterflies long before 1975 . The local people , called the Mazahua , have lived near the overwintering sites for centuries . The arrival of the monarchs is closely tied to the traditional the Day of the Dead celebrations . Local residents today easily recall seeing the migrating butterflies prior to 1975 . For at least a century , monarchs were observed overwintering in California in the fog belt . Historical records of lepidopterists do not mention the existence of monarchs in their current western range that extends northward through Washington , Oregon and Canada possibly because milkweed was not available until human disturbance expanded its range . After 1975 ( edit ) Formal studies began when Fred Urquhart graduated from the University of Toronto in 1935 and accepted a graduate fellowship in the field of entomology . In 1937 , Urquhart began to plot the route taken by the migrating butterflies . He was the first to record that monarchs move S / SW in the fall and that these movements were correlated to high pressure systems . He began the first successful tagging program which returned data . He and his volunteers recognized the existence of roosting behavior . The search for overwintering sites was initiated by Fred Urquhart when he advertised for ' interested persons ' in the Mexican press . Catalina Trail and Kenneth C. Brugger responded to the ad and in January 1975 discovered one of the major overwintering sites . Urquhart , William Calvert , John Christian , and Lincoln P. Brewer cooperated to put together the details in this discovery of a major overwintering site of monarchs in 1976 . At first , information on the discovery of the first major overwintering was suppressed due to the concerns that public knowledge might lead to endangerment of the butterflies . Since 1976 multiple overwintering sites have been identified and their locations are public knowledge . Southern migration ( edit ) By the end of October , the population of monarchs east of the Rocky Mountains migrates to the sanctuaries of the Mariposa Monarca Biosphere Reserve within the Trans - Mexican Volcanic Belt pine - oak forests in the Mexican states of Michoacán and México . They also overwinter in areas that are privately owned . Some monarchs migrate to other locations such as Cuba and Florida in the fall . Two migratory fly ways exist through North America . One in the Central states leads to the Mexican overwintering areas and a smaller flyway along the eastern North American seaboard . The timing of the eastern flyway lags behind the more central flyway . Monarchs migrating along the coast are less likely of being recovered in Mexico . This suggests that butterflies migrating along the eastern seaboard are migrating to locations other than Mexico , or they have a higher rate of mortality than those migrating inland . Initiation ( edit ) Monarchs respond to different cues that promote the fall season , southern migration . These include the angle of light coming from the sun , the senescence of larval host plants , the decreasing day period and temperature drop . The migration begins at the northernmost summer range approximately in August . Migrating monarchs are thought to rely heavily on the nectar of fall flower composites that lie along the migration path . Monarchs in diapause ( edit ) Diapause is a physiological state found most often in arthropods , especially insects , and in embryos of fish that allows survival when conditions become harsh . Diapause is not only induced in an organism by specific stimuli or conditions , but once initiated , only certain other stimuli are capable of bringing the organism out of diapause . The latter feature is essential in distinguishing diapause from other forms of dormancy such as stratification , and hibernation . Part of a series on Animal dormancy Torpor Hibernation Hibernaculum HIT Aestivation Cryptobiosis Brumation Diapause Embryonic diapause Winter rest Critical thermal maximum Sleep ( non-human ) Developmental biology When the adult monarch begins its southern migration , it enters diapause . Where other species in diapause remain fairly immobile , monarchs remain active . When diapause is initiated the butterflies accumulate and store lipids , proteins and carbohydrates . Monarchs migrating to Mexico accumulate more lipids than those migrating to California . Fats and lipids reduce water to provide energy reserves and prevent desiccation . These substances are used to maintain the insect throughout diapause and to provide fuel for development following diapause termination . It occurs genetically well in advance of environmental stress . It is a state resulting in the cessation of high - metabolic activities including reduced oxygen use . Monarchs in diapause of the fall migrating population are physiologically distinct from those in active reproduction behavior in the spring and summer . In diapause , the measurement of fats and lipids levels a can be as high as 34 % . The fat storage organ is substantially larger in migrating and overwintering monarchs compared to the summer generations . Samples of tissue excluding the fat body also show higher levels of free lipids in the hemeolymph . Females in diapause show little evidence of mature eggs . Mating is repressed and only occasionally observed among overwintering monarchs . This is thought to increase the survivability of winter populations and maintain fat reserves that will promote spring northward migration . At one site , the population stayed in diapause until the middle to the end of January . By the beginning of February the day length increases to just over 11 hours , the point at which monarchs come out of diapause . In addition to the required day length , monarchs in diapause must also have temperatures that promote the formation of eggs . When these two conditions are met , mating occurs and females migrate northward . While migrating , the monarch in diapause uses nectar along its migration to create a significant increase in its fat reserves . There are reports of monarchs laying eggs while traveling southward to overwintering sites . Eggs and larvae are killed by freezing temperatures . Migration ends at the first frost . Diapause has distinct phases . While diapause varies considerably from one taxon of insects to another , these phases are characterized by series of metabolic processes and responsiveness of the insect environmental stimuli . Decreasing day period and dropping temperatures have been found to initiate the production of juvenile hormone . This represses the development of gonadal activity , mating behaviors , and egg - laying . While in diapause new behaviors emerge such as the development of social nectaring groups and late afternoon formation of night - time clusters or roosts . Roosting reduces water loss , probably due to decreased surface area to volume ratios reducing evaporative water loss . Other characteristics of migrant monarchs ( edit ) Migrating monarchs tend to have darker orange and larger wings than they do during the breeding phase in the summer . In fact , the darkness of the orange color in monarch wings appears to be a visual indicator of their migratory ability . This has been shown in field and laboratory research . Wing size is a key element during the migration , and much research has shown how important it is for migrants to have large wings . Comparisons of migratory vs. non-migratory populations shows migrant populations are much larger than non-migrants , which suggests natural selection acts to keep migratory populations large . Two studies have used stable isotopes to infer natal origins of migrating monarchs captured at their wintering sites ( eastern and western ) , and both showed that monarchs migrating from father distances tended to be larger , which also is consistent with the idea that long - distance migration selects for larger wings , or that small - winged butterflies tend not to be successful . One researcher summarized what the optimal size of migrant monarch wings should be , which is 51 mm in length or more . There is other research around migrant wing size that shows how this differs between early and late migrants . This has to do with the fact that earlier migrants tend to be the more robust , healthier individuals , while late - migrating monarchs represent the ones that fell behind , presumably because they are less well - suited for migration . A study published in the journal , Animal Migration , showed that early - migrating monarchs tended to be redder , have larger , and more elongated wings , than those at the tail end of the migration . Another study that examined long - term records of tagging data from a site in South Carolina found early migrants tended to be larger . In females the production of eggs ceases . Mating behavior is not observed presumably due to changing levels of hormones that promote breeding . Colony dispersal and northern migration ( edit ) Northern migration ( edit ) There is a northward migration in the spring . Female monarchs lay eggs for the next generation during these migrations . Northward migration from Florida normally occurs from mid-March to mid-May and the initial wave of the migration may be the offspring of monarchs that have overwintered in Florida and along the northern Gulf Coast , not in central Mexico . Tagged monarchs from Tallahassee were recovered in Virginia and Georgia . The distance and length of these journeys exceeds the normal lifespan of monarchs , which is less than two months for butterflies born in early summer . The first generation leaving the overwintering sites only migrates as far north as Texas and Oklahoma . The second , third and fourth generations return to their northern breeding locations in the United States and Canada in the spring . Initiation ( edit ) As with the initiation of the southern migration , a variety of cues trigger the cessation of diapause , the beginning of breeding activity and the movement north . In the case of the western population , the dispersal proceeds in a westerly and northwesterly direction . During this process , roosting sites sometimes move and the monarchs move to lower elevations . Rising temperatures and increasing daylengths influence the initiation of the northward migration . Temperature also has an effect . Mated females leave the overwintering sites before the males . Monarchs travelling north do not form roosts . Rates of recolonization ( edit ) Rates of recolonization have remained steady between 1997 and 2011 . The recolonization of the breeding grounds in the United States and Canada is a two generation process . The pattern of recolonization of the northern breeding areas has not changed since monitoring began in 1997 . The timetables of the re-colonization range is not correlated to the censuses of overwintering monarchs in Mexico . Migration routes ( edit ) Generally speaking , the eastern population migrates from southern Canada and the Midwest United States almost directly south toward Mexico . Monarchs from the Northeast tend to migrate in a southwesterly direction . Monarchs transplanted from the midwest to the east coast began migrating directly south but then reoriented their path to the southwest in one study . Geographical features affect the migration route . In general , the western population of monarchs migrates from areas west of the Rocky Mountains including northern Canada to California . Australian monarchs that migrate travel from the west to eastern regions closer to the Pacific . Roosting sites ( edit ) During the migration , the eastern and western populations tend to group together during the migration and then at the overwintering sites . These roosts form along the migration routes , and scientists have used these roost locations to map out the flyways of the entire population . Prior to the discovery of the overwintering sites in Mexico , Fred Urquhart observed roosting behavior in south - migrating butterflies in Mexico and Michoacan . He documented 1500 monarchs roosting at lighthouse point Florida . In California , monarchs have been observed roosting in a wide variety of locations : Fremont , Natural Bridges Beach , golf courses , suburban areas . California roosts differ from those in Mexico . Roosts are observed in inland areas and on non-native tree species . Overwintering sites ( edit ) Overwintering sites in California , Northwestern Mexico , Arizona , the Gulf Coast , central Mexico and Florida share the same habitat characteristics : a moderating climatic conditions ( thermally stable and frost free ) , are relatively humid , allow access to drinking water and have the availability of trees on which to roost and avoid predation . California has more than 200 overwintering sites . Overwintering sites have also been observed in coastal South Carolina along with ovipositing females . On the US East Coast , they have overwintered as far north as Lago Mar , Virginia Beach , Virginia . At least twenty colonies exist in Mexico . California overwintering sites exist in areas that are developed and are not considered especially forest - like . These sites have been referred to as having a uniform vegetation population of either Monterey pine or eucalyptus trees and are sometimes present in urban areas . Over wintering sites are dynamic in that tagged butterflies are observed in different roosts throughout the winter . Monarchs overwintering along the Gulf Coast and in Florida do not enter diapause and breed year - round . Further information : Monarch butterfly conservation in California Sex ratios ( edit ) An unusual pattern has been observed in the sex ratios of monarchs in the eastern North American population , both during the fall migration and at the overwintering sites in Mexico . Normally during the breeding season , the ratio of males and females is roughly the same , but during the migration the ratio is skewed toward males . This persists during the overwintering period as well , likely because it 's the same cohort that advances from migration to the overwintering sites . Scientists have examined records from the overwintering period over 30 years , and found that the skewed sex ratio has grown more pronounced in recent years , perhaps because of a loss of females . The ratio appears to be even more evident in observations of roosting or migrating monarchs , where fewer than 30 % of the monarchs are females . Population and migratory study methods ( edit ) Urquharts population assessments Western monarch populations 1997 -- 2013 from Xerces data These are tags used to attach to the wings of monarch butterflies to study their migration . The circular tags are presently used ( 2014 ) and the green tags were used in the past by Monarch Watch - the University of Kansas Population counts `` dramatically '' vary year to year . The cause of the variations are attributed to natural occurrences , different methods used to count migrating butterflies , and man - made changes to the habitat . The validity of the population census at overwintering sites in North America is questioned . The discrepancy between migrating populations and populations present at the overwintering sites suggests a significant adult mortality during the migration . The Commission for Environmental Cooperation has determined that population variations require a long - term and large scale monitoring effort Population estimates of adults , or of eggs and larva , and milkweed abundance , should correlate with the censuses at the overwintering sites . Data are currently unavailable at this time to determine these censuses but a current study by The Monarch Larva Monitoring Project is designed to determine whether or not population censuses in Mexico match the population censuses in the Midwestern United States and Canada . Mark and recapture ( edit ) This is the technique whereby a sample of the population is captured , tagged , and returned to the original location . After the tagged monarchs are released they are later re-captured . This procedure allows the determination of the total populations since the recaptured monarchs are directly proportional to the number in the whole population . An estimate of the total population size can be obtained by dividing the number of marked individuals by the proportion of marked individuals in the second sample . This method of population determination is useful because it is not practical to count all the individuals in the population . Other names for this method , or closely related methods , include capture - recapture , capture - mark - recapture , mark - recapture , sight - resight , mark - release - recapture , multiple systems estimation , band recovery , the Petersen method and the Lincoln method . has been used to estimate the number of butterflies remigrating to Florida in the spring and overwintering in California . Butterfly counts ( edit ) Monarch butterfly counts can be compared to bird counts . During a butterfly count , individuals and organized groups count the numbers of butterflies that they observe during a discrete time period and within a predetermined area . The western population of monarchs are counted during their ' Thanksgiving Butterfly Count ' . Methods differ but can include consistent observations of butterflies traversing areas within predetermined limits , presumably along the migratory route measured in butterflies / hour sometimes with recording vectors . Data collected are likely to be accurate and become more accurate with the increasing number of samples . Concentrations of migrating monarchs are consistently monitored by Cape May Bird Observatory , Peninsula Point Light , Michigan , and Point Pelee National Park , Ontario , Canada . Butterfly counts of monarchs serve many purposes . The results of the counts allow the determination of the range of the monarch . This includes what is known as ' accidental sightings ' ; sightings that occur out of the normally established range . Determining the range will reveal the expansion or contraction of the butterfly 's normal range . The range of the monarch does vary year . Another result that is obtained during the butterfly count of the monarch is an estimate of the butterflies population . Butterfly counts of the monarch reflect effects of weather on the range and populations . Habitat change can impact a count ; many assess habitat changes in the range of the monarch based upon the counts . The ratio of monarchs to other species observed during a count provides information about habitat changes . Publicized butterfly counts can generate interest . Monarch butterfly counts from 1979 - 1990 revealed fluctuations . Some of these are attributed to severe weather effects , El Nino Southern Oscillation and volcanic eruption . Migrating monarchs tend to congregate and form roosts on peninsulas that point south . Monitoring programs count the number of monarchs in roosts that develop along the migration route . Monitoring data from multiple sites correlate . Protocols used to conduct the censuses include : Driving Census Walking Census Roosting Counts Hawk - watch Observations Aerial and satellite observations ( edit ) The condition of the Mexican forest habitats and progression of deforestation of overwintering roosts can be observable via satellite imagery . These images show the changes in and around the overwintering areas . Efforts to visual the satellite images for actual presence of the roosts of butterflies have not been successful . Small aircraft were used in one study , allowing views of the colonies . Aerial assessments of the areas surrounding the colonies revealed the presence of potential areas of colonization . After these efforts the costs out - weighed the benefits of high - altitude aerial photography . It was determined to be time - consuming and expensive and did not allow a reliable method for identifying or conducting a census of the colonies . Direct observations ( edit ) Direct observation was the primary method used when monarch migration studies began . These past sightings and recovery of tagged butterflies is information cited in publications even up to 2014 . Direct observations are performed by laypeople , scientists and those residing close to overwintering sites . Types of data collected ( edit ) Direct observation usually means that an observer records data while the butterfly is one stage of its migration . This can include : Historical accounts . flight vectors densities appearance in the northern breeding range appearance in overwintering sites location of overwintering sites wing condition sex size roosts butterfly counts ( butterfly sightings / minute ) emergence of host plants local frosts estimations of populations and densities wind direction cloud cover parasite loads latitude / longitude Use of data and availability ( edit ) Recorded , anecdotal information is most often submitted to the sponsoring organization . Data has significantly accumulated over the years and is used by researchers . Scientific observations are sometimes treated like proprietary information and are not available to the public or other researchers . Observers have begun to record their sightings via Google maps . Observers ( edit ) Main article : Citizen science Most observers are laypersons ( trained and untrained ) , individuals identified with the term ' citizen scientist ' but also called `` amateur naturalists '' . Anecdotal information by observers has been criticized and labelled as not `` good science '' and `` not science at all '' . Conservation organizations and scientists use observations in their research . Those who participate in organized butterfly counts also provide valid observations . Some regions in Texas are located in the flight path during the migration and the patterns , distributions , and populations are recorded by observers there . Tagging ( edit ) Tagging was done as early as 1796 on silk moths by Indian silk producers . It was discovered that the moths would migrate up to 100 miles ( 160 km ) . Prior to the tagging activity of Fred Urquart , other methods of monarch tagging included wing incisions , spots arrangements , colored spots , spraying with dyes , painted letters and numbers . The reason these methods resulted in no information about the migration was because there were no instructions to return or at least record the recovery. Many organizations currently use tagging to study migration . Monarch tagging is a popular educational project for students . Captive / commercially bred monarchs have been known to migrate to overwintering sites in Mexico , although their success rate is much lower than it is for wild monarchs . Scientists who study monarch migration have utilized monarch tagging records to answer a number of questions about monarch migration biology . A study from South Carolina showed , through tagging records , that monarchs with smaller and / or damaged wings tend to remain longer at stopover sites , which leads to them falling behind in the migration . Another study used tagging records to show how monarchs tagged in areas along the Atlantic coast have a lower migration success rate than do those tagged at inland locations . Collectively , the conservation value of tagging data are vast , yet one scientist argued that these data remain largely untapped . Monarch tagging allows scientists to assess migration directions and speeds , by comparing the timing of the initial tag date and the date and location of the subsequent recovery of the tagged individual . For example : A tagged monarch in Lincoln , Nebraska , was recovered in Paullina , Iowa , 158 miles in 18 days . A tagged monarch in Geneva , Kentucky , was recovered in Lindsborg , Kansas , some 550 miles west of its origin , and was considered `` the most unusual migrant '' of the 1998 season ( most migration is north - south ) . The official record for the longest tag - recovery is for a monarch tagged by Don Davis , from Ontario , Canada . This record is listed in the Guinness Book of Records for the longest insect migration . It was a monarch tagged in southern Ontario during the fall of 1988 , that traveled to Mexico and then north again in the spring where it was recovered in Texas , for a grand total of 4,635 km ( 2,880 miles ) . This record assumed the monarch traveled to Mexico and back north in the spring . Also , the straight line distance from the tag site to the overwintering site was 3,429 km ( 2,131 miles ) . In fall 2015 , a new ( unofficial ) record was set by a tagger from Nova Scotia , Canada - Larry bogan , who tagged a monarch that was recovered in Mexico , for a distance of 4,330 km ( 2,690 miles ) . One monarch researcher argues the Nova Scotia monarch should be the record - holder , since its one - way migration was longer than the Ontario monarch 's . While the practice of transferring monarchs from place to place is generally not condoned by scientists , some reciprocal transfers of tagged monarchs have demonstrated that monarchs from east of the Rocky Mountains will migrate south if transferred west , in the range of the western population ( rather than SW ) . Monarchs transferred from Nebraska to Oregon will also migrate south . New methods of studying the migration include the use of VHF transmitters and commercial aircraft . Isotopic tagging has been employed . Migratory theory mechanisms ( edit ) Further information : animal navigation Theories that explain monarch migration are many . `` Science has not yet offered a sufficient explanation for how that ( the migration ) happens . '' Researchers often propose that multiple migratory mechanisms play a role . Not all who study monarch migration agree on the mechanisms that allow the migrating butterflies to find overwintering sites . Instinct ( edit ) It is proposed that the ability to find overwintering sites in California and Mexico is an inherited trait . It has also been called a genetic memory . The possibility of an inherited map has been posited suggesting that the butterflies may follow streams and recognize landmarks . Other studies provide evidence against the theory of an inherited map . Geographical features ( edit ) Migration theories take into account the terrain monarchs encounter during their migration . Mountains , rivers , lakes and oceans are credited with influencing the migration . Large roosts of migrating monarchs are often formed at a locations that act as obstacles impeding their movement S / SW . Roosting butterflies are thought to form these roosts to wait for ideal weather conditions that will aid them in crossing these landforms , such as lack of rain , temperature , tailwinds , and sunlight . Some years the roosting sites form predictably and consistently year to year . In other instances , roosting sites form in new areas on a transient basis . A roost of migrating monarchs can contain as few as four and as many as thousands . Other geographic features such as the Appalachian Mountains and the Sierra Madres in Mexico ' funnel ' the migration , orienting it to the S / SW . One monarch tagged in Ontario was recovered on an oil rig 100 miles south of Galveston , Texas . Chemical markers ( edit ) One recent hypothesis suggests that monarchs may be chemically marking certain trees , using an unknown substance and so orienting themselves when they return the following winter . Position of the sun ( edit ) Further information : Sun compass in animals The migratory patterns may be based on the position of the sun in the sky including its angle and spectrum changes that occur near the end of the summer breeding season . The proposed Sun compass depends upon a circadian clock based in their antennae . The antennae contain cryptochrome , a photoreceptor protein sensitive to the violet - blue part of the light spectrum . In the presence of violet or blue light , it can function as a chemical compass . Other theories ( edit ) The Colombus Hypothesis is another theory that accounts for the phenomena of the mass migration of the eastern population of the monarch by examining historical records . This theory discusses how many butterflies engage in mass movements to expand their range or relieve pressure on their habitat . According to this theory , the eastern population did not have such an extensive range and did not migrate . Historical observations of animal life during the colonial period in America make no mention of monarch butterflies . Observations of monarchs began and seemed to be related to the deforestation of the Northeast . Monarchs were presumably residents of subtropical and tropical areas but began to move north to breed on the increased numbers of larval host plants that replaced the deforested areas . Populations found in other regions do not migrate over such long distances ( in Australia , for example ) This may suggest that the migratory behavior of the eastern population of the monarch butterfly developed after other populations of monarchs had become established in other regions . Another theory denies the existence of the mass migration , but instead explains the movements of monarchs in the fall to weather conditions : In the fall , monarch adults in Canada and the upper Midwest likely receive an environmental trigger ( change in photoperiod or seasonal cold snap ) and cease egg laying . When the main jets stream moves south out of Canada , high and low pressure cells become carried across extreme southern Canada and later across the US . At that time , monarchs need merely rise on thermals during clearing conditions and become carried toward the South out of the region in which they were reared . If they have reached sufficient altitude in their ride on thermals , the north winds can carry some of them considerable distance towards Mexico . '' Adrian Wenner , professor emeritus of natural history at the University of California , Santa Barbara Wenner goes on to say that monarchs were found in Mexico in the winter simply because people expected they would be there . He contends that monarchs may be in other places , but just have n't been found yet . Extinction ( edit ) Main article : Monarch butterfly § Range The range of the monarch is worldwide and while monarch butterflies are not endangered as a species , the migration of the eastern North American population may be an endangered phenomenon . The media consistently reports that the monarch is endangered of becoming extinct . Media reports of the monarch becoming extinct have been criticized by scientists . `` Monarchs are not in danger of extinction , '' states Lincoln Brower , a monarch conservation researcher . Conservation ( edit ) Monitoring and conservation organizations can be organized by their efforts directed to each of the four stages in the monarch life cycle . `` We have a lot of habitat in this country but we are losing it at a rapid pace . Development is consuming 6,000 acres a day , a loss of 2.2 million acres per year . Further , the overuse of herbicides along roadsides and elsewhere is turning diverse areas that support monarchs , pollinators , and other wildlife into grass - filled landscapes that support few species . The adoption of genetically modified soybeans and corn have further reduced monarch habitat . If these trends continue , monarchs are certain to decline , threatening the very existence of their magnificent migration . '' O.R. Taylor The winter roosts in both Mexico and California were declared to be threatened phenomena by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources ( IUCN ) in the IUCN Invertebrate Red Data Book . Historical conservation regulations began when the residents of Pacific Grove , CA passed an ordinance prohibiting the disturbance of the `` peaceful occupation of the Monarch butterflies '' . Adult mortality ( edit ) Unknown factors that impact the numbers of migrating monarchs requires more research . Culling may occur during the migration due to high counts of infection with the parasite ' Ophryocystis elektroscirrha ' . This parasite is known to cause reductions in flying ability , thus infected monarchs have a reduced chance of reaching the overwintering sites . Another source of mortality during migration is death from car - strikes . One researcher examined all evidence from the scientific literature on this and concluded that hundreds of millions of monarchs die on roadways each fall . Overwintering sites ( edit ) Work to protect the overwintering sites in Mexico began before 1975 and were initiated by local residents . Populations of overwintering monarchs in Mexico have been declining . It is expected that the numbers of monarchs will increase this winter ( 2014 -- 15 ) due to favorable conditions that existed during the early spring migration and throughout the summer . Gulf Coast areas and Florida Overwintering sites exist along the Gulf Coast states and in Florida . Mexico Periodic disasters at the Mexican overwintering sites are the main reason for the population decline . Some sites have experienced losses of 30 % to 90 % during storms . Conservation efforts in and around the overwintering sites include the planting of native tree species on which the monarchs prefer to roost . California Main article : Monarch butterfly conservation in California Overwintering monarchs in California have shown to have a slight preference to roost on native species but will also consistently choose introduced eucalyptus species , even when native species are present . Roosting sites in California are typically located close to the coastline , though some have been found further inland . Reductions in milkweed and agricultural regions of the United States ( edit ) Some conservationists blame the reductions in monarch overwintering numbers in Mexico on the loss of milkweeds in the Midwestern region of the United States . 167 million acres of monarch habitat has been lost since 1996 . These conservationists argue that the reduction in milkweed habitat in agricultural regions of North America is a major cause of the declines in the number of monarchs that reach Mexico . However , other top researchers doubt this claim , because it is not consistent with data collected by several long - term butterfly monitoring programs in the United States . The data from these programs do not show evidence that the numbers of breeding adult monarchs has declined since the 1990s . Despite this evidence , some conservationists cite the use of pesticides and herbicides as a cause of the declines in overwintering monarchs . They state that prior to the introduction of genetically altered corn and soybeans , milkweed was common in the crop fields . The connection between the use of GMO crops and the decline in the numbers of overwintering monarchs has been called ' suggestive but not conclusive ' , as there are other factors such as deforestation and weather events that could be the cause . Milkweed habitat is also destroyed by the expansion of urban and suburban areas . Based on the recent evidence that failed to show declines in the breeding season , coupled with the clear declines in the number of overwintering monarchs in Mexico , some of the leading monarch researchers have embraced the theory that the problem must lie en route to Mexico , i.e. that losses during migration is the reason that fewer monarchs are seen in Mexico in recent years . Conservationists also call attention to the decreased habitat that allows the growth of nectaring plants . Other threats ( edit ) Factors that have a negative effect on the migration are extreme weather , including colder winters in central Mexico , droughts in Texas , invasive ( non -- milkweed ) flora on which monarchs lay eggs and the increased use of synthetic insecticides that are less biodegradable . Conservation programs ( edit ) There are many organizations and programs existing to promote the preservation of the monarch and its migration . Health monitoring contributes to conservation by studying the health of butterflies in all or various stages of its life cycle . Habitat restoration contributes to conservation by planting larval food plants , nectaring plants and overwinter plants necessary for winter survival . Policy contributes to the conservation by coordination of efforts across governmental and non-governmental organizations Reserves protect habitat for the butterfly . Education contributes to the conservation of the monarch by raising awareness and participation in conservation activities . Censuses of the monarch provide information regarding the migration routes , relative population comparisons between different populations . Grants are given and received to help foster new conservation programs and to fund research . Research provides information regarding the butterfly and its migration . Citizen science participation involves activities by lay - persons to promote conservation . Tagging and then recapturing monarchs provides information useful to provide information on migration . Regulations exit to protect the butterfly and its habitat Economic development promotes the development of alternative sources of income around Mexican overwintering sites to prevent the harvesting of trees used by overwintering butterflies Repository is the accumulated data produced by scientists and citizen scientists . Available to public indicates whether this data are shared freely to the public . Organization or political entities Monarch conservation programs Database Health monitoring Habitat restoration Policy Reserve Education Censuses Grants - Rec 'd or Granted Research Citizen science participation Tagging Regulation Economic Development Repository Available to public Monarch Watch Monarch Joint Venture Association for butterflies Project Monarch Health Pollinator Partnership UNESCO La Naturaleza Nos Llama National Park System Executive Order - Presidential Memorandum Xerces Volunteer Match Iowa Department of Natural Resources Iowa Prairie Resource Center California State Park system City ordinance of Capitola , California The Coastal Zone Management Act , California Assessment and Status Report , Canada Monarch Butterfly Fund Forest For Monarchs Larson Juhl Monarch Ecology Fund Plantit Global Climate Summit California Environmental Protection Agency USDA Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales Texas Milkweeds and Monarchs Wild Ones Wild for Monarchs Notes Proposed policies to conserve the migration ( edit ) Much discussion exists concerning what actions may benefit the migration . Efforts to preserve this phenomenon include : continued discussion via the Trilateral Committee for Wildlife and Ecosystem Conservation and Management Summit to organize continent wide conservation actions Reforestation of overwintering habitat in Mexico . Promote the Farm Service Agency Conservation Reserve Program in which enrolled farmers receive yearly payments for removing environmentally sensitive areas from production and to promote species of plants that improve habitat . the formation of specific organizations to educate the public about the migration and monarch biology the study of the effects of diseases , parasites and predators on populations limiting activities at the overwintering sites ( logging , tourism ) , payments to local residents to monitor forest habitats mass planting of milkweed and nectar plants . Concerned individuals governmental agencies , and organizations have made efforts to restore milkweed habitats to provide nectar and food plants . studies that involve the participation of citizen - scientists who monitor and apply tags to migrating monarchs the lobbying of lawmakers , corporations , highway departments , utilities and policy - makers to preserve habitat the creation of media ( websites , magazine articles , art , newspapers , movies , children 's books , documentaries , educational curricula ) that provides information about monarch migration . Economic influences related to the migration phenomena ( edit ) Tourism around the overwintering sites in Mexico and California provides income for those who provide such services . Residents near the overwintering sites are concerned that their children do not have enough to eat so they are forced to continue illegal logging . Other residents take advantage of the months butterflies overwinter near their homes . Though they consider themselves quite poor , it is possible for them to generate enough income to last them through the year acting as guides , providing lodging and meals , selling crafts and souvenirs . Overwintering monarchs roost in trees on privately owned land . Laws and regulations regarding the protection of the overwintering sites and habitat override the interests of land owners , farmer ' cooperatives and local governing bodies . In 1986 , Mexico created sanctuaries for the winter months . Sections of the forest were closed to the local people who depended on lumber for their income . Small - scale logging operations continued though illegal . Conservation organizations pay residents to patrol the forest . Contributions are solicited to fund programs that support monarch conservation efforts . Some donations to conservation programs are directed toward fundraising for the organization . Politics ( edit ) The scientific and conservation efforts require the involvement of the United States , Canada and Mexico . This has resulted in the formation of the North American Monarch Conservation plan . Conservation plans in Mexico have been suggested to be deficient . Conservation has both practical and theoretical components , with the former often having little to do with science or biology . Education shapes attitudes , a sympathetic populace lobbies government , regulations are instituted , and where possible , land is set aside as reserves . Joel Berger , University of Nevada Affected people groups ( edit ) Indigenous people groups , residents , farmers and landowners surrounding the overwintering sites have made statements about their dissatisfaction with the involvement of Canadian and American conservationists concerning the enforcement of restricting the use of lands in and around preserves . Sustainable development in the areas surrounding overwintering colonies has been identified as a major factor in conservation efforts . It refers to the substitution of economic activities that have a negative effect on conservation efforts with economic opportunities that have a positive effect on conservation goals . Mexican communities have expressed concern with the limitations placed on their use of land and resources . Conservation proposals are met with ' little enthusiasm ' if not inclusive of local interests . Sustainable development and conservation today is a problem of marketing and financing , with real numbers and real mechanisms - not of good intentions . - Roberto Solis , Instituto Nacional de Ecologia , Mexico Animal research in conservation has a role but it has little significance unless sociological , economic and political issues are satisfactorily resolved . Access to overwintering colonies is tightly controlled by Mexico and monitored by Profepa , Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico ( UNAM ) , Instituto Politécnico Nacional ( IPN ) , Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve ( MBBR ) , local and international volunteers . The world Wildlife Fund pays for the salaries of enforcement officers . Presidential memorandum and National Strategy ( edit ) On June 20 , 2014 , President Barack Obama issued a presidential memorandum entitled `` Creating a Federal Strategy to Promote the Health of Honey Bees and Other Pollinators '' . The memorandum established a Pollinator Health Task Force , to be co-chaired by the Secretary of Agriculture and the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency , and stated : The number of migrating Monarch butterflies sank to the lowest recorded population level in 2013 -- 14 , and there is an imminent risk of failed migration . In May 2015 , the Pollinator Health Task Force issued a `` National Strategy to Promote the Health of Honey Bees and Other Pollinators '' . The strategy lays out current and planned federal actions to achieve three goals , two of which are : Monarch Butterflies : Increase the Eastern population of the monarch butterfly to 225 million butterflies occupying an area of approximately 15 acres ( 6 hectares ) in the overwintering grounds in Mexico , through domestic / international actions and public - private partnerships , by 2020 . Pollinator Habitat Acreage : Restore or enhance 7 million acres of land for pollinators over the next 5 years through Federal actions and public / private partnerships . Many of the priority projects that the National Strategy identifies will focus on the I - 35 corridor extending for 1,500 miles ( 2,400 km ) from Texas to Minnesota that provides spring and summer breeding habitats in the monarch 's key migration corridor . Efforts to designate the monarch as endangered ( edit ) Both the United States and Canada have taken steps to move closer to providing federal protection for the monarch , although these efforts come with some controversy . In the United States , based on the 20 - yr declines seen in the numbers of monarchs that reach Mexico each fall , the Center for Biological Diversity , The Center for Food Safety , The Xerces Society and Lincoln Brower have filed a petition to the Interior Department ( USA ) to protect the monarch by having it declared as an endangered species . The environmental activist Robert Kennedy has endorsed the petition but has said the designation should be ' threatened ' , not ' endangered ' . Critics state monarchs are not threatened and do not need Federal protection . Listing the monarch could divert funding take attention away from rarer species at greater risk of extinction . Critics also are concerned about what the petition does not say . ... it could create a backlash . Fear of regulation , he said , could make landowners into opponents . He pointed out the petition calls for the `` designation of critical habitat '' via the powers of the act , but does n't spell out what that means . Chip Taylor , Monarch Watch In fall 2016 , the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada recently proposed that the monarch be listed as endangered in Canada , as opposed to its current listing as a ' species of concern ' in that country . This move , once enacted , would protect critical monarch habitat in Canada , such as major fall accumulation areas in southern Ontario , but it would also have implications for citizen scientists who work with monarchs , and for classroom activities . If the monarch were federally protected in Canada , these activities could be limited , or require federal permits . Scientific community ( edit ) Not all researchers are in consensus regarding lobbying for federal government intervention , population censuses , steps to take to conserve the migration , and the possible endangered status of the monarch . They have been critical of the data generated by citizen scientists calling it ' inappropriate ' . Differences in opinions by researchers are common . Some researchers have been critical of each other for not making their data available to the public and to each other . Like all scientific research , opinions are voiced , sometimes explicitly . One scientistist is critical of the first tagging efforts by Fred Urquhart calling it an `` amateurish self - serving approach to biology that is n't science '' . Another researcher denies that the monarch migrates but instead is greatly affected by weather conditions to head south . Local governments ( edit ) Local governments are considering legislation to provide habitat for migrating monarchs . See also ( edit ) Conservation biology Lepidoptera migration Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve Peninsula Point Light , Michigan Catalina Trail References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Brower 1977 , p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : Pyle 1981 , pp. 712 -- 713 . Jump up ^ Morris , Gail . `` Status of Danaus plexippus in Arizona '' ( PDF ) . Southwest Monarch Study . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Morris , Gail M. ; Klein , Christopher ; Morris , Scott M. ( 2015 ) . `` Status of Danaus plexippus population in Arizona '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the Lepidopterists ' Society . 69 ( 2 ) : 91 -- 107 . doi : 10.18473 / lepi. 69i2. a10 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 09 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Pyle 2014 , p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Zhan , Shuia ; Zhang , Wei ; Niitepold , Kristjan ; Hsu , Jeremy ; Haeger , Juan Fernandez ; Zalucki , Myron P. ; Altizer , Sonia ; de Roode , Jacobus C. ; Reppert , Stephen M. ; Kronforst , Marcus R. ( 2014 - 10 - 16 ) . `` The genetics of Monarch butterfly migration and warning coloration '' . Nature . 514 ( 7522 ) : 317 -- 321 . Bibcode : 2014Natur. 514 ... 317Z . doi : 10.1038 / nature13812 . PMC 4331202 . PMID 25274300 . Jump up ^ Taylor , O.R. ; Lovett , Jim ; Walters , Cathy ; Schmidt , Sarah ( 2002 ) . `` 2001 Season Summary '' . Monarch Watch . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Oberhauser 2009 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Monarch Joint Venture . 2016 . Potential risks of growing exotic ( non-native ) milkweeds for monarchs . This ' potential ' risk does nothave solid scientific support . If cared for properly , and iif the Monarch eggs laid on it , are brought in to be raised through their life cycle , these Monarch butterflies can have an infestation rate as low as 5 % . There has been no scientific study that includes this data of the low rate of O.e. in Monarchs raised from eggs . http://monarchjointventure.org/images/uploads/documents/Oe_fact_sheet.pdf ^ Jump up to : Pyle 2014 , p. x . Jump up ^ `` Monarch Migration Studies '' . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Oberhauser 2004 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Tipping , Christopher ( May 8 , 1995 ) . `` Chapter 11 : The Longest Migration '' . Gainesville , FL : Department of Entomology & Nematology University of Florida , Gainesville , FL . Retrieved September 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Incredible Journey of the Butterflies , airdate January 27 , 2009 '' . PBS Nova Series . Jump up ^ Pyle 2014 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Klots , Alexander B. ( 1951 ) . A Field Guide to the Butterflies of North America , East of the Great Plains ( Tenth ed . ) . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company . pp. 78 , 79 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 07865 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Brower 1977 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ `` The Monarchs ' Arrival in Mexico and Mexican Traditions '' . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico 's Monarchs Return '' . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowery , Linda ( 2004 ) . Day of the Dead . Minneapolis , Minnesota . pp. 28 -- 29 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87614 - 914 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Pyle 2014 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Pyle 2014 , p. 15 . ^ Jump up to : Urquhart , Fred A. ( 1960 ) . The Monarch butterfly . Toronto , Canada : University of Toronto Press . Jump up ^ Brower 1977 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Sanchez Reyna , Ramon ( 2008 ) . Turiguía : Michoacán ( Tour Guide : Michoacán ) ( in Spanish ) . Mexico City : Grupo Azabache , S.A. de C.V. p. 152 . ISBN 978 - 607 - 7568 - 08 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Historic Rendezvous of Those Who Located Monarch Butterfly Roosting Sites Draws Crowd of 200 '' . Texas Butterfly Ranch . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Brower 1977 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ `` The Location of the Monarch Overwintering Sites in Mexico '' . Journey North . 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Murphy ( August 1997 ) . `` A molecular phylogeny for aplocheiloid fishes ( Atherinomorpha , Cyprinodontiformes ) : the role of vicariance and the origins of annualism '' . Mol. Biol. Evol. 14 ( 8 ) : 790 -- 9 . doi : 10.1093 / oxfordjournals. molbev. a025819 . PMID 9254916 . Annual aplocheiloid killifish embryos possess a rare ability among vertebrates to enter stages of developmental arrest ( diapause ) when subjected to adverse environmental conditions . Jump up ^ The Insects ; Structure and Function , 4th Edition . R.F. Chapman , Cambridge University Press , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 57048 - 4 , p 403 . Jump up ^ Tauber , M.J. , Tauber , C.A. , Masaki , S. ( 1986 ) Seasonal Adaptations of Insects . Oxford University Press , 414 pp . ^ Jump up to : Brower et al. 1995 , p. 542 . 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Jump up ^ Davis , A.K ( 2009 ) . `` Wing color of monarch butterflies ( Danaus plexippus ) in eastern North America across life stages : migrants are ' redder ' than breeding and overwintering stages '' . Psyche. 2009 : 1 -- 5 . doi : 10.1155 / 2009 / 705780 . Retrieved December 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Davis , A.K. , J. Chi , C. Bradley , and S. Altizer. 2012 . The redder the better : wing color predicts flight performance in monarch butterflies . PLoS One 7 ( 7 ) : e41323 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0041323 Jump up ^ Altizer , S. and A.K. Davis . 2010 . Populations of monarch butterflies with different migratory behaviors show divergence in wing morphology . Evolution 64 ( 4 ) : 1018 - 1028 Jump up ^ Altizer , S.M. , K.A. Hobson , A.K. Davis , J.C. de Roode , and L.I. Wassenaar. 2015 . Do healthy monarchs migrate farther ? Tracking natal origins of parasitized vs. uninfected monarch butterflies overwintering in Mexico . PLoS One 10 ( 11 ) : DOI : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0141371 Jump up ^ Yang et al. 2015 . Intra-population variation in the natal origins and wing morphology of overwintering western monarch butterflies Danaus plexippus . Ecography Jump up ^ http://akdavis6.wixsite.com/monarchscience/single-post/2015/09/15/What-is-the-optimal-monarch-size-for-successful-migration Jump up ^ Satterfield , D. and A.K. Davis . 2014 . Variation in wing characteristics of monarch butterflies during migration : Earlier migrants have redder and more elongated wings . Animal Migration 2 : 1 - 7 Jump up ^ McCord J.W. , Davis A.K. , Biological observations of monarch butterfly behavior at a migratory stopover site : results from a long - term tagging study in coastal South Carolina , Journal of Insect Behavior , 2010 , 23 , 405 - 418 Jump up ^ `` Chill turns monarchs north '' . Science News . Jump up ^ RuBino , Richard ( March -- April 2014 ) . `` Some Observations on Monarch Migration '' . 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( 1999 ) . `` Spring remigration of the monarch butterfly , Danaus plesippus ( Lepidoptera : Nymphhalidedae ) in north - central Florida : estimating population parameters using mark - recapture '' . Biological Journal of the Linnean Society . 68 ( 4 ) : 531 -- 556 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1999. tb01187. x . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rincon Biologist Volunteers for Annual Monarch Butterfly Event '' . Rincon Consultants , Inc . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Parks Canada - Point Pelee National Park - Monarch Migration '' . Parks Canada . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Xerces Society Western Monarch Thanksgiving Count '' . The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Walton , Dick . `` Monarch Monitoring Project '' . Cape May Bird Observatory . 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Annals of the Entomological Society of America . 108 ( 5 ) : 718 . doi : 10.1093 / aesa / sav046 . Jump up ^ McCord , J.W. and A.K. Davis . 2012 . Characteristics of monarch butterflies ( Danaus plexippus ) that stopover at a site in coastal South Carolina during fall migration . Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 45 : 1 - 8 Jump up ^ Brindza , L. , L.P. Brower , A.K. Davis and T. Van Hook. 2008 . Comparative success of monarch butterfly migration to overwintering sites in Mexico from inland and coastal sites in Virginia . Journal of the Lepidopterists ' Society 62 ( 4 ) : 189 - 200 Jump up ^ Davis , A.K. 2015 . Opinion : conservation of monarch butterflies could be enhanced with analyses ( and publication ) of citizen science tagging data . Insect Conservation and Diversity 8 ( 2 ) : 103 - 106 Jump up ^ Taylor , O.R. ( June 28 , 1998 ) , Monarch Watch 1999 Season Recoveries , pp. 1 -- 11 Jump up ^ http://www.monarchwatch.org/tagmig/98recov2.htm Jump up ^ http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/longest-insect-migration/ Jump up ^ http://akdavis6.wixsite.com/monarchscience/single-post/2016/07/20/Record-monarch-tag-recovery-distance-set-last-year-from-Nova-Scotia-Canada Jump up ^ brower et al. 1995 , p. 543 . Jump up ^ `` United Using Planes to Track Butterflies and Birds '' . Retrieved June 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tracking with isotopes '' . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wassenaar , L.I. ; Hobson , K.A. ( December 22 , 1998 ) . `` Natal origins of migratory monarch butterflies at wintering colonies in Mexico : New isotopic evidence '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 95 ( 26 ) : 15436 -- 15439 . Bibcode : 1998PNAS ... 9515436W . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 95.26. 15436 . PMC 28060 . PMID 9860986 . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Halpern , Sue ( 2002 ) . Four Wings and a Prayer . Kindle edition . New York , New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 78720 - 0 . Jump up ^ Halpern , Sue ( 2002 ) . Four Wings and a Prayer . Kindle edition location 1565 . New York , New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 78720 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` How Do Monarchs Find the Overwintering Sites ? '' . University of Minnesota Monarch Lab . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Monarch Butterfly Migration '' . The Monarch Program . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Are Monarch Butterflies Losing Their Migration Instinct ? '' . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Mouritsen ( April 30 , 2014 ) . `` An experimental displacement and over 50 years of tag - recoveries show that monarch butterflies are not true navigators ( pre-published paper provided by author ) '' . PNAS. 110 ( 18 ) : 7348 -- 7353 . Bibcode : 2013PNAS ... 110.7348 M . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1221701110 . Jump up ^ Davis , Donald ( 2014 - 11 - 27 ) . `` DPLEX - L : 59250 The possibility of a trans - Gulf migration , oil rigs , Dr. Gary Ross , and more '' ( mailing list ) . Monarch Watch , University of Kansas . Jump up ^ Plumer , Brad ( January 29 , 2014 ) . `` Monarch butterflies keep disappearing . Here 's why '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gugliotta , Guy ( 2003 ). Butterflies Guided By Body Clocks , Sun Scientists Shine Light on Monarchs ' Pilgrimage . Washington Post , May 23 , 2003 , page A03 . Retrieved January 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Roach , John ( June 10 , 2003 ) . `` Internal Clock Leads Monarch Butterflies to Mexico '' . National Geographic News . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Merlin , C ; Gegear , RJ ; Reppert , SM. ( 2009 ) . `` Antennal circadian clocks coordinate sun compass orientation in migratory monarch butterflies '' . Science . 325 ( 5948 ) : 1700 -- 1704 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1176221 . PMC 2754321 . PMID 19779201 . Jump up ^ Kyriacou , CP. ( 2009 ) . `` Unraveling Traveling '' . Science . 325 ( 5948 ) : 1629 -- 1630 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1178935 . PMID 19779177 . Jump up ^ Robert J. Gegear , Lauren E. Foley , Amy Casselman & Steven M. Reppert ; Foley ; Casselman ; Reppert ( 2010 ) . `` Animal cryptochromes mediate magnetoreception by an unconventional photochemical mechanism '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 463 ( 7282 ) : 804 -- 807 . doi : 10.1038 / nature08719 . PMC 2820607 . PMID 20098414 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Monarch butterflies make use of a chemical magnetic compass '' . Sciencedaily.com . January 27 , 2010 . doi : 10.1038 / nature08719 . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The lonely flight of the monarch butterfly '' . NewsAdvance.com , Lynchburg , Virginia Area . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Rates of Deforestation & Reforestation in the U.S '' . Seattle PI . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Vane - Wright , Richard I . The Columbus Hypothesis : ... An Explanation for Dramatic 19th Century Range Expansion of the Monarch Butterfly Stephen B. Malcom and Zalucki , Myron P. , Eds 1993 Biology and Conservation of the Monarch Butterfly From ,. the 2nd International Conference on the Monarch Butterfly Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County . Los Angeles , CA. Pp. 183 -- 185 . Jump up ^ Malcolm , Stephen B. ( 1993 ) . `` Conservation of monarch butterfly migration in North America : An endangered phenomenon '' . In Malcolm , S.B. ; Zalucki , M.P. Biology and Conservation of the Monarch Butterfly . Science Series No. 38 . Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County . pp. 357 -- 361 . Jump up ^ Gore , Bob . `` Iowa Associations Working On Preserving the Dying Breed of Monarch Butterfly Against Extinction '' . Empire State Tribune . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Are GMOs causing monarch butterflies to become extinct ? '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Ball , Nicole . `` Monarch Butterfly Garden Workshop '' . Hamlet Hub ( Rye , NY ) . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Are GMOs causing monarch butterflies to become extinct ? '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ LaCapra , Véronique . `` Saving The Monarch 's Migration : A Conversation With Ecologist Lincoln Brower '' . St. Louis Public Radio . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Oberhauser 2009 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ `` Bring Back The Monarchs '' . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Crolla , Jeffrey P. ; Lafontaine , J. Donald . `` Monarch Watch : Reading Room : Articles : Status Report on the Monarch Butterfly ( Danaus plexippus ) in Canada '' . Retrieved September 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bartel , Rebecca ; Oberhauser , Karen ; De Roode , Jacob ; Atizer , Sonya ( February 2011 ) . `` Monarch butterfly migration and parasite transmission in eastern North America '' . Ecology. 92 ( 2 ) : 342 -- 351 . doi : 10.1890 / 10 - 0489.1 . PMID 21618914 . Jump up ^ Bradley , C. and S. Altizer. 2005 . Parasites hinder monarch butterfly flight : implications for disease spread in migratory hosts . Ecology Letters 8 : 290 - 300 Jump up ^ http://akdavis6.wixsite.com/monarchscience/single-post/2016/08/24/Is-road-mortality-the-real-cause-of-the-decline-in-Mexico Jump up ^ Taylor , Orley ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Monarch Population Status '' . Monarch Watch , University of Kansas . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Davis 2014 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ http://www.forestsformonarchs.org/ Forest For Monarch Jump up ^ Griffiths , Jessica ; Villablanca , Francis ( July 2013 ) . `` Management of Monarch butterfly ( Danaus plexippus ) overwintering habitat : recommendations based on patterns of tree use '' . White Paper Prepared for the Xerces Society . Jump up ^ Marriott , David . `` Where To See The Monarchs In California '' ( PDF ) . Monarch Watch . The Monarch Program . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Chip ( January 29 , 2014 ) . `` Monarch Population Status '' . Monarch Watch . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The lonely flight of the monarch butterfly '' . NewsAdvance.com , Lynchburg , Virginia Area . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Monarch Butterfly 's Reign Threatened by Milkweed Decline '' . National Geographic Society . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Inamine , Hidetoshi ; Ellner , Stephen P. ; Springer , James P. ; Agrawal , Anurag A. ( 2016 ) . `` Linking the continental migratory cycle of the monarch butterfly to understand its population decline '' . Oikos. 125 ( 8 ) : 1081 . doi : 10.1111 / oik. 03196 Jump up ^ `` Are GMOs causing monarch butterflies to become extinct ? '' . Tampa Bay times . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Chip ( January 29 , 2014 ) . `` Monarch Population Status '' . Monarch Watch . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Monarch Butterfly '' . The Native Plant Herald . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Monarch ESA Petition - Center for Biological Diversity '' ( PDF ) . Center for biological diversity . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Monarchs in Migration : The Humane Society of the United States '' . the Humane Society . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Drouin , Roger . `` Monarch Butterflies at the Center of a Continent - Wide Conservation Effort '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ United Nations Educational , Scientific , and Cultural organization Jump up ^ This includes more than acres 1273.51 acres in national monuments and 23,019,204 acres in national parks ^ Jump up to : Obama , President Barack ( 2014 - 06 - 20 ) . `` Presidential Memorandum -- Creating a Federal Strategy to Promote the Health of Honey Bees and Other Pollinators '' . Office of the Press Secretary . Washington , D.C. : The White House . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ cities and counties are required to develop legislative Local Coastal areas and programs Jump up ^ Reforestation of monarch reserve areas in Mexico Jump up ^ Drouin , Roger . `` Monarch Butterflies at the Center of a Continent - Wide Conservation Effort '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Forests For Monarchs - Reforestation Program , Mexico '' . Forests For Monarchs . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Conservation Reserve Program '' . US Department of Agriculture , Farm service agency . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Education Programs '' . The Monarch Program . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Monarch Larva Monitoring Project '' . University of Minnesota . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The lonely flight of the monarch butterfly '' . NewsAdvance.com , Lynchburg , Virginia Area . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Habitat For Arthropods '' . Jump up ^ `` Monarch Waystations '' . Retrieved March 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` North American Leaders Urged to Restore Monarch Butterfly 's Habitat '' . Retrieved March 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Project Milkweed '' . Retrieved June 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The lonely flight of the monarch butterfly '' . NewsAdvance.com , Lynchburg , Virginia Area . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` CMBG becomes ' Monarch Butterfly Waystation ' '' . The Times Record . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Monarch Habitat Development on Utility Rights of Way '' ( PDF ) . TransCanada , Wildlife Habitat Council , Monarch Joint Venture , Monarch Watch , North American Pollinator Protection Campaign , Pollinator Partnership , United States Forest Service . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Petition to protect the Monarch butterfly ( Danaus plexippus plexippus ) under the endangered species act '' ( PDF ) . Xerces Society . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Saving Monarch Butterflies '' . AdkAction.org . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Petition to protect the Monarch butterfly ( Danaus plexippus plexippus ) under the endangered species act '' ( PDF ) . Xerces Society . p. 12 . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Donations '' . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Monarch Butterflies '' . The Xerces Society For Invertebrate Conservation . Retrieved September 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Xerces Society , Inc. , Notes To Financial Statements '' ( PDF ) . The Xerces Society For Invertebrate Conservation . December 31 , 2013 . Retrieved September 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Oberhauser 2009 , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Berger , Joel ( 1994 ) . `` Science , Conservation , and Black Rhinos '' . Journal of Mammalogy. 75 ( 2 ) : 298 . doi : 10.2307 / 1382548 . JSTOR 1382548 . Jump up ^ Ramírez , Maria Isabel ; Azcárate , Joaquín G. ; Luna , Laura ( 2003 ) . `` Effects of human activities on Monarch Butterfly habitat in protected mountain forests , Mexico '' . Forestry Chronicle . Canadian Institute of Forestry. 79 ( 2 ) : 242 -- 246 . doi : 10.5558 / tfc79242 - 2 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Catherine ( 2004 ) . `` Community Institutions and Forest Management in Mexico 's Monarch Butterfly Reserve '' . Society and Natural Resources . Routledge. 17 ( 7 ) : 569 -- 587 . doi : 10.1080 / 08941920490466143 . ISSN 1521 - 0723 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Región Mariposa Monarca '' ( Monarch Butterfly Region ) ( in Spanish ) . Mexico : World Wildlife Fund Mexico . 2007 . Retrieved December 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Oberhauser 2009 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Pollinator Health Task Force ( 2015 - 05 - 19 ) . `` National Strategy to Promote the Health of Honey Bees and Other Pollinators '' ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. : The White House . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Petition to protect the Monarch butterfly ( Danaus plexippus plexippus ) under the endangered species act '' ( PDF ) . Xerces Society . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The lonely flight of the monarch butterfly '' . Lynchburg , Virginia : NewsAdvance.com . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ http://akdavis6.wixsite.com/monarchscience/single-post/2016/12/18/Monarchs-to-be-listed-as-endangered-in-Canada---is-this-the-beginning-of-the-end-for-citizen-science Jump up ^ Brower et al. 1995 , p. 544 . Jump up ^ `` Dwindling monarch butterflies in Cape May County has legislators worried '' . pressofAtlanticCity.com : Upper Cape May . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 08 . Bibliography ( edit ) Books Halpern , Sue ( 2002 ) . Four Wings and a Prayer . Kindle edition . New York , New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 78720 - 0 . Oberhauser , Karen S. ; Batalden , Rebecca ; Howard , Elizabeth ( 2009 ) . Monarch Butterfly Monioring in North America : Overviews and Protocols . Montreal , Quebec : The Commission for Environmental Cooperation . ISBN 978 - 2 - 923358 - 56 - 7 . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Oberhauser , Karen S. ; Solensky , Michelle J ( 2004 ) . The Monarch Butterfly : Biology and Conservation ( First ed . ) . Ithaca NY : Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 4188 - 2 . Pyle , Robert Michael ( 2014 ) . Chasing monarchs : Migrating with the butterflies of passage . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 20387 - 5 . Pyle , Robert Michael ( 2010 ) . Mariposa Road : the first butterfly big year . New York : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 94539 - 9 . Pyle , Robert Michael ( 1981 ) . National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Butterflies . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 51914 - 2 . Journals Brower , Lincoln ( 1977 ) . `` Monarch Migration '' . Natural History . 85 ( 6 ) . Brower , Lincoln P. ; Fink , Linda S. ; Brower , Andrew Van Zandt ; Leong , Kingston ; Oberhauser , Karen ; Altizer , Sonia ; Taylor , Orley ; Vickerman , Danel ; Calvert , William H. ; Van Hook , Tonya ; Alonso - Mejia , Alphonso ; Malcolm , Stephen B. ; Owen , Denis F. ; Zalucki , Myron P. ( September 1995 ) . `` On the dangers of interpopulational transfers of monarch butterflies '' . BioScience. 45 ( 8 ) : 540 -- 544 . doi : 10.2307 / 1312699 . JSTOR 1312699 . Davis , Andrew K. ( June 20 , 2011 ) . `` Are migratory monarchs really declining in easteren North America '' . Insect Conservation and Diversity. 5 ( 2 ) : x . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1752 - 4598.2011. 00158. x . Davis , Andrew K. ( 2014 ) . `` Opinion : conservation of monarch butterflies ( Danaus plexippus ) could be enhanced with analyses and publication of citizen science tagging data '' . Insect Conservation and Diversity. 8 ( 2 ) : 103 -- 106 . doi : 10.1111 / icad. 12084 . External links ( edit ) Journey North Forests For Monarchs , Mexico MonarchScience A blog from a leading monarch scientist focusing on latest research around monarchs Wikimedia Commons has media related to Danaus plexippus . Wikispecies has information related to Danaus plexippus Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monarch_butterfly_migration&oldid=816155637 '' Categories : Animal migration Danaus ( genus ) Insects of North America Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from August 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 17 : 08 . 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where does the monarch butterfly go during the winter months

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List of Arrow episodes

List of Arrow episodes - wikipedia List of Arrow episodes Arrow is an American television series , developed by Greg Berlanti , Marc Guggenheim and Andrew Kreisberg , based on the DC Comics character Green Arrow . The series premiered in the United States on October 10 , 2012 for The CW television network . The first five seasons have been released on DVD to Regions 1 , 2 and 4 and on Blu - ray to Regions A and B . Arrow follows billionaire playboy Oliver Queen ( Stephen Amell ) , who , after five years of being stranded on a hostile island , returns home to his mother , Moira Queen ( Susanna Thompson ) and sister , Thea Queen ( Willa Holland ) and becomes a bow and arrow - wielding vigilante . He is initially aided by his friends , John Diggle ( David Ramsey ) and Felicity Smoak ( Emily Bett Rickards ) , and later aspiring vigilantes Roy Harper ( Colton Haynes ) , Ray Palmer ( Brandon Routh ) , Curtis Holt ( Echo Kellum ) , Rene Ramirez ( Rick Gonzalez ) , Evelyn Sharp ( Madison McLaughlin ) , Rory Regan ( Joe Dinicol ) , and Dinah Drake ( Juliana Harkavy ) join them . In addition , Queen 's team receives help from the Lance family ; Laurel ( Katie Cassidy ) , Sara ( Caity Lotz ) , and Quentin ( Paul Blackthorne ) , sharing the goal of bringing justice to Starling City ( later , Star City ) . The series also featured flashbacks in most episodes in the first five seasons to the time Queen was missing , and how his experiences there shaped him into the man who returned home to fight crime . As of May 17 , 2018 , 138 episodes of Arrow have aired , concluding the sixth season . On April 2 , 2018 , the CW renewed the series for a seventh season , which is set to premiere on October 15 , 2018 . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2012 -- 13 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2013 -- 14 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.6 Season 6 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 2.7 Season 7 3 Ratings 3.1 Season 4 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 3.2 Season 5 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 3.3 Season 6 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 4 Home media 5 References 6 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Average viewers ( in millions ) 23 October 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 10 ) May 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 15 ) 130 3.68 23 October 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 09 ) May 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 14 ) 128 3.28 23 October 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 08 ) May 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 13 ) 135 3.52 23 October 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 07 ) May 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 25 ) 145 2.90 5 23 October 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) 147 2.21 6 23 October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) May 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) 181 1.76 7 TBA October 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 15 ) TBA TBA TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( edit ) Main article : Arrow ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' David Nutter Story by : Greg Berlanti & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim October 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 10 ) 296818 4.14 `` Honor Thy Father '' David Barrett Story by : Greg Berlanti & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim October 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 17 ) 2J7302 3.55 `` Lone Gunmen '' Guy Bee Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Andrew Kreisberg October 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 24 ) 2J7303 3.51 `` An Innocent Man '' Vince Misiano Moira Kirland & Lana Cho October 31 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 31 ) 2J7304 3.05 5 5 `` Damaged '' Michael Schultz Wendy Mericle & Ben Sokolowski November 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 07 ) 2J7305 3.75 6 6 `` Legacies '' John Behring Moira Kirland & Marc Guggenheim November 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 14 ) 2J7306 3.83 7 7 `` Muse of Fire '' David Grossman Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Geoff Johns & Marc Guggenheim November 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 28 ) 2J7307 3.74 8 8 `` Vendetta '' Ken Fink Beth Schwartz & Andrew Kreisberg December 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 05 ) 2J7308 3.35 9 9 `` Year 's End '' John Dahl Story by : Greg Berlanti & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim December 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 12 ) 2J7309 3.11 10 10 `` Burned '' Eagle Egilsson Moira Kirland & Ben Sokolowski January 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 16 ) 2J7310 3.06 11 11 `` Trust But Verify '' Nick Copus Gabrielle Stanton January 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 23 ) 2J7311 3.14 12 12 `` Vertigo '' Wendey Stanzler Wendy Mericle & Ben Sokolowski January 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 30 ) 2J7312 2.97 13 13 `` Betrayal '' Guy Bee Lana Cho & Beth Schwartz February 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 06 ) 2J7313 2.96 14 14 `` The Odyssey '' John Behring Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim February 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 13 ) 2J7314 3.29 15 15 `` Dodger '' Eagle Egilsson Beth Schwartz February 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 20 ) 2J7315 3.15 16 16 `` Dead to Rights '' Glen Winter Geoff Johns February 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 27 ) 2J7316 3.17 17 17 `` The Huntress Returns '' Guy Bee Jake Coburn & Lana Cho March 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 20 ) 2J7317 3.02 18 18 `` Salvation '' Nick Copus Drew Z . Greenberg & Wendy Mericle March 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 27 ) 2J7318 2.65 19 19 `` Unfinished Business '' Michael Offer Bryan Q. Miller & Lindsey Allen April 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 03 ) 2J7319 2.92 20 20 `` Home Invasion '' Ken Fink Ben Sokolowski & Beth Schwartz April 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 24 ) 2J7320 3.10 21 21 `` The Undertaking '' Michael Shultz Jake Coburn & Lana Cho May 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 01 ) 2J7321 2.89 22 22 `` Darkness on the Edge of Town '' John Behring Drew Z . Greenberg & Wendy Mericle May 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 08 ) 2J7322 2.62 23 23 `` Sacrifice '' David Barrett Story by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Andrew Kreisberg May 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 15 ) 2J7323 2.77 Season 2 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) Main article : Arrow ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 24 `` City of Heroes '' John Behring Story by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim October 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 09 ) 2J7451 2.74 25 `` Identity '' Nick Copus Ben Sokolowski & Beth Schwartz October 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 16 ) 2J7452 3.06 26 `` Broken Dolls '' Glen Winter Marc Guggenheim & Keto Shimizu October 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 23 ) 2J7453 2.89 27 `` Crucible '' Eagle Egilsson Andrew Kreisberg & Wendy Mericle October 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 30 ) 2J7454 2.37 28 5 `` League of Assassins '' Wendey Stanzler Jake Coburn & Drew Z . Greenberg November 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 06 ) 2J7455 2.80 29 6 `` Keep Your Enemies Closer '' Guy Bee Ben Sokolowski & Beth Schwartz November 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 13 ) 2J7456 3.09 30 7 `` State v. Queen '' Bethany Rooney Marc Guggenheim & Drew Z . Greenberg November 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 20 ) 2J7457 2.66 31 8 `` The Scientist '' Michael Schultz Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Geoff Johns December 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 04 ) 2J7458 3.24 32 9 `` Three Ghosts '' John Behring Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Geoff Johns & Ben Sokolowski December 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 11 ) 2J7459 3.02 33 10 `` Blast Radius '' Rob Hardy Jake Coburn & Keto Shimizu January 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 15 ) 2J7460 2.52 34 11 `` Blind Spot '' Glen Winter Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz January 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 22 ) 2J7461 2.49 35 12 `` Tremors '' Guy Bee Marc Guggenheim & Drew Z . Greenberg January 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 29 ) 2J7462 2.95 36 13 `` Heir to the Demon '' Wendey Stanzler Jake Coburn February 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 05 ) 2J7463 2.86 37 14 `` Time of Death '' Nick Copus Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz February 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 26 ) 2J7464 2.45 38 15 `` The Promise '' Glen Winter Jake Coburn & Ben Sokolowski March 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 05 ) 2J7465 2.21 39 16 `` Suicide Squad '' Larry Teng Keto Shimizu & Bryan Q. Miller March 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) 2J7466 2.42 40 17 `` Birds of Prey '' John Behring Mark Bemesderfer & A.C. Bradley March 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 26 ) 2J7467 2.62 41 18 `` Deathstroke '' Guy Bee Marc Guggenheim & Drew Z . Greenberg April 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 02 ) 2J7468 2.32 42 19 `` The Man Under the Hood '' Jesse Warn Story by : Greg Berlanti & Geoff Johns Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Keto Shimizu April 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 16 ) 2J7469 2.26 43 20 `` Seeing Red '' Doug Aarniokoski Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz April 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 23 ) 2J7470 2.19 44 21 `` City of Blood '' Michael Schultz Holly Harold April 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 30 ) 2J7471 2.31 45 22 `` Streets of Fire '' Nick Copus Jake Coburn & Ben Sokolowski May 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 07 ) 2J7472 2.33 46 23 `` Unthinkable '' John Behring Story by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Andrew Kreisberg May 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 14 ) 2J7473 2.37 Season 3 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) Main article : Arrow ( season 3 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 47 `` The Calm '' Glen Winter Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Jake Coburn October 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 08 ) 3J5151 2.83 48 `` Sara '' Wendey Stanzler Jake Coburn & Keto Shimizu October 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 15 ) 3J5152 2.32 49 `` Corto Maltese '' Stephen Surjik Erik Oleson & Beth Schwartz October 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 22 ) 3J5153 2.55 50 `` The Magician '' John Behring Marc Guggenheim & Wendy Mericle October 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 29 ) 3J5154 2.49 51 5 `` The Secret Origin of Felicity Smoak '' Michael Schultz Ben Sokolowski & Brian Ford Sullivan November 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 05 ) 3J5155 2.73 52 6 `` Guilty '' Peter Leto Erik Oleson & Keto Shimizu November 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 12 ) 3J5156 2.60 53 7 `` Draw Back Your Bow '' Rob Hardy Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz November 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 19 ) 3J5157 2.64 54 8 `` The Brave and the Bold '' Jesse Warn Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Grainne Godfree December 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 03 ) 3J5158 3.92 55 9 `` The Climb '' Thor Freudenthal Jake Coburn & Keto Shimizu December 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 10 ) 3J5159 3.06 56 10 `` Left Behind '' Glen Winter Marc Guggenheim & Erik Oleson January 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 21 ) 3J5160 3.06 57 11 `` Midnight City '' Nick Copus Wendy Mericle & Ben Sokolowski January 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 28 ) 3J5161 2.91 58 12 `` Uprising '' Jesse Warn Beth Schwartz & Brian Ford Sullivan February 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 04 ) 3J5162 2.94 59 13 `` Canaries '' Michael Schultz Jake Coburn & Emilio Ortega Aldrich February 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 11 ) 3J5163 2.67 60 14 `` The Return '' Dermott Downs Marc Guggenheim & Erik Oleson February 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 18 ) 3J5164 2.91 61 15 `` Nanda Parbat '' Gregory Smith Story by : Wendy Mericle & Ben Sokolowski Teleplay by : Erik Oleson & Ben Sokolowski February 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 25 ) 3J5165 3.07 62 16 `` The Offer '' Dermott Downs Beth Schwartz & Brian Ford Sullivan March 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 18 ) 3J5166 2.56 63 17 `` Suicidal Tendencies '' Jesse Warn Keto Shimizu March 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 25 ) 3J5167 2.86 64 18 `` Public Enemy '' Dwight Little Marc Guggenheim & Wendy Mericle April 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 01 ) 3J5168 2.48 65 19 `` Broken Arrow '' Doug Aarniokoski Story by : Jake Coburn Teleplay by : Ben Sokolowski & Brian Ford Sullivan April 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 15 ) 3J5169 2.47 66 20 `` The Fallen '' Antonio Negret Wendy Mericle & Oscar Balderrama April 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 22 ) 3J5170 2.72 67 21 `` Al Sah - him '' Thor Freudenthal Story by : Beth Schwartz Teleplay by : Brian Ford Sullivan & Emilio Ortega Aldrich April 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 29 ) 3J5171 2.39 68 22 `` This Is Your Sword '' Wendey Stanzler Story by : Erik Oleson Teleplay by : Ben Sokolowski & Brian Ford Sullivan May 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 06 ) 3J5172 2.54 69 23 `` My Name Is Oliver Queen '' John Behring Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Jake Coburn May 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 13 ) 3J5173 2.83 Season 4 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 70 `` Green Arrow '' Thor Freudenthal Story by : Greg Berlanti & Beth Schwartz Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Wendy Mericle October 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 07 ) 3J5801 2.67 Diggle , Thea , and Laurel continue fighting crime in Starling City , recently renamed ' Star City ' in honor of Ray , who apparently died in the explosion . The city 's leadership , which includes Quentin , assemble to discuss a group of criminals named the `` Ghosts '' who are terrorizing the city . Damien Darhk , revealed to be controlling the Ghosts , systematically begins assassinating the city 's leadership , but fails to kill Quentin . Laurel and Thea convince Oliver , who was trying to propose to Felicity , to return and help them , which Diggle reluctantly approves . Oliver realizes that Felicity has been helping the team , which tracks the Ghosts , where they witness Damien using some form of mystical energy manipulation . Oliver notices Speedy 's excessive aggressiveness . Working together , the team stops Damien 's terrorist attack . Diggle deduces that Damien is leading H.I.V.E. Afterward , taking the name `` Green Arrow '' , Oliver broadcasts a message to the city vowing to be a beacon of hope , while Quentin is revealed to be working with Damien under duress . In flashbacks , Waller finds Oliver and forces him back on Lian Yu to assess a new threat . He is captured upon arrival . 71 `` The Candidate '' John Behring Marc Guggenheim & Keto Shimizu October 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 14 ) 3J5802 2.50 The Queen family friend Jessica Danforth decides to run for mayor . During her announcement , she is attacked by Lonnie Machin , an anarchist for hire working for Damien . Queen explains to his sister that her aggressiveness is a result of being in the Lazarus Pit . Diggle tells Laurel about H.I.V.E. The team successfully stops Machin , but Speedy sets him on fire in the process . Later , Machin escapes police custody . Laurel decides to take Thea back to Nanda Parbat both to find a way to stop the aggression and to bring Sara 's body to the pit . Queen decides to run for mayor after Danforth backs out of the race . Meanwhile , Felicity takes over for Ray at the company and tasks an operative named Curtis Holt to find a way to save the financial crisis . In flashbacks , Oliver kills the soldier and is tasked by Waller to infiltrate the local military operation run by an officer named Reiter . Reiter decides to recruit Oliver for his cause instead of killing him . 72 `` Restoration '' Wendey Stanzler Wendy Mericle & Speed Weed October 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 21 ) 3J5803 2.40 Laurel and Thea arrive in Nanda Parbat and request Merlyn to use the Lazarus Pit for Sara . He initially refuses and tells Thea that she needs to kill some people once in a while to suppress the lust . In order to appease her , he eventually agrees to revive Sara . When Sara returns feral , Nyssa destroys the Lazarus Pit in retaliation , and Merlyn has her imprisoned . Meanwhile , an A.R.G.U.S. operative delivers Diggle information on a H.I.V.E. operative , Mina Fayad . Fayad meets with Damien about the growing issue with the vigilantes in Star City . She brings in a metahuman named Jeremy Tell , who can turn his playing card tattoos into physical projectiles . After Tell 's initial failure , Damien kills Fayad for challenging him . Felicity reveals to Holt that she is aiding Green Arrow . Diggle and Green Arrow team up and take down Tell , who refuses to talk because of fearing Damien more . He is imprisoned in Iron Heights . In flashbacks , in order to impress his handler , Queen uses torture techniques to interrogate the prisoners who are being used to harvest heroin - cocaine hybrid plants . He secretly frees a woman . 73 `` Beyond Redemption '' Lexi Alexander Beth Schwartz & Ben Sokolowski October 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 28 ) 3J5805 2.64 Quentin has Green Arrow look into the death of two police officers and the team discovers they were killed by members of the Anti-Vigilante Task Force . Laurel brings Quentin to see Sara , who is chained up in the basement of Laurel 's apartment . Smoak identifies Liza Warner as a suspect and , while searching for her , Oliver discovers Quentin meeting with Darhk and confronts Quentin , who reveals that Darhk threatened to kill Laurel . Darhk advises Quentin to kill Sara ; but Laurel dissuades him . Green Arrow and the team stop the corrupt officers before Liza attempts to kill the vigilante ; but Quentin convinces her to surrender . Later , Queen asks Quentin to spy on Darhk and announces his candidacy , Smoak opens an audio of Palmer 's apparent final moments , and Laurel discovers that Sara has escaped . In flashbacks , Queen gets Taiana , the woman , to a cave and convinces officer Conklin of her death ; but he discovers his communication device with Waller . 74 5 `` Haunted '' John Badham Brian Ford Sullivan & Oscar Balderrama November 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 04 ) 3J5804 2.60 In flashbacks , Reiter dismisses Conklin 's accusation . Instead , he introduces them to a recent captive named John Constantine , who escapes and forces Queen to help him locate a mystical object on the island . Afterwards , Constantine warns Queen to be wary of Reiter 's real plans and uses the object to cast a spell on the him . In the present , Sara starts killing women and Green Arrow discovers she is alive . The team realizes that Sara is looking for Thea and plans to kill her . They capture Sara and Oliver contacts John , who helps restore Sara 's soul . Meanwhile , Darhk gives Quentin a new task to install a computer virus in a security company . Diggle goes along and sees his brother 's name among the list of individuals being deleted by the virus . Later , Smoak and Holt learn that Palmer is still alive and Diggle learns that his brother was killed because he was a drug cartel leader . 75 6 `` Lost Souls '' Antonio Negret Beth Schwartz & Emilio Ortega Aldrich November 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 11 ) 3J5806 2.30 As Oliver works on his campaign , Felicity continues searching for Ray with the help of Curtis . Ray is able to send a new message , letting Felicity know that he survived the explosion because his suit successfully shrank him down to a small size , that he is being held prisoner , and where to find the schematics to build a device to return him to his normal size . In a second message , Felicity discovers that Darhk is the one imprisoning Ray , hoping to get the technology from his suit . The team tracks Darhk to his hideout and , with the device created by Curtis , they successfully save and restore Ray . Thea starts dating Alex while Quentin and Donna start their own date . Darhk orders tests a power source made from Ray 's technology on a mystical board . Meanwhile , Sara struggles with the bloodlust and decides to leave Star City to gain control . In flashbacks , Reiter sends Oliver on a search for another ancient ruin that is supposed to yield a `` gift '' for Reiter . Conklin has a worker turn on Oliver , who kills him , giving the former the opportunity to question Oliver 's motives . 76 7 `` Brotherhood '' James Bamford Speed Weed & Keto Shimizu November 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 18 ) 3J5807 2.69 While Ray refuses to return to Palmer Tech , H.I.V.E. destroy money meant for the city bank . John gives Oliver information that H.I.V.E. murdered his brother Andy because he was a criminal rival . Darhk tells Quentin about his knowledge of Quentin 's betrayal . The team heads to a lab , where they are attacked by Darhk 's group and John discovers that Andy is still alive , working for H.I.V.E. John refuses to see Andy as anything more than a traitor , unworthy of saving . The team finds out that Darhk uses pills to control his operatives ' minds , which could have been administered to Andy . They locate him and the rest of H.I.V.E , successfully extracting Andy with help from Ray and John , who confronts Andy with the documents , which Andy confirms . After an encounter with Darhk , Thea learns that his powers may help cure her bloodlust permanently after Darhk 's failure to drain her lifeforce . In flashbacks , Conklin reveals that the worker Oliver killed was Taiana 's brother , diverting accusation from the former . However , Reiter finds the truth by a mystical object and has Oliver whip Conklin as punishment . Oliver later convinces Taiana to help him find a map . 77 8 `` Legends of Yesterday '' Thor Freudenthal Story by : Greg Berlanti & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Brian Ford Sullivan & Marc Guggenheim December 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 02 ) 3J5808 3.66 Malcolm orchestrates a meeting between Savage , Barry , and Oliver . Savage demands they turn over Kendra and Carter or he will destroy both Central City and Star City with the Staff of Horus . They devise a plan to deliver the pair as a ruse to get close enough to destroy the staff . The plan fails ; Kendra and Carter are killed and Savage uses the staff to destroy everyone else in the city . Barry escapes and runs fast enough to go back in time to the point of the original negotiation . Barry informs Oliver of his time travel and the mistakes that led to their defeat . They change their approach to the plan and Barry is able to steal the staff . He and Oliver use it on Savage , burning his body . Afterward , Kendra and Carter decide to use their powers to help others in another city . Cisco gives her a tracking device . Meanwhile , Oliver learns about his son , William , and accepts Samantha 's condition not to tell William or anyone else about the paternity in order to be able to see William . Malcolm collects Savage 's ashes , repeating the words Savage said the first time he killed the pair . This episode concludes a crossover event that begins on The Flash season 2 episode 8 . The two episodes also set up Legends of Tomorrow . 78 9 `` Dark Waters '' John Behring Wendy Mericle & Ben Sokolowski December 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 09 ) 3J5809 2.82 Oliver 's campaign starts an initiative to clean up the Star City bay . Darhk sends a drone to the bay and begins shooting at the citizens helping , injuring several . In response , Oliver reveals Darhk to the media as the leader of H.I.V.E. and the Ghosts . In retaliation , Darhk crashes Oliver 's campaign holiday party and kidnaps John , Felicity , and Thea . Oliver makes contact and agrees to exchange himself for them . Darhk tricks Oliver and attempts to kill them all in front of him . Malcolm , dressed as Green Arrow , and Laurel arrive and rescue everyone . Afterward , Oliver proposes to Felicity , who accepts . As they leave , Darhk 's men shoot up Oliver 's limo and hit Felicity while Darhk reunites with his wife and daughter . Meanwhile , H.I.V.E 's plan , entitled Genesis , is revealed to include mass growing of corn in a large field . In flashbacks , Oliver returns to the ship the Amazo and acquires the maps . However , Conklin finds Taiana alive and confronts Oliver . 79 10 `` Blood Debts '' Jesse Warn Oscar Balderrama & Sarah Tarkoff January 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 20 ) 3J5810 2.83 While Felicity goes under multiple surgeries , Oliver and the team continue searching for Darhk . Oliver turns to Quentin for information on Darhk 's location , while John interrogates his brother Andy . They track down Darhk 's location , but find only several dead Ghost soldiers and an anarchy symbol , deducing that Machin is back and out for revenge against Darhk . Machin is caught and Oliver interrogates him before freeing him to go after Darhk , tracking him in the process . Andy reveals Darhk 's family house , where Machin goes too ; the team arrives and saves Darhk 's family , but Machin escapes . Darhk grants Oliver time to spend with his own family before Darhk can kill him . Meanwhile , Felicity is left paralyzed from being shot . John regains his relationship with Andy . Darhk 's wife , Ruvé , is revealed to be his accomplice and H.I.V.E 's plan is revealed to be destroying the world and rebuilding it . In flashbacks , Conklin presents his proof to Reiter , who allows the former to whip Oliver as punishment , until Reiter notices the spell on Oliver 's abdomen . In exchange for Taiana 's safety , Oliver agrees to help Reiter . 80 11 `` A.W.O.L. '' Charlotte Brandström Brian Ford Sullivan & Emilio Ortega Aldrich January 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 27 ) 3J5811 2.78 Felicity returns home from the hospital , trying to figure out her place on the team now that she is a paraplegic . An A.R.G.U.S. agent seeks out John and Lyla for assistance , but is kidnapped before he can tell the pair anything . The pair goes to Waller , who secretly gives her a portable hard drive that reveals the operative was taken by an organization known as `` Shadowspire '' . John recognizes the name and recounts first meeting the war profiteering group in Afghanistan . With Andy 's help , the team tracks Shadowspire . Oliver pressures Felicity for help , who has started having hallucinations of her hacker past self . Shadowspire infiltrates A.R.G.U.S. looking for the access codes to a project known as `` Rubicon '' , killing Waller when she refuses to help . Oliver and the team , with Felicity 's assistance , enter A.R.G.U.S. and stop Shadowspire . Oliver vows to look for a way to cure Felicity 's paralysis ; and John takes Andy to his house . In flashbacks , Reiter is revealed as the leader of Shadowspire . 81 12 `` Unchained '' Kevin Fair Speed Weed & Beth Schwartz February 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 03 ) 3J5812 2.48 The team goes after a burglar and Oliver and Thea manage to corner him . He escapes when Thea loses consciousness . Malcolm reveals to Oliver that since she has not taken a life , the bloodlust is killing her . Oliver finds out that the burglar is Roy . They free Roy from the control of a man who goes by the name Calculator . Felicity tracks the Calculator through the web , who reveals he intends to shut down the entire city , killing everyone in the process . The team manages to stop the plan . Meanwhile , Ruve enters the mayoral race , Thea slips into a coma , while the Calculator is revealed to be Felicity 's father , Noah Kuttler . Roy decides to leave again . Nyssa escapes her cell in Nanda Parbat , visits Tatsu and somehow convinces her to give her Lotus , a cure for Thea 's bloodlust . She demands Oliver to kill Malcolm in exchange for Lotus . In flashbacks , Reiter tortures Oliver for information on the maps he acquired . Oliver has a mystical meeting with the soul of Shado , who gives him a special stone . He reveals to Taiana that he killed her brother . 82 13 `` Sins of the Father '' Gordon Verheul Ben Sokolowski & Keto Shimizu February 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 10 ) 3J5813 2.44 Oliver refuses Nyssa 's offer ; instead , he manages to convince Malcolm to relinquish control of the League to Nyssa in exchange for the Lotus . At the exchange , Malcolm double - crosses Nyssa and a war starts between the two Assassin factions in Star City . Oliver convinces Malcolm to challenge Nyssa to a duel . Oliver uses ancient rules to trade places with Nyssa as her husband . The former bests Malcolm but , instead of killing him , cuts off the hand wearing the Demon 's Head ring and exchanges the ring for the Lotus . However , Nyssa disbands the League and destroys the ring . Malcolm informs Darhk about Oliver 's son , William . Meanwhile , Noah reveals to Felicity that he is the Calculator , claiming to have changed into a good person . She finds out that he is lying and turns him over to the police . In flashbacks , Taiana takes the stone from Oliver and gives it to Reiter , demanding her freedom , which Reiter refuses to do and tasks her to help Oliver recover . She later reconciles with him . Reiter informs Oliver that the stone led to the location of what he seeks ; and they are going to `` dig '' . 83 14 `` Code of Silence '' James Bamford Wendy Mericle & Oscar Balderrama February 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 17 ) 3J5814 2.44 Malcolm joins Darhk , Ruvé , and the other leaders of H.I.V.E. and it is revealed that they are moving on to `` Phase 5 '' of their plan . Darhk sends a group of mercenaries , known as the Demolition Team , to take out Quentin , whom Laurel saves . With Curtis ' help , Felicity realizes that the Demolition Team is planning to destroy the building of the mayoral debate between Oliver and Ruvé , leaving her alive as a sympathetic survivor . Oliver and his team stop the mercenaries in time for Oliver to win the debate . Oliver and Felicity become engaged and Curtis presents her a device that can cure her paralysis . Darhk kidnaps William . Meanwhile , Thea finds out about William and supports Oliver 's decision to hide it from Felicity . Quentin tells Donna about his previous involvement with Darhk . In flashbacks , in order to gain the approval of the prisoners , Oliver kills Conklin , who reveals that Reiter plans to kill all the prisoners after he finds his `` ultimate power '' . 84 15 `` Taken '' Gregory Smith Story by : Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Keto Shimizu & Brian Ford Sullivan February 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 24 ) 3J5815 2.70 Darhk demands Oliver withdraw from the mayoral race in exchange for William . Oliver reveals the truth about William to the rest of the team while revealing his alter ego to Samantha . He asks a Detroit - based vigilante named Mari McCabe for help , as her powers are derived from magic . Mari tracks William 's location ; but they fail to rescue him . Oliver withdraws from the race while the team discovers the root of Darhk 's powers and sets a plan to destroy his mystical idol . The plan works ; Darhk is left powerless and arrested , while William is saved . They also discover that Malcolm was the one who kidnapped William . Later , Oliver sends William and his mother away for safety , planning to reveal the truth to William when he is 18 . Felicity decides to break up with Oliver while she recovers her ability to walk . In flashbacks , a passage is discovered that leads to Reiter 's `` ultimate power '' and the spell on Oliver 's stomach allows him to pass unharmed . 85 16 `` Broken Hearts '' John Showalter Rebecca Bellotto & Nolan Dunbar March 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 23 ) 3J5816 2.09 Carrie Cutter returns to Star City and begins targeting high profile couples . While the team works to track her whereabouts and prevent any more killings , Laurel works on Darhk 's prosecution . After several failed attempts to find a suitable witness , Quentin testifies to his involvement . The team discovers that Carrie is targeting couples that have recently been married . In order to draw her out , Oliver convinces Felicity to stage a `` secret '' wedding with him to set themselves up as targets , intentionally leaking the information to the media . The plan works and Carrie attacks Oliver and Felicity at the ceremony . Felicity distracts her long enough for Diggle and Thea to apprehend her . Darhk 's bail is denied and is remanded into custody . Quentin is suspended pending an investigation , while Felicity quits the team for good . In custody , Darhk is shown wearing a mystical ring he secretly carried inside . In flashbacks , Oliver leads Reiter to a mystical idol , but steals it and runs off into the tunnels with Taiana . The pair incapacitate two mercenaries and acquire their guns . 86 17 `` Beacon of Hope '' Michael Schultz Ben Sokolowski & Brian Ford Sullivan March 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 30 ) 3J5817 2.34 Brie Larvan orchestrates her release from prison and travels to Star City in search of the bio-mechanical chip that helps Felicity walk . Brie attacks Palmer Tech , holding the board hostage until Felicity turns herself over . Curtis tracks down Oliver 's hideout , discovering his secret in the process , so that he can offer his help to the team to save Felicity , Donna , and Thea . Oliver is stung by one of Brie 's robotic bees . Curtis realizes the sting actually implanted a bee within Oliver that is replicating itself . Laurel uses her Canary Cry to save Oliver . Felicity is able to evacuate the board members , while Brie reveals she is after the chip because she has a tumor that is going to leave her paralyzed . Curtis develops a virus to shut down the bees and uses them to stop Brie . Meanwhile , Malcolm visits Darhk and informs him that H.I.V.E. is proceeding with `` Genesis '' without Darhk , who later gains the loyalty of Michael Amar . Andy is revealed to be still allegiant to Darhk . In flashbacks , Oliver engages Reiter , whose powers from the idol dwindle ; and Reiter escapes into the tunnels to recover it . Oliver and Taiana decide to save the prisoners instead . 87 18 `` Eleven - Fifty - Nine '' Rob Hardy Marc Guggenheim & Keto Shimizu April 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 06 ) 3J5818 2.24 Andy tells John that he was approached by Malcolm about a plan to break Darhk out of prison . Oliver and John foil H.I.V.E. 's plan , but it turns out to be a ruse designed to let Malcolm and his loyal Assassins invade the bunker and steal Darhk 's idol . Malcolm delivers the idol to Darhk , who finds out that it is incomplete . John reveals to Andy that he personally hid the missing piece in another location . Oliver becomes suspicious of Andy . Darhk and Amar orchestrate a prison riot and the team sets out to stop him with Andy joining them . However , when the team reaches Darhk , Andy turns on them and gives Darhk the missing piece to his idol . With his powers restored , Darhk subdues the team and stabs Laurel before escaping with Malcolm , Andy , and tens of other inmates . Laurel later dies at the hospital . In flashbacks , Oliver and Taiana help the prisoners escape and set off a bomb to bury Reiter in the tunnels . Reiter kills his two accompanying mercenaries in order to survive by the idol . 88 19 `` Canary Cry '' Laura Belsey Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz April 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 27 ) 3J5819 2.27 As the team , including the rejoined Felicity , mourns Laurel 's death and tries to determine their next move against Darhk , another woman posing as the Black Canary appears in Star City . She turns out to be Evelyn Sharp , the daughter of H.I.V.E. prisoners who were left behind after Oliver saved his team when they were kidnapped by Darhk previously . John , angry at being betrayed by Andy , goes after Ruvé , the new mayor ; but Oliver intervenes . Ruvé issues arrest warrants for all vigilantes . Sharp goes after Ruvé publicly , but Oliver is able to dissuade her from killing Ruvé . Meanwhile , Quentin starts looking for ways to revive Laurel ; but Oliver manages to dissuade him . At Laurel 's funeral , Oliver reveals her as the Black Canary to preserve her image with the city . Afterwards , Oliver vows to find a way to defeat and kill Darhk . In flashbacks , Oliver and Laurel struggle to come to terms with Tommy Merlyn 's death . In the end , Oliver leaves Laurel to cope on her own and returns to Lian Yu . 89 20 `` Genesis '' Gregory Smith Oscar Balderrama & Emilio Ortega Aldrich May 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 04 ) 3J5820 2.07 Darhk returns to H.I.V.E. and kills two of the board members before renewing his plans for `` Genesis '' . Oliver and Felicity go to Hub City and meet an immortal shaman , Esrin Fortuna , who starts educating Oliver about dark magic . After a mystical ritual , Fortuna tells Oliver that the darkness inside him is too strong to channel the light . In Star City , John locates Andy , but is captured after a brief shootout . Andy puts a tracking device on him , then allows John to escape so that Darhk and his team can go after John and Lyla and steal `` Rubicon '' , the key to the world 's nuclear weapons . Oliver manages to stop Darhk by channeling the power of light , nullifying Darhk 's powers and forcing him to retreat . John kills Andy . Meanwhile , Thea and Alex , who is working for Ruve now , go to an unknown city for vacation . She soon realizes that the city is atypical and finds out that Alex is using Darhk 's mind control pills . She is subdued by Darhk 's operatives and the city is revealed to be under Star City . The team realizes that Darhk plans to detonate nuclear weapons and build a new world over the ashes . 90 21 `` Monument Point '' Kevin Tancharoen Speed Weed & Jenny Lynn May 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 11 ) 3J5821 2.16 Darhk begins taking control of the world 's nuclear missiles . The team seeks out Noah to help disable Rubicon . Darhk sends Danny Brickwell and Amar to find and kill Noah , but Oliver and his team are able to rescue him . Noah agrees to help , but it requires a high - powered processor from Palmer Tech . Felicity learns she has been fired as CEO and is unable to get the processor , forcing the team to break in and steal it . H.I.V.E. locates the team when Noah hacks into Rubicon . As H.I.V.E. attacks , Felicity and Noah shut down Rubicon and stop all the missiles but one , which launches and heads to Monument Point . Felicity only manages to redirect it to Havenrock , reducing the casualties to tens of thousands . Oliver and Diggle find Darhk in the Star City nexus chamber , gathering more power from all the deaths caused by the explosion . Meanwhile in the underground city , Malcolm tells Thea it is designed to protect Darhk and his chosen people from the nuclear apocalypse . Lonnie attacks the city and kills Alex . In flashbacks , Reiter escapes the cave - in , but Oliver and Taiana steal the idol back . The idol then begins to affect Taiana . 91 22 `` Lost in the Flood '' Glen Winter Brian Ford Sullivan & Oscar Balderrama May 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 18 ) 3J5822 1.94 His power grown exponentially , Darhk attempts to reactivate `` Rubicon '' with the help of Felicity 's former boyfriend , Cooper , and launch the remaining missiles . However , Noah , Felicity , and Curtis successfully shut down `` Rubicon '' for good . Meanwhile , Oliver and Diggle discover the underground town and track Thea 's whereabouts . Malcolm uses a mind - controlling drug on her which makes her turn on Oliver , but Oliver manages to talk her back to reality . Just then , Machin takes over H.I.V.E. 's command center and threatens to destroy Darhk 's town . Oliver , Diggle , and Thea intercede , but the main power source gets ruptured and explodes , destroying the city . The town is evacuated and Machin escapes , but not before killing Ruvé . Donna convinces Noah to leave and never come back . Darhk decides to use `` Rubicon '' to destroy the whole Earth and shows up at Oliver 's home , where Felicity , Donna , and Curtis are . In flashbacks , the idol begins to slowly corrupt Taiana , feeding her ever more power from each soldier she and Oliver kill . Oliver takes the idol and tries to talk her down , but Reiter suddenly arrives and confronts them both . 92 23 `` Schism '' John Behring Story by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Wendy Mericle & Marc Guggenheim May 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 25 ) 3J5823 2.19 Darhk steals the laptop keeping him locked out of `` Rubicon '' and launches over 15,000 nuclear missiles , giving the team two hours to prevent worldwide annihilation . With Star City citizens rioting , Oliver addresses everyone directly , inspiring hope in them to stay strong , while Felicity and Curtis divert the missile aimed at Star City . Oliver goes after Darhk , while Felicity , Merlyn , and Thea track down `` Rubicon '' . Felicity convinces Cooper to stop helping Darhk , at the cost of his life . Curtis devises a means to stop the missiles . Oliver is able to nullify Darhk 's powers with the hope he inspired throughout the city . While the citizens of Star City take on Darhk 's remaining men , Oliver duels and kills Darhk . Afterward , Thea , Diggle and Lance , who gets fired from SCPD , leave the team for new lives , and the city council appoints Oliver as the interim mayor . In flashbacks , Oliver and Taiana manage to kill Reiter . She then convinces him to kill her when she is unable to escape the darkness within . Oliver radios Waller to rescue the rest of the prisoners and keep the idol safe , intending to go to Russia to meet Taiana 's family as he promised . Season 5 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 93 `` Legacy '' James Bamford Story by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Wendy Mericle October 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) T27. 13201 1.87 Five months after the death of Damien Darhk , Oliver is distracted from his new duties as mayor due to continuing as Green Arrow alone , his old team members having gone their separate ways . He is encouraged by Felicity to build a new team by recruiting the amateur vigilantes now working in Star City , like Rene Ramirez . A new criminal crew appears , headed by Tobias Church , and kidnaps Mayor Queen in a bid to draw out and kill the Green Arrow , thereby taking over the city . He is rescued by Speedy , but she permanently quits the team after seeing that Oliver is again willing to kill . Church escapes from the Green Arrow and a team of several police officers , then later unites all the organized crime cartels and street gangs under his leadership . Oliver finally agrees to form a new team and includes Curtis at Curtis ' request . Elsewhere , a mysterious hooded figure in black kills a policeman in cold blood . In a flashback , Oliver encounters his old friend Anatoli Knyazev in Russia . Anatoli agrees to help him kill Konstantin Kovar , the tyrant running Taiana 's village , by initiating him to the Bratva , the only group that can possibly defeat Kovar . 94 `` The Recruits '' James Bamford Speed Weed & Beth Schwartz October 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 12 ) T27. 13202 1.94 Green Arrow recruits Rene , Evelyn Sharp , and Curtis and begins training them using an exercise from his Bratva initiation , revealed through flashbacks . As mayor , Oliver arranges to have AmerTek provide free medical care for Star City 's disenfranchised at a special clinic . A new metahuman , `` Ragman '' , appears and starts attacking AmerTek executives . The recruits leave Green Arrow because they do not trust him . Thea discovers that AmerTek CEO Janet Carroll is working with Church and Felicity learns that it was AmerTek 's nuclear missiles that Damien Darhk used to try and destroy the world . Ragman and Green Arrow stop an arms buy between Carroll and Church . Ragman later reveals that he was the only survivor of the Havenrock bombing . Green Arrow convinces him to put aside vengeance and join his team . Later , Oliver reveals his identity to the other recruits as a sign of trust and they agree to rejoin the team . Thea decides to appoint Quentin as Deputy Mayor . Church is attacked by the mysterious archer who calls himself `` Prometheus '' , who wants to personally kill Green Arrow . Meanwhile , Diggle , back in the Army and on a covert operation , is ambushed by his superior , who plans to sell a nuclear trigger and frame Diggle . 95 `` A Matter of Trust '' Gregory Smith Ben Sokolowski & Emilio Ortega Aldrich October 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 19 ) T27. 13203 1.79 Green Arrow investigates a new drug , `` Stardust '' , but still believes his team is not ready for the streets . While he is being informed about Prometheus , Rene and Evelyn secretly raid Stardust dealer Derek Sampson 's warehouse . The raid goes wrong and Sampson ends up with superhuman strength and an inability to feel pain . Oliver learns what happened from District Attorney Adrian Chase , convincing him that he still can not trust his recruits . Felicity advises him to accept the recruits as they are and Green Arrow finally uses his new team to stop Sampson from creating more superhumans . Oliver also publicly endorses Thea 's decision to appoint Quentin as Deputy Mayor after negative news stories almost cause her to resign . Felicity admits to Rory ( Ragman ) that she was the one responsible for Havenrock . Diggle is incarcerated and hallucinates Floyd Lawton as his cellmate due to guilt over killing his brother . Afterward , he tells Lyla that he will not fight the charges against him , so she asks Oliver to help her break Diggle out of prison . Flashbacks focus on Anatoli teaching Oliver the need to trust his brothers in the Bratva . 96 `` Penance '' Dermott Downs Brian Ford Sullivan & Oscar Balderrama October 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 26 ) T27. 13204 1.87 Oliver 's team captures an associate of Church 's and delivers him and his loot to the SCPD . Afterward , Rory formally leaves the team , saying that he can not work with Felicity . Oliver leaves Star City to help Lyla break Diggle out of prison over Felicity and the team 's objections . Quentin and Adrian personally deliver the evidence to the SCPD , which turns out to be a disguised bomb . The explosion allows Church 's group to break in and steal weapons from evidence . Oliver infiltrates a federal prison and locates Diggle , who agrees to escape to safeguard Oliver . Oliver takes him and Lyla to a H.I.V.E. safe house . Felicity attempts to reconcile matters with Rory . She and the team determine that Church is planning an assault on the SCPD 's anti-crime unit , where Adrian is interrogating Church 's man . Rory rejoins the team and they help everyone inside escape the attack . However , Curtis is injured and Church captures Rene , intending to torture him to death . Oliver returns and vows to rescue Rene , while Adrian decides to trust the vigilantes ' motives . In flashbacks , Anatoli tasks Oliver with gaining information from , and then killing , an associate of Kovar . Oliver completes the assignment and Anatoli welcomes him into the Bratva . 97 5 `` Human Target '' Laura Belsey Oscar Balderrama & Sarah Tarkoff November 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 02 ) T27. 13205 1.61 Oliver rescues Rene , who tells him that he gave up Green Arrow 's true identity to Church . Church plans to kill Oliver as the Mayor instead of as the vigilante . Diggle rejoins the team and suggests that bodyguard Christopher Chance , the `` Human Target '' , could be able to help them . Christopher impersonates Oliver at City Hall and fakes the Mayor 's death when Church 's mercenary attacks . The team realizes that Church plans to consolidate the drug traffic of five cities through Star City , needing Green Arrow eliminated for his plan to succeed . Oliver and his team , joined by Diggle and Christopher , raid Church 's meeting and capture him along with several other crime lords . Oliver publicly claims that his faked death was part of a sting operation . Prometheus kills Church during transport , despite Church telling him Green Arrow 's identity . Television reporter Susan Williams obtains evidence that Oliver was in Russia during the time he was supposedly stranded on the island . Meanwhile , Oliver finds out that Felicity is dating Billy Malone , a police detective recently assigned to the anti-crime unit . In flashbacks , Oliver is ambushed by other Bratva members . However , the men are killed by Christopher , whom Anatoli had hired to protect Oliver . 98 6 `` So It Begins '' John Behring Wendy Mericle & Brian Ford Sullivan November 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 09 ) T27. 13206 1.95 Oliver , Diggle , and Felicity privately track Prometheus , who starts killing seemingly random civilians with throwing stars . A news report on the killings causes tension in the city and angers the recruits , since they were not informed . Felicity steals one of the stars from Billy to examine it . A pattern between the victims relates to Oliver 's list from when he first started out as the Hood . This further angers the recruits , Evelyn most of all , as they did not know about Oliver 's `` kill list '' from when he initially returned . Felicity uses the pattern to predict future victims and the team splits up . Evelyn encounters Prometheus and engages him , managing to cut his arm before being overpowered . Oliver then arrives , but Prometheus escapes . Meanwhile , Thea discovers that Quentin never quit drinking . Evelyn reconciles with Oliver and Felicity tells Billy that she works with the Green Arrow , which intrigues him . She later tells Oliver that evidence she has discovered suggests that Prometheus could be an SCPD officer ; Quentin is shown waking from an alcohol - induced sleep with a slash across his arm and a throwing star in his possession . In flashbacks , during a Bratva operation , Oliver is abducted by Kovar 's men and taken to him . 99 7 `` Vigilante '' Gordon Verheul Ben Sokolowski & Emilio Ortega Aldrich November 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 16 ) T27. 13207 1.86 A new vigilante appears in Star City , one who kills criminals in cold blood . Quentin tenders his resignation as Deputy Mayor . He later tells Thea about the throwing star and his drunken blackouts , but believes he is being set up . The team intercepts the Vigilante during a bank robbery , but he gets away , as does Eric Dunn , the head of the robbers . DA Chase forces one of the other robbers to reveal Dunn 's location and Green Arrow saves him from the Vigilante . Thea convinces Quentin to go into rehabilitation , while Oliver and Susan start getting closer . The team poses as bank robbers to lure out the Vigilante , who again escapes even after Oliver defeats and nearly unmasks him . Thea tells Oliver about Quentin and the possibility of his being framed ; they deduce that Prometheus must know Green Arrow 's identity . Evelyn is revealed to be working for Prometheus . In flashbacks , Kovar introduces Oliver to his servant Galina , Taiana 's mother . He also claims that the Bratva have only been using Oliver for their own ends , including making a deal with him . Kovar then releases Oliver back to the Bratva . 100 8 `` Invasion ! '' James Bamford Story by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Wendy Mericle November 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 30 ) T27. 13208 3.55 Oliver finds himself back at Queen Manor ; both his parents are alive , he is about to be married to Laurel Lance , and Diggle is the Hood . However , it is revealed that he , Diggle , Thea , Sara , and Ray are all being held unconscious inside pods aboard the Dominator mothership . Meanwhile , Felicity , Curtis , and Cisco Ramon try to hack into the Dominators ' mainframe using a piece of their technology . The team recovers a necessary device with the help of the Flash and Supergirl and manages to locate the others . Oliver begins seeing flashes of his former life , as do Sara and Ray . All five captives soon realize that they are inside a shared hallucination of simulated reality . Their escape attempt is blocked by manifestations of Malcolm Merlyn , Deathstroke , Damien Darhk , and their mercenaries . The group defeats all of them , then leaves the dream and awakens inside the ship . Escaping in a shuttle , they are rescued by the Waverider . Ray deduces that the Dominators were gathering information from their minds to help them complete a special `` weapon '' , using the hallucination as a distraction . The team learns that the Dominator mothership is headed toward Earth . This episode continues a crossover event that begins on The Flash season 3 episode 8 , and concludes on Legends of Tomorrow season 2 episode 7 . 101 9 `` What We Leave Behind '' Antonio Negret Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz December 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 07 ) T27. 13209 1.94 Prometheus obtains further intel about the team from Evelyn . He then attacks and hospitalizes Curtis , injecting him with a tuberculosis vaccine developed by Justin Claybourne , a corrupt pharmaceutical manufacturer named on Oliver 's former kill list . Flashbacks show that Oliver killed Claybourne after discovering that he financed a TB epidemic , then raised the price on his drug to boost his company 's profits . When the team tracks down Prometheus , Evelyn reveals her true allegiance and escapes with Prometheus . Investigating Prometheus on his own , Billy sends information he discovers to Felicity just before the villain captures him . The information turns out to be about Claybourne 's illegitimate son , who may now be seeking retribution . Oliver deduces that Prometheus is at the former office building of the corporation that created the epidemic and goes there alone . He finds that Prometheus has staged it to resemble Oliver 's prior attack . Oliver kills Prometheus , only to discover he has actually killed a gagged Billy , whom the real Prometheus set up as himself to trick Oliver . Curtis ' husband Paul leaves him after discovering Curtis is a vigilante ; Felicity mourns Billy 's death ; Diggle is recaptured ; Oliver encounters a woman inside the lair who appears to be Laurel Lance , alive and well . 102 10 `` Who Are You ? '' Gregory Smith Ben Sokolowski & Brian Ford Sullivan January 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 25 ) T27. 13210 1.68 Oliver welcomes the seemingly - revived Laurel into the team , but it becomes clear that she is Laurel 's Earth - Two doppelganger Black Siren , having been broken out of S.T.A.R. Labs by Prometheus . Laurel escapes and calls Oliver for a meeting , which ends in her capture . Learning about Paul , Rene convinces Curtis to focus on his capabilities , not his flaws . Oliver places Laurel in an A.R.G.U.S. facility , hoping to change her one day . Oliver reveals his plans to follow their Laurel 's dying wish , to find a new Black Canary . In Hub City , a woman with a sonic scream stops an attempted assault in a bar . Meanwhile , Oliver convinces Adrian to represent John whose corrupt superior , General Walker , arrives to transfer him into custody . However , Adrian manages to keep John in his jurisdiction . In flashbacks , Gregor , the Bratva traitor , attempts to force Oliver 's obedience , but Oliver is rescued by a female archer named Talia . 103 11 `` Second Chances '' Mark Bunting Speed Weed & Sarah Tarkoff February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) T27. 13211 1.91 During the S.T.A.R. Labs incident , CCPD undercover officer Tina Boland develops a sonic scream after watching her partner die at the hands of drug dealer Sean Sonus . In the present day , Adrian tells Oliver that the NSA had been investigating Walker , but its file has disappeared . While Felicity tries to locate it , Oliver takes Rene and Curtis to Hub City to recruit Tina . She initially refuses to join , but the team intercepts her attacking Sonus , who is also a metahuman with sonic powers . Sonus escapes and Oliver reveals his identity to convince Tina to let him help her . Oliver 's team helps her defeat the dealers during a shipment , but Oliver fails to dissuade her from killing Sonus . Meanwhile , Felicity meets with a hacktivist whom she inspired during her college days and receives the file against Walker along with a cache of other secret information . With the file , Adrian manages to get John released . Tina meets Oliver and agrees to join the team , revealing that her real name is Dinah Drake . In flashbacks , Talia helps Oliver kill an important associate of Kovar 's . She also urges Oliver to become the avenger his father wanted him to be for Starling City . 104 12 `` Bratva '' Ben Bray Oscar Balderrama & Emilio Ortega Aldrich February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) T27. 13212 1.61 In flashbacks , Oliver and Talia kill a drug merchant from Robert Queen 's list . Talia presses Oliver to return home , but he chooses to help Anatoli kill Gregor . In the present , the team learns that Walker is in Russia for a deal with Markovian terrorists . Oliver takes everyone except Rene , who is helping Quentin prepare for an interview with Susan . Anatoli refuses to help Oliver unless he does something criminal in return , which Oliver refuses . After Felicity blackmails a Russian analyst , the team captures Walker 's henchman , whom John tortures to no avail . To prevent John and Felicity from acting against their morals , Oliver and Dinah accept Anatoli 's terms and attacks a rival . The team and the Bratva intercept Walker 's deal . John decides to spare Walker , who is arrested by the US military police , while Rory uses his rags to contain the nuclear blast of Walker 's failsafe bomb . Upon returning , Oliver sleeps with Susan , who later deduces his alter - ego after learning about a similar hooded vigilante who was in Russia five years ago . Rory tells Felicity that his rags do not function anymore and that he needs to leave temporarily . Meanwhile , with Rene 's help , Quentin 's interview is successful and they become friends . 105 13 `` Spectre of the Gun '' Kristin Windell Marc Guggenheim February 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) T27. 13213 1.66 Sixteen months ago , Rene watched as his wife , an addict , was killed by a dealer in front of their daughter , Zoe , who was transferred to foster care , barring Rene from seeing her . He was inspired by the Green Arrow killing Darhk and saving Star City and decided to start his vigilantism . In the present , Rene now works for Quentin as his assistant . An armed man attacks city hall , killing seven staff members and wounding several others . Felicity identifies the shooter as James Edlund , a former clerk and a proponent of gun control who lost his family in a shootout months prior . Thea and Quentin encourage Oliver to deal with the situation as the mayor , not the vigilante . Oliver decides to work with the city council towards a gun control act . Rene and Curtis locate Edlund 's hideout and find his next target , where Oliver confronts Edlund as the mayor and dissuades him from killing anyone , convincing him to surrender . Oliver reaches an agreement with the council with Rene 's help . Curtis promises to help Rene get Zoe back legally . Meanwhile , John convinces Dinah to return to a normal life , and she enlists in the SCPD . 106 14 `` The Sin - Eater '' Mary Lambert Barbara Bloom & Jenny Lynn February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) T27. 13214 1.54 Oliver meets Prometheus ' alleged mother , but she refuses to help him . During a prison transfer , Chien , Carrie , and Warner kill the guards and escape . Oliver appoints Dinah as an SCPD officer . Pike receives evidence that the Green Arrow killed Malone and orders a manhunt . Oliver and Quentin track down the trio , but they escape due to the intervention of the ACU . Oliver surmises that Prometheus is responsible for sending the evidence . Susan asks Oliver if he is the Green Arrow and he says no . Thea discredits her by having Felicity hack Susan 's files and insert proof that she committed plagiarism . Susan gets angry with Oliver , who then confronts Thea . He reveals the circumstances surrounding Malone 's death to Pike . The team intercepts the trio stealing money from a stash left by Church , but are ambushed by their mercenaries . The ACU arrives and arrests the trio , allowing the team to leave . Quentin gives Dinah his blessing to assume the Black Canary identity . Word of the cover - up is later leaked to the media and the allegations are serious enough that impeachment is on the table . In flashbacks , Oliver and Anatoli engage Gregor and his men . Gregor prepares to kill Anatoli . 107 15 `` Fighting Fire with Fire '' Michael Schultz Speed Weed & Ben Sokolowski March 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 01 ) T27. 13215 1.60 Oliver 's impeachment process begins , with Adrian serving as his attorney . The Vigilante starts targeting the former , but is opposed by Prometheus , who is revealed to be Adrian . Using Pandora , Felicity and Thea learn about a secret that can be used to blackmail an alderman . Oliver and John dissuade them from using it . Using a piece of the Vigilante 's visor , Curtis manages to track him down to where he plans to assassinate Oliver . To give himself a fighting chance to remain mayor , Oliver publicly disavows the Green Arrow as a `` cop killer '' , stating his motive for the cover - up was to protect the people from losing hope . The Vigilante escapes . The council votes against impeachment , but Thea resigns from Oliver 's administration in order to work on her morality . Paul decides to divorce Curtis . Susan gets her job back due to Felicity 's anonymous testimony . Felicity then secretly joins Helix . Adrian aggressively demands that Susan listen to his story . In flashbacks , Anatoli demands `` spross dopross '' , the process by which the Pakhan may be overthrown . Oliver infiltrates Kovar 's mansion and acquires evidence that Gregor has been embezzling the Bratva 's money . The majority of the captains vote for Anatoli , but Gregor starts a mutiny . 108 16 `` Checkmate '' Ken Shane Beth Schwartz & Sarah Tarkoff March 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) T27. 13216 1.53 Oliver meets Talia , who reveals herself to be Ra 's al Ghul 's daughter . She tells Oliver that she hates him for killing her father , so she helped Adrian become Prometheus . Oliver confronts Adrian , who says that he has kidnapped Williams and she will starve if Oliver kills him . The Green Arrow breaks into Adrian 's house and tries to reason with Adrian 's wife , Doris , until the ACU storms in , forcing him to escape . Felicity agrees to hack Department of Homeland Security drones for Helix in exchange for assistance in finding Williams ' location . Oliver 's team enters the building , finding and rescuing Williams before Oliver confronts Adrian . Diggle brings Doris to try and convince Adrian to surrender , only for him to mortally stab her . Oliver engages Adrian while the others take Williams and Doris away . Talia arrives and helps Adrian overpower and abduct Oliver . Adrian tells Oliver that he plans to help Oliver learn who he really is . Meanwhile , Adrian continues acting normally at City Hall , angering the team . In flashbacks , most of the Bratva captains are killed in the shootout before Gregor escapes . Oliver and Knyazev attack Gregor during a meeting with his loyal followers and subdue him . 109 17 `` Kapiushon '' Kevin Tancharoen Brian Ford Sullivan & Emilio Ortega Aldrich March 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 22 ) T27. 13217 1.38 In flashbacks , Anatoli becomes the new Pakhan . Kovar buys Sarin gas from Malcolm . Anatoli learns that Kovar is planning a coup against the Russian government . By torturing an operative of Kovar , Oliver learns that Kovar has invited key government officials to his casino , where he plans to assassinate all of them by the gas . Oliver convinces Galina , Taiana 's mother , to give him her key card to the casino . Oliver and the Bratva infiltrate the casino , where Kovar learns about Galina 's betrayal and kills her , angering Oliver , who fails to stop the spread of the gas in time , leading to Viktor 's death . Anatoli fails to persuade Oliver from killing Kovar . The former appoints him as a Bratva captain . Malcolm helps Kovar 's operatives revive him . In the present , Adrian tortures Oliver to make him confess a `` secret '' . The former brings a seemingly reluctant Evelyn , apparently killing her after Oliver refuses to do it . Oliver reveals that he killed people because he liked it , which Adrian wanted to hear . Evelyn is revealed to be alive and still assisting Adrian . Adrian lets Oliver go , and he returns to the hideout and tells the team about his decision to end his vigilantism . 110 18 `` Disbanded '' JJ Makaro Rebecca Bellotto March 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 29 ) T27. 13218 1.55 With Chase having broken him , Oliver disbands the team and calls in the Bratva to take out Chase . Diggle tries to talk Oliver out of it , reminding him that there are better ways of doing things . Felicity goes to Helix and manages to find pixelated footage of Chase taking off his Prometheus mask . Oliver allows the Bratva to steal diabetes medicine as a downpayment , but they are stopped by the team . Diggle tells Oliver that they can fix him if he is willing to accept help . Oliver rejoins the team , taking out the Bratva and saving hostages that Anatoli had taken as leverage . Felicity and Curtis manage to decode Chase 's pixelation device , revealing Prometheus ' identity to the police . Oliver claims he 's not ready to put the hood back on yet but , with his team , it will be sooner rather than later . When Chase 's guards try to arrest him , he kills them and leaves his safe house . In flashbacks , Oliver wants to return to Lian Yu , so Anatoli plans one last heist to help sick children , hoping to convince Oliver to stay , but Oliver still intends to return to Lian Yu in order to stage his dramatic return to Starling City . 111 19 `` Dangerous Liaisons '' Joel Novoa Speed Weed & Elizabeth Kim April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) T27. 13219 1.36 With law enforcement agencies unable to locate Chase , Felicity agrees to Alena 's plan to free former Helix leader Cayden James , who created a biometric tracker that can find anyone , but is currently in A.R.G.U.S. custody without due process . Lyla plans to use James as bait to destroy Helix , but Alena , having already anticipated that , finds James ' true location and leads her team , including Felicity , to the rescue . They are interrupted by the team , but Felicity forces them to allow Helix to escape with James . Helix ends their connection with Felicity , but provides her with James ' scanner , which she uses to learn that Chase is already in the team 's hideout , starting an assault . Meanwhile , Quentin confronts Rene for not visiting Zoe , though legally possible . Rene believes himself to be an unsuitable father . However , Quentin organizes a visit , making Rene decide to fight to regain custody of Zoe . John confronts Lyla for her moral ambiguity which led to their divorce previously . 112 20 `` Underneath '' Wendey Stanzler Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz May 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 03 ) T27. 13220 1.36 Chase triggers an EMP within the team hideout , deactivating all the equipment , stranding Oliver and Felicity , and rendering her paralyzed . Curtis learns about the attack , informing Rene and Dinah . Diggle and Lyla agree to put their problems aside when they hear about Oliver and Felicity . The team soon realizes that , after a period of time , a backup generator will activate , igniting the methane gas currently leaking into the base . Oliver is injured trying to find a way out . Eventually , Diggle is lowered down an access shaft with the others ' help and manages to pull up both Oliver and Felicity . The team takes refuge at A.R.G.U.S. , where Diggle and Lyla reconcile . Later , Chase is revealed to have tracked down Oliver 's son , William . In flashbacks to the period after Damien 's death , Oliver , Felicity , and Curtis continue working together . Curtis arranges to have Oliver and Felicity spend time together , leading to their having sex in the lair , but she decides that she is not ready to get back together with Oliver , who accepts it . 113 21 `` Honor Thy Fathers '' Laura Belsey Marc Guggenheim & Sarah Tarkoff May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) T27. 13221 1.65 Chase 's prosecutions are discredited and most of the convicts , including Sampson , are released on bail . Oliver is sent a body , identified as Henry Goodwin . While Curtis and Dinah track Sampson , the others investigate Goodwin , who is revealed to have been killed by Robert Queen , shocking Thea and Oliver . The team deduces that Chase and Sampson are working together to release Claybourne 's weaponized tuberculosis in Star City . With Oliver wearing the Green Arrow costume again , they track the bomb and engage Sampson 's party while Oliver duels Chase . Sampson is captured as Curtis defuses the bomb . Oliver reveals that Claybourne planned to disown Chase due to Chase 's mental condition . Disillusioned , Chase asks Oliver to kill him , but Oliver arrests him instead . Oliver gives Thea a video of Robert asking her to look after Oliver . Meanwhile , Rene refuses to testify in court so as not to upset Zoe , leading to the judge dismissing his claim . In flashbacks , Oliver and Anatoli return to Lian Yu , where they arrange for Oliver 's return to Starling City . Anatoli leaves to bribe the boatmen to sail towards the island , but Oliver gets captured by Kovar , who knows about Oliver 's plan . 114 22 `` Missing '' Mairzee Almas Speed Weed & Oscar Balderrama May 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 17 ) T27. 13222 1.44 The team holds a birthday party for Oliver , but Rene , Dinah , and Curtis are later kidnapped by Chase 's outside team . Realizing that Chase is picking them off after Thea and Quentin are kidnapped by Black Siren and Evelyn , Oliver accepts Malcolm 's aid to help him lean on Chase . However , Chase reveals he has kidnapped William and Oliver is forced to free him . Felicity and Diggle are kidnapped by Talia and the League of Assassins , Oliver recruits Nyssa to help him fight Chase 's army . Tracking a plane carrying Chase , they realize they are going to Lian Yu . Arriving on the island , Oliver visits Slade and asks for his help . In flashbacks , Kovar injects a drug into Oliver that forces him to suffer visceral hallucinations of painful moments from the last five years . After enduring visions of Yao Fei and Laurel , Oliver eventually finds the strength to escape . 115 23 `` Lian Yu '' Jesse Warn Wendy Mericle & Marc Guggenheim May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) T27. 13223 1.72 Oliver recruits a Mirakuru-less and hate - free Slade Wilson . Harkness reveals his allegiance to Chase . Oliver 's party frees Felicity , Thea , Curtis , and Samantha , trapping Evelyn . Oliver asks Malcolm to take Felicity 's party to Chase 's plane in order to escape and manages to free John , Rene , Dinah , and Quentin , who knocks Black Siren unconscious while Nyssa defeats Talia . Malcolm kills Harkness , but sacrifices himself by taking Thea 's place on a tripped landmine , allowing Felicity 's party to escape . They reach the plane , but learn that the whole island is rigged with C4 , which will detonate if Chase dies . Oliver asks John to lead the others to Felicity 's party and escape while Oliver captures Chase on a boat and frees William , who learns that his father is the Green Arrow . The plane is sabotaged , so Oliver tells the others to run to a ship on the eastern shore . Unsure of the others ' fates , Chase kills himself in front of Oliver and William , causing the bombs to demolish Lian Yu . In flashbacks , Oliver kills Kovar and his men , reaches the boat in time and calls Moira on his way home . Season 6 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 116 `` Fallout '' James Bamford Marc Guggenheim & Wendy Mericle October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) T27. 13451 1.52 In flashbacks , Slade heads to the A.R.G.U.S. ship alone while the others take refuge in the plane . Samantha runs off to find William and Thea follows . John 's right pectoral muscles are injured while rescuing Felicity . Oliver finds Thea in critical condition and a dying Samantha asks him to look after William . Dinah and Quentin are attacked by Black Siren , whom he shoots . She is later saved by an unknown man working for Cayden James . In the present , Thea is still comatose and William blames Oliver for Samantha 's death . Black Siren and her mercenary team attack the SCPD station . During another confrontation , John 's hesitation gets Rene hurt . Determining Black Siren will next attack City Hall , Team Arrow sets a trap . However , her gang instead attacks the hideout before being driven off by Team Arrow . Quentin 's reluctance to harm `` Laurel '' further allows her to escape . Oliver arranges another hearing for Rene to reclaim his daughter . Curtis discovers that Black Siren stole a prototype T - sphere . Slade tells Oliver that he is traveling to Calgary to find his son , advising him to choose between vigilantism and William . Oliver and William reconcile slightly , but pictures of Oliver wearing the Green Arrow suit leak to the media . 117 `` Tribute '' Laura Belsey Story by : Adam Schwartz Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Beth Schwartz October 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 19 ) T27. 13452 1.51 Oliver publicly denies being the Green Arrow , facing an investigation by FBI agent Samanda Watson along with William 's concerns of losing him . Anatoli and his men kidnap a group of Markovian delegates , demanding a ransom . Believing Anatoli leaked the photo , Felicity and Curtis work on discrediting it while tracking the hostages , three of whom Team Arrow saves while Anatoli escapes with one . Anatoli tells Oliver that he needs to convince the Bratva that he is no longer friends with Oliver and is not weak , injecting the hostage with a toxin which will kill him soon . Detecting the toxin and acquiring the antidote , Oliver injects it into the hostage , but Anatoli kills him anyway . He escapes after telling Oliver that he did not leak the photo . The media acquires evidence from an `` anonymous source '' that it was faked , but Watson tells Oliver that she will continue her investigation . As John prepares to tell Oliver about his degenerative nerve damage , the latter convinces him to wear the Green Arrow mantle , deciding to choose William over vigilantism . 118 `` Next of Kin '' Kevin Tancharoen Speed Weed & Oscar Balderrama October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) T27. 13453 1.34 Team Arrow arrests Faust , with John refusing to shoot arrows . The City Council begins drafting a tighter anti-vigilante bill . Telling Dinah that he has overcome his tremors , John is revealed to have leadership problems when rogue CIA operatives begin hunting down a former member in order to silence him . Rene asks Oliver to return to the team . The latter has Felicity help William with his mathematics test while convincing John of his competence . Team Arrow tracks down a rogue group of mercenaries led by Onyx Adams to a hotel and engages them , defeating them all and saving the civilians from a biological weapon . With no way to stop the bill , Oliver converts it to a city - wide referendum . Watson begins suspecting John , who receives an arrow - firing crossbow invented by Felicity and Curtis . Oliver resumes his relationship with her while John is revealed to be injecting drugs to control his tremors . 119 `` Reversal '' Gregory Smith Sarah Tarkoff & Emilio Ortega Aldrich November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) T27. 13454 1.33 Black Siren begins killing seemingly unimportant individuals while Felicity is approached by Alena , who tells her that Cayden James is planning to cause hundreds of millions of casualties worldwide . They meet black market dealer `` Amnesiac '' to buy a `` ghost drive . '' Feeling concerned , Oliver intervenes and attacks the thugs , angering Felicity , who steals the drive . Team Arrow tracks down Black Siren to the Helix facility and discovers she is working for James , who tasks his men to kill Felicity and Alena , who is critically shot during the rescue by Team Arrow . Felicity learns that James has stolen the victims ' fingerprints , necessary to enter the International Domain Name Directory ( IDND ) , a global internet infrastructure hub . Believing that James intends to destroy the internet , Team Arrow attacks his party at the IDND , where Felicity manages to breach through the firewall to stop James ' apparent attack . She adds Alena to her startup , calling it Helix and intending to mass produce her spinal implant . James is revealed to have intentionally lured Felicity into breaking the firewall so that he can have secret access and covered tracks . He provides Black Siren with a device to stop Curtis ' trackers . Slade calls Oliver and asks for his help . 120 5 `` Deathstroke Returns '' Joel Novoa Ben Sokolowski & Spiro Skentzos November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) T27. 13455 1.29 Slade asks Oliver to help him find his son , who 's being held in jail . The two meet up with an old acquaintance of Slade 's , who provides them with the information they need . When they get to the prison , Slade instructs Oliver to find his son , Joe , then get him out of there , as he knows Joe will not want to see him , despite Oliver 's objections . Slade engages the security , known as the Jackals , in combat , where he discovers his acquaintance is actually a member of their team . When Slade demands they release Joe , he reveals it 's not that easy , as their boss is Joe himself . Dinah struggles to protect a politician from a sniper attack by Vigilante , as the politician supports the anti-vigilante bill . Dinah later unleashes her Canary Cry on Vigilante , removing his mask and revealing he is actually Dinah 's old partner Vincent Sobel , thought long dead . He later attempts another assassination at a TV interview , but is once again met by Dinah and shot in the head by an officer . Vincent reveals the Particle Accelerator changed him as well and claims he did not tell Dinah he was alive because he had lost faith in their police work . Dinah watches helplessly as he disappears . 121 6 `` Promises Kept '' Antonio Negret Oscar Balderrama & Rebecca Bellotto November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) T27. 13456 1.28 Slade and Oliver continue to try and persuade Joe to leave with them , but Joe refuses , claiming that he saw his father kill someone before he was influenced by Mirakuru . Slade tries to explain that it was a paid hit , but Joe refuses to forgive him , stating that learning who his father truly was led him down this path . Joe and Slade end up fighting until Oliver steps in , after which Joe escapes but not before revealing the existence of his brother Grant . Slade tells Oliver he will continue to try and find both of his sons , but advises Oliver that he go back to his , not wanting Oliver to make the same mistakes he made . Meanwhile , Team Arrow eventually finds out about John 's tremors , leading John to apologize to everyone . Curtis offers to help John the same way he helped Felicity when she was injured . John asks to have the night to think it over . 122 7 `` Thanksgiving '' Gordon Verheul Wendy Mericle & Speed Weed November 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 23 ) T27. 13457 1.09 Oliver , Felicity , William and Quentin organize a Thanksgiving food drive to raise money for a new SCPD Precinct . Oliver is promptly arrested by FBI Agent Watson under charges of vigilantism for being the Green Arrow . James and Black Siren subsequently break out of prison , intent on causing chaos , since the Green Arrow is caught . Thankfully , Oliver 's trial is delayed . When John gets injured in the field , Oliver suits up as the Green Arrow once again , with Team Arrow looking to stop a bomb planted by James and Black Siren at the stadium during a concert . They subsequently discover the bomb is fake and that the cops guarding the stadium are not cops , whom are swiftly taken out by Dinah , Curtis and Rene , but James and Black Siren escape . Oliver visits John in hospital and claims he will wear the hood until John has recovered , whereupon he can reclaim it . Thea wakes from her coma and reunites with Oliver , Felicity , John and William . 123 8 `` Crisis on Earth - X , Part 2 '' James Bamford Story by : Marc Guggenheim & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Wendy Mericle & Ben Sokolowski November 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 27 ) T27. 13458 2.52 In S.T.A.R. Labs , a captured interdimensional villain from Earth - X , Prometheus - X , is revealed to be a parallel universe doppelgänger of Tommy Merlyn . After he cruelly taunts Oliver over his attachment to Earth - 1 's Tommy , Prometheus - X commits suicide out of loyalty to Earth - X 's Nazi regime . Prometheus - X 's partners , Dark Arrow ( Oliver 's doppelgänger ) , Overgirl ( Kara Danvers ' doppelgänger ) , and Eobard Thawne steal a sublight generator , the Prism , from research company Dayton Optical Systems ; Oliver , Barry , Kara , and the others believe that Dark Arrow seeks to build a neutron bomb with it to aid his conquest on Earth - 1 . After a series of battles , most of the heroes including Team Arrow are in captivity at S.T.A.R. Labs after the Nazi forces infiltrate it , and Oliver , Barry and his allies are abducted to Earth - X 's concentration camp , but Kara is moved to S.T.A.R. Labs . Oliver is determined to kill Dark Arrow after his capture . The villains reveal that Overgirl is dying and Dark Arrow plans to use the Prism , charged by S.T.A.R. Labs ' particle accelerator , to produce artificial red sunlight that would weaken both Kara and Overgirl 's respective invulnerability , allowing a heart transplant for Overgirl but killing Kara in the process . This episode continues a crossover event that begins on Supergirl season 3 episode 8 , and concludes on The Flash season 4 episode 8 and Legends of Tomorrow season 3 episode 8 . 124 9 `` Irreconcilable Differences '' Laura Belsey Beth Schwartz & Sarah Tarkoff December 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 07 ) T27. 13459 1.30 Oliver and Felicity celebrate their wedding with everyone . The case against Oliver intensifies when Quentin learns that a member of Team Arrow is testifying against him , causing Oliver to have the team tracked . Quentin is kidnapped by Black Siren and James . Dinah is discovered to be meeting with Vincent , and tensions grow in the team until Rene admits he is the one testifying against Oliver . He explains Watson cornered him with evidence that he is Wild Dog , and if he did not testify , he would never be able to see his daughter again . Oliver briefly evicts Rene from the team , but the entire team puts aside any differences to rescue Quentin . Black Siren willingly allows Quentin to escape once they are outside . Oliver permanently ousts Rene for abandoning the primary mission to go looking for Lance on his own , violating Oliver 's trust again . Rene is later reunited with his daughter , while Dinah and Curtis leave Team Arrow , unable to trust Oliver , John and Felicity . Through a hidden camera , Oliver , John and Felicity are shown being monitored by the cabal of James , his second in command Boots , Black Siren , Anatoli , Vincent and Ricardo Diaz . 125 10 `` Divided '' James Bamford Ben Sokolowski & Emilio Ortega Aldrich January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) T27. 13460 1.38 Oliver continues being the Green Arrow while refusing to have Rene , Dinah , and Curtis help him , while Felicity and Curtis struggle to cure John of his tremors , in the process discovering that their hideout has been bugged forcing them to relocate to A.R.G.U.S. Oliver once again faces Cayden James , discovering that he has a cabal at his command . Dinah spends time with Vincent before discovering he has allied with Cayden James and attempts to arrest him before being overpowered . After his fight with Cayden James 's Cabal , Oliver , Felicity , and John discover that in order to win , they need to bring the team back together . Oliver apologizes to Rene , Dinah and Curtis , but despite his apology , they refuse to return to the team . Instead , they decide to start their own team , with Oliver wishing them luck . Curtis shows Dinah and Rene their new hideout . 126 11 `` We Fall '' Wendey Stanzler Speed Weed & Spiro Skentzos January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) T27. 13461 1.38 Cayden James attacks the city 's critical Internet infrastructure , causing numerous casualties including police captain Frank Pike , before demanding ransom payment of $10 million dollars a day from Oliver to prevent a deadlier attack from happening . James reveals details of his vendetta against Oliver ; a misfired arrow believed was from the Green Arrow killed his son Owen a year ago . However , Oliver knows that he is not responsible because he was in Hub City at the time , therefore there is another suspect . Vincent claims that he is undercover with James ' cabal , and he gives Curtis , Rene , and Dinah some Intel . When one of James ' attacks endangers William and his class during a fieldtrip , Oliver is forced to reveal to his son that he resumed being the Green Arrow when rescuing him . Oliver and Quentin set up safe zones for citizens following the attacks , eventually James ' cabal targets them . Oliver and his former team put aside of their differences and stop James ' party 's attack on the safe zones ' occupants . Despite William being hurt by Oliver 's lies , Felicity helps William to see it was for good intentions and gets him to accept his father 's duty . Unable to find proof of his innocence before the deadline , Oliver gives into James ' demands to buy time to find it . 127 12 `` All for Nothing '' Mairzee Almas Beth Schwartz & Oscar Balderrama February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) T27. 13462 1.24 Oliver is almost out of money to pay Cayden James . Fearing he will detonate the bomb , Vince , who infiltrated James ' organization , agrees to download data that could lead the two vigilante teams to find where the bomb is located . Despite being successful in transmitting the data to Felicty , he is identified as the traitor , caught , and tortured by Anatoli . The location of the bomb is revealed , but Dinah , Curtis , and Rene decide not to follow Oliver in order to save Vince . However , James anticipates this and used Vince as bait . Dinah is immobilized because of rubble collapsing on top of her and is forced to watch as Black Siren executes Vince . Lacking the manpower , Green Arrow and Spartan are unable to retrieve the bomb before it 's moved to a new location . However , they retrieve the falsified proof that shows Green Arrow killing James ' son ; the video was edited using the same technology that was used to forge the picture that exposed Oliver as the Green Arrow , implying another adversary is operating behind the scenes . 128 13 `` The Devil 's Greatest Trick '' JJ Makaro Sarah Tarkoff & Emilio Ortega Aldrich February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) T27. 13463 1.30 Cayden James threatens to set the bomb off at midnight . Alena and Felicity are able to decode the video of Oliver killing Cayden 's son , proving it was someone else , and clearing Oliver . With help from Barry Allen , Oliver is able to delay James from leaving town by showing him the new evidence . James concludes that it was someone in his group who is behind it and asks for his former allies to be brought to him or he will set off the bomb . The team brings Laurel , Diaz and Anatoli to James , but Laurel says she was behind his son 's death and her actions allow everyone but James to escape . Diaz approaches Cayden in custody , revealing himself as the person responsible for the death of his son and that he has the new police captain on his payroll , killing Cayden before he leaves . 129 14 `` Collision Course '' Ken Shane Oscar Balderrama & Rebecca Bellotto March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) T27. 13464 1.11 Dinah , Curtis and Rene analyse the latest place Laurel was seen and manage to determine that she was dragged away by somebody . It turns out Quentin took Laurel to a secure cabin to allow her to heal , which Thea eventually finds out and informs Oliver . Oliver demands the return of the city 's money , which Laurel promises , if they get her out of the country . Curtis hacks the chip preventing John 's tremors , allowing them to track down Oliver , John and Felicity and hence find Laurel , though Quentin refuses to let Dinah kill Laurel . The two teams fight , with Rene eventually getting injured , and Oliver throwing a device that prohibits Dinah 's scream , allowing Laurel to incapacitate them with her own scream and escape . At the hospital , when John and Felicity come to see Rene , Curtis and Dinah turn them away , saying they want nothing to do with them anymore . At the edge of the city , Laurel begs a van driver to help her . 130 15 `` Doppelganger '' Kristin Windell Story by : Christos Gage & Ruth Fletcher Gage Teleplay by : Speed Weed March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) T27. 13465 1.28 Laurel appears at City Hall , revealing her story about how she was kidnapped and held against her will . Oliver and Thea find out that Ricardo is keeping a hostage , which is revealed to be former Team Arrow member Roy Harper , prompting Thea to once again assume the mantel of Speedy to try and rescue Roy . Dinah , upon hearing of the situation , says she is willing to help out this once , but Oliver refuses , saying if she does not trust him , he does not trust her . Oliver and John eventually take on Ricardo and his minions , who escape , but they do manage to rescue Roy . Oliver goes to see Laurel , who claims she can not change who she is , but she will try to be good , if Oliver gives her the space to do so , which Oliver agrees to . But when he leaves , Black Siren receives a message from Diaz and smiles , implying that she works with him . Roy and Thea spend an evening together , where they are observed by a woman who reports that the heir of Ra 's al Ghul has been located . 131 16 `` The Thanatos Guild '' Joel Novoa Beth Schwartz & Ben Sokolowski March 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) T27. 13466 1.12 Nyssa comes to Star City for Thea , claiming that a splinter group from the League of Assassins , The Thanatos Guild , lead by a woman called Athena , are coming for her for the location of a map that Malcolm supposedly knew the location of . Thea reluctantly agrees to help Nyssa , but claims she is leaving afterward . Team Arrow eventually find the box containing the map and use mathematics to unlock it , only for the map to be blank when opened , but Felicity helps to reveal the hidden markers underneath and discovers that it contains locations to other Lazarus Pits . Dinah grows suspicious of her superior in the police , suspecting that she might be peddling Diaz 's drugs . Thea talks to Oliver about handing the Green Arrow mantle back to John , but Oliver worries that the current circumstances may be a little too much for John at the moment . Thea , Roy and Nyssa eventually depart to destroy the Lazarus Pits and Oliver says goodbye . 132 17 `` Brothers in Arms '' Mark Bunting Sarah Tarkoff & Jeane Wong April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) T27. 13467 0.87 Dinah has Anatoly arrested but Captain Hill and DA Sam Armand force his release . Oliver confronts them with proof that they are working for Diaz and fires them when they affirm that they can not accept his protection when faced with the threat posed by Diaz . Oliver apologizes to John about not giving him the suit , but after John questions his leadership skills and motives for continuing as the Green Arrow while Oliver counters that he has accepted his past mistakes , the two engage in an argument that leads to a fight . With Diaz pushing Vertigo through the city , Oliver and John work to destroy the shipment , while Curtis reveals his alter - ego to his new boyfriend , Nick Anastas . John decides to leave the team following the fight , leaving Oliver and Felicity as the final two members . Hill fires Dinah and the rest of the clean cops , forcing Nick to realize that vigilantism is the only path forward . Armand claims that Oliver obstructed justice , which is grounds for impeachment . Laurel learns that Diaz has one more vial of Vertigo and kisses him . 133 18 `` Fundamentals '' Ben Bray Speed Weed & Emilio Ortega Aldrich April 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) T27. 13468 1.06 With Oliver 's impeachment hearing beginning , he lashes out at Felicity and William , causing the former to request a separation . Oliver realizes he has been dosed with Vertigo , and he begins hallucinating Adrian Chase , who torments him with reminders of his past failures . Oliver realizes that he never should have formed a Team Arrow , allowing his loved ones to make him forget about his original mission . Learning Diaz 's location , Oliver dons his original hood and attempts to take on the corrupt officers by himself . Felicity is able to bring Oliver back to his senses , revealing she never requested a separation . Oliver and Felicity escape before Diaz and his men can shoot them . Later , Oliver and William reconcile . Oliver is impeached , and Quentin becomes the new Mayor of Star City . Diaz tells Laurel that since Oliver has been impeached , it is time to inform crime families across the country that Star City is open for business . 134 19 `` The Dragon '' Gordon Verheul Spiro Skentzos & Elizabeth Kim April 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 19 ) T27. 13469 0.96 A younger Diaz is shown in an orphanage being harassed by a bully . In the present , Diaz starts the next phase of his plan which is to join a criminal organization called The Quadrant . But one of the four leaders of the group does n't think that Diaz is worthy enough , thinking of him as a street thug , and tries to have his son kill him . With Laurel 's help , he wages a small war on the group , killing both the man and his son , then taking his seat at the table . Later on , Diaz tracks down the man who bullied him as a child , and sets him on fire as Laurel watches uncomfortably . Meanwhile , Felicity & Curtis work together again on their Helix project , while Oliver works alone in Star City . An explosion happens as Oliver is fighting Diaz 's men , leaving no survivors . Felicity fearing for Oliver 's life returns home to find him safe and sound , who promises her that he will never leave her . 135 20 `` Shifting Allegiances '' Alexandra La Roche Wendy Mericle & Rebecca Bellotto April 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 26 ) T27. 13470 0.87 Oliver pays a debt to Anatoli 's rival in Russia , so that Anatoli will be able to go home . Oliver appeals to him , reminding him of his honor and their friendship . Anatoli betrays him , chains him , and later on takes him to see Diaz . Convinced to fight fairly by Anatoli , Diaz and Oliver square off one on one , with the loser to leave the city . Oliver bests Diaz , only for him to stab him with a knife . Later on , Diaz tells Oliver he 's having his trial moved up and has him arrested . Meanwhile , Rene returns home , but is still affected by when he was shot . Dinah and Curtis team up with John and ARGUS to stop a shipment of weapons by The Quadrant and are successful . As the new mayor , Quentin is approached by Diaz to sign a paper that will grant him some property in the city . Quentin refuses at first , but he eventually changes his mind out of fear for Laurel 's safety after she expresses concerns about how dangerous he is . 136 21 `` Docket No. 11 - 19 - 41 - 73 '' Andi Armaganian Story by : Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Ubah Mohamed & Tyron B. Carter May 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 03 ) T27. 13471 1.10 Several witnesses are called at Oliver 's trial to testify about the identity of the Green Arrow including John , Dinah , Dr. Schwartz , Rene , and Felicity . Diaz coerces Rene into saying Oliver is the Green Arrow at trial by threatening his daughter in front of him . After Oliver takes the stand , the Green Arrow crashes through the skylight , revealing himself to be Tommy Merlyn back from the dead . Tommy testifies that he is really the Arrow and is taken into custody . When being saved from Diaz 's men by John and Rene , he is revealed to be Christopher Chance , the Human Target . Laurel takes the stand and , despite being threatened by Diaz earlier , testifies that Tommy is the real Green Arrow . Oliver is found guilty , proving the assumption that both the judge and the jury were in Diaz 's pocket . Oliver 's lawyer moves for a judgment notwithstanding verdict and the judge surprisingly agrees . Oliver returns to the lair and discovers that Chance switched places with the judge during jury deliberation . Oliver and Rene reconcile . Diaz kills the real judge just before Laurel appears and attacks him and his men , momentarily downing Diaz , before he takes her captive , telling her that he plans to kill Oliver and everyone he cares about . 137 22 `` The Ties That Bind '' Tara Miele Ben Sokolowski & Oscar Balderrama May 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) T27. 13472 1.00 Diaz orchestrates attacks against Team Arrow and their loved ones ; most escape unscathed but Curtis 's boyfriend Nick is seriously injured . They reunite at the New Team Arrow 's bunker where they watch as Diaz ' men destroy Original Team Arrow 's bunker . With Anatoly 's help , Oliver ambushes Diaz , but he escapes , severely wounding Curtis . The team realizes Diaz was protecting a device containing potentially important data , and send Lyla into the SCPD headquarters to hack it . Felicity discovers it is an encrypted list of everyone on Diaz 's payroll and starts attempting to decode it . Diaz kills one of the Quadrant leaders , assuming she gave Team Arrow the intel about his convoy . He attacks the new bunker , fights with and nearly kills Oliver , who triggers explosives installed as a fail - safe against intruders . He and Felicity escape , but the still - encrypted data is lost . Diaz meets with the remaining two Quadrant leaders , kills one and makes the other accept him as the head of the organization . Oliver turns to Agent Watson for help ; she agrees provided he admits to her that he is the Green Arrow . 138 23 `` Life Sentence '' James Bamford Wendy Mericle & Marc Guggenheim May 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) T27. 13473 1.35 Team Arrow mount a final attack on Diaz and while Diaz manages to escape , Oliver obtains the list of everyone on his payroll , liberating Star City . During the attack , Quentin takes a bullet for Laurel and ends up in the hospital . The team comes to support him , including Laurel and a surprise visit from Sara . However , Quentin suffers a seizure during surgery and dies . Oliver manages to get the team immunity from the FBI and police in exchange for handing himself in . Agent Watson promises the team that the FBI will stay in Star City to deal with Diaz , before arresting Oliver . Oliver finally admits to the public that he is the Green Arrow , and urges his friends and allies to continue fighting to save the city . In prison , Oliver walks to his cell , with criminals acting violently towards him now that they know he is the Green Arrow . Season 7 ( edit ) Main article : Arrow ( season 7 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 139 `` Inmate 4587 '' James Bamford Beth Schwartz & Oscar Balderrama October 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 15 ) T27. 13651 TBD 140 `` The Longbow Hunters '' Laura Belsey Jill Blankenship & Rebecca Bellotto October 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 22 ) T27. 13652 TBD 141 `` Crossing Lines '' Gordon Verheul Onalee Hunter & Sarah Tarkoff TBA T27. 13653 TBD Ratings ( edit ) Season 4 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Green Arrow '' October 7 , 2015 1.1 / 4 2.67 N / A 1.43 N / A 4.10 `` The Candidate '' October 14 , 2015 1.0 / 3 2.50 N / A 1.34 N / A 3.84 `` Restoration '' October 21 , 2015 0.9 / 3 2.40 0.6 1.36 1.5 3.77 `` Beyond Redemption '' October 28 , 2015 0.9 / 3 2.64 N / A N / A N / A N / A 5 `` Haunted '' November 4 , 2015 1.1 / 4 2.60 N / A N / A N / A N / A 6 `` Lost Souls '' November 11 , 2015 0.9 / 3 2.30 N / A 1.22 N / A 3.52 7 `` Brotherhood '' November 18 , 2015 1.1 / 4 2.69 N / A N / A N / A N / A 8 `` Legends of Yesterday '' December 2 , 2015 1.4 / 4 3.66 0.7 1.61 2.1 5.27 9 `` Dark Waters '' December 9 , 2015 1.0 / 3 2.82 0.6 1.22 1.6 4.04 10 `` Blood Debts '' January 20 , 2016 1.1 / 3 2.83 0.7 1.47 1.8 4.30 11 `` A.W.O.L. '' January 27 , 2016 1.1 / 4 2.78 0.6 1.24 1.7 4.01 12 `` Unchained '' February 3 , 2016 0.9 / 3 2.48 0.6 1.26 1.5 3.74 13 `` Sins of the Father '' February 10 , 2016 0.9 / 3 2.44 0.6 1.32 1.5 3.77 14 `` Code of Silence '' February 17 , 2016 0.9 / 3 2.44 0.7 1.40 1.6 3.85 15 `` Taken '' February 24 , 2016 1.0 / 3 2.70 N / A N / A N / A N / A 16 `` Broken Hearts '' March 23 , 2016 0.7 / 3 2.09 0.6 1.33 1.3 3.41 17 `` Beacon of Hope '' March 30 , 2016 0.9 / 3 2.34 N / A N / A N / A N / A 18 `` Eleven - Fifty - Nine '' April 6 , 2016 0.8 / 3 2.24 0.6 1.16 1.4 3.39 19 `` Canary Cry '' April 27 , 2016 0.9 / 3 2.27 N / A 1.18 N / A 3.45 20 `` Genesis '' May 4 , 2016 0.7 / 3 2.07 0.6 1.19 1.3 3.26 21 `` Monument Point '' May 11 , 2016 0.8 / 3 2.16 0.5 1.13 1.3 3.29 22 `` Lost in the Flood '' May 18 , 2016 0.7 / 2 1.94 0.6 1.23 1.3 3.20 23 `` Schism '' May 25 , 2016 0.8 / 3 2.19 0.6 1.12 1.4 3.31 Season 5 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Legacy '' October 5 , 2016 0.7 / 3 1.87 0.6 1.20 1.3 3.07 `` The Recruits '' October 12 , 2016 0.7 / 3 1.94 0.6 1.23 1.3 3.17 `` A Matter of Trust '' October 19 , 2016 0.6 / 2 1.79 0.6 1.15 1.2 2.94 `` Penance '' October 26 , 2016 0.7 / 3 1.87 0.5 1.09 1.2 2.96 5 `` Human Target '' November 2 , 2016 0.6 / 2 1.61 0.5 1.03 1.1 2.65 6 `` So It Begins '' November 9 , 2016 0.7 / 3 1.95 0.4 1.01 1.1 2.95 7 `` Vigilante '' November 16 , 2016 0.7 / 3 1.86 0.5 N / A 1.2 N / A 8 `` Invasion ! '' November 30 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.55 0.7 1.80 2.0 5.34 9 `` What We Leave Behind '' December 7 , 2016 0.7 / 3 1.94 0.5 1.13 1.2 3.07 10 `` Who Are You ? '' January 25 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.68 0.5 1.13 1.1 2.82 11 `` Second Chances '' February 1 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.91 0.5 1.08 1.1 2.99 12 `` Bratva '' February 8 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.61 0.5 1.12 1.1 2.73 13 `` Spectre of the Gun '' February 15 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.66 N / A 0.90 N / A 2.56 14 `` The Sin - Eater '' February 22 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.54 0.4 0.92 0.9 2.46 15 `` Fighting Fire with Fire '' March 1 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.60 N / A N / A N / A N / A 16 `` Checkmate '' March 15 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.53 0.4 0.86 0.9 2.39 17 `` Kapiushon '' March 22 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.38 0.4 0.95 0.9 2.33 18 `` Disbanded '' March 29 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.55 0.4 N / A 0.9 N / A 19 `` Dangerous Liaisons '' April 26 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.36 N / A N / A N / A N / A 20 `` Underneath '' May 3 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.36 0.4 0.86 0.9 2.24 21 `` Honor Thy Fathers '' May 10 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.65 0.4 1.00 1.0 2.64 22 `` Missing '' May 17 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.44 0.4 0.94 0.9 2.38 23 `` Lian Yu '' May 24 , 2017 0.6 / 3 1.72 0.5 0.96 1.1 2.67 Season 6 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Fallout '' October 12 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.52 0.5 1.18 1.1 2.70 `` Tribute '' October 19 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.51 0.5 1.08 1.0 2.59 `` Next of Kin '' October 26 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.34 0.4 1.05 0.9 2.38 `` Reversal '' November 2 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.33 0.4 0.90 0.9 2.23 5 `` Deathstroke Returns '' November 9 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.29 0.4 1.08 0.9 2.37 6 `` Promises Kept '' November 16 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.28 N / A 0.92 N / A 2.20 7 `` Thanksgiving '' November 23 , 2017 0.3 / 1 1.09 0.5 1.07 0.8 2.16 8 `` Crisis on Earth - X , Part 2 '' November 27 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.52 0.8 1.89 1.7 4.41 9 `` Irreconcilable Differences '' December 7 , 2017 0.4 / 2 1.30 0.4 0.86 0.8 2.12 10 `` Divided '' January 18 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.38 0.4 1.00 0.9 2.38 11 `` We Fall '' January 25 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.38 0.4 0.96 0.8 2.34 12 `` All for Nothing '' February 1 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.24 0.4 0.89 0.8 2.13 13 `` The Devil 's Greatest Trick '' February 8 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.30 0.4 0.92 0.8 2.21 14 `` Collision Course '' March 1 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.11 0.4 1.02 0.8 2.13 15 `` Doppelganger '' March 8 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.28 N / A 0.86 N / A 2.15 16 `` The Thanatos Guild '' March 29 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.12 0.4 0.95 0.8 2.07 17 `` Brothers in Arms '' April 5 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.87 0.3 0.84 0.6 1.74 18 `` Fundamentals '' April 12 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.06 0.3 0.82 0.7 1.89 19 `` The Dragon '' April 19 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.96 0.4 0.78 0.7 1.75 20 `` Shifting Allegiances '' April 26 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.87 0.3 0.87 0.6 1.74 21 `` Docket No. 11 - 19 - 41 - 73 '' May 3 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.10 0.3 0.80 0.7 1.90 22 `` The Ties That Bind '' May 10 , 2018 0.3 / 1 1.00 0.4 0.85 0.7 1.91 23 `` Life Sentence '' May 17 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.35 0.4 0.76 0.8 2.11 Home media ( edit ) Season DVD release dates Blu - ray release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Region A Region B September 17 , 2013 September 23 , 2013 October 2 , 2013 September 17 , 2013 September 23 , 2013 September 16 , 2014 September 22 , 2014 December 3 , 2014 September 16 , 2014 September 22 , 2014 September 22 , 2015 September 28 , 2015 September 23 , 2015 September 22 , 2015 September 28 , 2015 August 30 , 2016 September 5 , 2016 September 7 , 2016 August 30 , 2016 September 5 , 2016 5 September 19 , 2017 September 18 , 2017 September 9 , 2017 September 19 , 2017 September 18 , 2017 6 August 14 , 2018 September 3 , 2018 August 14 , 2018 August 14 , 2018 September 3 , 2018 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldberg , Leslie ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Riverdale , ' ' Flash , ' ' Supernatural ' Among 10 CW Renewals '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` The CW Sets Fall Premiere Dates , Including New ' Super ' Sunday '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` Swift '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` Complete List Of 2012 -- 13 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' NCIS ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' '' . TV by the Numbers . May 29 , 2013 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 -- 14 TV Season Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` 2014 -- 15 Full TV Season Ratings : Rankings For All Shows '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 -- 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` 2017 - 18 TV Series Ratings Rankings : NFL Football , ' Big Bang ' Top Charts '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - arrow on cw '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 11 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' , ' Survivor ' , ' The Neighbors ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustments for ' Arrow ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 18 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Animal Practice ' Adjusted Up ; ' CSI ' Adjusted Down Plus Unscrambled FOX Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 25 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' Guys With Kids ' , ' Criminal Minds ' , & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up + World Series Game 1 Final Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 1 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Neighbors ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' CSI ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' 30 Rock ' , ' Guys With Kids ' , & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Modern Family ' , & ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' & ' The Middle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 15 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' Law & Order : SVU ' , & ' CSI ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 29 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' and ' The X Factor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' and ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 7 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' Rises to Tie Series Debut , ' The X Factor ' Dips + ' The Middle ' & ' Arrow ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 13 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Middle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 17 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up ; ' Suburgatory ' & ' The Neighbors ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' The Neighbors ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Up ; ' Suburgatory ' & ' CSI ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Super Bowl 's Greatest Commercials ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Supernatural ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Modern Family ' , ' The Neighbors ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 14 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' CSI ' , ' Suburgatory ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 21 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Survivor ' , ' Guys With Kids ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 28 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' , ' American Idol ' , & ' CSI ' Adjusted Up ; ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 21 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' , ' Supernatural ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Survivor ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Whitney ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 28 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Survivor ' & ' Arrow ' Adjusted Up ; ' Whitney ' and ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 25 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' American Idol ' & ' SVU ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 2 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Survivor ' , Modern Family ' , ' Criminal Minds ' , ' CSI ' , ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' How To Live With Your Parents ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' American Idol ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Family Tools ' , ' Survivor ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 10 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor , Back in the Game , Modern Family and The Tomorrow People Adjusted Up ; Nashville Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 17 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Modern Family , Law & Order : SVU , Survivor , Toy Story of TERROR ! & Back in the Game Adjusted Up ; Nashville & Ironside Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 24 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor , The Middle , Modern Family & The Tomorrow People Adjusted Up ; Super Fun Night Adjusted Down + Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow & The Middle Adjusted Up ; Super Fun Night & CSI Adjusted Down & Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : CSI Adjusted Up ; Criminal Minds Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for The CMA Awards '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 14 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Revolution , Arrow , The Middle & Survivor Adjusted Up ; Super Fun Night Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The X Factor , Modern Family , Arrow , Survivor & The Middle Adjusted Up ; Super Fun Night Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 5 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow & Modern Family Adjusted Up ; The Tomorrow People & Super Fun Night Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The Middle Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 16 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : American Idol Adjusted Up ; Law and Order : SVU , The Tomorrow People & Super Fun Night Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow & The Middle Adjusted Up ; Modern Family Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 30 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow , Law and Order : SVU & The Tomorrow People Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Super Fun Night Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : American Idol & Nashville Adjusted Up ; Survivor , The Middle , Mixology , Suburgatory & Criminal Minds Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Modern Family , Mixology & Nashville Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 20 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for The 100 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 27 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : American Idol , Modern Family & Suburgatory Adjusted Up ; Mixology Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor , The Middle , Suburgatory , Modern Family & Criminal Minds Adjusted Up ; CSI Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 17 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor Adjusted Up ; The 100 Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 24 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor , The Middle , Suburgatory & Modern Family Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 1 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor , American Idol & Suburgatory Adjusted Up ; Revolution & CSI Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The Middle , Arrow , American Idol , Modern Family , Law & Order : SVU & Suburgatory Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Revolution , Arrow , Survivor , Suburgatory , Modern Family & Law & Order : SVU Adjusted Up ; Chicago P.D. Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Revised Wednesday , October 8 Final Ratings : The Flash Encore Adjusted Up ; The Middle , The Goldbergs , Modern Family , black - ish & Nashville Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2014 . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The Mysteries of Laura , Modern Family & Red Band Society Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The Middle , The Goldbergs , Modern Family & Criminal Minds Adjusted Up ; black - ish Adjusted Down + Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 30 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The Goldbergs , Modern Family & Stalker Adjusted Up ; The 100 & Nashville Adjusted Down & Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2014 . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow , The Mysteries of Laura & Chicago P.D. Adjusted Up ; The 100 Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2014 . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Modern Family Adjusted Up ; The 100 Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2014 . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Stalker Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for The 100 , Red Band Society or Nashville '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2014 . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : No Adjustment for Arrow , Modern Family or The 100 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow , Hell 's Kitchen & Chicago P.D. Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2014 . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Empire , American Idol , Criminal Minds & Law & Order : SVU Adjusted Up ; The 100 Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2015 . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 29 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Stalker & The 100 Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for Empire '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2015 . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : American Idol Adjusted Up , Fresh Off the Boat & The 100 Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2015 . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Empire , Arrow & American Idol Adjusted Up ; The Goldbergs , The 100 , The Mentalist , The Mysteries of Laura , black - ish & Criminal Minds Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2015 . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Empire , Arrow , American Idol & Modern Family Adjusted Up ; The 100 & Stalker Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Empire , American Idol , Survivor & Arrow Adjusted Up ; The 100 , black - ish & Nashville Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2015 . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 19 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow & Survivor Adjusted Up ; Supernatural Adjusted Down & Final Empire Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 26 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor , The Middle , The Goldbergs , Modern Family & Criminal Minds Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2015 . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : American Idol , Survivor , The Middle , The Goldbergs , & Modern Family Adjusted Up ; The Mysteries of Laura Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2015 . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 16 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The Middle , The Goldbergs & Criminal Minds Adjusted Up ; Arrow & Supernatural Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2015 . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Modern Family , Arrow , Criminal Minds & Survivor Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2015 . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 30 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow , Survivor , Criminal Minds & Law & Order : SVU Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2015 . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow , Nashville , & The Goldbergs Adjusted Up ; American Idol , Criminal Minds , Supernatural & black - ish Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Law & Order : SVU , Survivor , The Middle & American Idol Adjusted Up ; Supernatural , black - ish & Nashville Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2015 . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' , ' SVU ' and others adjusted up , ' Arrow ' holds , ' Nashville ' adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 15 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : Empire , Modern Family and Arrow adjusted up , Nashville adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 30 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : Rosewood adjusted up , Empire and everything else hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : Supernatural adjusts down , The Middle and The Goldbergs adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Guggenheim , Marc ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` The next episode of Arrow , written by @ briforsul & @ ojbalderrama begins production today '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 5 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : Arrow adjusts up , Criminal Minds rises but still at series low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : black - ish and Code Black adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 19 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : Arrow , Rosewood , Survivor and The Middle adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Arrow ' , ' Empire ' and ' Criminal Minds ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Modern Family ' and all other originals hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Mike & Molly ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Idol ' , ' Arrow ' and everything else hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' American Idol ' adjusts up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Goldbergs ' and ' SVU ' adjust up , ' Survivor ' , ' Code Black ' and ' Hell 's Kitchen ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Survivor ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' Goldbergs ' , ' Criminal Minds ' and ' Chicago P.D. ' all adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 31 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' adjusts up , ' Survivor ' and ' Beyond Borders ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Modern Family ' adjust up , ' Nashville ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' The Middle ' and ' Empire ' adjust up , ' Nashville ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Chicago PD ' and ' Heartbeat ' adjust up , ' Nashville ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' and ' The Goldbergs ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' and ' Nashville ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 19 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' , ' Goldbergs ' , ' SVU ' adjust up ; ' Arrow ' , ' Supernatural ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' SVU ' finale adjusts up , ' Supernatural ' finale adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Arrow taps Rick Gonzalez as DC Comics vigilante Wild Dog '' . EW.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire ' , ' Survivor ' , ' SVU ' , ' Chicago PD ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' The Goldbergs ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Blindspot ' and ' Frequency ' adjust down , full debate numbers : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Survivor ' , ' SVU ' , ABC comedies adjust up , ' Designated Survivor ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Survivor ' adjusts up , CMAs hold vs. World Series : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Black - ish ' adjusts down , others hold : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire ' adjusts up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' SVU ' and ' Modern Family ' reruns adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' rerun adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Blindspot ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Speechless ' adjusts up , ' SVU ' and ' Blindspot ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon ' , ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Criminal Minds ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Survivor ' and ' Chicago PD ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' and ' Black - ish ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Chicago PD ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Criminal Minds ' finale , ' Chicago PD ' & ' Speechless ' all adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Blindspot ' finale adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' finale and ' Dirty Dancing ' adjust up , ' Survivor ' reunion adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Gotham ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gotham ' and ' Supernatural ' adjust up , ' Arrow ' adjusts down , final NFL numbers : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` NFL adjusts up , scripted shows all unchanged : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' adjusts up , ' Sheldon ' and other CBS shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Thursday Night Football ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' and NFL adjust up , ' Young Sheldon ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Primetime NFL adjusts up on Thanksgiving : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' CMA Country Christmas , ' ' Good Doctor , ' ' Pentatonix Christmas ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' The Four , ' ' Scandal ' and ' Great News ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' Big Bang Theory ' rerun adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Four ' adjust up , ' Mom ' and ' AP Bio ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Superstore , ' ' SWAT , ' ' Scandal ' and ' AP Bio ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Young Sheldon , ' ' SWAT , ' all NBC shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Chicago Fire ' adjust up , ' SWAT ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjust up , ' Mom , ' ' Supernatural , ' ' Arrow ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Superstore ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' SWAT , ' ' Supernatural ' & ' Arrow ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Young Sheldon ' and ' Supernatural ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Gotham ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' adjust up , ' Life in Pieces , ' ' Showtime at the Apollo ' and ' Station 19 ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Young Sheldon ' adjust up , ' Supernatural ' & ' Arrow ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' SWAT ' and ' Arrow ' finales adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Beth ( @ SchwartzApprovd ) ( June 26 , 2018 ) . `` First day of prep on the premiere ! # ArrowSeason7 @ ojbalderrama @ JamesBamford 🏹 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Beth ( @ SchwartzApprovd ) ( July 23 , 2018 ) . `` 🏹 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Beth ( @ SchwartzApprovd ) ( August 6 , 2018 ) . `` Episode 703 written by @ sarahtarkoff @ onaleehunter @ lizmkim # ArrowSeason7 🏹 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 6 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 3 : ' Quantico ' more than doubles , ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' score biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 4 : ' Jane the Virgin ' premiere doubles , ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' top charts for Oct. 12 -- 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 5 : ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' have biggest toal gains , 5 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 8 : ' Empire ' , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Quantico ' top charts for Nov. 9 -- 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 11 : ' Empire ' fall finale on top , ' Vampire Diaries ' leads percentage gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 29 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' gets biggest bump of the season in week 12 , 5 shows double in 18 -- 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' X-Files ' premiere dominates week 18 , ' Limitless ' doubles '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Lucifer ' premiere shows solid growth in week 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' gains the most , ' Vampire Diaries ' and ' Shades of Blue ' double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' How to Get Away with Murder ' , 5 other shows double in a DVR - heavy week 21 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Blacklist ' and ' The Big Bang Theory ' lead week 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Modern Family ' tops the week of March 21 -- 27 , 4 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' stay on top for April 4 -- 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' lead for April 25 -- May 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' tops total gains , ' Vampire Diaries ' and 9 others double in 18 -- 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' finale and ' Empire ' share lead for May 9 -- 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' finales lead the week May 16 -- 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Blindspot ' leads for May 23 -- 29 as summer slowdown begins '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Rich get richer as ' Empire , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 3 -- 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 10 -- 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' score in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Designated Survivor ' stay on top in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2016 . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` 13 shows double , ' This Is Us ' & ' Big Bang ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 31 - Nov. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' makes more big gains in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2016 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' are the Big Three in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` 6 shows double in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2016 . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' reaches season highs week 12 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and TGIT rise above the rest in week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Agents of SHIELD ' benefit the most in week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' on top again : Week 22 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finale , ' Designated Survivor ' top week 26 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Designated Survivor ' score in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' scores again , 7 shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Big Bang ' gain the most , 10 shows double : Week 33 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' finale lead week 34 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Designated Survivor ' finales make biggest gains in week 35 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Bull ' season finales lead week 36 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' premiere makes solid gains in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' and ' This Is Us ' on top again : Week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' premiere sets a record in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' finale , 11 other shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' New Girl ' premiere doubles in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Scandal ' and ' Criminal Minds ' get biggest finale bumps in week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 13 more shows double in week 31 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' The Originals ' on CW More Than Doubles its Live Plus Same Day Figures in Delayed Viewing '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Chicago PD ' wins the Windy City battle in week 33 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ABC Finale of ' Designated Survivor ' Tops Broadcast Network Telecasts ' Viewers Percentage Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arrow : Season 1 ( Blu - ray + DVD ) '' . Amazon . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 1 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 1 ( DVD / Ultraviolet ) '' . JB Hi - Fi . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2013 . Retrieved August 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 1 ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arrow -- Season 2 ( DVD ) '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2014 . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 2 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 2 ( DVD / Ultraviolet ) '' . JB Hi - Fi . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2015 . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 2 ( Blu - Ray ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved April 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arrow -- Season 3 ( DVD ) '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 3 ( DVD ) ( 2015 ) '' . Amazon UK . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 3 '' . JBHifi.com . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 3 ( Blu - ray ) ( 2015 ) '' . Amazon UK . ^ Jump up to : `` Arrow -- Warner Shoots Out a Press Release for ' The Complete 4th Season ' '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 4 ( DVD ) ( 2016 ) '' . Amazon UK . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 4 ( DVD ) ( 2016 ) '' . JB Hi - Fi . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 4 ( Blu - ray ) ( 2016 ) '' . Amazon UK . ^ Jump up to : `` Arrow : The Complete Fifth Season '' . Amazon.com . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 5 ( DVD ) ( 2017 ) '' . Amazon UK . Jump up ^ `` Buy Arrow : Season 5 DVD From EzyDVD.com.au '' . EzyDVD.com.au . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 5 ( Blu - ray ) ( 2017 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow : Season 6 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow : Season 6 ( DVD ) ( 2018 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved August 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow - Season 6 5 DVD '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved August 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow : The Complete Sixth Season ( BD ) ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow : Season 6 ( Blu - ray ) ( 2018 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved August 9 , 2018 . 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when does arrow season 6 episode 21 air

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Cape Fear (1962 film)

Cape Fear ( 1962 film ) - wikipedia Cape Fear ( 1962 film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1962 film . For other uses , see Cape Fear ( disambiguation ) . Cape Fear Cape Fear movie poster Directed by J. Lee Thompson Produced by Sy Bartlett Screenplay by James R. Webb Based on The Executioners by John D. MacDonald Starring Robert Mitchum Gregory Peck Martin Balsam Polly Bergen Lori Martin Music by Bernard Herrmann Cinematography Sam Leavitt Edited by George Tomasini Production company Melville Productions Talbot Productions Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date April 12 , 1962 ( 1962 - 04 - 12 ) ( United States ) April 18 , 1962 ( 1962 - 04 - 18 ) ( New York City ) Running time 106 minutes Country United States Language English Cape Fear is a 1962 American psychological thriller film starring Robert Mitchum , Gregory Peck , Martin Balsam , and Polly Bergen . It was adapted by James R. Webb from the novel The Executioners by John D. MacDonald . It was initially storyboarded by Alfred Hitchcock ( slated to direct but quit over a dispute ) , subsequently directed by J. Lee Thompson , and released on April 12 , 1962 . The movie concerns an attorney whose family is stalked by a criminal he helped to send to jail . Cape Fear was remade in 1991 by Martin Scorsese . Peck , Mitchum , and Balsam all appeared in the remake . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Filming 3.3 Music 4 Distribution 4.1 Home media 5 Reaction 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Legacy 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Plot ( edit ) After spending eight years in prison for rape , Max Cady ( Robert Mitchum ) is released . He promptly tracks down Sam Bowden ( Gregory Peck ) , a lawyer whom he holds personally responsible for his conviction because Sam interrupted his attack and testified against him . Cady begins to stalk and subtly threaten Bowden 's family . He kills the Bowden family dog , though Sam can not prove Cady did it . A friend of Bowden 's , police chief Mark Dutton ( Martin Balsam ) , attempts to intervene on Bowden 's behalf , but he can not prove Cady guilty of any crime . Bowden hires private detective Charlie Sievers ( Telly Savalas ) . Cady brutally attacks a promiscuous young woman named Diane Taylor ( Barrie Chase ) when she brings him home , but neither the private eye nor Bowden can persuade her to testify . Bowden hires three thugs to beat up Cady and persuade him to leave town , but the plan backfires when Cady gets the better of all three . Cady 's lawyer vows to have Bowden disbarred . Afraid for his wife Peggy ( Polly Bergen ) and 14 - year - old daughter Nancy ( Lori Martin ) , Bowden takes them to their houseboat in Cape Fear . In an attempt to trick Cady , Bowden makes it seem as though he has gone to a completely different location . He fully expects Cady to follow his wife and daughter , and he plans on killing Cady to end the battle . Bowden and a local deputy hide nearby , but Cady realizes the deputy is there and kills him . Eluding Bowden , Cady first attacks Mrs. Bowden on the boat , causing Bowden to go to her rescue . Meanwhile , Cady swims back to shore to attack Nancy . Bowden realizes what has happened , and also swims ashore . The two men engage in a final violent fight on the riverbank . Bowden overpowers Cady , but decides not to kill him , preferring to let him spend the rest of his life in jail . The film ends with the Bowden family sitting together on a boat the next morning . Cast ( edit ) Gregory Peck as Sam Bowden Robert Mitchum as Max Cady Polly Bergen as Peggy Bowden Lori Martin as Nancy Bowden Martin Balsam as Mark Dutton Jack Kruschen as Dave Grafton Telly Savalas as Charlie Sievers Barrie Chase as Diane Taylor Paul Comi as George Garner Edward Platt as Judge Will Wright as Dr. Pearsall Joan Staley as Waitress Production ( edit ) Casting ( edit ) Rod Steiger wanted to play Max Cady , but he backed off when he heard Mitchum was considering the role . Telly Savalas was screentested for the role , but later played private eye Charlie Sievers . Charles Bronson , James Coburn , Charlton Heston , Jack Palance , and John Wayne , were all considered for the role of the attorney , Sam Bowden . Peck was a last - minute replacement for Heston , who was originally cast . Jim Backus was set to play attorney Dave Grafton . Filming ( edit ) Thompson had always envisioned the film in black and white prior to production . As an Alfred Hitchcock fan , he wanted to have Hitchcockian elements in the film , such as unusual lighting angles , an eerie musical score , closeups , and subtle hints rather than graphic depictions of the violence Cady has in mind for the family . The outdoor scenes were filmed on location in Savannah , Georgia , Stockton , California , and the Universal Studios backlot at Universal City , California . The indoor scenes were done at Universal Studios Soundstage . Mitchum had a real - life aversion to Savannah , where as a teenager , he had been charged with vagrancy and put on a chain gang . This resulted in a number of the outdoor scenes ' being shot at Ladd 's Marina in Stockton , including the culminating conflict on the houseboat at the end of the movie . This scene where Mitchum attacks Polly Bergen 's character on the houseboat was almost completely improvised . Before the scene was filmed , Thompson suddenly told a crew member : `` Bring me a dish of eggs ! '' Mitchum 's rubbing the eggs on Bergen was not scripted and Bergen 's reactions were real . She also suffered back injuries from being knocked around so much . She felt the impact of the `` attack '' for days . While filming the scene , Mitchum cut open his hand , leading Bergen to recall : `` his hand was covered in blood , my back was covered in blood . We just kept going , caught up in the scene . They came over and physically stopped us . '' In the source novel The Executioners , by John D. MacDonald , Cady was a soldier court - martialed and convicted on then Lieutenant Bowden 's testimony for the brutal rape of a 14 - year - old girl . The censors stepped in , banned the use of the word `` rape '' , and stated that depicting Cady as a soldier reflected adversely on U.S. military personnel . Music ( edit ) Bernard Herrmann , as often in his scores , uses a reduced version of the symphony orchestra . Here , other than a 46 - piece string section ( slightly larger than usual for film scores ) , he adds four flutes ( doubling on two piccolos , two alto flutes in G , and two bass flutes in C ) and eight French horns . No use is made of further wind instruments or percussion . In his 2002 book A Heart at Fire 's Center : The Life and Music of Bernard Herrmann , Stephen C. Smith writes : `` Yet Herrmann was perfect for Cape Fear ... Herrmann 's score reinforces Cape Fear 's savagery . Mainly a synthesis of past devices , its power comes from their imaginative application and another ingenious orchestration ... a rehearsal for his similar orchestration on Hitchcock 's Torn Curtain in 1966 . Like similar `` psychological '' Herrmann scores , dissonant string combinations suggest the workings of a killer 's mind ( most startlingly in a queasy device for cello and bass viols as Cadey prepares to attack the prostitute ) . Hermann 's prelude searingly establishes the dramatic conflict : descending and ascending chromatic voices move slowly towards each other from their opposite registers , finally crossing -- just as Bodens and Cadey 's game of cat - and - mouse will end in deadly confrontation . '' Distribution ( edit ) Although the word `` rape '' was entirely removed from the script before shooting , the film still enraged the censors , who worried that `` there was a continuous threat of sexual assault on a child . '' To accept the film , British censors required extensive editing and deleting of specific scenes . After making around 6 minutes of cuts , the film still nearly garnered a British X rating ( meaning at the time , `` Suitable for those aged 18 and older '' , not necessarily meaning there was sexually explicit or violent content ) . Home Media ( edit ) Cape Fear was first made available on VHS on March 1 , 1992 . It was later re-released on VHS , as well as DVD , on September 18 , 2001 . The film was released onto Blu - ray on January 8 , 2013 . It contains production photos and a `` making - of '' featurette . Reaction ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Upon its release , the film received positive but cautious feedback from critics due to the film 's content . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 95 % of 20 critics have given the film a positive review , with a rating average of 7.6 out of 10 . Bosley Crowther of the New York Times praised the `` tough , tight script '' , as well as the film 's `` steady and starkly sinister style . '' He went on to conclude his review by saying , `` this is really one of those shockers that provokes disgust and regret . '' The entertainment - trade magazine Variety reviewed the film as `` competent and visually polished '' , while commenting on Mitchum 's performance as a `` menacing omnipresence . '' Legacy ( edit ) Although it makes no acknowledgement of Cape Fear , the episode `` The Force of Evil '' from the 1977 NBC television series Quinn Martin 's Tales of the Unexpected uses virtually the same plot , merely introducing an additional supernatural element to the released prisoner . The film and its remake serve as the basis for the 1993 The Simpsons episode `` Cape Feare '' in which Sideshow Bob , recently released from prison , stalks the Simpson family in an attempt to kill Bart . In April 2007 , Newsweek selected Cady as one of the 10 best villains in cinema history . Specifically , the scene where Cady attacks Sam 's family was ranked number 36 on Bravo 's 100 Scariest Movie Moments in 2004 . A consumer poll on the Internet Movie Database rates Cape Fear as the 65th - best trial film , although the trial scenes are merely incidental to the plot . The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2001 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills -- # 61 2003 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains : Max Cady -- # 28 Villain See also ( edit ) List of films featuring home invasions List of films featuring surveillance Trial movies References ( edit ) Jump up ^ p. 283 Chibnall , Steve J. Lee Thompson Manchester University Press , 2000 Jump up ^ Robert Mitchum The Reluctant Star ( DVD ) . Harrington Park : Janson Media . 2009 . Jump up ^ Stafford , Jeff . `` Cape Fear '' . Starring Robert Mitchum . Turner Entertainment Networks . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Bill Wrobel : Cape Fear , score rundown analysis Jump up ^ `` A Heart at Fire 's Center : The Life and Music of Bernard Herrmann - Steven C. Smith - Google Books '' . Books.google.co.uk . May 31 , 2002 . p. 252 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 22939 - 8 . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Seller , Ryan ( 12 October 2012 ) . `` Cape Fear ( 1962 ) Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved 14 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cape Fear -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Crowther , Bosley ( 19 April 1962 ) . `` Screen : Pitiless Shocker : Mitchum Stalks Peck in ' Cape Fear ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved 14 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cape Fear '' . Variety . 1962 . Retrieved 14 October 2012 . Jump up ^ John Kenneth Muir 's Reflections on Cult Movies and Classic TV : CULT TV FLASHBACK # 54 : Quinn Martin 's Tales of the Unexpected ( 1977 ) Jump up ^ Muir , John Kenneth , Terror Television : American Series 1970 - 1999 , Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company , Inc. , 2001 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 3884 - 6 . Not paginated . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Scariest Movie Moments '' . Bravo.tv.com . Archived from the original on 30 October 2007 . Retrieved 14 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Best trial movies '' at Internet Movie Database . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Bergman , Paul ; Asimow , Michael . ( 2006 ) Reel justice : the courtroom goes to the movies ( Kansas City : Andrews and McMeel ) . ISBN 0 - 7407 - 5460 - 2 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 7407 - 5460 - 9 ; ISBN 0 - 8362 - 1035 - 2 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 8362 - 1035 - 4 . Machura , Stefan and Robson , Peter , eds . Law and Film : Representing Law in Movies ( Cambridge : Blackwell Publishing , 2001 ) . Thain , Gerald J. , `` Cape Fear , Two Versions and Two Visions Separated by Thirty Years . '' ISBN 0 - 631 - 22816 - 0 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 22816 - 5 . 176 pages . External links ( edit ) Cape Fear on IMDb Cape Fear at the TCM Movie Database Cape Fear at AllMovie Cape Fear at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) Films directed by J. Lee Thompson Murder Without Crime ( 1950 ) The Yellow Balloon ( 1953 ) For Better , for Worse ( 1954 ) The Weak and the Wicked ( 1954 ) As Long as They 're Happy ( 1955 ) An Alligator Named Daisy ( 1955 ) Yield to the Night ( 1956 ) The Good Companions ( 1957 ) Woman in a Dressing Gown ( 1957 ) Ice Cold in Alex ( 1958 ) North West Frontier ( 1959 ) No Trees in the Street ( 1959 ) Tiger Bay ( 1959 ) I Aim at the Stars ( 1960 ) The Guns of Navarone ( 1961 ) Cape Fear ( 1962 ) Taras Bulba ( 1962 ) Kings of the Sun ( 1963 ) What a Way to Go ! ( 1964 ) John Goldfarb , Please Come Home ! ( 1965 ) Return from the Ashes ( 1965 ) Eye of the Devil ( 1966 ) Mackenna 's Gold ( 1969 ) Before Winter Comes ( 1969 ) The Chairman ( 1969 ) Country Dance ( 1970 ) Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) Huckleberry Finn ( 1974 ) The Reincarnation of Peter Proud ( 1975 ) St. Ives ( 1976 ) The White Buffalo ( 1977 ) The Greek Tycoon ( 1978 ) The Passage ( 1979 ) Caboblanco ( 1980 ) Happy Birthday to Me ( 1981 ) 10 to Midnight ( 1983 ) The Evil That Men Do ( 1984 ) The Ambassador ( 1984 ) King Solomon 's Mines ( 1985 ) Murphy 's Law ( 1986 ) Firewalker ( 1986 ) Death Wish 4 : The Crackdown ( 1987 ) Messenger of Death ( 1988 ) Kinjite : Forbidden Subjects ( 1989 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cape_Fear_(1962_film)&oldid=792812672 '' Categories : 1962 films English - language films 1960s legal films 1960s psychological thriller films American black - and - white films American films American psychological thriller films Film scores by Bernard Herrmann Films about families Films about psychopaths Films about revenge Films about stalking Films based on American novels Films based on thriller novels Films based on works by John D. MacDonald Films directed by J. Lee Thompson Films set in North Carolina Films shot in California Films shot in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Home invasions in film Legal thriller films Southern Gothic films Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano Lëtzebuergesch Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 July 2017 , at 21 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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who starred in the original movie cape fear

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Wynne Evans

Wynne Evans - wikipedia Wynne Evans Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Welsh tenor . For the similarly named Anglican Bishop of St David 's , see Wyn Evans . Wynne Evans Evans on the cover of his Number 1 Album Wynne Evans ( 1972 - 01 - 27 ) 27 January 1972 ( age 45 ) Carmarthen , West Wales Occupation Tenor Known for Go Compare advert Children Ismay Evans Taliesin Evans Wynne Evans ( born 27 January 1972 ) is a Welsh tenor . Known for his role as the tenor Gio Compario in the Gocompare.com insurance adverts on television in the United Kingdom , he sang the role of Ubaldo Piangi in the 25th anniversary production of Andrew Lloyd Webber 's The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall . He also responded to the New Zealand All Blacks ' Haka in 2004 , singing ' Cwm Rhondda ' . He went on to sing at over 30 Welsh International rugby matches . Evans , a lifelong Spurs fan , also sang at Glory Glory Tottenham Hotspur at the last ever game at White Hart Lane http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/the-lane-the-finale-farewell-ceremony-may-14-140517/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Opera singer 2 Concert singer 3 Recording artist 4 Television and radio 5 Awards 6 Personal life 7 References 8 External links Opera singer ( edit ) Born in Carmarthen , West Wales , Evans studied at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama and the National Opera Studio . In late 2011 Evans was cast as the opera singer Ubaldo Piangi , in the 25th Anniversary celebratory production of Andrew Lloyd Webber 's The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall Evans enjoys a close association with Welsh National Opera where his roles include Nemorino in L'elisir d'amore , Cassio in Otello ( S4C Broadcast ) , The Duke in Rigoletto , Rodolfo in La bohème , Pedrillo in Die Entführung aus dem Serail , Tamino in Die Zauberflöte , Alfredo in La traviata , Jaquino in Leonore ( BBC Broadcast ) , the Schoolmaster in The Cunning Little Vixen , the Chevalier in Les Dialogues des Carmelites , the Italian Tenor in Der Rosenkavalier , the First Jew in Salome ( S4C and BBC Broadcast ) , Liberto in L'incoronazione di Poppea , Brighella in Ariadne auf Naxos and Alfred in Die Fledermaus . He made his debut at the Royal Opera House , Covent Garden singing Vakula in the new production of Cherevichki . In 2011 Evans sang in Mark - Anthony Turnage 's opera Anna Nicole , based on the life of Anna Nicole Smith at the Royal Opera House , Covent Garden . For Opera de Lyon he has sung Gianni Schicchi , Il Tabarro and The Cunning Little Vixen For English National Opera Evans has sung Alfredo in La Traviata , Spoletta and Cavaradossi in Tosca , and Second Jew in Salome . For Opera North he has appeared as Fenton in Falstaff , Prunier in La Rondine and Paulino in The Secret Marriage . For Scottish Opera his roles include Tamino in Die Zauberflöte and the Italian Tenor in Der Rosenkavalier . For Grange Park Opera he has performed the roles of Trufaldino The Love for Three Oranges the Italian Tenor Capriccio the Schoolmaster in ' The Cunning Little Vixen and Harry in La fanciulla del West . For the Classical Opera Company Evans sang the role of Fracasso in La finta semplice . Other credits include Orpheus in Orpheus in the Underworld for Opera Holland Park and The Peacock in Param Vir 's Broken Strings for the Almeida Theatre , which was recorded for the BBC . Concert singer ( edit ) As a concert singer Evans ' appearances include Vaughan Williams ' Serenade to Music at the televised opening night of the 2001 BBC Proms , Beethoven 's Ninth Symphony for RTÉ , Elgars 's The Dream of Gerontius at the Welsh Proms , the Verdi Requiem at the Royal Albert Hall and a recital at the Wigmore Hall , London . Evans sings as a soloist on three CD volumes entitled ' Here Come the Classics ' with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra , has recorded Salome and Ariadne auf Naxos for Chandos Records and has appeared several times on the BBC 's Friday Night is Music Night . He also presents on BBC Radio Wales with his brother , Mark Evans , and was awarded the MstJ by Queen Elizabeth II in 2008 . Recording artist ( edit ) In 2010 , Evans signed a six - album deal with Warner Music ; his first album is called A Song in My Heart and was released on 21 March 2011 . The album went straight to number one in the UK Classical Charts in the following week . Television and Radio ( edit ) Since 2009 Evans has starred in an advertising campaign for UK insurance comparison website Gocompare.com , playing the flamboyant , operatic tenor Gio Compario . He also appeared in a special version which was part of the 2010 Channel 4 Comedy Gala raising money for Great Ormond Street Hospital , in which comedian Jimmy Carr grabbed him by the testicles , causing him to sing in an even higher note . In 2012 , GoCompare launched the ' Saving the Nation ' campaign starring Evans again as Gio Compario . Evans made adverts in the series with Sue Barker , Stuart Pearce , Ray Mears , Louis Spence , and most famously Professor Stephen Hawking with all of them trying to kill him and thus save the nation from his singing about GoCompare . In 2011 , Evans began presenting . He presented a programme about the Eisteddfod for the BBC and his own TV show on S4C . In 2012 , Evans became a regular presenter on BBC Radio Wales and from October 2013 Evans presented a weekly Friday afternoon show called ' Wynne Evans ' Big Welsh Weekend ' . Since February 2016 , he has presented an entertainment show on the station from 11am - 1pm every weekday . Evans was also one of eight celebrities chosen to participate in an intense week of learning Welsh at a campsite in Pembrokeshire for the series cariad@iaith : love4language shown on S4C in May 2012 . In 2012 , Evans presented The Guide to Opera on Classic FM . The show was subsequently nominated for an Arqiva award . In 2013 Evans became a regular presenter on Classic FM In August 2012 , Evans appeared on the football show Soccer AM . He went on the show again in August 2013 . In March 2015 , Evans appeared in the Sky 1 comedy drama Stella , as a candidate running for council / Mexican wrestler . The episode ended with Evans singing a couple of numbers . In July 2015 , Evans returned as Gio Compario once more , in a new GoCompare commercial . Now embraced by the British populace , he performs at an arena to huge cheers and the words `` He 's Back ... '' are seen at the end of the advertisement . Awards ( edit ) Evans was made a member of the Gorsedd of the Bards of Wales in 2012 and an Honorary Fellow of the University of Wales Trinity Saint David in 2013 . He was also made a Member of the Venerable Order of Saint John by HM The Queen in 2008 . Personal life ( edit ) Evans is a trustee of The Elizabeth Evans Trust . Evans ' mother was Elizabeth Evans MBE , who founded and ran both The Carmarthen Youth Opera and The Lyric Theatre in Carmarthen for 25 years . She died in 2004 and subsequently Evans and his two brothers founded the Trust . Evans has two children - Ismay Evans and Taliesin Evans . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Wynne Evans '' . wynneevans.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Gocompare.com ' Gio Compario ' advert '' . utalkmarketing.com . Jump up ^ `` Advert tenor Wynne Evans to appear in Phantom gala '' . BBC News . 1 July 2011 . Retrieved 26 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Evans in Welwyn Hatfield Times Jump up ^ Evans on the Welsh National Opera website Archived 13 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Evans on the Athole Still Opera website Archived 7 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Grand Opera Gala / Hughes , Norman , Evans , Maxwell , Royal Po '' . arkivmusic.com . Jump up ^ `` Peter Moores Foundation - Chandos Opera in English - R. Strauss 's Salome '' . pmf.org.uk . Jump up ^ BBC Concert Orchestra website 2006 Jump up ^ ' Beyond Compare : TV ad singer tops classical charts ' The Times 29 March 2011 pg 11 Jump up ^ `` Gio Compario '' . giocompario.com . Jump up ^ `` Physicist Stephen Hawking stars in new Go Compare advert '' , The Telegraph , 1 Jan 2013 . Accessed 11 Sept 2014 Jump up ^ Gio Returns TV AD - Gocompare - # GioReturns ( OFFICIAL ) ( HD ) . YouTube . 25 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC News - Go Compare star Wynne Evans enters Gorsedd of the Bards '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Carmarthen Journal , 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Trustees of The Elizabeth Evans Trust External links ( edit ) Wynne Evans ' official website Wynne Evans at BBC Programmes Wynne Evans ' entry on the Welsh National Opera The Elizabeth Evans Trust Wynne Evans Interview VIAF : 22331473 LCCN : n2007056535 ISNI : 0000 0000 6309 1625 BNF : cb139354738 ( data ) MusicBrainz : bc8f1121 - f8bb - 4026 - a6de - 620a74a28547 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wynne_Evans&oldid=806580208 '' Categories : 1972 births Alumni of the Guildhall School of Music and Drama Welsh opera singers Welsh tenors Welsh - language singers Living people Singers from Carmarthenshire Welsh male singers Bards of the Gorsedd Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2015 Use dmy dates from July 2013 Use British English from January 2013 Articles with hCards Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs BBC programme ID not in Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 22 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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