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Alphabetical order

Alphabetical order - wikipedia Alphabetical order Jump to : navigation , search `` Alphabetization '' redirects here . For the creation of an alphabetic writing system , which in instances of Latin script is called romanization , see Romanization . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Alphabetical order is a system whereby strings of characters are placed in order based on the position of the characters in the conventional ordering of an alphabet . It is one of the methods of collation . To determine which of two strings comes first in alphabetical order , their first letters are compared . If they differ , then the string whose first letter comes earlier in the alphabet comes before the other string . If the first letters are the same , then the second letters are compared , and so on . If a position is reached where one string has no more letters to compare while the other does , then the first ( shorter ) string is deemed to come first in alphabetical order . Capital letters ( upper case ) are generally considered to be identical to their corresponding lower case letters for the purposes of alphabetical ordering , though conventions may be adopted to handle situations where two strings differ only in capitalization . Various conventions also exist for the handling of strings containing spaces , modified letters ( such as those with diacritics ) , and non-letter characters such as marks of punctuation . The result of placing a set of words or strings in alphabetical order is that all the strings beginning with the same letter are grouped together ; and within that grouping all words beginning with the same two - letter sequence are grouped together ; and so on . The system thus tends to maximize the number of common initial letters between adjacent words . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Ordering in the Latin script 2.1 Basic order and example 2.2 Treatment of multiword strings 2.3 Special cases 2.3. 1 Modified letters 2.3. 2 Ordering by surname 2.3. 3 The and other common words 2.3. 4 Mac prefixes 2.3. 5 Ligatures 2.4 Treatment of numerals 2.5 Language - specific conventions 3 Automation 4 Similar orderings 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History ( edit ) Alphabetical order was first used in the 1st millennium BCE by Northwest Semitic scribes using the Abjad system . The first effective use of alphabetical order as a cataloging device among scholars may have been in ancient Alexandria . In the 1st century BCE , Roman writer Varro compiled alphabetic lists of authors and titles . In the 2nd century CE , Sextus Pompeius Festus wrote an encyclopedic epitome of the works of Verrius Flaccus , De verborum significatu , with entries in alphabetic order . In the 3rd century CE , Harpocration wrote a Homeric lexicon alphabetized by all letters . In the 10th century , the author of the Suda used alphabetic order with phonetic variations . In the 14th century , the author of the Fons memorabilium universi used a classification , but used alphabetical order within some of the books . In 1604 Robert Cawdrey had to explain in Table Alphabeticall , the first monolingual English dictionary , `` Nowe if the word , which thou art desirous to finde , begin with ( a ) then looke in the beginning of this Table , but if with ( v ) looke towards the end . '' Although as late as 1803 Samuel Taylor Coleridge condemned encyclopedias with `` an arrangement determined by the accident of initial letters '' , many lists are today based on this principle . Ordering in the Latin script ( edit ) Basic order and example ( edit ) The standard order of the modern ISO basic Latin alphabet is : A-B-C-D-E-F-G-H-I-J-K-L-M-N-O-P-Q-R-S-T-U - V-W-X-Y-Z An example of straightforward alphabetical ordering follows : As ; Aster ; Astrolabe ; Astronomy ; Astrophysics ; At ; Ataman ; Attack ; Baa Another example : Barnacle ; Be ; Been ; Benefit ; Bent The above words are ordered alphabetically . As comes before Aster because they begin with the same two letters and As has no more letters after that whereas Aster does . The next three words come after Aster because their fourth letter ( the first one that differs ) is r , which comes after e ( the fourth letter of Aster ) in the alphabet . Those words themselves are ordered based on their sixth letters ( l , n and p respectively ) . Then comes At , which differs from the preceding words in the second letter ( t comes after s ) . Ataman comes after At for the same reason that Aster came after As . Attack follows Ataman based on comparison of their third letters , and Baa comes after all of the others because it has a different first letter . Treatment of multiword strings ( edit ) When some of the strings being ordered consist of more than one word , i.e. they contain spaces or other separators such as hyphens , then two basic approaches may be taken . In the first approach , all strings are ordered initially according to their first word , as in the sequence : San ; San Cristobal ; San Tomás ; Santa Barbara ; Santa Cruz where all strings beginning with the separate word San precede all those beginning Santa , because San precedes Santa in alphabetical order . In the second approach , strings are alphabetized as if they had no spaces , giving the sequence : San ; San Cristobal ; Santa Barbara ; Santa Cruz ; San Tomás where San Tomás now comes after the Santa strings , as it would if it were written `` Santomás '' . Special cases ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Modified letters ( edit ) In French , modified letters ( such as those with diacritics ) are treated the same as the base letter for alphabetical ordering purposes . For example , rôle comes between rock and rose , as if it were written role . However languages that use such letters systematically generally have their own ordering rules . See Language - specific conventions below . Ordering by surname ( edit ) In most cultures where family names are written after given names , it is still desired to sort lists of names ( as in telephone directories ) by family name first . In this case , names need to be reordered to be sorted properly . For example , Juan Hernandes and Brian O'Leary should be sorted as `` Hernandes , Juan '' and `` O'Leary , Brian '' even if they are not written this way . Capturing this rule in a computer collation algorithm is difficult , and simple attempts will necessarily fail . For example , unless the algorithm has at its disposal an extensive list of family names , there is no way to decide if `` Gillian Lucille van der Waal '' is `` van der Waal , Gillian Lucille '' , `` Waal , Gillian Lucille van der '' , or even `` Lucille van der Waal , Gillian '' . The and other common words ( edit ) Sometimes if a phrase begins with a very common word ( such as `` the '' or `` a '' ) , that word is ignored or moved to the end of the phrase , but this is not always the case . The book title `` The Shining '' might be treated as `` Shining '' , or `` Shining , The '' and therefore would be ordered before the book title `` Summer of Sam '' , although it may also be treated as simply `` The Shining '' and therefore would be ordered after `` Summer of Sam '' . Similarly , the book title `` A Wrinkle in Time '' might be treated as `` Wrinkle in Time '' , `` Wrinkle in Time , A '' , or simply `` A Wrinkle in Time '' , depending on whom you ask . All three alphabetization methods are fairly easy to create by algorithm , but many programs rely instead on simple lexicographic ordering . Mac prefixes ( edit ) Main article : Mac and Mc together The prefixes M ' and Mc in Irish and Scottish surnames are abbreviations for Mac , and are sometimes alphabetized as if the spelling is Mac in full . Thus McKinley might be listed before Mackintosh ( as it would be if it had been spelled out as `` MacKinley '' ) . Since the advent of computer - sorted lists , this type of alphabetization is less frequently encountered , though it is still used in British telephone directories . Ligatures ( edit ) Ligatures ( two or more letters merged into one symbol ) which are not considered distinct letters , such as Æ and Œ in English , are typically collated as if the letters were separate - `` æther '' and `` aether '' would be ordered the same relative to all other words . This is true even when the ligature is not purely stylistic , such as in loanwords and brand names . Special rules may need to be adopted to sort strings which vary only by whether two letters are ligaturized . Treatment of numerals ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Lexicographical order When some of the strings contain numerals ( or other non-letter characters ) , various approaches are possible . Sometimes such characters are treated as if they came before or after all the letters of the alphabet . Another method is for numbers to be sorted alphabetically as they would be spelled : for example 1776 would be sorted as if spelled out `` seventeen seventy - six '' , and 24 heures du Mans as if spelled `` vingt - quatre ... '' ( French for `` twenty - four '' ) . When numerals or other symbols are used as special graphical forms of letters , as 1337 for leet or the movie Seven ( which was stylised as Se7en ) , they may be sorted as if they were those letters . Natural sort order orders strings alphabetically , except that multi-digit numbers are treated as a single character and ordered by the value of the number encoded by the digits . Language - specific conventions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Languages which use an extended Latin alphabet generally have their own conventions for treatment of the extra letters . Also in some languages certain digraphs are treated as single letters for collation purposes . For example , the 29 - letter alphabet of Spanish treats ñ as a basic letter following n , and formerly treated the digraphs ch and ll as basic letters following c and l , respectively . Ch and ll are still considered letters , but are now alphabetized as two - letter combinations . ( The new alphabetization rule was issued by the Royal Spanish Academy in 1994 . ) On the other hand , the digraph rr follows rqu as expected , and did so even before the 1994 alphabetization rule . In a few cases , such as Kiowa , the alphabet has been completely reordered . Alphabetization rules applied in various languages are listed below . In Azerbaijani , there are eight additional letters to the standard Latin alphabet . Five of them are vowels : i , ı , ö , ü , ə and three are consonants : ç , ş , ğ . The alphabet is the same as the Turkish alphabet , with the same sounds written with the same letters , except for three additional letters : q , x and ə for sounds that do not exist in Turkish . Although all the `` Turkish letters '' are collated in their `` normal '' alphabetical order like in Turkish , the three extra letters are collated arbitrarily after letters whose sounds approach theirs . So , q is collated just after k , x ( pronounced like a German ch ) is collated just after h and ə ( pronounced roughly like an English short a ) is collated just after e . In Breton , there is no `` c '' but there are the digraphs `` ch '' and `` c'h '' , which are collated between `` b '' and `` d '' . For example : `` buzhugenn , chug , c'hoar , daeraouenn '' ( earthworm , juice , sister , teardrop ) . In Bosnian , Croatian and Serbian and other related South Slavic languages , the five accented characters and three conjoined characters are sorted after the originals : ... , C , Č , Ć , D , DŽ , Đ , E , ... , L , LJ , M , N , NJ , O , ... , S , Š , T , ... , Z , Ž . In Czech and Slovak , accented vowels have secondary collating weight -- compared to other letters , they are treated as their unaccented forms ( A-Á , E-É - Ě , I - Í , O - Ó - Ô , U-Ú - Ů , Y - Ý ) , but then they are sorted after the unaccented letters ( for example , the correct lexicographic order is baa , baá , báa , bab , báb , bac , bác , bač , báč ) . Accented consonants ( the ones with caron ) have primary collating weight and are collocated immediately after their unaccented counterparts , with exception of Ď , Ň and Ť , which have again secondary weight . CH is considered to be a separate letter and goes between H and I. In Slovak , DZ and DŽ are also considered separate letters and are positioned between Ď and E ( A-Á - Ä - B-C - Č - D - Ď - DZ - DŽ - E-É ... ) . In the Danish and Norwegian alphabets , the same extra vowels as in Swedish ( see below ) are also present but in a different order and with different glyphs ( ... , X , Y , Z , Æ , Ø , Å ) . Also , `` Aa '' collates as an equivalent to `` Å '' . The Danish alphabet has traditionally seen `` W '' as a variant of `` V '' , but today `` W '' is considered a separate letter . In Dutch the combination IJ ( representing IJ ) was formerly to be collated as Y ( or sometimes , as a separate letter Y < IJ < Z ) , but is currently mostly collated as 2 letters ( II < IJ < IK ) . Exceptions are phone directories ; IJ is always collated as Y here because in many Dutch family names Y is used where modern spelling would require IJ . Note that a word starting with ij that is written with a capital I is also written with a capital J , for example , the town IJmuiden , the river IJssel and the country IJsland ( Iceland ) . In Esperanto , consonants with circumflex accents ( ĉ , ĝ , ĥ , ĵ , ŝ ) , as well as ŭ ( u with breve ) , are counted as separate letters and collated separately ( c , ĉ , d , e , f , g , ĝ , h , ĥ , i , j , ĵ ... s , ŝ , t , u , ŭ , v , z ) . In Estonian õ , ä , ö and ü are considered separate letters and collate after w . Letters š , z and ž appear in loanwords and foreign proper names only and follow the letter s in the Estonian alphabet , which otherwise does not differ from the basic Latin alphabet . The Faroese alphabet also has some of the Danish , Norwegian , and Swedish extra letters , namely Æ and Ø . Furthermore , the Faroese alphabet uses the Icelandic eth , which follows the D. Five of the six vowels A , I , O , U and Y can get accents and are after that considered separate letters . The consonants C , Q , X , W and Z are not found . Therefore , the first five letters are A , Á , B , D and Ð , and the last five are V , Y , Ý , Æ , Ø In Filipino ( Tagalog ) and other Philippine languages , the letter Ng is treated as a separate letter . It is pronounced as in sing , ping - pong , etc . By itself , it is pronounced nang , but in general Filipino orthography , it is spelled as if it were two separate letters ( n and g ) . Also , letter derivatives ( such as Ñ ) immediately follow the base letter . Filipino also is written with diacritics , but their use is very rare ( except the tilde ) . ( Philippine orthography also includes spelling . ) The Finnish alphabet and collating rules are the same as those of Swedish . For French , the last accent in a given word determines the order . For example , in French , the following four words would be sorted this way : cote < côte < coté < côté . In German letters with umlaut ( Ä , Ö , Ü ) are treated generally just like their non-umlauted versions ; ß is always sorted as ss . This makes the alphabetic order Arg , Ärgerlich , Arm , Assistent , Aßlar , Assoziation . For phone directories and similar lists of names , the umlauts are to be collated like the letter combinations `` ae '' , `` oe '' , `` ue '' because a number of German surnames appear both with umlaut and in the non-umlauted form with `` e '' ( Müller / Mueller ) . This makes the alphabetic order Udet , Übelacker , Uell , Ülle , Ueve , Üxküll , Uffenbach . The Hungarian vowels have accents , umlauts , and double accents , while consonants are written with single , double ( digraphs ) or triple ( trigraph ) characters . In collating , accented vowels are equivalent with their non-accented counterparts and double and triple characters follow their single originals . Hungarian alphabetic order is : A = Á , B , C , Cs , D , Dz , Dzs , E = É , F , G , Gy , H , I = Í , J , K , L , Ly , M , N , Ny , O = Ó , Ö = Ő , P , Q , R , S , Sz , T , Ty , U = Ú , Ü = Ű , V , W , X , Y , Z , Zs . ( Before 1984 , dz and dzs were not considered single letters for collation , but two letters each , d + z and d + zs instead . ) It means that e.g. nádcukor should precede nádcsomó ( even though s normally precedes u ) , since c precedes cs in the collation . Difference in vowel length should only be taken into consideration if the two words are otherwise identical ( e.g. egér , éger ) . Spaces and hyphens within phrases are ignored in collation . Ch also occurs as a digraph in certain words but it is not considered as a grapheme on its own right in terms of collation . A particular feature of Hungarian collation is that contracted forms of double di - and trigraphs ( such as ggy from gy + gy or ddzs from dzs + dzs ) should be collated as if they were written in full ( independently of the fact of the contraction and the elements of the di - or trigraphs ) . For example , kaszinó should precede kassza ( even though the 4th character z would normally come after s in the alphabet ) , because the fourth `` character '' ( grapheme ) of the word kassza is considered a second sz ( decomposing ssz into sz + sz ) , which does follow i ( in kaszinó ) . In Icelandic , Þ is added , and D is followed by Ð . Each vowel ( A , E , I , O , U , Y ) is followed by its correspondent with acute : Á , É , Í , Ó , Ú , Ý . There is no Z , so the alphabet ends : ... X , Y , Ý , Þ , Æ , Ö . Both letters were also used by Anglo - Saxon scribes who also used the Runic letter Wynn to represent / w / . Þ ( called thorn ; lowercase þ ) is also a Runic letter . Ð ( called eth ; lowercase ð ) is the letter D with an added stroke . Kiowa is ordered on phonetic principles , like the Brahmic scripts , rather than on the historical Latin order . Vowels come first , then stop consonants ordered from the front to the back of the mouth , and from negative to positive voice - onset time , then the affricates , fricatives , liquids , and nasals : A , AU , E , I , O , U , B , F , P , V , D , J , T , TH , G , C , K , Q , CH , X , S , Z , L , Y , W , H , M , N In Lithuanian , specifically Lithuanian letters go after their Latin originals . Another change is that Y comes just before J : ... G , H , I , Į , Y , J , K ... In Polish , specifically Polish letters derived from the Latin alphabet are collated after their originals : A , Ą , B , C , Ć , D , E , Ę , ... , L , Ł , M , N , Ń , O , Ó , P , ... , S , Ś , T , ... , Z , Ź , Ż . The digraphs for collation purposes are treated as if they were two separate letters . In Portuguese , the collating order is just like in English : A , B , C , D , E , F , G , H , I , J , K , L , M , N , O , P , Q , R , S , T , U , V , W , X , Y , Z . Digraphs and letters with diacritics are not included in the alphabet . In Romanian , special characters derived from the Latin alphabet are collated after their originals : A , Ă ,  , ... , I , Î , ... , S , Ș , T , Ț , ... , Z . Spanish treated ( until 1994 ) `` CH '' and `` LL '' as single letters , giving an ordering of cinco , credo , chispa and lomo , luz , llama . This is not true anymore since in 1994 the RAE adopted the more conventional usage , and now LL is collated between LK and LM , and CH between CG and CI . The six characters with diacritics Á , É , Í , Ó , Ú , Ü are treated as the original letters A , E , I , O , U , for example : radio , ráfaga , rana , rápido , rastrillo . The only Spanish - specific collating question is Ñ ( eñe ) as a different letter collated after N . In the Swedish alphabet , there are three extra vowels placed at its end ( ... , X , Y , Z , Å , Ä , Ö ) , similar to the Danish and Norwegian alphabet , but with different glyphs and a different collating order . The letter `` W '' has been treated as a variant of `` V '' , but in the 13th edition of Svenska Akademiens ordlista ( 2006 ) `` W '' was considered a separate letter . In the Turkish alphabet there are 6 additional letters : ç , ğ , ı , ö , ş , and ü ( but no q , w , and x ) . They are collated with ç after c , ğ after g , ı before i , ö after o , ş after s , and ü after u . Originally , when the alphabet was introduced in 1928 , ı was collated after i , but the order was changed later so that letters having shapes containing dots , cedilles or other adorning marks always follow the letters with corresponding bare shapes . Note that in Turkish orthography the letter I is the majuscule of dotless ı , whereas İ is the majuscule of dotted i . In many Turkic languages ( such as Azeri or the Jaꞑalif orthography for Tatar ) , there used to be the letter Gha ( Ƣƣ ) , which came between G and H. It is now in disuse . In Vietnamese , there are 7 additional letters : ă , â , đ , ê , ô , ơ , ư while f , j , w , z are absent , even though they are still in some use ( like Internet address , foreign loan language ) . `` f '' is replaced by the combination `` ph '' . The same as for `` w '' is `` qu '' . In Volapük ä , ö and ü are counted as separate letters and collated separately ( a , ä , b ... o , ö , p ... u , ü , v ) while q and w are absent . In Welsh the digraphs CH , DD , FF , NG , LL , PH , RH , and TH are treated as single letters , and each is listed after the first character of the pair ( except for NG which is listed after G ) , producing the order A , B , C , CH , D , DD , E , F , FF , G , NG , H , and so on . It can sometimes happen , however , that word compounding results in the juxtaposition of two letters which do not form a digraph . An example is the word LLONGYFARCH ( composed from LLON + GYFARCH ) . This results in such an ordering as , for example , LAWR , LWCUS , LLONG , LLOM , LLONGYFARCH ( NG is a digraph in LLONG , but not in LLONGYFARCH ) . The letter combination R + H ( as distinct from the digraph RH ) may similarly arise by juxtaposition in compounds , although this tends not to produce any pairs in which misidentification could affect the ordering . For the other potentially confusing letter combinations that may occur -- namely , D + D and L + L -- a hyphen is used in the spelling ( e.g. AD - DAL , CHWIL - LYS ) . Automation ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Collation algorithms ( in combination with sorting algorithms ) are used in computer programming to place strings in alphabetical order . A standard example is the Unicode Collation Algorithm , which can be used to put strings containing any Unicode symbols into ( an extension of ) alphabetical order . It can be made to take conform to most of the language - specific conventions described above , by tailoring its default collation table . Several such tailorings are collected in Common Locale Data Repository . For more details see Collation § Automated collation . Similar orderings ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The principle behind alphabetical ordering can still be applied in languages that do not strictly speaking use an alphabet -- for example , they may be written using a syllabary or abugida -- provided the symbols used have an established ordering . For logographic writing systems , such as Chinese hanzi or Japanese kanji , the method of radical - and - stroke sorting is frequently used as a way of defining an ordering on the symbols . Japanese sometimes uses pronunciation order , most commonly with the Gojūon order but sometimes with the older Iroha ordering . In mathematics , lexicographical order is a means of ordering sequences in a manner analogous to that used to produce alphabetical order . Some computer applications use a version of alphabetical order that can be achieved using a very simple algorithm , based purely on the ASCII or Unicode codes for characters . This may have non-standard effects such as placing all capital letters before lower - case ones . See ASCIIbetical order . A rhyming dictionary is based on sorting words in alphabetical order starting from the last to the first letter of the word . See also ( edit ) Collation Sorting References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Reinhard G. Lehmann : `` 27 - 30 - 22 - 26 . How Many Letters Needs an Alphabet ? The Case of Semitic '' , in : The idea of writing : Writing across borders / edited by Alex de Voogt and Joachim Friedrich Quack , Leiden : Brill 2012 , p. 11 - 52 Jump up ^ Daly , Lloyd . Contributions to the History of Alphabetization in Antiquity and the Middle Ages Brussels , 1967 . p. 25 Jump up ^ O'Hara , James ( 1989 ) . `` Messapus , Cycnus , and the Alphabetical Order of Vergil 's Catalogue of Italian Heroes '' . 43 : 35 -- 38 . JSTOR 1088539 . Jump up ^ LIVRE XI -- texte latin -- traduction + commentaires . Jump up ^ Gibson , Craig ( 2002 ) . Interpreting a classic : Demosthenes and his ancient commentators . Jump up ^ Yeo , Richard ( 2001 ) . Encyclopaedic visions : scientific dictionaries and enlightenment culture . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0521651913 . Jump up ^ Robert Cawdrey 's -- A Table Alphabetical OBERT ( 1604 ) . Jump up ^ Coleridge 's Letters , No. 507 . Jump up ^ `` Unicode Technical Standard # 10 '' . Unicode , Inc. ( unicode.org ) . 20 March 2008 . Retrieved 27 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Midgley , Ralph . `` Volapük to English dictionary '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 1 September 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Chauvin , Yvonne . Pratique du classement alphabétique . 4e éd . Paris : Bordas , 1977 . ISBN 2 - 04 - 010155 - 1 External links ( edit ) Online Sort Lists in Alphabetical Order with The Alphabetizer Sort Lists in Alphabetical Order with The Alphabetizer Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alphabetical_order&oldid=816057858 '' Categories : Alphabets Collation Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2017 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from June 2017 Articles containing Spanish - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית Latgaļu മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Sicilianu Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 23 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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Educational psychology

Educational psychology - wikipedia Educational psychology Jump to : navigation , search Psychology Outline History Subfields Basic types Abnormal Behavioral genetics Biological Cognitive Comparative Cross-cultural Cultural Differential Developmental Evolutionary Experimental Mathematical Neuropsychology Personality Positive Quantitative Social Applied psychology Applied behavior analysis Clinical Community Consumer Counseling Critical Educational Environmental Ergonomics Forensic Health Humanistic Industrial and organizational Interpretive Legal Medical Military Music Occupational health Political Religion School Sport Traffic Lists Disciplines Organizations Psychologists Psychotherapies Publications Research methods Theories Timeline Topics Psychology portal Educational psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of human learning . The study of learning processes , from both cognitive and behavioral perspectives , allows researchers to understand individual differences in intelligence , cognitive development , affect , motivation , self - regulation , and self - concept , as well as their role in learning . The field of educational psychology relies heavily on quantitative methods , including testing and measurement , to enhance educational activities related to instructional design , classroom management , and assessment , which serve to facilitate learning processes in various educational settings across the lifespan . Educational psychology can in part be understood through its relationship with other disciplines . It is informed primarily by psychology , bearing a relationship to that discipline analogous to the relationship between medicine and biology . It is also informed by neuroscience . Educational psychology in turn informs a wide range of specialities within educational studies , including instructional design , educational technology , curriculum development , organizational learning , special education , classroom management , and student motivation . Educational psychology both draws from and contributes to cognitive science and the learning sciences . In universities , departments of educational psychology are usually housed within faculties of education , possibly accounting for the lack of representation of educational psychology content in introductory psychology textbooks . The field of educational psychology involves the study of memory , conceptual processes , and individual differences ( via cognitive psychology ) in conceptualizing new strategies for learning processes in humans . Educational psychology has been built upon theories of operant conditioning , functionalism , structuralism , constructivism , humanistic psychology , Gestalt psychology , and information processing . Educational psychology has seen rapid growth and development as a profession in the last twenty years . School psychology began with the concept of intelligence testing leading to provisions for special education students , who could not follow the regular classroom curriculum in the early part of the 20th century . However , `` school psychology '' itself has built a fairly new profession based upon the practices and theories of several psychologists among many different fields . Educational psychologists are working side by side with psychiatrists , social workers , teachers , speech and language therapists , and counselors in attempt to understand the questions being raised when combining behavioral , cognitive , and social psychology in the classroom setting . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early years 1.1. 1 Plato and Aristotle 1.1. 2 John Locke 1.2 Before 1890 1.2. 1 Juan Vives 1.2. 2 Johann Pestalozzi 1.2. 3 Johann Herbart 1.3 1890 -- 1920 1.3. 1 William James 1.3. 2 Alfred Binet 1.3. 3 Edward Thorndike 1.3. 4 John Dewey 1.3. 5 Jean Piaget 1.4 1920 -- present 1.4. 1 Jerome Bruner 1.4. 2 Benjamin Bloom 1.4. 3 Nathaniel Gage 2 Perspectives 2.1 Behavioral 2.2 Cognitive 2.2. 1 Cognitive view of intelligence 2.3 Developmental 2.4 Constructivist 3 Conditioning and learning 3.1 Motivation 4 Technology 5 Applications 5.1 Teaching 5.2 Counseling 5.2. 1 Training 5.2. 2 Employment outlook 6 Methods of research 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) Early years ( edit ) Educational psychology is a fairly new and growing field of study . Though it can date back as early as the days of Plato and Aristotle , it was not identified as a specific practice . It was unknown that everyday teaching and learning in which individuals had to think about individual differences , assessment , development , the nature of a subject being taught , problem solving , and transfer of learning was the beginning to the field of educational psychology . These topics are important to education and as a result it is important to understanding human cognition , learning , and social perception . Plato and Aristotle ( edit ) Educational psychology dates back to the time of Aristotle and Plato . Plato and Aristotle researched individual differences in the field of education , training of the body and the cultivation of psycho - motor skills , the formation of good character , the possibilities and limits of moral education . Some other educational topics they spoke about were the effects of music , poetry , and the other arts on the development of individual , role of teacher , and the relations between teacher and student . Plato saw knowledge as an innate ability , which evolves through experience and understanding of the world . Such a statement has evolved into a continuing argument of nature vs. nurture in understanding conditioning and learning today . Aristotle observed the phenomenon of `` association . '' His four laws of association included succession , contiguity , similarity , and contrast . His studies examined recall and facilitated learning processes . John Locke ( edit ) John Locke followed by taking issue with Plato 's theory of innate learning processes . In place of this theory , he introduced a new theory of learning based on the term `` tabula rasa , '' which means `` blank slate . '' Locke explained that learning took place primarily through experience , and we were all born without knowledge . This doctrine is known as `` empiricism , '' the view that knowledge is primarily built on learning and experience . In the late 1600s , John Locke advanced the hypothesis that people learn primarily from external forces . He believed that the mind was like a blank tablet ( tabula rasa ) , and that successions of simple impressions give rise to complex ideas through association and reflection . Locke is credited with establishing `` empiricism '' as a criterion for testing the validity of knowledge , thus providing a conceptual framework for later development of excremental methodology in the natural and social sciences . Before 1890 ( edit ) Philosophers of education such as Juan Vives , Johann Pestalozzi , Friedrich Fröbel , and Johann Herbart had examined , classified and judged the methods of education centuries before the beginnings of psychology in the late 1800s . Juan Vives ( edit ) Juan Vives ( 1493 -- 1540 ) proposed induction as the method of study and believed in the direct observation and investigation of the study of nature . His studies focus of humanistic learning , which opposed scholasticism and was influenced by a variety of sources including philosophy , psychology , politics , religion , and history . He was one of the first to emphasize that the location of the school is important to learning . He suggested that the school should be located away from disturbing noises ; the air quality should be good and there should be plenty of food for the students and teachers . Vives emphasized the importance of understanding individual differences of the students and suggested practice as an important tool for learning . Vives introduced his educational ideas in his writing , `` De anima et vita '' in 1538 . In this publication , Vives explores moral philosophy as a setting for his educational ideals ; with this , he explains that the different parts of the soul ( similar to that of Aristotle 's ideas ) are each responsible for different operations , which function distinctively . The first book covers the different `` souls '' : `` The Vegatative Soul ; '' this is the soul of nutrition , growth , and reproduction , `` The Sensitive Soul , '' which involves the five external senses ; `` The Cogitative soul , '' which includes internal senses and cognitive facilities . The second book involves functions of the rational soul : mind , will , and memory . Lastly , the third book explains the analysis of emotions . Johann Pestalozzi ( edit ) Johann Pestalozzi ( 1746 -- 1827 ) , a Swiss educational reformer , emphasized the child rather than the content of the school . Pestalozzi fostered an educational reform backed by the idea that early education was crucial for children , and could be manageable for mothers . Eventually , this experience with early education would lead to a `` wholesome person characterized by morality . '' Pestalozzi has been acknowledged for opening institutions for education , writing books for mother 's teaching home education , and elementary books for students , mostly focusing on the kindergarten level . In his later years , he published teaching manuals and methods of teaching . During the time of The Enlightenment , Pestalozzi 's ideals introduced `` educationalisation . '' This created the bridge between social issues and education by introducing the idea of social issues to be solved through education . Horlacher describes the most prominent example of this during The Enlightenment to be `` improving agricultural production methods . '' Johann Herbart ( edit ) Johann Herbart ( 1776 -- 1841 ) is considered the father of educational psychology . He believed that learning was influenced by interest in the subject and the teacher . He thought that teachers should consider the students ' existing mental sets -- what they already know -- when presenting new information or material . Herbart came up with what are now known as the formal steps . The 5 steps that teachers should use are : Review material that has already been learned by the student Prepare the student for new material by giving them an overview of what they are learning next Present the new material . Relate the new material to the old material that has already been learned . Show how the student can apply the new material and show the material they will learn next . 1890 -- 1920 ( edit ) William James ( edit ) William James The period of 1890 -- 1920 is considered the golden era of educational psychology where aspirations of the new discipline rested on the application of the scientific methods of observation and experimentation to educational problems . From 1840 to 1920 37 million people immigrated to the United States . This created an expansion of elementary schools and secondary schools . The increase in immigration also provided educational psychologists the opportunity to use intelligence testing to screen immigrants at Ellis Island . Darwinism influenced the beliefs of the prominent educational psychologists . Even in the earliest years of the discipline , educational psychologists recognized the limitations of this new approach . The pioneering American psychologist William James commented that : Psychology is a science , and teaching is an art ; and sciences never generate arts directly out of themselves . An intermediate inventive mind must make that application , by using its originality `` . James is the father of psychology in America but he also made contributions to educational psychology . In his famous series of lectures Talks to Teachers on Psychology , published in 1899 and now regarded as the first educational psychology textbook , James defines education as `` the organization of acquired habits of conduct and tendencies to behavior '' . He states that teachers should `` train the pupil to behavior '' so that he fits into the social and physical world . Teachers should also realize the importance of habit and instinct . They should present information that is clear and interesting and relate this new information and material to things the student already knows about . He also addresses important issues such as attention , memory , and association of ideas . Alfred Binet ( edit ) Alfred Binet published Mental Fatigue in 1898 , in which he attempted to apply the experimental method to educational psychology . In this experimental method he advocated for two types of experiments , experiments done in the lab and experiments done in the classroom . In 1904 he was appointed the Minister of Public Education . This is when he began to look for a way to distinguish children with developmental disabilities . Binet strongly supported special education programs because he believed that `` abnormality '' could be cured . The Binet - Simon test was the first intelligence test and was the first to distinguish between `` normal children '' and those with developmental disabilities . Binet believed that it was important to study individual differences between age groups and children of the same age . He also believed that it was important for teachers to take into account individual students strengths and also the needs of the classroom as a whole when teaching and creating a good learning environment . He also believed that it was important to train teachers in observation so that they would be able to see individual differences among children and adjust the curriculum to the students . Binet also emphasized that practice of material was important . In 1916 Lewis Terman revised the Binet - Simon so that the average score was always 100 . The test became known as the Stanford - Binet and was one of the most widely used tests of intelligence . Terman , unlike Binet , was interested in using intelligence test to identify gifted children who had high intelligence . In his longitudinal study of gifted children , who became known as the Termites , Terman found that gifted children become gifted adults . Edward Thorndike ( edit ) Edward Thorndike ( 1874 -- 1949 ) supported the scientific movement in education . He based teaching practices on empirical evidence and measurement . Thorndike developed the theory of instrumental conditioning or the law of effect . The law of effect states that associations are strengthened when it is followed by something pleasing and associations are weakened when followed by something not pleasing . He also found that learning is done a little at a time or in increments , learning is an automatic process and all the principles of learning apply to all mammals . Thorndike 's research with Robert Woodworth on the theory of transfer found that learning one subject will only influence your ability to learn another subject if the subjects are similar . This discovery led to less emphasis on learning the classics because they found that studying the classics does not contribute to overall general intelligence . Thorndike was one of the first to say that individual differences in cognitive tasks were due to how many stimulus response patterns a person had rather than a general intellectual ability . He contributed word dictionaries that were scientifically based to determine the words and definitions used . The dictionaries were the first to take into consideration the users maturity level . He also integrated pictures and easier pronunciation guide into each of the definitions . Thorndike contributed arithmetic books based on learning theory . He made all the problems more realistic and relevant to what was being studied , not just to improve the general intelligence . He developed tests that were standardized to measure performance in school related subjects . His biggest contribution to testing was the CAVD intelligence test which used a multidimensional approach to intelligence and the first to use a ratio scale . His later work was on programmed instruction , mastery learning and computer - based learning : If , by a miracle of mechanical ingenuity , a book could be so arranged that only to him who had done what was directed on page one would page two become visible , and so on , much that now requires personal instruction could be managed by print . John Dewey ( edit ) John Dewey ( 1859 -- 1952 ) had a major influence on the development of progressive education in the United States . He believed that the classroom should prepare children to be good citizens and facilitate creative intelligence . He pushed for the creation of practical classes that could be applied outside of a school setting . He also thought that education should be student - oriented , not subject - oriented . For Dewey , education was a social experience that helped bring together generations of people . He stated that students learn by doing . He believed in an active mind that was able to be educated through observation , problem solving and enquiry . In his 1910 book How We Think , he emphasizes that material should be provided in a way that is stimulating and interesting to the student since it encourages original thought and problem solving . He also stated that material should be relative to the student 's own experience . `` The material furnished by way of information should be relevant to a question that is vital in the students own experience '' Jean Piaget ( edit ) Jean Piaget ( 1896 -- 1980 ) developed the theory of cognitive development . The theory stated that intelligence developed in four different stages . The stages are the sensorimotor stage from birth to 2 years old , the preoperational state from 2 years old to 7 years old , the concrete operational stage from 7 years old to 10 years old , and formal operational stage from 11 years old and up . He also believed that learning was constrained to the child 's cognitive development . Piaget influenced educational psychology because he was the first to believe that cognitive development was important and something that should be paid attention to in education . Most of the research on Piagetian theory was carried out by American educational psychologists . 1920 -- present ( edit ) The number of people receiving a high school and college education increased dramatically from 1920 to 1960 . Because very few jobs were available to teens coming out of eighth grade , there was an increase in high school attendance in the 1930s . The progressive movement in the United State took off at this time and led to the idea of progressive education . John Flanagan , an educational psychologist , developed tests for combat trainees and instructions in combat training . In 1954 the work of Kenneth Clark and his wife on the effects of segregation on black and white children was influential in the Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education . From the 1960s to present day , educational psychology has switched from a behaviorist perspective to a more cognitive based perspective because of the influence and development of cognitive psychology at this time . Jerome Bruner ( edit ) Jerome Bruner is notable for integrating Piaget 's cognitive approaches into educational psychology . He advocated for discovery learning where teachers create a problem solving environment that allows the student to question , explore and experiment . In his book The Process of Education Bruner stated that the structure of the material and the cognitive abilities of the person are important in learning . He emphasized the importance of the subject matter . He also believed that how the subject was structured was important for the student 's understanding of the subject and it is the goal of the teacher to structure the subject in a way that was easy for the student to understand . In the early 1960s Bruner went to Africa to teach math and science to school children , which influenced his view as schooling as a cultural institution . Bruner was also influential in the development of MACOS , Man a Course of Study , which was an educational program that combined anthropology and science . The program explored human evolution and social behavior . He also helped with the development of the head start program . He was interested in the influence of culture on education and looked at the impact of poverty on educational development . Benjamin Bloom ( edit ) Benjamin Bloom ( 1913 -- 1999 ) spent over 50 years at the University of Chicago , where he worked in the department of education . He believed that all students can learn . He developed taxonomy of educational objectives . The objectives were divided into three domains : cognitive , affective , and psychomotor . The cognitive domain deals with how we think . It is divided into categories that are on a continuum from easiest to more complex . The categories are knowledge or recall , comprehension application , analysis , synthesis and evaluation . The affective domain deals with emotions and has 5 categories . The categories are receiving phenomenon , responding to that phenomenon , valuing , organization , and internalizing values . The psychomotor domain deals with the development of motor skills , movement and coordination and has 7 categories , that also goes from simplest to complex . The 7 categories of the psychomotor domain are perception , set , guided response , mechanism , complex overt response , adaptation , and origination . The taxonomy provided broad educational objectives that could be used to help expand the curriculum to match the ideas in the taxonomy . The taxonomy is considered to have a greater influence internationally than in the United States . Internationally , the taxonomy is used in every aspect of education from training of the teachers to the development of testing material . Bloom believed in communicating clear learning goals and promoting an active student . He thought that teachers should provide feedback to the students on their strengths and weaknesses . Bloom also did research on college students and their problem solving processes . He found that they differ in understanding the basis of the problem and the ideas in the problem . He also found that students differ in process of problem solving in their approach and attitude toward the problem . Nathaniel Gage ( edit ) Nathaniel Gage ( 1917 - 2008 ) is an important figure in educational psychology as his research focused on improving teaching and understanding the processes involved in teaching . He edited the book Handbook of Research on Teaching ( 1963 ) , which helped develop early research in teaching and educational psychology . Gage founded the Stanford Center for Research and Development in Teaching , which contributed research on teaching as well as influencing the education of important educational psychologists . Perspectives ( edit ) Behavioral ( edit ) Applied behavior analysis , a research - based science utilizing behavioral principles of operant conditioning , is effective in a range of educational settings . For example , teachers can alter student behavior by systematically rewarding students who follow classroom rules with praise , stars , or tokens exchangeable for sundry items . Despite the demonstrated efficacy of awards in changing behavior , their use in education has been criticized by proponents of self - determination theory , who claim that praise and other rewards undermine intrinsic motivation . There is evidence that tangible rewards decrease intrinsic motivation in specific situations , such as when the student already has a high level of intrinsic motivation to perform the goal behavior . But the results showing detrimental effects are counterbalanced by evidence that , in other situations , such as when rewards are given for attaining a gradually increasing standard of performance , rewards enhance intrinsic motivation . Many effective therapies have been based on the principles of applied behavior analysis , including pivotal response therapy which is used to treat autism spectrum disorders . Cognitive ( edit ) Among current educational psychologists , the cognitive perspective is more widely held than the behavioral perspective , perhaps because it admits causally related mental constructs such as traits , beliefs , memories , motivations and emotions . Cognitive theories claim that memory structures determine how information is perceived , processed , stored , retrieved and forgotten . Among the memory structures theorized by cognitive psychologists are separate but linked visual and verbal systems described by Allan Paivio 's dual coding theory . Educational psychologists have used dual coding theory and cognitive load theory to explain how people learn from multimedia presentations . Three experiments reported by Krug , Davis and Glover demonstrated the advantage of delaying a 2nd reading of a text passage by one week ( distributed ) compared with no delay between readings ( massed ) . The spaced learning effect , a cognitive phenomenon strongly supported by psychological research , has broad applicability within education . For example , students have been found to perform better on a test of knowledge about a text passage when a second reading of the passage is delayed rather than immediate ( see figure ) . Educational psychology research has confirmed the applicability to education of other findings from cognitive psychology , such as the benefits of using mnemonics for immediate and delayed retention of information . Problem solving , according to prominent cognitive psychologists , is fundamental to learning . It resides as an important research topic in educational psychology . A student is thought to interpret a problem by assigning it to a schema retrieved from long - term memory . A problem students run into while reading is called `` activation . '' This is when the student 's representations of the text are present during working memory . This causes the student to read through the material without absorbing the information and being able to retain it . When working memory is absent from the readers representations of the working memory they experience something called `` deactivation . '' When deactivation occurs , the student has an understanding of the material and is able to retain information . If deactivation occurs during the first reading , the reader does not need to undergo deactivation in the second reading . The reader will only need to reread to get a `` gist '' of the text to spark their memory . When the problem is assigned to the wrong schema , the student 's attention is subsequently directed away from features of the problem that are inconsistent with the assigned schema . The critical step of finding a mapping between the problem and a pre-existing schema is often cited as supporting the centrality of analogical thinking to problem solving . Cognitive view of intelligence ( edit ) An example of an item from a cognitive abilities test Each person has an individual profile of characteristics , abilities and challenges that result from predisposition , learning and development . These manifest as individual differences in intelligence , creativity , cognitive style , motivation and the capacity to process information , communicate , and relate to others . The most prevalent disabilities found among school age children are attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) , learning disability , dyslexia , and speech disorder . Less common disabilities include intellectual disability , hearing impairment , cerebral palsy , epilepsy , and blindness . Although theories of intelligence have been discussed by philosophers since Plato , intelligence testing is an invention of educational psychology , and is coincident with the development of that discipline . Continuing debates about the nature of intelligence revolve on whether intelligence can be characterized by a single factor known as general intelligence , multiple factors ( e.g. , Gardner 's theory of multiple intelligences ) , or whether it can be measured at all . In practice , standardized instruments such as the Stanford - Binet IQ test and the WISC are widely used in economically developed countries to identify children in need of individualized educational treatment . Children classified as gifted are often provided with accelerated or enriched programs . Children with identified deficits may be provided with enhanced education in specific skills such as phonological awareness . In addition to basic abilities , the individual 's personality traits are also important , with people higher in conscientiousness and hope attaining superior academic achievements , even after controlling for intelligence and past performance . Developmental ( edit ) Main article : Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development Developmental psychology , and especially the psychology of cognitive development , opens a special perspective for educational psychology . This is so because education and the psychology of cognitive development converge on a number of crucial assumptions . First , the psychology of cognitive development defines human cognitive competence at successive phases of development . Education aims to help students acquire knowledge and develop skills which are compatible with their understanding and problem - solving capabilities at different ages . Thus , knowing the students ' level on a developmental sequence provides information on the kind and level of knowledge they can assimilate , which , in turn , can be used as a frame for organizing the subject matter to be taught at different school grades . This is the reason why Piaget 's theory of cognitive development was so influential for education , especially mathematics and science education . In the same direction , the neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development suggest that in addition to the concerns above , sequencing of concepts and skills in teaching must take account of the processing and working memory capacities that characterize successive age levels . Second , the psychology of cognitive development involves understanding how cognitive change takes place and recognizing the factors and processes which enable cognitive competence to develop . Education also capitalizes on cognitive change , because the construction of knowledge presupposes effective teaching methods that would move the student from a lower to a higher level of understanding . Mechanisms such as reflection on actual or mental actions vis - à - vis alternative solutions to problems , tagging new concepts or solutions to symbols that help one recall and mentally manipulate them are just a few examples of how mechanisms of cognitive development may be used to facilitate learning . Finally , the psychology of cognitive development is concerned with individual differences in the organization of cognitive processes and abilities , in their rate of change , and in their mechanisms of change . The principles underlying intra - and inter-individual differences could be educationally useful , because knowing how students differ in regard to the various dimensions of cognitive development , such as processing and representational capacity , self - understanding and self - regulation , and the various domains of understanding , such as mathematical , scientific , or verbal abilities , would enable the teacher to cater for the needs of the different students so that no one is left behind . Constructivist ( edit ) Main article : Constructivism Constructivism is a category of learning theory in which emphasis is placed on the agency and prior `` knowing '' and experience of the learner , and often on the social and cultural determinants of the learning process . Educational psychologists distinguish individual ( or psychological ) constructivism , identified with Piaget 's theory of cognitive development , from social constructivism . A dominant influence on the latter type is Lev Vygotsky 's work on sociocultural learning , describing how interactions with adults , more capable peers , and cognitive tools are internalized to form mental constructs . Elaborating on Vygotsky 's theory , Jerome Bruner and other educational psychologists developed the important concept of instructional scaffolding , in which the social or information environment offers supports for learning that are gradually withdrawn as they become internalized . Conditioning and learning ( edit ) An abacus provides concrete experiences for learning abstract concepts . To understand the characteristics of learners in childhood , adolescence , adulthood , and old age , educational psychology develops and applies theories of human development . Often represented as stages through which people pass as they mature , developmental theories describe changes in mental abilities ( cognition ) , social roles , moral reasoning , and beliefs about the nature of knowledge . For example , educational psychologists have conducted research on the instructional applicability of Jean Piaget 's theory of development , according to which children mature through four stages of cognitive capability . Piaget hypothesized that children are not capable of abstract logical thought until they are older than about 11 years , and therefore younger children need to be taught using concrete objects and examples . Researchers have found that transitions , such as from concrete to abstract logical thought , do not occur at the same time in all domains . A child may be able to think abstractly about mathematics , but remain limited to concrete thought when reasoning about human relationships . Perhaps Piaget 's most enduring contribution is his insight that people actively construct their understanding through a self - regulatory process . Piaget proposed a developmental theory of moral reasoning in which children progress from a naïve understanding of morality based on behavior and outcomes to a more advanced understanding based on intentions . Piaget 's views of moral development were elaborated by Kohlberg into a stage theory of moral development . There is evidence that the moral reasoning described in stage theories is not sufficient to account for moral behavior . For example , other factors such as modeling ( as described by the social cognitive theory of morality ) are required to explain bullying . Rudolf Steiner 's model of child development interrelates physical , emotional , cognitive , and moral development in developmental stages similar to those later described by Piaget . Developmental theories are sometimes presented not as shifts between qualitatively different stages , but as gradual increments on separate dimensions . Development of epistemological beliefs ( beliefs about knowledge ) have been described in terms of gradual changes in people 's belief in : certainty and permanence of knowledge , fixedness of ability , and credibility of authorities such as teachers and experts . People develop more sophisticated beliefs about knowledge as they gain in education and maturity . Motivation ( edit ) Motivation is an internal state that activates , guides and sustains behavior . Motivation can have several impacting effects on how students learn and how they behave towards subject matter : Provide direction towards goals Enhance cognitive processing abilities and performance Direct behavior toward particular goals Lead to increased effort and energy Increase initiation of and persistence in activities Educational psychology research on motivation is concerned with the volition or will that students bring to a task , their level of interest and intrinsic motivation , the personally held goals that guide their behavior , and their belief about the causes of their success or failure . As intrinsic motivation deals with activities that act as their own rewards , extrinsic motivation deals with motivations that are brought on by consequences or punishments . A form of attribution theory developed by Bernard Weiner describes how students ' beliefs about the causes of academic success or failure affect their emotions and motivations . For example , when students attribute failure to lack of ability , and ability is perceived as uncontrollable , they experience the emotions of shame and embarrassment and consequently decrease effort and show poorer performance . In contrast , when students attribute failure to lack of effort , and effort is perceived as controllable , they experience the emotion of guilt and consequently increase effort and show improved performance . The self - determination theory ( SDT ) was developed by psychologists Edward Deci and Richard Ryan . SDT focuses on the importance of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in driving human behavior and posits inherent growth and development tendencies . It emphasizes the degree to which an individual 's behavior is self - motivated and self - determined . When applied to the realm of education , the self - determination theory is concerned primarily with promoting in students an interest in learning , a value of education , and a confidence in their own capacities and attributes . Motivational theories also explain how learners ' goals affect the way they engage with academic tasks . Those who have mastery goals strive to increase their ability and knowledge . Those who have performance approach goals strive for high grades and seek opportunities to demonstrate their abilities . Those who have performance avoidance goals are driven by fear of failure and avoid situations where their abilities are exposed . Research has found that mastery goals are associated with many positive outcomes such as persistence in the face of failure , preference for challenging tasks , creativity and intrinsic motivation . Performance avoidance goals are associated with negative outcomes such as poor concentration while studying , disorganized studying , less self - regulation , shallow information processing and test anxiety . Performance approach goals are associated with positive outcomes , and some negative outcomes such as an unwillingness to seek help and shallow information processing . Locus of control is a salient factor in the successful academic performance of students . During the 1970s and ' 80s , Cassandra B. Whyte did significant educational research studying locus of control as related to the academic achievement of students pursuing higher education coursework . Much of her educational research and publications focused upon the theories of Julian B. Rotter in regard to the importance of internal control and successful academic performance . Whyte reported that individuals who perceive and believe that their hard work may lead to more successful academic outcomes , instead of depending on luck or fate , persist and achieve academically at a higher level . Therefore , it is important to provide education and counseling in this regard . Technology ( edit ) For a broader coverage related to this topic , see Educational technology . Bloom 's taxonomy of educational objectives : categories in the cognitive domain Instructional design , the systematic design of materials , activities and interactive environments for learning , is broadly informed by educational psychology theories and research . For example , in defining learning goals or objectives , instructional designers often use a taxonomy of educational objectives created by Benjamin Bloom and colleagues . Bloom also researched mastery learning , an instructional strategy in which learners only advance to a new learning objective after they have mastered its prerequisite objectives . Bloom discovered that a combination of mastery learning with one - to - one tutoring is highly effective , producing learning outcomes far exceeding those normally achieved in classroom instruction . Gagné , another psychologist , had earlier developed an influential method of task analysis in which a terminal learning goal is expanded into a hierarchy of learning objectives connected by prerequisite relationships . The following list of technological resources incorporate computer - aided instruction and intelligence for educational psychologists and their students : Intelligent tutoring system Cognitive tutor Cooperative learning Collaborative learning Problem - based learning Computer - supported collaborative learning Constructive alignment Technology is essential to the field of educational psychology , not only for the psychologist themselves as far as testing , organization , and resources , but also for students . Educational Psychologists whom reside in the K - 12 setting focus the majority of their time with Special Education students . It has been found that students with disabilities learning through technology such as IPad applications and videos are more engaged and motivated to learn in the classroom setting . Liu et al. explain that learning - based technology allows for students to be more focused , and learning is more efficient with learning technologies . The authors explain that learning technology also allows for students with social - emotional disabilities to participate in distance learning . Applications ( edit ) Teaching ( edit ) A class size experiment in the United States found that attending small classes for 3 or more years in the early grades increased high school graduation of students from low income families . Research on classroom management and pedagogy is conducted to guide teaching practice and form a foundation for teacher education programs . The goals of classroom management are to create an environment conducive to learning and to develop students ' self - management skills . More specifically , classroom management strives to create positive teacher -- student and peer relationships , manage student groups to sustain on - task behavior , and use counseling and other psychological methods to aid students who present persistent psychosocial problems . Introductory educational psychology is a commonly required area of study in most North American teacher education programs . When taught in that context , its content varies , but it typically emphasizes learning theories ( especially cognitively oriented ones ) , issues about motivation , assessment of students ' learning , and classroom management . A developing Wikibook about educational psychology gives more detail about the educational psychology topics that are typically presented in preservice teacher education . Special education Secondary Education Lesson plan Counseling ( edit ) Training ( edit ) In order to become an educational psychologist , students can complete an undergraduate degree in their choice . They then must go to graduate school to study education psychology , counseling psychology , and / or school counseling . Most students today are also receiving their doctorate degrees in order to hold the `` psychologist '' title . Educational psychologists work in a variety of settings . Some work in university settings where they carry out research on the cognitive and social processes of human development , learning and education . Educational psychologists may also work as consultants in designing and creating educational materials , classroom programs and online courses. Educational psychologists who work in k -- 12 school settings ( closely related are school psychologists in the US and Canada ) are trained at the master 's and doctoral levels . In addition to conducting assessments , school psychologists provide services such as academic and behavioral intervention , counseling , teacher consultation , and crisis intervention . However , school psychologists are generally more individual - oriented towards students . Many colleges and high schools are starting to teach students how to teach students in the classroom . In colleges educational psychology is starting to be a general education requirement . Employment Outlook ( edit ) Employment for psychologists in the United States is expected to grow faster than most occupations through the year 2014 , with anticipated growth of 18 -- 26 % . One in four psychologists are employed in educational settings . In the United States , the median salary for psychologists in primary and secondary schools is US $58,360 as of May 2004 . Colleges offer and allow someone to obtain an PHD in educational Psychology . In recent decades the participation of women as professional researchers in North American educational psychology has risen dramatically . Methods of research ( edit ) Educational psychology , as much as any other field of psychology heavily relies on a balance of pure observation and quantitative methods in psychology . The study of education generally combines the studies of history , sociology , and ethics with theoretical approaches . Smeyers and Depaepe explain that historically , the study of education and child rearing have been associated with the interests of policymakers and practitioners within the educational field , however , the recent shift to sociology and psychology has opened the door for new findings in education as a social science . Now being its own academic discipline , educational psychology has proven to be helpful for social science researchers . Quantitative research is the backing to most observable phenomena in psychology . This involves observing , creating , and understanding a distribution of data based upon the studies subject matter . Researchers use particular variables to interpret their data distributions from their research and employ statistics as a way of creating data tables and analyzing their data . Psychology has moved from the `` common sense '' reputations initially posed by Thomas Reid to the methodology approach comparing independent and dependent variables through natural observation , experiments , or combinations of the two . Though results are still , with statistical methods , objectively true based upon significance variables or p - values . See also ( edit ) Education portal Psychology portal Applied psychology Instructional theory Learning theory ( education ) List of educational psychologists List of publications in psychology List of educational psychology journals Living educational theory -- an educational psychology action research method Motivation theory References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Snowman , Jack ( 1997 ) . Educational Psychology : What Do We Teach , What Should We Teach ? . `` Educational Psychology '' , 9 , 151 - 169 Jump up ^ Lucas , J.L. ; Blazek , M.A. & Riley , A.B. ( 2005 ) . The lack of representation of educational psychology and school psychology in introductory psychology textbooks . Educational Psychology , 25 , 347 -- 51 . ^ Jump up to : Farrell , P. ( 2010 ) . School psychology : Learning lessons from history and moving forward . School Psychology International , 31 ( 6 ) , 581 - 598 . ^ Jump up to : Berliner , David . `` The 100 - Year Journey Of Educational Psychology '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Toomas Lott ( 2011 ) . `` Plato on the Rationality of Belief , Trames '' , 15 , 339 - 364 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Educational Psychology '' . cortland.edu . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Zimmerman , B.J. & Schunk , D.H. ( Eds . ) ( 2003 ) . Educational psychology : A century of contributions . Mahwah , NJ , US : Erlbaum . ^ Jump up to : Vives , J , & Watson , F. ( 1913 ) . On education : a translation of the de tradendis disciplinis of juan luis vives . Cambridge : The University Press . Jump up ^ Casini , Lorenzo ( 2010 ) . `` Quid sit anima '' : Juan Luis Vives on the soul and its relation to the body `` . Renaissance Studies , 24 , 496 - 517 Jump up ^ Glover , J , & Ronning , R. ( Ed . ) . ( 1987 ) . ^ Jump up to : Horlacher , Rebekka ( 2011 ) . Schooling as a means of popular education : Pestalozzi 's method as a popular education experiment . `` Paedagogica Historica '' : 47 , 65 - 75 ^ Jump up to : Hergenhahn , B.R. ( 2009 ) . An introduction to the history of psychology . Belmont , CA : Wadsworth . ^ Jump up to : James , W. ( 1983 ) . Talks to teachers on psychology and to students on some of life 's ideals . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . ( Original work published 1899 ) Jump up ^ Thorndike , E.L. ( 1912 ) . Education : A first book . New York : MacMillan . ^ Jump up to : Dewey J. ( 1910 ) . How we think . New York D.C. Heath & Co . ^ Jump up to : Clark , D. ( n.d. ) . Bloom 's taxonomy of learning domains . Retrieved from http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/bloom.html Jump up ^ Alberto , P. & Troutman , A. ( 2003 ) Applied behavior analysis for teachers ( 6th ed . ) . Columbus , OH , USA : Prentice - Hall - Merrill . Jump up ^ McGoey , K.E. & DuPaul , G.J. ( 2000 ) Token reinforcement and response cost procedures : Reducing the disruptive behavior of preschool children with attention - deficit / hyperactivity disorder . School Psychology Quarterly , 15 , 330 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Theodore , L.A. ; Bray , M.A. ; Kehle , T.J. & Jenson , W.R. ( 2001 ) Randomization of group contingencies and reinforcers to reduce classroom disruptive behavior . Journal of School Psychology , 39 , 267 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Lepper , M.R. ; Greene , D. & Nisbett , R.E. ( 1973 ) . Undermining children 's intrinsic interest with extrinsic reward : A test of the `` overjustification '' hypothesis . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 28 , 129 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Cameron , J. ; Pierce , W.D. ; Banko , K.M. & Gear , A. ( 2005 ) . Achievement - based rewards and intrinsic motivation : A test of cognitive mediators . Journal of Educational Psychology , 97 , 641 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Pierce , W.D. & Cameron , J. ( 2002 ) . A summary of the effects of reward contingencies on interest and performance . The Behavior Analyst Today , 3 , 222 -- 26 . ABO Jump up ^ Mayer , R.E. ( 2001 ) . Multimedia learning . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ^ Jump up to : Krug , D. ; Davis , T.B. ; Glover , J.A. ( 1990 ) . Massed versus distributed repeated reading : A case of forgetting helping recall ? Journal of Educational Psychology , 82 , 366 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Dempster , F.N. ( 1989 ) . Spacing effects and their implications for theory and practice . Educational Psychology Review , 1 , 309 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Carney , R.N. & Levin , J.R. ( 2000 ) . Fading mnemonic memories : Here 's looking anew , again ! Contemporary Educational Psychology , 25 , 499 -- 508 . Jump up ^ Kalyuga , S. ; Chandler , P. ; Tuovinen , J. & Sweller , J. ( 2001 ) . When problem solving is superior to studying worked examples . Journal of Educational Psychology , 93 , 579 -- 88 . ^ Jump up to : Woolfolk , A.E. ; Winne , P.H. & Perry , N.E. ( 2006 ) . Educational Psychology ( 3rd Canadian ed . ) . Toronto , Canada : Pearson . Jump up ^ Spearman , C. ( 1904 ) `` General intelligence '' objectively determined and measured . American Journal of Psychology , 15 , 201 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Howard . ( 1983 ) Frames of Mind : The Theory of Multiple Intelligences . New York : Basic Books . Jump up ^ Wechsler , D. ( 1949 ) . The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children . New York : Psychological Corp . Jump up ^ Day , L. ; Hanson , K. ; Maltby , J. ; Proctor , C.L. & Wood , A.M. ( in press ) . Hope uniquely predicts objective academic achievement above intelligence , personality , and previous academic achievement . Journal of Research in Personality . Jump up ^ Furth , H.G. & Wachs , H. ( 1975 ) . Thinking goes to school : Piaget 's theory in practice . Oxford : Oxford University Press Jump up ^ Demetriou , A. & Valanides , N. ( 1998 ) . A three level of theory of the developing mind : Basic principles and implications for instruction and assessment . In R.J. Sternberg & W.M. Williams ( Eds . ) , Intelligence , instruction , and assessment ( pp. 149 -- 99 ) . Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum . ^ Jump up to : Demetriou , A. ; Spanoudis , G. & Mouyi , A. ( 2010 ) . A Three - level Model of the Developing Mind : Functional and Neuronal Substantiation . In M. Ferrari and L. Vuletic ( Eds . ) , The Developmental Relations between Mind , Brain , and Education : Essays in honor of Robbie Case . New York : Springer . Jump up ^ Case , R. ( 1985 ) . Intellectual development : Birth to adulthood . New York : Academic Press . Jump up ^ Case , R. ( 1992 ) . The role of central conceptual structures in the development of children 's mathematical and scientific thought . In A. Demetriou , M. Shayer , & A. Efklides ( Eds . ) , Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development : Implications and applications to education ( pp. 52 -- 65 ) . London : Routledge . Jump up ^ Seifert , Kelvin & Sutton , Rosemary . Educational Psychology : Second Edition . Global Text Project , 2009 , pp. 33 -- 37 . Jump up ^ `` Educational Psychology Promotes Teaching and Learning '' . http://www.apa.org . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 29 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ Woods , Ashley and Woods , Steiner Schools in England , University of West of England , Bristol : Research Report RR645 , section 1.5 , `` Findings from the survey and case studies '' Jump up ^ Carrie Y . Nordlund , `` Art Experiences in Waldorf Education , '' Ph. D. Dissertation , University of Missouri - Columbia , May 2006 Jump up ^ Cano , F. ( 2005 ) . Epistemological beliefs and approaches to learning : Their change through secondary school and their influence on academic performance . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 75 , 203 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Omrod , Jeanne . `` Educational Theme : Motivation in the Classroom '' ( PDF ) . Green Education Foundation . ^ Jump up to : Weiner , B. ( 2000 ) . Interpersonal and intrapersonal theories of motivation from an attributional perspective . Educational Psychology Review , 12 , 1 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Deci , Edward L. ( 1991 ) . `` Motivation and Education : The Self - Determination Perspective '' . Educational Psychologist. 26 ( 3 & 4 ) : 325 -- 346 . doi : 10.1207 / s15326985ep2603&4_6 . ^ Jump up to : Elliot , A.J. ( 1999 ) . Approach and avoidance motivation and achievement goals . Educational Psychologist , 34 , 169 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Whyte , C. ( 1980 ) . An Integrated Counseling and Learning Assistance Center . New Directions Sourcebook . Jossey - Bass , Inc . San Francisco . Jump up ^ Whyte , C. ( 1978 ) . Effective Counseling Methods for High - Risk College Freshmen . Measurement and Evaluation in Guidance , 6 ( 4 ) , 198 -- 200 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , L.W. & Krathwohl , D.R. ( 2001 ) . A taxonomy for learning , teaching , and assessing : A revision of Bloom 's taxonomy of educational objectives . New York , USA : Addison - Wesley Longman . Jump up ^ Bloom , B.S. ( 1984 ) . The two sigma problem : The search for methods of group instruction as effective as one - to - one tutoring . Educational Researcher , 13 ( 6 ) , 4 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Gronlund , N.E. ( 2000 ) . How to write and use instructional objectives ( 6th ed . ) . Columbus , OH , USA : Merrill . Jump up ^ Liu , Gi Zen ; Wu , No - Wei ; Chen , Ye - Wen . Identifying Emerging Trends for implementing learning technology in special education . `` Research in Development disabilities '' , 2013 , 3618 -- 3628 Jump up ^ Finn , J.D. ; Gerber , S.B. ; Boyd - Zaharias , J. ( 2005 ) . Small classes in the early grades , academic achievement , and graduating from high school . Journal of Educational Psychology , 97 , 214 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Emmer , E.T. & Stough , L.M. ( 2001 ) . Classroom management : A critical part of educational psychology with implications for teacher education . Educational Psychologist , 36 , 103 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Love , P. ( 2009 ) . Educational psychologists : the early search for an identity . Educational Psychology In Practice , 25 ( 1 ) , 3 - 8 . Jump up ^ Bureau of Labor Statistics , U.S. Department of Labor . Occupational Outlook Handbook . 2006 -- 07 Edition . Psychologists . retrieved from http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos056.htm on June 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Evans , J. ; Hsieh , P.P. & Robinson , D.H. ( 2005 ) . Women 's Involvement in educational psychology journals from 1976 to 2004 . Educational Psychology Review , 17 , 263 -- 71 . ^ Jump up to : Smeyers , Paul ; Depaepe , Marc . The Lure of Psychology for Education and Educational Research . `` The Journal of Educational Philosophy '' , ( 2012 ) 46 , 315 - 331 . Further reading ( edit ) Barry , W.J. ( 2012 ) . Challenging the Status Quo Meaning of Educational Quality : Introducing Transformational Quality ( TQ ) Theory © . Educational Journal of Living Theories. 4 , 1 - 29 . http://ejolts.net/node/191 External links ( edit ) `` The template below ( Library resources box ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Library resources about Educational psychology Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Subject : Educational psychology Wikiversity has learning resources about Educational psychology Wikisource has the text of a 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article about Educational psychology . Educational Psychology Resources by Athabasca University Division 15 of the American Psychological Association Psychology of Education Section of the British Psychological Society Explorations in Learning & Instructional Design : Theory Into Practice Database Classics in the History of Psychology The Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing The Psychology of Educational Quality - Transformational Quality ( TQ ) Theory ( video ) Psychology History Philosophy Portal Psychologist Basic psychology Abnormal Affective science Affective neuroscience Behavioral genetics Behavioral neuroscience Behaviorism Cognitive Cognitive neuroscience Comparative Cross-cultural Cultural Developmental Differential Ecological Evolutionary Experimental Gestalt Intelligence Mathematical Neuropsychology Personality Positive Psycholinguistics Psychophysics Psychophysiology Quantitative Social Theoretical Applied psychology Anomalistic Applied behavior analysis Assessment Clinical Community Consumer Counseling Critical Educational Ergonomics Feminist Forensic Health Industrial and organizational Legal Media Military Music Occupational health Pastoral Political Psychometrics Psychotherapy Religion School Sport and exercise Suicidology Systems Traffic Methodologies Animal testing Archival research Behavior epigenetics Case study Content analysis Experiments Human subject research Interviews Neuroimaging Observation Qualitative research Quantitative research Self - report inventory Statistical surveys Psychologists William James ( 1842 -- 1910 ) Ivan Pavlov ( 1849 -- 1936 ) Sigmund Freud ( 1856 -- 1939 ) Edward Thorndike ( 1874 -- 1949 ) Carl Jung ( 1875 -- 1961 ) John B. Watson ( 1878 -- 1958 ) Clark L. Hull ( 1884 -- 1952 ) Kurt Lewin ( 1890 -- 1947 ) Jean Piaget ( 1896 -- 1980 ) Gordon Allport ( 1897 -- 1967 ) J.P. Guilford ( 1897 -- 1987 ) Carl Rogers ( 1902 -- 1987 ) Erik Erikson ( 1902 -- 1994 ) B.F. Skinner ( 1904 -- 1990 ) Donald O. Hebb ( 1904 -- 1985 ) Ernest Hilgard ( 1904 -- 2001 ) Harry Harlow ( 1905 -- 1981 ) Raymond Cattell ( 1905 -- 1998 ) Abraham Maslow ( 1908 -- 1970 ) Neal E. Miller ( 1909 -- 2002 ) Jerome Bruner ( 1915 -- 2016 ) Donald T. Campbell ( 1916 -- 1996 ) Hans Eysenck ( 1916 -- 1997 ) Herbert A. Simon ( 1916 -- 2001 ) David McClelland ( 1917 -- 1998 ) Leon Festinger ( 1919 -- 1989 ) George Armitage Miller ( 1920 -- 2012 ) Richard Lazarus ( 1922 -- 2002 ) Stanley Schachter ( 1922 -- 1997 ) Robert Zajonc ( 1923 -- 2008 ) Albert Bandura ( b . 1925 ) Roger Brown ( 1925 -- 1997 ) Endel Tulving ( b . 1927 ) Lawrence Kohlberg ( 1927 -- 1987 ) Noam Chomsky ( b . 1928 ) Ulric Neisser ( 1928 -- 2012 ) Jerome Kagan ( b . 1929 ) Walter Mischel ( b . 1930 ) Elliot Aronson ( b . 1932 ) Daniel Kahneman ( b . 1934 ) Paul Ekman ( b . 1934 ) Michael Posner ( b . 1936 ) Amos Tversky ( 1937 -- 1996 ) Bruce McEwen ( b . 1938 ) Larry Squire ( b . 1941 ) Richard E. Nisbett ( b . 1941 ) Martin Seligman ( b . 1942 ) Ed Diener ( b . 1946 ) Shelley E. Taylor ( b . 1946 ) John Anderson ( b . 1947 ) Ronald C. Kessler ( b . 1947 ) Joseph E. LeDoux ( b . 1949 ) Richard Davidson ( b . 1951 ) Susan Fiske ( b . 1952 ) Roy Baumeister ( b . 1953 ) Lists Counseling topics Disciplines Important publications Organizations Outline Psychologists Psychotherapies Research methods Schools of thought Timeline Topics Wiktionary definition Wiktionary category Wikisource Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikinews Wikibooks Dyslexia and related specific developmental disorders ( F80 -- F83 , 315 ) General conditions Speech and language impairment , communication disorder Expressive language disorder Infantile speech Landau -- Kleffner syndrome Language disorder Lisp Mixed receptive - expressive language disorder Specific language impairment Speech and language impairment Speech disorder Speech error Speech sound disorder Stammering Tip of the tongue Scholastic skills , learning disorder Developmental dyslexia Dyscalculia Dysgraphia ( Disorder of written expression ) Motor function Developmental coordination disorder Developmental verbal dyspraxia also known as Childhood apraxia of speech Other Auditory processing disorder Sensory processing disorder Related topics Dyslexia research Irlen filters Learning Ally Learning problems in childhood cancer Literacy Management of dyslexia , Dyslexia interventions Multisensory integration Neuropsychology Reading acquisition Spelling Writing system Lists Dyslexia in fiction Languages by Writing System People with dyslexia Topics in education General Glossary Index Outline Aims and objectives Anthropology Assessment Economics Evaluation History Leadership Philosophy Policy Politics Psychology Research Rights Sociology Technology Theory Types of institutions By subject Agricultural Art Bilingual Business Chemistry Design Economics Engineering Environmental Euthenics Health Language Legal Mathematics Medical Military Music Nursing Peace Performing arts Philosophy Physical Physics Reading Religious Science Sex Teacher Technology Values Vocational More ... 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Wikimedia Books Definitions Images Learning resources News Quotes Texts Stages of formal education Early childhood education Primary education Secondary education Tertiary education Preschool → Kindergarten → Elementary school → Infant → Junior → High school → Junior high school → Senior high school → Higher education Vocational Further continuing Undergraduate → Postgraduate Alternative education Homeschooling Adult education Portal Education by region Education in Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde ) Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla / ( see also plazas de soberanía ) ( Spain ) Madeira ( Portugal ) Mayotte / Réunion ( France ) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom ) Education in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - 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who is known as father of educational psychology

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List of players with eight or more points in an NHL game

List of players with eight or more points in an NHL game - wikipedia List of players with eight or more points in an NHL game Jump to : navigation , search Maurice `` Rocket '' Richard recorded the first eight - point game in league history . Mario Lemieux recorded three eight - point games . Wayne Gretzky had two eight - point games . Sam Gagner is the most recent NHL player to score an eight - point game . This is a list of players who have scored eight or more points in a National Hockey League game . Scoring eight or more points in a single game is considered a great feat , which has happened only 16 times , by 13 different players . Only one player , Darryl Sittler , scored more than eight points in a game , setting the NHL record with 10 while playing for the Toronto Maple Leafs in 1976 . Paul Coffey and Tom Bladon are the only defensemen to have scored eight points . The feat of scoring eight points in a game has been mostly achieved in the 1980s , with 10 out of the 16 instances happening in that decade . Mario Lemieux has the most games with at least eight points , scoring eight points in three separate games ( in one season ) . Wayne Gretzky is the only other player to attain the feat more than once ( twice in one season ) . The most recent player to do so was Sam Gagner of the Edmonton Oilers , who scored eight points against the Chicago Blackhawks on 2 February 2012 ; Gagner 's 8 - point night was also the first 8 - point game for a player since the 1980s . Scorers ( edit ) Legend Player is still active in the NHL Player scored eight points in a playoff game Name Team Date Goals Assists Points Richard , Maurice Maurice Richard Montreal Canadiens 000000001944 - 12 - 28 - 0000 December 28 , 1944 5 8 Olmstead , Bert Bert Olmstead Montreal Canadiens 000000001954 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 1954 8 Sittler , Darryl Darryl Sittler Toronto Maple Leafs 000000001976 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 1976 6 10 Bladon , Tom Tom Bladon Philadelphia Flyers 000000001977 - 12 - 11 - 0000 December 11 , 1977 8 Trottier , Bryan Bryan Trottier New York Islanders 000000001978 - 12 - 23 - 0000 December 23 , 1978 5 8 Stastny , Peter Peter Stastny Quebec Nordiques 000000001981 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 1981 8 Stastny , Anton Anton Stastny Quebec Nordiques 000000001981 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 1981 5 8 Gretzky , Wayne Wayne Gretzky Edmonton Oilers 000000001983 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 1983 5 8 Gretzky , Wayne Wayne Gretzky Edmonton Oilers 000000001984 - 01 - 04 - 0000 January 4 , 1984 8 Coffey , Paul Paul Coffey Edmonton Oilers 000000001986 - 03 - 14 - 0000 March 14 , 1986 6 8 Sundstrom , Patrik Patrik Sundstrom New Jersey Devils 000000001988 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 1988 5 8 Lemieux , Mario Mario Lemieux Pittsburgh Penguins 000000001988 - 10 - 15 - 0000 October 15 , 1988 6 8 Nicholls , Bernie Bernie Nicholls Los Angeles Kings 000000001988 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 1988 6 8 Lemieux , Mario Mario Lemieux Pittsburgh Penguins 000000001988 - 12 - 31 - 0000 December 31 , 1988 5 8 Lemieux , Mario Mario Lemieux Pittsburgh Penguins 000000001989 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 1989 5 8 Gagner , Sam Sam Gagner Edmonton Oilers 000000002012 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2012 8 References ( edit ) General `` Records + Rankings NHL Points '' . Hockey Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 04 . `` Records + Rankings NHL Playoff Points '' . Hockey Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 04 . List of NHL - related topics History Pre-NHL seasons National Hockey Association 1917 -- 42 1942 -- 67 1967 -- 92 1992 -- present All - time standings All - time team performance Seasons Most frequent playoff series Retired numbers First NHL player by country Ice hockey in Canada Ice hockey in the United States Personnel Famous linemates Captains Head coaches General managers Owners Notable families Presidents and Commissioners Referees and linesmen Records League records ( individual , team ) Statistical leaders ( by country of birth ) Points , career ( min . 1000 ) Assists , career ( min . 1000 ) Goals , career ( min . 500 ) Points , season ( min . 100 ) Goals , season ( min . 50 ) 50 goals in 50 games Games , career ( min . 1000 ) Consecutive games , career ( min . 500 ) PIMs , career ( min . 2000 ) 5 + goals , game 8 + points , game 300 wins , goaltender Goaltenders who have scored Wayne Gretzky 's records Gordie Howe 's records Related International games with NHL teams International games with NHL players World Cup of Hockey Hockey Fights Cancer Other Trade deadline Player salaries Team payrolls Video games Mascots National Hockey League lore Advanced statistics NHL uniform Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_players_with_eight_or_more_points_in_an_NHL_game&oldid=817328091 '' Categories : Lists of National Hockey League players National Hockey League statistical records Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2013 Articles with hCards Dts templates with deprecated parameters Talk About Wikipedia Magyar Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 27 December 2017 , at 17 : 50 . 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most points by nhl player in one game

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American Revolutionary War

American Revolutionary war - wikipedia American Revolutionary war Jump to : navigation , search This article is about military actions only . For political and social developments , including the origins and aftermath of the war , see American Revolution . American Revolutionary War Clockwise : Surrender of Lord Cornwallis after the Siege of Yorktown , Battle of Trenton , The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker Hill , Battle of Long Island , Battle of Guilford Court House Date April 19 , 1775 -- September 3 , 1783 ( 8 years , 4 months and 15 days ) Ratification effective : May 12 , 1784 ( 9 years and 23 days ) Location Eastern North America , Caribbean Sea , Indian subcontinent , Africa , the Atlantic Ocean , and the Indian Ocean Result Allied victory : Peace of Paris British recognition of American independence End of the First British Empire British retention of Canada and Gibraltar Territorial changes Great Britain cedes to the United States the area east of the Mississippi River and south of the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River Great Britain cedes East Florida , West Florida , and Menorca to Spain Great Britain cedes Tobago and Senegal to France Dutch Republic cedes Negapatnam to Great Britain Belligerents Thirteen Colonies ( before 1776 ) United States ( after 1776 ) Vermont Republic French Empire Spanish Empire Co-belligerents : Dutch Republic Mysore American Indians : ( show ) Oneida Tuscarora Catawba Lenape Chickasaw Choctaw Mahican Mi'kmaq Abenaki Cheraw Seminole Pee Dee Lumbee Watauga Association British Empire Hanover German mercenaries : Hesse - Kassel Hesse - Hanau Waldeck Brunswick Ansbach Anhalt - Zerbst American Indians : ( show ) Onondaga Mohawk Cayuga Seneca Mi'kmaq Cherokee Odawa Muscogee Susquehannock Shawnee Commanders and leaders George Washington Thomas Chittenden Louis XVI Charles III William V Hyder Ali † Tipu Sultan full list ... George III Lord North Lord George Germain full list ... Strength United States : Army & Militia : 40,000 ( average ) 200,000 ( total served ) Navy : 5,000 sailors ( peak 1779 ) 53 frigates and sloops ( total served ) State Navies : 106 ships ( total served ) Privateers : 55,000 sailors ( total served ) 1,697 ships Allies : Army : 63,000 French and Spanish ( Gibraltar ) Navy : 146 ships - of - the - line ( 1782 ) American Indian Allies : Unknown Great Britain : Army : 48,000 ( America peak ) 121,000 ( global 1781 ) 7,500 ( Gibraltar ) Navy : 94 ships - of - the - line ( 1782 ) 104 frigates ( 1781 ) 37 sloops ( 1781 ) 171,000 sailors Loyalists : 25,000 ( total served ) Hanoverians : 2,365 ( total served ) German mercenaries : 29,875 ( total served ) American Indian Allies : 13,000 Casualties and losses United States : 25,000 -- 70,000 total dead 6,800 killed in battle 17,000 died of disease France : at least 7,000 dead ( 2,112 in the United States ) Spain : 5,000 killed Netherlands : 500 killed Total : 37,000 -- 82,500 + soldiers dead Great Britain : Army : 43,633 total dead ~ 9,372 killed in battle 27,000 died of disease Navy : 1,243 killed in battle 18,500 died of disease ( 1776 -- 1780 ) 42,000 deserted Germans : 7,774 total dead 1,800 killed in battle 4,888 deserted Loyalists : 7,000 total dead 1,700 killed in battle 5,300 died of disease ( estimated ) Total : 78,200 + soldiers dead American Revolutionary War Campaigns and theaters Boston Quebec New York and New Jersey Saratoga Philadelphia Western Northern Northern ( after Saratoga ) Southern Yorktown Caribbean Gulf Coast Gold Coast Naval The American Revolutionary War ( 1775 -- 1783 ) , also known as the American War of Independence , was a global war that began as a conflict between Great Britain and its Thirteen Colonies which declared independence as the United States of America . After 1765 , growing philosophical and political differences strained the relationship between Great Britain and its colonies . Patriot protests against taxation without representation followed the Stamp Act and escalated into boycotts , which culminated in 1773 with the Sons of Liberty destroying a shipment of tea in Boston Harbor . Britain responded by closing Boston Harbor and passing a series of punitive measures against Massachusetts Bay Colony . Massachusetts colonists responded with the Suffolk Resolves , and they established a shadow government which wrested control of the countryside from the Crown . Twelve colonies formed a Continental Congress to coordinate their resistance , establishing committees and conventions that effectively seized power . British attempts to disarm the Massachusetts militia at Concord in April 1775 led to open combat . Militia forces then besieged Boston , forcing a British evacuation in March 1776 , and Congress appointed George Washington to command the Continental Army . Concurrently , an American attempt to invade Quebec and raise rebellion against the British failed decisively . On July 2 , 1776 , the Continental Congress voted for independence , issuing its declaration on July 4 . Sir William Howe launched a British counter-offensive , capturing New York City and leaving American morale at a low ebb . However , victories at Trenton and Princeton restored American confidence . In 1777 , the British launched an invasion from Quebec under John Burgoyne , intending to isolate the New England Colonies . Instead of assisting this effort , Howe took his army on a separate campaign against Philadelphia , and Burgoyne was decisively defeated at Saratoga in October 1777 . Burgoyne 's defeat had drastic consequences ; France formally allied with the Americans and entered the war in 1778 , and Spain joined the war the following year as an ally of France but not as an ally of the United States . In 1780 , the Kingdom of Mysore attacked the British in India , and tensions between Great Britain and the Netherlands erupted into open war . In North America , the British mounted a `` Southern strategy '' led by Charles Cornwallis which hinged upon a Loyalist uprising , but too few came forward . Cornwallis suffered reversals at King 's Mountain and Cowpens . He retreated to Yorktown , Virginia , intending an evacuation , but a decisive French naval victory deprived him of an escape . A Franco - American army led by the Comte de Rochambeau and Washington then besieged Cornwallis ' army and , with no sign of relief , he surrendered in October 1781 . Whigs in Britain had long opposed the pro-war Tories in Parliament , and the surrender gave them the upper hand . In early 1782 , Parliament voted to end all offensive operations in North America , but the war continued in Europe and India . Britain remained under siege in Gibraltar but scored a major victory over the French navy . On September 3 , 1783 , the belligerent parties signed the Treaty of Paris in which Great Britain agreed to recognize the sovereignty of the United States and formally end the war . French involvement had proven decisive , but France made few gains and incurred crippling debts . Spain made some minor territorial gains but failed in its primary aim of recovering Gibraltar . The Dutch were defeated on all counts and were compelled to cede territory to Great Britain . In India , the war against Mysore and its allies concluded in 1784 without any territorial changes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Taxation disputes 1.2 Colonial response 2 Course of the war 2.1 War breaks out ( 1775 -- 1776 ) 2.2 Political reactions 2.3 British counter-offensive ( 1776 -- 1777 ) 2.4 British northern strategy fails ( 1777 -- 1778 ) 2.5 Foreign intervention 2.6 International war breaks out ( 1778 -- 1780 ) 2.6. 1 Europe 2.6. 2 Americas 2.6. 3 India 2.7 Stalemate in the North ( 1778 -- 1780 ) 2.8 War in the South ( 1778 -- 1781 ) 2.9 British defeat in America ( 1781 ) 2.10 North Ministry collapses 2.11 Final years of the war ( 1781 -- 1783 ) 2.11. 1 Europe 2.11. 2 Americas 2.11. 3 India 3 Peace of Paris 4 Aftermath 4.1 Casualties and losses 4.1. 1 Americans and allies 4.1. 2 British and allies 4.2 Financial debts 5 Analysis of combatants 5.1 Great Britain 5.1. 1 Armed forces 5.1. 1.1 Recruitment 5.1. 1.1. 1 Loyalists and Hessians 5.1. 1.2 Leadership 5.1. 1.3 Logistics 5.1. 1.4 Discipline 5.1. 2 Strategic deficiencies 5.1. 2.1 William Howe 5.1. 2.2 Clinton and Cornwallis 5.1. 3 Campaign issues 5.2 Patriots 5.3 African Americans 5.4 American Indians 5.5 Race and class 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 Reference literature 11 External links 11.1 Bibliographies Background Main article : American Revolution Taxation disputes Parliament passed the Stamp Act in 1765 . Colonists condemned the tax because their rights as Englishmen protected them from being taxed by a Parliament in which they had no elected representatives . Parliament argued that the colonies were `` represented virtually '' , an idea that was criticized throughout the Empire . Parliament did repeal the act in 1766 ; however , it also affirmed its right to pass laws that were binding on the colonies . From 1767 , Parliament began passing legislation to raise revenue for the salaries of civil officials , ensuring their loyalty while inadvertently increasing resentment among the colonists , and opposition soon became widespread . This iconic 1846 lithograph by Nathaniel Currier was entitled `` The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor '' ; the phrase `` Boston Tea Party '' had not yet become standard . Contrary to Currier 's depiction , few of the men dumping the tea were actually disguised as Indians . Enforcing the acts proved difficult . The seizure of the sloop Liberty in 1768 on suspicions of smuggling triggered a riot . In response , British troops occupied Boston , and Parliament threatened to extradite colonists to face trial in England . Tensions rose after the murder of Christopher Seider by a customs official in 1770 and escalated into outrage after British troops fired on civilians in the Boston Massacre . In 1772 , colonists in Rhode Island boarded and burned a customs schooner . Parliament then repealed all taxes except the one on tea , passing the Tea Act in 1773 , attempting to force colonists to buy East India Company tea on which the Townshend duties were paid , thus implicitly agreeing to Parliamentary supremacy . The landing of the tea was resisted in all colonies , but the governor of Massachusetts permitted British tea ships to remain in Boston Harbor . So , the Sons of Liberty destroyed the tea chests , an incident that later became known as the `` Boston Tea Party '' . Parliament then passed punitive legislation . It closed Boston Harbor until the tea was paid for and revoked the Massachusetts Charter , taking upon themselves the right to directly appoint the Massachusetts Governor 's Council . Additionally , the royal governor was granted powers to undermine local democracy . Further measures allowed the extradition of officials for trial elsewhere in the Empire , if the governor felt that a fair trial could not be secured locally . The act 's vague reimbursement policy for travel expenses left few with the ability to testify , and colonists argued that it would allow officials to harass them with impunity . Further laws allowed the governor to billet troops in private property without permission . The colonists referred to the measures as the `` Intolerable Acts '' , and they argued that both their constitutional rights and their natural rights were being violated , viewing the acts as a threat to all of America . The acts were widely opposed , driving neutral parties into support of the Patriots and curtailing Loyalist sentiment . Colonial response The colonists responded by establishing the Massachusetts Provincial Congress , effectively removing Crown control of the colony outside Boston . Meanwhile , representatives from twelve colonies convened the First Continental Congress to respond to the crisis . The Congress narrowly rejected a proposal to create an American parliament to act in concert with the British Parliament ; instead , they passed a compact declaring a trade boycott against Britain . The Congress also affirmed that Parliament had no authority over internal American matters , but they were willing to consent to trade regulations for the benefit of the empire , and they authorized committees and conventions to enforce the boycott . The boycott was effective , as imports from Britain dropped by 97 % in 1775 compared to 1774 . Parliament refused to yield . In 1775 , it declared Massachusetts to be in a state of rebellion and enforced a blockade of the colony . It then passed legislation to limit colonial trade to the British West Indies and the British Isles . Colonial ships were barred from the Newfoundland cod fisheries , a measure which pleased Canadiens but damaged New England 's economy . These increasing tensions led to a mutual scramble for ordnance and pushed the colonies toward open war . Thomas Gage was the British Commander - in - Chief and military governor of Massachusetts , and he received orders on April 14 , 1775 to disarm the local militias . Course of the war War breaks out ( 1775 -- 1776 ) Main articles : Battles of Lexington and Concord ; Boston campaign ; Invasion of Quebec ( 1775 ) ; Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War § Early operations , 1775 -- 1778 ; and Battle of Nassau Major Campaigns of the American Revolutionary War On April 18 , 1775 , 700 troops were sent to confiscate militia ordnance stored at Concord . Fighting broke out , forcing the regulars to conduct a fighting withdrawal to Boston . Overnight , the local militia converged on and laid siege to Boston . On March 25 , 4,500 British reinforcements arrived with generals William Howe , John Burgoyne , and Henry Clinton . The British seized the Charlestown peninsula on June 17 after a costly frontal assault , leading Howe to replace Gage . Many senior officers were dismayed at the attack , which had gained them little , while Gage wrote to London stressing the need for a large army to suppress the revolt . On July 3 , George Washington took command of the Continental Army besieging Boston . Howe made no effort to attack , much to Washington 's surprise . A plan was rejected to assault the city , and the Americans instead fortified Dorchester Heights in early March 1776 with heavy artillery captured from a raid on Fort Ticonderoga . The British were permitted to withdraw unmolested on March 17 , and they sailed to Halifax , Nova Scotia . Washington then moved his army to New York . Starting in August 1775 , American Privateers began to raid villages in Nova Scotia , first at Saint John , then Charlottetown and Yarmouth . They continued in 1776 at Canso and then a land assault on Fort Cumberland . The British marching to Concord Meanwhile , British officials in Quebec began lobbying Indian tribes to support them , while the Americans urged them to maintain their neutrality . In April 1775 , Congress feared an Anglo - Indian attack from Canada and authorized an invasion of Quebec . Quebec had a largely Francophone population and had been under British rule for only 12 years , and the Americans expected that they would welcome being liberated from the British . The Americans attacked Quebec City on December 31 after an arduous march but were defeated . After a loose siege , the Americans withdrew on May 6 . 1776 . A failed counter-attack on June 8 ended American operations in Quebec . However , the British could not conduct an aggressive pursuit because of American ships on Lake Champlain . On October 11 , the British defeated the American squadron , forcing them to withdraw to Ticonderoga and ending the campaign . The invasion cost the Patriots their support in British public opinion , while aggressive anti-Loyalist policies diluted Canadien support . The Patriots continued to view Quebec as a strategic aim , though no further attempts to invade were ever made . British soldiers and Provincial militiamen repulse the American assault at Sault - au - Matelot , Canada , December 1775 In Virginia , Royal governor Lord Dunmore had attempted to disarm the militia as tensions increased , although no fighting broke out . He issued a proclamation on November 7 , 1775 promising freedom for slaves who fled their Patriot masters to fight for the Crown . Dunmore 's troops were overwhelmed by Patriots at Great Bridge , and Dunmore fled to naval ships anchored off Norfolk . Subsequent negotiations broke down , so Dunmore ordered the ships to destroy the town . Fighting broke out on November 19 in South Carolina between Loyalist and Patriot militias , and the Loyalists were subsequently driven out of the colony . Loyalists were recruited in North Carolina to reassert colonial rule in the South , but they were decisively defeated and Loyalist sentiment was subdued . A troop of British regulars set out to reconquer South Carolina and launched an attack on Charleston on June 28 , 1776 , but it failed and effectively left the South in Patriot control until 1780 . The shortage of gunpowder had led Congress to authorize an expedition against the Bahamas colony in the British West Indies in order to secure ordnance there . On March 3 , 1776 , the Americans landed after a bloodless exchange of fire , and the local militia offered no resistance . They confiscated all the supplies that they could load and sailed away on March 17 . The squadron reached New London , Connecticut on April 8 , after a brief skirmish with the Royal Navy frigate HMS Glasgow on April 6 . Political reactions Main articles : Olive Branch Petition and United States Declaration of Independence After fighting began , Congress launched a final attempt to avert war , which Parliament rejected as insincere . King George then issued a Proclamation of Rebellion on August 23 , 1775 , which only served to embolden the colonists in their determination to become independent . After a speech by the King , Parliament rejected coercive measures on the colonies by 170 votes . British Tories refused to compromise , while Whigs argued that current policy would drive the colonists towards independence . Despite opposition , the King himself began micromanaging the war effort . The Irish Parliament pledged to send troops to America , and Irish Catholics were allowed to enlist in the army for the first time . Irish Protestants favored the Americans , while Catholics favored the King . The initial hostilities provided a sobering military lesson for the British , causing them to rethink their views on colonial military capability . The weak British response gave the Patriots the advantage , and the British lost control over every colony . The army had been deliberately kept small in England since 1688 to prevent abuses of power by the King . Parliament secured treaties with small German states for additional troops and sent an army of 32,000 men to America after a year , the largest that it had ever sent outside Europe at the time . In the colonies , the success of Thomas Paine 's pamphlet Common Sense had boosted public support for independence . On July 2 , Congress voted in favor of independence with twelve affirmatives and one abstention , issuing its declaration on July 4 . Washington read the declaration to his men and the citizens of New York on July 9 , invigorating the crowd to tear down a lead statue of the King and melting it to make bullets . British Tories criticized the signatories for not extending the same standards of equality to slaves . Patriots followed independence with the Test Laws , requiring residents to swear allegiance to the state in which they lived , intending to root out neutrals or opponents to independence . Failure to do so meant possible imprisonment , exile , or even death . American Tories were barred from public office , forbidden from practising medicine and law , forced to pay increased taxes , or even barred from executing wills or becoming guardians to orphans . Congress enabled states to confiscate Loyalist property to fund the war . Some Quakers who remained neutral had their property confiscated . States later prevented Loyalists from collecting any debts that they were owed . British counter-offensive ( 1776 -- 1777 ) Main article : New York and New Jersey campaign American soldiers in combat at the Battle of Long Island , 1776 After regrouping at Halifax , William Howe determined to take the fight to the Americans . He set sail in June 1776 and began landing troops on Staten Island near the entrance to New York Harbor on July 2 . Due to poor military intelligence , Washington split his army to positions on Manhattan Island and across the East River in western Long Island , and an informal attempt to negotiate peace was rejected by the Americans . On August 27 , Howe outflanked Washington and forced him back to Brooklyn Heights . Howe restrained his subordinates from pursuit , opting to besiege Washington instead . Washington withdrew to Manhattan without any losses in men or ordnance . Following the withdrawal , the Staten Island Peace Conference failed to negotiate peace , as the British delegates did not possess the authority to recognize independence . Howe then seized control of New York City on September 15 , and unsuccessfully engaged the Americans the following day . He attempted to encircle Washington , but the Americans successfully withdrew . On October 28 , the British fought an indecisive action against Washington , in which Howe declined to attack Washington 's army , instead concentrating his efforts upon a hill that was of no strategic value . British warships forcing passage of the Hudson River Washington 's retreat left his forces isolated , and the British captured an American fortification on November 16 , taking 3,000 prisoners and amounting to what one historian terms `` the most disastrous defeat of the entire war '' . Washington 's army fell back four days later . Henry Clinton then captured Newport , Rhode Island , an operation which he opposed , feeling that the 6,000 troops assigned to him could have been better employed in the pursuit of Washington . The American prisoners were then sent to the infamous prison ships in which more American soldiers and sailors died of disease and neglect than died in every battle of the war combined . Charles Cornwallis pursued Washington , but Howe ordered him to halt , and Washington marched away unmolested . The outlook of the American cause was bleak ; the army had dwindled to fewer than 5,000 men and would be reduced further when the enlistments expired at the end of the year . Popular support wavered , morale ebbed away , and Congress abandoned Philadelphia . Loyalist activity surged in the wake of the American defeat , especially in New York . Emanuel Leutze 's famous 1851 depiction of Washington Crossing the Delaware News of the campaign was well received in Britain . Festivities took place in London , public support reached a peak , and the King awarded the Order of the Bath to William Howe . The successes led to predictions that the British could win within a year . The American defeat revealed what one writer views as Washington 's strategic deficiencies , such as dividing a numerically weaker army in the face of a stronger one , his inexperienced staff misreading the situation , and his troops fleeing in disorder when fighting began . In the meantime , the British entered winter quarters and were in a good place to resume campaigning . On December 25 , 1776 , Washington stealthily crossed the Delaware River , and his army overwhelmed the Hessian garrison at Trenton , New Jersey the following morning , taking 900 prisoners . The decisive victory rescued the army 's flagging morale and gave a new hope to the cause for independence . Cornwallis marched to retake Trenton , but his efforts were repulsed on January 2 . Washington outmanoeuvred Cornwallis that night , and defeated his rearguard the following day . The victories proved instrumental in convincing the French and Spanish that the Americans were worthwhile allies , as well as recovering morale in the army . Washington entered winter quarters at Morristown , New Jersey on January 6 , though a protracted guerrilla conflict continued . While encamped , Howe made no attempt to attack , much to Washington 's amazement . British northern strategy fails ( 1777 -- 1778 ) Main articles : Saratoga campaign and Philadelphia campaign In December 1776 , John Burgoyne returned to London to set strategy with Lord George Germain . Burgoyne 's plan was to establish control of the Champlain - George - Hudson route from New York to Quebec , isolating New England . Efforts could then be concentrated on the southern colonies , where it was believed Loyalist support was in abundance . `` The Surrender at Saratoga '' shows General Daniel Morgan in front of a French de Vallière 4 - pounder . Burgoyne 's plan was to lead an army along Lake Champlain , while a strategic diversion advanced along the Mohawk River , and both would rendezvous at Albany . Burgoyne set out on June 14 , 1777 , quickly capturing Ticonderoga on July 5 . Leaving 1,300 men behind as a garrison , Burgoyne continued the advance . Progress was slow ; the Americans blocked roads , destroyed bridges , dammed streams and denuded the area of food . Meanwhile , Barry St. Ledger 's diversionary column laid siege to Fort Stanwix . St. Ledger withdrew to Quebec on August 22 after his Indian support abandoned him . On August 16 , a Hessian foraging expedition was soundly defeated at Bennington , and more than 700 troops were captured . Meanwhile , the vast majority of Burgoyne 's Indian support abandoned him and Howe informed Burgoyne he would launch his campaign on Philadelphia as planned , and would be unable to render aid . Burgoyne decided to continue the advance . On September 19 , he attempted to flank the American position , and clashed at Freeman 's Farm . The British won , but at the cost of 600 casualties . Burgoyne then dug in , but suffered a constant haemorrhage of deserters , and critical supplies were running low . On October 7 , a British reconnaissance in force against the American lines was repulsed with heavy losses . Burgoyne then withdrew with the Americans in pursuit , and by October 13 , he was surrounded . With no hope of relief and supplies exhausted , Burgoyne surrendered on October 17 , and 6,222 soldiers became prisoners of the Americans . The decisive success spurred France to enter the war as an ally of the United States , securing the final elements needed for victory over Britain , that of foreign assistance . Washington and Lafayette inspect the troops at Valley Forge . Meanwhile , Howe launched his campaign against Washington , though his initial efforts to bring him to battle in June 1777 failed . Howe declined to attack Philadelphia overland via New Jersey , or by sea via the Delaware Bay , even though both options would have enabled him to assist Burgoyne if necessary . Instead , he took his army on a time - consuming route through the Chesapeake Bay , leaving him completely unable to assist Burgoyne . This decision was so difficult to understand , Howe 's critics accused him of treason . Howe outflanked and defeated Washington on September 11 , though he failed to follow - up on the victory and destroy his army . A British victory at Willistown left Philadelphia defenceless , and Howe captured the city unopposed on September 26 . Howe then moved 9,000 men to Germantown , north of Philadelphia . Washington launched a surprise attack on Howe 's garrison on October 4 , which was eventually repulsed . Again , Howe did not follow - up on his victory , leaving the American army intact and able to fight . Later , after several days of probing American defences at White Marsh , Howe inexplicably ordered a retreat to Philadelphia , astonishing both sides . Howe ignored the vulnerable American rear , where an attack could have deprived Washington of his baggage and supplies . On December 19 , Washington 's army entered winter quarters at Valley Forge . Poor conditions and supply problems resulted in the deaths of some 2,500 troops . Howe , only 20 miles ( 32 km ) away , made no effort to attack , which critics observed could have ended the war . The Continental Army was put through a new training program , supervised by Baron von Steuben , introducing the most modern Prussian methods of drilling . Meanwhile , Howe resigned and was replaced by Henry Clinton on May 24 , 1778 . Clinton received orders to abandon Philadelphia and fortify New York following France 's entry into the war . On June 18 , the British departed Philadelphia , with the reinvigorated Americans in pursuit . The two armies fought at Monmouth Court House on June 28 , with the Americans holding the field , greatly boosting morale and confidence . By July , both armies were back in the same positions they had been two years prior . Foreign intervention Main articles : France in the American Revolutionary War , Spain in the American Revolutionary War , and Carlisle Peace Commission The defeat at Saratoga caused considerable anxiety in Britain over foreign intervention . The North ministry sought reconciliation with the colonies by consenting to their original demands , although Lord North refused to grant independence . No positive reply was received from the Americans . French troops storming Redoubt 9 during the Siege of Yorktown French foreign minister the Comte de Vergennes was strongly anti-British , and he sought a casus belli to go to war with Britain following the conquest of Canada in 1763 . The French had covertly supplied the Americans through neutral Dutch ports since the onset of the war , proving invaluable throughout the Saratoga campaign . The French public favored war , though Vergennes and King Louis XVI were hesitant , owing to the military and financial risk . The American victory at Saratoga convinced the French that supporting the Patriots was worthwhile , but doing so also brought major concerns . The King was concerned that Britain 's concessions would be accepted , and that she would then reconcile with the Colonies to strike at French and Spanish possessions in the Caribbean . To prevent this , France formally recognized the United States on February 6 , 1778 and followed with a military alliance . France aimed to expel Britain from the Newfoundland fishery , end restrictions on Dunkirk sovereignty , regain free trade in India , recover Senegal and Dominica , and restore the Treaty of Utrecht provisions pertaining to Anglo - French trade . Spain was wary of provoking war with Britain before she was ready , so she covertly supplied the Patriots via her colonies in New Spain . Congress hoped to persuade Spain into an open alliance , so the first American Commission met with the Count of Aranda in 1776 . Spain was still reluctant to make an early commitment , owing to a lack of direct French involvement , the threat against their treasure fleets , and the possibility of war with Portugal , Spain 's neighbor and a close ally of Britain . However , Spain affirmed its desire to support the Americans the following year , hoping to weaken Britain 's empire . In the Spanish - Portuguese War ( 1776 - 77 ) , the Portuguese threat was neutralized . On 12 April 1779 , Spain signed the Treaty of Aranjuez with France and went to war against Britain . Spain sought to recover Gibraltar and Menorca in Europe , as well as Mobile and Pensacola in Florida , and also to expel the British from Central America . Meanwhile , George III had given up on subduing America while Britain had a European war to fight . He did not welcome war with France , but he believed that Britain had made all necessary steps to avoid it and cited the British victories over France in the Seven Years ' War as a reason to remain optimistic . Britain tried in vain to find a powerful ally to engage France , leaving it isolated , preventing Britain from focusing the majority of her efforts in one theater , and forcing a major diversion of military resources from America . Despite this , the King determined never to recognize American independence and to ravage the colonies indefinitely , or until they pleaded to return to the yoke of the Crown . Mahan argues that Britain 's attempt to fight in multiple theaters simultaneously without major allies was fundamentally flawed , citing impossible mutual support , exposing the forces to defeat in detail . Since the outbreak of the conflict , Britain had appealed to her ally , the neutral Dutch Republic , to loan her the use of the Scots Brigade for service in America , but pro-American sentiment among the Dutch public forced them to deny the request . Consequently , the British attempted to invoke several treaties for outright Dutch military support , but the Republic still refused . Moreover , American troops were being supplied with ordnance by Dutch merchants via their West Indies colonies . French supplies bound for America had also passed through Dutch ports . The Republic maintained free trade with France following France 's declaration of war on Britain , citing a prior concession by Britain on this issue . Britain responded by confiscating Dutch shipping , and even firing upon it . Consequently , the Republic joined the First League of Armed Neutrality to enforce their neutral status . The Republic had also given sanctuary to American privateers and had drafted a treaty of commerce with the Americans . Britain argued that these actions contravened the Republic 's neutral stance and declared war in December 1780 . International war breaks out ( 1778 -- 1780 ) Main articles : France in the American Revolutionary War , Anglo - French War ( 1778 - 1783 ) , Spain in the American Revolutionary War , Second Anglo - Mysore War , and Fourth Anglo - Dutch War Europe The Moonlight Battle of Cape St. Vincent , 16 January 1780 by Francis Holman , painted 1780 Soon after France declared war , French and British fleets fought an indecisive action off Ushant on 27 July 1778 . Spain entered the war on 12 April 1779 , with a primary goal of capturing Gibraltar , Spanish troops under the Duc de Crillon laid siege to the Rock on 24 June . The naval blockade , however , was relatively weak , and the British were able to resupply the garrison . Meanwhile , a plan was formulated for a combined Franco - Spanish invasion of the British mainland , but the expedition failed due to a combination of poor planning , disease , logistical issues , and high financial expenditures . However , a diversionary Franco - American squadron did meet with some success on 23 September under John Paul Jones . On 16 January 1780 , the Royal Navy under George Rodney scored a major victory over the Spanish , weakening the naval blockade of Gibraltar . A Franco - Spanish fleet commanded by Luis de Córdova intercepted and decisively defeated a large British convoy off the Azores led by John Moutray on 9 August which was bound for the West Indies . The defeat was catastrophic for Britain , which lost 52 merchant ships , 5 East Indiamen , 80,000 muskets , equipment for 40,000 troops , 294 guns , and 3,144 men , making it one of the most complete naval captures ever made . The loss was valued at some £ 1.5 million ( £ 181 million in today 's money ) , dealing a severe blow to British commerce . Americas The French blockaded the lucrative sugar islands of Barbados and Jamaica , intending to damage British trade . French troops led by the Marquis de Bouillé captured Dominica on 7 September 1778 in order to improve communication among French Caribbean islands and to strike a blow to privateering . The British defeated a French naval force on 15 December and captured St. Lucia on 28 December . Both fleets received reinforcements through the first half of 1779 , but the French under the Comte d'Estaing had superiority in the Caribbean and began capturing British territories , seizing St. Vincent on 18 June and Grenada on 4 July . The British fleet under John Byron was tactically defeated on July 6 , having pursued d'Estaing from Grenada , the worst loss that the Royal Navy had suffered since 1690 . Naval skirmishes continued until 17 April 1780 , when British and French fleets clashed indecisively off Martinique . At New Orleans Governor Bernardo de Gálvez decided conquered West Florida and Mobile . In Central America , the defense of Guatemala was a priority for Spain . The British intended to capture the key fortress of San Fernando de Omoa and drive the Spanish from the region . After inadequate first attempts , 1,200 British troops led by William Dalrymple arrived on 16 October , and they captured the fort on 20 October . However , the British suffered terribly due to disease and were forced to abandon the fort on 29 November ; Spanish troops subsequently reoccupied it . In 1780 , Jamaica 's governor John Dalling planned an expedition to cut New Spain in two by capturing Granada , which would subsequently allow them full control of the San Juan River . A British expedition set out on 3 February 1780 , led by John Polson and Horatio Nelson . They reached Fort San Juan on 17 March and laid siege , capturing it on 29 April . The British were ravaged by disease and were running low on food due to poor logistics . They withdrew on 8 November , the expedition having suffered a decisive defeat ; some 2,500 troops had perished , making it the costliest British disaster of the war . India Mysorean troops defeat the British at Pollilur , using rockets against closely massed British infantry The British East India Company moved quickly to capture French possessions in India when they learned about the hostilities with France , and they took Pondicherry on 19 October 1778 after a two - week siege . The Company resolved to drive the French completely out of India , and they captured the Malabar port of Mahé in 1779 where French ordnance passed through . Mahé was under the protection of Mysore 's ruler Hyder Ali ( the Tipu Sultan ) , and tensions were already inflamed because the British had supported Malabar rebels who had risen against him ; so the fall of Mahé precipitated war . Hyder Ali invaded the Carnatic region in July 1780 and laid siege to Tellicherry and Arcot . A British relief force of 7,000 men under William Baille was intercepted and destroyed by the Tipu Sultan on 10 September , the worst defeat suffered by a European army in India at the time . Ali then renewed the siege at Arcot instead of pressing on for a decisive victory against a second British army at Madras , capturing it on 3 November . The delay allowed British forces to regroup for campaigning the following year . Stalemate in the North ( 1778 -- 1780 ) Main articles : Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War after Saratoga and Western theater of the American Revolutionary War `` Give ' em Watts , boys ! '' -- American troops repulse Wilhelm von Knyphausen 's attack at Springfield Henry Clinton withdrew from Philadelphia , consolidating his forces in New York following the British defeat at Saratoga and the entry of France into the war . French admiral the Comte d'Estaing had been dispatched to North America in April 1778 to assist Washington , and he arrived shortly after Clinton withdrew into New York . The Franco - American forces felt that New York 's defenses were too formidable for the French fleet , and they opted to attack Newport . This effort was launched on August 29 , but it failed when the French opted to withdraw , and this displeased the Americans . The war then ground down to a stalemate , with the majority of actions fought as large skirmishes , such as those at Chestnut Neck and Little Egg Harbor . In the summer of 1779 , the Americans captured British posts at Stony Point and Paulus Hook . In July , Clinton unsuccessfully attempted to coax Washington into a decisive engagement by making a major raid into Connecticut . That month , a large American naval operation attempted to retake Maine , but it resulted in the worst American naval defeat until Pearl Harbor in 1941 . The high frequency of Iroquois raids on the locals compelled Washington to mount a punitive expedition which destroyed a large number of Iroquois settlements , but the effort ultimately failed to stop the raids . During the winter of 1779 -- 80 , the Continental Army suffered greater hardships than at Valley Forge . Morale was poor ; public support was being eroded by the long war ; the national currency was virtually worthless ; the army was plagued with supply problems ; desertion was common ; and whole regiments mutinied over the conditions in early 1780 . Hamilton surrenders at Vincennes , February 29 , 1779 In 1780 , Clinton launched an attempt to retake New Jersey . On June 7 , 6,000 men invaded under Hessian general Wilhelm von Knyphausen , but they met stiff resistance from the local militia . The British held the field , but Knyphausen feared a general engagement with Washington 's main army and withdrew . Knyphausen and Clinton decided upon a second attempt two weeks later which was soundly defeated at Springfield , effectively ending British ambitions in New Jersey . Meanwhile , American general Benedict Arnold had defected to the British , and he conspired to betray the key American fortress of West Point by surrendering it to the enemy . The plot was foiled when British spy master John André was captured , so Arnold fled to British lines in New York . He attempted to justify his betrayal by appealing to Loyalist public opinion , but the Patriots strongly condemned him as a coward and turncoat . The war to the west of the Appalachians was largely confined to skirmishing and raids . An expedition of militia was halted due to adverse weather in February 1778 which had set out to destroy British military supplies in settlements along the Cuyahoga River . Later in the year , a second campaign was undertaken to seize the Illinois Country from the British . The Americans captured Kaskaskia on July 4 and then secured Vincennes , although Vincennes was recaptured by Henry Hamilton , the British commander at Detroit . In early 1779 , the Americans counterattacked by undertaking a risky winter march , and they secured the surrender of the British at Vincennes , taking Hamilton prisoner . On May 25 , 1780 , the British launched an expedition into Kentucky as part of a wider operation to clear resistance from Quebec to the Gulf coast . The expedition met with only limited success , though hundreds of settlers were killed or captured . The Americans responded with a major offensive along the Mad River in August which met with some success , but it did little to abate the Indian raids on the frontier . French militia attempted to capture Detroit , but it ended in disaster when Miami Indians ambushed and defeated the gathered troops on November 5 . The war in the west had become a stalemate ; the Americans did not have the manpower to simultaneously defeat the hostile Indian tribes and occupy their land . War in the South ( 1778 -- 1781 ) Main article : Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War British troops besiege Charleston in 1780 , by Alonzo Chappel The British turned their attention to conquering the South in 1778 , after Loyalists in London assured them of a strong Loyalist base there . A southern campaign also had the advantage of keeping the Royal Navy closer to the Caribbean , where it would be needed to defend lucrative colonies against the Franco - Spanish fleets . On December 29 , 1778 , an expeditionary corps from New York captured Savannah , and British troops then moved inland to recruit Loyalist support . There was a promising initial turnout in early 1779 , but then a large Loyalist militia was defeated at Kettle Creek on February 14 and they had to recognize their dependence upon the British . The British , however , defeated Patriot militia at Brier Creek on March 3 , and then launched an abortive assault on Charleston , South Carolina . The operation became notorious for its high degree of looting by British troops , enraging both Loyalists and Patriot colonists . In October , a combined Franco - American effort failed to recapture Savannah . In May 1780 , Henry Clinton captured Charleston , taking over 5,000 prisoners and effectively destroying the Continental Army in the south . Organized American resistance in the region collapsed when Banastre Tarleton defeated the withdrawing Americans at Waxhaws on May 29 . American and British cavalry clash at the Battle of Cowpens ; from an 1845 painting by William Ranney Clinton returned to New York , leaving Charles Cornwallis in command in Charleston to oversee the southern war effort . Far fewer Loyalists than expected joined him . In the interim , the war was carried on by Patriot militias who effectively suppressed Loyalists by winning victories in Fairfield County , Lincolnton , Huck 's Defeat , Stanly County , and Lancaster County . Congress appointed Horatio Gates , victor at Saratoga , to lead the American effort in the south . He suffered a major defeat at Camden on August 16 , 1780 , setting the stage for Cornwallis to invade North Carolina . The British attempted to subjugate the countryside , and Patriot militia continued to fight against them , so Cornwallis dispatched troops to raise Loyalist forces to cover his left flank as he moved north . This wing of Cornwallis ' army was virtually destroyed on October 7 , irreversibly breaking Loyalist support in the Carolinas . Cornwallis subsequently aborted his advance and retreated back into South Carolina . In the interim , Washington replaced Gates with his trusted subordinate , Nathanael Greene . Greene was unable to confront the British directly , so he dispatched a force under Daniel Morgan to recruit additional troops . Morgan then defeated the cream of the British army under Tarleton on January 17 , 1781 at Cowpens . Cornwallis was criticized for having detached a substantial part of his army without adequate support , but he advanced into North Carolina despite the setbacks , gambling that he would receive substantial Loyalist support there . Greene evaded combat with Cornwallis , instead wearing his army down through a protracted war of attrition . By March , Greene 's army had increased in size enough that he felt confident in facing Cornwallis . The two armies engaged at Guilford Courthouse on March 15 ; Greene was beaten , but Cornwallis ' army suffered irreplaceable casualties . Compounding this , far fewer Loyalists were joining than the British had previously expected . Cornwallis ' casualties were such that he was compelled to retreat to Wilmington for reinforcement , leaving the Patriots in control of the interior of the Carolinas and Georgia . Greene then proceeded to reclaim the South . The American troops suffered a reversal at Hobkirk 's Hill on April 25 ; nonetheless , they continued to dislodge strategic British posts in the area , capturing Fort Watson and Fort Motte . Augusta was the last major British outpost in the South outside of Charleston and Savannah , but the Americans reclaimed possession of it on June 6 . A British force clashed with American troops at Eutaw Springs on September 8 in a final effort to stop Greene , but the British casualties were so high that they withdrew to Charleston . Minor skirmishes continued in the Carolinas until the end of the war , and British troops were effectively confined to Charleston and Savannah for the remainder of the conflict . British defeat in America ( 1781 ) Main article : Yorktown campaign The French ( left ) and British ( right ) lines exchange fire at the Battle of the Chesapeake Cornwallis had discovered that the majority of American supplies in the Carolinas were passing through Virginia , and he had written to both Lord Germain and Clinton detailing his intentions to invade . Cornwallis believed that a successful campaign there would cut supplies to Greene 's army and precipitate a collapse of American resistance in the South . Clinton strongly opposed the plan , favoring a campaign farther north in the Chesapeake Bay region . Lord Germain wrote to Cornwallis to approve his plan and neglected to include Clinton in the decision - making , even though Clinton was Cornwallis ' superior officer , and Cornwallis then decided to move into Virginia without informing Clinton . Clinton , however , had failed to construct a coherent strategy for British operations in 1781 , owing to his difficult relationship with his naval counterpart Marriot Arbuthnot . Following the calamitous operations at Newport and Savannah , French planners realized that closer cooperation with the Americans was required to achieve success . The French fleet led by the Comte de Grasse had received discretionary orders from Paris to assist joint efforts in the north if naval support was needed . Washington and the Comte de Rochambeau discussed their options . Washington pushed for an attack on New York , while Rochambeau preferred a strike in Virginia where the British were less well - established and thus easier to defeat . Franco - American movements around New York caused Clinton a great deal of anxiety , fearing an attack on the city . His instructions were vague to Cornwallis during this time , rarely forming explicit orders . However , Clinton did instruct Cornwallis to establish a fortified naval base and to transfer troops to the north to defend New York . Cornwallis dug in at Yorktown and awaited the Royal Navy . Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown by John Trumbull , 1797 Washington still favored an assault on New York , but he acquiesced to the French when they opted to send their fleet to their preferred target of Yorktown . In August , the combined Franco - American army moved south to coordinate with de Grasse in defeating Cornwallis . The British lacked sufficient naval resources to effectively counter the French , but they dispatched a fleet under Thomas Graves to assist Cornwallis and attempt to gain naval dominance . On September 5 , the French fleet decisively defeated Graves , giving the French control of the seas around Yorktown and cutting off Cornwallis from reinforcements and relief . Despite the continued urging of his subordinates , Cornwallis made no attempt to break out and engage the Franco - American army before it had established siege works , expecting that reinforcements would arrive from New York , and the Franco - American army laid siege to Yorktown on September 28 . Cornwallis continued to think that relief was imminent from Clinton , and he abandoned his outer defenses which were immediately occupied by American troops -- serving to hasten his subsequent defeat . The British then failed in an attempt to break out of the siege across the river at Gloucester Point when a storm hit . Cornwallis and his subordinates were under increasing bombardment and facing dwindling supplies ; they agreed that their situation was untenable and negotiated a surrender on October 17 , 1781 , and 7,685 soldiers became prisoners of the Americans . The same day as the surrender , 6,000 troops under Clinton had departed New York , sailing to relieve Yorktown . North ministry collapses The Gordon Riots , by John Seymour Lucas On 25 November 1781 , news arrived in London of the surrender at Yorktown . The Whig opposition gained traction in Parliament , and a motion was proposed on December 12 to end the war which was defeated by only one vote . On 27 February 1782 , the House voted against further war in America by 19 votes . Lord Germain was dismissed and a vote of no confidence was passed against North . The Rockingham Whigs came to power and opened negotiations for peace . Rockingham died and was succeeded by the Earl of Shelburne . Despite their defeat , the British still had 30,000 troops garrisoned in New York , Charleston , and Savannah . Henry Clinton was recalled and was replaced by Guy Carleton who was under orders to suspend offensive operations . Final years of the war ( 1781 -- 1783 ) Main articles : Anglo - French War ( 1778 - 1783 ) , Spain in the American Revolutionary War , Second Anglo - Mysore War , and Fourth Anglo - Dutch War Europe The Defeat of the Floating Batteries at Gibraltar , September 13 , 1782 , by John Singleton Copley After hostilities with the Dutch began in late 1780 , Britain had moved quickly , enforcing a blockade across the North Sea . Within weeks , the British had captured 200 Dutch merchantmen , and 300 more were holed up in foreign ports , though political turmoil within the Republic and peace negotiations by both sides helped keep conflict to a minimum . The majority of the Dutch public favored a military alliance with France against Britain ; however , the Dutch Stadtholder impeded these efforts , hoping to secure an early peace . To restore diminishing trade a Dutch squadron under Johan Zoutman escorted a fleet of some 70 merchantmen from the Texel . Zoutman 's ships were intercepted by Sir Hyde Parker , who engaged Zoutman at Dogger Bank on 5 August 1781 . Though the contest was tactically inconclusive , the Dutch fleet did not leave harbor again during the war , and their merchant fleet remained crippled . On 6 January 1781 , a French attempt to capture Jersey to neutralize British privateering failed . Frustrated in their attempts to capture Gibraltar , a Franco - Spanish force of 14,000 men under the Duc de Mahon invaded Minorca on 19 August . After a long siege of St. Philip 's , the British garrison under James Murray surrendered on 5 February 1782 , securing a primary war goal for the Spanish . At Gibraltar , a major Franco - Spanish assault on 13 September 1782 was repulsed with heavy casualties . On 20 October 1782 , following a successful resupply of Gibraltar , British ships under Richard Howe successfully refused battle to the Franco - Spanish fleet under Luis de Córdova , denying Córdova dominance at sea . On 7 February 1783 , after 1,322 days of siege , the Franco - Spanish army withdrew , decisively defeated . Americas Spanish troops led by Bernardo de Gálvez in combat at Pensacola . Oil on canvas , Augusto Ferrer - Dalmau , 2015 . In the West Indies , on 29 -- 30 April 1781 , a Royal Navy squadron under Samuel Hood was narrowly defeated by the French , led by the Comte de Grasse , who continued seizing British territories : Tobago fell on 2 June ; Demerara and Essequibo on 22 January 1782 ; St. Kitts and Nevis on 12 February , despite a British naval victory on 25 January ; and Montserrat on 22 February . In 1782 , the primary strategic goal of the French and Spanish was the capture of Jamaica , whose sugar exports were more valuable to the British than the Thirteen Colonies combined . On 7 April 1782 , de Grasse departed Martinique to rendezvous with Franco - Spanish troops at Saint Domingue and invade Jamaica from the north . The British under Hood and George Rodney pursued and decisively defeated the French off Dominica between 9 -- 12 April . The Franco - Spanish plan to conquer Jamaica was in ruins , and the balance of naval power in the Caribbean shifted to the Royal Navy . After the fall of Mobile to Spanish troops under Bernardo de Gálvez , an attempt to capture Pensacola was thwarted due to a hurricane . Emboldened by the disaster , John Campbell , British commander at Pensacola , decided to recapture Mobile . Campbell 's expeditionary force of around 700 men was defeated on 7 January 1781 . After re-grouping at Havana , Gálvez set out for Pensacola on 13 February . Arriving on 9 March , siege operations did not begin until 24 March , owing to difficulties in bringing the ships into the bay . After a 45 - day siege , Gálvez decisively defeated the garrison , securing the conquest of West Florida . In May , Spanish troops captured the Bahamas , although the British bloodlessly recaptured the islands the following year on 18 April . In Guatemala , Matías de Gálvez led Spanish troops in an effort to dislocate British settlements along the Gulf of Honduras . Gálvez captured Roatán on 16 March 1782 , and then quickly took Black River . Following the decisive naval victory at the Saintes , Archibald Campbell , the Royal governor of Jamaica , authorized Edward Despard to re-take Black River , which he did on 22 August . However , with peace talks opening , and Franco - Spanish resources committed to the siege of Gibraltar , no further offensive operations took place . Few operations were conducted against the Dutch , although several Dutch colonies were captured by the British in 1781 . Sint Eustatius , a key supply port for the Patriots , was sacked by British forces under George Rodney on 3 February 1782 , plundering the island 's wealth . India Following Dutch entry into the conflict , East India Company troops under Hector Munro captured the Dutch port of Negapatam after a three - week siege on 11 October 1781 . Soon after , British Admiral Edward Hughes captured Trincomalee after a brief engagement on 11 January 1782 . The British ( right ) and the French ( left ) , with Admiral Suffren 's flagship Cléopâtre on the far left , exchange fire at Cuddalore , by Auguste Jugelet , 1836 . In March 1781 , French Admiral Bailli de Suffren was dispatched to India to assist colonial efforts . Suffren arrived off the Indian coast in February 1782 , where he clashed with a British fleet under Hughes , winning a narrow tactical victory . After landing troops at Porto Novo to assist Mysore , Suffren 's fleet clashed with Hughes again Providien on 12 April . There was no clear victor , though Hughes ' fleet came off worse , and he withdrew to the British - held port of Trincomalee . Hyder Ali wished for the French to capture Negapatam to establish naval dominance over the British , and this task fell to Suffren . Suffren 's fleet clashed with Hughes again off Negapatam on 6 July . Suffren withdrew to Cuddalore , strategically defeated , and the British remained in control of Negapatam . Intending to find a more suitable port than Cuddalore , Suffren captured Trincomalee on 1 September , and successfully engaged Hughes two days later . Meanwhile , Ali 's troops loosely blockaded Vellore as the East India Company regrouped . Company troops under Sir Eyre Coote led a counter-offensive , defeating Ali at Porto Novo on 1 July 1781 , Pollilur on 27 August , and Sholinghur on 27 September , expelling the Mysorean troops from the Carnatic . On 18 February 1782 , Tipu Sultan defeated John Braithwaite near Tanjore , taking his entire 1,800 - strong force prisoner . The war had , by this point , reached an uneasy stalemate . On 7 December 1782 , Hyder Ali died , and the rule of Mysore passed to his son , Tipu Sultan . Sultan advanced along the west coast , laying siege to Mangalore on 20 May 1783 . Meanwhile , on the east coast , an army under James Stuart besieged the French - held port of Cuddalore on 9 June 1783 . On 20 June , key British naval support for the siege was neutralized when Suffren defeated Hughes ' fleet off Cuddalore , and though narrow , the victory gave Suffren the opportunity to displace British holdings in India . On 25 June , the Franco - Mysorean defenders made repeated sorties against British lines , though all assaults failed . On 30 June , news arrived of a preliminary peace between the belligerent powers , and the siege was effectively over when the French abandoned the siege . Mangalore remained under siege , and capitulated to Sultan on 30 January 1784 . Little fighting took place thereafter , and Mysore and Britain made peace on 11 March . Peace of Paris Main articles : Peace of Paris ( 1783 ) and Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) Benjamin West 's famous painting of the American delegations at the Treaty of Paris . The British delegation refused to pose , and the painting was never completed . Following the surrender at Yorktown , the Whig party came to power in Britain and began opening negotiations for a cessation of hostilities . While peace negotiations were being undertaken , British troops in America were restricted from launching further offensives . Prime Minister the Earl of Shelburne was reluctant to accept American independence as a prerequisite for peace , as the British were aware that the French economy was nearly bankrupt , and reinforcements sent to the West Indies could potentially reverse the situation there . He preferred that the colonies accept Dominion status within the Empire , though a similar offer had been rejected by the Americans in 1778 . Negotiations soon began in Paris . The Americans initially demanded that Quebec be ceded to them as spoils of war , a proposal that was dropped when Shelburne accepted American demands for recognition of independence . On April 19 , 1782 , the Dutch formally recognized the United States as a sovereign power , enhancing American leverage at the negotiations . Spain initially impeded the negotiations , refusing to enter into peace talks until Gibraltar had been captured . The Comte de Vergennes proposed that American territory be confined to the east of the Appalachians ; Britain would have sovereignty over the area north of the Ohio River , below which an Indian barrier state would be established under Spanish control . The United States fiercely opposed the proposal . Washington enters New York in triumph following the British evacuation of America . The Americans skirted their allies , recognizing that more favorable terms would be found in London . They negotiated directly with Shelburne , who hoped to make Britain a valuable trading partner of America at the expense of France . To this end , Shelburne offered to cede all the land east of the Mississippi River , north of Florida , and south of Quebec , while also allowing American fishermen access to the rich Newfoundland fishery . Shelburne was hoping to facilitate the growth of the American population , creating lucrative markets that Britain could exploit at no administrative cost to London . As Vergennes commented , `` the English buy peace rather than make it '' . Throughout the negotiations , Britain never consulted her American Indian allies , forcing them to reluctantly accept the treaty . However , the subsequent tension erupted into conflicts between the Indians and the young United States , the largest being the Northwest Indian War . Britain continued trying to create an Indian buffer state in the American Midwest as late as 1814 during the War of 1812 . Britain negotiated separate treaties with Spain , France , and the Dutch Republic . Gibraltar proved to be a stumbling block in the peace talks ; Spain offered to relinquish their conquests in West Florida , Menorca , and the Bahamas in exchange for Gibraltar , terms which Shelburne steadfastly refused . Shelburne instead offered to cede East Florida , West Florida , and Menorca if Spain would relinquish the claim on Gibraltar , terms which were reluctantly accepted . However , in the long - term , the new territorial gains were of little value to Spain . France 's only net gains were the island of Tobago in the Caribbean and Senegal in Africa , after agreeing to return all other colonial conquests to British sovereignty . Britain returned Dutch Caribbean territories to Dutch sovereignty , in exchange for free trade rights in the Dutch East Indies and control of the Indian port of Negapatnam . Preliminary peace articles were signed in Paris on 30 November 1782 , while preliminaries between Britain , Spain , France , and the Netherlands continued until September 1783 . The United States Congress of the Confederation ratified the Treaty of Paris on January 14 , 1784 . Copies were sent back to Europe for ratification by the other parties involved , the first reaching France in March 1784 . British ratification occurred on April 9 , 1784 , and the ratified versions were exchanged in Paris on May 12 , 1784 . The war formally concluded on September 3 , 1783 . The last British troops departed New York City on November 25 , 1783 , marking the end of British rule in the new United States . Aftermath Casualties and losses Americans and allies The total loss of life throughout the conflict is largely unknown . As was typical in wars of the era , diseases such as smallpox claimed more lives than battle . Between 1775 and 1782 , a smallpox epidemic broke out throughout North America , killing 40 people in Boston alone . Historian Joseph Ellis suggests that Washington 's decision to have his troops inoculated against the disease was one of his most important decisions . Between 25,000 and 70,000 American Patriots died during active military service . Of these , approximately 6,800 were killed in battle , while at least 17,000 died from disease . The majority of the latter died while prisoners of war of the British , mostly in the prison ships in New York Harbor . If the upper limit of 70,000 is accepted as the total net loss for the Patriots , it would make the conflict proportionally deadlier than the American Civil War . Uncertainty arises due to the difficulties in accurately calculating the number of those who succumbed to disease , as it is estimated at least 10,000 died in 1776 alone . The number of Patriots seriously wounded or disabled by the war has been estimated from 8,500 to 25,000 . The French suffered approximately 7,000 total dead throughout the conflict ; of those , 2,112 were killed in combat in the American theaters of war . The Dutch suffered around 500 total killed , owing to the minor scale of their conflict with Britain . British and allies British returns in 1783 listed 43,633 rank and file deaths across the British Armed Forces . A table from 1781 puts total British Army deaths at 9,372 soldiers killed in battle across the Americas ; 6,046 in North America ( 1775 -- 1779 ) , and 3,326 in the West Indies ( 1778 -- 1780 ) . In 1784 , a British lieutenant compiled a detailed list of 205 British officers killed in action during the war , encompassing Europe , the Caribbean and the East Indies . Extrapolations based upon this list puts British Army losses in the area of at least 4,000 killed or died of wounds . Approximately 7,774 Germans died in British service in addition to 4,888 deserters ; of the former , it is estimated 1,800 were killed in combat . Around 171,000 sailors served in the Royal Navy during the war ; approximately a quarter of whom had been pressed into service . Around 1,240 were killed in battle , while an estimated 18,500 died from disease ( 1776 -- 1780 ) . The greatest killer at sea was scurvy , a disease caused by vitamin C deficiency . It was not until 1795 that scurvy was eradicated from the Royal Navy after the Admiralty declared lemon juice and sugar were to be issued among the standard daily rations of sailors . Around 42,000 sailors deserted during the war . The impact on merchant shipping was substantial ; an estimated 3,386 merchant ships were seized by enemy forces during the war ; of those , 2,283 were taken by American privateers alone . Financial debts Main article : Financial costs of the American Revolutionary War At the start of the war , the economy of the colonies was flourishing , and the free white population enjoyed the highest standard of living in the world . The Royal Navy enforced a naval blockade during the war to financially cripple the colonies , however , this proved unsuccessful ; 90 % of the population worked in farming , not in coastal trade , and , as such , the American economy proved resilient enough to withstand the blockade . Congress had immense difficulties throughout the conflict to efficiently finance the war effort . As the circulation of hard currency declined , the Americans had to rely on loans from American merchants and bankers , France , Spain and the Netherlands , saddling the young nation with crippling debts . Congress attempted to remedy this by printing vast amounts of paper money and bills of credit to raise revenue . The effect was disastrous ; inflation skyrocketed , and the paper money became virtually worthless . The inflation spawned a popular phrase that anything of little value was `` not worth a continental '' . By 1791 , the United States had accumulated a national debt of approximately $75.5 million . The United States finally solved its debt and currency problems in the 1790s , when Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton secured legislation by which the national government assumed all of the state debts , and , in addition , created a national bank and a funding system based on tariffs and bond issues that paid off the foreign debts . Britain spent around £ 80 million and ended with a national debt of £ 250 million , ( £ 27.1 billion in today 's money ) , generating a yearly interest of £ 9.5 million annually . The debts piled upon that which it had already accumulated from the Seven Years ' War . Due to wartime taxation upon the British populace , the tax for the average Briton amounted to approximately four shillings in every pound . The French spent approximately 1.3 billion livres on aiding the Americans , accumulating a national debt of 3.315. 1 billion livres by 1783 on war costs . Unlike Britain , which had a very efficient taxation system , the French tax system was highly unstable , eventually leading to a financial crisis in 1786 . The debts contributed to a worsening fiscal crisis that ultimately begat the French Revolution at the end of the century . The debt continued to spiral ; on the eve of the French Revolution , the national debt had skyrocketed to 12 billion livres . Spain had nearly doubled her military spending during the war , from 454 million reales in 1778 to over 700 million in 1779 . Spain more easily disposed of her debts unlike her French ally , partially due to the massive increase in silver mining in her American colonies ; production increased approximately 600 % in Mexico , and by 250 % in Peru and Bolivia . Analysis of combatants Great Britain See also : British Army during the American Revolutionary War , Royal Navy , Hessian ( soldier ) , and Loyalist ( American Revolution ) British redcoats at the Battle of Bunker Hill in 1775 The population of Great Britain and Ireland in 1780 was approximately 12.6 million , while the Thirteen Colonies held a population of some 2.8 million , including some 500,000 slaves . Theoretically , Britain had the advantage , however , many factors inhibited the procurement of a large army . Armed forces Recruitment In 1775 , the standing British Army , exclusive of militia , comprised 45,123 men worldwide , made up of 38,254 infantry and 6,869 cavalry . The Army had approximately eighteen regiments of foot , some 8,500 men , stationed in North America . Standing armies had played a key role in the purge of the Long Parliament in 1648 , the maintenance of a military dictatorship under Oliver Cromwell , and the overthrow of James II , and , as such , the Army had been deliberately kept small in peacetime to prevent abuses of power by the King . Despite this , eighteenth century armies were not easy guests , and were regarded with scorn and contempt by the press and public of the New and Old World alike , derided as enemies of liberty . An expression ran in the Navy ; `` A messmate before a shipmate , a shipmate before a stranger , a stranger before a dog , a dog before a soldier '' . Press gang at work , British caricature of 1780 Parliament suffered chronic difficulties in obtaining sufficient manpower , and found it impossible to fill the quotas they had set . The Army was a deeply unpopular profession , one contentious issue being pay . A Private infantryman was paid a wage of just 8 d. per day , the same pay as for a New Model Army infantryman , 130 years earlier . The rate of pay in the army was insufficient to meet the rising costs of living , turning off potential recruits , as service was nominally for life . To entice people to enrol , Parliament offered a bounty of £ 1.10 s for every recruit . As the war dragged on , Parliament became desperate for manpower ; criminals were offered military service to escape legal penalties , and deserters were pardoned if they re-joined their units . After the defeat at Saratoga , Parliament doubled the bounty to £ 3 , and increased it again the following year , to £ 3.3 s , as well as expanding the age limit from 17 -- 45 to 16 -- 50 years of age . Impressment , essentially conscription by the `` press gang '' , was a favored recruiting method , though it was unpopular with the public , leading many to enlist in local militias to avoid regular service . Attempts were made to draft such levies , much to the chagrin of the militia commanders . Competition between naval and army press gangs , and even between rival ships or regiments , frequently resulted in brawls between the gangs in order to secure recruits for their unit . Men would maim themselves to avoid the press gangs , while many deserted at the first opportunity . Pressed men were militarily unreliable ; regiments with large numbers of such men were deployed to garrisons such as Gibraltar or the West Indies , purely to increase the difficulty in successfully deserting . By 1781 , the Army numbered approximately 121,000 men globally , 48,000 of whom were stationed throughout the Americas . Of the 171,000 sailors who served in the Royal Navy throughout the conflict , around a quarter were pressed . Interestingly , this same proportion , approximately 42,000 men , deserted during the conflict . At its height , the Navy had 94 ships - of - the - line , 104 frigates and 37 sloops in service . Loyalists and Hessians Hessian soldiers of the Leibregiment In 1775 , Britain unsuccessfully attempted to secure 20,000 mercenaries from Russia , and the use of the Scots Brigade from the Dutch Republic , such was the shortage of manpower . Parliament managed to negotiate treaties with the princes of German states for large sums of money , in exchange for mercenary troops . In total , 29,875 troops were hired for British service from six German states ; Brunswick ( 5,723 ) , Hesse - Kassel ( 16,992 ) , Hesse - Hannau ( 2,422 ) , Ansbach - Bayreuth ( 2,353 ) , Waldeck - Pyrmont ( 1,225 ) and Anhalt - Zerbst ( 1,160 ) . King George III , who also ruled Hanover as a Prince - elector of the Holy Roman Empire , was approached by Parliament to loan the government Hanoverian soldiers for service in the war . Hanover supplied 2,365 men in five battalions , however , the lease agreement permitted them to only be used in Europe . Without any major allies , the manpower shortage became critical when France and Spain entered the war , forcing a major diversion of military resources from the Americas . Recruiting adequate numbers of Loyalist militia in America proved difficult due to high Patriot activity . To bolster numbers , the British promised freedom and grants of land to slaves who fought for them . Approximately 25,000 Loyalists fought for the British throughout the war , and provided some of the best troops in the British service ; the British Legion , a mixed regiment of 250 dragoons and 200 infantry commanded by Banastre Tarleton , gained a fearsome reputation in the colonies , especially in the South . Leadership Britain had a difficult time appointing a determined senior military leadership in America . Thomas Gage , Commander - in - Chief of North America at the outbreak of the war , was criticized for being too lenient on the rebellious colonists . Jeffrey Amherst , who was appointed Commander - in - Chief of the Forces in 1778 , refused a direct command in America , due to unwillingness to take sides in the war . Admiral Augustus Keppel similarly opposed a command , stating ; `` I can not draw the sword in such a cause '' . The Earl of Effingham resigned his commission when his regiment was posted to America , while William Howe and John Burgoyne were opposed to military solutions to the crisis . Howe and Henry Clinton both stated they were unwilling participants , and were only following orders . As was the case in many European armies , except the Prussian Army , officers in British service could purchase commissions to ascend the ranks . Despite repeated attempts by Parliament to suppress it , the practise was common in the Army . Values of commissions varied , but were usually in line with social and military prestige , for example , regiments such as the Guards commanded the highest prices . The lower ranks often regarded the treatment to high - ranking commissions by wealthier officers as `` plums for ( their ) consumption '' . Wealthy individuals lacking any formal military education , or practical experience , often found their way into positions of high responsibility , diluting the effectiveness of a regiment . Though Royal authority had forbade the practise since 1711 , it was still permitted for infants to hold commissions . Young boys , often orphans of deceased wealthy officers , were taken from their schooling and placed in positions of responsibility within regiments . Logistics Grenadier of the 40th Regiment of Foot in 1767 , armed with a Brown Bess musket Logistical organization of eighteenth century armies was chaotic at best , and the British Army was no exception . No logistical corps existed in the modern sense ; while on campaign in foreign territories such as America , horses , wagons , and drivers were frequently requisitioned from the locals , often by impressment or by hire . No centrally organized medical corps existed . It was common for surgeons to have no formal medical education , and no diploma or entry examination was required . Nurses sometimes were apprentices to surgeons , but many were drafted from the women who followed the army . Army surgeons and doctors were poorly paid and were regarded as social inferiors to other officers . The heavy personal equipment and wool uniform of the regular infantrymen were wholly unsuitable for combat in America , and the outfit was especially ill - suited to comfort and agile movement . During the Battle of Monmouth in late June 1778 , the temperature exceeded 100 ° F ( 37.8 ° C ) and is said to have claimed more lives through heat stroke than through actual combat . The standard - issue firearm of the British Army was the Land Pattern Musket . Some officers preferred their troops to fire careful , measured shots ( around two per minute ) , rather than rapid firing . A bayonet made firing difficult , as its cumbersome shape hampered ramming down the charge into the barrel . British troops had a tendency to fire impetuously , resulting in inaccurate fire , a trait for which John Burgoyne criticized them during the Saratoga campaign . Burgoyne instead encouraged bayonet charges to break up enemy formations , which was a preferred tactic in most European armies at the time . Soldiers of the Black Watch armed with Brown Bess muskets , c. 1790 . Every battalion in America had organized its own rifle company by the end of the war , although rifles were not formally issued to the army until the Baker Rifle in 1801 . Flintlocks were heavily dependent on the weather ; high winds could blow the gunpowder from the flash pan , while heavy rain could soak the paper cartridge , ruining the powder and rendering the musket unable to fire . Furthermore , flints used in British muskets were of notoriously poor quality ; they could only be fired around six times before requiring resharpening , while American flints could fire sixty . This led to a common expression among the British : `` Yankee flint was as good as a glass of grog '' . Provisioning troops and sailors proved to be an immense challenge , as the majority of food stores had to be shipped overseas from Britain . The need to maintain Loyalist support prevented the Army from living off the land . Other factors also impeded this option ; the countryside was too sparsely populated and the inhabitants were largely hostile or indifferent , the network of roads and bridges was poorly developed , and the area which the British controlled was so limited that foraging parties were frequently in danger of being ambushed . After France entered the war , the threat of the French navy increased the difficulty of transporting supplies to America . Food supplies were frequently in bad condition . The climate was also against the British in the southern colonies and the Caribbean , where the intense summer heat caused food supplies to sour and spoil . Life at sea was little better . Sailors and passengers were issued a daily food ration , largely consisting of hardtack and beer . The hardtack was often infested by weevils and was so tough that it earned the nicknames `` molar breakers '' and `` worm castles '' , and it sometimes had to be broken up with cannon shot . Meat supplies often spoiled on long voyages . The lack of fresh fruit and vegetables gave rise to scurvy , one of the biggest killers at sea . Discipline Discipline was harsh in the armed forces , and the lash was used to punish even trivial offences -- and not used sparingly . For instance , two redcoats received 1,000 lashes each for robbery during the Saratoga campaign , while another received 800 lashes for striking a superior officer . Flogging was a common punishment in the Royal Navy and came to be associated with the stereotypical hardiness of sailors . Despite the harsh discipline , a distinct lack of self - discipline pervaded all ranks of the British forces . Soldiers had an intense passion for gambling , reaching such excesses that troops would often wager their own uniforms . Many drank heavily , and this was not exclusive to the lower ranks ; William Howe was said to have seen many `` crapulous mornings '' while campaigning in New York . John Burgoyne drank heavily on a nightly basis towards the end of the Saratoga campaign . The two generals were also reported to have found solace with the wives of subordinate officers to ease the stressful burdens of command . During the Philadelphia campaign , British officers deeply offended local Quakers by entertaining their mistresses in the houses where they had been quartered . Some reports indicated that British troops were generally scrupulous in their treatment of non-combatants . This is contrasted diaries of Hessian soldiers , who recorded their disapproval of British conduct towards the colonists , such as the destruction of property and the execution of prisoners . The presence of Hessian soldiers caused considerable anxiety among the colonists , both Patriot and Loyalist , who viewed them as brutal mercenaries . British soldiers were often contemptuous in their treatment of Hessian troops , despite orders from General Howe that `` the English should treat the Germans as brothers '' . The order only began to have any real effect when the Hessians learned to speak a minimal degree of English , which was seen as a prerequisite for the British troops to accord them any respect . During peacetime , the Army 's idleness led to it being riddled with corruption and inefficiency , resulting in many administrative difficulties once campaigning began . Strategic deficiencies The British leadership soon discovered it had overestimated the capabilities of its own troops , while underestimating those of the colonists , causing a sudden re-think in British planning . The ineffective initial response of British military and civil officials to the onset of the rebellion had allowed the advantage to shift to the colonists , as British authorities rapidly lost control over every colony . A microcosm of these shortcomings were evident at the Battle of Bunker Hill . It took ten hours for the British leadership to respond following the sighting of the Americans on the Charlestown Peninsula , giving the colonists ample time to reinforce their defenses . Rather than opt for a simple flanking attack that would have rapidly succeeded with minimal loss , the British decided on repeated frontal attacks . The results were telling ; the British suffered 1,054 casualties of a force of around 3,000 after repeated frontal assaults . The British leadership had nevertheless remained excessively optimistic , believing that just two regiments could suppress the rebellion in Massachusetts . Debate persists over whether a British defeat was a guaranteed outcome . Ferling argues that the odds were so long , the defeat of Britain was nothing short of a miracle . Ellis , however , considers that the odds always favored the Americans , and questions whether a British victory by any margin was realistic . Ellis argues that the British squandered their only opportunities for a decisive success in 1777 , and that the strategic decisions undertaken by William Howe underestimated the challenges posed by the Americans . Ellis concludes that , once Howe failed , the opportunity for a British victory `` would never come again '' . Conversely , the United States Army 's official textbook argues that , had Britain been able to commit 10,000 fresh troops to the war in 1780 , a British victory was within the realms of possibility . William Howe A 1777 mezzotint of Sir William Howe , British Commander - in - Chief from 1775 -- 1778 Historians such as Ellis and Stewart have observed that , under William Howe 's command , the British squandered several opportunities to achieve a decisive victory over the Americans . Throughout the New York and Philadelphia campaigns , Howe made several strategic errors , errors which cost the British opportunities for a complete victory . At Long Island , Howe failed to even attempt an encirclement of Washington , and actively restrained his subordinates from mounting an aggressive pursuit of the defeated American army . At White Plains , he refused to engage Washington 's vulnerable army , and instead concentrated his efforts upon a hill which offered the British no strategic advantage . After securing control of New York , Howe dispatched Henry Clinton to capture Newport , a measure which Clinton was opposed to , on the grounds the troops assigned to his command could have been put to better use in pursuing Washington 's retreating army . Despite the bleak outlook for the revolutionary cause and the surge of Loyalist activity in the wake of Washington 's defeats , Howe made no attempt to mount an attack upon Washington while the Americans settled down into winter quarters , much to their surprise . During planning for the Saratoga campaign , Howe was left with the choice of committing his army to support Burgoyne , or capture Philadelphia , the revolutionary capital . Howe decided upon the latter , determining that Washington was of a greater threat . When Howe launched his campaign , he took his army upon a time - consuming route through the Chesapeake Bay , rather than the more sensible choices of overland through New Jersey , or by sea through the Delaware Bay . The move left him unable to assist Burgoyne even if it was required of him . The decision so angered Parliament , that Howe was accused by Tories on both sides of the Atlantic of treason . During the Philadelphia campaign , Howe failed to pursue and destroy the defeated Americans on two occasions ; once after the Battle of Brandywine , and again after the Battle of Germantown . At the Battle of White Marsh , Howe failed to even attempt to exploit the vulnerable American rear , and then inexplicably ordered a retreat to Philadelphia after only minor skirmishes , astonishing both sides . While the Americans wintered only twenty miles away , Howe made no effort to attack their camp , which critics argue could have ended the war . Following the conclusion of the campaign , Howe resigned his commission , and was replaced by Henry Clinton on May 24 , 1778 . Contrary to Howe 's more hostile critics , however , there were strategic factors at play which impeded aggressive action . Howe may have been dissuaded from pursuing aggressive manoeuvres due to the memory of the grievous losses the British suffered at Bunker Hill . During the major campaigns in New York and Philadelphia , Howe often wrote of the scarcity of adequate provisions , which hampered his ability to mount effective campaigns . Howe 's tardiness in launching the New York campaign , and his reluctance to allow Cornwallis to vigorously pursue Washington 's beaten army , have both been attributed to the paucity of available food supplies . During the winter of 1776 -- 1777 , Howe split his army into scattered cantonments . This decision dangerously exposed the individual forces to defeat in detail , as the distance between them was such that they could not mutually support each other . This strategic failure allowed the Americans to achieve victory at the Battle of Trenton , and the concurrent Battle of Princeton . While a major strategic error to divide an army in such a manner , the quantity of available food supplies in New York was so low that Howe had been compelled to take such a decision . The garrisons were widely spaced so their respective foraging parties would not interfere with each other 's efforts . Howe 's difficulties during the Philadelphia campaign were also greatly exacerbated by the poor quality and quantity of available provisions . Clinton and Cornwallis General Charles Cornwallis , who led British forces in the southern campaign . In 1780 , the primary British strategy hinged upon a Loyalist uprising in the south , for which Charles Cornwallis was chiefly responsible . After an encouraging success at Camden , Cornwallis was poised to invade North Carolina . However , any significant Loyalist support had been effectively destroyed at the Battle of Kings Mountain , and the British Legion , the cream of his army , had been decisively defeated at the Battle of Cowpens . Following both defeats , Cornwallis was fiercely criticized for detaching a significant portion of his army without adequate mutual support . Despite the defeats , Cornwallis chose to proceed into North Carolina , gambling his success upon a large Loyalist uprising which never materialized . As a result , subsequent engagements cost Cornwallis valuable troops he could not replace , as at the Battle of Guilford Courthouse , and the Americans steadily wore his army down in an exhaustive war of attrition . Cornwallis had thus left the Carolinas ripe for reconquest . The Americans had largely achieved this aim by the end of 1781 , effectively confining the British to the coast , and undoing all the progress they had made in the previous year . In a last - ditch attempt to win the war in the South , Cornwallis resolved to invade Virginia , in order to cut off the American 's supply base to the Carolinas . Henry Clinton , Cornwallis ' superior , strongly opposed the plan , believing the decisive confrontations would take place between Washington in the North . London had approved Cornwallis plan , however they had failed to include Clinton in the decision - making , despite his seniority over Cornwallis , leading to a muddled strategic direction . Cornwallis then decided to invade Virginia without informing Clinton of his intentions . Clinton , however , had wholly failed to construct a coherent strategy for British campaigning that year , owing to his fractious relationship that he shared with Mariot Arbuthnot , his naval counterpart . As the Franco - American army approached Cornwallis at Yorktown , he made no attempt to sally out and engage before siege lines could be erected , despite the repeated urging of his subordinate officers . Expecting relief to soon arrive from Clinton , Cornwallis prematurely abandoned all of his outer defences , which were then promptly occupied by the besiegers , serving to hasten the British defeat . These factors contributed to the eventual surrender of Cornwallis ' entire army , and the end of major operations in North America . Like Howe before him , Clinton 's efforts to campaign suffered from chronic supply issues . In 1778 , Clinton wrote to Germain complaining of the lack of supplies , even after the arrival of a convoy from Ireland . That winter , the supply issue had deteriorated so badly , that Clinton expressed considerable anxiety over how the troops were going to be properly fed . Clinton was largely inactive in the North throughout 1779 , launching few major campaigns . This inactivity was partially due to the shortage of food . By 1780 , the situation had not improved . Clinton wrote a frustrated correspondence to Germain , voicing concern that a `` fatal consequence will ensue '' if matters did not improve . By October that year , Clinton again wrote to Germain , angered that the troops in New York had not received `` an ounce '' of that year 's allotted stores from Britain . Campaign issues Suppressing a rebellion in America presented the British with major problems . The key issue was distance ; it could take up to three months to cross the Atlantic , and orders from London were often outdated by the time that they arrived . The colonies had never been formally united prior to the conflict and there was no centralized area of ultimate strategic importance . Traditionally , the fall of a capital city often signalled the end of a conflict , yet the war continued unabated even after the fall of major settlements such as New York , Philadelphia ( which was the Patriot capital ) , and Charleston . Britain 's ability to project its power overseas lay chiefly in the power of the Royal Navy , allowing her to control major coastal settlements with relative ease and enforce a strong blockade of colonial ports . However , the overwhelming majority of the American population was agrarian , not urban . As a result , the American economy proved resilient enough to withstand the blockade 's effects . Black Loyalist soldiers fought alongside British regulars in the 1781 Battle of Jersey , from The Death of Major Peirson The need to maintain Loyalist support prevented the British from using the harsh methods of suppressing revolts that they had used in Scotland and Ireland . For example , British troops looted and pillaged the locals during an aborted attack on Charleston in 1779 , enraging both Patriots and Loyalists . Neutral colonists were often driven into the ranks of the Patriots when brutal combat broke out between Tories and Whigs across the Carolinas in the later stages of the war . Conversely , Loyalists were often emboldened when Patriots resorted to intimidating suspected Tories , such as destroying property or tarring and feathering . The vastness of the American countryside and the limited manpower available meant that the British could never simultaneously defeat the Americans and occupy captured territory . One British statesman described the attempt as `` like trying to conquer a map '' . Wealthy Loyalists wielded great influence in London and were successful in convincing the British that the majority view in the colonies was sympathetic toward the Crown . Consequently , British planners pinned the success of their strategies on popular uprisings of Loyalists . Historians have estimated that Loyalists made up only 15 -- 20 % of the population ( vs. 40 - 45 % Patriots ) and that they continued to deceive themselves on their level of support as late as 1780 . The British discovered that any significant level of organized Loyalist activity would require the continued presence of British regulars , which presented them with a major dilemma . The manpower that the British had available was insufficient to both protect Loyalist territory and counter American advances . The vulnerability of Loyalist militias was repeatedly demonstrated in the South , where they suffered strings of defeats to their Patriot neighbors . The most crucial juncture of this was at Kings Mountain , and the victory of the Patriot partisans irreversibly crippled Loyalist military capability in the South . Upon the entry of France and Spain into the conflict , the British were forced to severely limit the number of troops and warships that they sent to North America in order to defend other key territories and the British mainland . As a result , King George III abandoned any hope of subduing America militarily while he had a European war to contend with . The small size of Britain 's army left them unable to concentrate their resources primarily in one theater as they had done in the Seven Years ' War , leaving them at a critical disadvantage . The British were compelled to disperse troops from the Americas to Europe and the East Indies , and these forces were unable to assist one other as a result , precariously exposing them to defeat . In North America , the immediate strategic focus of the French , Spanish , and British shifted to Jamaica , whose sugar exports were more valuable to the British than the economy of the Thirteen Colonies combined . Following the end of the war , Britain had lost some of her most populous colonies . However , the economic effects of the loss were negligible in the long - term , and she became a global superpower just 32 years after the end of the conflict . Patriots Main articles : Continental Army and Minutemen 1st Maryland Regiment holding the line at the Battle of Guilford The Americans began the war with significant disadvantages compared to the British . They had no national government , no national army or navy , no financial system , no banks , no established credit , and no functioning government departments , such as a treasury . The Congress tried to handle administrative affairs through legislative committees , which proved inefficient . The state governments were themselves brand new and officials had no administrative experience . In peacetime the colonies relied heavily on ocean travel and shipping , but that was now shut down by the British blockade and the Americans had to rely on slow overland travel . However , the Americans had multiple advantages that in the long run outweighed the initial disadvantages they faced . The Americans had a large prosperous population that depended not on imports but on local production for food and most supplies , while the British were mostly shipped in from across the ocean . The British faced a vast territory far larger than Britain or France , located at a far distance from home ports . Most of the Americans lived on farms distant from the seaports -- the British could capture any port but that did not give them control over the hinterland . They were on their home ground , had a smoothly functioning , well organized system of local and state governments , newspapers and printers , and internal lines of communications . They had a long - established system of local militia , previously used to combat the French and Native Americans , with companies and an officer corps that could form the basis of local militias , and provide a training ground for the national army created by Congress . Motivation was a major asset . The Patriots wanted to win ; over 200,000 fought in the war ; 25,000 died . The British expected the Loyalists to do much of the fighting , but they did much less than expected . The British also hired German mercenaries to do much of their fighting . At the onset of the war , the Americans had no major international allies . Battles such as the Battle of Bennington , the Battles of Saratoga and even defeats such as the Battle of Germantown proved decisive in gaining the attention and support of powerful European nations such as France and Spain , who moved from covertly supplying the Americans with weapons and supplies , to overtly supporting them militarily , moving the war to a global stage . The new Continental Army suffered significantly from a lack of an effective training regime , and largely inexperienced officers and sergeants . The inexperience of its officers was compensated for in part by its senior officers ; officers such as George Washington , Horatio Gates , Charles Lee , Richard Montgomery and Francis Marion all had military experience with the British Army during the French and Indian War . The Americans solved their training dilemma during their stint in Winter Quarters at Valley Forge , where they were relentlessly drilled and trained by General Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben , a veteran of the famed Prussian General Staff . He taught the Continental Army the essentials of military discipline , drills , tactics and strategy , and wrote the Revolutionary War Drill Manual . When the Army emerged from Valley Forge , it proved its ability to equally match the British troops in battle when they fought a successful strategic action at the Battle of Monmouth . Population density in the American Colonies in 1775 When the war began , the 13 colonies lacked a professional army or navy . Each colony sponsored local militia . Militiamen were lightly armed , had little training , and usually did not have uniforms . Their units served for only a few weeks or months at a time , were reluctant to travel far from home and thus were unavailable for extended operations , and lacked the training and discipline of soldiers with more experience . If properly used , however , their numbers could help the Continental armies overwhelm smaller British forces , as at the battles of Concord , Bennington and Saratoga , and the siege of Boston . Both sides used partisan warfare but the Americans effectively suppressed Loyalist activity when British regulars were not in the area . Seeking to coordinate military efforts , the Continental Congress established a regular army on June 14 , 1775 , and appointed George Washington as commander - in - chief . The development of the Continental Army was always a work in progress , and Washington used both his regulars and state militia throughout the war . Three current branches of the United States Military trace their institutional roots to the American Revolutionary War ; the United States Army comes from the Continental Army , formed by a resolution of the Continental Congress on June 14 , 1775 . The United States Navy recognizes October 13 , 1775 as the date of its official establishment , the passage of the resolution of the Continental Congress at Philadelphia that created the Continental Navy . And the United States Marine Corps traces its institutional roots to the Continental Marines of the war , formed by a resolution of the Continental Congress on November 10 , 1775 , a date regarded and celebrated as the birthday of the Marine Corps . At the beginning of 1776 , Washington 's army had 20,000 men , with two - thirds enlisted in the Continental Army and the other third in the various state militias . At the end of the American Revolution in 1783 , both the Continental Navy and Continental Marines were disbanded . About 250,000 men served as regulars or as militiamen for the Revolutionary cause in the eight years of the war , but there were never more than 90,000 men under arms at one time . About 55,000 American sailors served aboard privateers during the war . The American privateers had almost 1,700 ships , and they captured 2,283 enemy ships . John Paul Jones became the first great American naval hero , capturing HMS Drake on April 24 , 1778 , the first victory for any American military vessel in British waters . Armies were small by European standards of the era , largely attributable , on the American side , to limitations such as lack of powder and other logistical capabilities ; and , on the British side , to the difficulty of transporting troops across the Atlantic , as well as the dependence on local supplies , which the Patriots tried to cut off . The largest force Washington commanded was certainly under 17,000 , and may have been no more than 13,000 troops , and even the combined American and French forces at the siege of Yorktown amounted to only about 19,000 . By comparison , Duffy notes that in an era when European rulers were generally revising their forces downward , in favor of a size that could be most effectively controlled ( the very different perspective of mass conscript armies came later , during the French Revolutionary and then the Napoleonic Wars ) , the largest army that Frederick the Great ever led into battle was 65,000 men ( at Prague in 1757 ) , and at other times he commanded between 23,000 and 50,000 men , considering the latter the most effective number . African Americans 1780 drawing of American soldiers from the Yorktown campaign shows a black infantryman from the 1st Rhode Island Regiment . African Americans -- slave and free -- served on both sides during the war . The British recruited slaves belonging to Patriot masters and promised freedom to those who served by act of Lord Dunmore 's Proclamation . Because of manpower shortages , George Washington lifted the ban on black enlistment in the Continental Army in January 1776 . Small all - black units were formed in Rhode Island and Massachusetts ; many slaves were promised freedom for serving . Some of the men promised freedom were sent back to their masters , after the war was over , out of political convenience . Another all - black unit came from Saint - Domingue with French colonial forces . At least 5,000 black soldiers fought for the Revolutionary cause . Tens of thousands of slaves escaped during the war and joined British lines ; others simply moved off in the chaos . For instance , in South Carolina , nearly 25,000 slaves ( 30 % of the enslaved population ) fled , migrated or died during the disruption of the war . This greatly disrupted plantation production during and after the war . When they withdrew their forces from Savannah and Charleston , the British also evacuated 10,000 slaves belonging to Loyalists . Altogether , the British evacuated nearly 20,000 blacks at the end of the war . More than 3,000 of them were freedmen and most of these were resettled in Nova Scotia ; other blacks were sold in the West Indies . American Indians A watercolor painting depicting a variety of Continental Army soldiers . Washington and the Comte de Rochambeau at Yorktown , 1781 Most American Indians east of the Mississippi River were affected by the war , and many tribes were divided over the question of how to respond to the conflict . A few tribes were on friendly terms with the other Americans , but most Indians opposed the union of the Colonies as a potential threat to their territory . Approximately 13,000 Indians fought on the British side , with the largest group coming from the Iroquois tribes , who fielded around 1,500 men . The powerful Iroquois Confederacy was shattered as a result of the conflict , whatever side they took ; the Seneca , Onondaga , and Cayuga nations sided with the British . Members of the Mohawk nation fought on both sides . Many Tuscarora and Oneida sided with the colonists . The Continental Army sent the Sullivan Expedition on raids throughout New York to cripple the Iroquois tribes that had sided with the British . Mohawk leaders Joseph Louis Cook and Joseph Brant sided with the Americans and the British respectively , and this further exacerbated the split . Early in July 1776 , a major action occurred in the fledgling conflict when the Cherokee allies of Britain attacked the western frontier areas of North Carolina . Their defeat resulted in a splintering of the Cherokee settlements and people , and was directly responsible for the rise of the Chickamauga Cherokee , bitter enemies of the Colonials who carried on a frontier war for decades following the end of hostilities with Britain . Creek and Seminole allies of Britain fought against Americans in Georgia and South Carolina . In 1778 , a force of 800 Creeks destroyed American settlements along the Broad River in Georgia . Creek warriors also joined Thomas Brown 's raids into South Carolina and assisted Britain during the Siege of Savannah . Many Indians were involved in the fighting between Britain and Spain on the Gulf Coast and up the Mississippi River -- mostly on the British side . Thousands of Creeks , Chickasaws , and Choctaws fought in major battles such as the Battle of Fort Charlotte , the Battle of Mobile , and the Siege of Pensacola . Race and class Pybus ( 2005 ) estimates that about 20,000 slaves defected to or were captured by the British , of whom about 8,000 died from disease or wounds or were recaptured by the Patriots . The British took some 12,000 at the end of the war ; of these 8000 remained in slavery . Including those who left during the war , a total of about 8000 to 10,000 slaves gained freedom . About 4000 freed slaves went to Nova Scotia and 1200 blacks remained slaves . Baller ( 2006 ) examines family dynamics and mobilization for the Revolution in central Massachusetts . He reports that warfare and the farming culture were sometimes incompatible . Militiamen found that living and working on the family farm had not prepared them for wartime marches and the rigors of camp life . Rugged individualism conflicted with military discipline and regimentation . A man 's birth order often influenced his military recruitment , as younger sons went to war and older sons took charge of the farm . A person 's family responsibilities and the prevalent patriarchy could impede mobilization . Harvesting duties and family emergencies pulled men home regardless of the sergeant 's orders . Some relatives might be Loyalists , creating internal strains . On the whole , historians conclude the Revolution 's effect on patriarchy and inheritance patterns favored egalitarianism . McDonnell ( 2006 ) shows a grave complication in Virginia 's mobilization of troops was the conflicting interests of distinct social classes , which tended to undercut a unified commitment to the Patriot cause . The Assembly balanced the competing demands of elite slave - owning planters , the middling yeomen ( some owning a few slaves ) , and landless indentured servants , among other groups . The Assembly used deferments , taxes , military service substitute , and conscription to resolve the tensions . Unresolved class conflict , however , made these laws less effective . There were violent protests , many cases of evasion , and large - scale desertion , so that Virginia 's contributions came at embarrassingly low levels . With the British invasion of the state in 1781 , Virginia was mired in class division as its native son , George Washington , made desperate appeals for troops . See also American Revolutionary War portal United States Army portal Bibliography of the American Revolutionary War Bibliography of George Washington Commemoration of the American Revolution Diplomacy in the American Revolutionary War British Army during the American War of Independence First Treaty of San Ildefonso First League of Armed Neutrality Fourth Anglo - Dutch War George Washington in the American Revolution Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War List of American Revolutionary War battles List of British Forces in the American Revolutionary War List of Continental Forces in the American Revolutionary War List of infantry weapons in the American Revolution List of plays and films about the American Revolution List of revolutions and rebellions Naval operations in the American Revolutionary War Treaty of El Pardo ( 1778 ) Notes Jump up ^ This article primarily refers to the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies who supported the American Revolution as `` Americans '' , with occasional references to `` Patriots '' or `` Revolutionaries '' . Colonists who supported the British and opposed the Revolution are referred to as `` Loyalists '' or `` Tories '' . The geographical area of the thirteen colonies is often referred to simply as `` America '' . References Jump up ^ ( from 1777 ) Jump up ^ ( from 1778 ) Jump up ^ The term `` French Empire '' colloquially refers to the empire under Napoleon , but it is used here for brevity to refer to France proper and to the colonial empire that the Kingdom of France ruled Jump up ^ ( from 1779 ) Jump up ^ ( 1780 -- 84 ) Jump up ^ ( 1780 -- 84 ) Jump up ^ ( until 1779 ) Jump up ^ Hanover supplied troops per Personal union treaty , not as mercenaries Jump up ^ Lowell , Edward J ( 1884 ) , `` The Hessians and the other German Auxiliaries of Great Britain in the Revolutionary War '' , Harper and Brothers Publishers , New York , Chapter II . Quote : `` Five battalions of the Hanoverian subjects of George III were despatched to Gibraltar and Menorca '' Jump up ^ ( from 1779 ) ^ Jump up to : Duncan , Louis C. MEDICAL MEN IN THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION ( 1931 ) . ^ Jump up to : Michael Lanning ( 2009 ) . American Revolution 100 : The Battles , People , and Events of the American War for Independence , Ranked by Their Significance . Sourcebooks . pp. 195 -- 96 . ISBN 9781402241703 . ^ Jump up to : Jack P. Greene and J.R. Pole . A Companion to the American Revolution ( Wiley - Blackwell , 2003 ) , p. 328 . Jump up ^ Paullin , Charles Oscar ( 1906 ) . The navy of the American Revolution : its administration , its policy and its achievements . The Burrows Brothers Co . Jump up ^ `` Privateers or Merchant Mariners help win the Revolutionary War '' . Usmm.org . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Howarth 1991 , p. 16 Jump up ^ Montero , Francisco Maria ( 1860 ) , Historia de Gibraltar y de su campo ( in Spanish ) , Imprenta de la Revista Médica , p. 356 Jump up ^ Chartrand & Courcelle 2006 , p. 79 . ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Dull , A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution ( Yale University Press , 1985 ) , p. 110 . ^ Jump up to : `` Red Coats Facts -- British Soldiers in the American Revolution '' . totallyhistory.com . ^ Jump up to : `` The British Army 1775 -- 1783 '' ( PDF ) . orbat . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 27 , 2013 . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chartrand & Courcelle 2006 , p. 63 : `` Of 7,500 men in the Gibraltar garrison in September ( including 400 in hospital ) , some 3,430 were always on duty '' Jump up ^ Winfield , Rif , British Warships in the Age of Sail : 1714 -- 1792 ( Seaforth Publishing , 2007 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 84415 - 700 - 6 Jump up ^ Winfield , Rif , British Warships in the Age of Sail 1714 -- 1792 : Design , Construction , Careers and Fates ( Seaforth Publishing , 2007 ) ^ Jump up to : Mackesy ( 1964 ) , pp. 6 , 176 ( British seamen ) . ^ Jump up to : Savas and Dameron ( 2006 ) , p. xli Jump up ^ Knesebeck , Ernst von dem ( 1845 ) , `` Geschichte de churhannoverschen Truppen in Gibraltar , Menorca und Ostindien '' , Published by Im Verlage der Helwingschen Hof - Buchhandlung . Note : The strength of a Hanoverian battalion is listed as 473 men ^ Jump up to : Lowell , Edward J ( 1884 ) , `` The Hessians and the other German Auxiliaries of Great Britain in the Revolutionary War '' , Harper and Brothers Publishers , New York , Chapter II Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 1999 ) , p. 393 ; Boatner ( 1974 ) , p. 545 . ^ Jump up to : Howard H. Peckham , ed. , The Toll of Independence : Engagements and Battle Casualties of the American Revolution ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1974 ) . ^ Jump up to : Burrows , Edwin G. ( Fall 2008 ) . `` Patriots or Terrorists '' . American Heritage . 58 ( 5 ) . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2013 . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dawson , Warrington . `` The 2112 Frenchmen who died in the United States from 1777 to 1783 while fighting for the American Independence '' . Washington - Rochambeau Revolutionary Route . Journal de la societe des Americanistes . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spanish casualties in The American Revolutionary war '' . Necrometrics . ^ Jump up to : Annual Register , 1783 ( 1785 ) , pp. 199 -- 200 . ^ Jump up to : Parliamentary Register ( 1781 ) , pp. 263 -- 65 . Jump up ^ `` Eighteenth Century Death Tolls '' . necrometrics.com . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Parliamentary Register ( 1781 ) , p. 269 . ^ Jump up to : Mackesy ( 1964 ) , pp. 6 , 176 ( British seamen ) Jump up ^ Burrows , Edwin . `` Forgotten Patriots : The Untold Story of American Prisoners During the Revolutionary War . '' Basic Books . New York , 2008 . Page 203 . Jump up ^ Modern British writers generally favor `` American War of Independence '' , rather than `` American Rebellion '' or `` War of American Independence '' . `` National Curriculum England '' . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The colony of Georgia joined later . Jump up ^ Brooks , Richard ( editor ) . Atlas of World Military History . HarperCollins , 2000 , p. 101 `` Washington 's success in keeping the army together deprived the British of victory , but French intervention won the war . '' Jump up ^ Gladney , Henry M. ( 2014 ) . No Taxation without Representation : 1768 Petition , Memorial , and Remonstrance ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Liberty and Property : Political Ideology in Eighteenth - century Britain -- H.T. Dickinson -- Google Books . Books.google.com. 1977 . p. 218 . ISBN 9780416729306 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Charles Howard McIlwain ( 1938 ) . The American Revolution : A Constitutional Interpretation . p. 51 . ISBN 9781584775683 . Jump up ^ Paul Boyer ; et al. ( 2014 ) . The Enduring Vision : A History of the American People . Cengage Learning . p. 142 . ISBN 9781285193397 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , 48 ; Thomas , Duties Crisis , 76 Jump up ^ Young , Shoemaker , 183 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , 69 Jump up ^ `` What was the Boston Massacre ? '' . Boston Massacre Society . Jump up ^ `` Boston Tea Party '' . History.com . Jump up ^ http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/mass_gov_act.asp Jump up ^ Ian R. Christie and Benjamin W. Labaree , Empire or Independence , 1760 -- 1776 ( New York : Norton , 1976 ) p. 188 . Jump up ^ Ammerman , David ( 1974 ) . In the Common Cause : American Response to the Coercive Acts of 1774 . New York : Norton . , p. 9 Jump up ^ Ammerman points out that the act only permitted soldiers to be quartered in unoccupied buildings -- although they were still private property . ( Ammerman , In the Common Cause , 10 ) Jump up ^ Ammerman , In the Common Cause , 15 . Jump up ^ Gary B. Nash ; Carter Smith ( 2007 ) . Atlas Of American History . Infobase Publishing . p. 64 . ISBN 9781438130132 . Jump up ^ Peter Knight ( 2003 ) . Conspiracy Theories in American History : An Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . pp. 184 -- 85 . ISBN 9781576078129 . Jump up ^ Georgia did not attend Jump up ^ Ferling , John . ( 2003 ) . A Leap in the Dark . Oxford University Press . p. 112 . Jump up ^ Kindig , Thomas E. ( 1995 ) . `` Galloway 's Plan for the Union of Great Britain and the Colonies '' . Declaration of Independence . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , USA : Independence Hall Association , publishing electronically as ushistory.org . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 14 , 2015 . The plan was considered very attractive to most of the members , as it proposed a popularly elected Grand Council which would represent the interests of the colonies as a whole , and would be a continental equivalent to the English Parliament . After a sincere debate , it was rejected by a six to five vote on October 22 , 1774 . It may have been the arrival of the Suffolk County ( Boston ) resolutions that killed it . ^ Jump up to : Kramnick , Isaac ( ed ) ; Thomas Paine ( 1982 ) . Common Sense . Penguin Classics . p. 21 . Jump up ^ `` Resolved , 4 . That the foundation of English liberty , and of all free government , is a right in the people to participate in their legislative council : and as the English colonists are not represented , and from their local and other circumstances , can not properly be represented in the British parliament , they are entitled to a free and exclusive power of legislation in their several provincial legislatures , where their right of representation can alone be preserved , in all cases of taxation and internal polity , subject only to the negative of their sovereign , in such manner as has been heretofore used and accustomed : But , from the necessity of the case , and a regard to the mutual interest of both countries , we cheerfully consent to the operation of such acts of the British parliament , as are bonfide , restrained to the regulation of our external commerce , for the purpose of securing the commercial advantages of the whole empire to the mother country , and the commercial benefits of its respective members ; excluding every idea of taxation internal or external , for raising a revenue on the subjects , in America , without their consent . 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Ferling , Almost A Miracle : The American Victory in the War of Independence ( 2009 ) , pp. 562 -- 77 . ^ Jump up to : Joseph J. Ellis ( 2013 ) . Revolutionary Summer : The Birth of American Independence . Random House . ISBN 0307701220 . ^ Jump up to : Richard W. Stewart , ed. , American Military History Volume 1 The United States Army And The Forging Of A Nation , 1775 -- 1917 '' ( 2005 ) ch 4 `` The Winning of Independence , 1777 -- 1783 '' ( 2005 ) , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Adams , Charles Francis , `` Battle of Long Island '' , in American Historical Review ( 1895 -- 1896 ) , pp. 668 -- 669 . Jump up ^ David McCullough ( 2006 ) . 1776 . p. 122 . Jump up ^ Cadwalader , Richard McCall ( 1901 ) . Observance of the One Hundred and Twenty - third Anniversary of the Evacuation of Philadelphia by the British Army . Fort Washington and the Encampment of White Marsh , November 2 , 1777 : . pp. 20 -- 28 . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Frothingham pp. 152 -- 153 Jump up ^ Jackson , Kenneth T ; Dunbar , David S ( 2005 ) . Empire City : New York Through the Centuries . Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 10909 - 3 , p. 20 Jump up ^ Colonial Office Papers , Manuscripts in the Public Record Office , 5 : 93 , Howe to Dartmouth , 1st December 1775 Jump up ^ Colonial Office Papers , 5 : 93 , Howe to Germain , 7 June and 7 July 1776 Jump up ^ A View of the Evidence ( London , 1783 ) , p. 13 Jump up ^ Correspondence of George III with Lord North , Volume II , p. 57 Jump up ^ Colonial Office Papers , 5 : 93 , Howe to Germain , 30 Nov 1776 Jump up ^ Stedman , American War , Volume I , p. 287 Jump up ^ Lumpkin , From Savannah to Yorktown : The American Revolution in the South ( 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Pancake , John ( 1985 ) . This Destructive War . University of Alabama Press. , p. 221 Jump up ^ Clinton , H. ; The American Rebellion . Note : This lack of notification was one of Clinton 's main arguments in his own defense in the controversy that followed the surrender at Yorktown . Jump up ^ Grainger , John ( 2005 ) . The Battle of Yorktown , 1781 : a Reassessment . Woodbridge , NJ : Boydell Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84383 - 137 - 2 . OCLC 232006312 . , p. 29 Jump up ^ Lengel , Edward ( 2005 ) . General George Washington . New York : Random House Paperbacks . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 6950 - 2. , p. 337 Jump up ^ Fleming , Thomas ( 1970 ) . The Perils of Peace . New York : The Dial Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 113911 - 6 , p. 16 Jump up ^ Colonial Office Papers , 5 : 96 , Clinton to Germain , 15 September 1778 Jump up ^ Colonial Office Papers , 5 : 97 , Clinton to Germain , 15 December 1778 Jump up ^ Colonial Office Papers , 5 : 98 , Haldimand to Clinton , 19 July and 29 August 1779 Jump up ^ Colonial Office Papers , 5 : 100 , Clinton to Germain , 31st October 1780 Jump up ^ Black ( 2001 ) , p. 39 ; Greene and Pole ( 1999 ) , pp. 298 , 306 Jump up ^ Rossman , Vadim ( 2016 ) , `` Capital Cities : Varieties and Patterns of Development and Relocation '' , Taylor & Francis , ISBN 1317562852 , p. 2 Jump up ^ Edward E. Curtis , The Organization of the British Army in the American Revolution , Conclusion , ( Yale U.P. 1926 ) , ( 3 ) Retrieved 10 June 2017 Jump up ^ Black ( 2001 ) , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Wilson , David K ( 2005 ) . The Southern Strategy : Britain 's Conquest of South Carolina and Georgia , 1775 -- 1780 . Columbia , SC : University of South Carolina Press . ISBN 1 - 57003 - 573 - 3 . OCLC 232001108 . p. 112 Jump up ^ Black ( 2001 ) , pp. 14 -- 16 ( Harsh methods ) , pp. 35 , 38 ( slaves and Indians ) , p. 16 ( neutrals into revolutionaries ) . Jump up ^ Leonard Woods Larabee , Conservatism in Early American History ( 1948 ) pp 164 -- 65 Jump up ^ Calhoon , Robert M. The Loyalists in Revolutionary America , 1760 -- 1781 ( 1973 ) Jump up ^ Curtis , `` The Organization of the British Army in the American Revolution , Conclusion Jump up ^ C. Ritcheson , `` Loyalist Influence on British Policy Toward the United States After the American Revolution '' ; Eighteenth - Century Studies ; ( 1973 ) 7 # 1 p. 6 . Jstor link Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 1999 ) , p. 235 Jump up ^ William Edward Hartpole Lecky ( 1891 ) . A History of England : In the Eighteenth Century . p. 139 . Jump up ^ Black ( 2001 ) , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Black ( 2001 ) , p. 13 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Ferling ( 2007 ) , p. 294 Jump up ^ Dull , ( 1985 ) p. 244 Jump up ^ Tellier , L. - N. ( 2009 ) . Urban World History : an Economic and Geographical Perspective . Quebec : PUQ . p. 463 . ISBN 2 - 7605 - 1588 - 5 . Jump up ^ Pole and Greene , eds . Companion to the American Revolution , ch. 36 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Trevelyan , p. 249 . Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 405 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Philander D. Chase . `` Steuben , Friedrich Wilhelm von '' ; American National Biography Online ( 2000 ) . Accessed January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ferling , John ( 2007 ) , pp. 294 -- 95 '' Jump up ^ `` Establishment of the Navy , 13 October 1775 '' . United States Navy . Retrieved November 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Crocker ( 2006 ) , p. 51 . Jump up ^ `` Privateers or Merchant Mariners help win the Revolutionary War '' . Usmm.org . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Higginbotham ( 1983 ) , pp. 331 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Boatner ( 1974 ) , p. 264 . ^ Jump up to : Duffy , Christopher ( 2005 ) . Military Experience in the Age of Reason . London : Routledge . ISBN 0203976851 . p. 13 . In the original 1987 edition , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Kaplan and Kaplan ( 1989 ) , pp. 64 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Leslie Alexander ( 2010 ) . Encyclopedia of African American History . ABC - CLIO . p. 356 . ISBN 9781851097746 . Jump up ^ Peter Kolchin , American Slavery : 1619 -- 1877 , New York : Hill and Wang , 1994 , p. 73 Jump up ^ Kolchin , p. 73 Jump up ^ William Weir ( 2004 ) . The Encyclopedia of African American Military History . Prometheus Books . pp. 31 -- 32 . ISBN 9781615928316 . Jump up ^ Cassadra Pybus , `` Jefferson 's Faulty Math : the Question of Slave Defections in the American Revolution '' , William and Mary Quarterly ( 2005 ) 62 # 2 pp : 243 -- 264 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 1999 ) , p. 393 ; Boatner ( 1974 ) , p. 545 . Jump up ^ John Finger , Tennessee Frontiers : Three Regions in Transition ( Bloomington , Ind. : Indiana University Press , 2001 ) , pp. 43 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Ward , Harry M. ( 1999 ) . The war for independence and the transformation of American society . Psychology Press . p. 198 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85728 - 656 - 4 . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Greg ( April 30 , 2008 ) . Pre-removal Choctaw history : exploring new paths . University of Oklahoma Press . pp. 123 -- 126 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3916 - 6 . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cassandra Pybus , `` Jefferson 's Faulty Math : the Question of Slave Defections in the American Revolution '' , William and Mary Quarterly 2005 62 # 2 : 243 -- 264 . Jump up ^ John N. Grant , `` Black Immigrants into Nova Scotia , 1776 -- 1815 . '' Journal of Negro History ( 1973 ) : 253 -- 270 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ James W. St G. Walker , The Black Loyalists : The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone , 1783 -- 1870 ( 1992 ) . Jump up ^ William Baller , `` Farm Families and the American Revolution , '' Journal of Family History ( 2006 ) 31 ( 1 ) : 28 -- 44 . ISSN 0363 - 1990 . Fulltext : online in EBSCO . Jump up ^ Michael A. McDonnell , `` Class War : Class Struggles During the American Revolution in Virginia '' , William and Mary Quarterly 2006 63 ( 2 ) : 305 -- 344 . ISSN 0043 - 5597 Fulltext : online at History Cooperative . Further reading Black , Jeremy . War for America : The Fight for Independence , 1775 -- 1783 . 2001 . Analysis from a noted British military historian . Benn , Carl Historic Fort York , 1793 -- 1993 . Toronto : Dundurn Press Ltd. 1993 . ISBN 0 - 920474 - 79 - 9 . Boatner , Mark Mayo , III . Encyclopedia of the American Revolution . 1966 ; revised 1974 . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 0578 - 1 . Military topics , references many secondary sources . Calloway , Colin G . The American Revolution in Indian Country : Crisis and Diversity in Native American Communities ( Cambridge UP , 1995 ) . Chambers , John Whiteclay II , ed. in chief . The Oxford Companion to American Military History . Oxford University Press , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507198 - 0 . Conway , Stephen . The British Isles and the War of American Independence ( 2002 ) doi : 10.1093 / acprof : oso / 9780199254552.001. 0001 online Crocker III , H.W. ( 2006 ) . Do n't Tread on Me . New York : Crown Forum . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 5363 - 6 . Curtis , Edward E. The Organization of the British Army in the American Revolution ( Yale U.P. 1926 ) online Duffy , Christopher . The Military Experience in the Age of Reason , 1715 -- 1789 Routledge , 1987 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7102 - 1024 - 1 . Edler , Friedrich . The Dutch Republic and The American Revolution . University Press of the Pacific , 1911 , reprinted 2001 . ISBN 0 - 89875 - 269 - 8 . Ellis , Joseph J. His Excellency : George Washington . ( 2004 ) . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 4031 - 0 . David Hackett Fischer . Washington 's Crossing . New York : Oxford University Press , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517034 - 2 . Fletcher , Charles Robert Leslie . An Introductory History of England : The Great European War , Volume 4 . E.P. Dutton , 1909 . OCLC 12063427 . Greene , Jack P. and Pole , J.R. , eds . The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution . Malden , Massachusetts : Blackwell , 1991 ; reprint 1999 . ISBN 1 - 55786 - 547 - 7 . Collection of essays focused on political and social history . Gilbert , Alan . Black Patriots and Loyalists : Fighting for Emancipation in the War for Independence . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 2012 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 29307 - 3 . Higginbotham , Don . The War of American Independence : Military Attitudes , Policies , and Practice , 1763 -- 1789 . Northeastern University Press , 1983 . ISBN 0 - 930350 - 44 - 8 . Overview of military topics ; online in ACLS History E-book Project . Morrissey , Brendan . Monmouth Courthouse 1778 : The Last Great Battle in the North . Osprey Publishing , 2004 . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 772 - 7 . Jensen , Merrill . The Founding of a Nation : A History of the American Revolution 1763 -- 1776 . ( 2004 ) Kaplan , Sidney and Emma Nogrady Kaplan . The Black Presence in the Era of the American Revolution . Amherst , Massachusetts : The University of Massachusetts Press , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 87023 - 663 - 6 . Ketchum , Richard M. Saratoga : Turning Point of America 's Revolutionary War . Henry Holt , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 4681 - X . Mackesy , Piers . The War for America : 1775 -- 1783 . London , 1964 . Reprinted University of Nebraska Press , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 8192 - 7 . Highly regarded examination of British strategy and leadership . McCullough , David . 1776 . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2005 . Middleton , Richard , The War of American Independence , 1775 -- 1783 . London : Pearson , 2012 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 22942 - 6 Reynolds , Jr. , William R. ( 2012 ) . Andrew Pickens : South Carolina Patriot in the Revolutionary War . Jefferson NC : McFarland & Company , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 6694 - 8 . Riddick , John F. The History of British India : a Chronology . Greenwood Publishing Group , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32280 - 8 . Savas , Theodore P. and Dameron , J. David . A Guide to the Battles of the American Revolution . New York : Savas Beatie LLC , 2006 . ISBN 1 - 932714 - 12 - X . Schama , Simon . Rough Crossings : Britain , the Slaves , and the American Revolution , New York , NY : Ecco / HarperCollins , 2006 O'Shaughnessy , Andrew Jackson . The Men who Lost America : British Leadership , the American Revolution , and the Fate of the Empire ( Yale UP , 2014 ) . Shy , John . A People Numerous and Armed : Reflections on the Military Struggle for American Independence . New York : Oxford University Press , 1976 ( ISBN 0 - 19 - 502013 - 8 ) ; revised University of Michigan Press , 1990 ( ISBN 0 - 472 - 06431 - 2 ) . Collection of essays . Stephenson , Orlando W . `` The Supply of Gunpowder in 1776 '' , American Historical Review , 30 # 2 ( 1925 ) , pp. 271 -- 281 online free . Taylor , Alan . American Revolutions : A Continental History , 1750 - 1804 ( WW Norton & Company , 2016 ) . Tombs , Robert and Isabelle . That Sweet Enemy : The French and the British from the Sun King to the Present Random House , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 4024 - 7 . Trevelyan , George Otto . George the Third and Charles Fox : the concluding part of The American revolution Longmans , Green , 1912 . Watson , J. Steven . The Reign of George III , 1760 -- 1815 . 1960 . Standard history of British politics . Weigley , Russell F. The American Way of War . Indiana University Press , 1977 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 28029 - 9 . Weintraub , Stanley . Iron Tears : America 's Battle for Freedom , Britain 's Quagmire : 1775 -- 1783 . New York : Free Press , 2005 ( a division of Simon & Schuster ) . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 2687 - 9 . An account of the British politics on the conduct of the war . Reference literature These are some of the standard works about the war in general that are not listed above ; books about specific campaigns , battles , units , and individuals can be found in those articles . Billias , George Athan . George Washington 's Generals and Opponents : Their Exploits and Leadership ( 1994 ) scholarly studies of key generals on each side. \ Black , Jeremy . `` Could the British Have Won the American War of Independence ? . '' Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research . ( Fall 1996 ) , Vol. 74 Issue 299 , pp 145 -- 154 . online video lecture , uses Real Player Conway , Stephen . The War of American Independence 1775 -- 1783 . Publisher : E. Arnold , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 340 - 62520 - 1 . 280 pages . Lowell , Edward J. The Hessians in the Revolution Williamstown , Massachusetts , Corner House Publishers , 1970 , Reprint Bancroft , George . History of the United States of America , from the discovery of the American continent . ( 1854 -- 78 ) , vol. 7 -- 10 . Bobrick , Benson . Angel in the Whirlwind : The Triumph of the American Revolution . Penguin , 1998 ( paperback reprint ) . Fremont - Barnes , Gregory , and Ryerson , Richard A. , eds . The Encyclopedia of the American Revolutionary War : A Political , Social , and Military History ( ABC - CLIO , 2006 ) 5 volume paper and online editions ; 1000 entries by 150 experts , covering all topics Frey , Sylvia R . The British Soldier in America : A Social History of Military Life in the Revolutionary Period ( University of Texas Press , 1981 ) . Hibbert , Christopher . Redcoats and Rebels : The American Revolution through British Eyes . New York : Norton , 1990 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 02895 - X . Kwasny , Mark V. Washington 's Partisan War , 1775 -- 1783 . Kent , Ohio : 1996 . ISBN 0 - 87338 - 546 - 2 . Militia warfare . Middlekauff , Robert . The Glorious Cause : The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1789 . Oxford University Press , 1984 ; revised 2005 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 516247 - 1 . online edition Savas , Theodore ; J. David Dameron ( 2006 ) . Guide to the Battles of the American Revolution . Savas Beatie . ISBN 9781611210118 . Contains a detailed listing of American , French , British , German , and Loyalist regiments ; indicates when they were raised , the main battles , and what happened to them . Also includes the main warships on both sides , And all the important battles . Simms , Brendan . Three Victories and a Defeat : The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire , 1714 -- 1783 ( 2008 ) 802 pp. , detailed coverage of diplomacy from London viewpoint Symonds , Craig L. A Battlefield Atlas of the American Revolution ( 1989 ) , newly drawn maps emphasizing the movement of military units Ward , Christopher . The War of the Revolution . ( 2 volumes . New York : Macmillan , 1952 . ) History of land battles in North America . Wood , W.J. Battles of the Revolutionary War , 1775 -- 1781 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81329 - 7 ( 2003 paperback reprint ) . Analysis of tactics of a dozen battles , with emphasis on American military leadership . Men - at - Arms series : short ( 48pp ) , very well illustrated descriptions : Zlatich , Marko ; Copeland , Peter . General Washington 's Army ( 1 ) : 1775 -- 78 ( 1994 ) Zlatich , Marko . General Washington 's Army ( 2 ) : 1779 -- 83 ( 1994 ) Chartrand , Rene . The French Army in the American War of Independence ( 1994 ) May , Robin . The British Army in North America 1775 -- 1783 ( 1993 ) The Partisan in War , a treatise on light infantry tactics written by Colonel Andreas Emmerich in 1789 . External links Look up American Revolutionary War in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to American Revolutionary War . 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Common carotid artery

Common carotid artery - wikipedia Common carotid artery Jump to : navigation , search `` Carotid '' and `` carotids '' redirect here . For the parotids ( salivary glands ) , see Parotid gland . Common carotid artery The common carotid artery arises directly from the aorta on the left , and as a branch of the brachiocephalic trunk on the right The common carotid artery and its main branches Details Precursor aortic arch 3 Source aortic arch , brachiocephalic artery Branches internal carotid artery , external carotid artery Vein internal jugular vein Supplies head and neck Identifiers Latin Arteria carotis communis MeSH D017536 TA A12. 2.04. 006 FMA 3939 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) In anatomy , the left and right common carotid arteries ( carotids ) ( English : / kəˈrɒtɪd / ) are arteries that supply the head and neck with oxygenated blood ; they divide in the neck to form the external and internal carotid arteries . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 In the chest 1.2 In the neck 2 Collateral circulation 3 Variation 3.1 Origin 3.2 Point of division 3.3 Occasional branches 4 Clinical significance 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Structure ( edit ) The common carotid arteries are present on the left and right sides of the body . These arteries originate from different arteries , but follow symmetrical courses . The right common carotid originates in the neck from the brachiocephalic trunk ; the left from the aortic arch in the thorax . These split into the external and internal carotid arteries at the upper border of the thyroid cartilage , at around the level of the fourth cervical vertebra . The left common carotid artery can be thought of as having two parts : a thoracic ( chest ) part and a cervical ( neck ) part . The right common carotid originates in or close to the neck , so contains only a small thoracic portion . There are studies in the bioengineering literature that have looked into characterizing the geometric structure of the common carotid artery from both qualitative and mathematical ( quantitative ) standpoints . The average diameters of the common carotids in adult males and females are 6.5 mm and 6.1 mm respectively . In the chest ( edit ) Only the left common carotid artery has a substantial presence in the thorax . It originates directly from the aortic arch , and travels upward through the superior mediastinum to the level of the left sternoclavicular joint . During the thoracic part of its course , the left common carotid artery is related to the following structures : In front , it is separated from the manubrium of the sternum by the sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles , the anterior portions of the left pleura and lung , the left brachiocephalic vein , and the remains of the thymus ; behind , it lies on the trachea , esophagus , left recurrent laryngeal nerve , and thoracic duct . To its right side below is the brachiocephalic trunk , and above , the trachea , the inferior thyroid veins , and the remains of the thymus ; to its left side are the left vagus and phrenic nerves , left pleura , and lung . The left subclavian artery is posterior and slightly lateral to it . In the neck ( edit ) Arteries of the neck . The right common carotid artery -- labeled Common caroti in the figure -- divides into the right internal carotid artery and external carotid artery . The cervical portions of the common carotids resemble each other so closely that one description will apply to both . Each vessel passes obliquely upward , from behind the sternoclavicular joint to the level of the upper border of the thyroid cartilage , where it divides . At the lower neck the two common carotid arteries are separated from each other by a very narrow interval which contains the trachea ; but at the upper part , the thyroid gland , the larynx and pharynx separate the two arteries . The common carotid artery is contained in a sheath known as the carotid sheath , which is derived from the deep cervical fascia and encloses also the internal jugular vein and vagus nerve , the vein lying lateral to the artery , and the nerve between the artery and vein , on a plane posterior to both . On opening the sheath , each of these three structures is seen to have a separate fibrous cover . At approximately the level of the fourth cervical vertebra , the common carotid artery splits ( `` bifurcates '' in literature ) into an internal carotid artery ( ICA ) and an external carotid artery ( ECA ) . While both branches travel upward , the internal carotid takes a deeper ( more internal ) path , eventually travelling up into the skull to supply the brain . The external carotid artery travels more closely to the surface , and sends off numerous branches that supply the neck and face . Superficial dissection of the right side of the neck , showing the carotid and subclavian arteries . At the lower part of the neck the common carotid artery is very deeply seated , being covered by the integument , superficial fascia , the platysma muscle , deep cervical fascia , the sternocleidomastoid muscle , the sternohyoid , sternothyroid , and the omohyoid ; in the upper part of its course it is more superficial , being covered merely by the integument , the superficial fascia , the platysma , deep cervical fascia , and medial margin of the sternocleidomastoid . When the sternocleidomastoid muscle is drawn backward , the artery is seen to be contained in a triangular space known as the carotid triangle . This space is bounded behind by the sternocleidomastoid , above by the stylohyoid and the posterior belly of the digastric muscle , and below by the superior belly of the omohyoid . This part of the artery is crossed obliquely , from its medial to its lateral side , by the sternocleidomastoid branch of the superior thyroid artery ; it is also crossed by the superior and middle thyroid veins ( which end in the internal jugular vein ) ; descending in front of its sheath is the descending branch of the hypoglossal nerve , this filament being joined by one or two branches from the cervical nerves , which cross the vessel obliquely . Sometimes the descending branch of the hypoglossal nerve is contained within the sheath . The superior thyroid vein crosses the artery near its termination , and the middle thyroid vein a little below the level of the cricoid cartilage ; the anterior jugular vein crosses the artery just above the clavicle , but is separated from it by the sternohyoid and sternothyroid . Behind , the artery is separated from the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae by the longus colli and longus capitis muscles , the sympathetic trunk being interposed between it and the muscles . The inferior thyroid artery crosses behind the lower part of the vessel . Medially , it is in relation with the esophagus , trachea , and thyroid gland ( which overlaps it ) , the inferior thyroid artery and recurrent laryngeal nerve being interposed ; higher up , with the larynx and pharynx . Lateral to the artery , inside the carotid sheath with the common carotid , are the internal jugular vein and vagus nerve . At the lower part of the neck , on the right side of the body , the right recurrent laryngeal nerve crosses obliquely behind the artery ; the right internal jugular vein diverges from the artery . On the left side , however , the left internal jugular vein approaches and often overlaps the lower part of the artery . Behind the angle of bifurcation of the common carotid artery is a reddish - brown oval body known as the carotid body . It is similar in structure to the coccygeal body which is situated on the median sacral artery . The relations of the cervical region of the common carotid artery may be discussed in two points : Internal relations of organs present inside the carotid sheath two external relations of carotid sheath Collateral circulation ( edit ) After ligature of the common carotid , the collateral circulation can be perfectly established , by the free communication which exists between the carotid arteries of opposite sides , both without and within the cranium , and by enlargement of the branches of the subclavian artery on the side corresponding to that on which the vessel has been tied . The chief communications outside the skull take place between the superior and inferior thyroid arteries , and the deep cervical artery and the descending branch of the occipital artery ; the vertebral artery takes the place of the internal carotid artery within the cranium . Variation ( edit ) Origin ( edit ) The right common carotid may arise above the level of the upper border of the sternoclavicular joint ; this variation occurs in about 12 percent of cases . In other cases the artery on the right side may arise as a separate branch from the arch of the aorta , or in conjunction with the left carotid . The left common carotid varies in its origin more than the right . In the majority of abnormal cases it arises with the brachiocephalic trunk ; if that artery is absent , the two carotids arise usually by a single trunk . It is rarely joined with the left subclavian artery , except in cases of transposition of the aortic arch . Point of division ( edit ) In the majority of abnormal cases , the bifurcation occurs higher than usual , the artery dividing opposite or even above the hyoid bone ; more rarely , it occurs below , opposite the middle of the larynx , or the lower border of the cricoid cartilage . In at least one reported case , the artery was only 4 cm in length and divided at the root of the neck . Very rarely , the common carotid artery ascends in the neck without any subdivision , either the external or the internal carotid being absent ; and in a few cases the common carotid has itself been found to be absent , the external and internal carotids arising directly from the arch of the aorta . This peculiarity existed on both sides in some instances , on one side in others . Occasional branches ( edit ) The common carotid usually gives off no branch previous to its bifurcation , but it occasionally gives origin to the superior thyroid artery or its laryngeal branch , the ascending pharyngeal artery , the inferior thyroid artery , or , more rarely , the vertebral artery . Clinical significance ( edit ) The common carotid artery is often used in measuring the pulse , especially in patients who are in shock and who lack a detectable pulse in the more peripheral arteries of the body . The pulse is taken by palpating the artery just deep to the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle at the level of the superior border of the thyroid cartilage . Presence of a carotid pulse has been estimated to indicate a systolic blood pressure of more than 40 mmHg , as given by the 50 % percentile . Carotidynia is a syndrome marked by soreness of the carotid artery near the bifurcation . Carotid stenosis may occur in patients with atherosclerosis . The intima - media thickness of the carotid artery wall is a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis , it increases with age and with long - term exposure to particulate air pollution . Gallery ( edit ) Magnetic Resonance Angiography Normal carotidal arteriography Common carotid artery Common carotid artery -- right view Brachial plexus and common carotid artery Common carotid artery Common carotid artery Right and left common carotid arteries See also ( edit ) Head and neck anatomy Carotid sheath Carotid sinus Carotid body Carotid Doppler machine Carotidynia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ OED 2nd edition , 1989 . Jump up ^ Entry `` carotid '' in Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary . ^ Jump up to : Ashrafian H. Anatomically specific clinical examination of the carotid arterial tree . Anat Sci Int. 2007 Mar ; 82 ( 1 ) : 16 -- 23 . ^ Jump up to : Manbachi , A. , Hoi , Y. , Wasserman , B.A. Lakatta , E.G. and Steinman . D.A. ( November 2011 ) . `` On the shape of the common carotid artery with implications for blood velocity profiles '' . Physiol . Meas. 32 ( 12 ) : 1885 -- 1897 . doi : 10.1088 / 0967 - 3334 / 32 / 12 / 001 . PMC 3494738 . PMID 22031538 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ J. Krejza ; M. Arkuszewski ; S. Kasner ; J. Weigele ; A. Ustymowicz ; R. Hurst ; B. Cucchiara ; S. Messe ( April 2006 ) . `` Carotid Artery Diameter in Men and Women and the Relation to Body and Neck Size '' . Stroke. 37 ( 4 ) : 1103 -- 1105 . doi : 10.1161 / 01. STR. 0000206440.48756. f7 . PMID 16497983 . Jump up ^ Deakin CD , Low JL ( September 2000 ) . `` Accuracy of the advanced trauma life support guidelines for predicting systolic blood pressure using carotid , femoral , and radial pulses : observational study '' . BMJ. 321 ( 7262 ) : 673 -- 4 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 321.7262. 673 . PMC 27481 . PMID 10987771 . Jump up ^ Provost , E ; Madhloum , N ; Int Panis , L ; De Boever , P ; Nawrot , T ( 2015 ) . `` Carotid Intima - Media Thickness , a Marker of Subclinical Atherosclerosis , and Particulate Air Pollution Exposure : the Meta - Analytical Evidence '' . PLOS ONE . 10 ( 5 ) : e0127014 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0127014 . PMC 4430520 . PMID 25970426 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Common carotid artery . Anatomy figure : 21 : 06 - 01 at Human Anatomy Online , SUNY Downstate Medical Center Blood flow numerical simulations in stenosed carotid ( hide ) Arteries of the torso and chest Lungs Pulmonary artery Right Left ( Ligamentum arteriosum ) Heart Coronary circulation Right coronary : SA nodal AV nodal Atrial Right marginal Posterior interventricular Left coronary : Anterior interventricular Left circumflex ( Left marginal ) Aorta Sections Ascending aorta Aortic arch Descending aorta Thoracic aorta Abdominal aorta Aortic body Aortic arch Brachiocephalic Thyreoidea ima Right subclavian Right common carotid Left common carotid External carotid Internal carotid Carotid body Carotid sinus Carotid bifurcation Left subclavian Internal thoracic : Anterior intercostal Thymic Pericardiacophrenic Perforating branches terminal ( Musculophrenic , superior epigastric ) Costocervical trunk : Highest intercostal ( Posterior intercostal 1 -- 2 ) Deep cervical Descending aorta visceral : Bronchial Esophageal Mediastinal parietal : Posterior intercostal 3 -- 11 Subcostal Superior phrenic Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Common_carotid_artery&oldid=825173901 '' Categories : Arteries of the head and neck Arteries of the thorax Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Anatomy NAV infobox with use of other NAV parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Hrvatski Ido Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Саха тыла Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 February 2018 , at 22 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

where do the left and right common carotid arteries branch from in humans

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Don't Go Breaking My Heart

Do n't Go Breaking My Heart - wikipedia Do n't Go Breaking My Heart For other uses , see Do n't Go Breaking My Heart ( disambiguation ) . `` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' Single cover Single by Elton John and Kiki Dee B - side `` Snow Queen '' Released 21 June 1976 Recorded March 1976 Genre Pop Length 4 : 28 Label Rocket ( UK ) MCA ( US ) Songwriter ( s ) Ann Orson ( Elton John ) Carte Blanche ( Bernie Taupin ) Producer ( s ) Gus Dudgeon Elton John singles chronology `` Love Song '' ( 1976 ) `` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' ( 1976 ) `` Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word '' ( 1976 ) `` Love Song '' ( 1976 ) `` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' ( 1976 ) `` Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word '' ( 1976 ) Kiki Dee singles chronology `` Once a Fool '' ( 1975 ) Once a Fool1975 `` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' ( 1976 ) Do n't Go Breaking My Heart1976 `` First Thing in the Morning '' ( 1977 ) First Thing in the Morning1977 Music video `` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' on YouTube `` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' is a duet by Elton John and Kiki Dee . It was written by Elton John with Bernie Taupin under the pseudonyms `` Ann Orson '' and `` Carte Blanche '' , respectively , and intended as an affectionate pastiche of the Motown style , notably the various duets recorded by Marvin Gaye and singers such as Tammi Terrell and Kim Weston . It is not to be confused with the Burt Bacharach / Hal David song of the same title recorded in 1965 by Dionne Warwick for the album Here I Am . John and Taupin originally intended to record the song with Dusty Springfield , but ultimately withdrew the offer ; Springfield 's partner Sue Cameron later said this was because she was too ill at the time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart performance 2 Availability 3 Personnel 4 Charts and certifications 4.1 Weekly singles charts 4.2 Year - end charts 4.3 Sales and certifications 5 References 6 External links Chart performance ( edit ) Writers John and Taupin received the 1976 Ivor Novello award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically . Unlike many of John 's singles from the 1970s , it was never included on an original album ( although it was recorded during the Blue Moves sessions ) , but was subsequently released as the third single on the album Duets , in early 1994 . This version of the song was recorded with RuPaul , and reached # 7 on the UK charts , and the album included another duet with Kiki Dee , Cole Porter 's `` True Love '' , which reached # 2 on the UK Charts . `` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' was the first No. 1 single in the UK for both John and Kiki Dee , topping the chart for six weeks in mid 1976 . John would not enjoy a solo British chart - topper until `` Sacrifice '' in 1990 . It also became his sixth No. 1 single in the US , topping the Billboard Hot 100 for four weeks and spent one week on the Easy Listening chart . Billboard ranked it as the No. 2 song for 1976 . In the U.S. it has been certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America . After this duet with Dee , John failed to have another solo number one single until `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' . This 21 - year period included two intervening number one hits in America with musical partners : `` That 's What Friends Are For '' by Dionne & Friends in 1986 , and a 1992 re-make of John 's `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' with George Michael credited as a duet . The B - side , `` Snow Queen '' , was supposedly inspired by Cher , with John quoting past Sonny & Cher hits `` I Got You Babe '' and `` The Beat Goes On '' , as well as the solo Cher song `` Bang Bang ( My Baby Shot Me Down ) '' during the fadeout of the song . In 1977 , John guest starred on The Muppet Show and performed the track with Miss Piggy . In 1985 , John and Dee performed the track to the crowd at Wembley Stadium during John 's set at Live Aid ( where Dee sang backup ) . In 1987 , John appeared with Minnie Mouse on the NBC series Totally Minnie miming to the track . He performed the track with Alan Partridge ( Steve Coogan ) at the 2001 British Comedy awards . He also performed it with the Spice Girls on his ITV tribute programme An Audience with ... Elton John . In June 2013 , 37 years after its original release , the single reached one million sales in the UK . Availability ( edit ) The song can be found on Elton John 's Greatest Hits Volume II ( 1977 ) and Greatest Hits 1976 -- 1986 ; the 1995 UK CD of Rock of the Westies includes it as a bonus track ( the US edition did not , however ) . In 2002 , it also appeared on John 's 2 - disc greatest hits album , Elton John 's Greatest Hits 1970 - 2002 . A demo version of the song was recorded by John as a solo artist . This version has not been released commercially . The B - side , `` Snow Queen '' , has not seen any re-release since being issued on the single . Personnel ( edit ) Elton John -- piano , vocals Kiki Dee -- vocals James Newton Howard -- Fender Rhodes electric piano , orchestral arrangements Davey Johnstone -- electric guitars Kenny Passarelli -- bass Roger Pope -- drums Ray Cooper - tambourine , congas , bongos Curt Boettcher , Kiki Dee , Cindy Bullens - backing vocals Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly singles charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 8 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada ( Steede Report ) Canada ( RPM ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 5 South Africa ( RISA ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Adult Contemporary Zimbabwe Singles ( ZIMA ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 ) Rank Australia ( KMR ) 5 Canada ( RPM ) New Zealand UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Easy Listening 23 Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 10,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 1,000,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bartlett , Karen . Dusty -- An Intimate Portrait of a Musical Legend . Jump up ^ Lister , David ( 28 May 1994 ) . `` Pop ballads bite back in lyrical fashion '' . The Independent . London , England : Newspaper Publishing . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 2001 . Record Research . p. 128 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard , 25 December 1976 ( '' Billboard 's Annual Talent in Action `` , Pop Singles of 1976 ) '' . books.google.com . Google Books . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American certifications -- Go Breaking My Heart '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Jump up ^ Pakinkis , Tom ( 28 June 2013 ) . `` Elton , Sheeran and Andre join million - sellers club in the UK '' . Music Week . London , England : Intent Media . Retrieved 16 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lane , Daniel ( 27 June 2013 ) . `` Daft Punk 's Get Lucky becomes one of the UK 's biggest selling singles of all - time ! '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 16 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , New South Wales , Australia : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 978 - 0 - 646 - 11917 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Elton John & Kiki Dee -- Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Elton John & Kiki Dee -- Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ * Lwin , Nanda Top 40 Hits : The Essential Chart Guide . Mississauga , ON : Music Data Canada , 2000 Jump up ^ `` RPM Top Singles , August 21 , 1976 '' . RPM , Vol. 25 No. 21 . Canada : Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 16 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Elton John & Kiki Dee '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Elton John & Kiki Dee -- Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Elton John & Kiki Dee Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Elton John & Kiki Dee -- Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' . Top Digital Download . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Elton John & Kiki Dee -- Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Elton John & Kiki Dee -- Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` '' Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' on the South African Singles Chart `` . Springbok Radio . Retrieved 25 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Elton John & Kiki Dee -- Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Elton John & Kiki Dee -- Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Elton John Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 122 . Jump up ^ * Zimbabwe . Kimberley , C. Zimbabwe : singles chart book . Harare : C. Kimberley , 2000 Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 26 , No. 14 & 15 , January 08 1977 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 1976 The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Nztop40.co.nz. 1963 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Nigel , ed. ( 1977 ) . `` Top 100 Singles 1976 '' . BPI YearBook 1977 ( 2nd ed . ) . British Phonographic Industry . pp. 216 -- 18 . ISBN 0 - 906154 - 00 - 6 . Jump up ^ Top 50 Adult Contemporary Hits of 1976 Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Elton John -- Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 22 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Elton John / Kiki Dee -- Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 16 June 2014 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Gold in the Certification field . Enter Do n't Go Breaking My Heart in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Elton John & Kiki Dee -- Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Kiss and Say Goodbye '' by The Manhattans Billboard Hot 100 number - one single 7 August 1976 -- 28 August 1976 ( four weeks ) Succeeded by `` You Should Be Dancing '' by Bee Gees Preceded by `` The Roussos Phenomenon EP '' by Demis Roussos UK number - one single 24 July 1976 -- 28 August 1976 ( six weeks ) Succeeded by `` Dancing Queen '' by ABBA Preceded by `` S-S-S - Single Bed '' by Fox Australian Kent Music Report number - one single 30 August 1976 ( one week ) Preceded by `` Summer '' by War Billboard Easy Listening Singles number - one single 11 September 1976 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' by Olivia Newton - John hide Elton John songs 1960s and 1970s `` Skyline Pigeon '' ( 1968 ) `` I 've Been Loving You '' ( 1968 ) `` Lady Samantha '' ( 1969 ) `` It 's Me That You Need '' ( 1969 ) `` Border Song '' ( 1970 ) `` Rock and Roll Madonna '' ( 1970 ) `` From Denver to L.A. '' ( 1970 ) `` Take Me to the Pilot '' ( 1970 ) `` Your Song '' ( 1970 ) `` Friends '' ( 1971 ) `` Levon '' ( 1971 ) `` Tiny Dancer '' ( 1972 ) `` Rocket Man '' ( 1972 ) `` Honky Cat '' ( 1972 ) `` I Think I 'm Going to Kill Myself '' ( 1972 ) `` Mona Lisas and Mad Hatters '' ( 1972 ) `` Crocodile Rock '' ( 1972 ) `` Elderberry Wine '' ( 1972 ) `` Daniel '' ( 1972 ) `` Teacher I Need You '' ( 1973 ) `` Funeral for a Friend / Love Lies Bleeding '' ( 1973 ) `` Saturday Night 's Alright for Fighting '' ( 1973 ) `` Goodbye Yellow Brick Road '' ( 1973 ) `` Step into Christmas '' ( 1973 ) `` Candle in the Wind '' ( 1974 ) `` Bennie and the Jets '' ( 1974 ) `` Harmony '' ( 1974 ) `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' ( 1974 ) `` The Bitch Is Back '' ( 1974 ) `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' ( 1974 ) `` Philadelphia Freedom '' ( 1975 ) `` I Saw Her Standing There '' ( 1975 ) `` Someone Saved My Life Tonight '' ( 1975 ) `` Island Girl '' ( 1975 ) `` Grow Some Funk of Your Own '' ( 1976 ) `` I Feel Like a Bullet ( In the Gun of Robert Ford ) '' ( 1976 ) `` Pinball Wizard '' ( 1976 ) `` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' ( 1976 ) `` Cage the Songbird '' ( 1976 ) `` Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word '' ( 1976 ) `` Bite Your Lip ( Get Up and Dance ! ) '' ( 1977 ) `` Crazy Water '' ( 1977 ) `` The Goaldiggers Song '' ( 1977 ) `` Ego '' ( 1978 ) `` Part - Time Love '' ( 1978 ) `` Song for Guy '' ( 1978 ) `` Are You Ready for Love '' ( 1979 ) `` Mama Ca n't Buy You Love '' ( 1979 ) `` Johnny B. Goode '' ( 1979 ) 1980s `` Little Jeannie '' ( 1980 ) `` Sartorial Eloquence ( Do n't Ya Wanna Play This Game No More ? ) '' ( 1980 ) `` Dear God '' ( 1980 ) `` Whatever Gets You thru the Night '' ( 1981 ) `` Nobody Wins '' ( 1981 ) `` Loving You Is Sweeter Than Ever '' ( with Kiki Dee , 1981 ) `` Blue Eyes '' ( 1982 ) `` Empty Garden ( Hey Hey Johnny ) '' ( 1982 ) `` Ball and Chain '' ( 1982 ) `` All Quiet on the Western Front '' ( 1982 ) `` I Guess That 's Why They Call It the Blues '' ( 1983 ) `` I 'm Still Standing '' ( 1983 ) `` Sad Songs ( Say So Much ) '' ( 1984 ) `` Passengers '' ( 1984 ) `` Nikita '' ( 1985 ) `` That 's What Friends Are For '' ( 1985 ) `` Wrap Her Up '' ( 1985 ) `` Take Me to the Pilot '' ( 1988 ) `` I Do n't Wanna Go on with You Like That '' ( 1988 ) `` Town of Plenty '' ( 1988 ) `` Mona Lisas and Mad Hatters ( Part Two ) '' ( 1988 ) `` Healing Hands '' ( 1989 ) `` Sacrifice '' ( 1989 ) 1990s `` Club at the End of the Street '' ( 1990 ) `` You Gotta Love Someone '' ( 1990 ) `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' ( 1991 ) `` The One '' ( 1992 ) `` Runaway Train '' ( 1992 ) `` The Last Song '' ( 1992 ) `` Simple Life '' ( 1993 ) `` True Love '' ( 1993 ) `` Shakey Ground '' ( 1994 ) `` Ai n't Nothing Like the Real Thing '' ( 1994 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' ( 1994 ) `` Circle of Life '' ( 1994 ) `` Believe '' ( 1995 ) `` Made in England '' ( 1995 ) `` When the Money 's Gone '' ( 1995 ) `` You Can Make History ( Young Again ) '' ( 1996 ) `` The Madness of King Scar '' ( 1997 ) `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' ( 1997 ) `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' ( 1997 ) `` Written in the Stars '' ( 1999 ) 2000s `` I Want Love '' ( 2001 ) `` This Train Do n't Stop There Anymore '' ( 2002 ) `` Original Sin '' ( 2002 ) `` Are You Ready for Love '' ( 2003 ) `` Ghetto Gospel '' ( 2005 ) `` Electricity '' ( 2005 ) `` The Bridge '' ( 2006 ) `` Joseph , Better You than Me '' ( 2008 ) `` Tiny Dancer ( Hold Me Closer ) '' ( 2009 ) Related articles Albums discography Videography Book : Elton John Category : Elton John hide Kiki Dee Studio albums Loving and Free ( 1973 ) Perfect Timing ( 1981 ) Songs `` ( You Do n't Know ) How Glad I Am '' `` Amoureuse '' `` I 've Got the Music in Me '' `` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' `` True Love '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_Go_Breaking_My_Heart&oldid=843115116 '' Categories : 1976 singles Songs with music by Elton John Songs with lyrics by Bernie Taupin Elton John songs Kiki Dee songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Vocal duets Song recordings produced by Gus Dudgeon The Rocket Record Company singles 1976 songs MCA Records singles Number - one singles in Australia RPM Top Singles number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in South Africa Hidden categories : Use British English from August 2011 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Flanders ) Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for United Kingdom Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Use dmy dates from August 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français Italiano Norsk nynorsk Русский Svenska 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 00 : 16 . 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Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom

Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom - Wikipedia Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom For other uses , see Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( disambiguation ) . Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom Theatrical release poster by Drew Struzan Directed by Steven Spielberg Produced by Robert Watts Screenplay by Willard Huyck Gloria Katz Story by George Lucas Starring Harrison Ford Kate Capshaw Amrish Puri Roshan Seth Philip Stone Jonathan Ke Quan Music by John Williams Cinematography Douglas Slocombe Edited by Michael Kahn Production company Lucasfilm Ltd . Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date May 8 , 1984 ( 1984 - 05 - 08 ) ( Westwood ) May 23 , 1984 ( 1984 - 05 - 23 ) ( United States ) Running time 118 minutes Country United States Language English Sinhala Hindi Budget $28.2 million Box office $333.1 million Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom is a 1984 American action - adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg . It is the second installment in the Indiana Jones franchise and a prequel to the 1981 film Raiders of the Lost Ark , featuring Harrison Ford reprising his role as the title character . After arriving in North India , Indiana Jones is asked by desperate villagers to find a mystical stone and rescue their children from a Thuggee cult practicing child slavery , black magic and ritual human sacrifice in honor of the goddess Kali . Executive producer and co-writer George Lucas made the film a prequel as he did not want the Nazis to be the villains again . After three rejected plot devices , Lucas wrote a film treatment that resembled the film 's final storyline . Lawrence Kasdan , Lucas 's collaborator on Raiders of the Lost Ark , turned down the offer to write the script , and Willard Huyck and Gloria Katz were hired as his replacements , with the screenplay partly based upon the 1939 film Gunga Din . The film was released to financial success but initial reviews were mixed , criticizing its violence . However , critical opinion has improved since 1984 , citing the film 's intensity and imagination . In response to some of the more violent sequences in the film , and with similar complaints about Gremlins , Spielberg suggested that the Motion Picture Association of America ( MPAA ) alter its rating system , which it did within two months of the film 's release . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 3.3 Editing 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Promotion 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Awards 5.3 Controversy 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1935 , Indiana Jones narrowly escapes the clutches of Lao Che , a crime boss in Shanghai , China . With his 11 - year - old Chinese sidekick Short Round and the nightclub singer Willie Scott in tow , Indy flees Shanghai on an airplane that , unbeknownst to them , is owned by Lao . While the three of them are asleep on the plane , the pilots parachute out , and they leave the plane to crash over the Himalayas while dumping its fuel . Indy , Shorty , and Willie discover this and narrowly manage to escape by jumping out of the plane on an inflatable raft , and then riding down the slopes into a raging river . They come to Mayapore , a fictional village in northern India , where the poor villagers believe them to have been sent by Shiva to retrieve the sacred sivalinga stone stolen from their shrine , as well as the community 's children , from evil forces in the nearby Pankot Palace . During the journey to Pankot , Indy hypothesizes that the stone may be one of the five fabled Sankara stones that promise fortune and glory . The trio receive a warm welcome from the Prime Minister of Pankot Palace , Chattar Lal . The visitors are allowed to stay the night as guests , during which they attend a lavish but grotesque banquet given by the young Maharaja , Zalim Singh . Chattar Lal rebuffs Indy 's questions about the villagers ' claims and his theory that the ancient Thuggee cult is responsible for their troubles . Later that night , Indy is attacked by an assassin , leading Indy , Willie , and Shorty to believe that something is amiss . They discover a series of tunnels hidden behind a statue in Willie 's room and set out to explore them , overcoming a number of booby - traps along the way . The trio eventually reach an underground temple where the Thugs worship Kali with human sacrifice . They watch as the Thugs chain one of their victims in a cage and slowly lower him into a ceremonial lava pit , burning him alive . They discover that the Thugs , led by their high priest Mola Ram , are in possession of three of the five Sankara stones , and have enslaved the children to mine for the final two stones . As Indy tries to retrieve the stones , he , Willie , and Shorty are captured and separated . Indy is whipped and forced to drink a potion called the Blood of Kali , which places him in a trance - like state where he begins to mindlessly serve the Thugs . Willie , meanwhile , is kept as a human sacrifice , while Shorty ( who was also whipped ) is put to work in the mines alongside the enslaved children . Shorty breaks free and escapes back into the temple where he burns Indy with a torch , shocking him out of the trance . After defeating Chattar Lal , Indy stops Willie 's cage and cranks it out of the pit just in time before it has a chance to enter the fire . They go back to the mines to free the children , but Indy is caught up in a fight with a hulking overseer . The Maharaja , who was also entranced , attempts to cripple Indy with a voodoo doll . Shorty spars with the Maharajah , ultimately burning him to snap him out of the trance . With his strength returned , Indy kills the overseer . The Maharaja then tells Shorty how to get out of the mines . While Mola Ram escapes , Indy and Shorty rescue Willie and retrieve the three Sankara stones , the village children escape . After a mine cart chase to escape the temple , the trio emerge above ground and are again cornered by Mola Ram and his henchmen on a rope bridge high above a crocodile - infested river . Using a sword , Indy cuts the rope bridge in half , leaving everyone to hang on for their lives . Indy utters an incantation which causes the stones to glow red hot . Two of the stones fall into the river , while the last falls into Mola Ram 's hand , burning his hand . Indy catches the now - cool stone , while Mola Ram falls into the river below and is devoured by hungry crocodiles . The Thuggees then attempt to shoot Indy with arrows , until a company of British Indian Army riflemen , summoned by the Maharaja , arrive and open fire on the Thuggee archers . Indy , Willie , and Shorty return to the village with the children and give the missing stone back to the villagers . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Indiana Jones characters Harrison Ford as Indiana Jones : An archaeologist adventurer who is asked by a desperate Indian village to retrieve a mysterious stone and rescue the missing village children . Ford undertook a strict physical exercise regimen headed by Jake Steinfeld to gain a more muscular tone for the part . Kate Capshaw as Willie Scott : An American nightclub singer working in Shanghai . Willie is unprepared for her adventure with Indy and Short Round , and appears to be a damsel in distress . She also forms a romantic relationship with Indy . Over 120 actresses auditioned for the role , including Sharon Stone . To prepare for the role , Capshaw watched The African Queen and A Guy Named Joe . Spielberg wanted Willie to be a complete contrast to Marion Ravenwood from Raiders of the Lost Ark , so Capshaw dyed her brown hair blonde for the part . Costume designer Anthony Powell wanted the character to have red hair . Amrish Puri as Mola Ram : A Thuggee priest who performs rituals of human sacrifices . The character is named after a 17th - century Indian painter . Lucas wanted Mola Ram to be terrifying , so the screenwriters added elements of Aztec and Hawaiian human sacrificers , and European devil worship to the character . To create his headdress , make - up artist Tom Smith based the skull on a cow ( as this would be sacrilegious ) , and used a latex shrunken head . Jonathan Ke Quan as Short Round : Indy 's eleven - year - old Chinese sidekick , who drives the 1936 Auburn Boat Tail Speedster which allows Indy to escape during the opening sequence . Quan was chosen as part of a casting call in Los Angeles . Around 6000 actors auditioned worldwide for the part : Quan was cast after his brother auditioned for the role . Spielberg liked his personality , so he and Ford improvised the scene where Short Round accuses Indy of cheating during a card game . He was credited by his birthname , Ke Huy Quan . Roshan Seth as Chattar Lal : The Prime Minister of the Maharaja of Pankot . Chattar , also a Thuggee worshiper , is enchanted by Indy , Willie and Short Round 's arrival , but is offended by Indy 's questioning of the palace 's history and the archaeologist 's own dubious past . Philip Stone as Captain Philip Blumburtt : A British Indian Army Captain called to Pankot Palace for `` exercises '' . Alongside a unit of his riflemen , Blumburtt assists Indy towards the end in fighting off Thuggee reinforcements . Roy Chiao as Lao Che : A Shanghai crime boss who , with his sons , hires Indy to recover the cremated ashes of one of his ancestors , only to attempt to kill him and cheat him out of his fee , a large diamond . David Yip as Wu Han : A friend of Indy . He is killed by one of Lao Che 's sons while posing as a waiter at Club Obi Wan . Raj Singh as Zalim Singh , the adolescent Maharajá of Pankot , who appears as an innocent puppet of the Thuggee faithful . In the end , he helps to defeat them . D.R. Nanayakkara as Shaman : The leader of a small village that recruits Indy to retrieve their stolen sacred Shiva lingam stone . Actor Pat Roach plays the Thuggee overseer in the mines , Roach had previously appeared as a mechanic and the Grand Sherpa in Raiders of the Lost Ark . Spielberg , Lucas , Marshall , Kennedy , and Dan Aykroyd have cameos at the airport . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Spielberg later recalled that when Lucas first approached him for Raiders of the Lost Ark , `` George said if I directed the first one then I would have to direct a trilogy . He had three stories in mind . It turned out George did not have three stories in mind and we had to make up subsequent stories . '' Both men later attributed the film 's tone , which was darker than Raiders of the Lost Ark , to their personal moods following the breakups of their relationships . In addition , Lucas felt `` it had to have been a dark film . The way Empire Strikes Back was the dark second act of the Star Wars trilogy . '' Lucas set the film in an earlier year than the first to avoid repeating the use of Nazis as the villains . Spielberg originally wanted to bring Marion Ravenwood back , with Abner Ravenwood considered as a possible character . In developing the story , Lucas conceived of an opening chase scene with Indiana Jones on a motorcycle on the Great Wall of China , followed by the discovery of a `` Lost World pastiche with a hidden valley inhabited by dinosaurs '' . Another idea was to feature the Monkey King as the plot device . However , Chinese authorities refused permission for them to film in the country , requiring a different setting . Lucas wrote a film treatment that included a haunted castle in Scotland , but Spielberg felt it was too similar to Poltergeist ; so the setting transformed into a demonic temple in India . Lucas came up with ideas that involved a religious cult devoted to child slavery , black magic and ritual human sacrifice . Lawrence Kasdan of Raiders of the Lost Ark was asked to write the script . `` I did n't want to be associated with Temple of Doom , '' he reflected . `` I just thought it was horrible . It 's so mean . There 's nothing pleasant about it . I think Temple of Doom represents a chaotic period in both their ( Lucas and Spielberg ) lives , and the movie is very ugly and mean - spirited . '' Lucas hired Willard Huyck and Gloria Katz to write the script because of their knowledge of Indian culture . Gunga Din served as an influence for the film . Huyck and Katz spent four days at Skywalker Ranch for story discussions with Lucas and Spielberg in early 1982 . They later said the early plot consisted of two notions of Lucas ' : that Indy would recover something stolen from a village and decide whether to give it back , and that the picture would start in China and work its way to India . Huyck says Lucas was very single - minded about getting through meetings , while `` Steve would always stop and think about visual stuff . '' Lucas ' initial idea for Indiana 's sidekick was a virginal young princess , but Huyck , Katz , and Spielberg disliked the idea . Just as Indiana Jones was named after Lucas ' Alaskan Malamute , the character of Willie was named after Spielberg 's Cocker Spaniel , and Short Round was named after Huyck 's dog , whose name was derived from The Steel Helmet . Lucas handed Huyck and Katz a 20 - page treatment in May 1982 titled Indiana Jones and the Temple of Death to adapt into a screenplay . Scenes such as the fight scene in Shanghai , the escape from the airplane , and the mine cart chase came from earlier scripts of Raiders of the Lost Ark . Lucas , Huyck , and Katz had been developing Radioland Murders ( 1994 ) since the early 1970s . The opening music was taken from that script and applied to Temple of Doom . Spielberg reflected , `` George 's idea was to start the movie with a musical number . He wanted to do a Busby Berkeley dance number . At all our story meetings he would say , ' Hey , Steven , you always said you wanted to shoot musicals . ' I thought , ' Yeah , that could be fun . ' '' Lucas , Spielberg , Katz , and Huyck were concerned how to keep the audience interest while explaining the Thuggee cult . Huyck and Katz proposed a tiger hunt but Spielberg said , `` There 's no way I 'm going to stay in India long enough to shoot a tiger hunt . '' They eventually decided on a dinner scene involving eating bugs , monkey brains , and the like . `` Steve and George both still react like children , so their idea was to make it as gross as possible , '' says Katz . Lucas sent Huyck and Katz a 500 - page transcript of their taped conversations to help them with the script . The first draft was written in six weeks , in early August 1982 . `` Steve was coming off an enormously successful movie and George did n't want to lose him , '' said Katz . `` He desperately wanted him to direct ( Temple of Doom ) . We were under a lot of pressure to do it really , really fast so we could hold on to Steve . '' A second draft was finished by September . Captain Blumburtt , Chattar Lal , and the boy Maharaja originally had more crucial roles . A dogfight was deleted , as well as those who drank the Kali blood turned into zombies with physical superhuman abilities . During pre-production , the Temple of Death title was replaced with Temple of Doom . From March to April 1983 , Huyck and Katz simultaneously performed rewrites for a final shooting script . Huyck and Katz later said Harrison Ford took many of the one liners originally given to Short Round . Filming ( edit ) Steven Spielberg and Chandran Rutnam on a location in Sri Lanka during the filming of Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom . Huyck later recalled `` at one point when we were writing it we told George `` We know a lot of Indians . We 've been there ... I do n't think they 're going to think this is really so cool . Do you think you 're going to have trouble shooting there ? '' He said , `` Are you kidding ? It 's me and Steve . '' Months later they called and said , `` We ca n't shoot in India . They 're really upset . '' So they shot in Sri Lanka and London , mostly . '' The filmmakers were denied permission to film in North India and Amer Fort due to the government finding the script offensive . The government demanded many script changes , rewritings and final cut privilege . As a result , location work went to Kandy , Sri Lanka , with matte paintings and scale models applied for the village , temple , and Pankot Palace . Budgetary inflation also caused Temple of Doom to cost $28.17 million , $8 million more than Raiders of the Lost Ark . Filming began on April 18 , 1983 in Kandy , and moved to Elstree Studios in Hertfordshire , England on May 5 . Producer Frank Marshall recalled , `` when filming the bug scenes , crew members would go home and find bugs in their hair , clothes and shoes . '' Eight out of the nine sound stages at Elstree housed the filming of Temple of Doom . Lucas biographer Marcus Hearn observed , `` Douglas Slocombe 's skillful lighting helped disguise the fact that about 80 percent of the film was shot with sound stages . '' Harrison Ford with Chandran Rutnam on the set of Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom which was shot in Kandy , Sri Lanka in 1983 . Danny Daniels choreographed the opening music number `` Anything Goes '' . Capshaw learned to sing in Mandarin and took tap dance lessons . However the dress was fitted so tightly that Capshaw was not able to dance in it . Made by Barbara Matera out of original 1920s and 1930s beads , the dress was one of a kind . The opening dance number was actually the last scene to be shot , but the dress did feature in some earlier location shots in Sri Lanka , drying on a nearby tree . Unfortunately an elephant had started to eat it , tearing the whole back of the dress . Consequently , some emergency repair work had to be done by Matera with what remained of the original beads , and it was costume designer Anthony Powell who had to fill in the insurance forms . As to the reason for damage , he had no option but to put `` dress eaten by elephant '' . Production designer Norman Reynolds could not return for Temple of Doom because of his commitment to Return to Oz . Elliot Scott ( Labyrinth , Who Framed Roger Rabbit ) , Reynolds ' mentor , was hired . To build the rope bridge the filmmakers found a group of British engineers from Balfour Beatty working on the nearby Victoria Dam . Harrison Ford suffered a severe spinal disc herniation by performing a somersault while filming the scene with the assassin in Jones ' bedroom . A hospital bed was brought on set for Ford to rest between takes . Lucas stated , `` He could barely stand up , yet he was there every day so shooting would not stop . He was in incomprehensible pain , but he was still trying to make it happen . '' With no alternatives , Lucas shut down production while Ford was flown to Centinela Hospital on June 21 for recovery . Stunt double Vic Armstrong spent five weeks as a stand - in for various shots . Wendy Leech , Armstrong 's wife , served as Capshaw 's stunt double . Macau ( then a Portuguese colony ) was substituted for Shanghai , while cinematographer Douglas Slocombe caught fever from June 24 to July 7 and could not work . Ford returned on August 8 . Despite the problems during filming , Spielberg was able to complete Temple of Doom on schedule and on budget , finishing principal photography on August 26 . Various pick - ups took place afterwards . This included Snake River Canyon , in Idaho , Mammoth Mountain , Tuolumne and American River , Yosemite National Park , San Joaquin Valley , Hamilton Air Force Base and Arizona . Producer Frank Marshall directed a second unit in Florida in January 1984 , using alligators to double as crocodiles . The mine chase was a combination of a roller coaster and scale models with dolls doubling for the actors . Minor stop motion was also used for the sequence . Visual effects supervisors Dennis Muren , Joe Johnston and a crew at Industrial Light & Magic provided the visual effects work , while Skywalker Sound , headed by Ben Burtt , commissioned the sound design . Burtt recorded Willie Scott 's scream and roller coasters at Disneyland Park in Anaheim for the mine cart scene . Editing ( edit ) `` After I showed the film to George ( Lucas ) , at an hour and 55 minutes , we looked at each other , '' Spielberg remembered . `` The first thing that we said was , ' Too fast ' . We needed to decelerate the action . I did a few more matte shots to slow it down . We made it a little bit slower , by putting breathing room back in so there 'd be a two - hour oxygen supply for the audience . '' Release ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Temple of Doom was released on May 23 , 1984 in America , accumulating a record - breaking $45.7 million in its first week . The film went on to gross $333.1 million worldwide , with $180 million in North America and $153.1 million in other markets . The film had the highest opening weekend of 1984 , and was that year 's highest - grossing film ( third in North America , behind Beverly Hills Cop and Ghostbusters ) . It was also the tenth highest - grossing film of all time during its release . It sold an estimated 53,532,800 tickets in the United States . Promotion ( edit ) Marvel Comics published a comic book adaptation of the film by writer David Michelinie and artists Jackson Guice , Ian Akin , Brian Garvey , and Bob Camp . It was published as Marvel Super Special # 30 and as a three - issue limited series . LucasArts and Atari Games promoted the film by releasing an arcade game . Hasbro released a toy line based on the film in September 2008 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The film received mixed reviews upon its release , but over the years the film 's reception has shifted to a more positive tone . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 85 % , based on 66 reviews , with an average rating of 7.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` It may be too ' dark ' for some , but Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom remains an ingenious adventure spectacle that showcases one of Hollywood 's finest filmmaking teams in vintage form . '' On Metacritic the film has a rating of 57 out of 100 , based on reviews from 14 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Roger Ebert gave the film a perfect four - star rating , calling it `` the most cheerfully exciting , bizarre , goofy , romantic adventure movie since Raiders , and it is high praise to say that it 's not so much a sequel as an equal . It 's quite an experience . '' Vincent Canby felt the film was `` too shapeless to be the fun that Raiders is , but shape may be beside the point . Old - time , 15 - part movie serials did n't have shape . They just went on and on and on , which is what Temple of Doom does with humor and technical invention . '' Neal Gabler commented that `` I think in some ways , Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom was better than Raiders of the Lost Ark . In some ways it was less . In sum total , I 'd have to say I enjoyed it more . That does n't mean it 's better necessarily , but I got more enjoyment out of it . '' Colin Covert of the Star Tribune called the film `` sillier , darkly violent and a bit dumbed down , but still great fun . '' Pauline Kael , writing in The New Yorker , claimed it was `` one of the most sheerly pleasurable physical comedies ever made . '' Halliwell 's Film Guide described the film as a `` slow - starting adventure romp with much ingenuity and too much brutality and horror . '' Dave Kehr gave a largely negative review ; `` The film betrays no human impulse higher than that of a ten - year - old boy trying to gross out his baby sister by dangling a dead worm in her face . '' Ralph Novak of People complained `` The ads that say ' this film may be too intense for younger children ' are fraudulent . No parent should allow a young child to see this traumatizing movie ; it would be a cinematic form of child abuse . Even Harrison Ford is required to slap Quan and abuse Capshaw . There are no heroes connected with the film , only two villains ; their names are Steven Spielberg and George Lucas . '' The Observer described it as `` a thin , arch , graceless affair . '' The Guardian summarized it as `` a two - hour series of none too carefully linked chase sequences ... sitting on the edge of your seat gives you a sore bum but also a numb brain . '' Leonard Maltin gave the movie only 2 out of 4 stars , saying that the film is `` headache inducing '' and `` never gives us a chance to breathe '' , and chiding the `` ' gross - out ' gags . '' Some of the film 's cast and crew , including Spielberg , retrospectively view the film in a negative light , partly due to the film being the darkest and most overtly violent Indiana Jones film . Both Lucas and Spielberg attributed the film 's darkness to their recent divorces from Marcia Lucas and Amy Irving , respectively . Kate Capshaw called her character `` not much more than a dumb screaming blonde . '' Steven Spielberg said in 1989 , `` I was n't happy with Temple of Doom at all . It was too dark , too subterranean , and much too horrific . I thought it out - poltered Poltergeist . There 's not an ounce of my own personal feeling in Temple of Doom . '' He later added during the Making of Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom documentary , `` Temple of Doom is my least favorite of the trilogy . I look back and I say , ' Well the greatest thing that I got out of that was I met Kate Capshaw . ' We married years later and that to me was the reason I was fated to make Temple of Doom . '' In 2014 , Time Out polled several film critics , directors , actors and stunt actors to list their top action films . Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom was listed at 71st place on this list . Vulture , in a 2015 compilation of Steven Spielberg 's films ranked from worst to best , ranked Temple of Doom # 11 , stating that `` Jonathan Ke Quan 's Short Round character is ' '' Mickey Rooney in Breakfast at Tiffany 's `` ' - level offensive , and , fine , Kate Capshaw is no Karen Allen . But other than that , this movie is nonstop adrenaline , with Spielberg hell - bent on topping Raiders ' stunt sequences . '' Awards ( edit ) Dennis Muren and Industrial Light & Magic 's visual effects department won the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects at the 57th Academy Awards . Soundtrack composer John Williams was , as he had been for his work on Raiders of the Lost Ark , again nominated for Original Music Score . The visual effects crew won the same category at the 38th British Academy Film Awards . Cinematographer Douglas Slocombe , editor Michael Kahn , Ben Burtt and other sound designers at Skywalker Sound received nominations . Spielberg , the writers , Harrison Ford , Jonathan Ke Quan , Anthony Powell and makeup designer Tom Smith were nominated for their work at the Saturn Awards . Temple of Doom was nominated for Best Fantasy Film but lost to Ghostbusters . Controversy ( edit ) The film has also been the subject of controversy due to its portrayal of India and Hinduism . The depiction of Hindus caused controversy in India , and brought it to the attention of the country 's censors , who placed a temporary ban on it . The depiction of the goddess Kali as a representative of the underworld and evil was met with much criticism , as she is almost exclusively depicted as a goddess of change and empowerment ( Shakti ) , meaning that while she does destroy , she almost always does so in order to effect positive change . The depiction of Indian cuisine was also criticized , as dishes such as baby snakes , eyeball soup , beetles , and chilled monkey brains are not actual Indian foods . Shashi Tharoor has condemned the film and has criticized numerous parts of the film as offensive and factually inaccurate . Yvette Rosser has criticized the film for contributing to negative stereotypes of Indians in Western society , writing `` ( it ) seems to have been taken as a valid portrayal of India by many teachers , since a large number of students surveyed complained that teachers referred to the eating of monkey brains . '' See also ( edit ) White savior narrative in film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` INDIANA JONES AND THE TEMPLE OF DOOM ( PG ) ( CUT ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . May 31 , 1984 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rinzler , Bouzereau , Chapter 8 : `` Forward on All Fronts ( August 1983 -- June 1984 ) '' , p. 168 -- 183 ^ Jump up to : J.W. Rinzler ; Laurent Bouzereau ( 2008 ) . `` Temple of Death : ( June 1981 -- April 1983 ) '' . The Complete Making of Indiana Jones . Random House . pp. 129 -- 141 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 192661 - 8 . Jump up ^ https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/indiana-jones-temple-doom-changed-mpaa-ratings-system-999618 ^ Jump up to : John Baxter ( 1999 ) . `` Snake Surprise '' . Mythmaker : The Life and Work of George Lucas . Avon Books . pp. 332 -- 341 . ISBN 0 - 380 - 97833 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` The People Who Were Almost Cast '' . Empire . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2008 . Retrieved August 26 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adventure 's New Name '' . TheRaider.net . Retrieved April 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Scouting for Locations and New Faces '' . TheRaider.net . Retrieved April 23 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Indiana Jones : Making the Trilogy , 2003 , Paramount Pictures ^ Jump up to : `` Temple of Doom : An Oral History '' . Empire . May 1 , 2008 . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2008 . Retrieved May 1 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gloria Katz and Willard Huyck 's Best Defense Against Critics Is Their Screenwriting Track Record '' By Donald G. McNeil Jr . August 20 , 1984 People Magazine accessed April 22 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : Joseph McBride ( 1997 ) . `` Ecstasy and Grief '' . Steven Spielberg : A Biography . New York City : Faber and Faber . pp. 323 -- 358 . ISBN 0 - 571 - 19177 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` FORTUNE AND GLORY : Writers of Doom ! Quint interviews Willard Huyck and Gloria Katz ! '' Ai n't It Cool New 23 May 2014 accessed April 23 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : Rinzler , Bouzereau , Chapter 6 : `` Doomruners ( April -- August 1983 ) , p. 142 -- 167 ^ Jump up to : Marcus Hearn ( 2005 ) . The Cinema of George Lucas . Harry N. Abrams Inc . pp. 144 -- 147 . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 4968 - 7 . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 4968 - 7 , ISBN 0 - 8109 - 4968 - 7 , ISBN 0 - 8109 - 4968 - 7 . Jump up ^ The Stunts of Indiana Jones , 2003 , Paramount Pictures Jump up ^ The Light and Magic of Indiana Jones , 2003 , Paramount Pictures Jump up ^ The Sound of Indiana Jones , 2003 , Paramount Pictures ^ Jump up to : `` Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GCD : : Issue : : Marvel Super Special # 30 '' . comics.org . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ Edward Douglas ( February 17 , 2008 ) . `` Hasbro Previews G.I. Joe , Hulk , Iron Man , Indy & Clone Wars '' . Superhero Hype ! . Retrieved February 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom '' . metacritic.com . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved August 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( March 23 , 1983 ) . `` Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hagen , Dan ( January 1988 ) . `` Neal Gabler '' . Comics Interview ( 54 ) . Fictioneer Books . pp. 61 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Covert , Colin ( May 21 , 2008 ) . `` Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Halliwell 's Film Guide , 13th edition -- ISBN 0 - 00 - 638868 - X . Jump up ^ Kehr , Dave ( September 1 , 1984 ) . `` Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom '' . Chicago Reader . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Maltin ( September 24 , 2010 ) . `` Leonard Maltin 's 2010 Movie Guide '' . PENGUIN group . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Hutchinson , Sean ( May 23 , 2014 ) . `` 20 Fun Facts About Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom '' . Mental Floss . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 best action movies '' . Time Out . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 best action movies : 80 -- 71 '' . Time Out . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Will Leitch & Tim Grierson ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` Every Steven Spielberg Movie Ranked from Best to Worst '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved August 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Retrieved August 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Past Saturn Awards '' . Saturn Awards . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2009 . Retrieved August 25 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Gogoi , Pallavi ( November 5 , 2006 ) . `` Banned Films Around the World : Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom '' . BusinessWeek . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2007 . Retrieved April 1 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Tharoor , Shashi ( March 10 , 2007 ) . `` SHASHI ON SUNDAY : India , Jones and the template of dhoom '' . The Times of India . ^ Jump up to : Yvette Rosser . `` Teaching South Asia '' . Missouri Southern State University . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2005 . Retrieved August 27 , 2008 . Further reading Willard Huyck ; Gloria Katz ( October 1984 ) . Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom : The Illustrated Screenplay . Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 31878 - 1 . James Kahn ( May 1984 ) . Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom . novelization of the film . Ballantine Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 31457 - 4 . Rinzler , J.W. ; Bouzereau , Laurent ( January 1 , 2008 ) . The Complete Making of Indiana Jones . Ebury Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 192661 - 8 . Suzanne Weyn ( May 2008 ) . Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom . `` junior novelization '' of the film . Scholastic Corporation . ISBN 0 - 545 - 04255 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom Official website Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom at LucasFilm.com Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom on IMDb Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom at Box Office Mojo Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom at Rotten Tomatoes Indiana Jones Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Video game Soundtrack Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Video game ( NES ) Soundtrack Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Video games Soundtrack Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Soundtrack Television The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 -- 1993 ) ( episodes ) Characters Indiana Jones Marion Ravenwood Sallah Marcus Brody Henry Jones , Sr . Mutt Williams Games Video games Lost Kingdom Revenge of the Ancients Fate of Atlantis The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles The Pinball Adventure Instruments of Chaos Greatest Adventures Desktop Adventures Infernal Machine Emperor 's Tomb Lego Indiana Jones : The Original Adventures Staff of Kings Lego Indiana Jones 2 : The Adventure Continues Adventure World Role - playing games The Adventures of Indiana Jones The World of Indiana Jones Tomb of the Templars Books The Peril at Delphi The Dance of the Giants The Seven Veils The Philosopher 's Stone Comics Iron Phoenix Spear of Destiny Tomb of the Gods Other media Lego Indiana Jones The Raiders of the Lost Brick Raiders of the Lost Ark : The Adaptation Indyfans and the Quest for Fortune and Glory Golden Idol Montana Jones Attractions Epic Stunt Spectacular ! Temple du Péril Indiana Jones Adventure Indiana Jones Summer of Hidden Mysteries Portal Steven Spielberg Awards and nominations Bibliography Filmography Films directed Firelight ( 1964 ) Slipstream ( 1967 ) Amblin ' ( 1968 ) Night Gallery ( `` Eyes '' segment , 1969 ) L.A. 2017 ( 1971 ) Duel ( 1971 ) Something Evil ( 1972 ) Savage ( 1973 ) The Sugarland Express ( 1974 , also wrote ) Jaws ( 1975 ) Close Encounters of the Third Kind ( 1977 , also wrote ) 1941 ( 1979 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Twilight Zone : The Movie ( `` Kick the Can '' segment , 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) The Color Purple ( 1985 ) Empire of the Sun ( 1987 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Always ( 1989 ) Hook ( 1991 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( 1997 ) Amistad ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) A.I. Artificial Intelligence ( 2001 , also wrote ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Catch Me If You Can ( 2002 ) The Terminal ( 2004 ) War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) Munich ( 2005 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) War Horse ( 2011 ) Lincoln ( 2012 ) Bridge of Spies ( 2015 ) The BFG ( 2016 ) The Post ( 2017 ) Ready Player One ( 2018 ) Films written Ace Eli and Rodger of the Skies ( 1973 ) Poltergeist ( 1982 , also produced ) The Goonies ( 1985 ) Films produced An American Tail : Fievel Goes West ( 1991 ) Memoirs of a Geisha ( 2005 ) Flags of Our Fathers ( 2006 ) Letters from Iwo Jima ( 2006 ) Super 8 ( 2011 ) The Hundred - Foot Journey ( 2014 ) Television Amazing Stories ( 1985 -- 87 ) High Incident ( 1996 -- 97 ) Invasion America ( 1998 ) See also Amblin Partners Amblin Entertainment Amblin Television DreamWorks Television Amblimation DreamWorks USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education Lucasfilm Productions Films American Graffiti ( 1973 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) More American Graffiti ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Twice Upon a Time ( 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Latino ( 1985 ) Mishima : A Life in Four Chapters ( 1985 ) Labyrinth ( 1986 ) Howard the Duck ( 1986 ) Tucker : The Man and His Dream ( 1988 ) Willow ( 1988 ) The Land Before Time ( 1988 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Radioland Murders ( 1994 ) Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) Red Tails ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Rogue One ( 2016 ) Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Solo ( 2018 ) Star Wars : Episode IX ( 2019 ) TV series Star Wars : Droids ( 1985 -- 86 ) Ewoks ( 1985 -- 86 ) Maniac Mansion ( 1990 -- 93 ) The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 -- 93 ) Star Wars : Clone Wars ( 2003 -- 05 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- present ) Star Wars Rebels ( 2014 -- 18 ) Lego Star Wars : The Freemaker Adventures ( 2016 -- 17 ) Star Wars Resistance ( 2018 -- present ) Star Wars Detours ( unaired ) TV films Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure ( 1984 ) Ewoks : The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Theme park films Captain EO ( 1986 ) Star Tours ( 1987 ) ExtraTERRORestrial Alien Encounter ( 1995 ) Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue ( 2011 ) Franchises Star Wars Indiana Jones Related productions THX 1138 ( 1971 ) Divisions Industrial Light & Magic Skywalker Sound Lucasfilm Animation LucasArts Former divisions The Droid Works EditDroid SoundDroid Kerner Optical Pixar THX People George Lucas ( Founder ) Kathleen Kennedy ( President ) Howard Roffman ( EVP , Franchise Management ) Parent : Walt Disney Studios ( The Walt Disney Company ) George Lucas filmography Films directed Feature THX 1138 ( 1971 ) American Graffiti ( 1973 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Short Look at Life ( 1965 ) Herbie ( 1965 , with Paul Golding ) Freiheit ( 1966 ) 1 : 42.08 ( 1966 ) Electronic Labyrinth : THX 1138 4EB ( 1967 ) The Emperor ( 1967 ) Anyone Lived in a Pretty How Town ( 1967 ) 6 - 18 - 67 ( 1967 ) Filmmaker ( 1968 ) Bald : The Making of THX 1138 ( 1971 , uncredited ) Films written Feature The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Willow ( 1988 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Radioland Murders ( 1994 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Short Captain EO ( 1986 ) Films produced Feature The Rain People ( 1969 , associate ) More American Graffiti ( 1979 ) Kagemusha ( 1980 ) Body Heat ( 1981 , uncredited ) Twice Upon a Time ( 1983 ) Latino ( 1985 , uncredited ) Mishima : A Life in Four Chapters ( 1985 ) Labyrinth ( 1986 ) Howard the Duck ( 1986 ) Powaqqatsi ( 1988 ) Tucker : The Man and His Dream ( 1988 ) The Land Before Time ( 1988 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) Red Tails ( 2012 ) Short Star Tours ( 1987 ) Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue ( 2011 ) Television Writer Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure ( 1984 ) Ewoks : The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Creator The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 -- 96 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- present ) Star Wars Detours ( Cancelled ) Producer Ewoks ( 1985 -- 86 ) Star Wars : Droids ( 1985 -- 86 ) Inside the Labyrinth ( 1986 ) Star Wars : Clone Wars ( 2003 -- 05 ) The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones Documentaries ( 2007 -- 08 ) Double Victory : The Tuskegee Airmen at War ( 2012 ) Related American Zoetrope Indiana Jones Lucasfilm ILM LucasArts Lucasfilm Animation Skywalker Sound Pixar Skywalker Ranch Star Wars The Star Wars Corporation THX Edutopia WorldCat Identities LCCN : n82224093 VIAF : 225067341 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indiana_Jones_and_the_Temple_of_Doom&oldid=866041541 '' Categories : 1984 films Indiana Jones films American films English - 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Anne of Green Gables

Anne of Green Gables - wikipedia Anne of Green Gables This article is about the novel . For other uses , see Anne of Green Gables ( disambiguation ) . Anne of Green Gables First edition . Author Lucy Maud Montgomery Illustrator M.A. and W.A.J. Claus Country Written and set in Canada , published in the United States Language English Series Anne of Green Gables Genre Novel Set in Prince Edward Island , 1876 -- 81 Published June 1908 ( L.C. Page & Co . ) Followed by Anne of Avonlea Text Anne of Green Gables at Wikisource Anne of Green Gables is a 1908 novel by Canadian author Lucy Maud Montgomery ( published as L.M. Montgomery ) . Written for all ages , it has been considered a classic children 's novel since the mid-twentieth century . Set in the late 19th century , the novel recounts the adventures of Anne Shirley , an 11 - year - old orphan girl , who was mistakenly sent to two middle - aged siblings ; Matthew and Marilla Cuthbert , originally intending to adopt a boy to help them on their farm in the fictional town of Avonlea on Prince Edward Island . The novel recounts how Anne makes her way through life with the Cuthberts , in school , and within the town . Since its publication , Anne of Green Gables has sold more than 50 million copies and has been translated into at least 36 languages . Montgomery wrote numerous sequels , and since her death , another sequel has been published , as well as an authorized prequel . The original book is taught to students around the world . The book has been adapted as films , made - for - television movies , and animated and live - action television series . Musicals and plays have also been created , with productions annually in Canada since 1964 of the first musical production , which has toured in Canada , the United States , Europe , and Japan . Contents 1 Background 2 Plot summary 3 Characters 3.1 Green Gables household 3.2 Anne 's schoolmates 3.3 Avonlea 's locals 3.4 Others 4 Related works 5 Tourism and merchandising 6 Legacy and honours 7 Adaptations 7.1 Films 7.2 Literature 7.3 Radio productions 7.4 Stage productions 7.5 Television movies 7.6 Television series 7.7 Web productions 8 Parodies 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Background ( edit ) The portrait of Evelyn Nesbit by Rudolf Eickemeyer Jr. which inspired Montgomery . In writing the novel , Montgomery was inspired by notes she had made as a young girl about a couple who were mistakenly sent an orphan girl instead of the boy they had requested yet decided to keep her . She drew upon her own childhood experiences in rural Prince Edward Island , Canada . Montgomery used a photograph of Evelyn Nesbit , which she had clipped from New York 's Metropolitan Magazine and put on the wall of her bedroom , as the model for the face of Anne Shirley and a reminder of her `` youthful idealism and spirituality . '' Montgomery was also inspired by the `` formula Ann '' orphan stories ( called such because they followed such a predictable formula ) which were popular at the time and distinguished her character by spelling her name with an extra `` e '' . She based other characters , such as Gilbert Blythe , in part on people she knew . She said she wrote the novel in the twilight of the day , while sitting at her window and overlooking the fields of Cavendish . Plot summary ( edit ) Anne attacks Gilbert Anne Shirley , a young orphan from the fictional community of Bolingbroke , Nova Scotia ( based upon the real community of New London , Prince Edward Island ) , is sent to live with Marilla and Matthew Cuthbert , siblings in their fifties and sixties , after a childhood spent in strangers ' homes and orphanages . Marilla and Matthew had originally decided to adopt a boy from the orphanage to help Matthew run their farm at Green Gables , which is set in the fictional town of Avonlea . Through a misunderstanding , the orphanage sends Anne instead . Anne is highly imaginative , eager to please and , at times , quite a dramatic individual . However , she is defensive about her appearance , despising her red hair and pale , thin frame . She is often quite talkative , especially when it comes to describing her fantasies and dreams . At first , stern and sharp Marilla says Anne must return to the orphanage , but after much observation and considering , along with Matthew 's strong liking to Anne , she decides to let her stay . As a child of imagination , Anne takes much joy in life and adapts quickly , thriving in the close - knit farming village . Her imagination and talkativeness soon brighten up Green Gables . The book recounts Anne 's adventures in making a home : the country school where she quickly excels in her studies ; her friendship with Diana Barry , the girl living next door ( her best or `` bosom friend '' as Anne fondly calls her ) ; her budding literary ambitions ; and her rivalry with her classmate Gilbert Blythe , who teases her about her red hair . For that , he earns her instant hatred , although he apologizes many times . As time passes , Anne realizes she no longer hates Gilbert but can not bring herself to speak to him . The book also follows Anne 's adventures with her new - found friends . Episodes include her play - time with her friends Diana , a calm girl named Jane Andrews and a good - natured but often hysterical girl called Ruby Gillis , and her run - ins with the unpleasant Pye sisters Gertie and Josie ; and domestic mishaps such as dyeing her hair green while intending to dye it black , and accidentally getting Diana drunk by giving her what she thought was raspberry cordial but turned out to be currant wine . At sixteen , Anne goes to Queen 's Academy to earn a teaching license , along with Gilbert , Ruby , Josie , Jane , and several other students , excluding Diana , much to Anne 's dismay . She obtains her license in one year instead of the usual two and wins the Avery Scholarship for the top student in English . This scholarship would allow her to pursue a Bachelor of Arts ( B.A. ) degree at the fictional Redmond College ( based on the real Dalhousie University ) on the mainland in Nova Scotia . Near the end of the book , however , tragedy strikes when Matthew dies of a heart attack after learning that all of his and Marilla 's money has been lost in a bank failure . Out of devotion to Marilla and Green Gables , Anne gives up the scholarship to stay at home and help Marilla , whose eyesight is failing . She plans to teach at the Carmody school , the nearest school available , and return to Green Gables on weekends . In an act of friendship , Gilbert Blythe gives up his teaching position at the Avonlea School to work at the White Sands School instead , knowing that Anne wants to stay close to Marilla after Matthew 's death . After this kind act , Anne and Gilbert 's friendship is cemented , and Anne looks forward to what life will bring next . Characters ( edit ) Diana and Anne Green Gables household ( edit ) Anne Shirley : An imaginative , talkative , red - headed orphan who comes to live with Matthew Cuthbert and Marilla Cuthbert . Anne is very sensitive and dislikes the color of her hair . She exhibits categorical interest in everything romantic . Marilla Cuthbert : Matthew 's sister , she is an austere but fair woman who objects to Anne 's imaginative , unusual conduct on the grounds of its being part of the same group of behavioral misconducts that bring about dereliction of responsibility or produce a disrespectful personal image . Life experience with Anne , however , profoundly affects Marilla 's ways ; in a very early instance , she experiences first - hand how worthless a confession under duress could be . Although conservative and austere , she is fond of Anne and has the glimmerings of a sense of humor . Matthew Cuthbert : Marilla 's brother , he is an overly shy , albeit kind , old man with a lumbering frame and above - average strength . Matthew takes a liking to Anne from the start and the two become fast friends . Because Marilla has primary responsibility for rearing the girl , he has no qualms about `` spoiling '' her and indulging her in pretty clothes and other frivolities . Anne 's schoolmates ( edit ) Diana Barry : Anne 's bosom friend and a kindred spirit . Anne and Diana become best friends from the moment they meet . She is the only girl of Anne 's age who lives close to Green Gables . Anne admires Diana for being pretty and for her amiable disposition . Diana lacks Anne 's powerful imagination but is a loyal friend . Gilbert Blythe : A handsome , smart , witty and chivalrous classmate who has a crush on Anne the moment he sees her . Unaware of Anne 's near - pathological sensitivity about her red hair , he tries to get Anne 's attention by holding her braid and calling her `` Carrots '' . Anne 's explosively hostile reaction only causes Gilbert to be more smitten . He makes several attempts to apologize , the failure of all of which do not seem to mar his admiration . He attempts to apologize one last time when he saves Anne from drowning ; Anne crassly rebuffs this attempt , only to regret it almost immediately . Years later , he gives up his job offer of teaching at the Avonlea school so that Anne may live at Green Gables , upon which the two reconcile and become good friends ( and eventually marry ) . Ruby Gillis : Another of Anne 's friends . Having several `` grown up '' sisters , Ruby loves to share her knowledge of beaux with her friends . Ruby is portrayed as traditionally beautiful with long golden hair . She is hysterical and suffers from consumption ( tuberculosis ) . Jane Andrews : One of Anne 's friends from school , she is plain and sensible . She does well enough academically to join Anne 's class at Queen 's . Josie Pye : A classmate generally disliked by the other girls ( as are her siblings ) , Josie is vain , dishonest , and jealous of Anne 's popularity . Avonlea 's locals ( edit ) Mrs. Rachel Lynde : A neighbour of Matthew and Marilla , Mrs. Lynde is an amalgamation of vices and virtues . Mrs. Lynde is industrious and helpful , and does work for the church , yet she is famous for being nosy and condescending . Although she and Anne start off on the wrong foot , owing to Mrs. Lynde 's blunt criticism and Anne 's short temper , they soon become quite close . Mrs. Lynde is married and has raised ten children , although her husband , Thomas Lynde , is mentioned briefly and never speaks . Mr. Phillips : Anne 's first teacher at Avonlea , Mr. Phillips is unpopular with students , because of his boring and crude ways . In Anne 's case , he continually misspells her name ( without the `` E '' ) and punishes only her among twelve pupils who arrive late . He is described as lacking discipline , and `` courts '' one of his pupils openly . Miss Muriel Stacy : Anne 's energetic replacement teacher . Her warm and sympathetic nature appeals to her students , but Avonlea 's conservative parents disapprove of her liberal teaching methods . She forms a special relationship with Anne , who views her as a mentor . Miss Stacy encourages Anne to develop her character and intellect and helps prepare her for the entrance exam at Queen 's Academy , where she finishes in a tie for first with Gilbert Blythe . Reverend and Mrs. Allan : The minister and his wife also befriend Anne , with Mrs. Allan becoming particularly close . She is described as pretty . Mr. & Mrs. Barry : Diana 's parents . Mr. Barry farms . Near the end of the book , he offers to rent some tracts to help out Anne and Marilla , after Matthew 's death . Mrs. Barry has a severe personality , expecting her children to follow strict rules . After Anne accidentally gets Diana drunk , Mrs. Barry rejects the girl , forbidding Diana to have anything to do with Anne . This sanction is repealed after Anne saves Minnie May . Minnie May Barry : Diana 's baby sister , whose life is saved by Anne when she comes down with croup . Others ( edit ) Miss Josephine Barry : Diana 's great - aunt . Initially portrayed in a negative light , she is quickly charmed by Anne 's imagination , and eventually invites her and Diana to tea . She refers to Anne as `` the Anne - girl '' and even sends Anne beaded slippers as a Christmas present . Mrs Hammond : Anne had lived with her for a portion of her pre-Green - Gables life . She was very mean as a result of her husband ′ s death . Anne was treated more as a maid in her home than as a daughter or friend . Related works ( edit ) Based on the popularity of her first book , Montgomery wrote a series of sequels to continue the story of her heroine Anne Shirley . They are listed chronologically below , by Anne 's age in each of the novels . Lucy Maud Montgomery 's books on Anne Shirley : No Book Date published Anne Shirley 's age Timeline year Anne of Green Gables 1908 11 -- 16 1876 -- 1881 Anne of Avonlea 1909 16 -- 18 1881 -- 1883 Anne of the Island 1915 18 -- 22 1883 - 1887 Anne of Windy Poplars ( Canada and USA ) Anne of Windy Willows ( UK and Australia ) 1936 22 -- 25 1887 -- 1890 5 Anne 's House of Dreams 1917 25 -- 27 1890 -- 1892 6 Anne of Ingleside 1939 34 -- 40 1899 -- 1905 The following books focus on Anne 's children , or on other family friends . Anne appears in these volumes , but plays a lesser part . No Book Date published Anne Shirley 's age Timeline year 7 Rainbow Valley 1919 41 -- 43 1906 -- 1908 8 Rilla of Ingleside 1921 49 -- 53 1914 -- 1918 9 The Blythes Are Quoted 2009 40 -- 75 1905 -- 1940 Anne Shirley features in one story ( and is referenced in other stories ) in each of the following collections : No Book Date published Anne Shirley 's age Timeline year -- Chronicles of Avonlea 1912 approx. 20 1885 -- Further Chronicles of Avonlea 1920 approx. 20 1885 The prequel , Before Green Gables ( 2008 ) , was written by Budge Wilson with authorization of heirs of L.M. Montgomery . Tourism and merchandising ( edit ) The Green Gables farmhouse located in Cavendish Sign marking trail through Balsam Hollow The province and tourist facilities have highlighted the local connections to the internationally popular novels . Anne of Green Gables has been translated into 36 languages . `` Tourism by Anne fans is an important part of the Island economy '' . Merchants offer items based on the novels . The Green Gables farmhouse is located in Cavendish , Prince Edward Island . Many tourist attractions on Prince Edward Island have been developed based on the fictional Anne , and provincial licence plates once bore her image . Balsam Hollow , the forest that inspired the Haunted Woods and Campbell Pond , the body of water which inspired The Lake of Shining Waters , both described in the book , are located in the vicinity . In addition , the Confederation Centre of the Arts has featured the wildly successful Anne of Green Gables musical on its mainstage every summer for over five decades . The Anne of Green Gables Museum is located in Park Corner , PEI , in a home that inspired L.M. Montgomery . The novel has been very popular in Japan , where it is known as Red - haired Anne , and where it has been included in the national school curriculum since 1952 . ' Anne ' is revered as `` an icon '' in Japan , especially since 1979 when this story was broadcast as anime , Anne of Green Gables . Japanese couples travel to Prince Edward Island to have civil wedding ceremonies on the grounds of the Green Gables farm . Some Japanese girls arrive as tourists with red - dyed hair styled in pigtails , to look like Anne . In 2014 , Asadora ' Hanako to Anne ' ( Hanako Muraoka is the first translator in Japan ) was broadcast and Anne became popular among old and young alike . A replica of the Green Gables house in Cavendish is located in the theme park Canadian World in Ashibetsu , Hokkaido , Japan . The park was a less expensive alternative for Japanese tourists instead of traveling to P.E.I. The park hosted performances featuring actresses playing Anne and Diana . The theme park is open during the summer season with free admission , though there are no longer staff or interpreters . The Avonlea theme park near Cavendish and the Cavendish Figurines shop have trappings so that tourists may dress like the book 's characters for photos . Souvenir shops throughout Prince Edward Island offer numerous foods and products based on details of the ' Anne Shirley ' novels . Straw hats for girls with sewn - in red braids are common , as are bottles of raspberry cordial soda . In the first book , Lucy Maud Montgomery established the cordial soda as the favorite beverage of Anne , who declares : `` I just love bright red drinks ! '' Panorama of Green Gable farmhouse and grounds in Cavendish Entrance to Anne of Green Gables Museum in Park Corner Legacy and honours ( edit ) Buildings The popularity of the books and subsequent film adaptations is credited with inspiring the design and naming of buildings `` Green Gables '' . An example still standing is an apartment block called `` Green Gables '' built in the 1930s , in New Farm , Queensland , Australia . Museum Bala 's Museum , located in Bala , Ontario , Canada , is a house museum established in 1992 and dedicated to Lucy M. Montgomery information and heritage . The house was a tourist home owned by Fanny Pike when Montgomery and her family stayed there on a summer vacation in 1922 . That visit to the region inspired the novel The Blue Castle ( 1926 ) . The town is named Deerwood in the novel ; this was Montgomery 's only narrative setting outside Atlantic Canada . Postage stamps On May 15 , 1975 , Canada Post issued Lucy Maud Montgomery , Anne of Green Gables designed by Peter Swan and typographed by Bernard N.J. Reilander . The 8 ¢ stamps are perforated 13 and were printed by Ashton - Potter Limited . In 2008 , Canada Post issued two postage stamps and a souvenir sheet honouring Anne and the `` Green Gables '' house . Reading lists In 2003 , Anne of Green Gables was ranked number 41 in The Big Read , a survey of the British public by BBC to determine the `` nation 's best - loved novel '' ( not children 's novel ) . In 2012 , it was ranked number nine among all - time children 's novels in a survey published by School Library Journal , a monthly with primarily U.S. audience . Adaptations ( edit ) Films ( edit ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1919 ) , a silent film adapted to the screen by Frances Marion , directed by William Desmond Taylor , and starring Mary Miles Minter as Anne ; this is considered a lost film . Anne of Green Gables ( 1934 ) , directed by George Nichols Jr. and starring Dawn O'Day as Anne Shirley ; after filming , O'Day changed her screen name to Anne Shirley . Anne of Windy Poplars ( 1940 ) -- directed by Jack Hively , is a black & white `` talkie '' starring Dawn O'Day as Anne Shirley , now billed as `` Anne Shirley '' . Anne of Green Gables ( TBA ) , an upcoming feature film version of Anne of Green Gables : The Musical . Literature ( edit ) Ana of California : A Novel ( 2015 ) , by Andi Teran , is a `` contemporary spin on Anne of Green Gables . The lead character of Anne Shirley has been adapted to Ana Cortez , a 15 - year - old orphan who `` ca n't tell a tomato plant from a blackberry bush '' when she leaves East Los Angeles for the Northern California farm of Emmett and Abbie Garber . Radio productions ( edit ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1941 ) , a British radio drama produced and broadcast by BBC Home Service Basic , adapted into four parts by Muriel Levy , and starring Cherry Cottrell as Anne . Anne of Green Gables ( 1944 ) , a recreation of the 1941 BBC Radio drama , produced and broadcast by BBC Home Service Basic . Anne of Green Gables ( 1954 ) , a Canadian radio drama produced and broadcast by CBC Radio , adapted into 13 parts by Andrew Allen and starring Toby Tarnow as Anne . Anna zo Zeleného domu ( 1966 ) , a Slovak radio drama produced and broadcast by Czechoslovak Radio , starring Anna Bučinská as Anne . Anne of Green Gables ( 1971 ) , a British radio drama produced and broadcast by BBC Radio 4 , adapted into 13 parts by Cristina Sellors , and read by Ann Murray . Anne of Green Gables ( 1997 ) , a British radio drama produced and broadcast by BBC Radio 4 , dramatized into five parts by Marcy Kahan and starred Barbara Barnes as Anne . Stage productions ( edit ) Anne of Green Gables : The Musical , performed annually in the summer , at Charlottetown Festival , since 1965 , this is Canada 's longest - running main stage musical production , and has had a total audience of more than 2 million . Anne of Green Gables -- The Musical was composed by Canadians Don Harron and Norman Campbell , with lyrics by Elaine Campbell and Mavor Moore . The production has been performed before Queen Elizabeth II and it has toured across Canada , the United States , and Europe . In 1969 , it had a run in London 's West End . The Charlottetown Festival production performed at the 1970 World 's Fair in Osaka , Japan . Walter Learning directed and organized a successful national tour of the musical in Japan in 1991 . The Guild in Charlottetown , Prince Edward Island , hosts Anne and Gilbert , The Musical . Written by Nancy White , Bob Johnston , and Jeff Hochhauser , the production is based on Montgomery 's sequels featuring Anne Shirley . The Nine Lives of L.M. Montgomery , a musical adapted from Montgomery 's novel and her life , opened at Kings Playhouse in Georgetown , Prince Edward Island on June 20 , 2008 , the 100th anniversary of the book 's publication . With book and lyrics by Adam - Michael James and music by Emmy - nominated composer Leo Marchildon , the musical depicts events from Montgomery 's life and features as characters heroines from all of her novels . Anne figures prominently , and is shown from age 12 into her 40s . Gilbert Blythe also appears . The show 's second production was at the Carrefour Theatre in Charlottetown , Prince Edward Island and opened July 11 , 2009 . Both years , the musical was nominated for The Prince Edward Island Museum and Heritage Foundation 's Wendell Boyle Award . In July 2010 , a concert version of the show toured Prince Edward Island , with four performances at Green Gables . Theatreworks USA , a New York - based children 's theatre company , produced an Anne of Green Gables musical in 2006 at the Lucille Lortel Theatre . A revived production , with musical contributions from Gretchen Cryer , is planned to tour grade - schools . The Peterborough Players , based in Peterborough , New Hampshire , staged an adaptation by Joseph Robinette of Anne of Green Gables in August 2009 . Anne and Gilbert is a musical adaptation of the books Anne of Avonlea and Anne of the Island . It depicts the relationship of Anne and Gilbert during their years as teachers and college students , as well as their return to Avonlea . Television movies ( edit ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1956 ) , a made - for - television musical version directed by Norman Campbell and starring Toby Tarnow as Anne . Anne de Green Gables ( 1957 ) , a French - Canadian television film directed by Jacques Gauthier , starring Mireille Lachance as Anne Shirley . Anne of Green Gables ( 1958 ) , a recreation of the 1956 film directed by Don Harron , starring Kathy Willard as Anne . Anne of Green Gables ( 1972 ) , a British made - for - television 5 - part mini-series directed by Joan Craft , starring Kim Braden as Anne . Anne of Avonlea ( 1975 ) , a British made - for - television 4 - part mini-series directed by Joan Craft , starring Kim Braden as Anne . Anne of Green Gables ( 1985 ) , a CBC 4 - hour television mini series directed by Kevin Sullivan with Megan Follows as Anne . Anne of Green Gables : The Sequel ( 1987 ) , a sequel to the 1985 miniseries which aired on CBC and the Disney Channel as Anne of Avonlea : The Continuing Story of Anne of Green Gables . Anne of Green Gables : The Continuing Story ( 2000 ) , a television miniseries based upon the novels . Anne : Journey to Green Gables ( 2005 ) , an animated video film produced by Sullivan Entertainment and the prequel to Anne of Green Gables : The Animated Series ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Anne of Green Gables : A New Beginning ( 2008 ) , a television miniseries whose script is not based on the novels . L.M. Montgomery 's Anne of Green Gables ( 2016 ) , a 90 - minute made - for - television adaptation of the book by Breakthrough Films & Television , which began filming in Toronto in May 2015 . Casting was held in February 2015 . ( This replaces the previously announced 13 - part series that had been set to film in 2013 ) . It was adapted by Susan Coyne , directed by John Kent Harrison , and stars Ella Ballentine as Anne . The world premiere of the film , advertised under the abbreviated title Anne of Green Gables , on February 15 , 2016 on YTV . Anne of Green Gables : The Good Stars aired on YTV on February 20 , 2017 . Anne of Green Gables : Fire & Dew , aired July 1 , 2017 on YTV . Television series ( edit ) Anne as she appeared in the 1979 Japanese anime adaptation of Anne of Green Gables . Anne of Green Gables : The Animated Series Anne of Green Gables ( 1952 ) , a BBC television series starring Carole Lorimer as Anne . Akage no An ( 1979 ; Red - Haired Anne ) , an animated television series , part of Nippon Animation 's World Masterpiece Theater , produced in Japan and directed by Isao Takahata . Road to Avonlea ( 1990 -- 1996 ) shown on CBC , a live - action television series produced by Kevin Sullivan , based upon characters and episodes from several of L.M. Montgomery 's books , excluding Anne Shirley . Gilbert Blythe , Marilla Cuthbert , Rachel Lynde and other characters from the Anne books are included , and the series is set within the same continuity as Sullivan 's 1980s miniseries . Anne of Green Gables : The Animated Series ( 2000 ) , a PBS Kids animated series for older children ages eight to twelve , created by Sullivan Entertainment Inc . Kon'nichiwa Anne : Before Green Gables ( 2009 ) , part of the World Masterpiece Theater , this prequel to Akage no An is based on Budge Wilson 's authorized prequel Before Green Gables ( 2008 ) . Anne ( 2017 ) , an eighteen - part TV series produced and broadcast by CBC in Canada , and released through Netflix internationally under the title , Anne with an `` E '' . Web productions ( edit ) Green Gables Fables ( 2014 -- 2016 ) , an American - Canadian web series which conveys the story in the form of Tumblr posts , tweets , vlogs , and other social media . It is a modern adaptation of Anne of Green Gables and Anne of the Island , with many of its elements changed to better suit 21st - century culture . Mandy Harmon portrays the main character , Anne Shirley . Project Green Gables ( 2015 -- 2016 ) , a Finnish web series and a modern adaptation of Anne of Green Gables , which conveys the story in the form of vlogs . Laura Eklund Nhaga plays Anne Shirley . Parodies ( edit ) As one of the most familiar characters in Canadian literature , Anne of Green Gables has been parodied by several Canadian comedy troupes , including CODCO ( Anne of Green Gut ) and The Frantics ( Fran of the Fundy ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Devereux , Cecily Margaret ( 2004 ) . A Note on the Text . In Montgomery ( 2004 ) , p. 42 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55111 - 362 - 3 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Lucy Maud ( 2004 ) ( 1908 ) . Devereux , Cecily Margaret , ed . Anne of Green Gables . Peterborough , Ontario : Broadview Press . ISBN 1 - 55111 - 362 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` ' Anne of Green Gables ' 1st edition sells at auction for US $37,000 , a new record '' . The Guardian . December 12 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Mollins , Julie ( March 19 , 2008 ) . `` New Anne of Green Gables book stirs debate '' . Reuters Life ! . Toronto . Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables New TV Series Willow and Thatch '' . Willow and Thatch. 2016 - 08 - 24 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Tourists flock to see Anne of Green Gables-World-chinadaily.com.cn '' . www.chinadaily.com.cn . Jump up ^ The Canadian Encyclopedia ISBN 978 - 0 - 771 - 02099 - 5 p. 1972 ^ Jump up to : Gammel , Irene ( 2009 ) . Looking for Anne of Green Gables : The Story of L.M. Montgomery and her Literary Classic . New York : St. Martin 's Press . Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables '' . Jump up ^ Gammel , Irene ( July 8 , 2008 ) . Looking for Anne of Green Gables : The Story of L.M. Montgomery and Her Literary Classic . Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 38237 - 7 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Gammel , Irene ( 2009 ) . `` The Mystery of Anne Revealed , '' . Looking for Anne of Green Gables : The Story of L.M. Montgomery and her Literary Classic . New York : St. Martin 's Press . Jump up ^ `` The Geography of Anne of the Island '' . lmm-anne.net. 2008 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Birthplace of L.M. Montgomery , New London '' . lmm-anne.net. 2008 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ Anne of Green Gables -- Celebrate 100 Years Archived December 15 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . `` Anne of Green Gables has sold millions of copies in more than 36 languages '' Jump up ^ Anne of Green Gables still rules Prince Edward Island `` , USA Today , August 5 , 2008 Jump up ^ CBC News ( June 19 , 2008 ) . CBC.ca , `` 100 years of Anne of Green Gables '' . Jump up ^ `` License plate goes green '' , `` The Guardian '' , April 5 , 2007 Jump up ^ Green Gables Government of Prince Edward Island . Retrieved on July 24 , 2006 Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables - The Musical '' . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anne Museum - Park Corner , Prince Edward Island - Home Page '' . www.annemuseum.com . Jump up ^ Yuka Kajihara ( April 4 , 2004 ) . `` Anne in Japan FAQ 1.0 '' . Yukazine.com . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Buttercups : L.M. Montgomery & Anne of Green Gables fan club in Japan '' Archived May 9 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , Yukazine , April 4 , 2004 Jump up ^ Bruni , Frank ( November 18 , 2007 ) . `` Beckoned by Bivalves : Prince Edward Island '' . The New York Times Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables theme park in Japan falls on hard times '' . CBC News . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Cloning Anne of Green Gables '' . Tacky Tourist Photos . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Heroine 's Bookshelf : Anne of Green Gables '' . Theheroinesbookshelf.com . October 12 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2011 . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` In search of Anne with some unexpected discoveries '' . State Library of Queensland. 2016 - 02 - 15 . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History : A look back at the last 20 years '' . Bala 's Museum with Memories of Lucy Maud Montgomery . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Lucy Maud ( 12 February 2018 ) . `` The Blue Castle '' . Bibliotech Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Depository , Book . `` The Blue Castle : Lucy Maud Montgomery : 9781618950239 '' . www.bookdepository.com . Jump up ^ L.M. Montgomery and Canadian Culture ISBN 978 - 0 - 802 - 04406 - 8 pp. 120 - 121 Jump up ^ `` Canadian Postal Archives Database '' . collectionscanada.gc.ca . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Canada Post -- Anne of Green Gables '' . Canada Post . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Read -- Top 100 '' . BBC . April 2003 . Retrieved October 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bird , Elizabeth ( July 7 , 2012 ) . `` Top 100 Chapter Book Poll Results '' . A Fuse # 8 Production . Blog . School Library Journal ( blog.schoollibraryjournal.com ) . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Anne of Green Gables film announced '' . cbc.ca. 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Teran , Andi ( June 2015 ) . Ana of California : A Novel . Penguin Books . Jump up ^ `` BBC Home Service Basic - 21 April 1944 - BBC Genome '' . genome.ch.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ IMDB , Toby Tarnow Biography , https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0850558/bio?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm Jump up ^ `` Panáček v říši mluveného slova '' . mluveny.panacek.com . Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables '' . 9 September 1971 . p. 37 -- via BBC Genome . Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 4 FM - 26 January 1997 - BBC Genome '' . genome.ch.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` 25 Hundred and Counting '' . 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntosh , Andrew . `` Lucy Maud Montgomery '' . Jump up ^ `` 150surprises '' . 150surprises . Jump up ^ The Canadian Encyclopedia ISBN 978 - 0 - 771 - 02099 - 5 p. 439 Jump up ^ `` Charlottetown expands as Land of Musical Anne - The Guardian '' . www.theguardian.pe.ca . Jump up ^ `` The Nine Lives of L.M. Montgomery '' . Ninelivesoflmm.com . February 15 , 2012 . Retrieved November 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TheatreworksUSA 2006 - 2007 season '' . 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PeterBoroughPlayers.org '' . PeterBoroughPlayers.org . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna . `` Anne of Green Gables : Netflix 's Bleak Adaptation Gets It All So Terribly Wrong '' . Jump up ^ `` In Production -- ANNE OF GREEN GABLES TV Movie '' . Ontario Film Commission . May 15 , 2015 . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MAJOR UPDATE : ANNE OF GREEN GABLES ADAPTATION BY BREAKTHROUGH ENTERTAINMENT '' . L.M. Montgomery Online . April 1 , 2015 . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canada Wide Casting for Anne of Green Gables ( Movie of the Week ) '' . ACTpei . February 9 , 2015 . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables returns to TV '' . CBC News . June 11 , 2012 . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables Movies 1 X 90 '' . Breakthrough Entertainment . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lorimer , Carole ; Miller , Joan ; Richardson , Charles ; Young , Joan ( 1952 - 09 - 16 ) , Anne of Green Gables , retrieved 2017 - 04 - 27 Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables set for new life on CBC - TV '' . CBC . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Boards CBC 's ' Anne Of Green Gables ' Adaptation ; Niki Caro To Helm Premiere '' . Deadline . August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Green Gables Fables , `` Cast and Crew '' http://www.greengablesfables.com/cast-crew Jump up ^ `` About '' . www.projectgreengables.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 27 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bustard , Ned ( January 2009 ) . Anne of Green Gables Comprehension Guide . Veritas Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932168 - 79 - 2 . Campbell , Norman ( 1972 ) . Anne of Green Gables . Samuel French , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 573 - 68002 - 1 . Gammel , Irene ( 2008 ) . Looking for Anne of Green Gables : The Story of L.M. Montgomery and her Literary Classic . authorized by the heirs of L.M. Montgomery . Gammel , Irene ; Benjamin Lefebvre ( May 30 , 2010 ) . Anne 's World : A New Century of Anne of Green Gables . University of Toronto Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4426 - 1106 - 1 . Montgomery , Lucy Maud ( June 3 , 2008 ) . The Green Gables Collection . Doubleday Canada . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 66599 - 5 . Teran , Andi ( June 2015 ) . Ana of California . Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 312649 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anne of Green Gables . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Anne of Green Gables Wikiquote has quotations related to : Anne of Green Gables The Anne of Green Gables and L.M. Montgomery Lexicon , collection of Anne book cover artwork , games , recipes , time line and more Anne of Green Gables at Project Gutenberg Anne of Green Gables at Faded Page ( Canada ) Anne of Green Gables public domain audiobook at LibriVox Anne of Green Gables Centenary `` L.M. Montgomery Research Centre '' , University of Guelph Library Archival & Special Collections . Anne of Green Gables at L.M. Montgomery Online Formerly the L.M. Montgomery Research Group `` Top 100 Children 's Novels # 9 '' . School Library Journal Blog . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 . Works by Lucy Maud Montgomery Novels Anne of Green Gables series Anne of Green Gables ( 1908 ) Anne of Avonlea ( 1909 ) Anne of the Island ( 1915 ) Anne of Windy Poplars ( 1936 ) Anne 's House of Dreams ( 1917 ) Anne of Ingleside ( 1939 ) Rainbow Valley ( 1919 ) Rilla of Ingleside ( 1921 ) Emily trilogy Emily of New Moon ( 1923 ) Emily Climbs ( 1925 ) Emily 's Quest ( 1927 ) Pat of Silver Bush Pat of Silver Bush ( 1932 ) Mistress Pat ( 1935 ) The Story Girl The Story Girl ( 1911 ) The Golden Road ( 1913 ) Miscellaneous Kilmeny of the Orchard ( 1910 ) The Blue Castle ( 1926 ) Magic for Marigold ( 1929 ) A Tangled Web ( 1931 ) Jane of Lantern Hill ( 1937 ) Short story collections Chronicles of Avonlea ( 1912 ) Further Chronicles of Avonlea ( 1920 ) The Blythes Are Quoted ( 2009 ) Poetry The Watchman & Other Poems ( 1916 ) The Poetry of Lucy Maud Montgomery ( 1987 ) Non-fiction The Alpine Path : The Story of My Career ( 1917 ) Courageous Women ( 1934 ) ( with Marian Keith and Mabel Burns McKinley ) The Selected Journals of L.M. Montgomery , Vol . I -- V ( 1985 -- 2004 ) The Anne of Green Gables series by L.M. Montgomery Characters Anne Shirley Gilbert Blythe Walter Blythe Original novels Anne of Green Gables ( 1908 ) Anne of Avonlea ( 1909 ) Anne of the Island ( 1915 ) Anne of Windy Poplars ( 1936 ) Anne 's House of Dreams ( 1917 ) Anne of Ingleside ( 1939 ) Rainbow Valley ( 1919 ) Rilla of Ingleside ( 1921 ) Companion books Chronicles of Avonlea ( 1912 ) Further Chronicles of Avonlea ( 1920 ) Before Green Gables ( authorised prequel by Budge Wilson , 2008 ) The Blythes Are Quoted ( 2009 ) Films Anne of Green Gables ( 1919 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1934 ) Anne of Windy Poplars ( 1940 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1956 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1985 ) Anne of Green Gables : The Sequel ( 1987 ) Anne of Green Gables : The Continuing Story ( 2000 ) Anne : Journey to Green Gables ( 2005 ) Anne of Green Gables : A New Beginning ( 2008 ) L.M. Montgomery 's Anne of Green Gables ( 2016 ) Television series Anne of Green Gables ( 1972 ) Anne of Avonlea ( 1975 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1979 ) Road to Avonlea ( 1990 - 1996 ) Anne of Green Gables : The Animated Series ( 2000 ) Kon'nichiwa Anne : Before Green Gables ( 2009 ) Anne ( 2017 ) Stage Anne of Green Gables : The Musical ( since 1965 ) Anne & Gilbert ( since 2005 ) Related articles Avonlea Green Gables BNF : cb14532211w ( data ) GND : 4359421 - 9 LCCN : no2010143485 VIAF : 181345094 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anne_of_Green_Gables&oldid=857075278 '' Categories : Anne of Green Gables 1908 Canadian novels Anne of Green Gables books New Canadian Library Novels by Lucy Maud Montgomery Works about adoption Novels about orphans Canadian children 's novels Novels set in Prince Edward Island Debut novels Canadian novels adapted into films 1908 children 's books Novels set in the 1870s Novels set in the 1880s Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles that link to Wikisource Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Български Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Íslenska Italiano עברית Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 11 : 55 ( UTC ) . 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Hazardous Materials Transportation Act

Hazardous materials Transportation Act - wikipedia Hazardous materials Transportation Act Jump to : navigation , search Hazardous Materials Transportation Act Long title Hazardous Materials Transportation Act of 1975 Acronyms ( colloquial ) HMTA Enacted by the 93rd United States Congress Effective January 3 , 1975 Citations Public law P.L. 93 - 933 Statutes at Large 88 Stat. 2156 Codification Acts amended Hazardous Material Transportation Control Act of 1970 Titles amended 49 ( Transportation ) U.S.C. sections created 49 U.S.C. § § 5101 -- 5127 Legislative history Signed into law by President Gerald Ford on January 3 , 1975 Major amendments The Hazardous Materials Transportation Uniform Safety Act of 1990 Hazardous Materials Transportation Authorization Act of 1994 The Hazardous Materials Transportation Act ( HMTA ) , enacted in 1975 , is the principal federal law in the United States regulating the transportation of hazardous materials . Its purpose is to `` protect against the risks to life , property , and the environment that are inherent in the transportation of hazardous material in intrastate , interstate , and foreign commerce '' under the authority of the United States Secretary of Transportation . The Act was passed as a means to improve the uniformity of existing regulations for transporting hazardous materials and to prevent spills and illegal dumping endangering the public and the environment , a problem exacerbated by uncoordinated and fragmented regulations . Regulations are enforced through four key provisions encompassing federal standards under Title 49 of the United States Code : Procedures and Policies Material Designations & Labeling Packaging Requirements Operational Rules Violation of the HMTA regulations can result in civil or criminal penalties , unless a special permit is granted under the discretion of the Secretary of Transportation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 History 1.2 Importance 1.3 Regulatory role 1.3. 1 Regulatory Categories 1.3. 2 Responsible Parties 1.3. 3 Enforcement 1.4 Roles of the Federal Government and States 1.4. 1 Enforcement Agencies 2 Special permits and exclusions 2.1 Applications 2.2 Description of Relevant Sections for which Special Permits Apply 3 Penalties 3.1 Civil Penalties 3.2 Criminal Penalties 4 Key provisions 4.1 Procedures and Policies 4.2 Material Designations & Labeling 4.2. 1 Hazardous Materials Table 4.2. 2 Shipping Papers Requirements 4.2. 3 Marking Requirements 4.2. 4 Labeling Requirements 4.2. 5 Placarding Requirements 4.2. 6 Emergency Response and Security Plans 4.3 Packaging Requirements 4.3. 1 General Requirements 4.3. 1.1 Mixing 4.3. 1.2 Shipper 's responsibility 4.3. 2 Description of Relevant Sections for which Packaging Requirements Apply 4.4 Operational Rules 4.4. 1 Description of Relevant Sections for which Operational Rules Apply 5 Major amendments 5.1 The Hazardous Materials Transportation Uniform Safety Act ( 1990 ) 5.2 Hazardous Materials Transportation Authorization Act ( 1994 ) 5.3 Influence of the September 11 Attacks ( 2001 ) 6 See also 7 References Background ( edit ) History ( edit ) Illegal dumping in an area just off the New Jersey Turnpike . In the 1970s , landfills throughout the United States began to refuse the acceptance of hazardous wastes for the protection of property , the environment , and liability from what would later become known as Superfund sites , which dramatically increased the cost of disposal . The high cost of disposal led to increased dumping of materials that were increasingly being deemed `` hazardous '' by the public and government . Illegal dumping took place on vacant lots , along highways , or on the actual highways themselves . At the same time , increased accidents and incidents with hazardous materials during transportation was a growing problem , causing damage to property and the environment , injury , and death . At the time , the U.S. Department of Transportation estimated that 75 % of all hazardous waste shipments violated existing regulations due to a lack of inspection personnel and poor coordination among the U.S. Coast Guard , the Federal Aviation Administration , the Federal Highway Administration , and the Federal Railroad Administration . The increasing frequency of illegal `` midnight '' dumping and spills , along with the already existing inconsistent regulations and fragmented enforcement , led to the passing of the Hazardous Materials Transportation Act . It was signed into law on January 3 , 1975 by President Gerald Ford , as a means to strengthen the Hazardous Materials Transportation Control Act of 1970 and unify existing regulations . Since its passage , the HMTA has had two major amendments : the Hazardous Materials Transportation Uniform Safety Act ( 1990 ) and the Hazardous Materials Transportation Authorization Act ( 1994 ) . Importance ( edit ) It is estimated that the United States alone makes over 500,000 shipments of hazardous materials every day . More than 90 % of these shipments are transported by truck , and anywhere from 5 -- 15 % of those trucks are carrying hazardous materials regulated under the HMTA . Approximately 50 % of those materials are corrosive or flammable petroleum products , while the remaining shipments represent any of the 2,700 other chemicals considered hazardous in interstate commerce . Accidents that occurred in the transportation of hazardous materials resulted in injury , death , and the destruction of property and the environment . However , the accidents were not limited to the road . The number of incidents regarding hazardous wastes was second in railway accidents behind road accidents . The passage of the HMTA ( and its subsequent amendments ) has significantly reduced the number of incidents and the gravity of those incidents with hazardous materials in transportation . Regulatory role ( edit ) The HMTA is one of the eight laws defining the EPA 's Emergency Management Program . The other laws comprising the Emergency Management Program include the Clean Air Act ( CAA ) , the Clean Water Act ( CWA ) , the Oil Pollution Act ( OPA ) , the Comprehensive Environmental Response , Compensation , and Liability Act ( CERCLA ) , Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act ( SARA ) , the Emergency Planning and Community Right - to - Know Act ( EPCRA ) , and the Chemical Safety Information , Site Security and Fuels Regulatory Relief Act ( CSISSFRRA ) . The primary objective of the HMTA is to protect `` life , property , and the environment '' from the inherent risks of transporting hazardous material , in all major modes of commerce , by improving the regulation and enforcement authority of the Secretary of Transportation . It is in the Secretary 's authority to designate material or a group or class of material as hazardous when they meet the definition of hazardous material under the Act . A hazardous material , as defined by the Secretary , is any particular quantity or form of a material that may pose an unreasonable risk to health and safety or property during transportation in commerce . This includes materials that are explosive , radioactive , infectious , flammable , toxic , oxidizing , or corrosive . Hazardous wastes and hazardous substances are designated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) . Hazardous wastes are designated under the EPA 's Resource Conservation and Recovery Act , while hazardous substances are designated by the Clean Water Act ( CWA ) and the Comprehensive Environmental Response , Compensation , and Liability Act ( CERCLA ) . The HMTA regulates all essential modes of transportation due to the dangers hazardous materials can present during shipment by ground , air , sea , or any other mode of transportation , such as through a pipeline . Regulatory categories ( edit ) Regulations under the Act are categorized into four key provisions , encompassing federal standards under Title 49 of the United States Code that guide the safe transportation of hazardous materials : Procedures and Policies Material Designations & Labeling Packaging Requirements Operational Rules Responsible parties ( edit ) The HMTA specifically states that regulations apply to any person who -- transports hazardous materials in commerce ; causes hazardous material to be transported in commerce ; designs , manufactures , fabricates , inspects , marks , maintains , reconditions , repairs , or tests a package , container , or packaging component that is represented , marked , certified , or sold as qualified for use in transporting hazardous material in commerce ; prepares or accepts hazardous material for transportation in commerce ; is responsible for the safety of transporting hazardous material in commerce ; certifies compliance with any requirement under the Act ; or misrepresents whether such person is engaged in any activity under the above requirements . Essentially , all persons involved in the preparation of the transportation of hazardous materials , though the primary burden of liability falls on the shipper of the hazardous materials ( the person who offers shipment ) . Carriers are only required to ensure that required information accompanying hazardous materials packages is immediately available to personnel who would respond to an incident or conduct a hazardous materials investigation , per the amendments enforced in the Hazardous Materials Transportation Uniform Safety Act of 1990 . Enforcement ( edit ) Regulations are enforced by use of compliance orders , civil penalties , and injunctive relief , under the discretion of the Secretary of Transportation . As the Act stands now ( with its latest amendments ) , the Department of Transportation ( DOT ) is most concerned with the test conditions of packages , rather than the transportation conditions . Enforcement includes random packaging inspections by DOT inspectors at freight terminals , intermodal transfer facilities , airports , and other facilities to determine compliance with proper marking and labeling of packaging . DOT also has made it its intent to inspect manufacturing facilities , testing facilities , and shipper 's facilities where manufacturing operations occur . Roles of the Federal government and States ( edit ) As the current statute stands , the `` HMTA ( Section 112 , 40 U.S.C. 1811 ) preempts state and local governmental requirements that are inconsistent with the statute , unless that requirement affords an equal or greater level of protection to the public than the HMTA requirement . '' Enforcement Agencies ( edit ) The Hazardous Materials Transportation Act is implemented through various agencies based on the mode of transportation and the type of hazardous material being transported : Enforcement Agency Role in HMTA Research and Innovative Technology Administration ( RITA ) Container manufacturing guidelines Federal Highway Administration ( FHWA ) Regulations for motor carriers Federal Railroad Administration ( FRA ) Regulations for rail carriers Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) Regulations for air carriers United States Coast Guard ( USCG ) Regulations for shipment by water Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration ( PHMSA ) Regulations for transportation by pipeline and for special permits Department of Energy ( DOE ) Regulations for radioactive materials Atomic Energy Authority ( AEA ) Regulations for radioactive materials Nuclear Regulatory Commission ( NRC ) Regulations for hazardous materials Department of Transportation ( DOT ) Regulations for hazardous materials and compliance Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) Regulations for hazardous materials and compliance Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA ) Regulations for compliance National Fire Protection Association ( NFPA ) Regulations for emergency response Special permits and exclusions ( edit ) § 5117 provides that the Secretary may `` issue , modify , or terminate '' a special permit authorizing a variance to regulations prescribed under § 5103 ( b ) , § 5104 , § 5110 , or § 5112 of the Act to a person performing the functions under § 5103 ( b ) in a way that achieves a safety level that -- ( A ) is at least equal to the safety required by the Act ; or ( B ) is consistent with the public interest and the Act , if a required safety level does not exist . Special permits are effective for an initial period of no more than 2 years . Renewal of the special permits is granted under the Secretary 's discretion upon application for the permit for successive periods of no more than 4 years each . In the case of a special permit relating to § 5112 , the additional period following permit renewal must be no more than 2 years each . Applications ( edit ) To apply for a special permit , the applicant must provide a safety analysis prescribed by the Secretary that justifies the special permit , and submit the application to the Administrator of the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration . The Secretary then must publish notice of the application in the Federal Register to give the opportunity for public review and comment . Upon the applicant 's filing of the application , the Secretary must issue , renew , or deny the application within 180 days after the first day of the month following the filing date . If more time is needed , the Secretary must publish a statement to the Federal Register addressing the reason for the delay in the Secretary 's decision on the permit , along with an estimate for when the decision will be made . The Secretary , after completing a review of the circumstance for the permit , and after providing opportunity for public comment and review , must either institute a new rule incorporating the special permit into the regulations of the Act , or publish in the Federal Register the justification for not including the special permit into the regulations . Description of relevant sections for which special permits apply ( edit ) § 5103 ( b ) : Regulations for safe transportation prescribed by the Secretary for people who -- transport hazardous material in commerce ; causes to transport hazardous material in commerce ; designs , inspects , repairs , or tests packages qualified for hazardous material transport ; prepares or accepts hazardous material for transportation in commerce ; is responsible for the safety of transporting hazardous materials in commerce ; or certifies compliance with any requirements under the Act § 5104 : Representation and tampering regulations for a package , component of a package , or packaging intended for the use of transporting hazardous material . § 5110 : Shipping papers and disclosure regulations . § 5112 : Highway routing of hazardous material regulations . Penalties ( edit ) Civil penalties ( edit ) Under § 5123 , a person is liable for a civil penalty of up to $75,000 for each violation of a `` regulation , order , special permit or approval '' of the Act that has been knowingly committed . A separate violation is considered for each day the violation , committed by a person who transports or causes the transportation of a hazardous material , continues . A person acts knowingly when -- ( A ) the person has knowledge of the facts regarding the violation ; or ( B ) the person acting in the circumstance demonstrating reasonable logic and care would have that knowledge . Under the discretion of the Secretary , he or she may increase the penalty amount upwards to $175,000 if the violation results in the death , serious illness or injury to any person , or in substantial damage to property . Violations resulting from training activities must be at least $450 . In determining the amount of the civil penalty , the Secretary must consider -- the nature , circumstances , extent , and gravity of the violation ; the degree of culpability of the violator , any history of prior violations , the ability to pay , and the effect on the ability to continue to do business ; and any other matters that justice requires . An opportunity for a hearing must be granted to the violator , along with a written notice from the Secretary specifying the amount of the penalty . Criminal penalties ( edit ) A person is subject to a criminal penalty under § 5124 if that person knowingly tampers with the labels or packages used for transporting hazardous material , or `` willfully or recklessly '' violates a `` regulation , order , special permit , or approval '' under the Act and shall be fined under Title 18 of the United States Code , imprisoned for no more than 5 years , or both . A violation under this section that results in the release of hazardous material causing bodily injury or death to any person can render a maximum prison penalty of 10 years . Under § 5104 , tampering refers to the alteration , removal , destruction , or otherwise unlawful tampering of -- a marking , label , placard , or description on a document prescribed by regulations of the Act ; or a package , component of a package , packaging , container , motor vehicle , rail freight car , aircraft , or vessel used to transport hazardous material . A person acts knowingly when -- ( A ) the person has knowledge of the facts regarding the violation ; or ( B ) the person acting in the circumstance demonstrating reasonable logic and care would have that knowledge . Knowledge of the existence of a statutory regulation required by the Secretary is not considered an element of offense . A person acts willfully when -- ( A ) the person has knowledge of the facts regarding the violation ; and ( B ) the person has knowledge that the conduct was unlawful . A person acts recklessly when the person displays a deliberate indifference or conscious disregard to the consequences of that person 's conduct . Key provisions ( edit ) Procedures and Policies ( edit ) Procedures on proper handling and preparation for handling hazardous materials , as well as finding out information about implementing the Act ( permitting procedures , registration procedures , adding a regulation into the Act , etc . ) , can be found under this provision . Under § 5106 , the Secretary of Transportation may prescribe criteria for handling hazardous material , including -- ( 1 ) a minimum number of personnel ; ( 2 ) minimum levels of training and qualifications for personnel ; ( 3 ) the kind and frequency of inspections ; ( 4 ) equipment for detecting , warning of , and controlling risks posed by the hazardous material ; ( 5 ) specifications for the use of equipment and facilities used in handling and transporting the hazardous material ; and ( 6 ) a system of monitoring safety procedures for transporting the hazardous material . Under § 5107 , the hazmat employee training requirements and grants are summarized : ( A ) Training Requirements -- The Secretary shall prescribe by regulation requirements for training that a hazmat employer must give hazmat employees of the employer on the safe loading , unloading , handling , storing , and transporting of hazardous material and emergency preparedness for responding to an accident or incident involving the transportation of hazardous material . ( B ) Beginning and Completing Training -- A hazmat employer shall begin the training of hazmat employees of the employer no later than 6 months after the Secretary prescribes the regulations under subsection ( a ) of this section . ( C ) Certification of Training -- After completing the training , each hazmat employer shall certify , with documentation the Secretary may require by regulation , that the hazmat employees of the employer have received training and have been tested on appropriate transportation areas of responsibility , including at least one of the following : ( 1 ) recognizing and understanding the Department of Transportation hazardous material classification system . ( 2 ) the use and limitations of the Department hazardous material placarding , labeling , and marking systems . ( 3 ) general handling procedures , loading and unloading techniques , and strategies to reduce the probability of release or damage during or incidental to transporting hazardous material . ( 4 ) health , safety , and risk factors associated with hazardous material and the transportation of hazardous material . ( 5 ) appropriate emergency response and communication procedures for dealing with an accident or incident involving hazardous material transportation . ( 6 ) the use of the Department Emergency Response Guidebook and recognition of its limitations or the use of equivalent documents and recognition of the limitations of those documents . ( 7 ) applicable hazardous material transportation regulations . ( 8 ) personal protection techniques . ( 9 ) preparing a shipping document for transporting hazardous material . ( D ) Coordination of Training Requirements -- In consultation with the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency and the United States Secretary of Labor , the Secretary shall ensure that the training requirements prescribed under this section do not conflict with or duplicate -- ( 1 ) the requirements of regulations the Secretary of Labor prescribes related to hazard communication , and hazardous waste operations , and emergency response that are contained in part 1910 of title 29 , Code of Federal Regulations ; and ( 2 ) the regulations the Agency prescribes related to worker protection standards for hazardous waste operations that are contained in part 311 of title 40 , Code of Federal Regulations . ( E ) Training Grants -- ( 1 ) In general -- Subject to the availability of funds , the Secretary shall make grants under this subsection -- ( A ) for training instructors to train hazmat employees ; and ( B ) to the extent determined appropriate by the Secretary , for such instructors to train hazmat employees . ( 2 ) Eligibility -- A grant under this subsection shall be made through a competitive process to a nonprofit organization that demonstrates -- ( A ) expertise in conducting a training program for hazmat employees ; and ( B ) the ability to reach and involve in a training program a target population of hazmat employees . ( F ) Training of Certain Employees -- The Secretary shall ensure that maintenance - of - way employees and railroad signalmen receive general awareness and familiarization training and safety training . Material Designations & labeling ( edit ) Under the Act , transporting hazardous material requires regulations unique to the type of hazardous materials being transported . Hazardous materials table ( edit ) The table listing all hazardous materials regulated by the Act for transportation can be found here . This table identifies the hazard class of the material to inform specific packaging requirements , or outlines whether the material is forbidden in transportation . An example of shipping papers under the HMTA . Shipping papers requirements ( edit ) Each person who offers transportation of hazardous materials must describe the material on accompanied shipping papers . The papers must include -- an identification number a proper shipping name , identified in the Hazardous Materials Table the hazard class the packing group , identified in Roman numerals the total quantity of hazardous materials the number and type of packages holding the hazardous contents Additionally , the hazardous material must be accompanied by an EPA manifest , a sheet that tracks the transportation of the hazardous material . Marking Requirements ( edit ) Each `` package , freight container , and transport vehicle '' carrying the hazardous material must have markings that are -- durable , in English , and printed or affixed on the surface of the shipping package , or on a label , tag , or sign on the package displayed on a background of sharply contrasting color not obscured by labels or attachments located away from any other marking that could reduce its effectiveness Labels and placards for hazardous materials transportation . Labeling requirements ( edit ) Each non-bulk package , container , or small tank must be labeled with a label code corresponding to the hazard class of the hazardous material being transported , and must follow design and placement requirements . A properly labeled package carrying hazardous materials . Placarding requirements ( edit ) Each `` bulk packaging , freight container , unit load device , transport vehicle or rail car containing any quantity of a hazardous material '' must be placarded corresponding to the hazard class of the hazardous material being transported , and must follow design and placement requirements . Emergency response and security plans ( edit ) Regulations providing for immediate emergency response information in an incident , as well as requirements for the development and implementation of security plans must be adhered by `` any person who offers for transportation in commerce or transports in commerce '' hazardous materials regulated under the Act . Packaging requirements ( edit ) Packaging requirements under the Act are detailed in Title 49 of the United States Code of Federal Regulations under § 173 , 178 , 179 , and 180 . Packaging requirements vary based on the hazardous material being transported . General requirements ( edit ) Packaging material must fulfill a set of testing requirements before being authorized to store hazardous materials for transportation to endure the physical stress and environmental changes that may result in phase changes of the packaging contents during transportation . All packaging provisions under the Act apply to -- ( 1 ) Bulk and non-bulk packagings ; ( 2 ) New packagings and packagings which are reused ; and ( 3 ) Specification and non-specification packagings . Each package must be `` designed , constructed , maintained , filled , its contents so limited , and closed '' so that during transportation of hazardous contents -- ( 1 ) There will be no identifiable ( without the use of instruments ) release of hazardous materials to the environment ; ( 2 ) The effectiveness of the package is not reduced during transportation ( can withstand changes in temperature , pressure , humidity , shocks , loadings , vibrations , etc . ) ( 3 ) The effectiveness of the package is not reduced from the mixture of gases or vapors inside the package that can compromise the packaging material ; and ( 4 ) There will be no hazardous material residue adhering to the outside of the package during transport . Mixing ( edit ) The contents of the package ( the hazardous material ) and the material of the package itself must be resistant to significant `` chemical or galvanic reaction '' that can compromise the integrity of the package . Additionally , hazardous materials may not be mixed together with other hazardous or nonhazardous materials creating a reaction causing -- combustion or dangerous evolution of heat ; flammable , poisonous , or asphyxiant gases ; or formation of unstable or corrosive materials . Shipper 's responsibility ( edit ) It is up to the shipper of the stored , hazardous material to determine that the compatibility between the hazardous material and the packaging is sufficient for safe transportation . Description of relevant sections for which packaging requirements apply ( edit ) 49 CFR § 173 : General packaging requirements . 49 CFR § 178 : Specifications for packagings . 49 CFR § 179 : Specifications for tank cars . 49 CFR § 180 : Continuing qualification and maintenance of packagings . Operational rules ( edit ) The `` operational rules '' are the final key provision to the HMTA . They are a summary of the above provisions , including procedures and policies , material designations and labeling , and packaging requirements . Operational rules are covered by 49 CFR § 171 , 173 , 174 , 175 , 176 , and 177 and are all subjective to the U.S. Department of Transportation . Operational rules cover the entire transportation process from pick - up to delivery within all known modes of transportation subject to interstate and intrastate commerce . Description of Relevant Sections for which Operational Rules Apply ( edit ) 49 CFR § 171 - General Information , Regulations , and North American Shipments ( a ) applicability , general requirements , and North American shipments ( b ) incident reporting , notification , BOE approvals and authorization ( c ) authorization and requirements for the use of international transport standards and regulations 49 CFR § 173 : Shippers General Requirements for Shipping and Packaging 49 CFR § 174 : Carriage by Rail 49 CFR § 175 : Carriage by Aircraft 49 CFR § 176 : Carriage by Vessel 49 CFR § 177 : Carriage by Public Highway Major amendments ( edit ) The hazardous materials Transportation Uniform Safety Act ( 1990 ) ( edit ) In 1990 , Congress enacted the Hazardous Materials Transportation Uniform Safety Act ( HMTUSA ) in order to clarify the 1975 Hazardous Materials Transportation Act . This amendment sought to standardize international hazardous material transportation requirements as recommended by the United Nations , define preemption over local state regulations that differed from the Act 's regulations , and to give more authority to the Secretary of Transportation in requiring registration of hazardous materials . Before the HMTUSA was passed , the Secretary 's authority to require registration by all shippers of hazardous materials and by all parties involved in the preparation of shipment ( manufacture , repair , testing , or sale ) was never exercised . New provisions under this amendment were designed to `` encourage uniformity among different state and local highway routing regulations , to develop criteria for the issuance of federal permits to motor carriers of hazardous materials , and to regulate the transport of radioactive materials . '' The amendment also outlined two types of emergency response information : Information immediately available upon an accident ( such as shipping papers ) ; and Comprehensive and product - specific emergency response information that is also immediately available from a shipper - provided contact ( whose contact information is also available on the shipping papers ) . Under the HMTUSA , the Secretary continues to enforce regulations for the safe transport of hazardous material in intrastate , interstate , and foreign commerce in the same manner as the HMTA . The Secretary also retains authority to classify hazardous materials , when `` they pose unreasonable risks to health , safety , or property . '' Hazardous materials Transportation Authorization Act ( 1994 ) ( edit ) Signed by President Bill Clinton on August 26 , 1994 , the purpose of the amendment was to broaden the `` regulatory and enforcement authority of the Secretary of Transportation . '' The Secretary is given discretionary power to require anyone who transports hazardous materials through aircraft , rail , ship , or vehicle to register with the Department of Transportation who are not already under mandatory obligation to do so . Additionally , the amendment restructured the Act , reauthorizing funding for the HMTA and requiring additional safety initiatives to be taken by the Department of Transportation . Under this amendment , its underlying goal remained the same as the Hazardous Materials Transportation Act : to protect against the risks to life , property , and the environment during the transportation of hazardous materials . Influence of the September 11 attacks ( 2001 ) ( edit ) After the September 11 attacks , Congress considered new security measures to the Act , including background checks for truck drivers , requiring shipping companies to create alternative security plans , the use of electronic tracking devices to pinpoint exact locations of hazardous materials and their transporters , and creating strict federal penalties for hijacking trucks carrying hazardous materials . The enormity of attempting to monitor every shipment in the country was recognized as a `` logistical impossibility '' and an exorbitant expense . However , on October 18 , 2001 , Senator Hatch introduced the Hazardous Material in Transportation Protection Act of 2001 , which amended the Act to require stricter regulations of issuing operational licenses for the motor - vehicular transportation of hazardous materials . Specifically , the bill prohibits states from issuing licenses to transporters unless the Secretary clears the transporter through a comprehensive background check . See also ( edit ) Comprehensive Environmental Response , Compensation , and Liability Act ( CERCLA ) Emergency Planning and Community Right - to - Know Act ( EPCRA ) Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA ) Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration ( PHMSA ) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ( RCRA ) United States Department of Energy ( DOE ) United States Department of Transportation ( DOT ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 49 U.S.C '' . Retrieved 28 March 2013 . et seq . ^ Jump up to : Klyza , Christopher McGrory . `` Industry Hazards - Transporting Hazardous Materials '' . Hazardous Materials Transportation Act ( 1975 ) . Retrieved 4 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Department of Transportation . `` Federal Hazardous Materials Transportation Law Secs. 5116 to 5119 '' . Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Panwar , Samina T. ( 30 December 2000 ) . `` Development of a GIS - Based Hazardous Materials Transportation Management System '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Boyd , Don A ( 1993 ) . Transportation of Hazardous Materials . Norwell , Massachusetts : Kluwer Academic Publisher . ISBN 9780792393405 . Jump up ^ `` Laws Defining EPA 's Emergency Management Program '' . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Federal Hazardous Materials Transportation Law '' . Office of Hazardous Materials Safety . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : United States Department of Labor . `` Industry Hazards - Transporting Hazardous Materials '' . Retrieved 29 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 49 CFR 172 , Subpart B - Special Permits '' . Cornell University Law School . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Transportation . `` Federal Hazardous Materials Transportation Law Secs. 5103 to 5104 '' . Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Transportation . `` Federal Hazardous Materials Transportation Law Secs. 5108 to 5110 '' . Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Transportation . `` Federal Hazardous Materials Transportation Law Secs. 5111 to 5115 '' . Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Transportation . `` Federal Hazardous Materials Transportation Law Secs. 5120 to 5124 '' . Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Legal Information Institute . `` 49 USC 5106 - Handling criteria '' . Cornell University Law School . Retrieved 26 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Legal Information Institute . `` 49 USC 5107 - Hazmat employee training requirements and grants '' . Cornell University Law School . Retrieved 26 April 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.phmsa.dot.gov/staticfiles/PHMSA/DownloadableFiles/Files/Hazmat/Alpha_Hazmat_Table.xls ^ Jump up to : `` Hazardous Materials Transportation Act '' . The Office of Health , Safety and Security . Retrieved 1 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 49 CFR 172.101 - Purpose and use of hazardous materials table '' . Cornell University Law School . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 49 CFR 172 , Subpart C - Shipping Papers '' . Cornell University Law School . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 49 CFR 172 , Subpart D - Marking '' . Cornell University Law School . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 49 CFR 172 , Subpart E - Labeling '' . Cornell University Law School . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 49 CFR 172 , Subpart F - Placarding '' . Cornell University Law School . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 49 CFR 172 , Subpart I - Safety and Security Plans '' . Cornell University Law School . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 49 CFR Part 173 - SHIPPERS -- GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR SHIPMENTS AND PACKAGINGS '' . Cornell University Law School . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 49 CFR 173.22 - Shipper 's responsibility '' . Cornell University Law School . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 49 CFR Part 178 - SPECIFICATIONS FOR PACKAGINGS '' . Cornell University Law School . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 49 CFR Part 179 - SPECIFICATIONS FOR TANK CARS '' . Cornell University Law School . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 49 CFR Part 180 - CONTINUING QUALIFICATION AND MAINTENANCE OF PACKAGINGS '' . Cornell University Law School . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ GPO . `` Electronic Code of Federal Regulations : Title 49 - Transportation '' . U.S. Government Printing Office . Retrieved 13 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Industry Hazards - Transporting Hazardous Materials '' . Occupational Safety & Health Administration . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Olexa , Michael T . `` The Florida Agricultural Handbook of Solid and Hazardous Waste Regulation : Hazardous Materials Transportation Authorization Act '' . Retrieved 6 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Maurer , William R . `` The Transportation of Hazardous Materials After September 11 : Issues and Developments '' . The Federalist Society . Retrieved 3 May 2013 . Dangerous goods portal United States portal Law portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hazardous_Materials_Transportation_Act&oldid=787762918 '' Categories : United States federal environmental legislation United States federal transportation legislation 1975 in the environment 1975 in law Hazardous materials 93rd United States Congress Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 June 2017 , at 11 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

according to dot what is the most common mode of transportation for hazardous materials

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Canada goose

Canada goose - wikipedia Canada goose Jump to : navigation , search For the outerwear manufacturer , see Canada Goose ( clothing ) . Canada goose Canada goose ( Branta canadensis ) Call of Canada Geese Brownsea Island , Dorset , March 1966 Conservation status Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Aves Order : Anseriformes Family : Anatidae Genus : Branta Species : B. canadensis Binomial name Branta canadensis ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Subspecies B. c. occidentalis -- Dusky Canada goose , ( Baird , 1858 ) B. c. fulva -- Vancouver Canada goose , ( Delacour , 1951 ) B. c. parvipes -- Lesser Canada goose , ( Cassin , 1852 ) B. c. moffitti -- Moffitt 's Canada goose , ( Aldrich , 1946 ) B. c. maxima -- Giant Canada goose , ( Delacour , 1951 ) B. c. interior -- Interior Canada goose , ( Todd , 1938 ) B. c. canadensis -- Atlantic Canada goose , ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Canada goose distribution : Summer range ( native ) Year - round range ( native ) Wintering range ( native ) Summer range ( introduced ) Year - round range ( introduced ) Wintering range ( introduced ) Summer range ( cackling goose ) The Canada goose ( Branta canadensis ) is a large wild goose species with a black head and neck , white cheeks , white under its chin , and a brown body . Native to arctic and temperate regions of North America , its migration occasionally reaches northern Europe . It has been introduced to the United Kingdom , New Zealand , Argentina , Chile , and the Falkland Islands . Like most geese , the Canada goose is primarily herbivorous and normally migratory ; it tends to be found on or close to fresh water . Extremely successful at living in human - altered areas , Canada geese have proven able to establish breeding colonies in urban and cultivated areas , which provide food and few natural predators , and are well known as a common park species . Their success has led to them often being considered a pest species because of their depredation of crops and issues with their noise , droppings , aggressive territorial behavior , and habit of begging for food ( caused by human hand feeding ) , especially in their introduced range . Canada geese are also among the most commonly hunted waterfowl in North America and northwest Europe . Contents ( hide ) 1 Taxonomy and etymology 2 Description 3 Distribution and habitat 3.1 Outside North America 3.1. 1 Eurasia 3.1. 2 New Zealand 4 Behavior 4.1 Diet 4.2 Reproduction 4.3 Migration 5 Survival 5.1 Predators 5.2 Salinity 5.3 Disease 6 Relationship with humans 6.1 Aircraft strikes 6.2 Cuisine 7 Population 8 References 9 External links Taxonomy and etymology ( edit ) The Canada goose was one of the many species described by Carl Linnaeus in his 18th - century work Systema Naturae . It belongs to the Branta genus of geese , which contains species with largely black plumage , distinguishing them from the grey species of the Anser genus . Branta is a Latinised form of Old Norse Brandgás , `` burnt ( black ) goose '' and the specific epithet canadensis is a New Latin word meaning `` from Canada '' . According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the first citation for the ' Canada goose ' dates back to 1772 . The Canada goose is also colloquially referred to as the `` Canadian goose '' . The cackling goose was originally considered to be the same species or a subspecies of the Canada goose , but in July 2004 , the American Ornithologists ' Union 's Committee on Classification and Nomenclature split them into two species , making the cackling goose into a full species with the scientific name Branta hutchinsii . The British Ornithologists ' Union followed suit in June 2005 . The AOU has divided the many subspecies between the two species . The subspecies of the Canada goose were listed as : Atlantic Canada goose , B. c. canadensis Interior Canada goose , B. c. interior Giant Canada goose , B. c. maxima Moffitt 's Canada goose , B. c. moffitti Vancouver Canada goose , B. c. fulva Dusky Canada goose , B. c. occidentalis Lesser Canada goose , B. c. parvipes The distinctions between the two geese have led to confusion and debate among ornithologists . This has been aggravated by the overlap between the small types of Canada goose and larger types of cackling goose . The old `` lesser Canada goose '' was believed to be a partly hybrid population , with the birds named B. c. taverneri considered a mixture of B. c. minima , B. c. occidentalis , and B. c. parvipes . In addition , the barnacle goose has been determined to be a derivative of the cackling goose lineage , whereas the Hawaiian goose is derived from the Canada goose . Description ( edit ) Yellow plumage of gosling Call A flock of feeding Canada geese calling Problems playing this file ? See media help . The black head and neck with a white `` chinstrap '' distinguish the Canada goose from all other goose species , with the exception of the cackling goose and barnacle goose ( the latter , however , has a black breast and gray rather than brownish body plumage ) . The seven subspecies of this bird vary widely in size and plumage details , but all are recognizable as Canada geese . Some of the smaller races can be hard to distinguish from the cackling goose , which slightly overlap in mass . However , most subspecies of the cackling goose ( exclusive of Richardson 's cackling goose , B. h . hutchinsii ) are considerably smaller . The smallest cackling goose , B. h . minima , is scarcely larger than a mallard . In addition to the size difference , cackling geese also have a shorter neck and smaller bill , which can be useful when small Canada geese comingle with relatively large cackling geese . Of the `` true geese '' ( i.e. the genera Anser , Branta or Chen ) , the Canada goose is on average the largest living species , although some other species that are geese in name , if not of close relation to these genera , are on average heavier such as the spur - winged goose and Cape Barren goose . Canada geese range from 75 to 110 cm ( 30 to 43 in ) in length and have a 127 -- 185 cm ( 50 -- 73 in ) wingspan . Among standard measurements , the wing chord can range from 39 to 55 cm ( 15 to 22 in ) , the tarsus can range from 6.9 to 10.6 cm ( 2.7 to 4.2 in ) and the bill can range from 4.1 to 6.8 cm ( 1.6 to 2.7 in ) . The largest subspecies is the B. c. maxima , or the giant Canada goose , and the smallest ( with the separation of the cackling goose group ) is B. c. parvipes , or the lesser Canada goose . An exceptionally large male of race B. c. maxima , which rarely exceed 8 kg ( 18 lb ) , weighed 10.9 kg ( 24 lb ) and had a wingspan of 2.24 m ( 7.3 ft ) . This specimen is the largest wild goose ever recorded of any species . The male Canada goose usually weighs 2.6 -- 6.5 kg ( 5.7 -- 14.3 lb ) , averaging amongst all subspecies 3.9 kg ( 8.6 lb ) . The female looks virtually identical , but is slightly lighter at 2.4 -- 5.5 kg ( 5.3 -- 12.1 lb ) , averaging amongst all subspecies 3.6 kg ( 7.9 lb ) , and generally 10 % smaller in linear dimensions than the male counterparts . The female also possesses a different , and less sonorous , honk than the male . Distribution and habitat ( edit ) In the grass in East Hills , New York On Spokane River , Washington State Flock in flight This species is native to North America . It breeds in Canada and the northern United States in a variety of habitats . The Great Lakes region maintains a very large population of Canada geese . Canada geese occur year - round in the southern part of their breeding range , including most of the eastern seaboard and the Pacific coast . Between California and South Carolina in the southern United States and northern Mexico , Canada geese are primarily present as migrants from further north during the winter . By the early 20th century , overhunting and loss of habitat in the late 19th century and early 20th century had resulted in a serious decline in the numbers of this bird in its native range . The giant Canada goose subspecies was believed to be extinct in the 1950s until , in 1962 , a small flock was discovered wintering in Rochester , Minnesota , by Harold Hanson of the Illinois Natural History Survey . In 1964 , the Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center was built near Jamestown , North Dakota . Its first director , Harvey K. Nelson , talked Forrest Lee into leaving Minnesota to head the center 's Canada goose production and restoration program . Forrest soon had 64 pens with 64 breeding pairs of screened , high - quality birds . The project involved private , state , and federal resources and relied on the expertise and cooperation of many individuals . By the end of 1981 , more than 6,000 giant Canada geese had been released at 83 sites in 26 counties in North Dakota . With improved game laws and habitat recreation and preservation programs , their populations have recovered in most of their range , although some local populations , especially of the subspecies B. c. occidentalis , may still be declining . In recent years , Canada goose populations in some areas have grown substantially , so much so that many consider them pests for their droppings , bacteria in their droppings , noise , and confrontational behavior . This problem is partially due to the removal of natural predators and an abundance of safe , man - made bodies of water near food sources , such as those found on golf courses , in public parks and beaches , and in planned communities . Due in part to the interbreeding of various migratory subspecies with the introduced nonmigratory giant subspecies , Canada geese are frequently a year - around feature of such urban environments . Contrary to its normal migration routine , large flocks of Canada geese have established permanent residence in Esquimalt , British Columbia , on Chesapeake Bay , in Virginia 's James River regions , and in the Triangle area of North Carolina ( Raleigh , Durham , Chapel Hill ) , and nearby Hillsborough . Some Canada geese have taken up permanent residence as far south as Florida , in places such as retention ponds in apartment complexes . Large resident populations of Canada geese are also present in much of the San Francisco Bay area in Northern California . In 2015 , the Ohio population of Canada geese was reported as roughly 130,000 , with the number likely to continue increasing . Many of the geese , previously migratory , reportedly had become native , remaining in the state even in the summer . The increase was attributed to a lack of natural predators , an abundance of water , and plentiful grass in manicured lawns in urban areas . Canada geese were eliminated in Ohio following the American Civil War , but were reintroduced in 1956 with 10 pairs . The population was estimated at 18,000 in 1979 . The geese are considered protected , though a hunting season is allowed from September 1 -- 15 , with a daily bag limit of five . The Ohio Department of Natural Resources recommends a number of non-lethal scare and hazing tactics for nuisance geese , but if such methods have been used without success , they may issue a permit which can be used from March 11 through August 31 to destroy nests , conduct a goose roundup or shoot geese . Outside North America ( edit ) Eurasia ( edit ) Nesting in Wales Approaching to beg for food in a Manchester park , a learned behavior Canada geese have reached Northern Europe naturally , as has been proved by ringing recoveries . The birds include those of the subspecies B. c. parvipes , and possibly others . These geese are also found naturally on the Kamchatka Peninsula in eastern Siberia , and eastern China . Canada geese have also been introduced in Europe , and had established populations in Great Britain in the middle of the eighteenth century , Ireland , the Netherlands , Belgium , France , Germany , Scandinavia , and Finland . Most European populations are not migratory , but those in more northerly parts of Sweden and Finland migrate to the North Sea and Baltic coasts . Semitame feral birds are common in parks , and have become a pest in some areas . In the early 17th century , explorer Samuel de Champlain sent several pairs of geese to France as a present for King Louis XIII . The geese were first introduced in Britain in the late 17th century as an addition to King James II 's waterfowl collection in St. James 's Park . They were introduced in Germany and Scandinavia during the 20th century , starting in Sweden in 1929 . In Britain , they were spread by hunters , but remained uncommon until the mid-20th century . Their population grew from 2200 -- 4000 birds in 1953 to an estimated 82,000 in 1999 , as changing agricultural practices and urban growth provided new habitat . European birds are mostly descended from the subspecies B. c. canadensis , likely with some contributions from the subspecies B. c. maxima . New Zealand ( edit ) Main article : Canada geese in New Zealand Canada geese were introduced as a game bird into New Zealand in 1905 . They have become a problem in some areas by fouling pastures and damaging crops . They were protected under the Wildlife Act 1953 and the population was managed by Fish and Game New Zealand , which culled excessive bird numbers . In 2011 , the government removed the protection status , allowing anyone to kill the birds . Behavior ( edit ) Cleaning feathers , Oxfordshire Flying , New Jersey Male goose carefully watches nearby humans in Winnipeg Like most geese , the Canada goose is naturally migratory with the wintering range being most of the United States . The calls overhead from large groups of Canada geese flying in V - shaped formation signal the transitions into spring and autumn . In some areas , migration routes have changed due to changes in habitat and food sources . In mild climates from California to the Great Lakes , some of the population has become nonmigratory due to adequate winter food supply and a lack of former predators . Males exhibit agonistic behavior both on and off breeding and nesting grounds . This behavior rarely involves interspecific killing . One documented case involved a male defending his nest from a brant goose that wandered into the area ; the following attack lasted for one hour until the death of the brant . The cause of death was suffocation or drowning in mud as a direct result of the Canada goose 's pecking the head of the brant into the mud . Researchers attributed it to high hormone levels and the brant 's inability to leave the nesting area . Diet ( edit ) Canada geese are primarily herbivores , although they sometimes eat small insects and fish . Their diet includes green vegetation and grains . The Canada goose eats a variety of grasses when on land . It feeds by grasping a blade of grass with the bill , then tearing it with a jerk of the head . The Canada goose also eats beans and grains such as wheat , rice , and corn when they are available . In the water , it feeds from aquatic plants by sliding its bill at the bottom of the body of water . It also feeds on aquatic plants , such as seaweeds . In urban areas , it is also known to pick food out of garbage bins . They are also sometimes hand - fed a variety of grains and other foods by humans in parks . Reproduction ( edit ) Eggs , collection Museum Wiesbaden , Germany Goslings Geese and goslings in an English canal , showing formation During the second year of their lives , Canada geese find a mate . They are monogamous , and most couples stay together all of their lives . If one dies , the other may find a new mate . The female lays from two to nine eggs with an average of five , and both parents protect the nest while the eggs incubate , but the female spends more time at the nest than the male . Its nest is usually located in an elevated area near water such as streams , lakes , ponds , and sometimes on a beaver lodge . Its eggs are laid in a shallow depression lined with plant material and down . The incubation period , in which the female incubates while the male remains nearby , lasts for 24 -- 28 days after laying . As the annual summer molt also takes place during the breeding season , the adults lose their flight feathers for 20 -- 40 days , regaining flight about the same time as their goslings start to fly . As soon as the goslings hatch , they are immediately capable of walking , swimming , and finding their own food ( a diet similar to the adult geese ) . Parents are often seen leading their goslings in a line , usually with one adult at the front , and the other at the back . While protecting their goslings , parents often violently chase away nearby creatures , from small blackbirds to lone humans who approach , after warning them by giving off a hissing sound and then attack with bites and slaps of the wings if the threat does not retreat or has seized a gosling . Canada geese are especially protective animals , and will sometimes attack any animal nearing its territory or offspring , including humans . Most of the species that prey on eggs also take a gosling . Although parents are hostile to unfamiliar geese , they may form groups of a number of goslings and a few adults , called crèches . The offspring enter the fledgling stage any time from 6 to 9 weeks of age . They do not leave their parents until after the spring migration , when they return to their birthplace . Migration ( edit ) Resting in a pond during spring migration , Ottawa , Ontario Canada geese are known for their seasonal migrations . Most Canada geese have staging or resting areas where they join up with others . Their autumn migration can be seen from September to the beginning of November . The early migrants have a tendency to spend less time at rest stops and go through the migration much faster . The later birds usually spend more time at rest stops . Some geese return to the same nesting ground year after year and lay eggs with their mate , raising them in the same way each year . This is recorded from the many tagged geese which frequent the East Coast . Canada geese fly in a distinctive V - shaped flight formation , with an altitude of 1 km ( 3,000 feet ) for migration flight . The maximum flight ceiling of Canada geese is unknown , but they have been reported at 9 km ( 29,000 feet ) . Low flyover by five Canada geese Flying in the V formation has been the subject of study by researchers . The front position is rotated since flying in front consumes the most energy . Canada geese leave the winter grounds more quickly than the summer grounds . Elevated thyroid hormones , such as T and T , have been measured in geese just after a big migration . This is believed because of the long days of flying in migration the thyroid gland sends out more T which help the body cope with the longer journey . The increased T levels are also associated with increased muscle mass ( hypertrophy ) of the breast muscle , also because of the longer time spent flying . It is believed that the body sends out more T to help the goose 's body with this long task by speeding up the metabolism and lowering the temperature at which the muscles work . Also , other studies show levels of stress hormones such as corticosterone rise dramatically in these birds during and after a migration . Survival ( edit ) The lifespan in the wild of geese that survive to adulthood ranges from 10 to 24 years . The British longevity record is held by a specimen tagged as a nestling , which was observed alive at the University of York at the age of 31 . Predators ( edit ) Canada geese instinctively nest on higher ground near water . This female is nesting on a beaver lodge . Known predators of eggs and goslings include coyotes , Arctic foxes ( Vulpes lagopus ) , northern raccoons ( Procyon lotor ) , red foxes ( Vulpes vulpes ) , large gulls ( Larus species ) , common ravens ( Corvus corax ) , American crows ( Corvus brachyrhynchos ) , carrion crows ( in Europe , Corvus corone ) and both brown ( Ursus arctos ) and American black bears ( Ursus americanus ) . Once they reach adulthood , due to their large size and often aggressive behavior , Canada geese are rarely preyed on , although prior injury may make them more vulnerable to natural predators . Beyond humans , adults can be taken by coyotes and gray wolves ( Canis lupus ) . Avian predators that are known to kill adults , as well as young geese , include snowy owls ( Bubo scandiacus ) , golden eagles ( Aquila chrysaetos ) and bald eagles ( Haliaeetus leucocephalus ) and , though rarely on large adult geese , great horned owls ( Bubo virginianus ) , peregrine falcons ( Falco peregrinus ) , and gyrfalcons ( Falco rusticolus ) . Adults are quite vigorous at displacing potential predators from the nest site , with predator prevention usually falling to the larger male of the pair . Males usually attempt to draw attention of approaching predators and toll ( mob terrestrial predators without physical contact ) often in accompaniment with males of other goose species . Eagles of both species frequently cause geese to fly off en masse from some distance , though in other instances , geese may seem unconcerned at perched bald eagles nearby , seemingly only reacting if the eagle is displaying active hunting behavior . Canada geese are quite wary of humans where they are regularly hunted and killed , but can otherwise become habituated to fearlessness towards humans , especially where they are fed by them . This often leads to the geese becoming overly aggressive towards humans , and large groups of the birds may be considered a nuisance if they are causing persistent issues to humans and other animals in the surrounding area . Salinity ( edit ) Salinity plays a role in the growth and development of goslings . Moderate to high salinity concentrations without fresh water results in slower development , growth , and saline - induced mortality . Goslings are susceptible to saline - induced mortality before their nasal salt glands become functional , with the majority occurring before the sixth day of life . Disease ( edit ) Canada geese are susceptible to avian bird flus , such as H5N1 . A study carried out using the HPAI virus , a H5N1 virus , found that the geese were susceptible to the virus . This proved useful for monitoring the spread of the virus through the high mortality of infected birds . Prior exposure to other viruses may result in some resistance to H5N1 . Relationship with humans ( edit ) Family in builders ' yard , Salem , Oregon : The mother goose had built a nest on an aggregate pile . Roosting in a parking lot In North America , nonmigratory Canada goose populations have been on the rise . The species is frequently found on golf courses , parking lots , and urban parks , which would have previously hosted only migratory geese on rare occasions . Owing to its adaptability to human - altered areas , it has become one of the most common waterfowl species in North America . In many areas , nonmigratory Canada geese are now regarded as pests by humans . They are suspected of being a cause of an increase in high fecal coliforms at beaches . An extended hunting season , deploying noise makers , and hazing by dogs have been used in an attempt to disrupt suspect flocks . A goal of conservationists has been to focus hunting on the nonmigratory populations ( which tend to be larger and more of a nuisance ) as opposed to migratory flocks showing natural behavior , which may be rarer . Since 1999 , the United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services agency has been engaged in lethal culls of Canada geese primarily in urban or densely populated areas . The agency responds to municipalities or private land owners , such as golf courses , which find the geese obtrusive or object to their waste . Addling goose eggs and destroying nests are promoted as humane population control methods . Flocks of Canada goose can also be captured during moult and this method of culling is used to control invasive populations . Canada geese are protected from hunting and capture outside of designated hunting seasons in the United States by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act , and in Canada under the Migratory Birds Convention Act . In both countries , commercial transactions such as buying or trading are mostly prohibited and the possession , hunting , and interfering with the activity of the animals are subject to restrictions . In the UK , as with native bird species , the nests and eggs of Canada geese are fully protected by law , except when their removal has been specifically licensed , and shooting is generally permitted only during the defined open season . Geese have a tendency to attack humans when they feel themselves or their goslings to be threatened . First , the geese stand erect , spread their wings , and produce a hissing sound . Next , the geese charge . They may then bite or attack with their wings . Aircraft strikes ( edit ) A Canada goose feather recovered from Engine # 1 of the Airbus A320 involved in US Airways Flight 1549 . The aircraft was ditched in the Hudson River after its engines ingested several Canada geese . Canada geese have been implicated in a number of bird strikes by aircraft . Their large size and tendency to fly in flocks may exacerbate their impact . In the United States , the Canada goose is the second-most damaging bird strike to airplanes , with the most damaging being turkey vultures . Canada geese can cause fatal crashes when they strike an aircraft 's engine . In 1995 , a U.S. Air Force E-3 Sentry aircraft at Elmendorf AFB , Alaska , struck a flock of Canada geese on takeoff , losing power in both port side engines . It crashed 2 mi ( 3.2 km ) from the runway , killing all 24 crew members . The accident sparked efforts to avoid such events , including habitat modification , aversion tactics , herding and relocation , and culling of flocks . In 2009 , a collision with a flock of migratory Canada geese resulted in US Airways Flight 1549 suffering a total power loss after takeoff causing the crew of the aircraft to land the plane on the Hudson River with no loss of human life . Cuisine ( edit ) As a large , common wild bird , the Canada goose is a common target of hunters , especially in its native range . Drake Larsen , a researcher in sustainable agriculture at Iowa State University , described them to Atlantic magazine as `` so yummy ... good , lean , rich meat . I find they are similar to a good cut of beef . '' The British Trust for Ornithology , however , has described them as `` reputedly amongst the most inedible of birds . '' The US goose harvest for 2013 -- 14 reported over 1.3 million geese taken . Canada geese are rarely farmed , and sale of wild Canada goose meat is rare due to regulation , and slaughterhouses ' lack of experience with wild birds . Geese culled near New York airports have been donated to food banks in Pennsylvania . As of 2011 , the sale of wild Canada goose meat was not permitted in the UK ; some landowners have lobbied for this ban to be withdrawn to allow them income from sale of game meat . Population ( edit ) In 2000 , the North American population for the geese was estimated to be between 4 million and 5 million birds . A 20 - year study from 1983 to 2003 in Wichita , Kansas , found the size of the winter Canada goose population within the city limits increase from 1,600 to over 18,000 birds . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ BirdLife International . ( 2016 ) . Branta canadensis . The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species doi : 10.2305 / IUCN. UK. 2016 - 3. RLTS. T22679935A85972211. en Jump up ^ Long , John L. ( 1981 ) . Introduced Birds of the World . Agricultural Protection Board of Western Australia . pp. 21 -- 493 . Jump up ^ Linnaeus , C. ( 1758 ) . 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The Giant Canada Goose ( 2nd ed . ) . Southern Illinois University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8093 - 1924 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Obituary : Forrest Lee '' . The Bismarck Tribune . Bismarck , North Dakota . February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Why Do Canada Geese Like Urban Areas ? '' . The Humane Society of the United States . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio reports increase in Canada geese population '' . The Lima News , via Associated Press Dayton . March 9 , 2015 . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hamrick , Brian ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` Canadian Geese get violent during nesting , population on the rise '' . WLWT . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nuisance Wildlife '' . Ohio Department of Natural Resources . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Attenborough , D. 1998 . The Life of Birds . p. 299 BBC . ISBN 0563 - 38792 - 0 Jump up ^ Svensson , Lars ( 2009 ) . Birds of Europe ( 2nd ed . ) . Princeton University Press . pp. 20 -- 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 14392 - 7 . Jump up ^ David , Cabot ( 2010 ) . Wildfowl . Collins New Naturalist Library 110 . HarperCollins UK . ISBN 0007405146 . Jump up ^ `` Canada geese protection status changed '' . Beehive . New Zealand Government . March 17 , 2011 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Krauss , David A. ; Salame , Issa ( 2012 ) . `` Interspecific Killing of a Branta bernicla ( Brant ) by a Male Branta canadensis ( Canada Goose ) '' . Northeastern Naturalist . Northeastern Naturalist Humboldt Field Research Institute . 19 ( 4 ) : 701 . doi : 10.1656 / 045.019. 0415 . Jump up ^ Angus , Wilson . `` Identification and range of subspecies within the Canada and Cackling Goose Complex ( Branta canadensis & B. hutchinsii ) '' . Jump up ^ Johnsgard , Paul A. ( 2010 ) ( 1978 ) . Ducks , Geese , and Swans of the World ( revised online ed . ) . Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press . p. 79 . Jump up ^ Derbyshire , David ( May 22 , 2010 ) . `` The geese left in charge of 40 goslings '' . Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers . Jump up ^ Canada , Government of Canada , Environment and Climate Change . `` Environment and Climate Change Canada - Nature - Frequently Asked Questions - Canada Geese '' . www.ec.gc.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Canada Geese at Blackwater '' . US Fish & Wildlife Service . Retrieved August 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ John , T.M. ; George , J.C. ( 1978 ) . `` Circulatory levels of thyroxine ( T ) and triiodothyronine ( T ) in the migratory Canada goose '' . Physiological Zoology. 51 ( 4 ) : 361 -- 370 . JSTOR 30160961 . Jump up ^ Landys , Mėta M. ; Wingfield , John C. ; Ramenofsky , Marilyn ( 2004 ) . `` Plasma corticosterone increases during migratory restlessness in the captive white - crowned sparrow Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelli '' ( PDF ) . Hormones and Behavior . 46 ( 5 ) : 574 -- 581 . doi : 10.1016 / j. yhbeh. 2004.06. 006 . PMID 15555499 . Jump up ^ `` Longevity records for Britain & Ireland in 2013 '' . British Trust for Ornithology . 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( 1972 ) . `` Predation on Canada Goose nests at McConnell River , Northwest Territories '' . J. Wildl . Manage. 36 ( 2 ) : 414 -- 422 . doi : 10.2307 / 3799071 . JSTOR 3799071 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Sargeant , A.B. and D.G. Raveling. ( 1992 ) `` Mortality during the breeding season '' , pp. 396 -- 422 in Ecology and management of breeding waterfowl . Batt , B.D.J. , A.D. Afton , M.G. Anderson , C.D. Ankney , D.H. Johnson , et al. ( eds . ) Univ. of Minnesota Press , Minneapolis . Jump up ^ Hanson , W.C. and Eberhardt , L.L. ( 1971 ) . `` The Columbia River Canada Goose Population 1950 -- 1970 '' . Wildlife Monographs. 28 . JSTOR 3830431 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Raveling , D.G. and H.G. Lumsden. ( 1977 ) . `` Nesting ecology of Canada Geese in the Hudson Bay Lowlands of Ontario : Evolution and population regulation '' . Fish Wildl . Res . Rep. No. 98 . Ontario Min . Nat . Resour . Jump up ^ Bent , A.C. ( 1925 ) . Life histories of North American wild fowl , Pt. 2 . U.S. Natl . Mus . Bull . 130 . Jump up ^ Palmer , R.S. ( 1976 ) . Handbook of North American birds , Vol. 2 : Waterfowl . Pt. 1 . Yale Univ . Press , New Haven , CT . Jump up ^ Collias , N.E. and Jahn , L.R. ( 1959 ) . `` Social behavior and breeding success in Canada Geese ( Branta canadensis ) confined under semi-natural conditions '' ( PDF ) . The Auk. 76 : 478 -- 509 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Mcwilliams , S.R. , Dunn , J.P. and Raveling , D.G. ( 1994 ) . `` Predator - prey interactions between eagles and Cackling Canada and Ross ' geese during winter in California '' . Wilson Bull . 106 : 272 -- 288 . JSTOR 4163419 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Bartelt , Gerald A. ( 1987 ) . `` Effects of Disturbance and Hunting on the Behavior of Canada Goose Family Groups in Eastcentral Wisconsin '' . The Journal of Wildlife Management . 51 ( 3 ) : 517 . doi : 10.2307 / 3801261 . JSTOR 3801261 . Jump up ^ Stolley , Doris ; Bissonette , John ; Kadlec , John ( 1999 ) . `` Effects of saline environments on the survival of wild goslings ( Branta canadensis ) '' . American Midland Naturalist. 142 ( 1 ) : 181 -- 190 . doi : 10.1674 / 0003 - 0031 ( 1999 ) 142 ( 0181 : EOSEOT ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . Jump up ^ Pasick , John ; Berhane , Yohannes ; Embury - Hyatt , Carissa ; Copps , John ; Kehler , Helen ; Handel , Katherine ; Babiuk , Shawn ; Hooper - McGrevy , Kathleen ; Li , Yan ; Le , Quynh ; Phuong , Song ( 2007 ) . `` Susceptibility of Canada geese ( Branta canadensis ) to highly pathogenic avian influenza virus ( H5N1 ) '' . Emerging Infectious Diseases . US National Center for Infectious Diseases . 13 ( 12 ) : 1821 -- 7 . doi : 10.3201 / eid1312. 070502 . PMC 2876756 . PMID 18258030 . Jump up ^ State Parks Again Offering Early Canada Goose Hunting . Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources ( August 26 , 2011 ) Jump up ^ Woodruff , Roger A. ; Green , Jeffrey S. ( 1995 ) . `` Livestock Herding Dogs : A Unique Application for Wildlife Damage Management '' . Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings . Ardmore , Oklahoma : Noble Foundation . 12 : 43 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Board of Park Commissioners ( Seattle ) Meeting Minutes . July 12 , 2001 Jump up ^ MacDonald , Gregg ( May 6 , 2008 ) . `` Goose egg addling stirs concern in Reston '' . Fairfax County Times . Retrieved June 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Reyns , Nikolaas ; Casaer , Jim ; Smet , Lieven De ; Devos , Koen ; Huysentruyt , Frank ; Robertson , Peter A. ; Verbeke , Tom ; Adriaens , Tim ( 2018 - 01 - 29 ) . `` Cost - benefit analysis for invasive species control : the case of greater Canada goose Branta canadensis in Flanders ( northern Belgium ) '' . PeerJ. 6 . doi : 10.7717 / peerj. 4283 . ISSN 2167 - 8359 . Jump up ^ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` Migratory Bird Treaty Act Protected Species ( 10.13 List ) '' . fws.gov . Jump up ^ Frequently Asked Questions -- Canada Geese . Canadian Wildlife Service Jump up ^ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service ( April 11 , 2012 ) . `` Final Environmental Impact Statement : Resident Canada Goose Management -- Division of Migratory Bird Management '' . fws.gov . Jump up ^ Pynn , Larry ( April 5 , 2014 ) . `` Bird strikes plummet at Vancouver airport '' . Vancouver Sun . Jump up ^ `` Wild birds and the law '' ( PDF ) . RSPB . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Managing Geese on Agricultural Land '' ( PDF ) . Scottish government . Jump up ^ `` Environmental management : bird licences '' . UK Government . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goose Attacks . Division of Wildlife ( Ohio ) Jump up ^ `` Bird Plus Plane Equals Snarge '' . Wired . September 2005 . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` CVR transcript Boeing E-3 USAF Yukla 27 -- 22 SEP 1995 '' . Accident investigation . Aviation Safety Network . September 22 , 1995 . Retrieved January 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 AWACS crash '' . CNN . September 23 , 1995 . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Barela , Timothy P. ( September 22 , 1995 ) Fowl Play . U.S. Air Force News Jump up ^ Barrett , Barbara ( June 8 , 2009 ) . `` DNA shows jet that landed in Hudson struck migrating geese '' . McClatchy Newspapers . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Maynard , Micheline ( January 15 , 2009 ) . `` Bird Hazard Is Persistent for Planes '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Third Update on Investigation into Ditching of US Airways Jetliner into Hudson River '' ( Press release ) . NTSB . February 4 , 2009 . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Elton , Sarah ( October 19 , 2011 ) . `` My First Helping of Canada Goose '' . Atlantic magazine . Jump up ^ Raftovich , R.V. , Chandler , S.C. and Wilkins , K.A. ( 2015 ) . Migratory bird hunting activity and harvest during the 2013 -- 14 and 2014 -- 15 hunting seasons . U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service , Laurel , Maryland , USA Jump up ^ Knight - Bruce , Rory ( August 6 , 2011 ) . `` Canada geese are overrunning our parks and estates and as top chefs say the answer is to turn them into a delicious dinner '' . Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Carlson , Kathryn ( June 18 , 2011 ) . `` New York solves its Canada Goose problem by feeding them to Pennsylvania 's poor '' . National Post . ^ Jump up to : Maccarone , Alan D. ; Cope , Charles ( 2004 ) . `` Recent trends in the winter population of Canada geese ( Branta canadensis ) in Wichita , Kansas : 1998 -- 2003 '' . Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science . Kansas Academy of Science . 107 ( 1 , 2 ) : 77 -- 82 . doi : 10.1660 / 0022 - 8443 ( 2004 ) 107 ( 0077 : RTITWP ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Canada Goose . Wikispecies has information related to Branta canadensis Images and videos of the Canada goose on ARKive RSPB Birds by Name : Canada goose Canada Goose Species Account -- Cornell Lab of Ornithology `` Canada goose media '' . Internet Bird Collection . Canada Goose -- BTO BirdFacts Rediscovery report on Giant Canada Goose from 1963 ( PDF ) Game animals and shooting in North America Game birds Bobwhite quail Chukar Hungarian partridge Prairie chicken Mourning dove Ring - necked pheasant Ptarmigan Ruffed grouse Sharp - tailed grouse Snipe ( common snipe ) Spruce grouse Turkey Woodcock Waterfowl Black duck Canada goose Canvasback Gadwall Greater scaup Lesser scaup Mallard Northern pintail Redhead Ross 's goose Snow goose Wood duck Big game Bighorn sheep Black bear Razorback Brown bear Bison ( buffalo ) Caribou Cougar ( mountain lion ) Elk Moose White - tailed deer Gray wolf Mountain goat Mule deer Pronghorn Muskox Dall sheep Polar bear Other quarry American alligator Bobcat Coyote Fox squirrel Gray fox Gray squirrel Opossum Rabbit Red fox Snowshoe hare See also Bear hunting Big game hunting Bison hunting Deer hunting Waterfowl hunting Whaling Fishing Wolf hunting Upland hunting Taxon identifiers Wd : Q26733 ADW : Branta_canadensis ARKive : branta - canadensis eBird : cangoo EoL : 913235 EPPO : BRNTCA Fauna Europaea : 96482 Fossilworks : 110951 GBIF : 5232437 IBC : canada - goose - branta - canadensis iNaturalist : 7089 ITIS : 174999 IUCN : 22679935 NCBI : 8853 NZOR : 571984a8 - 1d64 - 418c - 86c5 - 05e91876a771 WoRMS : 159176 NDL : 00571351 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canada_goose&oldid=837138086 '' Categories : IUCN Red List least concern species Branta Geese Birds of Canada Birds of the United States Birds of Mexico Birds of North America North American migratory birds Game birds Birds by common name Birds described in 1758 Hidden categories : CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use mdy dates from January 2017 Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Afrikaans Asturianu Atikamekw Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deitsch Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Iñupiak Íslenska Italiano עברית Kalaallisut Latviešu Lietuvių Livvinkarjala Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Picard Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Tsetsêhestâhese Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray 中文 58 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 23 : 40 . 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Gap penalty

Gap penalty - wikipedia Gap penalty Jump to : navigation , search a Gap penalty is a method of scoring alignments of two or more sequences . When aligning sequences , introducing a gaps in the sequences can allow an alignment algorithm to match more terms than a gap-less alignment can . However , minimizing gaps in an alignment is important to create a useful alignment . Too many gaps can cause an alignment to become meaningless . Gap penalties are used to adjust alignment scores based on the number and length of gaps . The five main types of gap penalties are constant , linear , affine , convex , and Profile - based . Contents ( hide ) 1 Applications 2 Bioinformatics Applications 2.1 Global alignment 2.1. 1 General steps to perform a global alignment : 2.1. 2 Pseudocode 2.2 Semi-global alignment 2.3 Local alignment 2.4 Scoring matrix 2.5 Indels 3 Types 3.1 Constant 3.2 Linear 3.3 Affine 3.4 Convex 3.5 Profile - based 4 Comparing time complexities 5 Assigning Gap Penalty Values 6 Challenges 7 References 7.1 Further reading Applications ( edit ) Genetic sequence alignment - In bioinformatics , gaps are used to account for genetic mutations occurring from insertions or deletions in the sequence , sometimes referred to as indels . Insertions or deletions can occur due to single mutations , unbalanced crossover in meiosis , slipped strand mispairing , and chromosomal translocation . The notion of a gap in an alignment is important in many biological applications , since the insertions or deletions comprise an entire sub-sequence and often occur from a single mutational event . Furthermore , single mutational events can create gaps of different sizes . Therefore , when scoring , the gaps need to be scored as a whole when aligning two sequences of DNA . Considering multiple gaps in a sequence as a larger single gap will reduce the assignment of a high cost to the mutations . For instance , two protein sequences may be relatively similar however , may differ at certain intervals as one protein may have a different subunit compared to the other . Representing these differing sub-sequences as gaps will allow us to treat these cases as `` good matches '' even though there are long consecutive runs with indel operations in the sequence . Therefore , using a good gap penalty model will avoid low scores in alignments and improve the chances of finding a true alignment . In genetic sequence alignments , gaps are represented as dashes ( - ) on a protein / DNA sequence alignment . Unix diff function - computes the minimal difference between two files similarly to plagiarism detection . Spell checking - Gap penalties can help find correctly spelled words with the shortest edit distance to a misspelled word . Gaps can indicate a missing letter in the incorrectly spelled word . Plagiarism detection - Gap penalties allow algorithms to detect where sections of a document are plagiarized by placing gaps in original sections and matching what is identical . The gap penalty for a certain document quantifies how much of a given document is probably original or plagiarized . Speech recognition ( ( Citation needed reason = I do n't see how gap penalty would help this application , so I ca n't explain it . but I do n't want to remove it because of my ignorance of what someone else knew date = April 2018 ) ) Bioinformatics applications ( edit ) Global alignment ( edit ) Main article : Needleman - Wunsch algorithm A global alignment performs an end - to - end alignment of the query sequence with the reference sequence . Ideally , this alignment technique is most suitable for closely related sequences of similar lengths . The Needleman - Wunsch algorithm is a dynamic programming technique used to conduct global alignment . Essentially , the algorithm divides the problem into a set of sub-problems , then uses the results of the sub-problems to reconstruct a solution to the original query . General steps to perform a global alignment : ( edit ) Create a scoring matrix Fill in the scoring matrix - the matrix is filled with the maximum score possible starting in the top left corner and subsequently filling in the neighboring cells ( left , right and diagonal ) . Trace back - trace back starting from the lowest right hand cell and choosing the minimal score trace to find the best alignment . Pseudocode ( edit ) procedure Needleman - Wunsch Algorithm S ( i , j ) = min ( S ( i - 1 , j - 1 ) if match S ( i - 1 , j - 1 ) + 1 if mismatch S ( i - 1 , j ) + 1 S ( i , j - 1 ) + 1 ) end procedure Semi-global alignment ( edit ) The use of semi-global alignment exists to find a particular match within a large sequence . An example includes seeking promoters within a DNA sequence . Unlike global alignment , it compromises of no end gaps in one or both sequences . If the end gaps are penalized in one sequence 1 but not in sequence 2 , it produces an alignment that contains sequence 1 within sequence 2 . Local alignment ( edit ) Main article : Smith -- Waterman algorithm Example of Protein Sequence Alignment A local sequence alignment matches a contiguous sub-section of one sequence with a contiguous sub-section of another . The Smith - Waterman algorithm is motivated by giving scores for matches and mismatches . Matches increase the overall score of an alignment whereas mismatches decrease the score . A good alignment then has a positive score and a poor alignment has a negative score . The local algorithm finds an alignment with the highest score by considering only alignments that score positives and picking the best one from those . The algorithm is a Dynamic programming algorithm . When comparing proteins , one uses a similarity matrix which assigns a score to each possible residue . The score should be positive for similar residues and negative for dissimilar residues pair . Gaps are usually penalized using a linear gap function that assigns an initial penalty for a gap opening , and an additional penalty for gap extensions , increasing the gap length . Scoring matrix ( edit ) Main article : Substitution matrix Blosum - 62 Matrix Substitution matrices such as BLOSUM are used for sequence alignment of proteins . A Substitution matrix assigns a score for aligning any possible pair of residues . In general , different substitution matrices are tailored to detecting similarities among sequences that are diverged by differing degrees . A single matrix may be reasonably efficient over a relatively broad range of evolutionary change . The BLOSUM - 62 matrix is one of the best substitution matrices for detecting weak protein similarities . BLOSUM matrices with high numbers are designed for comparing closely related sequences , while those with low numbers are designed for comparing distant related sequences . For example , BLOSUM - 80 is used for alignments that are more similar in sequence , and BLOSUM - 45 is used for alignments that have diverged from each other . For particularly long and weak alignments , the BLOSUM - 45 matrix may provide the best results . Short alignments are more easily detected using a matrix with a higher `` relative entropy '' than that of BLOSUM - 62 . The BLOSUM series does not include any matrices with relative entropies suitable for the shortest queries . Indels ( edit ) Main article : Indel During DNA Replication , the replication machinery is prone to making two types of errors while duplicating the DNA . These two replication errors are insertions and deletions of single DNA bases from the DNA strand ( indels ) . Indels can have severe biological consequences by causing mutations in the DNA strand that could result in the inactivation or over activation of the target protein . For example , if a one or two nucleotide indel occurs in a coding sequence the result will be a shift in the reading frame , or a frameshift mutation that may render the protein inactive . The biological consequences of indels are often deleterious and are frequently associated with human pathologies such as cancer . However , not all indels are frameshift mutations . If indels occur in trinucleotides , the result is an extension of the protein sequence that may also have implications on protein function . Types ( edit ) Constant ( edit ) This is the simplest type of gap penalty : a fixed negative score is given to every gap , regardless of its length . ATTGACCTGA AT -- - CCTGA Aligning two short DNA sequences , with ' - ' depicting a gap of one base pair . If each match was worth 1 point and the whole gap - 1 , the total score : 7 − 1 = 6 . Linear ( edit ) Compared to the constant gap penalty , the linear gap penalty takes into account the length ( L ) of each insertion / deletion in the gap . Therefore , if the penalty for each inserted / deleted element is B and the length of the gap L ; the total gap penalty would be the product of the two BL . This method favors shorter gaps , with total score decreasing with each additional gap . ATTGACCTGA AT -- - CCTGA Unlike constant gap penalty , the size of the gap is considered . With a match with score 1 and each gap - 1 , the score here is ( 7 − 3 = 4 ) . Affine ( edit ) The most widely used gap penalty function is the affine gap penalty . The affine gap penalty combines the components in both the constant and linear gap penalty , taking the form A + B ⋅ L ( \ displaystyle A + B \ cdot L ) . This introduces new terms , A is known as the gap opening penalty , B the gap extension penalty and L the length of the gap . Gap opening refers to the cost required to open a gap of any length , and gap extension the cost to extend the length of an existing gap by 1 . Often it is unclear as to what the values A and B should be as it differs according to purpose . In general , if the interest is to find closely related matches ( e.g. removal of vector sequence during genome sequencing ) , a higher gap penalty should be used to reduce gap openings . On the other hand , gap penalty should be lowered when interested in finding a more distant match . The relationship between A and B also have an effect on gap size . If the size of the gap was important , a small A and large B ( more costly to extend gap ) is used and vice versa . Convex ( edit ) Using the affine gap penalty requires the assigning of fixed penalty values for both opening and extending a gap . This can be too rigid for use in a biological context . The logarithmic gap takes the form G ( L ) = A + C ln ⁡ L ( \ displaystyle G ( L ) = A + C \ ln L ) and was proposed as studies had shown the distribution of indel sizes obey a power law . Another proposed issue with the use of affine gaps is the favoritism of aligning sequences with shorter gaps . Logarithmic gap penalty was invented to modify the affine gap so that long gaps are desirable . However , in contrast to this , it has been found that using logarithmatic models had produced poor alignments when compared to affine models . Profile - based ( edit ) Profile -- profile alignment algorithms are powerful tools for detecting protein homology relationships with improved alignment accuracy . Profile - profile alignments are based on the statistical indel frequency profiles from multiple sequence alignments generated by PSI - BLAST searches . Rather than using substitution matrices to measure the similarity of amino acid pairs , profile -- profile alignment methods require a profile - based scoring function to measure the similarity of profile vector pairs . Profile - profile alignments employ gap penalty functions . The gap information is usually used in the form of indel frequency profiles , which is more specific for the sequences to be aligned . ClustalW and MAFFT adopted this kind of gap penalty determination for their multiple sequence alignments . Alignment accuracies can be improved using this model , especially for proteins with low sequence identity . Some profile -- profile alignment algorithms also run the secondary structure information as one term in their scoring functions , which improves alignment accuracy . Comparing time complexities ( edit ) Further information : Time complexity The use of alignment in computational biology often involves sequences of varying lengths . It is important to pick a model that would efficiently run at a known input size . The time taken to run the algorithm is known as the time complexity . Time complexities for various gap penalty models Type Time Constant gap penalty O ( mn ) Affine gap penalty O ( mn ) Convex gap penalty O ( mn lg ( m + n ) ) Assigning gap penalty values ( edit ) Gap penalty values are designed to reduce the score when an alignment has been disturbed by indels . The value should be small enough to allow a previously accumulated alignment to continue with an insertion in one of the sequences but should not be so large that this previous alignment score is removed completely . There are two strategies when assigning values to gaps : Keep the score similar regardless of gap length . Allow a constant overall gap penalty regardless of gap length . Therefore , assign no gap extension penalty and only penalize the sequence when there is a gap open . This will penalize a large gap by the same extent as a small gap . Make the score become larger as a linear function of gap length . Have a larger gap opening penalty followed by a gap extension penalty that is smaller than the gap open penalty . This will penalize several small gaps by the same extent as 1 large gap . Challenges ( edit ) There are a few challenges when it comes to working with gaps . When working with popular algorithms there seems to be little theoretical basis for the form of the gap penalty functions . Consequently , for any alignment situation gap placement must be empirically determined . Also , pairwise alignment gap penalties , such as the affine gap penalty , are often implemented independent of the amino acid types in the inserted or deleted fragment or at the broken ends , despite evidence that specific residue types are preferred in gap regions . Finally , alignment of sequences implies alignment of the corresponding structures , but the relationships between structural features of gaps in proteins and their corresponding sequences are only imperfectly known . Because of this incorporating structural information into gap penalties is difficult to do . Some algorithms use predicted or actual structural information to bias the placement of gaps . However , only a minority of sequences have known structures , and most alignment problems involve sequences of unknown secondary and tertiary structure . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Glossary '' . Rosalind . Rosalind Team . Retrieved 11 / 09 / 14 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Carroll , Ridge , Clement , Snell , Hyrum , Perry , Mark , Quinn ( January 1 , 2007 ) . `` Effects of Gap Open and Gap Extension Penalties '' ( PDF ) . International Journal of Bioinformatics Research And Applications . Retrieved 09 / 09 / 14 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Gap Penalty '' ( PDF ) . Algorithms for Molecular Biology . 2006 - 01 - 01 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 13 / 09 / 14 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Glossary '' . Rosalind . Rosalind Team . Retrieved 11 / 09 / 14 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Lesk , Arthur M ( 2013 - 07 - 26 ) . `` bioinformatics '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Global alignment of two sequences - Needleman - Wunsch Algorithm '' . Value @ Amrita : Virtual Amrita Laboratories Universalizing Education . Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University . Retrieved 12 / 09 / 14 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Vingron , M. ; Waterman , M.S. ( 1994 ) . `` Sequence alignment and penalty choice . Review of concepts , case studies and implications '' . Journal of Molecular Biology . 235 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 12 . doi : 10.1016 / S0022 - 2836 ( 05 ) 80006 - 3 . PMID 8289235 . ^ Jump up to : `` BLAST substitution matrices '' . NCBI . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Garcia - Diaz , Miguel ( 2006 ) . `` Mechanism of a genetic glissando : structural biology of indel mutations '' . Trends in Biochemical Sciences . 31 ( 4 ) : 206 -- 214 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tibs. 2006.02. 004 . PMID 16545956 . Jump up ^ `` Glossary - Constant Gap Penalty '' . Rosalind . Rosalind Team . 12 Aug 2014 . Retrieved 12 Aug 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hodgman C , French A , Westhead D ( 2009 ) . BIOS Instant Notes in Bioinformatics . Garland Science . pp. 143 -- 144 . ISBN 0203967240 . Jump up ^ `` Global Alignment with Scoring Matrix and Affine Gap Penalty '' . Rosalind . Rosalind Team . 2 / 7 / 2012 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 12 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Sung , Wing - Kin ( 2011 ) . Algorithms in Bioinformatics : A Practical Introduction . CRC Press . pp. 42 -- 47 . ISBN 1420070347 . ^ Jump up to : Cartwright , Reed ( 5 / 12 / 2006 ) . `` Logarithmic gap costs decrease alignment accuracy '' . BMC Bioinformatics. 7 : 527 . doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2105 - 7 - 527 . PMC 1770940 . PMID 17147805 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 10 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Wang C , Yan RX , Wang XF , Si JN , Zhang Z ( 12 October 2011 ) . `` Comparison of linear gap penalties and profile - based variable gap penalties in profile - profile alignments '' . Comput Biol Chem. 35 ( 5 ) : 308 -- 318 . doi : 10.1016 / j. compbiolchem. 2011.07. 006 . PMID 22000802 . ^ Jump up to : `` About Gaps In Sequence Alignments '' . EMBL - EBI . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Wrabl JO , Grishin NV ( 1 January 2004 ) . `` Gaps in structurally similar proteins : towards improvement of multiple sequence alignment '' . Proteins. 54 ( 1 ) : 71 -- 87 . doi : 10.1002 / prot. 10508 . PMID 14705025 . Further reading ( edit ) Taylor WR , Munro RE ( 1997 ) . `` Multiple sequence threading : conditional gap placement '' . Fold Des. 2 ( 4 ) : S33 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / S1359 - 0278 ( 97 ) 00061 - 8 . Taylor WR ( 1996 ) . `` A non-local gap - penalty for profile alignment '' . Bull Math Biol. 58 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 18 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02458279 . PMID 8819751 . Vingron M , Waterman MS ( 1994 ) . `` Sequence alignment and penalty choice . Review of concepts , case studies and implications '' . J Mol Biol. 235 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 12 . doi : 10.1016 / S0022 - 2836 ( 05 ) 80006 - 3 . PMID 8289235 . Panjukov VV ( 1993 ) . `` Finding steady alignments : similarity and distance '' . Comput Appl Biosci. 9 ( 3 ) : 285 -- 90 . doi : 10.1093 / bioinformatics / 9.3. 285 . PMID 8324629 . Alexandrov NN ( 1992 ) . `` Local multiple alignment by consensus matrix '' . Comput Appl Biosci. 8 ( 4 ) : 339 -- 45 . doi : 10.1093 / bioinformatics / 8.4. 339 . PMID 1498689 . Hein J ( 1989 ) . `` A new method that simultaneously aligns and reconstructs ancestral sequences for any number of homologous sequences , when the phylogeny is given '' . Mol Biol Evol. 6 ( 6 ) : 649 -- 68 . PMID 2488477 . Henneke CM ( 1989 ) . `` A multiple sequence alignment algorithm for homologous proteins using secondary structure information and optionally keying alignments to functionally important sites '' . Comput Appl Biosci. 5 ( 2 ) : 141 -- 50 . doi : 10.1093 / bioinformatics / 5.2. 141 . PMID 2751764 . Reich JG , Drabsch H , Daumler A ( 1984 ) . `` On the statistical assessment of similarities in DNA sequences '' . Nucleic Acids Res. 12 ( 13 ) : 5529 -- 43 . doi : 10.1093 / nar / 12.13. 5529 . PMC 318937 . PMID 6462914 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gap_penalty&oldid=836900714 '' Categories : Computational phylogenetics Bioinformatics Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština فارسی Português Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 14 : 45 . About Wikipedia

how many gaps are there in the gap model

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Indo-Pakistani War of 1971

Indo - Pakistani war of 1971 - wikipedia Indo - Pakistani war of 1971 Jump to : navigation , search This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : check / review for punctuation , spelling and grammar . Please help improve this article if you can . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 Part of Indo - Pakistani Wars and Bangladesh Liberation War Lieutenant - General A.A.K. Niazi , the commander of Pakistan Eastern Command , signing the instrument of surrender in Dhaka on 16 Dec 1971 , in the presence of India 's Lt. Gen. Jagjit Singh Aurora . Standing immediately behind from Left to Right : Indian Navy Vice Admiral Krishnan , Indian Air Force Air Marshal Dewan , Indian Army Lt Gen Sagat Singh , Maj Gen JFR Jacob ( with Flt Lt Krishnamurthy peering over his shoulder ) . Veteran newscaster , Surojit Sen of All India Radio , is seen holding a microphone on the right . Date 3 -- 16 December 1971 ( 13 days ) Location Eastern Front : India -- East Pakistan border Bay of Bengal Pasha enclaves Western Front : India -- Pakistan border Line of Control Arabian Sea Result Decisive Indian victory . Eastern front : Surrender of East Pakistan military command . Western front : Unilateral Ceasefire . Territorial changes Eastern Front : Independence of East Pakistan as Bangladesh Western Front : Indian forces captured around 5,795 square miles ( 15,010 km ) land in the West but returned it in the Simla Agreement as a gesture of goodwill . Belligerents India Provisional Bangladesh Pakistan East Pakistan Commanders and leaders V.V. Giri ( President of India ) Indira Gandhi ( Prime Minister of India ) Swaran Singh ( External Minister of India ) Jagjivan Ram ( Defence Minister of India ) Gen Sam Manekshaw ( Chief of Army Staff ) Lt. Gen J.S. Arora ( GOC - in - C , Eastern Command ) Lt. Gen G.G. Bewoor ( GOC - in - C , Southern Command ) Lt. Gen K.P. Candeth ( GOC - in - C , Western Command ) Lt. Gen Manohar Lal ( GOC - in - C , Northern Command ) Lt. Gen Premindra Bhagat ( GOC - in - C , Central Command ) Lt. Gen Sagat Singh ( GOC - in - C , IV Corps ) Lt. Gen T.N. Raina ( GOC - in - C , II Corps ) Lt. Gen Sartaj Singh ( GOC - in - C , XV Corps ) Lt. Gen Karan Singh ( GOC - in - C , I Corps ) Lt. Gen Depinder Singh ( GOC - in - C , XII Corps ) MajGen Farj R. Jacob ( COS , Eastern Command ) MajGen Om Malhotra ( COS , IV Corps ) MajGen Inderjit Singh Gill ( Dir , Military Operations ) Adm S.M. Nanda ( Chief of Naval Staff ) VAdm S.N. Kohli ( Cdr . Western Naval Command ) ACM Pratap C. Lal ( Chief of Air Staff ) Rameshwar Kao ( Director of RAW ) Tajuddin Ahmad ( PM Provisional Government ) Col. M.A.G. Osmani ( Commander , Mukti Bahini ) Yahya Khan ( President of Pakistan ) Nurul Amin ( Prime Minister of Pakistan ) Gen. A.H. Khan ( Chief of Staff , Army GHQ ) Lt. Gen A.A.K. Niazi ( Commander , Eastern Command ) Lt. Gen Gul Hassan Khan ( Chief of General Staff ) Lt. Gen Abdul Ali Malik ( Commander , I Corps ) Lt. Gen Tikka Khan ( Commander , II Corps ) Lt. Gen Sher Khan ( Commander , IV Corps ) MGen Iftikhar Janjua † ( GOC , 23rd Infantry Division ) MGen Khadim Hussain ( GOC , 14th Infantry Division ) VAdm Muzaffar Hassan ( Cdr - in - Chief , Navy ) RAdm Rashid Ahmed ( COS , Navy NHQ ) RAdm Moh 'd Shariff ( Cdr , Eastern Naval Command ) RAdm M.A.K. Lodhi ( Cdr , Western Naval Command ) RAdm Leslie Norman ( Commander , Pakistan Marines ) AM Abdul Rahim Khan ( Cdr - in - Chief , Air Force ) AVM P.D. Callaghan ( Chief Ins , Pakistan Air Force ) Air Cdre Inamul Haq ( Cdr Eastern Air Command ) Gp. Capt . Z.A. Khan ( COS , Air AHQ Dhaka ) Abdul Motaleb Malik ( Governor of East Pakistan ) Strength Indian Armed Forces : 500,000 Mukti Bahini : 175,000 Total : 675,000 Pakistan Armed Forces : 365,000 Casualties and losses 2,500 -- 3,843 killed . 1 Naval aircraft Damage to western Indian airfields . Pakistani claims 130 IAF Aircraft Indian claims 45 IAF Aircraft ( Supported by Neutral assessments ) Neutral claims 45 IAF Aircraft 9,000 killed 25,000 wounded 97,368 captured 2 Destroyers 1 Minesweeper 1 Submarine 3 Patrol vessels 7 Gunboats Pakistani main port Karachi facilities damaged / fuel tanks destroyed Pakistani airfields damaged and cratered Pakistani claims 42 PAF Aircraft Indian claims 94 PAF Aircraft Neutral claims 75 PAF Aircraft Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 Cactus - Lilly Chengiz Khan Jackpot PNS Ghazi Trident Python Atgram Basantar Boyra Chamb Dhalai Garibpur Gazipur Hilli Longewala Sylhet Meghna Heli Bridge Tangail Naval War Simla Agreement Bangladesh Liberation War Mukti Bahini resistance Searchlight Jackpot Barisal Kamalpur Daruin Nakshi Border Outpost Rangamati - Mahalchari waterway Goalhati Dhalai Border Outpost Garibpur Gazipur Sylhet Kushtia Ghasipur Bogra Indian intervention Cactus - Lilly Chengiz Khan Jackpot PNS Ghazi Trident Python Atgram Basantar Boyra Chamb Dhalai Hilli Longewala Sylhet Meghna Heli Bridge Tangail Air War Naval War 1971 Bangladesh Genocide Dhaka University Shankharipara Jinjira Akhira Jathibhanga Demra Chuknagar Madhyapara Bakhrabad Burunga Systematic events Killing of intellectuals Rape Provisional Government Refugees in India Instrument of Surrender § indicates events in the internal resistance movement linked to the Indo - Pakistani War . ‡ indicates events in the Indo - Pakistani War linked to the internal resistance movement in Bangladesh . Indo - Pakistani conflicts Kashmir conflict War of 1947 War of 1965 War of 1971 Siachen conflict Kargil War 2001 -- 02 standoff 2008 standoff Border skirmishes 2011 2013 2014 -- 15 2016 -- present confrontation The Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 was a military confrontation between India and Pakistan that occurred during the liberation war in East Pakistan , from 3 December 1971 to the fall of Dacca ( Dhaka ) on 16 December 1971 . The war began with preemptive aerial strikes on 11 Indian air stations that led to the commencement of hostilities with Pakistan and Indian entry into the war of independence in East Pakistan on the side of Bengali nationalist forces . Lasting just 13 days , it is one of the shortest wars in history . During the war , Indian and Pakistani militaries simultaneously clashed on the eastern and western front and ended the war after the Eastern Command of Pakistan military signed the Instrument of Surrender , on 16 December 1971 in Dhaka , marking the formation of East Pakistan as the new nation of Bangladesh . Officially , East Pakistan had earlier called for its secession from the unity of Pakistan on 26 March 1971 . Approximately 90,000 to 93,000 Pakistani servicemen were taken prisoners by the Indian Army which included 79,676 to 81,000 uniformed personnel of the Pakistan Armed Forces , including some Bengali soldiers who had remained loyal to Pakistan . The remaining 10,324 to 12,500 prisoners were civilians , either family members of the military personnel or collaborators ( razakars ) . It is estimated that between 300,000 and 3,000,000 civilians were killed in Bangladesh . As a result of the conflict , a further eight to ten million people fled the country at the time to seek refuge in neighbouring India . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 India 's involvement in Bangladesh Liberation War 3 India 's official engagement with Pakistan 3.1 Objective 3.2 Naval hostilities 3.3 Air operations 3.4 Indian attacks on Pakistan 3.5 Ground operations 3.6 Surrender of Pakistan Eastern Command in East Pakistan 4 Foreign reaction and involvement 4.1 United States and Soviet Union 4.2 China and Iran 5 Aftermath 5.1 India 5.2 Pakistan 5.3 Bangladesh 6 Impact 6.1 Pakistan : War Enquiry Commission and War prisoners 6.2 India : Indo - Pakistani Summits 6.3 Bangladesh : International Crimes Tribunal 7 Long - term consequences 8 Timeline 9 Military awards 9.1 Battle honours 9.2 Gallantry awards 10 Civilian awards 11 Dramatization 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Background Main articles : Cable 1971 , Admiral Ahsan Mission , Bangladesh Liberation War , Mukti Bahini , 1971 Bangladesh atrocities , Timeline of Bangladesh Liberation War , and 1971 Bangladesh genocide The Indo - Pakistani conflict was sparked by the armed liberation struggle that was taking place in East Pakistan between the dominant Bengalis and the multi-ethnic West Pakistanis over the issue of right to governance and the constitution . The political tensions between East Bengal and West Pakistan had its origin in the times of the creation of Pakistan as a result of the partition of India by the United Kingdom in 1947 , the popular language movement in 1950 , mass riots in East Bengal in 1964 , and eventually massive protests in 1969 that eventually led to the resignation of President Ayub Khan who invited army chief General Yahya Khan to take over the central government . The geographical distance between the eastern and western wings of Pakistan was vast as East Pakistan was over ~ 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) away , which greatly hampered any attempt to integrate the Bengali culture with the cultures of West Pakistan . To overcome the Bengali domination and prevent them from their right to form the central government in Islamabad , the controversial One Unit program was promulgated which established the two wings of East and West Pakistan but such efforts were met with great opposition from the West Pakistanis . This made it difficult to effectively govern both wings . In 1969 , President Yahya Khan announced the first general elections and he disestablished the status of West Pakistan as a single province in 1970 in order to restore it to its original heterogeneous status comprising four provinces as defined at the time of establishment of Pakistan in 1947 . In addition , there were also religious and racial tensions between Bengalis and the multi-ethnic West Pakistanis as Bengalis looked different from the dominant West Pakistanis . The general elections , held in 1970 , resulted in East Pakistan 's Awami League gaining 167 out of 169 seats for the East Pakistan Legislative Assembly and a near - absolute majority in the 313 - seat National Assembly while the vote in West Pakistan was mostly won by the socialist Pakistan Peoples Party . The Awami League leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman stressed his political position by presenting his Six Points and endorsing the Bengalis ' right to govern . The Awami League 's election success caused many West Pakistanis to fear that it would allow the Bengalis to draft the constitution based on the six - points and liberalism . To resolve the crisis , the Ahsan -- Yaqub Mission was formed to provide insightful recommendations and its finding were met with favourable reviews from the Awami League , the Pakistan Peoples Party , and the Pakistan Muslim League as well as from the President Yahya Khan . Maps shows Pakistan and East Pakistan. Distance between East and Pakistan laid 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) of Indian territory . However , the mission was not supported by the elements in the National Security Council and was subsequently vetoed . After Zulfikar Ali Bhutto , the chairman of Pakistan Peoples Party , endorsed the veto and subsequently refused to yield the premiership of Pakistan to Sheikh Mujibur Rahman , the Awami League called for general strikes in the country . President Yahya Khan postponed the inauguration of the National Assembly and this caused a shattering disillusionment to the Awami League and their supporters throughout East Pakistan . In reaction , Sheikh Mujibur Rahman called for the general strikes that eventually shutdown the government and the dissidents in East began targeting the ethnic Bihari community which had supported West Pakistan . In early March 1971 , approximately ~ 300 Biharis were slaughtered in rioting by Bengali mobs in Chittagong alone . The Government of Pakistan used the `` Bihari massacre ' '' to justify its deployment of the military in East Pakistan on 25 March when it initiated its military crackdown . President Yahya Khan then called on the military , which was overwhelming led by West Pakistanis , to suppress dissent in the East after accepting the resignation of Lieutenant - General Yaqub Ali Khan , the chief of staff of the East - Pakistani military . Mass arrests of dissidents began and after several days of strikes and non-cooperation movement , the Pakistani military led by Tikka Khan cracked down on Dhaka on the night of 25 March 1971 . The Awami League was outlawed by the government and many of its members and sympathizers took refuge in Eastern India . Mujib was arrested on the night of 25 / 26 March 1971 at about 1 : 30 am ( as per Radio Pakistan 's news on 29 March 1971 ) and taken to West Pakistan . The next action carried out was Operation Searchlight followed by Operation Barisal , in an attempt to kill the intellectual elite of the east . On 26 March 1971 , Major Ziaur Rahman of Pakistan Army declared the independence of Bangladesh on behalf of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman . In April , the exiled Awami League leaders formed a government - in - exile in Baidyanathtala of Meherpur . The East Pakistan Rifles , Bengali officers in Pakistan 's army , navy , and marines , defected to the rebellion after taking refuge in different parts of India . The Bangladesh Force namely Mukti Bahini or Bangladesh Force consisting of Niyomito Bahini ( Regular Force ) and Oniyomito Bahini ( Guerilla Force ) was formed under the retired colonel Mohammad Ataul Gani Osmani India 's involvement in Bangladesh Liberation war Main articles : 1971 East Pakistan genocide , Terrorism in Pakistan , and Anti-Pakistan sentiment After the resignations of Admiral S.M. Ahsan and Lieutenant - General Yaqub Ali Khan , the media correspondents began airing reports of Pakistani military 's widespread genocide against their Bengali citizens , that was particularly aimed at the minority Bengali Hindu population which led to approximately ~ 10 million people seeking refuge in the neighboring states of Eastern India . The Indian government opened the East Pakistan -- India border to allow the Bengali refugees to take safe shelter , with state governments of West Bengal , Bihar , Assam , Meghalaya and Tripura establishing the refugee camps alongside the border . The resulting flood of impoverished East Pakistani refugees placed an intolerable strain on India 's already overburdened economy . After the war , the Pakistan army 's generals in East held each other responsible for the committed atrocities but most burden laid to Lieutenant - General Tikka Khan who earned the notoriety from his actions as his role as governor of the East ; he was called the `` Butcher of Bengal '' because of the widespread atrocities committed under his responsibility . Unlike his contemporary Yaqub who was a pacifist and knew well of the limits of force , Tikka was known as `` soldier known for his eager use of force '' to settle his differences . Confessing at the hearings of War Enquiry Commission , Lieutenant - General A.A.K. Niazi reportedly comment on his actions and noted : `` On the night between 25 / 26 March 1971 , ( General ) Tikka struck . Peaceful night was turned into a time of wailing , crying and burning . ( General ) Tikka let loose everything at his disposal as if raiding an enemy , not dealing with his own misguided and misled people . The military action was a display of stark cruelty more merciless than the massacres at Bukhara and Baghdad by Chengiz Khan and Halaku Khan ... ( General ) Tikka ... resorted to the killing of civilians and a scorched earth policy . His orders to his troops were : `` I want the land not the people ... '' . '' Major - General Rao Farman had written in his table diary : `` Green land of East Pakistan will be painted red . It was painted red by Bengali blood . '' However , Major - General Rao Farman had forcefully denied writing that comment and laid all responsibility to Tikka while confessing at the War Enquiry Commission in 1974 . The Indian government repeatedly appealed to the international community , but failing to elicit any response despite the External Affairs minister Swaran Singh meeting with foreign ministers of other countries . Prime Minister Indira Gandhi on 27 March 1971 expressed full support of her government for the independence struggle of the people of East Pakistan and concluded that instead of taking in millions of refugees , it was economical to go to war against Pakistan . On 28 April 1971 , the Gandhi cabinet had ordered the Chief of the Army Staff General Sam Manekshaw to `` Go into East Pakistan '' . Defected East Pakistan military 's officers and the elements of Indian Research and Analysis Wing ( RAW ) immediately started using the Indian refugee camps for recruitment and training of Mukti Bahini guerrillas that were to be trained against Pakistan . In 1971 , there was a strong wave of Indian - supported Bangladeshi nationalism in the East . The situation became violent and the systematic targeted killings of unarmed multi-ethic Pakistanis living in East started . Vehicle bombings on government secretariats became a normal narrative in east with high - profile assassinations of number of those Bengali politicians who were loyal to Pakistan became common in the East . According to Jussi Hanhimäki , Finnish historian of terrorism , the Bengali terrorism in East is somewhat `` a forgotten episode of annals of terrorism . '' The Hamoodur Rahman Commission endorsed the claims of Bengali terrorism when it critically penned that the ill - treatment of families of multi-ethnic Pakistanis led to the Pakistani military soldiers reacted violently in order to restore the writ of the government . The news media 's mood in Pakistan had also turned increasingly jingoistic and militaristic against East Pakistan and India when the Pakistani news media reported the complexity of the situation in the East , though the reactions from Pakistan 's news media pundits were mixed . By the end of September 1971 , an organised propaganda campaign , possibly orchestrated by elements within the Government of Pakistan , resulted in stickers proclaiming Crush India becoming a standard feature on the rear windows of vehicles in Rawalpindi , Islamabad and Lahore and soon spread to the rest of West Pakistan . By October , other stickers proclaimed Hang the Traitor in an apparent reference to Sheikh Mujibur Rahman . By the first week of December , the conservative print media outlets in the country had published `` Jihad '' related materials to boost the recruitment in the military . India 's official engagement with Pakistan Objective Illustration showing military units and troop movements during operations in the Eastern sector of the war . By the end of April 1971 , Prime Minister Indira Gandhi had asked the Indian army chief General Sam Manekshaw if he was ready to go to war with Pakistan . According to Manekshaw 's own personal account , he refused , citing the onset of monsoon season in East Pakistan and also the fact that the army tanks were in the process of being refitted . He claimed that he offered to resign , which Indira Gandhi declined . He then said he could guarantee victory if she would allow him to prepare for the conflict on his terms , and set a date for it and Prime Minister Indira Gandhi accepted his conditions . In reality , Indira Gandhi was well aware of the difficulties of a hasty military action but she needed to get the military 's views to satisfy her hawkish colleagues and the public opinion , which were critical of India 's restraint . By November 1971 , the war seemed inevitable and the Soviet Union had reportedly warned Pakistan against the war which they termed as `` suicidal course for Pakistan 's unity . '' Throughout November 1971 , there were thousands of people led by conservative Pakistani politicians who marched in Lahore and across Pakistan , calling for Pakistan to Crush India . India responded by starting a massive buildup of Indian army on the western borders and the Indian army waited until December , when the drier ground would make for easier operations and Himalayan passes would be closed by snow , preventing any Chinese intervention . On 23 November , President Yahya Khan declared a state of emergency in all of Pakistan and told his people to prepare for war . On the evening of 3 December , at about 5 : 40 pm , the Pakistan Air Force ( PAF ) launched surprise pre-emptive strikes on eleven airfields in north - western India , including Agra , which was 300 miles ( 480 km ) from the border . At the time of this attack the Taj Mahal was camouflaged with a forest of twigs and leaves and draped with burlap because its marble glowed like a white beacon in the moonlight . This preemptive strike known as Operation Chengiz Khan was inspired by the success of Israeli Operation Focus in the Arab -- Israeli Six Day War but , unlike the Israeli attack on Arab airbases in 1967 which involved a large number of Israeli planes , Pakistan flew no more than 50 planes to India . In an address to the nation on radio that same evening , Prime Minister Indira Gandhi held that the air strikes were a declaration of war against India and the Indian Air Force responded with initial air strikes that very night . These air strikes were expanded to massive retaliatory air strikes the next morning . This marked the official start of the Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 and Prime Minister Indira Gandhi ordered the immediate mobilisation of troops and launched a full - scale invasion of Pakistan . This involved Indian forces in a massive coordinated air , sea , and land assaults on Pakistan from all fronts . The main Indian objective on the Eastern front was to capture Dacca and on the western front was to prevent Pakistan from entering Indian soil . There was no Indian intention of conducting any major offensive into Pakistan to dismember it into different states . Naval hostilities Main article : Indo - Pakistani Naval War of 1971 Pakistan 's PNS Ghazi sank off the fairway buoy of Visakhapatnam near the eastern coast of India , making it the first submarine casualty in the waters around the Indian subcontinent . Unlike the 1965 war , the Pakistan Navy was ill - prepared for the naval conflict with India and the Navy NHQ staffers and commanders knew very well that the Navy was ill - prepared for the war and Pakistan was about to have a sharp lesson from India in the consequences of disconnecting strategy from reality . The Pakistan Navy was in no condition of fighting an offensive war in deep sea against the Indian Navy and the Pakistan Navy was in no condition to mount serious defence against Indian Navy 's seaborne encroachment . In the western theatre of the war , the Indian Navy 's Western Naval Command under the Vice Admiral S.N. Kohli , successfully launched a surprise attack on Karachi port on the night of 4 / 5 December 1971 under codename : Trident . The naval attack involving the Soviet - built Osa missile boats sank the Pakistan Navy 's destroyer PNS Khyber and minesweeper PNS Muhafiz while PNS Shah Jahan was also badly damaged . In retaliation , the Pakistan Navy submarines , Hangor , Mangro , and Shushuk , began their operations to seek out the major Indian warships . Pakistani naval sources reported that ~ 720 Pakistani sailors were killed or wounded , and Pakistan lost reserve fuel and many commercial ships , thus crippling the Pakistan Navy 's further involvement in the conflict . On 9 December 1971 , Hangor reportedly sank INS Khukri , inflicting 194 Indian casualties , and this attack was the first submarine kill since World War II . The sinking of INS Khurki was followed by another attack on Karachi port on the night of 8 / 9 December 1971 under codename : Python . A squadron of Indian Navy 's Osa missile boats approached the Karachi port and launched series of Soviet - acquired Styx missiles that resulted in further destruction of reserve fuel tanks and the sinking of three Pakistani merchant ships as well as foreign ships docked in Karachi . The Pakistan Air Force did not attack the Indian Navy ships and confusion remains the next day when the civilian pilots of Pakistan International , acting as reconnaissance war pilots , misidentified PNS Zulfiqar and the air force attacked its own warship , inflicting major damages to warship and killing several officers on board . In the eastern theatre of the war , the Indian Eastern Naval Command , under Vice Admiral Nilakanta Krishnan , completely isolated East Pakistan by a naval blockade in the Bay of Bengal , trapping the Eastern Pakistan Navy and eight foreign merchant ships in their ports . From 4 December onwards , the aircraft carrier INS Vikrant was deployed , and its Sea Hawk fighter - bombers attacked many coastal towns in East Pakistan including Chittagong and Cox 's Bazaar . Pakistan countered the threat by sending the submarine PNS Ghazi , which sank en route under mysterious circumstances off Visakhapatnam 's coast . Due to high number of defections , the Navy relied on deploying the Pakistan Marines led by Rear Admiral Leslie Mungavin where they had conducted riverine operations against the Indian Army but they too had suffered major losses that was taken in complete surprise , mainly due to their lack of understanding of expeditionary warfare and the wet terrain of East Pakistan . Indian aircraft carrier INS Vikrant launches an Alize aircraft The damage inflicted on the Pakistan Navy stood at 7 gunboats , 1 minesweeper , 1 submarine , 2 destroyers , 3 patrol crafts belonging to the coast guard , 18 cargo , supply and communication vessels , and large - scale damage inflicted on the naval base and docks in the coastal town of Karachi . Three merchant navy ships -- Anwar Baksh , Pasni and Madhumathi -- and ten smaller vessels were captured . Around ~ 1900 personnel were lost , while 1413 servicemen were captured by Indian forces in Dacca . According to one Pakistan scholar , Tariq Ali , Pakistan lost half its navy in the war . Air operations Main article : East Pakistan Air Operations , 1971 After the sneak attack , the PAF adopted a defensive stance in response to the Indian retaliation and as the war progressed , the Indian Air Force continued to battle the PAF over conflict zones but the number of sorties flown by the PAF decreased day -- by -- day . The Indian Air Force flew 4,000 sorties while the PAF offered little in retaliation , partly because of the paucity of non-Bengali technical personnel . This lack of retaliation has also been attributed to the deliberate decision of the PAF 's Air AHQ to cut its losses as it had already incurred huge losses in the conflict in the liberation war in the East . The PAF avoided making contacts with the Indian Navy after the Indian Navy raided the port of Karachi twice but the PAF did retaliate by bombing Okha harbour , destroying the fuel tanks used by the boats that had attacked . In the East , No. 14 Squadron Tail Choppers under Squadron Leader PQ Mehdi , who was taken as POW , was destroyed , putting the Dhaka air defense out of commission and resulting in Indian air superiority in the East . At the end of the war , PAF pilots made successful daring escapes from East Pakistan to neighboring Burma and many PAF personnel had already left the East for Burma on their own luck before Dacca was overrun by the Indian military in December 1971 . Indian attacks on Pakistan As Indian Army tightened its grip in the East Pakistan , the Indian Air Force continued with its pressing attacks against Pakistan as the campaign developed into a series of daylight anti-airfield , anti-radar , and close - support attacks by fighter jets , with night attacks against airfields and strategic targets by B - 57s and C - 130 by Pakistan and Canberras and An - 12s of India . The PAF deployed the F - 6s mainly on defensive combat air patrol missions over their own bases , but without the preferential air superiority , the PAF was unable to conduct effective offensive operations and its attacks were largely ineffective . The Indian Air Force 's raids destroyed one USAF and one UN in Dacca while the Canada 's RCAF DHC - 4 Caribou was also destroyed in Islamabad , alongside with the USAF 's Beech U-8 owned by the US military 's liaison chief Brigadier - General Chuck Yeager . Sporadic raids by the Indian air force continued against PAF forward air bases in Pakistan until the end of the war and interdiction and close - support operations were maintained . The PAF played a more limited part in the operations and were reinforced by F - 104s from Jordan , Mirages from an unidentified Middle Eastern ally ( remains unknown ) and by F - 86s from Saudi Arabia . Their arrival helped camouflage the extent of PAF losses and the Libyan F - 5s were reportedly deployed to Sargodha AFB , perhaps as a potential training unit to prepare Pakistani pilots for an influx of more F - 5s from Saudi Arabia . The IAF was able to conduct a wide range of missions -- troop support ; air combat ; deep penetration strikes ; para-dropping behind enemy lines ; feints to draw enemy fighters away from the actual target ; bombing and reconnaissance . The PAF , which was solely focused on air combat , was blown out of the subcontinent 's skies within the first week of the war . Those PAF aircraft that survived took refuge at Iranian air bases or in concrete bunkers , refusing to offer a fight . Hostilities officially ended at 14 : 30 GMT on 17 December , after the fall of Dacca on 15 December and India claimed large gains of territory in Pakistan ( although pre-war boundaries were recognised after the war ) , and the independence of Pakistan 's East Wing as Bangladesh was confirmed . India flew 1,978 sorties in the East and about 4,000 in Pakistan , while the PAF flew about 30 and 2,840 at both front . More than 80 percent of IAF sorties were close - support and interdiction and about 45 IAF aircraft were lost . Pakistan lost 75 aircraft , not including any F - 6s , Mirage IIIs , or the six Jordanian F - 104s which failed to return to their donors . The imbalance in air losses was explained by the IAF 's considerably higher sortie rate and its emphasis on ground - attack missions . On the ground , Pakistan suffered the most with 8,000 killed and 25,000 wounded while India only lost 3,000 dead and 12,000 wounded . The loss of armoured vehicles was similarly imbalanced and this finally represented a major defeat for Pakistan . Ground operations Indian T - 55 tanks on their way to Dhaka . Before the start of the war , the Indian Army was extremely well organized on both fronts and had enjoyed the significant numerical superiority over the Pakistan Army . The Indian Army 's extraordinary war performance at both fronts brought up the prestige , confidence , and dignity that it had lost during the war with China in 1962 . When the conflict started , the war immediately took a decisive turn in favor of India and their Bengali rebels militarily and diplomatically . On both front , Pakistan launched several ground offensives but Indian Army held their grounds and initiated well - coordinated ground operations on both fronts . Major ground attacks were concentrated on the western border by the Pakistan Army together with the Pakistan Marines in south border but the Indian Army was successful in penetrating into the Pakistani soil and eventually made some quick and initial gains , including capturing around 5,795 square miles ( 15,010 km ) of Pakistan territory as the land gained by India in Azad Kashmir , Punjab and Sindh sectors was later ceded in the Simla Agreement of 1972 , as a gesture of goodwill . Casualties inflicted to Pakistan Army 's I Corps and II Corps were very high and many soldiers were perished due to lack of operational planning and lack of coordination within the army 's formations against Indian Army 's Southern and Western Commands . By the time the war came to end , Pakistan army soldiers and marines were highly demoralized both emotionally and psychologically on the western front and had left with no will to put up a defensive fight against the approaching Indian Army soldiers . The War Enquiry Commission later exposed the fact that for the Pakistan Army , the arms and training of soldiers and officers were needed at every level , and every level of command . On 23 November 1971 , the Indian Army conventionally penetrated to the eastern fronts and cross the East Pakistan 's borders to join their Bengali nationalist allies . As contrary to 1965 war which had emphasised set - piece battles and slow advances , this time the strategy adopted was a swift , three - pronged assault of nine infantry divisions with attached armoured units and close air support that rapidly converged on Dhaka , the capital of East Pakistan . Lieutenant General Jagjit Singh Aurora , the GOC - in - C of the India 's Eastern Command , led the Indian full thrust into East Pakistan and as the Indian Eastern Command attacked the Pakistan Eastern Command , the Indian Air Force rapidly destroyed the small air contingent in East Pakistan and put the Dhaka airfield out of commission . In the meantime , the Indian Navy effectively blockaded East Pakistan . The Indian campaign employed `` blitzkrieg '' techniques , exploiting weakness in the enemy 's positions and bypassing opposition , and resulted in a swift victory . Faced with insurmountable losses , the Pakistani military capitulated in less than a fortnight and psychological panic spread in the Eastern Command 's military leadership . Indian advances in East created psychological panics that demoralized the Pakistani soldiers and their Bengali soldiers who were left with great worries at the hands of Mukti Bahini . Subsequently , the Indian Army encircled Dacca and ultimately issued an ultimatum to surrender in `` 30 - minutes '' time window on 16 December 1971 . Upon hearing the ultimatum , the Pakistan Eastern Command led by its commander Lieutenant - General A.A.K. Niazi stationed in East Pakistan surrendered without putting a fight or offering any resistance . On 16 December 1971 , Pakistan ultimately called for unilateral ceasefire and surrendered its combined military to Indian Army -- hence ending the Indo - Pakistani war of 1971 . Surrender of Pakistan Eastern Command in East Pakistan Main articles : Instrument of Surrender ( 1971 ) and East Pakistan Military Command Officially , the Instrument of Surrender of Pakistan Eastern Command stationed in East Pakistan was signed between the Lieutenant General Jagjit Singh Aurora , the GOC - in - C of Indian Eastern Command and Lieutenant - General A.A.K. Niazi , the Commander of the Pakistan Eastern Command , at the Ramna Race Course in Dhaka at 16 : 31Hrs IST on 16 December 1971 . As the surrender was accepted by Lieutenant - General Aurora without a word , the surrounding crowds on the race course started shouting anti-Pakistan slogans and there were reports of abuses aimed at the surrendering commanders of Pakistani military . Following the surrender , the Indian Army took approximately ~ 90,000 Pakistani servicemen and their Bengali supporters as POWs , making it largest surrender since the World War II . Initial counts were recorded as ~ 79,676 war prisoners who were the uniformed personnel , of which 55,692 were belonged to Pakistan Army , 16,354 Paramilitary , 5,296 Police , 1,000 Navy and 800 PAF . The remaining prisoners were civilians who were either family members of the military personnel or collaborators ( razakars ) . The Hamoodur Rahman Commission and the POW Investigation Commission reports instituted by Pakistan lists the Pakistani POWs as follows : Apart from soldiers , it was estimated that 15,000 Bengali civilians were also made prisoners of war . Inter-Service Branch Number of captured Pakistani POWs Officer Commanding Pakistan Army 54,154 Lieutenant - General Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi Pakistan Navy / Pakistan Marines 1,381 Rear - Admiral Mohammad Shariff Pakistan Air Force 833 Air Commodore Inamul Haq Paramilitary / East Pakistan Rifles / Police 22,000 Major - General Rao Farman Ali Civil government personnel 12,000 Governor Abdul Motaleb Malik Total : 90,368 ~ Foreign reaction and involvement United States and Soviet Union The Blood Telegram The Soviet Union sympathised with the East Pakistanis , and supported the Indian Army and Mukti Bahini incursion against Pakistan during the war , in a broader view of recognizing that the succession of East Pakistan as Independent Bangladesh would weaken the position of its rivals -- the United States and China . The Soviet Union gave assurances to India that if a confrontation with the United States or China developed , it would take counter-measures . This assurance was enshrined in the Indo - Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation signed in August 1971 . However , the Indo - Soviet treaty did not mean a total commitment to every Indian position even though the Soviet Union had accepted the Indian position during the conflict , according to author Robert Jackson . The Soviet Union continued their sympathetic gesture to Pakistan until mid-October when they stressed Pakistan to come up with a political settlement and affirming their continuation of industrial aid to Pakistan . By November 1971 , the Soviet ambassador to Pakistan Alexei Rodionov directed a secretive message ( Rodionov message ) that ultimately warned Pakistan that `` it will embarking a suicidal course if it escalates tensions in the subcontinent . The United States stood with Pakistan by supporting morally , politically , economically , and materially when U.S. President Richard Nixon and his Secretary of State Henry Kissinger refused to use rhetoric in a hopeless attempt to intervene in a large civil war . The U.S. establishment perceived to the impression that they needed Pakistan to help stop Soviet influence into the South Asia in an informal alliance with India . During the Cold War , Pakistan was a close formal ally of the United States and also had close relations with the People 's Republic of China , with whom Nixon had been negotiating a rapprochement and where he intended to visit in February 1972 . Nixon feared that an Indian invasion of Pakistan would mean total Soviet domination of the region , and that it would seriously undermine the global position of the United States and the regional position of America 's new tactical ally , China . Nixon encouraged Jordan and Iran to send military supplies to Pakistan while also encouraging China to increase its arms supplies to Pakistan , but all supplies were very limited . The Nixon administration also ignored reports it received of the `` genocidal '' activities of the Pakistani military in East Pakistan , most notably the Blood telegram and this prompted widespread criticism and condemnation both by the United States Congress and in the international press . Then U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations , George Bush , Sr , introduced a resolution in the UN Security Council calling for a cease - fire and the withdrawal of armed forces by India and Pakistan . However , it was vetoed by the Soviet Union and the following days witnessed a great pressure on the Soviets from the Nixon - Kissinger duo to get India to withdraw , but to no avail . It has been documented that President Nixon requested Iran and Jordan to send their F - 86 , F - 104 and F - 5 fighter jets in aid of Pakistan . When Pakistan 's defeat in the eastern sector seemed certain , Nixon deployed Task Force 74 led by the aircraft carrier USS Enterprise into the Bay of Bengal . Enterprise and its escort ships arrived on station on 11 December 1971 . According to a Russian documentary , the United Kingdom deployed a carrier battle group led by the aircraft carrier HMS Eagle to the Bay , on her final deployment . Eagle was paid off by January 1972 at Portsmouth and was stripped of reusable equipment ( radars and missile systems primarily ) . On 6 and 13 December , the Soviet Navy dispatched two groups of cruisers and destroyers and a submarine armed with nuclear missiles from Vladivostok ; they trailed US Task Force 74 into the Indian Ocean from 18 December 1971 until 7 January 1972 . The Soviets also had a nuclear submarine to help ward off the threat posed by the USS Enterprise task force in the Indian Ocean . As the war progressed , it became apparent to the United States that India was going to invade and disintegrate Pakistan in a matter of weeks , therefore President Nixon spoke with the USSR Secretary General Leonid Brezhnev on a hotline on 10 December where Nixon reportedly urged Brezhnev to restrain India as he quoted : `` in the strongest possible terms to restrain India with which ... you ( Breznev ) have great influence and for whose actions you must share responsibility . '' After the war , the United States accepted the new power of balance and realized India as a major dominant player in the South Asia and immediately engage in strengthening bilateral relations between two countries in the successive years . Soviet Union , while being sympathetic to Pakistan 's loss , decided to engage with Pakistan after sending an invitation through Rodionov to Bhutto who paid a state visit to Soviet Union in 1972 to strengthened the bilateral relations that continued on over the successive years . China and Iran During the course of the war , China harshly criticized India for its involvement in the East Pakistan crises and accused India of having the imperialistic design in South Asia . Before the war started , Chinese leaders and officials had been long philosophically advising the Pakistan government to make peaceful political settlements with the East Pakistani leaders , as China feared that India was secretly supporting , infiltrating , and arming the Bengali rebels against the East Pakistani government . China was also critical of Government of East Pakistan led by its Governor Lieutenant - General Tikka Khan ' s ruthless measure to deal with the Bengali opposition and did not endorse 's Pakistani position on that . When the war started , China reproached India for India 's direct involvement and infiltration in East Pakistan . China disagreed with President Yahya Khan 's consideration of military options and criticized East Pakistan Awami League politicians ' ties with India that he believed , would harm the nation 's unity . When the war started , China reacted with great alarm when the prospects of Indian invasion of Pakistan and integrating the Pakistan - administered Kashmir into their side of Kashmir became imminent . U.S. President Nixon encouraged China to mobilise its armed forces along its border with India to discourage it but the Chinese did not respond to this encouragement since the Indian Army 's Northern Command was well prepared to guard the Line of Actual Control , and was already engaging and making advances against the Pakistan Army 's X Corps in the Line of Control . China did not welcome the break - up of Pakistan 's unity by the East Pakistani politicians and effectively vetoed the membership of Bangladesh when it applied to the United Nations in 1972 . Over the veto of two UN resolutions concerning the Bangladesh , China reasoned with these decisions in regards to the repatriation of Pakistani POWs and civilians had not yet been implemented . Furthermore , China was also among the last countries to recognize the independence of Bangladesh , refusing to do so until 31 August 1975 . To this date China 's relations with Bangladesh are determined by the Pakistan factor . During the course of the conflict , Iran also stood with Pakistan politically and diplomatically . However , Iran became concerned with the imminent break - up of Pakistan which , they feared , would cause the state to fractionalize into small pieces ; therefore , Iran began cementing ties with India based on mutual security co-operation . At the beginning of the conflict , Iran helped sheltering PAF 's fighter jets and provided with free fuel for the PAF to take part in the conflict in an attempt to keep Pakistan 's regional integrity united . When Pakistan called for unilateral ceasefire and the surrender was announced , Shah of Iran hastily responded by preparing the Iranian military to come up with the contingency plans to forcefully invade Pakistan and annex its Balochistan province into its side of Baluchistan , by any means necessary , before anybody else does it . Aftermath India The war stripped Pakistan of more than half of its population and with nearly one - third of its army in captivity , clearly established India 's military and political dominance of the subcontinent . India successfully led a diplomatic campaign to isolate Pakistan and skillfully manipulate Pakistan 's supporting countries to limit the extent of support to Pakistan . In addition , Prime Minister Indira Gandhi 's state visit to United Kingdom and France further helped break ice with the United States and blocked any pro-Pakistan resolution in the United Nations . There was also a meeting between Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and President Nixon in November 1971 which she rejected the U.S. advice against intervening in the conflict . The victory also defined India 's much broader role in the foreign politics as many countries in the world had come to realize , including the United States , that the balance of power now had shifted to India as a major player in the region . Regional countries such as Afghanistan and Iran as well as Arab - speaking states such as Iraq , and Gulf states who were traditional allies of Pakistan , prompted to seek closer ties with India rather than Pakistan in successive years . The United States itself accepted a new power of balance and when India conducted a surprise nuclear test in 1974 , the United States had notified India that the U.S. had no `` interest in actions designed to achieve new power of balance . '' In spite of the magnitude of the victory , India was surprisingly restrained in its reaction . Mostly , Indian leaders seemed pleased by the relative ease with which they had accomplished their goals -- the establishment of Bangladesh and the prospect of an early return to their homeland of the 10 million Bengali refugees who were the cause of the war . In announcing the Pakistani surrender , Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declared in the Indian Parliament : Dacca is now the free capital of a free country . We hail the people of Bangladesh in their hour of triumph . All nations who value the human spirit will recognize it as a significant milestone in man 's quest for liberty . Colonel John Gill of National Defense University remarks that , while India achieved a military victory , it was not able to reap the political fruits it might have hoped for in Bangladesh . After a brief ' honeymoon ' phase between India and Bangladesh , their relationship began to sour . India 's relations with Bangladesh have remained frequently problematic and tense . Whilst India enjoys excellent relations with Bangladesh during Awami League tenures , relations deteriorate when the BNP is in power in Bangladesh . A 2014 PEW opinion poll in Bangladesh found that India was perceived as the greatest threat to Bangladesh . This was the top choice ( 27 % ) of Bangladeshis . However , 70 % of Bangladeshis held a positive view of India : while 50 % of Bangladeshis held a positive view of Pakistan . Pakistan For Pakistan it was a complete and humiliating defeat , a psychological setback that came from a defeat at the hands of rival India . Pakistan lost half its population and a significant portion of its economy and suffered setbacks to its geopolitical role in South Asia . In the post-war era , Pakistan struggled to absorb the lessons learned from the military interventions in the democratic system and the impact of the Pakistani military 's failure was grave and long - lasting . From the geopolitical point of view , the war ended in the breaking - up the unity of Pakistan from being the largest Muslim country in the world to its politico - economic and military collapse that resulted from a direct foreign intervention in 1971 . The Pakistani policy - making institutions further feared that the histrocity of Two - nation theory was disproved that the Muslim nationalism had proved insufficient to keep Bengalis part of Pakistan . The Pakistani government had to engaged in investigation commission when the Pakistani military suffered from a further humiliation by having their ~ 90,000 prisoners of war that were to be released by India only after the negotiation and signing of the agreement that was signed in Simla on 2 July 1972 . In addition to repatriation of prisoners of war and transferring population , the agreement established an ongoing structure for the negotiated resolution of future conflicts between India and Pakistan . In signing the agreement , Pakistan also , by implication , had to recognised the former East Pakistan as the now independent and sovereign state of Bangladesh . The Pakistani people were not mentally prepared to accept the magnitude to this kind of defeat as the state electronic media had been projecting imaginary victories despite the privately owned electronic news media coverage in the East Pakistan that reported the complexity of the situation . When the ceasefire that came from surrendering of East Pakistan was finally announced , the people could not come to terms with the magnitude of defeat , spontaneous demonstrations , and massive protests erupted on the streets of major metropolitan cities in Pakistan . In 1970 , the presidential ordnance had already restored the original status of four provinces that had removed the `` West '' and simply adding `` Pakistan '' to the effect of the defeat as international acceptance of the secession of the eastern half of the country and its creation as the independent state of Bangladesh developed and was given more credence . According to Pakistani historians , the trauma was extremely severe and the cost of the war for Pakistan in monetary and human resources was very high . Demoralized and finding unable to control the situation , the Yahya administration fell to its feet when President Yahya Khan turned over his presidency to Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto who was sworn - in on 20 December 1971 as President with the control of the military . The loss of East Pakistan shattered the prestige of the Pakistani military . Pakistan lost half its navy , a quarter of its air force , and a third of its army . The war also exposed the shortcomings of Pakistan 's declared strategic doctrine that the `` defence of East Pakistan lay in West Pakistan '' . Hussain Haqqani , in his book Pakistan : Between Mosque and Military notes , Moreover , the army had failed to fulfill its promises of fighting to the last man . The eastern command had laid down arms after losing only 1,300 men in battle . In West Pakistan 1,200 military deaths had accompanied lackluster military performance . In his book The 1971 Indo - Pak War : A Soldier 's Narrative Pakistan Army 's Major General Hakeem Arshad Qureshi a veteran of this conflict noted , We must accept the fact that , as a people , we had also contributed to the bifurcation of our own country . It was not a Niazi , or a Yahya , even a Mujib , or a Bhutto , or their key assistants , who alone were the cause of our break - up , but a corrupted system and a flawed social order that our own apathy had allowed to remain in place for years . At the most critical moment in our history we failed to check the limitless ambitions of individuals with dubious antecedents and to thwart their selfish and irresponsible behaviour . It was our collective ' conduct ' that had provided the enemy an opportunity to dismember us . The Indian Army Chief in 1971 Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw had the highest respect for the fighting capability of the Pakistan Army but he did not accept the theory that they did not fight the Bangladesh war with enough vigor and zeal . In a BBC interview , he said : The Pakistan army in East Pakistan fought very gallantly . But they had no chance . They were a thousand miles away from their base . I had eight or nine months to make my preparations . I had got a superiority of almost 15 to 1 ... However , independent defence sources stated that the Indian superiority was less than 2 to 1 . The United States Air Force 's Brigadier - General Chuck Yeager , the World War II veteran and U.S. flying ace who witnessed the war in 1971 , is of the view that Pakistan did not lose the war , as India did not annex it . Major reforms were carried out by successive governments in Pakistan after the war in the light of many insightful recommendations made in the Hamoodur Rahman Commission 's Report . To address the economic disparity , the NFC system was established to equally distribute the taxation revenue among the four provinces , the large - scale nationalization of industries and nationwide census were carried in 1972 . The Constitution was promulgated in 1973 that reflected the equal balance and a compromise between the Islamism and the Humanism and provided a guaranteed equal human rights to all . The military was heavily reconstructed and heavily reorganized with President Bhutto appointing chiefs of staff in each inter-service , contrary to C - in - Cs , and making instruction on human rights compulsory in the military syllabus in each branch of inter-services . Major investments were directed towards modernizing the navy . The military 's chain of command was centralized in JS HQ led by an appointed Chairman joint chiefs committee to coordinate the combined and well - integrated military efforts to safe guard the nation 's defence and unity . In addition , Pakistan sought to have a diversified foreign policy as Pakistan geostrategists had been shocked that both China and the United States provided limited support to Pakistan during the course of the war with the U.S. displaying an inability to supply weapons that Pakistan needed the most . On January 20 , 1972 , Pakistan under Bhutto launched the clandestine development of nuclear weapons in a view of `` never to allow another foreign invasion of Pakistan . '' This crash program reached parity in 1977 when the first weapon design was successfully achieved . Bangladesh Main article : 1971 East Pakistan genocide As a result of the war , East Pakistan disintegrated and became an independent country , Bangladesh , as the world 's fourth most populous Muslim state on 16 December 1971 . Pakistan itself secured the release of Mujibur Rahman from the Headquarter Prison and allowed him to return to Dacca . On 19 January 1972 Mujib was inaugurated as the first President of Bangladesh , later becoming the Prime Minister of Bangladesh in 1974 . On the brink of defeat around 14 December 1971 , the media reports indicated that the Pakistan Army soldiers , their controlled local East Pakistan Police , Razakars , and the Shanti Committee carried out systematic killings of professionals such as physicians , teachers , and other intellectuals , as part of a pogrom against the Bengali Hindu minorities who constituted the majority of urban educated intellectuals . Young men , especially students , who were seen as possible rebels and recruiters were also targeted by the stationed military but the extent of casualties in East Pakistan is not known and the issue is itself controversial and contradictory among the authors who wrote books on the pogrom as the Pakistani government itself denied the charges of their involvement in 2015 . R.J. Rummel cites estimates ranging from one to three million people killed . Other estimates place the death toll lower , at 300,000 . Bangladesh government figures state that Pakistani forces aided by collaborators killed three million people , raped 200,000 women and displaced millions of others . According to the authors Kenton Worcester , Sally Bermanzohn , and Mark Ungar , Bengalis themselves killed ~ 150,000 non-Bengalis living in the East There had been reports of Bengali insurgents indiscriminately killing non-Bengalis throughout the East , however , neither side provided substantial proofs for their claims and both Bangladeshi and Pakistani figures contradict each other over this issue . Bihari representatives in June 1971 claimed a higher figure of 500,000 killed by Bengalis . In 2010 , the Awami League 's government decided to set up a tribunal to prosecute the people involved in alleged war crimes and those who collaborated with Pakistan . According to the Government , the defendants would be charged with crimes against humanity , genocide , murder , rape and arson . According to John H. Gill , there was widespread polarisation between pro-Pakistan Bengalis and pro-liberation Bengalis during the war , and those internal battles are still playing out in the domestic politics of modern - day Bangladesh . To this day , the issue of committed atrocities and pogroms is an influential factor in the foreign relations between Pakistan and Bangladesh . Impact Pakistan : war Enquiry Commission and war prisoners Main articles : War Enquiry Commission and Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 Prisoners of War Investigation In the aftermath of the war , the Pakistani government constituted the War Enquiry Commission , to be headed by the Chief Justice Hamoodur Rahman , who was an ethnic Bengali , and composed of the senior justices of the Supreme Court of Pakistan . The War Enquiry Commission was mandated with carrying out the thorough investigations into the intelligence , strategic , political , and the military failures that causes the defeat in the war . The War Commission also looks into the Pakistan 's political and military involvement in the history of East Pakistan that encompasses from 1947 -- 71 . The First War Report was submitted in July 1972 but it was very critically opined and penned on political misconducts of politicians and the military interference of military in the national politics . Written in moral and philosophical perspective , the First Report was very lengthy but provided accounts that was unpalatable to be released to the public . Initially , there were 12 copies that were all destroyed except for the one that was kept and marked as `` Top Secret '' to prevent the backlash effects on the demoralized military . In 1976 , the Supplementary Report was also submitted that was also the comprehensive report compiled together with the First Report ; this report was also marked as classified . In 2000 , the excerpts of the Supplementary Report was leaked to Pakistan 's Dawn political correspondent , which the Dawn published it together with the India Today . The First Report is still marked as classified while the Supplementary Report 's excerpts were suppressed by the news correspondents . The War Report 's supplementary section was published by the Pakistan 's government but did not officially handed over the report to Bangladesh despite its requests . ) The War Report exposed many military failures from the strategic to the tactical -- intelligence levels while it confirmed the looting , rapes and the unnecessary killings by the Pakistan military and their local agents . It lay the blame squarely on Pakistan army generals , accusing them of debauchery , smuggling , war crimes and neglect of duty . The War Commission had recommended public trial of Pakistan Army generals on the charges that they had been responsible for the situation in the first place and that they had succumbed without a fight , but no actions were ever taken against those responsible besides the dismissal of chiefs of the Pakistan Army , Pakistan Air Force , Pakistan Navy , and decommissioning of the Pakistan Marines . The War Commission however rejected the charge that 200,000 Bengali girls were raped by the Pakistan Army , remarking : `` It is clear that the figures mentioned by the Dacca authorities are altogether fantastic and fanciful '' and cited the evidence of a British abortion team that it carried out the termination of `` only a hundred or more pregnancies '' . The Commission also claimed that `` approximately 26,000 persons ( were ) killed during the action by the Pakistan military '' Bina D'Costa states that the War Commission was aware of the military 's brutality in East Pakistan but `` chose to downplay the scale of the atrocities committed . '' The second commission was known as Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 Prisoners of War Investigation conducted solely by the Pakistani government that was to be determine the numbers of Pakistani military personnel who surrendered including the number of civilian POWs . The official number of the surrendered military personnel was soon released by the Government of Pakistan after the war was over . India : Indo - Pakistani summits Main articles : Agreement Between the Government of India and the Government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan on Bilateral Relations and Transfer of Population Under the Terms of the Delhi Agreement On 2 July 1972 , the Indo - Pakistani summit was held in Simla , Himachal Pradesh , India were the Simla Agreement was reached and signed between the President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and Prime Minister Indira Gandhi as a governments of each state playing a depository role . The treaty provided insurance to Bangladesh that Pakistan recognized Bangladesh 's sovereignty in exchange for the return of the Pakistani POWs as India was treating the war prisoners in accordance to Geneva Conventions promulgated in 1925 . In mere five months , India systematically released more than ~ 90,000 war prisoners with Lieutenant - General A.A.K. Niazi being the last war prisoner to be handed over to Pakistan . The treaty also gave back more than 13,000 km2 of land that Indian Army had seized in Pakistan during the war , though India retained a few strategic areas ( including Turtuk , Dhothang , Tyakshi ( earlier called Tiaqsi ) and Chalunka of Chorbat Valley ) , which was more than 804 km2 . The Indian hardliners , however , felt that the treaty had been too lenient to President Bhutto , who had pleaded for leniency , arguing that the fragile stability in Pakistan would crumble if the accord was perceived as being overly harsh by Pakistanis and that he would be accused of losing Kashmir in addition to the loss of East Pakistan . As a result of which Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was criticized by a section in India for believing Bhutto 's `` sweet talk and false vows '' while the other section claimed it successful , for not letting it to fall into `` Versailles Syndrome '' trap . In 1973 , India and Pakistan reached another compromised when both countries signed trilateral agreement with Bangladesh that actually brought the war prisoners , non-Bengali and Pakistan - loyaled Bengali bureaucrats and civilian servants to Pakistan . The Delhi Agreement witnessed the mass population transfer since the partition of India in 1947 . Bangladesh : International crimes tribunal In 2009 , the issue of establishing the International Crimes Tribunal began to take public support and formally established the tribunal in 2010 to investigate and prosecute suspects for the genocide committed in 1971 by the Pakistan Army and their local collaborators , Razakars , Al - Badr and Al - Shams during the Bangladesh Liberation War . Long - term consequences Steve Coll , in his book Ghost Wars , argues that the Pakistan military 's experience with India , including Pervez Musharraf 's experience in 1971 , influenced the Pakistani government to support jihadist groups in Afghanistan even after the Soviets left , because the jihadists were a tool to use against India , including bogging down the Indian Army in Kashmir . After the war , Zulfikar Ali Bhutto authorised the highly secretive and clandestine atomic bomb program , as part of its new deterrence policy , to defend itself and never to allow another armed invasion from India . Many Pakistani scientists , abroad working at the IAEA and European and American nuclear programs immediately returned to what remained of Pakistan and participated in making Pakistan a nuclear power . Writing about the war in Foreign Affairs magazine Zulfikar Ali Bhutto stated ' There is no parallel in contemporary history to the cataclysm which engulfed Pakistan in 1971 . A tragic civil war , which rent asunder the people of the two parts of Pakistan , was seized by India as an opportunity for armed intervention . The country was dismembered , its economy shattered and the nation 's self - confidence totally undermined . ' This statement of Bhutto has given rise to the myth of betrayal prevalent in modern Pakistan . This view was contradicted by the post-War Hamoodur Rahman Commission , ordered by Bhutto himself , which in its 1974 report indicted generals of the Pakistan Army for creating conditions which led to the eventual loss of East Pakistan and for inept handling of military operations in the East . Timeline 7 March 1971 : Sheikh Mujibur Rahman declares that , `` The current struggle is a struggle for independence '' , in a public meeting attended by almost a million people in Dhaka . 25 March 1971 : Pakistani forces start Operation Searchlight , a systematic plan to eliminate any resistance . Thousands of people are killed in student dormitories and police barracks in Dhaka . 26 March 1971 : Sheikh Mujibur Rahman signed an official declaration of independence and sent it through a radio message on the night of 25 March ( the morning of 26 March ) . Later Major Ziaur Rahman and other Awami League leaders announced the declaration of independence on behalf of Sheikh Mujib from Kalurghat Radio Station , Chittagong . The message is relayed to the world by Indian radio stations . 27 March 1971 : Bangladesh Force namely Mukti Bahini consisting Niyomito Bahini ( Regular Force ) and Gono Bahini ( Guerilla Force ) was formed under the Commander - in - Chief ( C - in - C ) General Muhammad Ataul Gani Osmani . 17 April 1971 : Exiled leaders of Awami League form a provisional government . 3 December 1971 : War between India and Pakistan officially begins when West Pakistan launches a series of preemptive air strikes on Indian airfields . 6 December 1971 : East Pakistan is recognised as Bangladesh by India . 14 December 1971 : Systematic elimination of Bengali intellectuals is started by Pakistani Army and local collaborators . 16 December 1971 : Lieutenant - General A.A.K. Niazi , supreme commander of Pakistani Army in East Pakistan , surrenders to the Allied Forces ( Mitro Bahini ) represented by Lieutenant General Jagjit Singh Arora of Indian Army at the surrender . India and Bangladesh gain victory . 12 January 1972 : Sheikh Mujibur Rahman comes to power . Military awards Battle honours After the war , 41 battle honours and 4 theatre honours were awarded to units of the Indian Army , the notable amongst which are : East Pakistan 1971 ( theatre honour ) Sindh 1971 ( theatre honour ) Jammu and Kashmir 1971 ( theatre honour ) Punjab 1971 ( theatre honour ) Basantar River Bogra Chachro Chhamb Defence of Punch Dera Baba Nanak Gadra City Harar Kalan Hilli Longewala Parbat Ali Poongli Bridge Shehjra Shingo River Valley Sylhet Gallantry awards For bravery , a number of soldiers and officers on both sides were awarded the highest gallantry award of their respective countries . Following is a list of the recipients of the Indian award Param Vir Chakra , Bangladeshi award Bir Sreshtho and the Pakistani award Nishan - E-Haider : India Recipients of the Param Vir Chakra : Lance Naik Albert Ekka ( Posthumously ) Flying Officer Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon ( Posthumously ) Major Hoshiar Singh Second Lieutenant Arun Khetarpal ( Posthumously ) Bangladesh Recipients of the Bir Sreshtho : Captain Mohiuddin Jahangir ( Posthumously ) Lance Naik Munshi Abdur Rouf ( Posthumously ) Sepoy Hamidur Rahman ( Posthumously ) Sepoy Mostafa Kamal ( Posthumously ) ERA Mohammad Ruhul Amin ( Posthumously ) Flight Lieutenant Matiur Rahman ( Posthumously ) Lance Naik Nur Mohammad Sheikh ( Posthumously ) Pakistan Recipients of the Nishan - E-Haider : Major Muhammad Akram ( Posthumously ) Pilot Officer Rashid Minhas ( Posthumously ) Major Shabbir Sharif ( Posthumously ) Sarwar Muhammad Hussain ( Posthumously ) Lance Naik Muhammad Mahfuz ( Posthumously ) Civilian awards On 25 July 2011 , Bangladesh Swadhinata Sammanona , the Bangladesh Freedom Honour , was posthumously conferred on former Indian prime minister Indira Gandhi . On 28 March 2012 , President of Bangladesh Zillur Rahman and the Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina conferred Bangladesh Liberation War Honour and Friends of Liberation War Honour to 75 individuals , six organisations , Mitra Bahini and the people of India at a special ceremony at the Bangabandhu International Conference Centre . This included eight heads of states viz . former Nepalese President Ram Baran Yadav , the third King of Bhutan Jigme Dorji Wangchuck , former Soviet presidents Leonid IIyich Brezhnev and Nikolai Viktorovich Podgorny , ex-Soviet prime minister Alexei Nikolaevich Kosygin , former Yugoslav president Marshal Josip Broz Tito , ex-UK prime minister Sir Edward Richard George Heath and former Nepalese prime minister Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala . The organisations include the BBC , Akashbani ( All India Radio ) , International Committee of the Red Cross , United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees , Oxfam and Kolkata University Shahayak Samiti . The list of foreign friends of Bangladesh has since been extended to 568 people . It includes 257 Indians , 88 Americans , 41 Pakistanis , 39 Britons , nine Russians , 18 Nepalese , 16 French and 18 Japanese . Dramatization Films Border , a 1997 Bollywood war film directed by J.P. Dutta . This movie is an adaptation from real life events that happened at the Battle of Longewala fought in Rajasthan ( Western Theatre ) during the 1971 Indo - Pak war . Border on IMDb Hindustan Ki Kasam , a 1973 Bollywood war film directed by Chetan Anand . The aircraft in the film are all authentic aircraft used in the 1971 war against Pakistan . These include MiG - 21s , Gnats , Hunters and Su - 7s . Some of these aircraft were also flown by war veterans such as Samar Bikram Shah ( 2 kills ) and Manbir Singh . Hindustan Ki Kasam on IMDb Aakraman , 1975 Bollywood film set during this war featuring a romantic love triangle . 1971 -- Prisoners of War , a 2007 Bollywood war film directed by Sagar Brothers . Set against the backdrop of a prisoners ' camp in Pakistan , follows six Indian prisoners awaiting release after their capture in the 1971 India - Pakistan war . The Ghazi Attack , a 2017 war film directed by Sankalp Reddy . Based on the sinking of PNS Ghazi during the war . 1971 : Beyond Borders , a 2017 Indian war drama film written and directed by Major Ravi Miniseries / Dramas PNS Ghazi , an Urdu ( Pakistani ) drama based on sinking of PNS Ghazi , ISPR See also India portal Pakistan portal War portal 1970s portal Post -- World War II air - to - air combat losses Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 Separatist nationalism in Pakistan South Asian Muslim nationalism Pakistaniat Conservatism in Pakistan Socialism in Pakistan Bangladesh Forces Timeline of the Bangladesh War Radcliffe Line India and state - sponsored terrorism United States -- Pakistan relations before 1990 Soviet Union - Pakistan relations before 1990 Tridev Roy Operation Searchlight \ Barisal Riverine Warfare Protest of 1969 in Pakistan Pakistan Air Force in East Pakistan Pakistan news media in Indo - Pakistani war of 1971 International Crimes Tribunal ( Bangladesh ) Indian Army in East Pakistan Pakistan - Afghanistan relations 1971 Winter POWs / MIA Investigations , Pakistan Pakistan military deployments in other countries Pakistan and its Nuclear Deterrent Program General : History of Bangladesh History of Myanmar List of conflicts in Asia References Jump up ^ Lyon , Peter ( 2008 ) . Conflict between India and Pakistan : An Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 166 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 712 - 2 . India 's decisive victory over Pakistan in the 1971 war and emergence of independent Bangladesh dramatically transformed the power balance of South Asia Jump up ^ Kemp , Geoffrey ( 2010 ) . The East Moves West India , China , and Asia 's Growing Presence in the Middle East . Brookings Institution Press . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8157 - 0388 - 4 . However , India 's decisive victory over Pakistan in 1971 led the Shah to pursue closer relations with India Jump up ^ Byman , Daniel ( 2005 ) . Deadly connections : States that Sponsor Terrorism . Cambridge University Press . p. 159 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 83973 - 0 . India 's decisive victory in 1971 led to the signing of the Simla Agreement in 1972 ^ Jump up to : `` Indian Air Force . Squadron 5 , Tuskers '' . Global Security . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Nawaz , Shuja ( 2008 ) . Crossed Swords : Pakistan , Its Army , and the Wars Within . Oxford University Press . p. 329 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 547697 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Chitkara , M. G ( 1996 ) . Benazir , a Profile -- M.G. Chitkara . ISBN 9788170247524 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Schofield , Victoria ( 18 January 2003 ) . Kashmir in Conflict : India , Pakistan and the Unending War -- Victoria Schofield . ISBN 9781860648984 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : M. Leonard , Thomas ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of the Developing World . Taylor & Francis . p. 806 . ISBN 978 - 0415976640 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Vulnerable India : A Geographical Study of Disaster By Anu Kapur Jump up ^ `` Chapter 10 : Naval Operations In The Western Naval Command '' . Indian Navy . Archived from the original on 23 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Damage Assessment -- 1971 Indo Pak Naval War '' . Orbat.com . Archived from the original on 19 March 2012 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Air Chief Marshal PC Lal ( 1986 ) . My Days with the IAF . Lancer . p. 286 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7062 - 008 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` The Battle of Longewala -- The Truth '' . India Defence Update . Archived from the original on 8 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pakistan Air Force Combat Experience '' . Globalsecurity.org . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan Air Force -- Official website '' . Paf.gov.pk . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` IAF Combat Kills -- 1971 Indo - Pak Air War '' ( PDF ) . orbat.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 January 2014 . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Thomas . Encyclopedia of the developing world , Volume 1 . Taylor & Francis , 2006 . ISBN 9780415976626 . ^ Jump up to : The Encyclopedia of 20th Century Air Warfare , edited by Chris Bishop ( Amber publishing 1997 , republished 2004 pages 384 -- 387 ISBN 1 - 904687 - 26 - 1 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 '' . Global Security . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Sinking of the Ghazi '' . Bharat Rakshak Monitor , 4 ( 2 ) . Archived from the original on 28 November 2011 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` How west was won ... on the waterfront '' . The Tribune . Retrieved 24 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` India -- Pakistan War , 1971 ; Western Front , Part I '' . acig.com . Retrieved 22 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 1 May 2009 . Retrieved 24 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gen. Tikka Khan , 87 ; ' Butcher of Bengal ' Led Pakistani Army '' . Los Angeles Times . 30 March 2002 . Retrieved 11 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Stephen ( 2004 ) . The Idea of Pakistan . Brookings Institution Press . p. 382 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8157 - 1502 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` India : Easy Victory , Uneasy Peace '' . Time . 27 December 1971 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` World 's shortest war lasted for only 45 minutes '' . Pravda . 10 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1971 War : ' I will give you 30 minutes ' '' . Sify.com . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Orton , Anna ( 2010 ) . India 's Borderland Disputes : China , Pakistan , Bangladesh , and Nepal . Epitome Books . p. 117 . ISBN 9789380297156 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Burke , S. M ( 1974 ) . Mainsprings of Indian and Pakistani Foreign Policies -- S.M. Burke . ISBN 9780816607204 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Bose , Sarmila ( November 2011 ) . `` The question of genocide and the quest for justice in the 1971 war '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Genocide Research . 13 ( 4 ) : 398 . doi : 10.1080 / 14623528.2011. 625750 . Jump up ^ `` Jamaat claims denied by evidence '' . THE DAILY STAR. 28 February 2008 . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Haqqani , Hussain ( 2005 ) . Pakistan : Between Mosque and Military . United Book Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87003 - 214 - 1 . , Chapter 3 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Burke , Samuel Martin ( 1974 ) . Mainsprings of Indian and Pakistani Foreign Policies . University of Minnesota Press . p. 216 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 5714 - 8 . Jump up ^ Alston , Margaret ( 2015 ) . Women and Climate Change in Bangladesh . Routledge . p. 40 . ISBN 9781317684862 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Totten , Samuel ( 2012 ) . Plight and Fate of Women During and Following Genocide . Transaction Publishers . p. 55 . ISBN 9781412847599 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Myers , David G. ( 2004 ) . Exploring Social Psychology 4E . Tata McGraw - Hill Education . p. 269 . ISBN 9780070700628 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Consulate ( Dacca ) Cable , Sitrep : Army Terror Campaign Continues in Dacca ; Evidence Military Faces Some Difficulties Elsewhere , 31 March 1971 , Confidential , 3 pp . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Senator Edward , `` Crisis in South Asia -- A report to the Subcommittee investigating the Problem of Refugees and Their Settlement , Submitted to U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee '' , 1 November 1971 , U.S. Govt . Press , page 66 . Sen. Kennedy wrote , `` Field reports to the U.S. Government , countless eye - witness journalistic accounts , reports of International agencies such as World Bank and additional information available to the subcommittee document the reign of terror which grips East Bengal ( East Pakistan ) . Hardest hit have been members of the Hindu community who have been robbed of their lands and shops , systematically slaughtered , and in some places , painted with yellow patches marked ' H ' . All of this has been officially sanctioned , ordered and implemented under martial law from Islamabad . '' Jump up ^ Rummel , Rudolph J. , `` Statistics of Democide : Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900 '' , ISBN 3 - 8258 - 4010 - 7 , Chapter 8 , Table 8.2 Pakistan Genocide in Bangladesh Estimates , Sources , and Calculations : lowest estimate 2 million claimed by Pakistan ( reported by Aziz , Qutubuddin . Blood and tears Karachi : United Press of Pakistan , 1974 . pp. 74 , 226 ) , some other sources used by Rummel suggest a figure of between 8 and 10 million with one ( Johnson , B.L.C. Bangladesh . New York : Barnes & Noble , 1975 . pp. 73 , 75 ) that `` could have been '' 12 million . ^ Jump up to : Chatterjee , Pranab ( 2010 ) . A Story of Ambivalent Modernization in Bangladesh and West Bengal : The Rise and Fall of Bengali Elitism in South Asia . Peter Lang . ISBN 9781433108204 . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lieven , Anatol ( 2012 - 03 - 06 ) . Pakistan : A Hard Country . PublicAffairs . ISBN 1610391624 . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Abbott , David ( 2015 ) . Changing World : Pakistan . Minnesota , U.S. : Encyclopaedia Britannica . ISBN 9781625133212 . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Cochrane , Iain ( 2009 ) . The Causes of the Bangladesh War . University of London : Lulu.com . ISBN 9781445240435 . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . Jump up ^ et.al ( 1 June 2003 ) . `` Legal Framework Order 1970 '' . Story Of Pakistan . Nazaria - e-Pakistan Trust , 2003 . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Nohlen , Dieter ( 2004 ) . Elections in Asia and the Pacific ( Reprint ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford Univ . Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 924958 - X . Jump up ^ Guha , Ramachandra ( 2011 - 02 - 10 ) . India After Gandhi : The History of the World 's Largest Democracy . Pan Macmillan . ISBN 9780330540209 . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ehtisham , S. Akhtar ( 1998 ) . A Medical Doctor Examines Life on Three Continents : A Pakistani View . Algora Publishing . ISBN 9780875866345 . Retrieved 9 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Ghazali , Abdus Sattar . `` Islamic Pakistan : Illusions and Reality '' . ghazali.net . National Book Club , . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Costa , Bina ( 2011 ) . Nationbuilding , Gender and War Crimes in South Asia . Routledge . p. 103 . ISBN 9780415565660 . Jump up ^ D'Costa , Bina ( 2011 ) . Nationbuilding , Gender and War Crimes in South Asia . Routledge . p. 103 . ISBN 9780415565660 . Jump up ^ D ' Costa , Bina ( 2011 ) . Nationbuilding , Gender and War Crimes in South Asia . Routledge . p. 103 . ISBN 9780415565660 . Jump up ^ Bose , Sarmila ( 8 October 2005 ) . `` Anatomy of Violence : Analysis of Civil War in East Pakistan in 1971 '' . Economic and Political Weekly . Archived from the original on 1 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Salik , Siddiq , Witness To Surrender , ISBN 978 - 984 - 05 - 1373 - 4 , pp. 63 , 228 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Riedel , Bruce O. ( 2011 ) . Deadly Embrace : Pakistan , America , and the Future of the Global Jihad . Brookings Institution . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8157 - 0557 - 4 . Jump up ^ Lt. Gen. Kamal Matinuddin -- Tragedy of Errors : East Pakistan Crisis , 1968 -- 1971 ; Wajidalis , Lahore , 1994 ; page 255 Jump up ^ Maj. Gen. Fazal Muqeem Khan -- Pakistan 's Crisis in Leadership ; National Book Foundation , Islamabad , 1973 ; page 79 Jump up ^ Qureshi , Hakeem Arshad ( 2003 ) . Through the 1971 Crisis : An Eyewitness Account by a Soldier . Oxford University Press . p. 33 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 579778 - 7 . Jump up ^ Raja , Dewan Mohammad Tasawwar , O General My General -- Life and Works of General MAG Osmany ; pp. 35 -- 109 , ISBN 978 - 984 - 8866 - 18 - 4 ^ Jump up to : `` The U.S. : A Policy in Shambles '' . Time . 20 December 1971 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Consulate ( Dacca ) Cable , Sitrep : Army Terror Campaign Continues in Dacca ; Evidence Military Faces Some Difficulties Elsewhere , 31 March 1971 , Confidential , 3 pp . ^ Jump up to : `` East Pakistan : Even the Skies Weep '' . Time . 25 October 1971 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Indo - Pakistani Wars '' . MSN Encarta . Archived from the original on 1 November 2009 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ International , Rotary ( 1971 ) . The Rotarian . Rotary International . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Bhutto , Fatima ( 2011 - 09 - 06 ) . Songs of Blood and Sword : A Daughter 's Memoir . Nation Books . p. 100 . ISBN 1 - 56858 - 712 - 0 . Retrieved 19 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Baixas , Lionel ( 21 June 2008 ) . `` Khan ( 1917 -- 2002 ) , General Tikka '' . Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence . Retrieved 17 July 2013 . 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But India was alert , Pakistani pilots were inept , and Yahya 's strategy of scattering his thin air force over a dozen air fields was a bust ! '' , p. 34 , Newsweek , 20 December 1971 ^ Jump up to : `` India and Pakistan : Over the Edge '' . Time . 13 December 1971 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` 1971 : Pakistan intensifies air raids on India '' . BBC News . 3 December 1971 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Garver , John W. ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) . China 's Quest : The History of the Foreign Relations of the People 's Republic of China . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780190261061 . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldrick , James ( 1997 ) . No Easy Answers . New Delhi : Lancer 's Publications and Distributors . ISBN 1 - 897829 - 02 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Goldrick , James ( 1997 ) . No Easy Answers ( PDF ) . New Delhi , India : Sona Printers , India . ISBN 1 897829 02 7 . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . 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Jump up ^ `` The Simla Agreement 1972 '' . Story of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 14 June 2011 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The collapse of the Shimla Accord '' . 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ UN . `` Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees '' . UNCHR . UNCHR . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Stanley Walpert ( 1993 ) . Zulfi Bhutto of Pakistan : his life and times . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195076615 . Jump up ^ Wierda , Marieke ; Anthony Triolo ( 31 May 2012 ) . Luc Reydams ; Jan Wouters ; Cedric Ryngaert , eds . International Prosecutors . Oxford University Press . p. 169 . ISBN 978 - 0199554294 . Jump up ^ Coll , Steve ( 2005 ) . Ghost Wars . The Penguin Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59420 - 007 - 6 . pg 221 , 475 . Jump up ^ Kreisler interview with Coll `` Conversations with history '' , 25 March 2005 , UC Berkeley Institute of International Studies Jump up ^ Bhutto , Zulfiqar Ali ( April 1973 ) . `` Pakistan Builds Anew '' . Foreign Affairs . Retrieved 8 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Singh , Sarbans ( 1993 ) . Battle Honours of the Indian Army 1757 -- 1971 . New Delhi : Vision Books . pp. 257 -- 278 . ISBN 81 - 7094 - 115 - 6 . Retrieved 3 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Martyrs '' . National Defense Academy , Pune . Archived from the original on 29 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Param Vir Chakra '' . Government of India . Jump up ^ `` Nishan - e-Haider holders of Pakistan Army '' . Jump up ^ `` Nishan - e-Haider '' . Archived from the original on 12 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Habib , Haroon ( 25 July 2011 ) . `` Bangladesh honours Indira Gandhi with highest award '' . The Hindu . Jump up ^ `` Friends of freedom honoured '' . The Daily Star . 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` B'desh honours foreign friends '' . The Financial Express . Dhaka. 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1971 : Beyond Borders Review ( 3.5 / 5 ) : The film puts across the message that fighting wars for `` borders and orders '' robs away so many lives needlessly `` . The Times of India . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 20 . Further reading Ayub , Muhammad ( 2005 ) . An army , Its Role and Rule : A History of the Pakistan Army from Independence to Kargil , 1967 -- 1999 . RoseDog Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8059 - 9594 - 7 . Cilano , Cara , ed. ( 2010 ) . Pakistaniaat : Special issue on 1971 War . Hanhimäki , Jussi M. ( 2004 ) . The Flawed Architect : Henry Kissinger and American Foreign Policy . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517221 - 8 . Haqqani , Hussain ( 2005 ) . Pakistan : Between Mosque and Military . United Book Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87003 - 214 - 1 . Niazi , General A.A.K. ( 1999 ) . Betrayal of East Pakistan . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 579275 - 1 . Palit , DK ( 1972 ) . The Lightning Campaign : The Indo - Pakistan War 1971 . Compton Press Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 900193 - 10 - 1 . Raghavan , Srinath ( 2013 ) . 1971 -- A global History of Creation of Bangladesh ( PDF ) . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 72864 - 6 . Raja , Dewan Mohammad Tasawwar ( 2010 ) . O General My General ( Life and Works of General MAG Osmany ) . The Osmany Memorial Trust , Dhaka , Bangladesh . ISBN 978 - 984 - 8866 - 18 - 4 . Saigal , JR ( 2000 ) . Pakistan Splits : The Birth of Bangladesh . Manas Publications . ISBN 9788170491248 . External links Video of General Niazi Surrendering A complete coverage of the war from the Indian perspective An Atlas of the 1971 India -- Pakistan War : The Creation of Bangladesh by John H. Gill Actual conversation from the then US President Nixon and Henry Kissinger during the 1971 War -- US Department of State 's Official archive . Indian Army : Major Operations Pakistan : Partition and Military Succession USA Archives Pakistan intensifies air raid on India BBC A day by day account of the war as seen in a virtual newspaper . The Tilt : The U.S. and the South Asian Crisis of 1971 . 16 December 1971 : any lessons learned ? By Ayaz Amir -- Pakistan 's Dawn India - Pakistan 1971 War as covered by TIME Indian Air Force Combat Kills in the 1971 war ( unofficial ) , Centre for Indian Military History Op Cactus Lilly : 19 Infantry Division in 1971 , a personal recall by Lt Col Balwant Singh Sahore All for a bottle of Scotch , a personal recall of Major ( later Major General ) CK Karumbaya , SM , the battle for Magura `` The Rediff Interview / Lt Gen AA Khan Niazi '' . Rediff. 2 February 2004 . Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 History Partition of India History of Pakistan Indo - Pakistani Wars War of 1947 War of 1965 Operation Searchlight 1971 Bangladesh genocide Mukti Bahini Research and Analysis Wing Operation Jackpot Indo - Soviet Treaty Razakars Mitro Bahini Surrender of Pakistan Eastern Command Simla Agreement Conflict Battle of Dhalai Battle of Atgram Battle of Garibpur Boyra incidence Operation Chengiz Khan Battle of Longewala Battle of Hilli Meghna Heli Bridge Tangail Airdrop Battle of Basantar PNS Ghazi Operation Trident Air Operations Naval Operations INS Khukri US Taskforce 74 more Pakistani peace proposals Cable 1971 Six - points Ahsan -- Yaqub Mission Rodionov message War Enquiry Commission Leaders India Indira Gandhi Sam Manekshaw P.C. Lal S.M. Nanda Jagjit Singh Aurora K.P. Candeth Sourendra Nath Kohli Gopal Gurunath Bewoor Anil Tipnis T.N. Raina Sartaj Singh J.F.R. Jacob Kuldip Singh Chandpuri Kulwant Singh Pannu G.M. 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Matiur Rahman Sepahi Hamidur Rahman Sepahi Mostafa Kamal Engine Room Artificer Mohammad Ruhul Amin Lance Naik Munshi Abdur Rouf Captain Mohiuddin Jahangir Lance Naik Noor Mohammad 1971 Bangladesh genocide Perpetrators Organizers Yahya Khan Tikka Khan Rao Farman Ali Executors Abdul Quader Molla Abul Kalam Azad Ali Ahsan Mohammad Mojaheed Delwar Hossain Sayeedi Fazlul Quader Chowdhury Ghulam Azam Motiur Rahman Nizami Muhammad Kamaruzzaman Salahuddin Quader Chowdhury Ashrafuz Zaman Khan Chowdhury Mueen - Uddin Organizations Pakistan Army Jamaat - e-Islami Razakars East Pakistan Central Peace Committee Al Badr Al Shams Massacres Barisal Division Barguna Bhimnali Ketnar Bil Suryamani Chittagong Division Muzaffarabad Pomara Bakhrabad Dhaka Division Bakchar Baria Char Bhadrasan Hasamdia Ishangopalpur Jinjira Madhyapara Ramna Satanikhil Sendia Shankharibazar Sree Angan Sutrapur Khulna Division Chuknagar Dakra Shankharikathi Rajshahi Division Bagbati Demra Karai Kadipur Gopalpur Rangpur Division Akhira Daldalia Golaghat Jathibhanga Kaliganj Sylhet Division Adityapur Burunga Galimpur Krishnapur Makalkandi Naria Notable victims Altaf Mahmud Anudvaipayan Bhattacharya Anwar Pasha Dhirendranath Datta Govinda Chandra Dev Harinath Dey Jogesh Chandra Ghosh Jyotirmoy Guhathakurta Laxman Das Mufazzal Haider Chaudhury Munier Choudhury Ranada Prasad Saha Santosh Chandra Bhattacharya Selina Parvin Shahidullah Kaiser more Protests Movement demanding trial of war criminals 2013 Shahbag protests Trials Hamoodur Rahman Commission International Crimes Tribunal Related events Bangladesh Liberation War Blood Telegram Concert for Bangladesh Operation Searchlight Persecution of Biharis Persecution of Hindus Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War Remembrance Day Military of India Indian Army Indian Navy Indian Air Force Leadership Chief of the Army Staff Chief of the Naval Staff Chief of the Air Staff Topics History Academies Ranks and insignia Army Air Force Navy Special Forces Indian Peace Keeping Force Central Armed Police Forces Paramilitary forces Andaman and Nicobar Command Strategic Forces Command Nuclear Command Authority Ballistic missiles Weapons of mass destruction Defence Research and Development Organisation Ordnance Factories Board Territorial Army National Cadet Corps Wars and conflicts Indo - 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Pakistan War ( s ) of 1947 - 1948 / 1965 / 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War 1967 Israeli - Arab war 1973 Israeli - Arab war Jordan - Palestine Liberation Organization conflict 1970s Baloch insurgency Grand Mosque in Saudi Arabia seizure Soviet - Afghan war Siachen conflict 1991 Gulf War Kargil conflict War in North - West Pakistan Related Defence Housing Authority Defence industry of Pakistan Air Weapons Complex Defence Science and Technology Organisation Heavy Industries Taxila Institute of Optronics Integrated Defence Systems Integrated Dynamics Karachi Shipyard and Engineering Works Khan Research Laboratories Marine Systems Limited National Development Complex National Engineering and Scientific Commission Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Pakistan Ordnance Factories Wah Metallurgical Laboratory Khyber Border Coordination Center Women in the Pakistan Armed Forces Category Army Air Force Navy Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971&oldid=804087534 '' Categories : Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 Indo - Pakistani wars Bangladesh Liberation War 1971 in Bangladesh 1971 in India 1971 in Pakistan Conflicts in 1971 East Pakistan Anti-Pakistan sentiment Wars involving Bangladesh Wars involving Pakistan Wars involving India History of Bangladesh Post-independence history of Pakistan Separatism in Pakistan History of the Indian Army Research and Analysis Wing Foreign intervention Dissolutions of countries December 1971 events Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Accuracy disputes from July 2015 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles with dead external links from July 2015 CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles needing cleanup from December 2016 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from December 2016 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from December 2016 Use British English from December 2013 Use dmy dates from December 2013 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from April 2016 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from September 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkmençe Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 17 : 13 . 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State of Decay 2

State of Decay 2 - wikipedia State of Decay 2 Jump to : navigation , search State of Decay 2 Developer ( s ) Undead Labs Publisher ( s ) Microsoft Studios Engine Unreal Engine 4 Platform ( s ) Windows , Xbox One Release May 22 , 2018 Genre ( s ) Survival Mode ( s ) Single - player , multiplayer State of Decay 2 is an upcoming survival video game developed by Undead Labs and published by Microsoft Studios . It is a sequel to the 2013 video game State of Decay . The game is scheduled to be released on May 22 , 2018 for Windows and Xbox One . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Development and release 3 References 4 External links Gameplay ( edit ) State of Decay 2 is a zombie survival game in which gameplay is experienced from a third - person view . The game is set in an open world environment and features cooperative gameplay with up to three other players Development and release ( edit ) State of Decay 2 is being developed by Undead Labs and published by Microsoft Studios . The game is being developed using Unreal Engine 4 . The game was announced on June 13 , 2016 , at Microsoft 's E3 Xbox briefing . The game was scheduled to be released in 2017 for Windows 10 and the Xbox One video game console . At Microsoft 's E3 2017 Xbox briefing , it was announced that the game would release in 2018 on March 15 . Additionally , the game will also be available to play at no cost to Xbox Game Pass subscribers at the game 's release , as with all forthcoming Microsoft Studios titles . State of Decay will also be sold as an Xbox Play - Anywhere title , as well as cross-play support between Windows 10 and Xbox players . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McCaffrey , Ryan ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` State of Decay 2 Release Date , Price Announced IGN First '' . IGN . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Reynolds , Matthew ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` State of Decay 2 is coming to Xbox One and Windows 10 in 2017 '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Newhouse , Alex ; Fillari , Alessandro ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` E3 2017 : State Of Decay 2 Release Date Announced ; Xbox One And Windows 10 Exclusive '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCaffrey , Ryan ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` E3 2016 : State of Decay 2 Is 4 - Player Co-op , Is n't an MMO '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Phil Spencer ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Xbox Game Pass Expands To Include New Releases From Microsoft Studios '' . news.xbox.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_of_Decay_2&oldid=832440836 '' Categories : Cooperative video games Microsoft games Multiplayer and single - player video games Open world video games Post-apocalyptic video games Survival video games Unreal Engine games Upcoming video games scheduled for 2018 Video game sequels Windows games Xbox One games Xbox Play Anywhere games Zombie video games Video games scored by Jesper Kyd Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2017 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 01 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

when does state of decay two come out

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Zakat al-Fitr

Zakat al - Fitr - wikipedia Zakat al - Fitr This article is about the Islamic charitable donation given on Eid al - Fitr . For the obligatory annual charitable donation in Islam , see Zakat . Zakat al - Fitr is charity given to the poor at the end of the fasting in the Islamic holy month of Ramadan . The Arabic word Fitr means the same as iftar , breaking a fast , and it comes from the same root word as Futoor which means breakfast . Zakat al - Fitr is a smaller levy than Zakat al - Mal . Contents ( hide ) 1 Classification 2 Significance 3 Purpose 4 Conditions 5 Rate 6 References 7 External links Classification ( edit ) Sadaqat al - Fitr is a duty which is wajib ( required ) of every Muslim , whether male or female , minor or adult as long as he / she has the means to do so . According to Islamic tradition ( Sunnah ) , Ibn ' Umar said that the Islamic Prophet Muhammad made Zakat al - Fitr compulsory on every slave , freeman , male , female , young and old among the Muslims ; one Saa ` of dried dates or one Saa ` of barley . The head of the household may pay the required amount for the other members . Abu Sa'eed al - Khudree said : On behalf of our young and old , free men and slaves , we used to take out during Allah 's Messenger 's ( upon whom be God 's peace and blessings ) lifetime one Saa ` of grain , cheese or raisins `` . Significance ( edit ) The significant role played by Zakat in the circulation of wealth within the Islamic society is also played by the Sadaqat al - Fitr . However , in the case of Sadaqat al - Fitr , each individual is required to calculate how much charity is due from himself and his dependents and go into the community in order to find those who deserve such charity . Thus , Sadaqat al - Fitr plays a very important role in the development of the bonds of community . The rich are obliged to come in direct contact with the poor , and the poor are put in contact with the extremely poor . This contact between the various levels of society helps to build real bonds of brotherhood and love within the Islamic community and trains those who have , to be generous to those who do not have . Purpose ( edit ) The main purpose of Zakat al - Fitr is to provide the poor which they can celebrate the festival of breaking the fast ( ` Eid al - Fitr ) along with the rest of the Muslims . Every Muslim is required to pay Zakat al - Fitr at the conclusion of the month of Ramadan as a token of thankfulness to God for having enabled him or her to observe the obligatory fast . Its purpose is : As a levy on the fasting person . This is based on the hadith : The Prophet of Allah said , `` The fasting of the month of fasting will be hanging between earth and heavens and it will not be raised up to the Divine Presence without paying the Zakat al - Fitr . '' To purify those who fast from any indecent act or speech and to help the poor and needy . The latter view is based upon the hadith from Ibn ` Abbas who related , `` The Prophet of Allah enjoined Zakat al - Fitr on those who fast to shield them from any indecent act or speech , and for the purpose of providing food for the needy . It is accepted as Zakah for the one who pays it before the ` Eid prayer , and it is sadaqah for the one who pays it after the prayer . '' Conditions ( edit ) Zakat al - Fitr is only Wajib for a particular period of time . If one misses the time period without a good reason , he has sinned and can not make it up . This form of charity becomes obligatory from sunset on the last day of fasting and remains obligatory until the beginning of ` Eid Prayer ( i.e. shortly after sunrise on the following day ) . However , it can be paid prior to the above - mentioned period , as many of the Sahabah ( companions of the Prophet ) used to pay Sadaqah al - Fitr a couple days before the ` Eid . After the spread of Islam the jurists permitted its payment from the beginning and middle of Ramadan so as to ensure that the Zakat al - Fitr reached its beneficiaries on the day of ` Eid . It is particularly emphasized that the distribution be before the ` Eid prayers in order that the needy who receive are able to use the fitr to provide for their dependents on the day of ` Eid . Nafi ` reported that the Prophet 's companion Ibn ' Umar used to give it to those who would accept it and the people used to give it a day or two before the ` Eid . ( Bukhari - Arabic / English , Vol. 2 , p. 339 , no . 579 ) Ibn ' Umar reported that the Prophet ordered that it ( Zakat al - Fitr ) be given before people go to perform the ( ` Eid ) prayers . One who forgets to pay this Zakat al - Fitr on time should do so as soon as possible even though it will not be counted as Zakat al - Fitr . Rate ( edit ) The amount of Zakat is the same for everyone regardless of their different income brackets . The minimum amount is one sa ` ( four double handfuls ) of food , grain or dried fruit for each member of the family . This calculation is based on Ibn ' Umar 's report that the Prophet made Zakat al - Fitr compulsory and payable by a sa ` of dried dates or a sa ` of barley . Cash equivalent ( of the food weight ) may also be given if food collection and distribution is unavailable in that particular country . A companion of Mohammed , Abu Sa ` eed al - Khudree said , `` In the Prophet 's time , we used to give it ( Zakatal - Fitr ) as a sa ` of food , dried dates , barley , raisins or dried cheese '' . ( According to the majority of Sunni scholars One Sa'a is approximately between 2.6 kg to 3 kg . ) The distribution of Zakat al - Fitr is the same as that of Zakah , and is included within its broader sense . Those who may receive Zakat al - Fitr are the eight categories of recipients mentioned in Surat Al - Tawbah , ( 9 : 60 ) . They include : the poor the needy , collectors of Zakah , reconciliation of hearts , freeing captives / slaves ( fee al - Riqab ) , debtors those fighting for a religious cause or a cause of God ( Fī Sabīlillāh ) or for Jihad in the way of Allah the traveler . Zakat al - Fitr must go to the above - mentioned categories . The Zakat al - mal can not be used for any other such things either . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sahih al - Bukhari , 2 : 25 : 579 Jump up ^ Sahih al - Bukhari , 2 : 25 : 582 Jump up ^ ( Abu Dawood - Eng . transl . vol. 2 , p. 421 , no . 1605 - rated Sahih ) Jump up ^ Paying the Fitr islamhouse.com Muhammed Salih Al - Munajjid www.islam-qa.com 2009 Jump up ^ ( Bukhari - Arabic / English vol. 2 , p. 340 , no . 582 ) Jump up ^ M.A. Mohamed Salih ( Editor : Alexander De Waal ) ( 2004 ) . Islamism and its enemies in the Horn of Africa . Indiana University Press . pp. 148 -- 149 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 34403 - 8 . Jump up ^ https://books.google.com.au/books?id=UcAcdx1NA34C&pg=PA245&lpg=PA245&dq=%22Fisabillillah%22&source=bl&ots=qjhRN8oqox&sig=DH2jJxxabQYymEXngPz2RDFAcy0&hl=en&sa=X&ei=dAzdVN-dIYPq8gXWo4HYBw&ved=0CCQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Fisabillillah%22&f=false Jump up ^ Benda - Beckmann , Franz von ( 2007 ) . Social security between past and future : Ambonese networks of care and support . LIT Verlag , Münster . p. 167 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8258 - 0718 - 4 . Quote : Zakat literally means that which purifies . It is a form of sacrifice which purifies worldly goods from their worldly and sometimes impure means of acquisition , and which , according to God 's wish , must be channelled towards the community . Jump up ^ T.W. Juynboll , Handleiding tot de Kennis van de Mohaamedaansche Wet volgens de Leer der Sjafiitische School , 3rd Edition , Brill Academic , pp 85 - 88 External links ( edit ) Zakaah al - Fitr Zakat al Fitr Zakat al - Fitr Book ( in French ) The divergence concerning the validity of payment of the zakat ul fitr in money ( at-tawhid.net ) About Saa ` in Arabic Wikipedia Ramadan Background Ramadan ( calendar month ) Fasting during Ramadan Zakat al - Fitr Fidyah and Kaffara Meals Suhur ( before sunrise ) Iftar ( after sunset ) Prayers and observances Tarawih Iʿtikāf Laylat al - Qadr Jumu'atul - Wida Laylat al - Jaiza Eid al - Fitr Ramadan culture Date ( fruit ) Chaand Raat Fanous Fast - a-Thon Gargee'an Mheibes Ramadan tent Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zakat_al-Fitr&oldid=846234264 '' Categories : Ramadan Zakat Islamic terminology Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles with French - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Авар Azərbaycanca বাংলা Deutsch فارسی Bahasa Indonesia Basa Jawa Bahasa Melayu Română Русский سنڌي ไทย اردو 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018 , at 09 : 49 . 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Executive privilege

Executive privilege - wikipedia Executive privilege Jump to : navigation , search Constitutional Law of the United States Overview Articles Amendments History Judicial review Principles Separation of powers Individual rights Rule of law Federalism Republicanism Government structure Legislative branch Executive branch Judicial branch State government Local government Individual rights Freedom of religion Freedom of speech Freedom of the press Freedom of assembly Right to petition Freedom of association Right to keep and bear arms Right to trial by jury Criminal procedural rights Right to privacy Freedom from slavery Due process Equal protection Citizenship Voting rights Theory Living Constitution Originalism Purposivism Textualism Strict constructionism Executive privilege is the power of the President of the United States and other members of the executive branch of the United States Government to resist certain subpoenas and other interventions by the legislative and judicial branches of government in pursuit of information or personnel relating to the executive . The power of Congress or the federal courts to obtain such information is not mentioned explicitly in the United States Constitution , nor is there any explicit mention in the Constitution of an executive privilege to resist such requests from Congress or courts . The Supreme Court of the United States has ruled this privilege may qualify as an element of the separation of powers doctrine , derived from the supremacy of the executive branch in its own area of Constitutional activity . The Supreme Court confirmed the legitimacy of this doctrine in United States v. Nixon in the context of a subpoena emanating from the judiciary , instead of emanating from Congress . The Court held that there is a qualified privilege , which can be invoked and thereby creates a presumption of privilege , and the party seeking the documents must then make a `` sufficient showing '' that the `` Presidential material '' is `` essential to the justice of the case '' ( 418 U.S. at 713 -- 14 ) . Chief Justice Warren Burger further stated that executive privilege would most effectively apply when the oversight of the executive would impair that branch 's national security concerns . Regarding requests from Congress ( instead of from courts ) for executive branch information , as of a 2014 study by the Congressional Research Service , only two federal court cases had addressed the merits of executive privilege in such a context , and neither of those cases reached the Supreme Court . In addition to which branch of government is requesting the information , another characteristic of executive privilege is whether it involves a `` presidential communications privilege '' or instead a `` deliberative process privilege '' or some other type of privilege . The deliberative process privilege is often considered to be rooted in common law , whereas the presidential communications privilege is often considered to be rooted in separation of powers thus making the deliberative process privilege less difficult to overcome . Generally speaking , presidents , congresses and courts have historically tended to sidestep open confrontations through compromise and mutual deference , in view of previous practice and precedents regarding the exercise of executive privilege . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early precedents 2 Cold War era 3 United States v. Nixon 4 Post-Watergate era 4.1 Reagan administration 4.2 George H.W. Bush administration 4.3 Clinton administration 4.4 George W. Bush administration 4.5 Obama administration 4.5. 1 House investigation of the SEC 4.6 Trump administration 5 See also 6 References Early precedents ( edit ) Deliberative process privilege is a specific instance of the more general principle of executive privilege . It is usually considered to be based upon common law rather than separation of powers , and its history traces back to the English crown privilege ( now known as public - interest immunity ) . In contrast , the presidential communications privilege is another specific instance of executive privilege , usually considered as being based upon separation of powers , and for that reason it is more difficult to overcome than deliberative process privilege . A significant requirement of the presidential communications privilege is that it can only protect communications sent or received by the President or his immediate advisors , whereas the deliberative process privilege may extend further down the chain of command . In the context of privilege assertions by US presidents , law professor Michael Dorf has written : `` In 1796 , President George Washington refused to comply with a request by the House of Representatives for documents related to the negotiation of the then - recently adopted Jay Treaty with the Kingdom of Great Britain . The Senate alone plays a role in the ratification of treaties , Washington reasoned , and therefore the House had no legitimate claim to the material . Therefore , Washington provided the documents to the Senate but not the House . '' President Thomas Jefferson continued the precedent for this in the trial of Aaron Burr for treason in 1809 . Burr asked the court to issue a subpoena duces tecum to compel Jefferson to testify or provide his private letters concerning Burr . Chief Justice John Marshall , a strong proponent of the powers of the federal government but also a political opponent of Jefferson , ruled that the Sixth Amendment to the Constitution , which allows for these sorts of court orders for criminal defendants , did not provide any exception for the president . As for Jefferson 's claim that disclosure of the document would imperil public safety , Marshall held that the court , not the president , would be the judge of that . Jefferson refused to personally testify but provided selected letters . In 1833 , President Andrew Jackson cited executive privilege when Senator Henry Clay demanded he produce documents concerning statements the president made to his cabinet about the removal of federal deposits from the Second Bank of the United States during the Bank War . Cold War era ( edit ) During the period of 1947 -- 49 , several major security cases became known to Congress . There followed a series of investigations , culminating in the famous Hiss - Chambers case of 1948 . At that point , the Truman Administration issued a sweeping secrecy order blocking congressional efforts from FBI and other executive data on security problems . Security files were moved to the White House and Administration officials were banned from testifying before Congress on security related matters . Investigation of the State Department and other cases was stymied and the matter left unresolved . During the Army -- McCarthy hearings in 1954 , Eisenhower used the claim of executive privilege to forbid the `` provision of any data about internal conversations , meetings , or written communication among staffers , with no exception to topics or people . '' Department of Defense employees were also instructed not to testify on any such conversations or produce any such documents or reproductions . This was done to refuse the McCarthy Committee subpoenas of transcripts of monitored telephone calls from Army officials , as well as information on meetings between Eisenhower officials relating to the hearings . This was done in the form of a letter from Eisenhower to the Department of Defense and an accompanying memo from Eisenhower Justice . The reasoning behind the order was that there was a need for `` candid '' exchanges among executive employees in giving `` advice '' to one another . In the end , Eisenhower would invoke the claim 44 times between 1955 and 1960 . United States v. Nixon ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Supreme Court addressed `` executive privilege '' in United States v. Nixon , the 1974 case involving the demand by Watergate special prosecutor Archibald Cox that President Richard Nixon produce the audiotapes of conversations he and his colleagues had in the Oval Office of the White House in connection with criminal charges being brought against members of the Nixon Administration . Nixon invoked the privilege and refused to produce any records . The Supreme Court did not reject the claim of privilege out of hand ; it noted , in fact , `` the valid need for protection of communications between high Government officials and those who advise and assist them in the performance of their manifold duties '' and that `` ( h ) uman experience teaches that those who expect public dissemination of their remarks may well temper candor with a concern for appearances and for their own interests to the detriment of the decisionmaking process . '' This is very similar to the logic that the Court had used in establishing an `` executive immunity '' defense for high office - holders charged with violating citizens ' constitutional rights in the course of performing their duties . The Supreme Court stated : `` To read the Article II powers of the President as providing an absolute privilege as against a subpoena essential to enforcement of criminal statutes on no more than a generalized claim of the public interest in confidentiality of nonmilitary and nondiplomatic discussions would upset the constitutional balance of ' a workable government ' and gravely impair the role of the courts under Article III . '' Because Nixon had asserted only a generalized need for confidentiality , the Court held that the larger public interest in obtaining the truth in the context of a criminal prosecution took precedence . `` Once executive privilege is asserted , coequal branches of the Government are set on a collision course . The Judiciary is forced into the difficult task of balancing the need for information in a judicial proceeding and the Executive 's Article II prerogatives . This inquiry places courts in the awkward position of evaluating the Executive 's claims of confidentiality and autonomy , and pushes to the fore difficult questions of separation of powers and checks and balances . These ' occasion ( s ) for constitutional confrontation between the two branches ' are likely to be avoided whenever possible . United States v. Nixon , supra , at 692 . '' Post-watergate era ( edit ) Reagan administration ( edit ) In November 1982 , President Ronald Reagan signed a directive regarding congressional requests for information . Reagan wrote that if Congress seeks information potentially subject to executive privilege , then executive branch officials should `` request the congressional body to hold its request in abeyance '' until the president decides whether to invoke the privilege . George H.W. Bush administration ( edit ) Prior to becoming Attorney General of the United States in 1991 , Deputy Attorney General William P. Barr issued guidance in 1989 about responding to congressional requests for confidential executive branch information . He wrote : `` Only when the accommodation process fails to resolve a dispute and a subpoena is issued does it become necessary for the president to consider asserting executive privilege '' . Clinton administration ( edit ) The Clinton administration invoked executive privilege on fourteen occasions . In 1998 , President Bill Clinton became the first president since Nixon to assert executive privilege and lose in court , when a federal judge ruled that Clinton aides could be called to testify in the Lewinsky scandal . Later , Clinton exercised a form of negotiated executive privilege when he agreed to testify before the grand jury called by Independent Counsel Kenneth Starr only after negotiating the terms under which he would appear . Declaring that `` absolutely no one is above the law '' , Starr said such a privilege `` must give way '' and evidence `` must be turned over '' to prosecutors if it is relevant to an investigation . George W. Bush administration ( edit ) The Bush administration invoked executive privilege on six occasions . President George W. Bush first asserted executive privilege to deny disclosure of sought details regarding former Attorney General Janet Reno , the scandal involving Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) misuse of organized - crime informants James J. Bulger and Stephen Flemmi in Boston , and Justice Department deliberations about President Bill Clinton 's fundraising tactics , in December 2001 . Bush invoked executive privilege `` in substance '' in refusing to disclose the details of Vice President Dick Cheney 's meetings with energy executives , which was not appealed by the GAO . In a separate Supreme Court decision in 2004 , however , Justice Anthony Kennedy noted `` Executive privilege is an extraordinary assertion of power ' not to be lightly invoked . ' United States v. Reynolds , 345 U.S. 1 , 7 ( 1953 ) . Further , on June 28 , 2007 , Bush invoked executive privilege in response to congressional subpoenas requesting documents from former presidential counsel Harriet Miers and former political director Sara Taylor , citing that : The reason for these distinctions rests upon a bedrock presidential prerogative : for the President to perform his constitutional duties , it is imperative that he receive candid and unfettered advice and that free and open discussions and deliberations occur among his advisors and between those advisors and others within and outside the Executive Branch . On July 9 , 2007 , Bush again invoked executive privilege to block a congressional subpoena requiring the testimonies of Taylor and Miers . Furthermore , White House Counsel Fred F. Fielding refused to comply with a deadline set by the chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee to explain its privilege claim , prove that the president personally invoked it , and provide logs of which documents were being withheld . On July 25 , 2007 , the House Judiciary Committee voted to cite Miers and White House Chief of Staff Joshua Bolten for contempt of Congress . On July 13 , less than a week after claiming executive privilege for Miers and Taylor , Counsel Fielding effectively claimed the privilege once again , this time in relation to documents related to the 2004 death of Army Ranger Pat Tillman . In a letter to the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform , Fielding claimed certain papers relating to discussion of the friendly - fire shooting `` implicate Executive Branch confidentiality interests '' and would therefore not be turned over to the committee . On August 1 , 2007 , Bush invoked the privilege for the fourth time in little over a month , this time rejecting a subpoena for Karl Rove . The subpoena would have required the President 's Senior Advisor to testify before the Senate Judiciary Committee in a probe over fired federal prosecutors . In a letter to Senate Judiciary Chairman Patrick Leahy , Fielding claimed that `` Mr. Rove , as an immediate presidential advisor , is immune from compelled congressional testimony about matters that arose during his tenure and that relate to his official duties in that capacity ... '' Leahy claimed that President Bush was not involved with the employment terminations of U.S. attorneys . Furthermore , he asserted that the president 's executive privilege claims protecting Josh Bolten , and Karl Rove are illegal . The Senator demanded that Bolten , Rove , Sara Taylor , and J. Scott Jennings comply `` immediately '' with their subpoenas , presumably to await a further review of these matters . This development paved the way for a Senate panel vote on whether to advance the citations to the full Senate . `` It is obvious that the reasons given for these firings were contrived as part of a cover - up and that the stonewalling by the White House is part and parcel of that same effort '' , Leahy concluded about these incidents . As of July 17 , 2008 , Rove still claimed executive privilege to avoid a congressional subpoena . Rove 's lawyer wrote that his client is `` constitutionally immune from compelled congressional testimony . '' Obama administration ( edit ) On June 20 , 2012 , President Barack Obama asserted executive privilege , his first , to withhold certain Department of Justice documents related to the ongoing Operation Fast and Furious controversy ahead of a United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform vote to hold Attorney General Eric Holder in Contempt of Congress for refusing to produce the documents . Later the same day , the United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform voted 23 -- 17 along party lines to hold Attorney General Holder in contempt of Congress over not releasing documents regarding Fast and Furious . Executive privilege was also used in a lawsuit stemming from the 2012 implementation of the `` Net Worth Sweep '' against Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac . The Obama administration did not disclose roughly 11,000 documents from the plaintiffs in the discovery process as they related to the reasoning behind the 2012 actions . House investigation of the SEC ( edit ) Leaders of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission testified on February 4 , 2009 before the United States House Committee on Financial Services subcommittee including Linda Chatman Thomsen S.E.C. enforcement director , acting General Counsel Andy Vollmer , Andrew Donohue , Erik Sirri , and Lori Richards and Stephen Luparello of FINRA . The subject of the hearings were on why the SEC had failed to act when Harry Markopolos , a private fraud investigator from Boston alerted the Securities and Exchange Commission ; detailing his persistent and unsuccessful efforts to get the SEC to investigate Bernard Madoff , beginning in 1999 . Vollmer claimed executive privilege in declining to answer some questions . Subcommittee chairman Paul E. Kanjorski asked Mr. Vollmer if he had obtained executive privilege from the U.S. Attorney General . `` No ... this is the position of the agency , '' said Vollmer . `` Did the SEC instruct him not to respond to questions ? '' Mr. Kanjorski asked . Vollmer replied that it was the position of the Commission and that `` the answer is no . '' The SEC announced Vollmer would `` leave the Commission and return to the private sector , '' just 14 days after making the claim . Trump administration ( edit ) While investigating Russian interference in the 2016 election , the Senate Intelligence Committee subpoenaed former FBI Director James Comey to testify . Comey was fired several weeks before being subpoenaed but had appeared before the committee once before in March while still serving as director . Less than a week before the scheduled hearing , it was reported that President Trump was considering invoking executive privilege to prevent Comey 's testimony . According to attorney Page Pate , it seemed unlikely that executive privilege would be applicable here , as Trump had publicly spoken about the encounters in question multiple times . Sarah Huckabee Sanders , a White House spokesman , released a statement on June 5 stating : `` The president 's power to assert executive privilege is very well - established . However , in order to facilitate a swift and thorough examination of the facts sought by the Senate Intelligence Committee , President Trump will not assert executive privilege regarding James Comey 's scheduled testimony . '' Also in June 2017 , other officials in the Trump administration , including Dan Coats and Jeff Sessions , declined to describe in congressional hearings conversations they had with President Trump , on the ground that they wanted Trump to have an opportunity to decide whether to invoke executive privilege . According to Robert S. Litt , former general counsel of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence in the Obama administration , this argument may be legitimate under the presidential communications privilege : ( T ) he privilege belongs to the President , and inferior officers should not take it upon themselves to disclose such communications without express permission from the White House . Certainly that is how these issues were handled in the Obama Administration : when Congress asked an agency for information about presidential communications , as it often did , the agency consulted with the White House to see if there were objections to responding . Democratic members of Congress emphasized that they were not seeking classified information , and strongly objected to the rationale given by the officials of the Trump administration . See also ( edit ) State secrets privilege Attorney -- client privilege References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cox , Archibald . `` Executive Privilege '' , University of Pennsylvania Law Review , Volume 122 , page 1384 ( 1974 ) . Jump up ^ Chief Justice Burger , writing for the majority in US v. Nixon noted : `` Whatever the nature of the privilege of confidentiality of Presidential communications in the exercise of Art . II powers , the privilege can be said to derive from the supremacy of each branch within its own assigned area of constitutional duties . Certain powers and privileges flow from the nature of enumerated powers ; the protection of the confidentiality of Presidential communications has similar constitutional underpinnings . United States v. Nixon , 418 U.S. 683 ( 1974 ) ( Supreme Court opinion at FindLaw ) ^ Jump up to : United States v. Nixon , 418 U.S. 683 ( 1974 ) ( Supreme Court opinion at FindLaw ) ^ Jump up to : Garvey , Todd . Presidential Claims of Executive Privilege : History , Law , Practice , and Recent Developments , Congressional Research Service , p. 1 ( 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Senate Select Comm . on Presidential Campaign Activities v. Nixon , 498 F. 2d 725 ( D.C. Cir. 1974 ) ; Comm . on the Judiciary v. Miers , 558 F. Supp . 2d 53 ( D.D.C. 2008 ) ^ Jump up to : Narayan , S. `` Proper Assertion of the Deliberative Process Principle '' . fordham.edu . p. 6 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dorf , Michael ( February 6 , 2002 ) . `` A Brief History Of Executive Privilege , From George Washington Through Dick Cheney '' . Findlaw . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ David and Jeanne Heidler , Henry Clay : The Essential American ( 2010 ) p. 264 Jump up ^ Blacklisted by History p. 575 Jump up ^ Holding , Reynolds . Time , March 21 , 2007 . Holding , Reynolds ( March 21 , 2007 ) . `` The Executive Privilege Showdown '' . Time . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Savage , Charlie . `` Explaining Executive Privilege and Sessions 's Refusal to Answer Questions '' , New York Times ( June 15 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Reagan , Ronald . `` Procedures Governing Responses to Congressional Requests for Information '' , The White House ( November 4 , 1982 ) . Jump up ^ Barr , William . `` Congressional Requests for Confidential Executive Branch Information '' , U.S. Department of Justice ( June 19 , 1989 ) . Jump up ^ Baker , Peter ; and Schmidt , Susan . `` President is Denied Executive Privilege '' . The Washington Post . July 22 , 1998 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 27 . Washington Post , May 6 , 1998 . Jump up ^ Stolberg , Sheryl Gay ( June 29 , 2007 ) . `` Bush Asserts Executive Privilege on Subpoenas '' . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ Lewis , Neil A. ( 2001 - 12 - 14 ) . `` Bush Claims Executive Privilege in Response to House Inquiry '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` White House refuses to answer subpoenas '' . msn.com . June 28 , 2007 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House inches toward constitutional showdown with contempt vote '' . Politics . CNN . July 25 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` House Judiciary Reports Contempt Citations to the House of Representatives '' ( Press release ) . U.S. House of Representatives Committee on the Judiciary . July 25 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2007 . Retrieved July 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` White House Rebuffs Congress on Tillman Papers '' . Politics . The Seattle Times . August 1 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2008 . Retrieved August 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bush wo n't let aide Rove testify to Congress '' . Politics . Reuters . August 1 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Leahy : Bush not involved in firings '' . Yahoo ! News . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Leahy : Rove , others must comply with subpoenas '' . CNN . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Leahy again orders Karl Rove to appear '' . Bennington Banner . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Leahy again demands U.S. attorney info '' . Earth Times . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Rove ignores committee 's subpoena , refuses to testify '' . CNN . July 10 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Jackson , David ( June 20 , 2012 ) . `` Obama team : ' Fast and Furious ' documents are privileged '' . USA Today . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Savage , Charlie ( June 8 , 2012 ) . `` House Recommends Contempt for Holder '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Madhani and Davis , Aamer and Susan ( June 20 , 2012 ) . `` House panel votes to cite Holder for contempt of Congress '' . USA Today . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Henriques , Diana ( February 4 , 2009 ) . `` Anger and Drama at a House Hearing on Madoff '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Jamieson , Dan ( February 4 , 2009 ) . `` SEC officials dodge questions ; one claims privilege '' . InvestmentNews . Jump up ^ Ahrens , Frank ( February 5 , 2009 ) . `` Lawmakers Sink Teeth Into the SEC : Agency Mocked for Not Catching Madoff '' . The Washington Post . pp. D01 . Jump up ^ `` Acting General Counsel Andrew Vollmer to Leave SEC '' . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission . Feb 18 , 2009 . Retrieved 6 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Error '' . CNN . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trump Reviewing Whether to Block Comey Testimony to Senate '' . June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 -- via www.bloomberg.com . Jump up ^ Pate , Page ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` Trump ca n't stop Comey with executive privilege '' . CNN . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` White House : Trump will not assert executive privilege to block Comey 's testimony '' . POLITICO . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Litt , Robert . `` Some Thoughts on the Coats - Rogers Testimony and Executive Privilege '' , Lawfare ( blog ) ( June 8 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Barrett , Paul . `` Why Trump 's Intel Chiefs Can Stonewall Congress '' , Bloomberg News ( June 8 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Zapotosky , Matt . `` Jeff Sessions finds a shield in executive privilege -- but it might not be a strong one '' , Washington Post ( June 13 , 2017 ) . 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The Book Thief (film)

The Book Thief ( film ) - wikipedia The Book Thief ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Book Thief Theatrical release poster Directed by Brian Percival Produced by Karen Rosenfelt Ken Blancato Screenplay by Michael Petroni Trudy White ( novel ) Based on The Book Thief by Markus Zusak Starring Geoffrey Rush Emily Watson Sophie Nélisse Narrated by Roger Allam Music by John Williams Cinematography Florian Ballhaus Edited by John Wilson Production company Fox 2000 Pictures Sunswept Entertainment Studio Babelsberg TSG Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date October 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 03 ) ( Mill Valley Film Festival ) November 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 27 ) ( United States ) Running time 130 minutes Country United States Germany Language English German Budget $19 million Box office $76.6 million The Book Thief is a 2013 World War II war drama film directed by Brian Percival and starring Geoffrey Rush , Emily Watson , and Sophie Nélisse . The film is based on the 2005 novel The Book Thief by Markus Zusak and adapted by Michael Petroni . The film is about a young girl living with her adoptive German family during the Nazi era . Taught to read by her kind - hearted foster father , the girl begins `` borrowing '' books and sharing them with the Jewish refugee being sheltered by her foster parents in their home . The film features a musical score by Oscar - winning composer John Williams . The Book Thief premiered at the Mill Valley Film Festival on October 3 , 2013 , and was released for general distribution in the United States on November 27 , 2013 . The film received mixed reviews upon its theatrical release with some reviewers praising its `` fresher perspective on the war '' and its focus on the `` consistent thread of humanity '' in the story , with other critics faulting the film 's `` wishful narrative '' . With a budget of $19 million , the film was successful at the box office , earning over $76 million . The Book Thief received Academy Award , Golden Globe and BAFTA nominations for its score . For her performance in the film , Sophie Nélisse won the Hollywood Film Festival Spotlight Award , the Satellite Newcomer Award , and the Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Performance by a Youth in a Lead or Supporting Role -- Female . The film was released on Blu - ray and DVD on March 11 , 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Accolades 7 Home media 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In February 1938 , a voice representing Death tells about how the young Liesel Meminger has piqued her interest . In one of the opening scenes , Liesel is traveling with her mother and younger brother on a train . On the way , her brother dies and is buried next to the tracks . Liesel steals her first book , titled The Grave Digger 's Handbook , when it falls out of the gravedigger 's pocket . Liesel is then brought to her new home in Munich , where she meets her new foster parents Rosa Hubermann and Hans Hubermann . Rudy Steiner , a boy who lives next door , accompanies her on her first day of school . When the teacher asks Liesel to write her name on the chalkboard , she is only able to write three Xs , revealing to her classmates that she is unable to write . She is taunted by her schoolmates who chant `` dummkopf '' ( `` dunce '' ) at her . One of the boys , Franz Deutscher , challenges her to read just one word to which Liesel responds by beating him up . She impresses Rudy , and they become fast friends . When Hans , her foster father , realizes that Liesel can not read , he begins to teach her , using the book that she took from the graveside , and a giant chalkboard . Liesel becomes captivated with reading anything she can . Liesel and Rudy become members of the Hitler Youth movement . While at a Nazi book burning ceremony , Liesel and Rudy are harassed into throwing books onto the bonfire by Franz , but Liesel is upset to see the books being burned . When the bonfire ends and everyone leaves , Liesel is still there and she grabs a book that has been only singed . She is seen by Ilsa Hermann , wife of the burgermeister ( mayor ) . When Rosa asks Liesel to take the laundry to the mayor 's spacious , gated house , she realizes that the woman who saw her taking the book is the mayor 's wife . Instead , Ilsa takes her into their library and tells Liesel she can come by anytime and read as much as she 'd like . One day Liesel is found reading by the mayor who not only puts a stop to her visits but dismisses Rosa as their laundress . During Kristallnacht , Max Vandenburg and his mother , who are Jewish , are told by a friend that only one of them can escape , and Max 's mother forces him to go . Max 's father had saved Hans ' life in World War I , and hence he goes to the Hubermanns ' house where Rosa and Hans give him shelter . Max initially stays in Liesel 's room while recovering from his trip , and they begin to become friends over their mutual hatred of Hitler . World War II begins , initially making most of the children in Liesel 's neighborhood very happy . Max is moved to the basement so that he can move around more , but it is cold and Max becomes dangerously ill . Liesel helps Max recover by reading to him books `` borrowed '' from the mayor 's library with every spare moment . One day while `` borrowing '' a book from the mayor 's home , Liesel is followed by Rudy . He discovers the secret of Max , whose name he reads on a journal Max gave to Liesel for Christmas . Rudy guesses that her family is hiding someone , and he swears to never tell anyone . Franz overhears Rudy 's last words of keeping it a secret and violently pushes Rudy to reveal the secret . Rudy throws the journal into the river to keep it away from Franz . After Franz leaves , Rudy plunges into the icy river to rescue the journal , and Liesel realizes that she can truly trust him . Soon , a local party member comes by to check the Hubermanns ' basement , and they have to hide Max . While working , Hans sees a neighbor and friend named Lehman being taken away by the police because he is a Jew . Hans tries to intervene , telling the officer that Lehman is a good man , but Hans 's name is taken by the soldiers and he is thrown to the ground . Hans realizes what a mistake he has made , since this has made his family visible . He tells the family , and Max realises he must leave in order to protect them . Hans then receives a telegram that he has been conscripted into the army and must leave immediately . On the way home from school , Liesel believes she has seen Max in a line of Jews being forcibly marched through town , and she begins screaming his name , running through the line . She is thrown to the sidewalk twice by German soldiers and finally relents when Rosa picks her up and takes her home . Hans returns home after being injured , and the family is reunited only for a short time . One night the city is bombed by accident , and the air raid sirens fail to go off . Hans , Rosa , and Rudy 's family are killed in the blast . Liesel was spared from the bombing because she fell asleep in the basement while writing in the journal given to her by Max . She sees her foster family on the ground , dead , she cries and hugs them . Neighbors bring Rudy out of his house , barely alive . He begins to tell Liesel that he loves her , but he dies before he can finish the sentence . During this scene , Death is heard speaking again about how he received the souls of the dead . Liesel passes out , and one of the soldiers carries her to a stretcher . When she wakes up , she sees a book among the rubble and picks it up . She then sees the mayor and Ilsa drive up . With Ilsa being the only friend she has left , Liesel runs up to her and hugs her . Two years later , after Germany has fallen to the Allies , Liesel is working in the tailor shop owned by Rudy 's father . Max enters . Overjoyed by his survival and return , she runs to hug him . The final scene is Death speaking again about Liesel 's life and her death at the age of 90 , mentioning her husband , children , and grandchildren , as we look over her modern day Manhattan Upper East Side apartment with pictures of her past and a portrait of her , upon which the camera lingers . The narrator does not state whom she married but implies that she became a writer . Cast ( edit ) Left to right : book author Markus Zusak , stars Geoffrey Rush and Sophie Nélisse , director Brian Percival , interviewed about The Book Thief by Selig Film News in 2013 . Geoffrey Rush as Hans Hubermann , Liesel 's kind - hearted foster father Sophie Nélisse as Liesel Meminger , the titular `` book thief '' Emily Watson as Rosa Hubermann , Liesel 's bad - tempered foster mother Nico Liersch as Rudy Steiner , Liesel 's best friend and love interest Ben Schnetzer as Max Vanderburg Heike Makatsch as Liesel 's mother Barbara Auer as Ilsa Hermann , the burgermeister 's ( mayor 's ) wife Roger Allam as Death , the film 's narrator Sandra Nedeleff as Sarah Hildegard Schroedter as Frau Becker Rafael Gareisen as Walter Kugler , Max 's best friend Gotthard Lange as the gravedigger Godehard Giese as the policeman on the train Oliver Stokowski as Alex Steiner , Rudy 's father Levin Liam as Franz Deutscher , bully and leader of Rudy 's Hitler Youth squad Carina Wiese as Barbara Steiner , Rudy 's mother Production ( edit ) A search for an actress to play the eponymous book thief , Liesel Meminger , occurred across the world . On February 4 , 2013 , it was announced that Canadian actress Sophie Nélisse was cast in the role and that Australian actor Geoffrey Rush and English actress Emily Watson would be playing Meminger 's foster parents . Principal photography began in early March 2013 at Babelsberg Studio in Potsdam - Babelsberg , Germany . The first trailer was released on August 21 , with the Bastille song `` Haunt '' as the music . Markus Zusak , Australian author of the best - selling , award - winning book on which the film is based , confirmed on his blog that the film would be narrated by the character of `` Death '' , as was the novel . After some speculation that Death might be voiced by the anonymous American actor who was used in the official trailer , it was announced that English actor Roger Allam of Game of Thrones would portray Death in the film . Soundtrack ( edit ) The music for the film was composed by John Williams , and the soundtrack album containing the score was released by Sony Classical . The album was released in the United States on November 19 , 2013 . It was nominated for an Oscar , BAFTA and Golden Globe for Best Original Score . It won Best Instrumental Album at the 57th Grammy Awards . The Book Thief marked the first time since 2005 that Williams has scored a film not directed by Steven Spielberg . Release ( edit ) Originally scheduled for January 17 , 2014 , The Book Thief 's limited theatrical release was moved forward to November 8 , 2013 , due to the fact that it was finished ahead of schedule and in order to compete in the 2013 -- 14 award season . It premiered at the Mill Valley Film Festival on October 3 , 2013 , and was screened at the Savannah Film Festival on October 29 , 2013 . It expanded to a wide release on November 27 , 2013 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The Book Thief received mixed reviews from critics . Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 46 % , based on 134 reviews , with an average score of 5.6 / 10 . The site 's consensus states , `` A bit too safe in its handling of its Nazi Germany setting , The Book Thief counters its constraints with a respectful tone and strong performances . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 53 out of 100 , based on 31 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . In her review for the New Empress Magazine , Mairéad Roche praised the film for providing a `` fresher perspective on the war '' through the experiences of ordinary Germans who lived through the Nazi era . In addition to the `` Oscar - baiting beautiful '' cinematography and John Williams 's film score that contribute to the film 's emotional appeal , Roche singled out the performance of young Sophie Nélisse as Liesel that `` matches the well - measured and seemingly effortless efforts of both Rush and Watson '' . Roche concluded , The Book Thief weaves a consistent thread of humanity through its narrative via the commonality of Death , storytelling and the concept of free will . The disturbing sight of children in Hitler Youth uniforms and Allied blanket bombing , when shown through the innocence of a child , humanises the German generation just living their lives without the hindsight of history . A blurring of vision due to tears is to be expected , but that effect is delivered with respect and dignity to the audience . In his review following the Mill Valley Film Festival , Dennis Harvey at Variety magazine wrote , `` Rush generously provides the movie 's primary warmth and humor ; Watson is pitch - perfect as a seemingly humorless scold with a well - buried soft side . '' Harvey also praised the film 's cinematography and film score , noting that `` impeccable design contributions are highlighted by Florian Ballhaus ' ( s ) somber but handsome widescreen lensing and an excellent score by John Williams that reps his first feature work for a director other than Steven Spielberg in years . '' In her review for `` MSN UK '' , Emma Roberts gave the film 5 out of 5 stars , stating , With incredible acting , a gripping story and fantastic direction , `` The Book Thief '' is a heart - warming yet chilling tale , which will nestle in your mind long after the credits finish rolling . Stephanie Merry of The Washington Post was less impressed with the film , giving it two and half out of four stars . Merry felt that the film `` has its moments of brilliance , thanks in large part to an adept cast '' but that the film ultimately shows the difficulties of bringing a successful novel to the screen . In his review for the Los Angeles Times , Robert Abele was also unimpressed , describing the film as `` just another tasteful , staid Hollywoodization of terribleness , in which a catastrophic time acts as a convenient backdrop for a wishful narrative rather than the springboard for an honest one '' . Accolades ( edit ) Award Nominee Result AACTA International Awards Best Supporting Actor Geoffrey Rush Nominated Academy Awards Best Original Score John Williams Nominated British Academy Film Awards Best Film Music Nominated Critics ' Choice Movie Awards Best Young Actor / Actress Sophie Nélisse Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Original Score John Williams Nominated Grammy Awards Best Instrumental Composition John Williams Won Hollywood Film Awards Spotlight Sophie Nélisse Won Phoenix Film Critics Society Best Performance by a Youth in a Lead or Supporting Role -- Female Won Satellite Awards Best Supporting Actress Emily Watson Nominated Best Original Score John Williams Nominated Newcomer Sophie Nélisse Won Young Artist Awards Best Leading Young Actress in a Feature Film Won Home Media ( edit ) The Book Thief was released on Blu - ray and DVD on March 11 , 2014 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` John Williams to Score ' The Book Thief ' '' . Film Music Reporter. 6 August 2013 . Retrieved 6 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Book Thief ( 12A ) '' . 20th Century Fox . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Book Thief '' . The Numbers . January 5 , 2014 . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Book Thief '' . Box Office Mojo . February 6 , 2014 . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Roche , Mairéad ( February 28 , 2014 ) . `` In Review : The Book Thief '' . New Empress Magazine . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Abele , Robert ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Review : ' The Book Thief ' robs the truth from an evil time '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Book Thief ( 2013 ) : Releases '' . AllMovie . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( February 4 , 2013 ) . `` Geoffrey Rush and Emily Watson to Star in ' The Book Thief ' Movie ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roxborough , Scott ( March 11 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Book Thief ' Begins Shooting in Germany '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ `` FIRST BOOK THIEF TRAILER : the Girl , the books & ... - THE CITY AT OUR FEET ... '' THE CITY AT OUR FEET ... Jump up ^ `` ' The Book Thief ' Soundtrack Details - Film Music Reporter '' . filmmusicreporter.com . Jump up ^ `` The Book Thief '' . rottentomatoes.com . November 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Book Thief '' . Metacritic . ^ Jump up to : Harvey , Dennis ( October 4 , 2013 ) . `` Film Review : ' The Book Thief ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Merry , Stephanie ( November 14 , 2013 ) . `` ' Book Thief ' movie review '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kemp , Stuart ( 13 December 2013 ) . `` ' American Hustle ' Dominates Australian Academy 's International Award Noms '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees for the 86th Academy Awards '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . January 16 , 2014 . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Simon ; Harris , Jamie ( January 8 , 2014 ) . `` BAFTA Film Awards 2014 -- nominations in full '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes Nominations : The Full List '' . Variety . January 11 , 2014 . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 35th Annual Young Artist Awards '' . Young Artist Awards . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Book Thief ( film ) Official website The Book Thief on IMDb The Book Thief at the TCM Movie Database The Book Thief at AllMovie ( hide ) Films directed by Brian Percival Pleasureland ( 2003 ) The Ruby in the Smoke ( 2006 ) The Old Curiosity Shop ( 2007 ) Gracie ! ( 2009 ) A Boy Called Dad ( 2009 ) The Book Thief ( 2013 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Book_Thief_(film)&oldid=834303184 '' Categories : 2013 films 2010s drama films American films American drama films English - language films Films about children Films about death Films about families Films about Nazi Germany Films about orphans Films set in the 1930s Films set in the 1940s Films set in Germany Films set in New York City Films shot in Germany Films shot in Brandenburg German films German drama films Holocaust films Babelsberg Studio films 20th Century Fox films Personifications of death in fiction Films scored by John Williams Nazis in fiction Works about censorship Works about reading Films based on Australian novels Films produced by Karen Rosenfelt Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 00 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who wrote the book thief soon to appear as a film

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Sign of the Times (The Belle Stars song)

Sign of the Times ( the Belle Stars song ) - wikipedia Sign of the Times ( the Belle Stars song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Sign of the Times '' Single by The Belle Stars from the album The Belle Stars B - side `` Madness '' Released December 30 , 1982 Format 7 `` , 12 '' Recorded 1982 Genre New Wave Length 2 : 56 5 : 50 ( Extended Remix ) Label Stiff Songwriter ( s ) Lesley Shone , Jennie Matthias , Miranda Joyce , Sarah - Jane Owen , Judy Parsons , Stella Barker , Clare Hirst Producer ( s ) Peter Collins The Belle Stars singles chronology `` Mockingbird '' ( 1982 ) `` Sign of the Times '' ( 1982 ) `` Sweet Memory '' ( 1983 ) `` Mockingbird '' ( 1982 ) `` Sign Of The Times '' ( 1983 ) `` Sweet Memory '' ( 1983 ) `` Sign of the Times '' is a song by English pop / new wave band The Belle Stars , released as the lead single from the band 's only self - titled studio album . The single was the fourth single from their only album , and their seventh single overall . `` Sign of the Times '' was the band 's first single that was an original song since 1981 's `` Another Latin Love Song '' . Its lyrics describe the band explaining how they feel their lover is unfaithful of their love , hence the lyric `` You say you love me , but want success . '' The single was the band 's first to make it into the top 10 , reaching # 3 in the charts . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Music video 3 References 4 External links Background ( edit ) In 1982 , The Belle Stars released three covers `` Iko Iko '' , by The Dixie Cups , `` The Clapping Song '' , by Shirley Ellis & `` Mockingbird '' , by Inez & Charlie Foxx . Dave Robinson at Stiff Records , the band 's record company , suggested that the band did covers to attract audiences , and then after three covers write their own song and it would be a hit . This happened to be true when the band released Sign Of The Times , which was likely because of the band 's backup covers . Sign of the Times turned out to be the band 's only top ten hit , although their next single , `` Sweet Memory '' , reached the top 30 . Music video ( edit ) The music video for the song was produced by Pete Collins . It features Stella Barker talking while staring in mid-air , and then shows Jennie Matthias popping out from below and singing . The video then centres on the band in an abandoned nightclub , wearing tuxedos and snapping their fingers . During the lyric `` you give me nothing more than a shove '' , the band members perform the sign language gesture for `` shove '' . This motion is shown throughout the rest of the video . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Belle Stars , The - Sign Of The Times ( Remixed Extended 12 '' Version ) . '' Rate Your Music . Web . 25 Jan. 2015 . External links ( edit ) of the Times - lyrics - the - belle - stars -. html Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics This article may contain improper references to self - published sources . Please help improve it by removing references to unreliable sources , where they are used inappropriately . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sign_of_the_Times_(The_Belle_Stars_song)&oldid=797719921 '' Categories : 1982 singles 1982 songs Stiff Records singles Song recordings produced by Peter Collins ( record producer ) Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Articles lacking reliable references from January 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2017 , at 20 : 06 . About Wikipedia

who sings its a sign of the times

5230012814809056448

Illinois Attorney General election, 2018

Illinois Attorney General election , 2018 - Wikipedia Illinois Attorney General election , 2018 hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article is missing information about the background context of the election , any content at all about the general election , and the date ( s ) of the primaries ... Please expand the article to include this information . Further details may exist on the talk page . ( March 2018 ) This article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject . Please help improve the article with a good introductory style . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : The lack of information causes article to read more like a list . Please help improve this article if you can . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Illinois Attorney General election , 2018 ← 2014 November 6 , 2018 2022 → Nominee Kwame Raoul Erika Harold Bubba Harsy Party Democratic Republican Libertarian Incumbent Attorney General Lisa Madigan Democratic Elections in Illinois Federal government ( show ) Presidential elections 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 U.S. Senate elections 1885 1966 1972 1978 1980 1984 1986 1990 1992 1998 2002 2008 2014 2016 U.S. House elections 2000 1st 2002 2006 6th 8th 10th 11th 19th 2008 17th 2012 2014 2016 2018 Special elections 2nd district , 1995 14th district , 2008 5th district , 2009 2nd district , 2013 18th district , 2015 State government ( show ) Gubernatorial elections 1818 1822 1826 1830 1834 1838 1842 1846 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1978 1982 1986 1990 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 State Senate elections 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 State House of Representatives elections 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 General elections 2006 2014 2018 City of Chicago ( show ) Mayoral elections 1927 1931 1977 1979 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 Aldermanic elections 1929 2015 City of Peoria ( show ) Mayoral elections 2001 2005 2009 2013 Council elections 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 The 2018 Illinois Attorney General election will take place on November 6 , 2018 , to elect the Attorney General of Illinois . Incumbent Democratic Attorney General Lisa Madigan , who has served since 2003 , is not running for re-election to a fifth term . Contents 1 Democratic primary 1.1 Candidates 1.1. 1 Declared 1.1. 2 Declined 1.2 Endorsements 1.3 Polling 1.4 Results 2 Republican primary 2.1 Candidates 2.1. 1 Declared 2.1. 2 Declined 2.2 Endorsements 2.3 Polling 2.4 Results 3 Third party and independents 3.1 Candidates 3.1. 1 Declared 3.1. 2 Potential 4 General election 4.1 Endorsements 4.2 Polling 4.3 Results 5 References 6 External links Democratic primary ( edit ) Democratic candidates listed on a blank primary ballot Candidates ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Scott Drury , member of the Illinois House of Representatives . Sharon Fairley , chief administrator of the Chicago Civilian Office of Police Accountability . Aaron Goldstein , Democratic Committeeman from Chicago 's 33rd ward and former defense attorney for Rod Blagojevich . Renato Mariotti , former federal prosecutor , television legal analyst and commentator . Pat Quinn , former Governor and Lieutenant Governor of Illinois . Kwame Raoul , member of the Illinois Senate . Nancy Rotering , Mayor of Highland Park , Illinois . Jesse Ruiz , Chicago Park District President . Declined ( edit ) Jennifer Burke , former member of the Illinois Pollution Control Board . Sarah Burke , attorney and director of external affairs at Northwestern Memorial Hospital Gery Chico , former chairman of the Illinois State Board of Education . Tom Dart , Cook County Sheriff and nominee for State Treasurer in 2002 Zach Fardon , former United States Attorney for the Northern District of Illinois Kim Foxx , Cook County State 's Attorney . Jack D. Franks , Chairman of the McHenry County Board . James Glasgow , Will County State 's Attorney Mike Hastings , member of the Illinois Senate . David Hoffman , former federal prosecutor , former Chicago Inspector General and candidate for U.S. Senate in 2010 Dan Hynes , former Illinois Comptroller , candidate for U.S. Senate in 2004 and candidate for Governor in 2010 Lori Lightfoot , President of the Chicago Police Board Mike McRaith , former Director of the Federal Insurance Office Elaine Nekritz , Assistant Majority Leader in the Illinois House of Representatives . Andrew Schapiro , former United States Ambassador to the Czech Republic Ira Silverstein , Majority Caucus Chair in the Illinois Senate . Mariyana Spyropoulos , President of the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District Chris Welch , State Representative Ann Williams , State Representative . Andrea Zopp , Deputy Mayor of Chicago and candidate for U.S. Senate in 2016 . Endorsements ( edit ) show Aaron Goldstein Organizations 39th Ward Democrats Northside Democracy for America Illinois Progressive Network Kane County Progressives show Scott Drury Individuals Rob Warden , founder of the Center on Wrongful Convictions Newspapers The News - Gazette show Sharon Fairley Organizations American Women 's Party Illinois National Organization for Women ( dual - endorsement of both Fairley and Rotering ) Newspapers Chicago Sun - Times Chicago Tribune Daily Herald The Dispatch -- Argus Rockford Register Star Journal Star The State Journal - Register show Renato Mariotti U.S. Government Officials Andy Slavitt former Acting Administrator of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services . Athletes Greg Louganis , Olympic gold Medalist diver Entertainers Tara Strong , Voice actress from The Fairly Oddparents . Kirk Acevedo , Actor from the HBO series Oz . Aimee Mann , Rock singer - songwriter . Bill Prady , Executive producer for The Big Bang Theory . Melissa Jo Peltier , American film and TV producer . Writers Kimberley Johnson , Huffington Post contributor . show Pat Quinn Organizations AMVOTE show Kwame Raoul U.S. Senators Former Senator Roland Burris U.S. Representatives Congressman Danny K. Davis of Illinois 's 7th congressional district Congresswoman Robin Kelly of Illinois 's 2nd congressional district Congressman Bobby Rush of Illinois 's 1st congressional district Statewide Officials Mike Frerichs - State Treasurer State Senators Dave Koehler Local officials Ameya Pawar - Chicago Alderman Organizations 47th Ward Democratic Organization AFFI - IAFF AFL -- CIO Chicago Teachers Union Cook County Democratic Party Illinois Federation of Teachers Illinois Education Association Independent Voters of Illinois - Independent Precinct Organization Kankakee County Democrats Madison County Democratic Party Service Employees International Union Illinois Council St. Clair County Democratic Central Committee show Nancy Rotering U.S. Senators Former Senator Adlai Stevenson III U.S. Representatives Congresswoman Cheri Bustos ( D ) of Illinois 's 17th congressional district . Congresswoman Jan Schakowsky ( D ) of Illinois 's 9th congressional district . Lt. Governors Former Lt. Governor Sheila Simon of Illinois State Representatives Former Representative Lauren Beth Gash Former Representative Daniel M. Pierce Local officials Amelia Buragas - Bloomington , Illinois alderman Eamon Kelley - Evanston Democratic Comitteeman Jackie Traynere - Will County Board Member Pamela Davidson - Knox County Board Member ( District 3 ) and Knox County Chairwoman Organizations Council for a Livable World Illinois National Organization for Women ( dual - endorsement of both Rotering and Fairley ) National Women 's Political Caucus show Jesse Ruiz U.S. Executive Branch officials Newton N. Minow , 13th Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission ( 1961 - 1963 ) . Penny Pritzker , 38th United States Secretary of Commerce ( 2013 - 2017 ) . U.S. Representatives Congressman Luis Gutierrez State Representatives Lisa Hernandez - Illinois State Representative Kathleen Willis - Illinois State Representative Local officials George Cardenas - Chicago Alderman Ricardo Muñoz - Chicago Alderman Daniel Solis - Chicago Alderman Individuals Laura Ricketts , businesswoman and co-owner of the Chicago Cubs . John Rowe , businessman and former CEO of Exelon . show Declined to Endorse in Primary Organizations Democrats of Northfield Township Democratic Party of Evanston New Trier Democrats show Endorsed All Organizations Personal PAC Polling ( edit ) Poll source Dates administered Sample size Margin of error Kwame Raoul Pat Quinn Nancy Rotering Jesse Ruiz Renato Mariotti Sharon Fairley Aaron Goldstein Scott Drury Other Undecided Victory Research March 13 -- 16 , 2018 1,204 ± 2.8 % 24 % 26 % 6 % 4 % 3 % 8 % 4 % 10 % -- 16 % Capitol Fax / We Ask America March 7 -- 8 , 2018 1,029 ± 3.06 % 15 % 23 % 6 % 3 % 3 % 3 % 2 % 3 % -- 43 % Southern Illinois University February 19 -- 25 , 2018 472 ± 4.5 % 22 % 18 % 5 % 4 % 3 % 3 % 3 % 2 % 1 % 39 % Results ( edit ) Results by county : Raoul -- 40 -- 50 % Raoul -- < 40 % Quinn -- < 40 % Quinn -- 40 -- 50 % Quinn -- 50 -- 60 % Quinn -- 60 -- 70 % Rotering -- < 40 % Democratic primary results Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Kwame Raoul 374,667 30.2 Democratic Pat Quinn 340,163 27.4 Democratic Sharon Fairley 156,070 12.6 Democratic Nancy Rotering 115,974 9.3 Democratic Scott Drury 98,246 7.9 Democratic Jesse Ruiz 67,706 5.5 Democratic Renato Mariotti 49,891 4.0 Democratic Aaron Goldstein 37,987 3.1 Total votes 1,159,701 100 Republican primary ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Gary Grasso , DuPage County Board member and former mayor of Burr Ridge , Illinois . Erika Harold , attorney , former Miss America and candidate for IL - 13 in 2014 Declined ( edit ) Jason Barickman , State Senator Daniel Cronin , Chairman of the DuPage County Board Tom Cross , former Minority Leader of the Illinois House of Representatives and nominee for State Treasurer in 2014 Kirk Dillard , former State Senator and candidate for Governor in 2010 and 2014 Jim Durkin , Minority Leader of the Illinois House of Representatives Joseph McMahon , Kane County State 's Attorney . Endorsements ( edit ) show Erika Harold U.S. Representatives Congressman Mike Bost ( R - Murphysboro ) of Illinois 's 12th congressional district Congressman Rodney Davis ( R - Taylorville ) of Illinois 's 13th congressional district Congressman Randy Hultgren ( R - Winfield ) of Illinois 's 14th congressional district Congressman Adam Kinzinger ( R - Channahon ) of Illinois 's 16th congressional district Congressman Darin LaHood ( R - Dunlap ) of Illinois 's 18th congressional district Congressman John Shimkus ( R - Collinsville ) of Illinois 's 15th congressional district Illinois State Senators Republican Caucus Chair Pam Althoff ( R - McHenry ) Senator Jason Barickman ( R - Bloomington ) Senator Tim Bivins ( R - Dixon ) Senator Dale Fowler ( R - Harrisburg ) Senator Kyle McCarter ( R - Lebanon ) Republican Caucus Whip Karen McConnaughay ( R - St. Charles ) Senator Jim Oberweis ( R - Sugar Grove ) Assistant Republican Leader Sue Rezin ( R - Morris ) Senator Dale Righter ( R - Mattoon ) Assistant Republican Leader Chapin Rose ( R - Champaign ) Deputy Republican Leader Dave Syverson ( R - Rockford ) Senator Jil Tracy ( R - Mount Sterling ) Senator Chuck Weaver ( R - Peoria ) Illinois State Representatives Representative Mark Batinick ( R - Plainfield ) Deputy Republican Leader Patricia Bellock ( R - Hinsdale ) Representative Tom Bennett ( R - Gibson City ) Representative Avery Bourne ( R - Raymond ) Representative Terri Bryant ( R - Murphysboro ) Representative Tim Butler ( R - Springfield ) Representative John Cavaletto ( R - Salem ) Representative C.D. Davidsmeyer ( R - Jacksonville ) House Republican Leader Jim Durkin ( R - Western Springs ) Representative Randy Frese ( R - Quincy ) Representative Brad Halbrook ( R - Shelbyville ) Assistant Republican Leader Chad Hays ( R - Catlin ) Assistant Republican Leader Norine Hammond ( R - Emmet Township ) Representative Jeanne Ives ( R - Wheaton ) Assistant Republican Leader Michael McAuliffe ( R - Chicago ) Representative Tony McCombie ( R - Savanna ) Representative Margo McDermed ( R - Mokena ) Representative Charles Meier ( R - Okawville ) Representative Tom Morrison ( R - Palatine ) Representative Lindsay Parkhurst ( R - Kankakee ) Representative Robert Pritchard ( R - Hinckley ) Representative Steve Reick ( R - Woodstock ) Assistant Republican Leader David Reis ( R - Effingham ) Representative Nick Sauer ( R - Lake Barrington ) Representative Dave Severin ( R - Benton ) Representative Allen Skillicorn ( R - East Dundee ) Representative Joe Sosnowski ( R - Rockford ) Representative Ryan Spain ( R - Peoria ) Representative Dan Swanson ( R - Woodhull ) Representative Grant Wehrli ( R - Naperville ) Representative Barbara Wheeler ( R - Crystal Lake ) Representative Keith R. Wheeler ( R - Oswego ) Local Officeholders Kane County State 's Attorney Joseph McMahon Organizations Maggie 's List Newspapers Chicago Tribune Chicago Sun - Times Daily Herald Journal Star The News - Gazette The State Journal - Register Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Erika Harold Gary Grasso Undecided Southern Illinois University February 19 -- 25 , 2018 259 ± 6.0 % 18 % 14 % 65 % Results ( edit ) Results by county : Harold -- 80 -- 90 % Harold -- 70 -- 80 % Harold -- 60 -- 70 % Harold -- 50 -- 60 % Tie Grasso -- 50 -- 60 % Republican primary results Party Candidate Votes % Republican Erika Harold 378,707 59.2 Republican Gary Grasso 261,509 40.8 Total votes 620,028 100 Third party and independents ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Bubba Harsy ( Libertarian ) Potential ( edit ) Tyson Manker , attorney , Iraq War veteran and candidate for Morgan County State 's Attorney in 2016 General election ( edit ) Endorsements ( edit ) show Kwame Raoul ( D ) Former U.S. Executive Branch officials Barack Obama , 44th President of the United States show Erika Harold ( R ) Organizations National Federation of Independent Business Illinois Chamber of Commerce Newspapers The News - Gazette Chicago Tribune Dispatch - Argus Rockford Register Star Journal Star Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Kwame Raoul ( D ) Erika Harold ( R ) Bubba Harsy ( L ) Undecided Victory Research September 27 -- October 2 , 2018 1,208 ± 2.8 % 44 % 33 % 5 % 18 % Southern Illinois University September 24 -- 29 , 2018 715 ± 3.7 % 36 % 26 % -- 39 % Research America Inc . September 5 -- 13 , 2018 1,024 ± 3.1 % 43 % 32 % 4 % 21 % We Ask America June 9 -- 11 , 2018 600 ± 4.0 % 44 % 35 % -- 21 % Results ( edit ) Illinois Attorney General election , 2018 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Kwame Raoul Republican Erika Harold Libertarian Bubba Harsy Total votes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pearson , Rick ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` Boxed in by father , Lisa Madigan seeks fifth term as Illinois attorney general '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sfondeles , Tina ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Scott Drury to run for attorney general -- Tom Dart , Ann Williams not '' . Chicago Sun Times . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Korecki , Natasha ; East , Kristen ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` AG candidate announces on MSNBC , website crashes -- ' Bump Stock ' ban fails -- UIUC 's record gift '' . Politico . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Korecki , Natasha ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` Nekrtiz Out of A.G. Race '' . Illinois Playbook . Arlington , Virginia : Politico . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Rich ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Pat Quinn to run for attorney general '' . Capitol Fax . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Korecki , Natasha ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` Candidates line up for AG spot -- Mendoza confronts ' Quarters ' Boyle -- 15 % of lawmakers to exit '' . POLITICO . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Rich ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Penny Pritzker , Laura Ricketts , others co-chair Ruiz campaign finance committee '' . Capitol Fax . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Spielman , Fran ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` Berrios : Ald . Burke 's daughter may run for Illinois attorney general '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spielman , Fran ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Sarah Burke decides not to run for attorney general '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sfondeles , Tina ; Spielman , Fran ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` General question : Who 'll aim to fill AG Lisa Madigan 's powerful seat ? '' . Chicago Sun Times . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Rich ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Dart wo n't run for AG '' . Capitol Fax . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Rich ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` Foxx wo n't run for AG , Drury may '' . Capitol Fax . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Komenda , Ed ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` McHenry County Board Chairman Jack Franks says he wo n't run for Illinois attorney general '' . Northwest Herald . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Rich ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` Hastings circulating petitions for SoS and AG as Ald . Burnett declares he 's not circulating '' . Capitol Fax . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Rich ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Burke wo n't say which daughter wants to run for AG as Dan Hynes mulls a bid '' . Capitol Fax . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Rich ( October 7 , 2017 ) . `` McRaith ponders AG bid as field continues to grow '' . Capitol Fax . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ahern , Mary Ann ; Bremer , Shelby ( September 23 , 2017 ) . `` Who 's Running for Illinois Attorney General , Who 's Not and Who Might Be '' . NBC Chicago . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Rich ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` MWRD President Spyropoulos interested in AG '' . Capitol Fax . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Endorsements of Aaron Goldstein for Attorney General '' . YouTube . 17 February 2018 . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Goldstein Earns Glowing Endorsement for Illinois Attorney General from Northside Democracy for America '' . WENY. 19 January 2018 . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ News , Kurman ( 23 January 2018 ) . `` Progressives of Kane County endorse Aaron Goldstein for Illinois Attorney General '' . Aurora Beacon - News . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ @ Drury4IL ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` i '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Editorial For the Democrats : Scott Drury '' . www.news-gazette.com . The News - Gazette . February 27 , 2018 . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sharon Fairley '' . www.ballotready.org . Ballot Ready . n.d . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 Illinois NOW PAC Endorsements '' . www.ilnow.org . Illinois National Organization for Women . March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ahern , Mary Ann ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` Sharon Fairley Gets Attorney General Endorsements From Chicago Sun - Times , Chicago Tribune '' . www.nbcchicago.com . WMAQ - TV . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Endorsement : Our Democratic choice for Illinois attorney general : Sharon Fairley '' . www.chicagotribune.com . Chicago Tribune . February 23 , 2018 . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Endorsement : Fairley for Democratic nomination for state attorney general '' . www.dailyherald.com . Daily Herald . March 3 , 2018 . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Editorial : Democrat for Illinois Attorney General : Fairley '' . www.qconline.com . Rock Island Dispatch - Argus . March 12 , 2018 . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Star , The Editorial Board Rockford Register . `` Our View : Fairley for Democratic nomination for attorney general '' . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Endorsement : Sharon Fairley for attorney general , Democrats '' . www.pjstar.com . Journal Star . March 6 , 2018 . March 14 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` Our View : Sharon Fairley for Democratic attorney general race '' . www.sj-r.com . The State Journal - Register . March 8 , 2018 . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . twitter.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Greg Louganis '' . facebook.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . twitter.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . twitter.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . twitter.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . twitter.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . twitter.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . twitter.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AMVOTE PAC Endorses Pat Quinn for Illinois Attorney General '' . www.amvote.org . AMVOTE . January 30 , 2018 . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FORMER ATTORNEY GENERAL ROLAND BURRIS ENDORSES KWAME RAOUL '' . www.kwameraoul.com . Kwame for Attorney General . February 14 , 2018 . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Democratic state Sen. Kwame Raoul running for attorney general '' . www.herald-review.com . Herald - Review . Associated Press . September 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rep. Robin Kelly Endorses Sen. Kwame Raoul For Attorney General '' . www.patch.com . Patch . December 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` RUSH ENDORSES RAOUL 'S CANDIDACY FOR ILLINOIS ATTORNEY GENERAL '' . www.kwameraoul.com . Kwame for Attorney General . February 14 , 2018 . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Raoul , in town for Frerichs ' endorsement : ' It 's time to refresh leadership ' '' . www.news-gazette.com . News - Gazette . March 14 , 2018 . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sen. Koehler Backs Kwame Raoul for Illinois AG '' . www.kwameraoul.com . Kwame for Attorney General . November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` RAOUL ANNOUNCES ENDORSEMENT BY 47TH WARD ALD . PAWAR '' . www.kwameraoul.com . Kwame for Attorney General . March 8 , 2018 . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kwame Raoul '' . www.ballotready.org . Ballot Ready . n.d . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Esposito , Stefano ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` Sen. Kwame Raoul picks up another key endorsement in AG race '' . www.chicago.sungtimes.com . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Rick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Cook County Dems endorse state Sen. Raoul over former Gov. Quinn , others for AG '' . www.chicagotribune.com . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IFT 2018 ILLINOIS PRIMARY ELECTION ENDORSEMENTS '' . www.aft.org . Illinois Federation of Teachers . n.d . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Your Voter Guide '' . www.ieanea.org . Illinois Education Association . n.d . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Endorsed Candidates for the 2018 Primary Election '' . www.ivipo.org . Independent Voters of Illinois - Independent Precinct Organization . n.d . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Primary Endorsements '' . www.kankakeedemocrats.com . Kankakee County Democrats . n.d . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Just Call Me ' Kwame ' : An Interview with Attorney General Candidate Raoul '' . chicagodefender.com . Chicago Defender . February 3 , 2018 . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SEIU Illinois Council Endorses Sen. Kwame Raoul for Attorney General in Hotly - Contested Race ; `` He Will Fight for Us . '' `` . www.seiuhcilin.org . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bustos , Joseph ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` Local Democratic leaders make their pick for attorney general '' . www.bnd.com . Belleview News - Democrat . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nancy Rotering '' . m.facebook.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rep. Cheri Bustos Endorses Nancy Rotering For Attorney General '' . www.patch.com . Patch . December 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rep. Schakowsky Endorses Mayor Rotering In Attorney General Race '' . www.patch.com . Patch . December 14 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nancy Rotering '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nancy Rotering '' . m.facebook.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nancy Rotering '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nancy Rotering '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nancy Rotering '' . m.facebook.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nancy Rotering '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nancy Rotering '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nancy Rotering 's Political Summery '' . www.votesmart.org . VoteSmart . n.d . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rep. Gutierrez endorses Jesse Ruiz in IL Attorney General race '' . www.tristatehomepage.com . Tristate Homepage . November 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jesse Ruiz '' . www.ballotready.org . Ballot Ready . n.d . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Primary Endorsements '' . northfielddems.org . Democrats of Northfield Township . January 30 , 2018 . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Endorsement Meeting Results '' . www.evanstondems.com . Evanston Democrats . n.d . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Trier Dems ' Endorsements For The March 2018 Democratic Primary '' . www.ntdo.org . New Trier Democrats . January 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brill , Community Contributor Richard . `` New Trier Democrats Endorse Biss , Preckwinkle , Kaegi , Pappas , Suffredin and Gong - Gershowitz '' . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Goldstein '' . www.ballotready.org . Ballot Ready . n.d . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nancy Rotering '' . www.ballotready.org . Ballot Ready . n.d . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Scott Drury '' . www.ballotready.org . Ballot Ready . n.d . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pat Quinn '' . www.ballotready.org . Ballot Ready . n.d . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Renato Mariotti '' . www.ballotready.org . Ballot Ready . n.d . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rauner faces war on two fronts as Republican challenger Ives attacks '' , Chicago Tribune , December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Rick ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Former Miss America mounts Republican bid against Democratic AG Lisa Madigan '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Maxwell , Mark ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Could Harold draw a primary opponent ? '' . WCIA . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Rich ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Roskam the lone congressional holdout in Harold endorsement '' . Capitol Fax . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Rich ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` McMahon wo n't challenge Harold in GOP AG primary '' . Capitol Fax . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Rich ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` Harold unveils long list of legislator endorsements '' . Capitol Fax . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Maggie 's List Endorses Erika Harold for Attorney General of Illinois '' . Maggie 's List . September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Endorsement : Our Republican choice for Illinois attorney general : Erika Harold '' . www.chicagotribune.com . Chicago Tribune . February 23 , 2018 . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ENDORSEMENT : Erika Harold for attorney general in the Republican primary '' . chicago.suntimes.com . Chicago Sun - Times . March 3 , 2018 . Retrieved April 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Endorsement : Harold for Illinois attorney general in Republican primary '' . www.dailyherald.com . Daily Herald . March 3 , 2018 . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Endorsement : Erika Harold for attorney general , GOP '' . www.pjstar.com . Journal Star . March 6 , 2018 . April 14 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` For the Republicans : Erika Harold '' . www.news-gazette.com . The News - Gazette . February 27 , 2018 . Retrieved April 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Our View : Erika Harold for GOP attorney general race '' . www.sj-r.com . The State Journal - Register . March 8 , 2018 . Retrieved April 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Vote Bubba Harsy '' . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kraft , John ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` Tyson Manker announces exploratory committee for Illinois Attorney General '' . Edgar County Watchdogs . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schnitker , Blake . `` Manker talks about considering run for Illinois Attorney General '' . WLDS News . Jump up ^ Draper , Nick . `` Manker explores attorney general campaign '' . Journal Courier . Jump up ^ Barack Obama ( @ BarackObama ) ( August 1 , 2018 ) . `` Today I 'm proud to endorse such a wide and impressive array of Democratic candidates -- leaders as diverse , patriotic , and big - hearted as the America they 're running to represent : '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 1 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Small Business Endorses Erika Harold for Attorney General '' . September 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Illinois Chamber . `` Our next Attorney General will have an enormous impact on our state 's economic future . @ ErikaHarold has what it takes to instill confidence and certainty to the business community . Vote @ ErikaHarold for Attorney General # twill # ILAG '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Backing Susana Mendoza , Erika Harold in November '' . The News - Gazette . October 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Editorial Board ( October 12 , 2018 ) . `` Endorsement : To combat corruption , choose Erika Harold for attorney general '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ `` Editorial : For Illinois Attorney General : Harold '' . Dispatch - Argus . October 21 , 2018 . Retrieved October 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Our View : Serious about ending corruption ? Vote for Erika Harold '' . Rockford Register Star . October 20 , 2018 . Retrieved October 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Endorsement : Illinois attorney general '' . Journal Star . October 25 , 2018 . Retrieved October 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ 4 % none External links ( edit ) Official campaign websites Erika Harold ( R ) for Attorney General Bubba Harsy ( L ) for Attorney General Kwame Raoul ( D ) for Attorney General ( 2017 ← ) 2018 United States elections ( → 2019 ) U.S. Senate Arizona California Connecticut Delaware Florida Hawaii Indiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota special Mississippi special Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Jersey New Mexico New York North Dakota Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming U.S. House Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona 8th , special Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan 13th , special Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York 25th , special North Carolina North Dakota Northern Mariana Islands Ohio 12th , special Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania 18th , special 7th and 15th , special Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas 27th , special Utah Vermont Virginia U.S. Virgin Islands Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Governors Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Iowa Kansas Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Mexico New York Northern Mariana Islands Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas U.S. Virgin Islands Vermont Wisconsin Wyoming Mayoral Nashville ( special ) Newark Newport News Phoenix ( special ) San Francisco ( special ) Washington , D.C. States and territories Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas U.S. Virgin Islands Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Illinois_Attorney_General_election,_2018&oldid=866404414 '' Categories : Illinois elections , 2018 State attorney general elections in the United States Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2018 Use American English from March 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles to be expanded from March 2018 Wikipedia articles needing context from March 2018 All Wikipedia articles needing context Wikipedia introduction cleanup from March 2018 All pages needing cleanup Articles needing cleanup from March 2018 Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from March 2018 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from March 2018 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 03 : 20 ( UTC ) . 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United States federal judge

United States federal judge - wikipedia United States federal judge This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Kavanaugh Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government United States portal Other countries Atlas In the United States , the title of federal judge means a judge ( pursuant to Article Three of the United States Constitution ) appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the United States Senate pursuant to the Appointments Clause in Article II of the United States Constitution . In addition to the Supreme Court of the United States , whose existence and some aspects of whose jurisdiction are beyond the constitutional power of Congress to alter , Congress has established 13 courts of appeals ( also called `` circuit courts '' ) with appellate jurisdiction over different regions of the United States , and 94 United States district courts . Every judge appointed to such a court may be categorized as a federal judge ; such positions include the Chief Justice and Associate Justices of the Supreme Court , Circuit Judges of the courts of appeals , and district judges of the United States district courts . All of these judges described thus far are referred to sometimes as `` Article III judges '' because they exercise the judicial power vested in the judicial branch of the federal government by Article III of the U.S. Constitution . In addition , judges of the Court of International Trade exercise judicial power pursuant to Article III . Other judges serving in the federal courts , including magistrate judges and bankruptcy judges , are also sometimes referred to as `` federal judges '' ; however , they are neither appointed by the President nor confirmed by the Senate , and their power derives from Article I instead . See Article I and Article III tribunals . Contents 1 Powers and duties 2 Tenure and salary 3 Duty station 4 Discipline 5 Retirement 6 Number of judges 7 Non-Article III judges 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Powers and duties ( edit ) The primary function of the federal judges is to resolve matters brought before the United States federal courts . Most federal courts in the United States are courts of general jurisdiction , meaning that they hear both civil and criminal cases falling within their jurisdiction . District Court judges are recognized as having such authority as is needed to dispose of matters brought before them , ranging from setting the dates for trials and hearings to holding parties in contempt or otherwise sanctioning them for improper behavior . Tenure and salary ( edit ) `` Article III federal judges '' ( as opposed to judges of some courts with special jurisdictions ) serve `` during good behavior '' ( often paraphrased as appointed `` for life '' ) . Judges hold their seats until they resign , die , or are removed from office . Although the legal orthodoxy is that judges can not be removed from office except by impeachment by the House of Representatives followed by conviction by the Senate , several legal scholars , including William Rehnquist , Saikrishna Prakash , and Steven D. Smith , have argued that the Good Behaviour Clause may , in theory , permit removal by way of a writ of scire facias filed before a federal court , without resort to impeachment . Since the impeachment process requires a trial by the United States Senate , and since the constitutional provision concerning federal judges ' tenure can not be changed without the ratifications of three - fourths of the states , federal judges have perhaps the best job security available in the United States . Moreover , the Constitution forbids Congress to diminish a federal judge 's salary . Twentieth - century experience suggests that Congress is generally unwilling to take time out of its busy schedule to impeach and try a federal judge until , after criminal conviction , he or she is already in prison and still drawing a salary , which can not otherwise be taken away ( see Nixon v. United States , a key Supreme Court case about Congress 's discretion in impeaching and trying federal judges ) . As of 2018 , federal district judges are paid $208,000 a year , circuit judges $220,600 , Associate Justices of the Supreme Court $255,300 and the Chief Justice of the United States $267,000 . All were permitted to earn a maximum of an additional $21,000 a year for teaching . Chief Justice John Roberts has repeatedly pleaded for an increase in judicial pay , calling the situation `` a constitutional crisis that threatens to undermine the strength and independence of the federal judiciary '' . The problem is that the most talented associates at the largest U.S. law firms with judicial clerkship experience ( in other words , the attorneys most qualified to become the next generation of federal judges ) already earn as much as a federal judge in their first year as full - time associates . Thus , when those attorneys eventually become experienced partners and reach the stage in life where one would normally consider switching to public service , their interest in joining the judiciary is tempered by the prospect of a giant pay cut back to what they were making 10 to 20 years earlier ( adjusted for inflation ) . One way for attorneys to soften the financial blow is to spend only a few years on the bench and then return to private practice or go into private arbitration , but such turnover creates a risk of a revolving door judiciary subject to regulatory capture . Thus , Chief Justice Roberts has warned that `` judges are no longer drawn primarily from among the best lawyers in the practicing bar '' and `` If judicial appointment ceases to be the capstone of a distinguished career and instead becomes a stepping stone to a lucrative position in private practice , the Framers ' goal of a truly independent judiciary will be placed in serious jeopardy . '' Duty station ( edit ) Each federal judge serves at a particular `` duty station '' for the duration of his or her federal service . This is important because of the relationship among several federal statutes . First , 28 U.S.C. § 456 ( a ) entitles federal judges to reimbursement of transportation and `` subsistence '' expenses incurred while transacting official business away from their duty stations . Section 456 also prescribes that the District of Columbia is the duty station of all members of the U.S. Supreme Court , the D.C. Circuit , the Federal Circuit , and the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia . Second , there are several reasons for why a federal judge would need to transact official business outside of their regular courthouse . 28 U.S.C. § § 291 and 292 authorize a broad variety of temporary reassignments of circuit and district judges , both horizontally ( i.e. , to other circuits or districts ) and vertically ( so that a district judge can hear appeals and a circuit judge can try cases ) . Many federal judges serve on administrative panels like the judicial council for their circuit or the Judicial Conference of the United States . Some of the larger circuit courts like the Ninth Circuit hold regular sessions at multiple locations , and randomly select three - judge panels to hear appeals from all sitting circuit judges regardless of duty station . ( Videoconferencing is sometimes now used to reduce the burden of frequent travel on circuit judges . ) Discipline ( edit ) The discipline process of federal judges is initiated by the filing of a complaint by any person alleging that a judge has engaged in conduct `` prejudicial to the effective and expeditious administration of the business of the courts , or alleging that such judge is unable to discharge all the duties of the office by reason of mental or physical disability . '' If the chief judge of the circuit does not dismiss the complaint or conclude the proceedings , then he or she must promptly appoint himself or herself , along with equal numbers of circuit judges and district judges , to a special committee to investigate the facts and allegations in the complaint . The committee must conduct such investigation as it finds necessary and then expeditiously file a comprehensive written report of its investigation with the judicial council of the circuit involved . Upon receipt of such a report , the judicial council of the circuit involved may conduct any additional investigation it deems necessary , and it may dismiss the complaint . If a judge who is the subject of a complaint holds his or her office during good behavior , action taken by the judicial council may include certifying disability of the judge . The judicial council may also , in its discretion , refer any complaint under 28 U.S.C. § 351 , along with the record of any associated proceedings and its recommendations for appropriate action , to the Judicial Conference of the United States . The Judicial Conference may exercise its authority under the judicial discipline provisions as a conference , or through a standing committee appointed by the Chief Justice . Retirement ( edit ) Once a judge meets age and service requirements he or she may retire and will then earn his or her final salary for the remainder of his or her life , plus cost of living increases . The `` Rule of 80 '' is the commonly used shorthand for the age and service requirement for a judge to retire , or assume senior status , as set forth in Title 28 of the U.S. Code , section 371 ( c ) . Beginning at age 65 , a judge may retire at his or her current salary , or take senior status , after performing 15 years of active service as an Article III judge ( 65 + 15 = 80 ) . A sliding scale of increasing age and decreasing service ( 66 + 14 , 67 + 13 , 68 + 12 , 69 + 11 ) results in eligibility for retirement compensation at age 70 with a minimum of 10 years of service ( 70 + 10 = 80 ) . Under section 376 a survivor 's annuity to benefit the widow , widower or minor child of the judge may be purchased via a deduction of 2.2 % to 3.5 % from the retirement benefit . Number of judges ( edit ) There are currently 870 authorized Article III judgeships : nine on the Supreme Court , 179 on the courts of appeals , 673 for the district courts and nine on the Court of International Trade . The total number of active federal judges is constantly in flux , for two reasons . First , judges retire or die , and a lapse of time occurs before new judges are appointed to fill those positions . Second , from time to time Congress will increase ( or , less frequently , decrease ) the number of federal judgeships in a particular judicial district , usually in response to shifting population numbers or a changing workload in that district . Although the number of Supreme Court justices has remained the same for well over a century , the number of court of appeals judges has more than doubled since 1950 , and the number of district court judges has increased more than three-fold in that period . As of May 2012 , a total of 3,294 individuals had been appointed to federal judgeships , including 2,758 district court judges , 714 courts of appeals judges , 95 judges to the now - extinct circuit courts , and 112 Supreme Court justices . This adds up to 3,679 total appointments ; a substantial number of appellate judges ( including Supreme Court justices ) had previously served on the lower court bench . Non-Article III judges ( edit ) Unlike the judges of Article III courts , non-Article III judges are appointed for specified terms of office . Examples include United States magistrate judges and judges of the United States bankruptcy courts , United States Tax Court , United States Court of Federal Claims , and United States territorial courts . Although the term `` non-Article III judges '' is used to describe the absence of tenure and salary protection , bankruptcy courts are formally designated as divisions of U.S. District Courts , whose district judges are Article III judicial officers . Moreover , in Freytag v. Commissioner , 501 U.S. 868 ( 1991 ) , the Supreme Court concluded that the judges of the U.S. Tax Court ( and their special trial judges ) exercise a portion of `` the judicial power of the United States . '' See also ( edit ) Federal judicial appointment history List of United States federal judges by longevity of service References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Saikrishna Prakash & Steven D. Smith , `` How To Remove a Federal Judge '' Archived 2012 - 04 - 15 at the Wayback Machine. , 116 Yale L.J. 72 ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ `` Judicial Salaries Since 1968 '' ( PDF ) . uscourts.gov . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : John Roberts . `` 2006 Year - End Report on the Federal Judiciary '' ( PDF ) . supremecourt.us . Jump up ^ Debra Cassens Weiss , `` Scalia Denies Abortion Views Influenced by Religion , Calls His GPS Opinion ' Defendant Friendly ' '' , ABA Journal , 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 351 ( a ) . See generally 28 U.S.C. ch. 16 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 354 ( a ) ( 1 ) Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 71 Jump up ^ `` FAQs on Federal Judges '' . uscourts.gov . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 371 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 376 Jump up ^ Authorized Judgeships ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts . p. 8 . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Chronological History of Authorized Judgeships - Courts of Appeals '' . United States Courts . Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Chronological History of Authorized Judgeships - District Courts '' . United States Courts . Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Federal Judicial Center . This article incorporates public domain material from the Congressional Research Service document `` Judicial Discipline Process : An Overview '' . Retrieved on 14 August 2014 . External links ( edit ) Judicial Financial Disclosure Reports United States presidents and the federal judiciary Supreme Court candidates and nomination results All Supreme Court nominations Wilson Harding Coolidge Hoover F. D. Roosevelt Truman Eisenhower Kennedy L. B. Johnson Nixon Ford Carter Reagan G. H. W. Bush Clinton G. W. Bush Obama Trump All presidential judicial appointments Judicial appointment history for United States federal courts Washington J. Adams Jefferson Madison Monroe J. Q. Adams Jackson Van Buren Tyler Polk Taylor Fillmore Pierce Buchanan Lincoln A. Johnson Grant Hayes Garfield Arthur Cleveland ( I ) B. Harrison Cleveland ( II ) McKinley T. Roosevelt Taft Wilson Harding Coolidge Hoover F. D. Roosevelt Truman Eisenhower Kennedy L. B. Johnson Nixon Ford Carter Reagan G. H. W. Bush Clinton G. W. Bush Obama Trump Appointment controversies L. B. Johnson Nixon Ford Carter Reagan G. H. W. Bush Clinton G. W. Bush Obama Trump List of Presidents of the United States by judicial appointments Supreme Court demographics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_federal_judge&oldid=859855731 '' Categories : United States federal judges Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from June 2018 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Congressional Research Service Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Polski Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2018 , at 18 : 58 ( UTC ) . 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how many federal district court judges are there in the united states

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Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor

Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor - wikipedia Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Shadows of Mordor . Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Developer ( s ) Monolith Productions Publisher ( s ) Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment Director ( s ) Michael de Plater Producer ( s ) Michael Forgey Designer ( s ) Bob Roberts Chris Hoge Artist ( s ) Phil Straub Writer ( s ) Christian Cantamessa Composer ( s ) Garry Schyman Nathan Grigg Series Middle - earth Engine LithTech Platform ( s ) Linux Microsoft Windows OS X PlayStation 3 PlayStation 4 Xbox 360 Xbox One Release September 30 , 2014 ( show ) Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One NA : September 30 , 2014 EU : October 3 , 2014 AU : October 8 , 2014 JP : December 25 , 2014 PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 NA : November 18 , 2014 EU : November 21 , 2014 AU : November 26 , 2014 JP : March 5 , 2015 Linux , OS X July 30 , 2015 Genre ( s ) Action - adventure Mode ( s ) Single - player Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor is an open world action - adventure video game developed by Monolith Productions and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment . The game was released for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One in September 2014 and PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in November 2014 . It is the second game set on Middle - earth to be rated Mature by the ESRB , after The Lord of the Rings : War in the North . An original non-canon story set in the legendarium created by J.R.R. Tolkien , the game takes place between the events of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings . The player controls Talion , a Ranger who bonds with the wraith of the Elf Lord Celebrimbor , as the two set out to avenge the deaths of their loved ones . Players can engage in melee combat , and use wraith abilities to fight and manipulate enemies . The game introduces the Nemesis System , which allows the artificial intelligence of non-playable characters to remember the deaths of the game 's protagonist and react accordingly . The game 's development began in 2011 . In order to create an accurate environment and be consistent with Tolkien 's books , the developers consulted many people from Warner Brothers , as well as Peter Jackson , director of the Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit film trilogies . They also received assistance from Weta Workshop , who advised on the special effects . Monolith focused on the development of the PC , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One versions , while the development of the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions was outsourced to Behaviour Interactive . Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor received critical acclaim upon release . Most praise was directed at its combat , open - world design , and the Nemesis System . Some criticism was aimed at the game 's story and boss battles . Shadow of Mordor marked the biggest launch for a game based upon Tolkien 's universe , and would go on to win several awards from video gaming publications , including Game of the Year in 2015 . The game was supported by downloadable content upon release . A sequel , Middle - earth : Shadow of War , was released in October 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 1.1 Nemesis system 2 Synopsis 2.1 Setting 2.2 Plot 3 Development 4 Reception 4.1 Critical reception 4.2 Sales 4.3 Controversy 5 Awards 6 Sequel 7 References 8 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor is a third - person open world action - adventure video game , where the player controls a ranger by the name of Talion who seeks revenge on the forces of Sauron after his family , consisting of his wife and son , are killed by those that lead them . Players can travel across locations in the game through parkour , riding monsters , or accessing Forge Towers , which serve as fast travel points . Though Talion is mortally felled in the game 's introduction , the wraith of the Elven Lord Celebrimbor is able to use his power to keep Talion alive , along with gifting him wraith - like abilities to exact his revenge . Missions in the game feature main story missions that follow Talion 's quest for revenge , side missions that involve following Gollum as to find artifacts that are tied to Celebrimbor 's past , missions to free the human slaves that have been captured by the Uruk armies and forced to work for Sauron , and additional quests to help forge new abilities for Talion 's sword , bow , and dagger . The player also has the freedom to pursue side quests and roam around Mordor , with special activities to collect specific flora or to hunt certain creatures , or to find old artifacts or Elvish seals . Completing quests earns the player a number of rewards : experience points that are used to unlock new abilities for the player from both Talion 's ranger and Celebrimbor 's wraith skills , a Power value that allows the player to access more powerful abilities to unlock , and an in - game currency called `` Mirian '' that the player can use to improve Talion 's health , wraith skill capacity , or forge new slots on his weapons to add additional runes ( as described in the Nemesis System below ) . In completing missions , the player can have Talion engage in melee , ranged combat , and stealth approaches , with some missions rewarding the player more for completing the mission in a specific manner . Talion 's ranger abilities are enhanced through Celebrimbor , allowing the player to mix combat with special focus - based attacks ; these latter attacks can be used to slow time down while aiming with the bow , drain focus out of an enemy foe , or , later in the game , brand the foe to become an ally of Talion . The combat system uses an attack - chain system that enables the player to perform special moves after building the chain to a large enough value , such as instantly draining a foe of focus or performing an area focus attack . With the combat system , they can also counter and dodge attacks . Stealth is a critical element in some missions ; several areas are considered Strongholds and should Talion 's presence be discovered , an alarm will sound and more Uruks will arrive to try to kill him . Nemesis system ( edit ) Gameplay screenshot of Middle - Earth : Shadow of Mordor showcasing the nemesis system A core feature of Shadow of Mordor is the Nemesis system . The game can track any Uruk ( A `` nastier orc , '' the general antagonists of the game ) that the player comes into contact with . While there are `` generic '' Uruk for the player to fight en masse , and will be as cannon fodder as part of Sauron 's armies , the game will begin tracking Uruk that perform any notable talents within the game , such as killing the player , or surviving an encounter with the player . These Uruk will be promoted into captains . Defeating these leaders will help to weaken Sauron 's army , and these leaders will drop a rune which the player can install on Talion 's weapons to provide additional buffs in battle . Alternatively , being killed by a leader will cause the current mission to be cancelled and the player returned to a safe point to continue exploring , and the leader will gain additional power , making him more difficult to defeat in the next encounter . If the procedurally generated Orcs survive an encounter with Talion , they will also be promoted . Further , such deaths are tracked through online servers , and the player 's friends on the various network services will be notified of this death and be offered the chance to accept a Vendetta mission , and exact revenge on the Uruk . If the mission is successful the game will give rewards to both the original player and the victorious friend . The leader Uruk will have a range of strengths and weaknesses , the latter that can be exploited in combat to quickly weaken and defeat the leader . The player can gain knowledge of these through finding intelligence mostly by draining and interrogating marked Uruks for this . Being able to exploit such weaknesses in defeating the leader will gain a better quality rune and more experience points in this manner . Once the player gains the ability to brand Uruks , they can brand these leaders and convert portions of Sauron 's army to their side . At this point , the player can use the Nemesis system to trigger infighting within the Uruk forces which they can then directly participate in , helping to weaken the army further . Uruks that survive their encounter with Talion will remember this when Talion combats them again ; for example , an Uruk who was thrown into a fire by Talion might want revenge on him for being disfigured . Synopsis ( edit ) Setting ( edit ) The game takes place in the 60 - year gap between the events of Tolkien 's The Hobbit and The Lord of The Rings . The family of Talion ( voiced and motion captured by Troy Baker ) , a ranger of Gondor responsible for guarding the Black Gate of Mordor , is killed by the armies of Sauron , but Talion is revived with `` wraith - like abilities '' and heads into Mordor to exact his revenge . Mordor is not yet a barren wasteland in this story . The player will encounter Gollum ( voiced by Liam O'Brien ) . Talion discovers that the wraith who revived him is Celebrimbor ( voiced by Alastair Duncan ) , the greatest Elven smith master of the Second Age , who also seeks revenge against Sauron . Plot ( edit ) Talion , a captain of Gondor , serves within a garrison stationed at the Black Gate of Mordor . The garrison is attacked by Sauron 's Orc forces led by three Black Númenórean captains : the Hammer of Sauron ( John DiMaggio ) , the Tower of Sauron ( JB Blanc ) , and their leader , the Black Hand of Sauron ( Nolan North ) . Talion , his wife Ioreth ( Laura Bailey ) , and his adult son , Dirhael , are captured and ritually sacrificed by the Black Hand in an attempt to summon into himself the wraith of the Elf Lord Celebrimbor . However , Celebrimbor ( who suffers from amnesia due to his centuries as a wraith ) instead merges with Talion , preventing him from dying alongside his family . Talion and Celebrimbor then depart to both uncover Celebrimbor 's identity -- increasing his / their power -- and avenge the death of Talion 's family . Over the course of their travels , Talion and Celebrimbor encounter Gollum multiple times , who is wandering Mordor in search of his `` Precious '' ( The One Ring ) . Gollum possesses the ability to see and speak with Celebrimbor due to his prior contact with the One Ring , and pledges to serve the `` Bright Master '' . Hoping that Celebrimbor might lead him to the One Ring , Gollum leads Celebrimbor to relics of his past , each of which restore parts of his lost memories . Celebrimbor gradually recalls how Sauron , disguised as Annatar , the Lord of Gifts , deceived him into forging the Rings of Power . Celebrimbor ultimately assisted Sauron in forging the One Ring , but was able to steal it from him . Celebrimbor proclaimed himself the Bright Lord of Mordor and raised an army of Orcs against Sauron . However , the Ring ultimately betrayed Celebrimbor and returned to Sauron . A victorious Sauron then punished Celebrimbor by executing his wife and daughter ( whom Sauron had taken hostage to force Celebrimbor to aid him ) before finally killing him with his own smithing hammer . In his search for the Black Hand , Talion allies himself with Hirgon , a ranger deserter who leads a community of Gondorian outcasts choosing to settle in Mordor , and Ratbag the Coward ( Phil LaMarr ) , an Orc who offers to bring Talion closer to the Black Hand in exchange for his assistance in climbing Mordor 's military hierarchy . Talion helps Ratbag ascend the ranks to the level of warchief by killing each of his immediate superiors , finally becoming Warchief himself . Talion then goes after the other Warchiefs in Udun , weakening Sauron 's forces in that area . Soon enough , Hirgon has a plan to draw out the Black Captains . Using acquired grog and blasting powder , Talion helps the Outcasts destroy a statue dedicated to Sauron . Instead of the Black Hand answering the `` message '' , the Hammer of Sauron is sent , punishing Ratbag for not answering his duties to kill the ranger . Talion and The Hammer then face off , with packs of Uruk joining the fight , but after a savage battle , Talion manages to kill The Hammer . Talion is then sought out by the warrior Lithariel , the daughter of Queen Marwen ( Claudia Black ) , who claims to be able to assist Celebrimbor with his mission . Marwen is the ruler of Núrn , a kingdom of sea raiders located in the south of Mordor . She uses her powers to guide Talion and Celebrimbor to another of Celebrimbor 's relics . Talion also gets help from a Dwarf hunter named Torvin , teaching Talion the ways of the hunt to dominate Caragors and Graugs ( beasts native to Mordor ) , eventually fighting a massive Graug from Torvin 's past who killed Torvin 's hunting partner , later revealed to be his brother . Later , Marwen advises them to use Celebrimbor 's powers to take control of an army of orcs and other beasts , using them to lead an assault against Sauron . Talion eventually realizes that the wizard Saruman is possessing Marwen , and assists Lithariel in freeing her from his control . Talion , however , still carries out Saruman 's plan , leading an army of mind - controlled orcs in an assault against the Black Hand 's stronghold at Ered Glamhoth . However , rather than the Black Hand , Talion finds the Tower of Sauron waiting for him . The Tower mockingly taunts Talion that Celebrimbor chose him as a host and can free him at any time and offers the elf a place at Sauron 's side . Refusing the offer , the two battle and Talion emerges victorious after viciously stabbing the Tower to death with his son 's sword . Afterwards , Celebrimbor confesses that the Tower told the truth and promises to let Talion join his family in death if he wishes , once the Black Hand is slain . Talion then travels to the Black Gate for a final confrontation with the Black Hand . The Black Hand quickly incapacitates him with a spell that also restores the last of Celebrimbor 's memories . He then kills himself as part of a ritual that forces Celebrimbor to depart from Talion and merge with himself . This allows Sauron to possess the Black Hand 's body and incarnate in physical form . However , Celebrimbor is able to briefly paralyze Sauron from within , allowing Talion to destroy Sauron 's physical form . With the Black Hand dead , Celebrimbor wishes to depart for Valinor . Talion instead convinces him to stay and attempt to overthrow Sauron . Gazing at Mount Doom , Talion declares his intention to forge a new Ring of Power . Development ( edit ) Development of Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor , which took about three years , began in late 2011 . The game 's lead developer was Monolith Productions , who had experience on a Middle - earth game with Guardians of Middle - earth ( a multiplayer online battle arena game released in 2012 ) . According to design director Michael de Plater , Shadow of Mordor was developed in parallel with Guardians of Middle - earth but handled by a separate team . It was published by Warner Bros. , who had published the Batman : Arkham game series . The game was designed by de Plater , who had worked with Creative Assembly on Rome : Total War and Ubisoft on Tom Clancy 's EndWar and Tom Clancy 's Ghost Recon : Future Soldier . Shadow of Mordor was Monolith 's first third - person open world video game for the eighth generation consoles PlayStation 4 and Xbox One , and de Plater considered its development an educational experience for the studio . In Monolith 's introduction to the genre , many core mechanics were built from scratch and the studio were inspired by successful video games such as the Batman : Arkham series created by Rocksteady Studios ; those games inspired Shadow of Mordor 's stealth and free - flow combat mechanics . The studio considered Rocksteady 's games good examples of how to handle a licensed title . ( Sports games ) are designed that if there 's a failure through the mid-season you do n't rewind to the last save and start playing again from that point , as much as you potentially wish you could . -- Michael de Plater , creative director of Monolith Productions The game 's signature feature is its Nemesis system . The Monolith team considered themselves experts in artificial intelligence , and wanted to push its boundaries . Allowing players to choose their story ( a sandbox - game pillar ) and `` leverage the new generation hardware through innovation '' , the team wanted to create a system allowing non-playable characters to respond to player actions ; this later became the Nemesis system . The system 's idea was frameworked three months after development began , and to best present it everyone in the studio was involved . The developers hoped that with the system , orcs could be memorable for players . It was made more complex during the game 's early development , incorporating personal relationships among orcs , but was later pared down when the studio considered it too complicated . The Nemesis system was also inspired by pen - and - paper role - playing games . Although most orcs are similar , some were designed with distinctive behavior patterns . These orcs have dialogue written by Dan Abnett , and the team hoped the special orcs would surprise players . The team also hoped that the system would provide tension and competition , similar to a multiplayer game . The studio was inspired by sports games , where the narrative continues when players lose a match . This can prevent immersion and narrative from breaking when players die in the game . According to Rob Roberts , the system is designed so players can emotionally attach to the protagonist through gameplay drama . They also hoped that through the system , players can create their own villain , leading to an organic story . Shadow of Mordor bridges the gap between The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings , with the team wanting to show iconic elements of the universe in an original way . The team had to draw notes on Tolkien 's notes and appendices to ensure that their vision for the game would not change the franchise 's timeline . Although the game 's environment is inspired by the books and films , several places ( such as Udûn and the Sea of Nurnen ) were re-imagined . Art director Phil Straub considered consistency with the lore and presenting `` something visually new '' and realistic the most important elements of creating the game , and the team did not incorporate many fantasy elements in its world . To depict volcanic activity , the studio sent a team to Eastern Washington and the Columbia River plateau to photograph a volcano ; to create other parts of the game environment , they studied photos of Iceland and New Zealand and yellow stone found worldwide . Since Shadow of Mordor is set before The Lord of the Rings , its landscape is less post-apocalyptic ; environments also vary by weather , lighting and atmosphere . The game has a standalone plot . Early in development the team consulted Peter Jackson , director of The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit film trilogies , who advised them against a film tie - in . According to de Plater , the story is character - driven to be `` authentic '' relative to Tolkien 's themes . The game was written by Christian Cantamessa , who was lead writer and lead designer for Rockstar San Diego 's Red Dead Redemption . According to Roberts , the story is designed for accessibility by all players ( regardless of their familiarity with the franchise ) by creating natural interactions and believable relationships among the characters . Its protagonist is Talion , a half - human , half - wraith inspired by Boromir . Although Torvin was originally proposed as a playable character , the idea was scrapped , as the team wanted the game to have a single protagonist , like The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings . The wraith is later revealed as Celebrimbor , creator of the Rings of Power . The development team picked Celebrimbor because they considered his backstory sufficiently interesting to expand the canon 's authenticity , allowing the team to write a story around power ( a major theme of the game ) . Another important component was Mordor 's tone . The team created a dark atmosphere with humor , reflected in dialogue and voice acting . This was handled by Dan Abnett , who previously worked on books related to Warhammer 's `` dark and gritty '' universe . The team hired David Salo , a linguist who worked on the Tolkien 's languages for the Lord of the Rings film trilogy , to develop the Orcs ' Black Speech . The game 's narrative was also inspired by BioShock , which according to de Plater , has successfully incorporated systemic stories with players ' choices . To prevent inaccuracies , Monolith consulted several Tolkien scholars from Warner Bros. and collaborated with Weta Workshop ( Jackson 's design company ) on the game 's special effects and scenery . To depict well - known characters the company partnered with Middle - earth Enterprises , the franchise - rights holder , to prevent misuse and contradiction between the game 's story and Tolkien 's . Monolith focused on developing the game 's PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions , with development of the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions outsourced to Behaviour Interactive . Although the game 's core gameplay mechanics , story and narrative are unchanged in the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 ports , some features ( such as the Nemesis system ) are less complex than the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions . According to the game 's developer , the Nemesis system was too large for older consoles . Waterphones were used during the game 's soundtrack development . The music for Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor was composed by Garry Schyman and Nathan Grigg , and a soundtrack album was released digitally by WaterTower Music on September 30 , 2014 . In designing the game 's music , the team used a number of sonic tools which synchronize with other aspects of the game ( such as player actions and enemy movements ) ; combat music included waterphones and spring drums . In August 2013 an artist mentioned that Monolith Productions was working on a AAA title separate from Guardians of Middle - earth , and on November 12 its title was announced . Although the game was originally scheduled for release on October 7 , 2014 , according to Warner Bros. its release was moved up to September 30 in North America and October 3 in the United Kingdom due to `` fans ' excitement '' . The PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions were released on November 18 in North America and November 21 in Europe . On December 16 , 2014 , the downloadable content ( DLC ) Lord of the Hunt was released . Its storyline revolved around Torvin , and it included new runes , skins and bosses . Lord of the Hunt received mixed reviews from critics . The final DLC for Shadow of Mordor ( The Bright Lord ) is set 3,000 years before the main campaign and allows players to control Talion 's companion , Celebrimbor . It adds a chapter to Shadow of Mordor in which players can complete ten more missions and fight Sauron . The content was released on February 24 , 2015 for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 and Xbox One . A Game of the Year edition with DLC was announced on April 29 , 2015 and released on May 5 for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 and Xbox One . A special edition , with in - game items and a steelbook , was introduced on August 1 . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Reception Aggregate scores Aggregator Score GameRankings ( PC ) 86.67 % ( PS4 ) 86.55 % ( XONE ) 85.82 % Metacritic ( XONE ) 87 / 100 ( PC ) 84 / 100 ( PS4 ) 84 / 100 Review scores Publication Score Destructoid 6 / 10 Eurogamer 8 / 10 Game Informer 8.25 / 10 GameSpot 8 / 10 GamesRadar GameTrailers 8.7 / 10 Giant Bomb IGN 9.3 / 10 Joystiq PC Gamer ( US ) 85 / 100 Polygon 9.5 / 10 Awards Publication Award Game Developers Choice Awards Game of the Year GameSpot Game of the Year Giant Bomb Game of the Year Joystiq Game of the Year The review aggregator websites GameRankings and Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version scores of 86.67 percent ( based on nine reviews ) and 84 out of 100 ( based on 17 reviews ) ; the PlayStation 4 version scored 86.55 percent ( based on 57 reviews ) and 84 out of 100 ( based on 85 reviews ) , and the Xbox One version scored 85.82 percent ( based on 11 reviews ) and 87 out of 100 ( based on 12 reviews ) . The game 's core feature , its Nemesis system , was praised . According to Lucas Sullivan of GamesRadar , the system elevated Shadow of Mordor to excellence by making its villains memorable and adding personality to its protagonist . Brad Shoemaker of Giant Bomb agreed , writing that the system created many distinctive characters and its side content extended the game 's longevity . Joystiq 's Alexander Sliwinski said that the system made each playthrough unique and made the game stand out from other action games . Chris Carter of Destructoid found the system gimmicky , since it failed to create unique villains ; it added different appearances and weaknesses to villains without adding personality . Shadow of Mordor 's combat was considered excellent by most critics . Shoemaker and Sliwinski compared it to the rhythm - based combat system of the Batman : Arkham game series ; both found it engaging and fluid . Shoemaker praised the game 's combat variety ; the combination of the combat and nemesis systems created `` a specific kind of chaotic , emergent nonsense '' desirable in an open world game . According to Sliwinski and Shoemaker , even without the Nemesis system the combat system would make the game compelling . Although Matt Miller of Game Informer found the game 's focus on killing made it repetitive , failing to capture the charm of its inspirations Assassin 's Creed and Batman : Arkham , Kevin VanOrd of GameSpot called Shadow of Mordor 's combat an improvement of the Assassin 's Creed formula . Reception of the game 's storyline was mixed . Although Shoemaker and Sliwinski praised its `` dark '' tone , Shoemaker found some story elements ( such as Gollum 's introduction ) forced and designed to appeal to a particular audience . According to Game Informer 's Matt Miller , Shadow of Mordor fails to successfully tie together all of its various plot threads in the game 's conclusion . Kevin VanOrd of GameSpot also found the storyline erratic , dragged down by anti-climactic fights and scenes . Dan Stapleton of IGN wrote that the story introduced memorable characters but would not make sense to fans of the series , and his interest in the game waned towards its end . Destructoid 's Chris Carter was disappointed in a plot he considered generic ( `` Go here , kill this , draw out this big bad , then kill him for your family '' ) ; the game failed to add anything new to the universe , and its side missions were more interesting than the main campaign . Other aspects of Shadow of Mordor were praised . Sullivan enjoyed its Lord of the Rings ' lore , and found the number of collectibles in the game `` staggering '' . Miller also admired Monolith 's extensive use of lore in the game , and praised its soundtrack and voice - acting ; Stapleton agreed , particularly about the voice acting . Elements of the game were criticized . Sullivan found some side missions repetitive , and Sliwinski was disappointed with some of the boss battles . Miller wrote that some Shadow of Mordor features are too complex and inaccessible for new players or those unwilling to use strategy . Critics disagreed about the Nemesis system . Miller wrote that the system fell flat in the game 's final hours ; according to VanOrd , the system was unappealing until the game 's second half . Carter found the unskippable cutscenes after a player died annoying . Unlike Shadow of Mordor 's current - generation versions , the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions received mixed - to - negative reviews and many technical problems were noted . According to Thomas Morgan of Eurogamer its frame rate was substandard , and Yannick LeJacq of Kotaku cited `` many technical hiccups and glitches '' . Morgan believed that the game developers spent little effort on the port , and LeJacq questioned the need to release the game for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 at all . Shadow of Mordor was well received by BioShock series creator Ken Levine , who called it the first open world game with a non-linear story and narrative and said he would bring some of its elements to his upcoming science - fiction project . Sales ( edit ) Shadow of Mordor 's release was the most successful for a Lord of the Rings - based game . The game debuted at number two in the UK retail software sales chart in its first week ( behind FIFA 15 ) , and was the ninth - bestselling game in the United States in October 2014 . Controversy ( edit ) When Shadow of Mordor was introduced , Monolith was accused by former Ubisoft employee Charles Randall of using assets ( such as the protagonist - animation code ) from Assassin 's Creed II . Monolith responded that all their project 's assets were developed from scratch ; they had confidence in their originality , and the game was based upon the Nemesis system . In October 2014 , after the usual video - game review outlets were unable to obtain early access to Shadow of Mordor , John Bain ( known as TotalBiscuit ) said that YouTube video creators had been offered early access in exchange for agreeing to a contract requiring them to describe it positively . Jim Sterling of The Escapist obtained a copy of one of the contracts and analyzed it in detail . The Federal Trade Commission began an investigation and announced in July 2016 that Warner Brothers Home Entertainment had violated the Federal Trade Commission Act , and that the company must declare sponsored advertising in the future . Awards ( edit ) ( show ) List of awards and nominations for Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Award Receiver Result Ref . Game Critics Awards Best of E3 2014 Best of Show Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Nominated Best Console Game Nominated Best RPG Nominated Best of Gamescom 2014 Best Console Game Sony PlayStation Nominated Best PC Game Nominated 2014 The Game Awards Game of the Year Nominated Best Performance Troy Baker as Talion Nominated Best Action / Adventure Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Won GamesRadar 's Game of the Year 2014 Game of the Year 4th Place Best Action - adventure Game Won Kotaku Awards 2014 Biggest Surprise Of The Year ( Reader 's Choice ) Won GameSpot 's Game of the Year 2014 PlayStation 4 Game of the Year Won Xbox One Game of the Year Won PC Game of the Year Nominated Game of the Year Won Game of the Year ( People 's Choice ) 2nd Place USA Today 's 10 best video games of 2014 Best Game of 2014 3rd Place Game Revolution 's Best of 2014 Awards Most Surprising Game Won Best Action - Adventure Game Nominated Best Publisher Warner Bros . Nominated Ars Technica 's The 20 best games of 2014 Game of the Year Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor 10th Place Hardcore Gamer 's Best of 2014 Awards 2014 's Dark Horse Nominated Best Action Game Won Best Multiplatform Game Nominated The Troy Baker Award Troy Baker as Talion Nominated Game of the Year Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Nominated Giant Bomb 's 2014 Game of the Year Awards Best Debut Won Best Game Won GameTrailers 's Best of 2014 Awards Best Action / Adventure Nominated Destructoid 's Best of 2014 Best Game Mechanics of 2014 Won Game of the Year 2014 Community Choice Award 6th Place The Escapist Awards Best Action / Adventure of 2014 Won Game of the Year Nominated Polygon 's Game of the Year Game of the Year 4th Place Electronic Gaming Monthly 's Best of 2014 Game of the Year 3rd Place Joystiq 's Top 10 of 2014 Game of the Year Won Eurogamer 's Reader 's top 50 games of 2014 Reader 's top 50 games of 2014 4th Place Game Informer Best Of 2014 Awards Best Action Won Best Action ( Reader 's Choice ) Won Game of the Year ( Reader 's Choice ) 3rd Place IGN 's Best of 2014 Best Overall Game Nominated Best PS4 Game Won Best Xbox One Game Nominated Best PC Game Nominated Best Action - Adventure Won Best Action - Adventure ( Reader 's Choice ) Won Most Innovative Won Most Innovative ( Reader 's Choice ) Won IGN AU 's Black Beta Select Awards Best PC Game Nominated Best Console Game Won Game of the Year Nominated 17th Game Developers Choice Awards Game of the Year Won Innovation Award Nominated Best Design Nominated Best Narrative Nominated Best Technology Nominated 11th British Academy Video Games Awards Best Game Nominated Game Design Won Game Innovation Nominated Music Nominated 18th DICE Awards Best Game Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Animation Won Outstanding Achievement in Story Won Outstanding Technical Achievement Won Outstanding Innovation in Gaming Won Outstanding Achievement in Game Design Won Outstanding Achievement in Game Direction Won Outstanding Character Talion Won SXSW Gaming Awards Game of the Year Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Nominated Excellence in Technical Achievement Nominated Excellence in Gameplay Won Excellence in Animation Won Excellence in Design and Direction Won 2014 National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers ( NAVGTR ) awards Game of the Year Nominated Animation , Technical Won Art Direction , Fantasy Nominated Control Design , 3D Won Direction In A Game Cinema Nominated Lighting / Texture Nominated Performance In A Drama , Supporting Phil LaMarr as Ratbag Won Sound Editing In A Game Cinema Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Won Sound Effects Nominated Game , Franchise Action Won Game Audio Network Guild Audio of The Year Nominated Music of The Year Nominated Sound Design of the Year Nominated Best Dialog Nominated Best Original Instrumental `` Fort Morn '' Nominated Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Middle - earth : Shadow of War The game 's sequel , Middle - earth : Shadow of War , was announced in February 2017 . The sequel was developed by Monolith Productions and published by Warner Bros. It was released Worldwide on October 10 , 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Plante , Chris ( October 1 , 2014 ) . `` ' Shadow of Mordor ' is morally repulsive and I ca n't stop playing it '' . The Verge . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Matt ( June 13 , 2014 ) . `` Awesome Things We Did In Shadow Of Mordor '' . Game Informer . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Mike ( October 1 , 2014 ) . `` Middle - Earth Shadow of Mordor Strategy Guide : Executing Captains , Combat Tactics , Best Interrogation Techniques '' . USgamer . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor from Monolith is latest Lord of the Rings title '' . VG247 . November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vore , Bryan ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` Gollum Will Play A Key Role In Middle - earth : Shadow Of Mordor ( New Trailer ) '' . Game Informer . 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Jump up ^ Ray Corriea , Alexa ( July 31 , 2014 ) . `` Here 's how to make Uruks cry in Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor '' . Polygon . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hillier , Brenna ( October 8 , 2014 ) . `` I just do n't get Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor '' . VG247 . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Johnathon ( September 26 , 2014 ) . `` EW discusses the derivative - yet - original brilliance of ' Shadow of Mordor ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Donlan , Christian ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor promises plenty of strategising -- and accidental chaos '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hinkle , David ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Research is a vehicle for revenge in Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor '' . Engadget . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Taljonick , Ryan ( August 29 , 2014 ) . `` Shadow of Mordor 's Nemesis system is amazing -- here 's how it works '' . 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Jump up ^ Hanson , Ben ( November 29 , 2013 ) . `` The Secret Behind Shadow Of Mordor 's Rhythmic Combat '' . Game Informer . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lord of the Rings : hints suggests new triple - A game in development '' . VG247 . August 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Koch , Cameron ( November 12 , 2013 ) . `` December Cover -- Middle - earth : Shadow Of Mordor -- News '' . GameInformer.com . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fillari42 , Alessandro ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor set for release on October 7 '' . Destructoid . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kubba , Sinan ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` One does not simply move up the Shadow of Mordor release date ( but WB did ) '' . Joystiq . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( September 9 , 2014 ) . `` PS3 and Xbox 360 Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor delayed '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Prescott , Shaun ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` Shadow of Mordor ' Lord of the Hunt ' DLC pack adds new warchiefs and mounts '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved January 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Middle - Earth : Shadow of Mordor -- Lord of the Hunt for PC reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . January 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Moser , Cassidee ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Fight the Dark Lord Sauron in Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor The Bright Lord DLC '' . IGN . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Bright Lord DLC : Finally able to fight sauron '' . Shadow of Mordor Fansite . March 26 , 2015 . Retrieved March 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Futter , Mike ( February 24 , 2015 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow Of Mordor Bright Lord DLC Available Today For Current - Gen , PC '' . Game Informer . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Liebi , Matt ( April 29 , 2015 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Game of the Year Edition announced '' . GameZone . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dunsmore , Kevin ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Middle - Earth : Shadow of Mordor Game of the Year Edition Available Now '' . Hardcore Gamer . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scammell , David ( August 1 , 2015 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Special Edition revealed '' . VideoGamer.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor for PC '' . GameRankings . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor for PlayStation 4 '' . GameRankings . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor for Xbox One '' . GameRankings . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor for Xbox One Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor for PC Reviews '' . Metacritic . 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Jump up ^ LeJacq , Yannick ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` Shadow of Mordor Is Way Less Fun On Old Consoles '' . Kotaku . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Futter , Mike ( January 27 , 2015 ) . `` Ken Levine On Next Game : Shadow Of Mordor Validated Interest In ' Narrative Replayability ' '' . Game Informer . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` UK chart : Shadow of Mordor biggest launch for a game based on Lord of the Rings '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Grubb , Jeff ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` October 2014 NPD : The Evil Within sets survival - horror record ; PS4 , Xbox One still on fire '' . VentureBeat . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Slabaugh , Brett ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` Shadow of Mordor Accused of Actually Using Assassin 's Creed Assets '' . The Escapist . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( October 1 , 2014 ) . `` Shadow of Mordor Dev Was Never Worried By Assassin 's Creed Comparisons '' . IGN . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sterling , Jim ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` Shadiness of Mordor '' . The Escapist . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Grayson , Nathan ( October 8 , 2014 ) . `` The Messy Story Behind YouTubers Taking Money For Game Coverage '' . Kotaku . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Parfitt , Ben ( October 7 , 2014 ) . `` YouTubers required to be positive in return for Shadow of Mordor review code , report claims '' . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Frank , Allegra ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` Warner Bros. settles with FTC over undisclosed Shadow of Mordor endorsement charges '' . Polygon . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Futter , Mike ( June 24 , 2014 ) . `` E3 2014 Game Critics Awards Nominations Announced '' . Game Informer . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Maiberg , Emanuel ( August 16 , 2014 ) . `` Evolve Wins Best of Gamescom 2014 Award , Other Winners Announced '' . GameSpot . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` 2014 Game Awards Nominees Announced '' . GameSpot . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sarker , Samit ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` Here are the winners of The Game Awards 2014 '' . Polygon . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Game of the Year 2014 '' . GamesRadar . December 5 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Serrels , Mark ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` Kotaku Awards 2014 : Game Of The Year '' . Kotaku . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Game of the Year 2014 '' . GameSpot . December 5 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hidalgo , Jason ( December 22 , 2014 ) . `` 10 best video games of 2014 '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ Bischoff , Daniel ( December 24 , 2014 ) . `` Best of 2014 Awards : Most Surprising Game '' . Game Revolution . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bischoff , Daniel ( December 24 , 2014 ) . `` Best of 2014 Awards : Best Action - Adventure Game '' . Game Revolution . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 20 best games of 2014 , as chosen by the Ars brain trust '' . Ars Technica . December 25 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2014 -- Day Five : IP , Sequel , Remaster , Dark Horse '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 27 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2014 -- Day Eight : Action , Shooter , DLC , Multiplatform '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 27 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2014 -- Day Nine : Developer , Disappointing , Worst Game , Troy Baker '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2014 -- Day Ten : Game of the Year '' . Hardcore Gamer . January 1 , 2015 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Giant Bomb 's 2014 Game of the Year Awards : Day Three Text Recap '' . Giant Bomb . December 28 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Giant Bomb 's 2014 Game of the Year Awards : Day Five Text Recap '' . Giant Bomb . December 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Johnathon ( December 23 , 2014 ) . `` The award for Best Game Mechanics of 2014 goes to ... '' Destructoid . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Andy ( December 23 , 2014 ) . `` Destructoid 's Game of the Year 2014 Community Choice Award ! '' . Destructoid . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Escapist Awards Winners -- Game of the Year Goes to ... '' The Escapist . December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Escapist Awards Winners -- Game of the Year Goes to ... '' The Escapist . December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ `` Best Game , By Platform '' . IGN . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best Game , By Genre '' . IGN . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best Game , By Achievement '' . IGN . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Black Beta Select Awards 2014 Winners '' . IGN . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pitcher , Jenna ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Wins 17th Annual Game Developers Choice Awards GOTY '' . IGN . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` BAFTA Games Awards 2015 Nominees Revealed '' . IGN . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Crecente , Brian ( February 6 , 2015 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor snags 8 DICE awards , Dragon Age named year 's best '' . Polygon . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Skipper , Ben ( January 14 , 2015 ) . `` DICE Awards 2015 nominations announced -- Destiny , Far Cry & Shadow of Mordor up for GOTY '' . IGN . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ S. Good , Owen ( March 15 , 2015 ) . `` Dragon Age : Inquisition wins another game - of - the - year award '' . Polygon . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( January 23 , 2015 ) . `` Game of the Year Nominees Revealed for SXSW Gaming Awards '' . GameSpot . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Winners for NAVGTR Awards '' . National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 13th Annual GANG Award Finalists '' . Game Audio Network Guild . February 6 , 2015 . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website 2010s portal Middle - earth portal Role - playing games portal Speculative fiction portal Video games portal Monolith Productions Games developed Blood Blood Blood : Plasma Pak Blood II : The Chosen The Nightmare Levels No One Lives Forever The Operative : No One Lives Forever No One Lives Forever 2 : A Spy in H.A.R.M. 's Way Contract J.A.C.K. F.E.A.R. F.E.A.R. 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Battle of Chancellorsville

Battle of Chancellorsville - wikipedia Battle of Chancellorsville Battle of Chancellorsville Part of the American Civil War Battle of Chancellorsville , by Kurz and Allison , 1889 ( Apocryphal painting depicts the wounding of Confederate Lt. Gen. Stonewall Jackson on May 2 , 1863 ) Date April 30 ( 1863 - 04 - 30 ) -- May 6 , 1863 ( 1863 - 05 - 06 ) Location Spotsylvania County , Virginia 38 ° 18 ′ 38 '' N 77 ° 38 ′ 54 '' W  /  38.3105 ° N 77.6484 ° W  / 38.3105 ; - 77.6484 Coordinates : 38 ° 18 ′ 38 '' N 77 ° 38 ′ 54 '' W  /  38.3105 ° N 77.6484 ° W  / 38.3105 ; - 77.6484 Result Confederate victory Belligerents United States ( Union ) Confederate States Commanders and leaders Joseph Hooker Robert E. Lee Stonewall Jackson ( DOW ) Units involved Army of the Potomac Army of Northern Virginia Strength Chancellorsville Campaign : 133,868 ( `` present for duty equipped '' ) : Chancellorsville : c . 106,000 ( Army of the Potomac minus VI Corps - 2nd Div. / II Corps ) ; 2nd Fredericksburg / Salem Church : c . 28,000 ( VI Corps ; 2nd Div. / II Corps ) ; 60,298 Casualties and losses Chancellorsville Campaign : 17,287 ( 1,606 killed 9,762 wounded 5,919 captured / missing ) : Chancellorsville : 12,145 ( 1,082 killed 6,849 wounded 4,214 captured / missing ) ; 2nd Fredericksburg / Salem Church : 4,700 ( 493 killed 2,710 wounded 1,497 captured / missing ) ; Minor skirmishes : 442 ( 31 killed 203 wounded 208 captured / missing ) ; 13,303 ( 1,665 killed 9,081 wounded 2,018 captured / missing ) Chancellorsville Campaign Chancellorsville Second Fredericksburg Salem Church Stoneman 's Raid Virginia , 1863 The Battle of Chancellorsville was a major battle of the American Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) , and the principal engagement of the Chancellorsville Campaign . It was fought from April 30 to May 6 , 1863 , in Spotsylvania County , Virginia , near the village of Chancellorsville . Two related battles were fought nearby on May 3 in the vicinity of Fredericksburg . The campaign pitted Union Army Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker 's Army of the Potomac against an army less than half its size , General Robert E. Lee 's Confederate Army of Northern Virginia . Chancellorsville is known as Lee 's `` perfect battle '' because his risky decision to divide his army in the presence of a much larger enemy force resulted in a significant Confederate victory . The victory , a product of Lee 's audacity and Hooker 's timid decision making , was tempered by heavy casualties , including Lt. Gen. Thomas J. `` Stonewall '' Jackson . Jackson was hit by friendly fire , requiring his left arm to be amputated ; he died of pneumonia eight days later , a loss that Lee likened to losing his right arm . Lee 's difficulty in replacing his lost men as well as his inability to prevent the Union Withdrawal effectively have led to his great victory being regarded as a Pyrrhic one . The Chancellorsville Campaign began with the crossing of the Rappahannock River by the Union army on the morning of April 27 , 1863 . Union cavalry under Maj. Gen. George Stoneman began a long distance raid against Lee 's supply lines at about the same time . This operation was completely ineffectual . Crossing the Rapidan River via Germanna and Ely 's Fords , the Federal infantry concentrated near Chancellorsville on April 30 . Combined with the Union force facing Fredericksburg , Hooker planned a double envelopment , attacking Lee from both his front and rear . On May 1 , Hooker advanced from Chancellorsville toward Lee , but the Confederate general split his army in the face of superior numbers , leaving a small force at Fredericksburg to deter Maj. Gen. John Sedgwick from advancing , while he attacked Hooker 's advance with about four - fifths of his army . Despite the objections of his subordinates , Hooker withdrew his men to the defensive lines around Chancellorsville , ceding the initiative to Lee . On May 2 , Lee divided his army again , sending Stonewall Jackson 's entire corps on a flanking march that routed the Union XI Corps . While performing a personal reconnaissance in advance of his line , Jackson was wounded by fire after dark from his own men close between the lines , and cavalry commander Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart temporarily replaced him as corps commander . The fiercest fighting of the battle -- and the second bloodiest day of the Civil War -- occurred on May 3 as Lee launched multiple attacks against the Union position at Chancellorsville , resulting in heavy losses on both sides . That same day , Sedgwick advanced across the Rappahannock River , defeated the small Confederate force at Marye 's Heights in the Second Battle of Fredericksburg , and then moved to the west . The Confederates fought a successful delaying action at the Battle of Salem Church and by May 4 had driven back Sedgwick 's men to Banks ' Ford , surrounding them on three sides . Sedgwick withdrew across the ford early on May 5 , and Hooker withdrew the remainder of his army across U.S. Ford the night of May 5 -- 6 . The campaign ended on May 7 when Stoneman 's cavalry reached Union lines east of Richmond . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Military situation 1.2 Union attempts against Richmond 1.3 Shakeup in the Army of the Potomac 1.4 Intelligence and plans 1.5 Initial movements 1.5. 1 April 27 -- 30 : Movement to battle 2 Opposing forces 2.1 Union 2.2 Confederate 3 Battle 3.1 May 1 : Hooker passes on opportunity 3.2 May 2 : Jackson 's flank attack 3.3 May 3 : Chancellorsville 3.4 May 3 : Fredericksburg and Salem Church 3.5 May 4 -- 6 : Union withdrawals 4 Aftermath 4.1 Casualties 4.2 Assessment of Hooker 4.3 Union reaction 4.4 Confederate reaction 5 Additional battle maps 5.1 Gallery : Chancellorsville Campaign ( Tactical maps ) 6 Battlefield preservation 7 In popular media 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 10.1 Memoirs and primary sources 11 Further reading 12 External links Background ( edit ) Military situation ( edit ) Main article : Eastern Theater of the American Civil War Further information : Peninsula Campaign , Seven Days Battles , Northern Virginia Campaign , Maryland Campaign , Battle of Fredericksburg , and American Civil War Union attempts against Richmond ( edit ) In the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War , the objective of the Union had been to advance and seize the Confederate capital , Richmond , Virginia . In the first two years of the war , four major attempts had failed : the first foundered just miles away from Washington , D.C. , at the First Battle of Bull Run ( First Manassas ) in July 1861 . Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan 's Peninsula Campaign took an amphibious approach , landing his Army of the Potomac on the Virginia Peninsula in the spring of 1862 and coming within 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) of Richmond before being turned back by Gen. Robert E. Lee in the Seven Days Battles . That summer , Maj. Gen. John Pope 's Army of Virginia was defeated at the Second Battle of Bull Run . In December 1862 , Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside commanded the Army of the Potomac and attempted to reach Richmond by way of Fredericksburg , Virginia , where he was defeated at the Battle of Fredericksburg . This string of Union defeats was interrupted in September 1862 when Lee moved into Maryland and his campaign was turned back by McClellan at the Battle of Antietam , but this represented no threat to Richmond . Shakeup in the army of the Potomac ( edit ) In January 1863 , the Army of the Potomac , following the Battle of Fredericksburg and the humiliating Mud March , suffered from rising desertions and plunging morale . Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside decided to conduct a mass purge of the Army of the Potomac 's leadership , eliminating a number of generals who he felt were responsible for the disaster at Fredericksburg . In reality , he had no power to dismiss anyone without the approval of Congress . Predictably , Burnside 's purge went nowhere , and he offered President Abraham Lincoln his resignation from command of the Army of the Potomac . He even offered to resign entirely from the Army , but the president persuaded him to stay , transferring him to the Western Theater , where he became commander of the Department of the Ohio . Burnside 's former command , the IX Corps , was transferred to the Virginia Peninsula , a movement that prompted the Confederates to detach troops from Lee 's army under Lt. Gen. James Longstreet , a decision that would be consequential in the upcoming campaign . Abraham Lincoln had become convinced that the appropriate objective for his Eastern army was the army of Robert E. Lee , not any geographic features such as a capital city , but he and his generals knew that the most reliable way to bring Lee to a decisive battle was to threaten his capital . Lincoln tried a fifth time with a new general on January 25 , 1863 -- Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker , a man with a pugnacious reputation who had performed well in previous subordinate commands . With Burnside 's departure , Maj. Gen. William B. Franklin left as well . Franklin had been a staunch supporter of George B. McClellan and refused to serve under Hooker , because he disliked him personally and also because he was senior to Hooker in rank . Maj. Gen. Edwin V. Sumner stepped down due to old age ( he was 65 ) and poor health . He was reassigned to a command in Missouri , but died before he could assume it . Brig. Gen. Daniel Butterfield was reassigned from command of the V Corps to be Hooker 's chief of staff . Hooker embarked on a much - needed reorganization of the army , doing away with Burnside 's grand division system , which had proved unwieldy ; he also no longer had sufficient senior officers on hand that he could trust to command multi-corps operations . He organized the cavalry into a separate corps under the command of Brig. Gen. George Stoneman ( who had commanded the III Corps at Fredericksburg ) . But while he concentrated the cavalry into a single organization , he dispersed his artillery battalions to the control of the infantry division commanders , removing the coordinating influence of the army 's artillery chief , Brig. Gen. Henry J. Hunt . Hooker established a reputation as an outstanding administrator and restored the morale of his soldiers , which had plummeted to a new low under Burnside . Among his changes were fixes to the daily diet of the troops , camp sanitary changes , improvements and accountability of the quartermaster system , addition of and monitoring of company cooks , several hospital reforms , an improved furlough system , orders to stem rising desertion , improved drills , and stronger officer training . Intelligence and plans ( edit ) My plans are perfect . May God have mercy on General Lee for I will have none . Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker Hooker took advantage of improved military intelligence about the positioning and capabilities of the opposing army , superior to that available to his predecessors in army command . His chief of staff , Butterfield , commissioned Col. George H. Sharpe from the 120th New York regiment to organize a new Bureau of Military Intelligence in the Army of the Potomac , part of the provost marshal function under Brig. Gen. Marsena R. Patrick . Previously , intelligence gatherers , such as Allan Pinkerton and his detective agency , gathered information only by interrogating prisoners , deserters , `` contrabands '' ( slaves ) , and refugees . The new BMI added other sources including infantry and cavalry reconnaissance , spies , scouts , signal stations , and an aerial balloon corps . As he received the more complete information correlated from these additional sources , Hooker realized that if he were to avoid the bloodbath of direct frontal attacks , which were features of the battles of Antietam and , more recently , Fredericksburg , he could not succeed in his crossing of the Rappahannock `` except by stratagem . '' Hooker 's plan for the Chancellorsville Campaign Confederate Union Hooker 's army faced Lee across the Rappahannock from its winter quarters in Falmouth and around Fredericksburg . Hooker developed a strategy that was , on paper , superior to those of his predecessors . He planned to send his 10,000 cavalrymen under Maj. Gen. George Stoneman to cross the Rappahannock far upstream and raid deep into the Confederate rear areas , destroying crucial supply depots along the railroad from the Confederate capital in Richmond to Fredericksburg , which would cut Lee 's lines of communication and supply . Hooker reasoned that Lee would react to this threat by abandoning his fortified positions on the Rappahannock and withdrawing toward his capital . At that time , Hooker 's infantry would cross the Rappahannock in pursuit , attacking Lee when he was moving and vulnerable . Stoneman attempted to execute this turning movement on April 13 , but heavy rains made the river crossing site at Sulphur Spring impassable . President Lincoln lamented , `` I greatly fear it is another failure already . '' Hooker was forced to create a new plan for a meeting with Lincoln , Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton , and general in chief Henry W. Halleck in Aquia on April 19 . Troops crossing the Rapidan at Germanna Ford Hooker 's second plan was to launch both his cavalry and infantry simultaneously in a bold double envelopment of Lee 's army . Stoneman 's cavalry would make a second attempt at its deep strategic raid , but at the same time , 42,000 men in three corps ( V , XI , XII Corps ) would stealthily march to cross the Rappahannock upriver at Kelly 's Ford . They would then proceed south and cross the Rapidan at Germanna and Ely 's Ford , concentrate at the Chancellorsville crossroads , and attack Lee 's army from the west . While they were under way , 10,000 men in two divisions from the II Corps would cross at the U.S. Ford and join with the V Corps in pushing the Confederates away from the river . The second half of the double envelopment was to come from the east : 40,000 men in two corps ( I and VI Corps , under the overall command of John Sedgwick ) would cross the Rappahannock below Fredericksburg and threatened to attack Stonewall Jackson 's position on the Confederate right flank . The remaining 25,000 men ( III Corps and one division of the II Corps ) would remain visible in their camps at Falmouth to divert Confederate attention from the turning movement . Hooker anticipated that Lee would either be forced to retreat , in which case he would be vigorously pursued , or he would be forced to attack the Union Army on unfavorable terrain . One of the defining characteristics of the battlefield was a dense woodland south of the Rapidan known locally as the `` Wilderness of Spotsylvania '' . The area had once been an open broadleaf forest , but during colonial times the trees were gradually cut down to make charcoal for local pig iron furnaces . When the supply of wood was exhausted , the furnaces were abandoned and secondary forest growth developed , creating a dense mass of brambles , thickets , vines , and low - lying vegetation . Catharine Furnace , abandoned in the 1840s , had recently been reactivated to produce iron for the Confederate war effort . This area was largely unsuitable for the deployment of artillery and the control of large infantry formations , which would nullify some of the Union advantage in military power . It was important for Hooker 's plan that his men move quickly out of this area and attack Lee in the open ground to the east . There were three primary roads available for this west - to - east movement : the Orange Plank Road , the Orange Turnpike , and the River Road . The Confederate dispositions were as follows : the Rappahannock line at Fredericksburg was occupied by Longstreet 's First Corps division of Lafayette McLaws on Marye 's Heights , with Jackson 's entire Second Corps to their right . Early 's division was at Prospect Hill and the divisions of Rodes , Hill , and Colston extended the Confederate right flank along the river almost to Skinker 's Neck . The other division present from Longstreet 's Corps , Anderson 's , guarded the river crossings on the left flank . Stuart 's cavalry was largely in Culpeper County near Kelly 's Ford , beyond the infantry 's left flank . Initial movements ( edit ) April 27 -- 30 : movement to battle ( edit ) Battle of Chancellorsville , Situation Late 30 April 1863 and Movements since 27 April On April 27 -- 28 , the initial three corps of the Army of the Potomac began their march under the leadership of Slocum . They crossed the Rappahannock and Rapidan rivers as planned and began to concentrate on April 30 around the hamlet of Chancellorsville , which was little more than a single large , brick mansion at the junction of the Orange Turnpike and Orange Plank Road . Built in the early 19th century , it had been used as an inn on the turnpike for many years , but now served as a home for the Frances Chancellor family . ( Some of the family remained in the house during the battle . ) Hooker arrived late in the afternoon on April 30 and made the mansion his headquarters . Stoneman 's cavalry began on April 30 its second attempt to reach Lee 's rear areas . Two divisions of II Corps crossed at U.S. Ford on April 30 without opposition . By dawn on April 29 , pontoon bridges spanned the Rappahannock south of Fredericksburg and Sedgwick 's force began to cross . Pleased with the success of the operation so far , and realizing that the Confederates were not vigorously opposing the river crossings , Hooker ordered Sickles to begin the movement of the III Corps from Falmouth the night of April 30 -- May 1 . By May 1 , Hooker had approximately 70,000 men concentrated in and around Chancellorsville . Troops on Hooker 's right cross the Rappahannock In his Fredericksburg headquarters , Lee was initially in the dark about the Union intentions and he suspected that the main column under Slocum was heading towards Gordonsville . Jeb Stuart 's cavalry was cut off at first by Stoneman 's departure on April 30 , but they were soon able to move freely around the army 's flanks on their reconnaissance missions after almost all their Union counterparts had left the area . As Stuart 's intelligence information about the Union river crossings began to arrive , Lee did not react as Hooker had anticipated . He decided to violate one of the generally accepted principles of war and divide his force in the face of a superior enemy , hoping that aggressive action would allow him to attack and defeat a portion of Hooker 's army before it could be fully concentrated against him . He became convinced that Sedgwick 's force would demonstrate against him , but not become a serious threat , so he ordered about 4 / 5 of his army to meet the challenge from Chancellorsville . He left behind a brigade under Brig. Gen. William Barksdale on heavily fortified Marye 's Heights behind Fredericksburg and one division under Maj. Gen. Jubal A. Early , on Prospect Hill south of the town . These roughly 11,000 men and 56 guns would attempt to resist any advance by Sedgwick 's 40,000 . He ordered Stonewall Jackson to march west and link up with Maj. Gen. Richard H. Anderson 's division , which had pulled back from the river crossings they were guarding and began digging earthworks on a north - south line between the Zoan and Tabernacle churches . McLaws 's division was ordered from Fredericksburg to join Anderson . This would amass 40,000 men to confront Hooker 's movement east from Chancellorsville . Fortunately for the Confederates , heavy fog along the Rappahannock masked some of these westward movements and Sedgwick chose to wait until he could determine the enemy 's intentions . Opposing forces ( edit ) Union ( edit ) Further information : Union order of battle and Detailed Union strength Key commanders ( Army of the Potomac ) Maj. Gen . Joseph Hooker , ( Commanding ) Maj. Gen . John F. Reynolds , I Corps Maj. Gen . Darius N. Couch , II Corps Maj. Gen . Daniel E. Sickles , III Corps Maj. Gen . George G. Meade , V Corps Maj. Gen . John Sedgwick , VI Corps Maj. Gen . Oliver O. Howard , XI Corps Maj. Gen . Henry W. Slocum , XII Corps Maj. Gen . George Stoneman , Cav . Corps The Army of the Potomac , commanded by Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker , had 133,868 men and 413 guns organized as follows : I Corps , commanded by Maj. Gen. John F. Reynolds , with the divisions of Brig . Gens . James S. Wadsworth , John C. Robinson , and Abner Doubleday . II Corps , commanded by Maj. Gen. Darius N. Couch , with the divisions of Maj. Gen. Winfield Scott Hancock and William H. French , and Brig. Gen. John Gibbon . III Corps , commanded by Maj. Gen. Daniel E. Sickles , with the divisions of Brig. Gen. David B. Birney , and Maj . Gens . Hiram G. Berry and Amiel W. Whipple . V Corps , commanded by Maj. Gen. George G. Meade , with the divisions of Brig . Gens . Charles Griffin and Andrew A. Humphreys , and Maj. Gen. George Sykes . VI Corps , commanded by Maj. Gen. John Sedgwick , with the divisions of Brig . Gens . William T.H. Brooks and Albion P. Howe , Maj. Gen. John Newton , and Col. Hiram Burnham . XI Corps , commanded by Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard , with the divisions of Brig. Gen. Charles Devens , Jr. , and Adolph von Steinwehr , and Maj. Gen. Carl Schurz . XII Corps , commanded by Maj. Gen. Henry W. Slocum , with the divisions of Brig . Gens . Alpheus S. Williams and John W. Geary . Cavalry Corps , commanded by Maj. Gen. George Stoneman , with the divisions of Brig . Gens . Alfred Pleasonton , William W. Averell , and David M. Gregg . Confederate ( edit ) Further information : Confederate order of battle and Detailed Confederate strength : part 1 , part 2 , part 3 Key commanders ( Army of Northern Virginia ) Gen . Robert E. Lee , ( Commanding ) Lt. Gen . James Longstreet , I Corps Lt. Gen . Stonewall Jackson , II Corps Maj. Gen . J.E.B. Stuart , Cav . Corps Gen. Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia fielded 60,298 men and 220 guns , organized as follows : First Corps , commanded by Lt. Gen. James Longstreet . Longstreet and the majority of his corps ( the divisions of Maj. Gen. John Bell Hood and Maj. Gen. George E. Pickett , and two artillery battalions ) were detached for duty in southeastern Virginia . The divisions present at Chancellorsville were those of Maj . Gens . Lafayette McLaws and Richard H. Anderson . Second Corps , commanded by Lt. Gen. Stonewall Jackson , with the divisions of Maj. Gen. A.P. Hill , Brig. Gen. Robert E. Rodes , Maj. Gen. Jubal A. Early , and Brig. Gen. Raleigh E. Colston . Cavalry Corps , commanded by Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart . ( Stuart 's corps had only two brigades at Chancellorsville , those of Brig . Gens . Fitzhugh Lee and W.H.F. `` Rooney '' Lee . The brigades of Brig . Gens . Wade Hampton and William E. `` Grumble '' Jones were detached . ) The Chancellorsville Campaign was one of the most lopsided clashes of the war , with the Union 's effective fighting force more than twice the Confederates ' , the greatest imbalance during the war in Virginia . Hooker 's army was much better supplied and was well - rested after several months of inactivity. Lee 's forces , on the other hand , were poorly provisioned and were scattered all over the state of Virginia . Some 15,000 men of Longstreet 's Corps had previously been detached and stationed near Norfolk in order to block a potential threat to Richmond from Federal troops stationed at Fort Monroe and Newport News on the Peninsula , as well as at Norfolk and Suffolk . In light of the continued Federal inactivity , by late March Longstreet 's primary assignment became that of requisitioning provisions for Lee 's forces from the farmers and planters of North Carolina and Virginia . As a result of this the two divisions of Maj. Gen. John Bell Hood and Maj. Gen. George Pickett were 130 miles ( 210 km ) away from Lee 's army and would take a week or more of marching to reach it in an emergency . After nearly a year of campaigning , allowing these troops to slip away from his immediate control was Lee 's gravest miscalculation . Although he hoped to be able to call on them , these men would not arrive in time to aid his outnumbered forces . Battle ( edit ) May 1 : Hooker passes on opportunity ( edit ) Chancellorsville , actions on May 1 Jackson 's men began marching west to join with Anderson before dawn on May 1 . Jackson himself met with Anderson near Zoan Church at 8 a.m. , finding that McLaws 's division had already arrived to join the defensive position . But Stonewall Jackson was not in a defensive mood . He ordered an advance at 11 a.m. along two roads toward Chancellorsville : McLaws 's division and the brigade of Brig. Gen. William Mahone on the Turnpike , and Anderson 's other brigades and Jackson 's arriving units on the Plank Road . At about the same time , Hooker ordered his men to advance on three roads to the east : two divisions of Meade 's V Corps ( Griffin and Humphreys ) on the River Road to uncover Banks 's Ford , and the remaining division ( Sykes ) on the Turnpike ; and Slocum 's XII Corps on the Plank Road , with Howard 's XI Corps in close support . Couch 's II Corps was placed in reserve , where it would be soon joined by Sickles 's III Corps . The first shots of the Battle of Chancellorsville were fired at 11 : 20 a.m. as the armies collided . McLaws 's initial attack pushed back Sykes 's division , but the Union general organized a counterattack that recovered the lost ground . Anderson then sent a brigade under Brig. Gen. Ambrose Wright up an unfinished railroad south of the Plank Road , around the right flank of Slocum 's corps . This would normally be a serious problem , but Howard 's XI Corps was advancing from the rear and could deal with Wright . Sykes 's division had proceeded farther forward than Slocum on his right , leaving him in an exposed position , which forced him to conduct an orderly withdrawal at 2 p.m. to take up a position behind Hancock 's division of the II Corps , which was ordered by Hooker to advance and help repulse the Confederate attack . Meade 's other two divisions made good progress on the River Road and were approaching their objective , Banks 's Ford . Modern attempts to rehabilitate and fumigate Joe Hooker 's reputation usually and remarkably employ special pleading about the difficulties of moving in the Wilderness . Such arguments actually emphasize the salient factor on May 1 : Getting out of that wilderness of course was the very essence of the general 's needs . When he abandoned the chance to reach that desirable goal , Hooker at once passed the initiative , with all of its advantages , to Lee . The Confederate would make superb use of the opportunity . Robert K. Krick , Lee 's Greatest Victory Despite being in a potentially favorable situation , Hooker halted his brief offensive . His actions may have demonstrated his lack of confidence in handling the complex actions of such a large organization for the first time ( he had been an effective and aggressive division and corps commander in previous battles ) , but he had also decided before beginning the campaign that he would fight the battle defensively , forcing Lee , with his small army , to attack his own , larger one . At the ( First ) Battle of Fredericksburg ( December 13 , 1862 ) , the Union army had done the attacking and met with a bloody defeat . Hooker knew Lee could not sustain such a defeat and keep an effective army in the field , so he ordered his men to withdraw back into the Wilderness and take a defensive position around Chancellorsville , daring Lee to attack him or retreat with superior forces at his back . He confused matters by issuing a second order to his subordinates to hold their positions until 5 p.m. , but by the time it was received , most of the Union units had begun their rearward movements . That evening , Hooker sent a message to his corps commanders , `` The major general commanding trusts that a suspension in the attack to - day will embolden the enemy to attack him . '' The retrograde movement had prepared me for something of the kind , but to hear from ( Hooker 's ) own lips that the advantages gained by the successful marches of his lieutenants were to culminate in fighting a defensive battle in that nest of thickets was too much , and I retired from his presence with the belief that my commanding general was a whipped man . Union Maj. Gen. Darius N. Couch Hooker 's subordinates were surprised and outraged by the change in plans . They saw that the position they were fighting for near the Zoan Church was relatively high ground and offered an opportunity for the infantry and artillery to deploy outside the constraints of the Wilderness . Meade exclaimed , `` My God , if we ca n't hold the top of the hill , we certainly ca n't hold the bottom of it ! '' Viewing through the lens of hindsight , some of the participants and many modern historians judged that Hooker effectively lost the campaign on May 1 . Stephen W. Sears observed , however , that Hooker 's concern was based on more than personal timidity . The ground being disputed was little more than a clearing in the Wilderness , to which access was available by only two narrow roads . The Confederate response had swiftly concentrated the aggressive Stonewall Jackson 's corps against his advancing columns such that the Federal army was outnumbered in that area , about 48,000 to 30,000 , and would have difficulty maneuvering into effective lines of battle . Meade 's two divisions on the River Road were too far separated to support Slocum and Sykes , and reinforcements from the rest of the II Corps and the III Corps would be too slow in arriving . As the Union troops dug in around Chancellorsville that night , creating log breastworks , faced with abatis , Lee and Stonewall Jackson met at the intersection of the Plank Road and the Furnace Road to plan their next move . Jackson believed that Hooker would retreat across the Rappahannock , but Lee assumed that the Union general had invested too much in the campaign to withdraw so precipitously . If the Federal troops were still in position on May 2 , Lee would attack them . As they discussed their options , cavalry commander J.E.B. Stuart arrived with an intelligence report from his subordinate , Brig. Gen. Fitzhugh Lee . Although Hooker 's left flank was firmly anchored by Meade 's V Corps on the Rappahannock , and his center was strongly fortified , his right flank was `` in the air . '' Howard 's XI Corps was camped on the Orange Turnpike , extending past Wilderness Church , and was vulnerable to a flanking attack . Investigations of a route to be used to reach the flank identified the proprietor of Catharine Furnace , Charles C. Wellford , who showed Jackson 's cartographer , Jedediah Hotchkiss , a recently constructed road through the forest that would shield marchers from the observation of Union pickets. Lee directed Jackson to make the flanking march , a maneuver similar to the one that had been so successful prior to the Second Battle of Bull Run ( Second Manassas ) . An account by Hotchkiss recalls that Lee asked Jackson how many men he would take on the flanking march and Jackson replied , `` my whole command . '' May 2 : Jackson 's flank attack ( edit ) Ruins of Catharine Furnace photographed in 2011 Battle of Chancellorsville , 1 May 1863 ( Situation at Dark ) Dowdall 's Tavern was Union General Oliver O. Howard 's headquarters until he was surprised and driven out by Stonewall Jackson 's Confederate troops on May 2 . Chancellorsville , actions on May 2 Wilderness Church at Chancellorsville was the center of a stand made by Union general Schurz 's division during Stonewall Jackson 's surprise flank attack . Battle of Chancellorsville , 2 May 1863 ( Situation at 1800 ) Early on the morning of May 2 , Hooker began to realize that Lee 's actions on May 1 had not been constrained by the threat of Sedgwick 's force at Fredericksburg , so no further deception was needed on that front . He decided to summon the I Corps of Maj. Gen. John F. Reynolds to reinforce his lines at Chancellorsville . His intent was that Reynolds would form up to the right of the XI Corps and anchor the Union right flank on the Rapidan River . Given the communications chaos of May 1 , Hooker was under the mistaken impression that Sedgwick had withdrawn back across the Rappahannock and , based on this , that the VI Corps should remain on the north bank of the river across from the town , where it could protect the army 's supplies and supply line . ( In fact , both Reynolds and Sedgwick were still west of the Rappahannock , south of the town . ) Hooker sent his orders at 1 : 55 a.m. , expecting that Reynolds would be able to start marching before daylight , but problems with his telegraph communications delayed the order to Fredericksburg until just before sunrise . Reynolds was forced to make a risky daylight march . By the afternoon of May 2 , when Hooker expected him to be digging in on the Union right at Chancellorsville , Reynolds was still marching to the Rappahannock . Meanwhile , for the second time , Lee was dividing his army . Jackson would lead his Second Corps of 28,000 men around to attack the Union right flank while Lee exercised personal command of the remaining two divisions , about 13,000 men and 24 guns facing the 70,000 Union troops at Chancellorsville . For the plan to work , several things had to happen . First , Jackson had to make a 12 - mile ( 19 km ) march via roundabout roads to reach the Union right , and he had to do it undetected . Second , Hooker had to stay tamely on the defensive . Third , Early would have to keep Sedgwick bottled up at Fredericksburg , despite the four - to - one Union advantage there . And when Jackson launched his attack , he had to hope that the Union forces were unprepared . Confederate cavalry under Stuart kept most Union forces from spotting Jackson on his long flank march , which started between 7 and 8 a.m. and lasted until midafternoon . Several Confederate soldiers saw the Union observation balloon Eagle soaring overhead and assumed that they could likewise be seen , but no such report was sent to headquarters . When men of the III Corps spotted a Confederate column moving through the woods , their division commander , Brig. Gen. David B. Birney , ordered his artillery to open fire , but this proved little more than harassment . The corps commander , Sickles , rode to Hazel Grove to see for himself and he reported after the battle that his men observed the Confederates passing for over three hours . When Hooker received the report about the Confederate movement , he thought that Lee might be starting a retreat , but he also realized that a flanking march might be in progress . He took two actions . First , he sent a message at 9 : 30 a.m. to the commander of the XI Corps , Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard on his right flank : `` We have good reason to suppose the enemy is moving to our right . Please advance your pickets for purposes of observation as far as may be safe in order to obtain timely information of their approach . '' At 10 : 50 a.m. , Howard replied that he was `` taking measures to resist an attack from the west . '' Hooker 's second action was to send orders to Sedgwick ( `` attack the enemy in his front '' at Fredericksburg if `` an opportunity presents itself with a reasonable expectation of success '' ) and Sickles ( `` advance cautiously toward the road followed by the enemy , and harass the movement as much as possible '' ) . Sedgwick did not take action from the discretionary orders . Sickles , however , was enthusiastic when he received the order at noon . He sent Birney 's division , flanked by two battalions of Col. Hiram Berdan 's U.S. sharpshooters , south from Hazel Grove with orders to pierce the column and gain possession of the road . But the action came too late . Jackson had ordered the 23rd Georgia Infantry to guard the rear of the column and they resisted the advance of Birney and Berdan at Catherine Furnace . The Georgians were driven south and made a stand at the same unfinished railroad bed used by Wright 's Brigade the day before . They were overwhelmed by 5 p.m. and most were captured . Two brigades from A.P. Hill 's division turned back from the flanking march and prevented any further damage to Jackson 's column , which by now had left the area . Most of Jackson 's men were unaware of the small action at the rear of their column . As they marched north on Brock Road , Jackson was prepared to turn right on the Orange Plank Road , from which his men would attack the Union lines at around Wilderness Church . However , it became apparent that this direction would lead to essentially a frontal assault against Howard 's line . Fitzhugh Lee met Jackson and they ascended a hill with a sweeping view of the Union position and Jackson was delighted to see that Howard 's men were resting , unaware of the impending Confederate threat . Although by now it was 3 p.m. , Jackson decided to march his men two miles farther and turn right on the Turnpike instead , allowing him to strike the unprotected flank directly . The attack formation consisted of two lines -- the divisions of Brig . Gens . Robert E. Rodes and Raleigh E. Colston -- stretching almost a mile on either side of the turnpike , separated by 200 yards , followed by a partial line with the arriving division of A.P. Hill . Ruins of the Chancellor House which was the headquarters of Federal General Joseph Hooker of the Army of the Potomac during the battle , later burned , May 1863 Significant contributors to the impending Union disaster were the nature of the Union XI Corps and the incompetent performance of its commander , Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard . Howard failed to make any provision for defending against a surprise attack , even though Hooker had ordered him to do so . The Union right flank was not anchored on any natural obstacle , and the only defenses against a flank attack consisted of two cannons pointing out into the Wilderness . Also , the XI Corps was not well respected -- an outfit with poor morale and no history of battlefield success . Many of its officers and enlisted men were immigrants from Germany and other parts of Central Europe , including a number of political refugees from the 1848 revolutions . The corps had been formed in the spring of 1862 by merging Brig. Gen Louis Blenker 's division with Maj. Gen John C. Frémont 's Mountain Department in West Virginia . After a miserable trek across Virginia in which Blenker 's troops were provisioned inadequately and suffered from widespread hunger , disease , and desertion , they joined with Fremont in a campaign that resulted in them being soundly defeated by Stonewall Jackson . Fremont 's army became part of Maj. Gen John Pope 's Army of Virginia in the summer . Fremont had refused to serve under Pope and was replaced by Maj. Gen Franz Sigel , an inept political general who however was much beloved by his German troops . Louis Blenker fell from a horse during the Northern Virginia Campaign and suffered injuries that would claim his life later in 1863 . The corps suffered heavy casualties at Second Bull Run and was left behind in Washington D.C. during the Maryland Campaign . During the Fredericksburg Campaign , it did not join the rest of the army until after the battle was over . After Hooker took command , Sigel was the ranking general behind him . The XI Corps was the smallest in the army and Sigel 's requests to general - in - chief Henry Halleck to have it enlarged were refused , so he resigned his command in March 1863 and was replaced by Maj. Gen Oliver O. Howard , who was widely unpopular with the enlisted men and brought in several new generals such as Brig. Gen Francis Barlow who had a reputation of being aggressive martinets . Eight of the 27 regiments in the corps had never been in battle before , while the remaining 21 had never been on the winning side of a battle . The German soldiers suffered from widespread ethnic friction with the rest of the army although a number of the regiments in the XI Corps consisted of native - born Americans . Hooker had no major plans for the corps except for mopping up after the main battle was over , and it was placed out on the army 's right flank where it was not expected to be involved in any fighting , and the woods to the west were assumed to be so thick that enemy troops could not possibly move through them and form a line of battle . As far as Hooker knew , the only possible route for a Confederate attack was along the turnpike , which would cause them to run right into the II and XII Corps , both elite outfits and well - entrenched . Further north , the Union line was held by the V Corps , also first - rate troops occupying an almost impregnable position . As the day wore on , the men of the XI Corps became increasingly aware that something was going on in the woods to the west of them , but were unable to get any higher - ups to pay attention . Col. John C. Lee of the 55th Ohio received numerous reports of a Confederate presence out there , and Col. William Richardson of the 25th Ohio reported that huge numbers of Confederates were massing to the west . Col. Leopold von Gilsa , who commanded one of two brigades in Brig. Gen Charles Devens ' division , went to Howard 's headquarters warning him that an all - out enemy assault was imminent , but Howard insisted that it was impossible for the Confederates to get through the dense woods . Maj. Gen Carl Schurz , who commanded the 3rd Division of the corps , began rearranging his troops into a line of battle . Captain Hubert Dilger , who commanded Battery I of the 1st Ohio Artillery , rode out on a reconnaissance mission , narrowly missed being captured by the Confederates , and rode far north , almost to the banks of the Rapidan , and back south to Hooker 's headquarters , but a haughty cavalry officer dismissed his concerns and would not let him in to see the general . Dilger next went to Howard 's headquarters , but was merely told that the Confederate army was retreating and that it was not acceptable to making scouting expeditions without permission of higher - ups . As the sun started to go down , all remained quiet on the XI Corps 's front , the noises of the III and XII Corps engaging Lee 's rear guard coming from off in the distance . The XI Corps routs before Jackson 's evening dinner time surprise attack Around 5 : 30 p.m. , Jackson turned to Robert Rodes and asked him `` General , are you ready ? '' When Rodes nodded , Jackson replied `` You may go forward then . '' Most of the men of the XI Corps were encamped and sitting down for supper and had their rifles unloaded and stacked . Their first clue to the impending onslaught was the observation of numerous animals , such as rabbits and foxes , fleeing in their direction out of the western woods . This was followed by the crackle of musket fire , and then the unmistakable scream of the `` Rebel Yell '' . Two of von Gilsa 's regiments , the 153rd Pennsylvania and 54th New York , had been placed up as a heavy skirmish line and the massive Confederate assault rolled completely over them . A few men managed to get off a shot or two before fleeing . The pair of artillery pieces at the very end of the XI Corps line were captured by the Confederates and promptly turned on their former owners . Devens 's division collapsed in a matter of minutes , slammed on three sides by almost 30,000 Confederates . Col. Robert Reily and his 75th Ohio managed to resist for about ten minutes before the regiment disintegrated with 150 casualties , including Reily himself , and joined the rest of the fleeing mob . Col. Lee would later write sarcastically , `` A rifle pit is useless when the enemy is on the same side and in rear of your line . '' Some men tried to stand and resist , but they were knocked over by their fleeing comrades and a hail of Confederate bullets . Maj. Gen. Carl Schurz ordered his division to shift from an east - west alignment to north - south , which they did with amazing precision and speed . They resisted for about 20 minutes and `` Leatherbreeches '' Dilger managed to drive the Confederates off the turnpike for a bit with his guns , but the sheer weight of Jackson 's assault overwhelmed them too and they soon had to flee . Dilger for a time stood alone with a gun firing double - shotted canister at the attackers , then limbered up to flee as the Confederates closed in on him . Three of his artillery horses were shot dead , and when he realized that the gun could not be moved , he had to abandon it . General Howard partially redeemed his inadequate performance prior to the battle by his personal bravery in attempting to rally the troops . He stood shouting and waving a flag held under the stump of his amputated arm ( lost at the Battle of Seven Pines in 1862 ) , ignoring the danger of the heavy rifle fire , but he could only gather small pockets of soldiers to resist before his corps disintegrated . Col. Adolf Buschbeck 's brigade put up a last - ditch stand along with Dilger 's guns . They too had to retreat , but maintained good order as they went . The chaos unfurling on the Union right had gone unnoticed at Hooker 's headquarters until at last the sound of gunfire could be heard in the distance , followed by a panic - stricken mob of men and horses pouring into the Chancellorsville clearing . A staff officer yelled `` My God , here they come ! '' as the mob ran to and past the Chancellor mansion . Hooker jumped onto his horse and frantically tried to take action . He ordered Maj. Gen Hiram Berry 's division of the III Corps , once his own division , forward , yelling `` Receive them on your bayonets ! '' Artillerymen around the clearing began moving guns into position around Fairview Cemetery . Meanwhile , down at Hazel Grove , the 8th Pennsylvania Cavalry were relaxing and awaiting orders to chase after Confederate wagon trains , also oblivious to the collapse of the XI Corps . The regiment 's commander , Maj . Pennock Huey , received a notice that General Howard was requesting some cavalry . Huey saddled up his men and headed west along the turnpike , where they ran straight into Robert Rodes 's division . After a confused fight , the 8th Pennsylvania Cavalry retreated to the safety of the Chancellorsville clearing with the loss of 30 men and three officers . XII Corps artillery halts Jackson 's surprise attack By nightfall , the Confederate Second Corps had advanced more than 1.25 miles , to within sight of Chancellorsville , but darkness and confusion were taking their toll . The attackers were almost as disorganized as the routed defenders . Although the XI Corps had been defeated , it had retained some coherence as a unit . The corps suffered nearly 2,500 casualties ( 259 killed , 1,173 wounded , and 994 missing or captured ) , about one quarter of its strength , including 12 of 23 regimental commanders , which suggests that they fought fiercely during their retreat . Jackson 's force was now separated from Lee 's men only by Sickles 's corps , which had been separated from the main body of the army after its foray attacking Jackson 's column earlier in the afternoon . Like everyone else in the Union army , the III Corps had been unaware of Jackson 's attack . When he first heard the news , Sickles was skeptical , but finally believed it and decided to pull back to Hazel Grove . Sickles became increasingly nervous , knowing that his troops were facing an unknown number of Confederates to the west . A patrol of Jackson 's troops was driven back by Union gunners , a minor incident that would come to be exaggerated into a heroic repulse of Jackson 's entire command . Between 11 p.m. and midnight , Sickles organized an assault north from Hazel Grove toward the Plank Road , but called it off when his men began suffering artillery and rifle friendly fire from the Union XII Corps . Stonewall Jackson wanted to press his advantage before Hooker and his army could regain their bearings and plan a counterattack , which might still succeed because of the sheer disparity in numbers . He rode out onto the Plank Road that night to determine the feasibility of a night attack by the light of the full moon , traveling beyond the farthest advance of his men . When one of his staff officers warned him about the dangerous position , Jackson replied , `` The danger is all over . The enemy is routed . Go back and tell A.P. Hill to press right on . '' As he and his staff started to return , they were incorrectly identified as Union cavalry by men of the 18th North Carolina Infantry , who hit Jackson with friendly fire . Jackson 's three bullet wounds were not in themselves life - threatening , but his left arm was broken and had to be amputated . While recovering , he contracted pneumonia and died on May 10 . His death was a devastating loss for the Confederacy . Some historians and participants -- particularly those of the postbellum Lost Cause movement -- attribute the Confederate defeat at Gettysburg two months later to Jackson 's absence . The Union gunners at Fairview Cemetery were alert and nervous ; they were a few hundred yards behind Berry 's division and still - intact elements of the XI Corps and they found it quite impossible to fire their guns without the shells going over the heads of the infantrymen in front of them . A few friendly - fire casualties resulted from this as the gunners were quick to shoot at anything that looked like enemy soldiers ; when they got sight of a large body of Confederates drawing near , they let loose a huge cannonade that landed on and around the party that was carrying the wounded Jackson to the rear and did end up wounding A.P. Hill . May 3 : Chancellorsville ( edit ) Chancellorsville , actions on May 3 , dawn to 10 a.m. Battle of Chancellorsville , 3 May 1863 ( Situation Early ) Despite the fame of Stonewall Jackson 's victory on May 2 , it did not result in a significant military advantage for the Army of Northern Virginia . Howard 's XI Corps had been defeated , but the Army of the Potomac remained a potent force and Reynolds 's I Corps had arrived overnight , which replaced Howard 's losses . About 76,000 Union men faced 43,000 Confederate at the Chancellorsville front . The two halves of Lee 's army at Chancellorsville were separated by Sickles 's III Corps , which occupied a strong position on high ground at Hazel Grove . Unless Lee could devise a plan to eject Sickles from Hazel Grove and combine the two halves of his army , he would have little chance of success in assaulting the formidable Union earthworks around Chancellorsville . Fortunately for Lee , Joseph Hooker inadvertently cooperated . Early on May 3 , Hooker ordered Sickles to move from Hazel Grove to a new position on the Plank Road . As they were withdrawing , the trailing elements of Sickles 's corps were attacked by the Confederate brigade of Brig. Gen. James J. Archer , which captured about 100 prisoners and four cannons . Hazel Grove was soon turned into a powerful artillery platform with 30 guns under Col. Porter Alexander . After Jackson was wounded on May 2 , command of the Second Corps fell to his senior division commander , Maj. Gen. A.P. Hill . Hill was soon wounded himself , however . He consulted with Brig. Gen. Robert E. Rodes , the next most senior general in the corps , and Rodes acquiesced in Hill 's decision to summon Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart to take command , notifying Lee after the fact . Brig. Gen. Henry Heth replaced Hill in division command . Although Stuart was a cavalryman who had never commanded infantry before , he was to deliver a creditable performance at Chancellorsville . By the morning of May 3 , the Union line resembled a horseshoe . The center was held by the III , XII , and II Corps ; on the left were the remnants of the XI Corps , and the right was held by the V and I Corps . On the western side of the Chancellorsville salient , Stuart organized his three divisions to straddle the Plank Road : Heth 's in the advance , Colston 's 300 -- 500 yards behind , and Rodes 's , whose men had done the hardest fighting on May 2 , near the Wilderness Church . The attack began about 5 : 30 a.m. supported by the newly installed artillery at Hazel Grove , and by simultaneous attacks by the divisions of Anderson and McLaws from the south and southeast . The Confederates were resisted fiercely by the Union troops behind strong earthworks , and the fighting on May 3 was the heaviest of the campaign . The initial waves of assaults by Heth and Colston gained a little ground , but were beaten back by Union counterattacks . At Hazel Grove , in short , the finest artillerists of the Army of Northern Virginia were having their greatest day . They had improved guns , better ammunition and superior organization . With the fire of battle shining through his spectacles , William Pegram rejoiced . `` A glorious day , Colonel , '' he said to Porter Alexander , `` a glorious day ! '' Douglas Southall Freeman , Lee 's Lieutenants Rodes sent his men in last and this final push , along with the excellent performance of the Confederate artillery , carried the morning battle . Chancellorsville was the only occasion in the war in Virginia in which Confederate gunners held a decided advantage over their Federal counterparts . Confederate guns on Hazel Grove were joined by 20 more on the Plank Road to duel effectively with the Union guns on neighboring Fairview Hill , causing the Federals to withdraw as ammunition ran low and Confederate infantrymen picked off the gun crews . Fairview was evacuated at 9 : 30 a.m. , briefly recaptured in a counterattack , but by 10 a.m. Hooker ordered it abandoned for good . The loss of this artillery platform doomed the Union position at the Chancellorsville crossroads as well , and the Army of the Potomac began a fighting retreat to positions circling United States Ford . The soldiers of the two halves of Lee 's army reunited shortly after 10 a.m. before the Chancellor mansion , wildly triumphant as Lee arrived on Traveller to survey the scene of his victory . Lee 's presence was the signal for one of those uncontrollable bursts of enthusiasm which none can appreciate who has not witnessed them . The fierce soldiers , with their faces blackened with the smoke of battle , the wounded crawling with feeble limbs from the fury of the devouring flames , all seemed possessed with a common impulse . One long unbroken cheer , in which the feeble cry of those who lay helpless on the earth blended with the strong voices of those who still fought , rose high above the roar of battle and hailed the presence of a victorious chief . He sat in the full realization of all that soldiers dream of -- triumph ; and as I looked at him in the complete fruition of the success which his genius , courage , and confidence in his army had won , I thought that it must have been from some such scene that men in ancient days ascended to the dignity of gods . -- Charles Marshall , Lee 's military secretary , An Aide - de-Camp to Lee At the height of the fighting on May 3 , Hooker suffered an injury when at 9 : 15 a.m. a Confederate cannonball hit a wooden pillar he was leaning against at his headquarters . He later wrote that half of the pillar `` violently ( struck me ) ... in an erect position from my head to my feet . '' He likely received a concussion , which was sufficiently severe to render him unconscious for over an hour . Although clearly incapacitated after he arose , Hooker refused to turn over command temporarily to his second - in - command , Maj. Gen. Darius N. Couch , and , with Hooker 's chief of staff , Maj. Gen. Daniel Butterfield , and Sedgwick out of communication ( again due to the failure of the telegraph lines ) , there was no one at headquarters with sufficient rank or stature to convince Hooker otherwise . This failure may have affected Union performance over the next day and may have directly contributed to Hooker 's seeming lack of nerve and timid performance throughout the rest of the battle . May 3 : Fredericksburg and Salem Church ( edit ) Further information : Second Battle of Fredericksburg and Battle of Salem Church Soldiers of the VI Corps , Army of the Potomac , in trenches before storming Marye 's Heights at the Second Battle of Fredericksburg during the Chancellorsville campaign , Virginia , May 1863 . This photograph ( Library of Congress # B - 157 ) is sometimes mistakenly labeled as taken at the 1864 Siege of Petersburg , Virginia . Chancellorsville , actions on May 3 , 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. , including the Second Battle of Fredericksburg and the Battle of Salem Church Chancellorsville Campaign , 3 May 1863 ( Battle of Salem Church : Situation at 1600 ) As Lee was savoring his victory at the Chancellorsville crossroads , he received disturbing news : Maj. Gen. John Sedgwick 's force had broken through the Confederate lines at Fredericksburg and was headed toward Chancellorsville . On the night of May 2 , in the aftermath of Jackson 's flank attack , Hooker had ordered Sedgwick to `` cross the Rappahannock at Fredericksburg on the receipt of this order , and at once take up your line of march on the Chancellorsville road until you connect with him . You will attack and destroy any force you may fall in with on the road . '' Lee had left a relatively small force at Fredericksburg , ordering Brig. Gen. Jubal Early to `` watch the enemy and try to hold him . '' If he was attacked in `` overwhelming numbers , '' Early was to retreat to Richmond , but if Sedgwick withdrew from his front , he was to join with Lee at Chancellorsville . On the morning of May 2 , Early received a garbled message from Lee 's staff that caused him to start marching most of his men toward Chancellorsville , but he quickly returned after a warning from Brig. Gen. William Barksdale of a Union advance against Fredericksburg . At 7 a.m. on May 3 , Early was confronted with four Union divisions : Brig. Gen. John Gibbon of the II Corps had crossed the Rappahannock north of town , and three divisions of Sedgwick 's VI Corps -- Maj. Gen. John Newton and Brig . Gens . Albion P. Howe and William T.H. Brooks -- were arrayed in line from the front of the town to Deep Run . Most of Early 's combat strength was deployed to the south of town , where Federal troops had achieved their most significant successes during the December battle . Marye 's Heights was defended by Barksdale 's Mississippi brigade and Early ordered the Louisiana brigade of Brig. Gen. Harry T. Hays from the far right to Barksdale 's left . By midmorning , two Union attacks against the infamous stone wall on Marye 's Heights were repulsed with numerous casualties . A Union party under flag of truce was allowed to approach ostensibly to collect the wounded , but while close to the stone wall , they were able to observe how sparsely the Confederate line was manned . A third Union attack was successful in overrunning the Confederate position . Early was able to organize an effective fighting retreat . John Sedgwick 's road to Chancellorsville was open , but he wasted time in gathering his troops and forming a marching column . His men , led by Brooks 's division , followed by Newton and Howe , were delayed for several hours by successive actions against the Alabama brigade of Brig. Gen. Cadmus M. Wilcox . His final delaying line was a ridge at Salem church , where he was joined by three brigades from McLaws 's division and one from Anderson 's , bringing the total Confederate strength to about 10,000 men . Artillery fire was exchanged by both sides in the afternoon and at 5 : 30 p.m. , two brigades of Brooks 's division attacked on both sides of the Plank Road . The advance south of the road reached as far as the churchyard , but was driven back . The attack north of the road could not break the Confederate line . Wilcox described the action as `` a bloody repulse to the enemy , rendering entirely useless to him his little success of the morning at Fredericksburg . '' Hooker expressed his disappointment in Sedgwick : `` my object in ordering General Sedgwick forward ... Was to relieve me from the position in which I found myself at Chancellorsville ... In my judgment General Sedgwick did not obey the spirit of my order , and made no sufficient effort to obey it ... When he did move it was not with sufficient confidence or ability on his part to manoeuvre his troops . '' The fighting on May 3 , 1863 , was some of the most furious anywhere in the civil war . The loss of 21,357 men that day in the three battles , divided equally between the two armies , ranks the fighting only behind the Battle of Antietam as the bloodiest day of war in American history . May 4 -- 6 : Union withdrawals ( edit ) Confederate dead behind the stone wall of Marye 's Heights , Fredericksburg , Virginia , killed during the Chancellorsville Campaign ( the Second Battle of Fredericksburg ) , May 1863 . Photograph by A.J. Russell . Chancellorsville , actions on May 4 , withdrawals on May 5 and 6 Battle of Chancellorsville , 4 May 1863 ( Situation at 1800 ) Battle of Chancellorsville , 6 May 1863 ( Situation at 1700 ) On the evening of May 3 and all day May 4 , Hooker remained in his defenses north of Chancellorsville. Lee observed that Hooker was threatening no offensive action , so felt comfortable ordering Anderson 's division to join the battle against Sedgwick . He sent orders to Early and McLaws to cooperate in a joint attack , but the orders reached his subordinates after dark , so the attack was planned for May 4 . By this time Sedgwick had placed his divisions into a strong defensive position with its flanks anchored on the Rappahannock , three sides of a rectangle extending south of the Plank Road . Early 's plan was to drive the Union troops off Marye 's Heights and the other high ground west of Fredericksburg. Lee ordered McLaws to engage from the west `` to prevent ( the enemy ) concentrating on General Early . '' Early reoccupied Marye 's Heights on the morning of May 4 , cutting Sedgwick off from the town . However , McLaws was reluctant to take any action . Before noon , Lee arrived with Anderson 's division , giving him a total of 21,000 men , slightly outnumbering Sedgwick . Despite Lee 's presence , McLaws continued his passive role and Anderson 's men took a few hours to get into position , a situation that frustrated and angered both Early and Lee , who had been planning on a concentrated assault from three directions . The attack finally began around 6 p.m. Two of Early 's brigades ( under Brig . Gens . Harry T. Hays and Robert F. Hoke ) pushed back Sedgwick 's left - center across the Plank Road , but Anderson 's effort was a slight one and McLaws once again contributed nothing . Throughout the day on May 4 , Hooker provided no assistance or useful guidance to Sedgwick , and Sedgwick thought about little else than protecting his line of retreat . Sedgwick withdrew across the Rappahannock at Banks 's Ford during the pre-dawn hours of May 5 . When he learned that Sedgwick had retreated back over the river , Hooker felt he was out of options to save the campaign . He called a council of war and asked his corps commanders to vote about whether to stay and fight or to withdraw . Although a majority voted to fight , Hooker had had enough , and on the night of May 5 -- 6 , he withdrew back across the river at U.S. Ford . It was a difficult operation . Hooker and the artillery crossed first , followed by the infantry beginning at 6 a.m. on May 6 . Meade 's V Corps served as the rear guard . Rains caused the river to rise and threatened to break the pontoon bridges . Couch was in command on the south bank after Hooker departed , but he was left with explicit orders not to continue the battle , which he had been tempted to do . The surprise withdrawal frustrated Lee 's plan for one final attack against Chancellorsville . He had issued orders for his artillery to bombard the Union line in preparation for another assault , but by the time they were ready Hooker and his men were gone . The Union cavalry under Brig. Gen. George Stoneman , after a week of ineffectual raiding in central and southern Virginia in which they failed to attack any of the objectives Hooker established , withdrew into Union lines east of Richmond -- the peninsula north of the York River , across from Yorktown -- on May 7 , ending the campaign . Aftermath ( edit ) My God ! It is horrible -- horrible ; and to think of it , 130,000 magnificent soldiers so cut to pieces by less than 60,000 half - starved ragamuffins ! Horace Greeley , New York Tribune Casualties ( edit ) Further information : Detailed Union casualties and Detailed Confederate casualties Lee , despite being outnumbered by a ratio of over two to one , won arguably his greatest victory of the war , sometimes described as his `` perfect battle . '' But he paid a terrible price for it , taking more casualties than he had lost in any previous battle , including the Confederate defeat at the Battle of Antietam . With only 60,000 men engaged , he suffered 13,303 casualties ( 1,665 killed , 9,081 wounded , 2,018 missing ) , losing some 22 % of his force in the campaign -- men that the Confederacy , with its limited manpower , could not replace . Just as seriously , he lost his most aggressive field commander , Stonewall Jackson . Brig. Gen. Elisha F. Paxton was the other Confederate general killed during the battle . After Longstreet rejoined the main army , he was highly critical of Lee 's strategy , saying that battles like Chancellorsville cost the Confederacy more men than it could afford to lose . Of the 133,000 Union men engaged , 17,197 were casualties ( 1,606 killed , 9,672 wounded , 5,919 missing ) , a percentage much lower than Lee 's , particularly considering that it includes 4,000 men of the XI Corps who were captured on May 2 . When comparing only the killed and wounded , there were almost no differences between the Confederate and Federal losses at Chancellorsville . The Union lost three generals in the campaign : Maj . Gens . Hiram G. Berry and Amiel W. Whipple and Brig. Gen. Edmund Kirby . Assessment of Hooker ( edit ) Lee 's Chancellorsville consisted of a pastiche of unbelievably risky gambits that led to a great triumph . Hooker 's campaign , after the brilliant opening movements , degenerated into a tale of opportunities missed and troops underutilized . Robert K. Krick , Lee 's Greatest Victory Hooker , who began the campaign believing he had `` 80 chances in 100 to be successful '' , lost the battle through miscommunication , the incompetence of some of his leading generals ( most notably Howard and Stoneman , but also Sedgwick ) , but mostly through the collapse of his own confidence . Hooker 's errors included abandoning his offensive push on May 1 and ordering Sickles to give up Hazel Grove and pull back on May 2 . He also erred in his disposition of forces ; despite Abraham Lincoln 's exhortation , `` this time put in all your men , '' some 40,000 men of the Army of the Potomac scarcely fired a shot . When later asked why he had ordered a halt to his advance on May 1 , Hooker is reputed to have responded , `` For the first time , I lost faith in Hooker . '' However , Stephen W. Sears has categorized this as a myth : Nothing has been more damaging to General Joseph Hooker 's military reputation than this , from John Bigelow 's The Campaign of Chancellorsville ( 1910 ) : `` A couple of months later , when Hooker crossed the Rappahannock ( actually , the Potomac ) with the Army of the Potomac in the Campaign of Gettysburg he was asked by General Doubleday : ' Hooker , what was the matter with you at Chancellorsville ? ... Hooker answered frankly ... ' Doubleday ... For once I lost confidence in Hooker ' . '' Sears 's research has shown that Bigelow was quoting from a letter written in 1903 by an E.P. Halstead , who was on the staff of Doubleday 's I Corps division . There is no evidence that Hooker and Doubleday ever met during the Gettysburg Campaign , nor was there any chance of them meeting -- they were dozens of miles apart . Finally , Doubleday made no mention of such a confession from Hooker in his history of the Chancellorsville Campaign , published in 1882 . Sears concludes : It can only be concluded that forty years after the event , elderly ex-staff officer Halstead was at best retailing some vaguely remembered campfire tale , and at worst manufacturing a role for himself in histories of the campaign ... Whatever Joe Hooker 's failings at Chancellorsville , he did not publicly confess them . Lincoln later told Congressman Deming of Connecticut that he believed the war could have been terminated at Chancellorsville had Hooker managed the battle better : specifically , `` when Hooker failed to reinforce Sedgwick , after hearing his cannon ... '' But , he added , `` I do not know that I could have given any different orders had I been with them myself . I have not fully made up my mind how I should behave when minie - balls were whistling , and those great oblong shells shrieking in my ear . I might run away . '' Union reaction ( edit ) The Union was shocked by the defeat . President Abraham Lincoln was quoted as saying , `` My God ! My God ! What will the country say ? '' A few generals were career casualties . Hooker relieved Stoneman for incompetence and for years waged a vituperative campaign against Howard , who he blamed for his loss . He wrote in 1876 that Howard was `` a hypocrite ... totally incompetent ... a perfect old woman ... a bad man . '' He labeled Sedgwick as `` dilatory . '' Couch was so disgusted by Hooker 's conduct of the battle ( and his incessant political maneuvering ) that he resigned and was placed in charge of the Department of the Susquehanna , commanding only Pennsylvania militia . President Lincoln chose to retain Hooker in command of the army , but the friction between Lincoln , general in chief Henry W. Halleck , and Hooker became intolerable in the early days of the Gettysburg Campaign and Lincoln relieved Hooker of command on June 28 , just before the Battle of Gettysburg . One of the consequences of Chancellorsville at Gettysburg was the conduct of Daniel Sickles , who undoubtedly recalled the terrible consequences of withdrawing from Hazel Grove when he decided to ignore the commands of his general and moved his lines on the second day of battle to ensure that a minor piece of high ground , the Peach Orchard , was not available to the enemy 's artillery . Confederate reaction ( edit ) The Confederate public had mixed feelings about the result , joy at Lee 's tactical victory tempered by the loss of their most beloved general , Stonewall Jackson . The death of Jackson caused Lee to make the long - needed reorganization of the Army of Northern Virginia from two large corps into three , under James Longstreet , Richard S. Ewell , and A.P. Hill . The new assignments for the latter two generals caused some command difficulties in the upcoming Gettysburg Campaign , which began in June . Of more consequence for Gettysburg , however , was the supreme confidence that Lee gained from his great victory at Chancellorsville , that his army was virtually invincible and would succeed at anything he asked them to do . Additional battle maps ( edit ) Gallery : Chancellorsville Campaign ( Tactical maps ) ( edit ) Map symbols Map 1 : Hooker 's Flanking March , 27 -- 30 April 1863 Map 2 : 1 May 1863 ( late morning ) Map 3 : 2 May 1863 ( early evening ) Map 4 : 3 May 1863 ( early morning ) Map 5 : 4 May 1863 ( late afternoon ) Battlefield preservation ( edit ) Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania County Battlefields Memorial National Military Park U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Military Park Virginia Landmarks Register A piece of artillery . Area 4,601.1 acres ( 1,862 ha ) NRHP reference # 66000046 VLR # 111 - 0147 Significant dates Added to NRHP October 15 , 1966 Designated VLR January 16 , 1973 The battlefield was a scene of widespread destruction , covered with dead men and animals . The Chancellor family , whose house was destroyed during the battle , placed the entire 854 - acre property for sale four months after the battle . A smaller version of the house was rebuilt using some of the original materials , which served as a landmark for many of the veteran reunions of the late 19th century . In 1927 , the rebuilt house was destroyed by fire . That same year , the United States Congress authorized the Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania National Military Park , which preserves some of the land that saw fighting in the 1862 Battle of Fredericksburg , the Chancellorsville Campaign , the Battle of the Wilderness , and the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House ( the latter two being key battles in the 1864 Overland Campaign ) . In May 2002 , a regional developer announced a plan to build 2,300 houses and 2,000,000 square feet of commercial space on the 790 - acre Mullins Farm , site of the first day of fighting at the Battle of Chancellorsville . Soon thereafter , the Civil War Trust ( now a division of the American Battlefield Trust ) formed the Coalition to Save Chancellorsville , a network of national and local preservation groups that waged a vocal campaign against the development . For nearly a year , the Coalition mobilized local citizens , held candlelight vigils and hearings , and encouraged residents to become more involved in preservation . Public opinion polling conducted by the Coalition found that more than two - thirds of local residents opposed the development . The survey also found that 90 percent of local residents believed their county has a responsibility to protect Chancellorsville and other historic resources . As a result of these efforts , in March 2003 the Spotsylvania County Board of Supervisors denied the rezoning application that would have allowed for the development of the site . Immediately following the vote , the Civil War Trust and other Coalition members began working to acquire the battlefield . By working with county officials and developers , the Trust acquired 140 acres in 2004 and another 74 acres in 2006. The Trust and its federal , state and local partners have acquired and preserved 1,288 acres ( 5.21 km ) of the battlefield in more than a dozen different transactions since 2002 . In popular media ( edit ) The battle formed the basis for Stephen Crane 's 1895 novel The Red Badge of Courage . The battle serves as the background for one of F. Scott Fitzgerald 's short stories , published in the February 1935 Esquire Magazine , entitled `` The Night at Chancellorsville . '' The Battle of Chancellorsville was depicted in the 2003 film Gods and Generals , based on the novel of the same name . The treatment of the battle in both the novel and the movie focuses on Jackson 's assault on the Union right flank , his wounding , and his subsequent death . See also ( edit ) American Civil War portal Virginia portal List of American Civil War battles Troop engagements of the American Civil War , 1863 Battle of Fredericksburg and Mud March Second Battle of Fredericksburg Battle of Salem Church List of costliest American Civil War land battles Armies in the American Civil War Bibliography of the American Civil War Bibliography of Abraham Lincoln Bibliography of Ulysses S. Grant Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The dates for the battle vary by historian . The National Park Service cites the period from the Union army 's establishing a presence on the battlefield ( April 30 ) until its retreat ( May 6 ) . McPherson , p. 643 , cites May 2 to 6 . Livermore , p. 98 , May 1 to 4 . McGowen , p. 392 , May 2 to 3 . The full Chancellorsville Campaign lasted from April 27 to May 7 . Jump up ^ National Park Service . Jump up ^ Official Records , Series I , Volume XXV , Part 1 , pages 156 -- 170 ^ Jump up to : Second Division ( II Army Corps ) and VI Army Corps engaged at Fredericksburg ( or Marye 's Heights ) , Salem Heights ( or Salem Church ) and near Banks ' Ford , Va. , May 3 -- 4 , 1863 . Further information : Official Records , Series I , Volume XXV , Part 1 , pages 188 -- 191 . Jump up ^ Official Records , Series I , Volume XXV , Part 1 , pages 789 -- 794 ^ Jump up to : Jubal A. Early 's Division ( II Army Corps ) and McLaws 's Division ( I Army Corps ) engaged at Fredericksburg ( or Marye 's Heights ) , Salem Heights ( or Salem Church ) and near Banks ' Ford , Va. , May 3 -- 4 , 1863 . ^ Jump up to : Union strength include forces engaged at Fredericksburg and Salem Church , Va . ( May 3 -- 4 , 1863 ) . Further information : Official Records , Series I , Volume XXV , Part 2 , page 320 and Official Records , Series I , Volume XXV , Part 1 , pages 188 -- 191 . ^ Jump up to : 133,868 Union troops and 60,892 Confederate troops according to Bigelow , pp. 132 -- 136 and Eicher , p. 475 ; Furgurson , p. 88 , Kennedy , p. 197 : `` about 130,000 to 60,000 . '' ; Salmon , p. 173 : `` more than 133,000 ... about 60,000 . '' The NPS states Union 97,382 , Confederate 57,352 . ^ Jump up to : Confederate strength include forces engaged at Fredericksburg and Salem Church , Va . ( May 3 -- 4 , 1863 ) . Further information : Official Records , Series I , Volume XXV , Part 2 , page 696 . ^ Jump up to : Casualties cited are for the full campaign . Further information : Official Records , Series I , Volume XXV , Part 1 , pages 172 -- 192 . ^ Jump up to : Eicher , p. 488 . Casualties cited are for the full campaign . Sears , pp. 492 , 501 , cites 17,304 Union ( 1,694 killed , 9,672 wounded , and 5,938 missing ) and 13,460 Confederate ( 1,724 killed , 9,233 wounded , and 2,503 missing ) . Jump up ^ Casualties cited are for the full campaign . Further information : Official Records , Series I , Volume XXV , Part 1 , pages 806 -- 809 / 947 -- 949 . Jump up ^ There were three battles and one cavalry raid during the campaign . Because the three battles happened in a small geographic area and had overlapping timelines , this article covers both the battle around the village of Chancellorsville and the full campaign . Jump up ^ Evan Andrews ( 1 September 2015 ) . `` 5 Famous Pyrrhic Victories '' . History . A&E Television Networks , LLC . Retrieved 17 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , pp. 11 -- 15 , 88 -- 112 , 118 -- 21 , 144 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Krick , pp. 14 -- 15 ; Hebert , pp. 165 -- 67 , 177 ; Kennedy , p. 197 ; Eicher , p. 473 ; Sears , pp. 21 -- 24 , 61 ; Warner , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Furgurson , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Sears , pp. 24 -- 25 ; Furgurson , p. 18 ; Cullen , pp. 15 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Hebert , pp. 166 -- 68 , 172 ; Sears , pp. 24 , 61 , 63 . Jump up ^ Sears , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , p. 6 ; Esposito , text for map 84 ; Eicher , p. 473 ; Sears , p. 67 ; Hebert , pp. 172 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Catton , pp. 141 -- 47 ; Hebert , pp. 178 -- 83 ; Sears , pp. 62 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Cullen , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Krick , p. 41 ; Sears , pp. 68 -- 70 , 100 -- 102 ; Fishel , pp. 286 -- 95 . The Army of the Potomac was able to call on the services of self - styled `` Professor of Aeronautics '' Thaddeus S.C. Lowe and his two hydrogen aerostats Washington and Eagle , which regularly ascended to heights of 1,000 feet ( 300 m ) or more to observe Lee 's positions . Jump up ^ Gallagher , pp. 9 -- 10 ; Eicher , p. 474 ; Cullen , pp. 17 -- 18 ; Welcher , p. 659 ; Sears , pp. 120 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Cullen , p. 17 ; Gallagher , pp. 10 -- 11 ; Welcher , p. 659 ; Sears , pp. 137 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Sears , pp. 132 , 193 -- 94 ; Krick , pp. 35 -- 36 ; Gallagher , pp. 11 -- 13 ; Cullen , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Sears , pp. 98 -- 99 ; Cullen , p. 19 ; Salmon , pp. 173 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Esposito , text for map 84 ; Gallagher , pp. 13 -- 14 ; Salmon , p. 175 ; Sears , pp. 141 -- 58 ; Krick , p. 32 ; Eicher , pp. 475 , 477 ; Welcher , pp. 660 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Salmon , pp. 176 -- 77 ; Gallagher , pp. 16 -- 17 ; Krick , pp. 39 ; Salmon , pp. 176 -- 77 ; Cullen , pp. 21 -- 22 ; Sears , pp. 187 -- 89 . Jump up ^ 413 guns according : Bigelow , p. 136 ; Gallagher , p. 7 ; Salmon , p. 173 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 474 ; Welcher , pp. 684 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Bigelow , p. 134 ; Gallagher , p. 8 ; Salmon , p. 173 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 474 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Salmon , pp. 168 -- 72 ; Kennedy , pp. 194 -- 97 ; Eicher , p. 474 ; Cullen , p. 16 ; Sears , pp. 94 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Salmon , p. 177 ; Welcher , p. 663 ; Gallagher , pp. 17 -- 19 ; Cullen , pp. 23 -- 25 ; Sears , pp. 196 -- 202 ; Krick , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Salmon , p. 177 ; Cullen , p. 25 ; Krick , pp. 59 -- 62 ; Welcher , pp. 663 -- 65 ; Gallagher , pp. 18 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Krick , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Sears , p. 212 ; Eicher , p. 478 ; Cullen , p. 26 ; Esposito , text for map 85 ; Gallagher , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Cullen , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Sears , pp. 212 -- 13 ; Cullen , pp. 26 -- 28 . Eicher , p. 478 . called Hooker 's order `` an almost surrealistic blunder . '' Furgurson , pp. 130 -- 32 , wrote `` With mass , position , and momentum on his side , after one of the most successful opening moves in American military history , Hooker bowed and handed the initiative to Lee ... At no other time between Sumter and Appomattox did moral character so decisively affect the battle . '' Both Eicher and Furgurson suggest that Hooker 's abstinence from alcohol during the battle may have affected his normally pugnacious personality . Krick , p. 9 , refers to `` impressive evidence '' that he was drinking during the battle , but that `` other evidence '' denies the fact . Jump up ^ Sears , pp. 233 -- 35 ; Esposito , text for map 86 ; Eicher , p. 479 ; Cullen , pp. 28 -- 29 ; Krick , pp. 64 -- 70 ; Salmon , pp. 177 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Sears , pp. 228 -- 30 ; Furgurson , pp. 156 -- 57 ; Welcher , p. 667 . Jump up ^ Sears , pp. 231 -- 35 , 239 -- 40 ; Eicher , p. 479 . Jump up ^ Cullen , p. 29 ; Sears , pp. 244 -- 45 ; Salmon , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Sears , pp. 245 , 254 -- 59 ; Krick , p. 76 ; Salmon , pp. 178 -- 79 ; Cullen , pp. 30 -- 32 ; Welcher , p. 668 . Jump up ^ Krick , pp. 84 -- 86 ; Salmon , p. 179 ; Cullen , p. 34 ; Sears , pp. 257 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Furgurson , p. 90 ; Eicher , pp. 480 -- 82 ; Sears , pp. 237 -- 38 , 270 . Jump up ^ Sears , p. 272 ; Furgurson , p. 171 , estimates 5 : 15 and states that various reports from the combatants list the starting time from as early as 4 p.m. to as late as 6 p.m. Jump up ^ Sears , p. 261 . Only two - thirds of Jackson 's marching column participated in the assault . Some of A.P. Hill 's men arrived late , other units were detached to guard the Orange Plank Road . Jump up ^ Krick , pp. 104 -- 105 , 118 ; Sears , pp. 260 -- 81 ; Eicher , pp. 480 -- 82 ; Cullen , p. 34 ; Welcher , p. 670 . Jump up ^ Sears , pp. 281 , 287 , 289 -- 91 , 300 -- 302 , 488 ; Welcher , p. 673 ; Eicher , p. 483 ; Salmon , p. 180 ; Krick , pp. 146 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Furgurson , pp. 196 -- 206 , 213 -- 16 ; Krick , pp. 136 -- 46 ; Salmon , pp. 180 -- 81 ; Sears , pp. 293 -- 97 , 306 -- 307 , 446 -- 49 ; Smith , pp. 123 -- 27 . For representative speculation about Gettysburg , see David G. Martin , Gettysburg July 1 , rev . ed . ( Conshohocken , PA : Combined Publishing , 1996 ) , ISBN 0 - 938289 - 81 - 0 , pp. 563 -- 65 , or Furgurson , pp. 349 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Goolrick , 140 -- 42 ; Esposito , text for map 88 ; Sears , pp. 312 -- 14 , 316 -- 20 ; Salmon , pp. 181 -- 82 ; Cullen , pp. 36 -- 39 ; Welcher , p. 675 . Jump up ^ Welcher , pp. 676 -- 77 ; Eicher , pp. 483 -- 85 ; Salmon , pp. 182 -- 83 ; Krick , p. 199 . Sears , p. 325 : `` Under the particular conditions he inherited , then , it is hard to see how Jeb Stuart , in a new command , a cavalryman commanding infantry and artillery for the first time , could have done a better job . '' Jump up ^ Freeman , vol. 2 , p. 592 . Jump up ^ Salmon , p. 183 ; Sears , pp. 319 -- 20 ; Welcher , p. 677 . Jump up ^ Evans , vol. 3 , p. 390 . Jump up ^ Sears , pp. 336 -- 39 ; Welcher , p. 678 ; Eicher , pp. 485 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Sears , pp. 308 -- 11 , 350 -- 51 ; Welcher , pp. 679 -- 80 ; Cullen , pp. 41 -- 42 ; Goolrick , pp. 151 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Krick , pp. 176 -- 80 ; Welcher , pp. 680 -- 81 ; Esposito , text for maps 88 -- 89 ; Sears , pp. 352 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Furgurson , pp. 273 -- 88 ; Welcher , p. 681 ; Sears , pp. 378 -- 86 ; Krick , pp. 181 -- 85 ; Cullen , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Sears , p. 389 . Jump up ^ Sears , pp. 390 -- 93 ; Welcher , pp. 681 -- 82 ; Cullen , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Krick , pp. 187 -- 91 ; Sears , pp. 400 -- 405 . Jump up ^ Krick , pp. 191 -- 96 ; Esposito , text for map 91 ; Welcher , p. 682 ; Cullen , p. 45 ; Sears , pp. 417 -- 30 . Goolrick , p. 158 : In the council of war , Meade , Reynolds , and Howard voted to fight . Sickles and Couch voted to withdraw ; Couch actually favored attack , but lacked confidence in Hooker 's leadership . Slocum did not arrive until after the vote , and Sedgwick had already withdrawn from the battlefield . Jump up ^ Sears , p. 309 ; Eicher , p. 476 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Dupuy , p. 261 . Jump up ^ Smith , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Smith , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Krick , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Esposito , text for map 91 ; Foote , p. 315 ; Hebert , p. 199 . ^ Jump up to : Sears , p. 504 . ^ Jump up to : Sears , p. 505 . Jump up ^ Six Months at the White House with Abraham Lincoln by Carpenter , Francis Bicknell , 1830 -- 1900 . Published 1866 , pages 219 -- 221 Jump up ^ Hebert , pp. 231 , 235 , 245 ; Sears , p. 433 ; Eicher , pp. 489 , 523 ; Furgurson , p. 332 ; Krick , pp. 127 , 203 ; Cullen , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 489 ; Cullen , pp. 49 -- 50 , 69 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2009 - 03 - 13 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ `` Virginia Landmarks Register '' . Virginia Department of Historic Resources . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2013 . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Krick , pp. 201 -- 202 ; NPS Archived May 14 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` 7 Groups Form Coalition to Save Chancellorsville '' , The Civil War News , 2002 Archived January 11 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Soft Touch at Town of Chancellorsville Vigil Pays Off '' , Fredericksburg Free - Lance Star , January 22 , 2003 Jump up ^ `` Spotsy board vote brings cheers '' , Fredericksburg Free - Lance Star , November 15 , 2006 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) American Battlefield Trust `` Saved Land '' webpage . Accessed May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chancellorsville , '' Red Badge of Courage material , American Studies website of the University of Virginia . Jump up ^ Text of the short story References ( edit ) Alexander , Edward P. Fighting for the Confederacy : The Personal Recollections of General Edward Porter Alexander . Edited by Gary W. Gallagher . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4722 - 4 . Catton , Bruce . Glory Road . Garden City , NY : Doubleday and Company , 1952 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 04167 - 5 . Cullen , Joseph P. `` Battle of Chancellorsville . '' In Battle Chronicles of the Civil War : 1863 , edited by James M. McPherson . Connecticut : Grey Castle Press , 1989 . ISBN 1 - 55905 - 027 - 6 . First published in 1989 by McMillan . Dupuy , R. Ernest , Trevor N. Dupuy , and Paul F. Braim . Military Heritage of America . New York : McGraw - Hill , 1956 . ISBN 0 - 8403 - 8225 - 1 . Eicher , David J. The Longest Night : A Military History of the Civil War . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84944 - 5 . Esposito , Vincent J. West Point Atlas of American Wars . New York : Frederick A. Praeger , 1959 . OCLC 5890637 . The collection of maps ( without explanatory text ) is available online at the West Point website . Fishel , Edwin C. The Secret War for the Union : The Untold Story of Military Intelligence in the Civil War . Boston : Mariner Books ( Houghton Mifflin Co . ) , 1996 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 90136 - 7 . Foote , Shelby . The Civil War : A Narrative . Vol. 2 , Fredericksburg to Meridian . New York : Random House , 1958 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 49517 - 9 . Freeman , Douglas S. Lee 's Lieutenants : A Study in Command . 3 vols . New York : Scribner , 1946 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 85979 - 3 . Furgurson , Ernest B. Chancellorsville 1863 : The Souls of the Brave . New York : Knopf , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 58301 - 9 . Gallagher , Gary W . The Battle of Chancellorsville . National Park Service Civil War series . Conshohocken , PA : U.S. National Park Service and Eastern National , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 915992 - 87 - 6 . Goolrick , William K. , and the Editors of Time - Life Books . Rebels Resurgent : Fredericksburg to Chancellorsville . Alexandria , VA : Time - Life Books , 1985 . ISBN 0 - 8094 - 4748 - 7 . Hebert , Walter H. Fighting Joe Hooker . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 7323 - 1 . Krick , Robert K. Chancellorsville -- Lee 's Greatest Victory . New York : American Heritage Publishing Co. , 1990 . OCLC 671280483 . Livermore , Thomas L. Numbers and Losses in the Civil War in America 1861 -- 65 . Reprinted with errata , Dayton , OH : Morninside House , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 527 - 57600 - X . First published in 1901 by Houghton Mifflin . McGowen , Stanley S. `` Battle of Chancellorsville . '' In Encyclopedia of the American Civil War : A Political , Social , and Military History , edited by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler . New York : W.W. Norton & Company , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 04758 - X . McPherson , James M. Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era . Oxford History of the United States . New York : Oxford University Press , 1988 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503863 - 0 . Salmon , John S . The Official Virginia Civil War Battlefield Guide . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 2868 - 4 . Sears , Stephen W. Chancellorsville . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1996 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 87744 - X . Smith , Derek . The Gallant Dead : Union & Confederate Generals Killed in the Civil War . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 0132 - 8 . Warner , Ezra J. Generals in Blue : Lives of the Union Commanders . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 1964 . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 0822 - 7 . Wineman , Bradford Alexander . The Chancellorsville Campaign , January -- May 1863 . Washington , DC : United States Army Center of Military History , 2013 . OCLC : 847739804 . National Park Service battle description CWSAC Report Update Memoirs and primary sources ( edit ) Bigelow , John . The Campaign of Chancellorsville , a Strategic and Tactical Study . New Haven : Yale University Press , 1910 . OCLC 1348825 . Crane , Stephen . The Red Badge of Courage . Upper Saddle River , NJ : Prentice Hall , 1895 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 435466 - 8 . Dodge , Theodore A . The Campaign of Chancellorsville . Boston : J.R. Osgood & Co. , 1881 . OCLC 4226311 . Evans , Clement A. , ed . Confederate Military History : A Library of Confederate States History . 12 vols . Atlanta : Confederate Publishing Company , 1899 . OCLC 833588 . Tidball , John C. The Artillery Service in the War of the Rebellion , 1861 - 1865 . Westholme Publishing , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1594161490 . U.S. War Department , The War of the Rebellion : a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office , 1880 -- 1901 . Further reading ( edit ) Ballard , Ted , and Billy Arthur . Chancellorsville Staff Ride : Briefing Book . Washington , DC : United States Army Center of Military History , 2002 . OCLC 50210531 . Mackowski , Chris , and Kristopher D. White . Chancellorsville 's Forgotten Front : The Battles of Second Fredericksburg and Salem Church , May 3 , 1863 . El Dorado Hills , CA : Savas Beatie , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61121 - 136 - 8 . Mackowski , Chris , and Kristopher D. White . The Last Days of Stonewall Jackson : The Mortal Wounding of the Confederacy 's Greatest Icon . Emerging Civil War Series . El Dorado Hills , CA : Savas Beatie , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61121 - 150 - 4 . Mackowski , Chris , and Kristopher D. White . That Furious Struggle : Chancellorsville and the High Tide of the Confederacy , May 1 -- 4 , 1863 . Emerging Civil War Series . El Dorado Hills , CA : Savas Beatie , 2014 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61121 - 219 - 8 . Parsons , Philip W . The Union Sixth Army Corps in the Chancellorsville Campaign : A Study of the Engagements of Second Fredericksburg , Salem Church , and Banks 's Ford . Jefferson , NC : McFarland & Co. , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 2521 - 1 . Pula , James S. Under the Crescent Moon with the XI Corps in the Civil War . Vol. 1 , From the Defenses of Washington to Chancellorsville , 1862 -- 1863 . El Dorado Hills , CA : Savas Beatie , 2017 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61121 - 337 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about Battle of Chancellorsville . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Chancellorsville . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania National Military Park . The Battle of Chancellorsville : Battle Maps , histories , photos , and preservation news ( Civil War Trust ) Battle of Chancellorsville Virtual Tour Chancellorsville Campaign in Encyclopedia Virginia Second Battle of Fredericksburg in Encyclopedia Virginia The Brothers War : The Battle of Chancellorsville Animated Powerpoint slide presentation of campaign Animated history of the Battle of Chancellorsville C - SPAN American History TV Tour of Jackson 's Flank Attack at Chancellorsville Texts on Wikisource : Guernsey , Alfred H. ( 1879 ) . `` Chancellorsville , Battle of '' . The American Cyclopædia . 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List of tallest buildings

List of tallest buildings - wikipedia List of tallest buildings The 828 - metre ( 2,717 ft ) tall Burj Khalifa in Dubai has been the tallest building since 2008 . The Burj Khalifa has been classified as Megatall . The tallest buildings in 2015 This list ranks skyscrapers by height . Only buildings with continuously occupiable floors are included , thus non-building structures , including towers , are not included . ( See List of tallest buildings and structures . ) Contents 1 Ranking criteria and alternatives 2 Tallest buildings in the world ( 350 m+ ) 3 Gallery 4 Alternative measurements 4.1 Height to pinnacle ( highest point ) 4.2 Height to occupied floor 5 Buildings under construction 6 List by continent 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Ranking criteria and alternatives The international non-profit organization Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat ( CTBUH ) was formed in 1969 and announces the title of `` The World 's Tallest Building '' and sets the standards by which buildings are measured . It maintains a list of the 100 tallest completed buildings in the world . The organization currently ranks Burj Khalifa in Dubai as the tallest at 828 m ( 2,717 ft ) . The CTBUH only recognizes buildings that are complete however , and some buildings included within the lists in this article are not considered finished by the CTBUH . In 1996 , as a response to the dispute as to whether the Petronas Towers or the Sears Tower was taller , the council listed and ranked buildings in four categories : height to structural or architectural top ; height to floor of highest occupied floor ; height to top of roof ( removed as category in November 2009 ) ; and height to top of any part of the building . Spires are considered integral parts of the architectural design of buildings , to which changes would substantially change the appearance and design of the building , whereas antennas may be added or removed without such consequences . The Petronas Towers , with their spires , are thus ranked higher than the Willis Tower ( formerly the Sears Tower ) with its antennas , despite the Petronas Towers ' lower roofs and lower highest point . Until 1996 , the world 's tallest building was defined by the height to the top of the tallest architectural element , including spires but not antennae . This led to a rivalry between the Bank of Manhattan Building and the Chrysler Building . The Bank of Manhattan Building employed only a short spire and was 282.5 m ( 927 ft ) tall and had a much higher top occupied floor ( the second category in the 1996 criteria for tallest building ) . In contrast , the Chrysler Building employed a very large 38.1 m ( 125 ft ) spire secretly assembled inside the building to claim the title of world 's tallest building with a total height of 318.9 m ( 1,046 ft ) , although it had a lower top occupied floor and a shorter height when both buildings ' spires were excluded . Upset by Chrysler 's victory , Shreve & Lamb , the consulting architects of the Bank of Manhattan Building , wrote a newspaper article claiming that their building was actually the tallest , since it contained the world 's highest usable floor . They pointed out that the observation deck in the Bank of Manhattan Building was nearly 30 m ( 100 ft ) above the top floor in the Chrysler Building , whose surpassing spire was strictly ornamental and inaccessible . At present , the Burj Khalifa tops the list by some margin , regardless of which criterion is applied . Tallest buildings in the World ( 350 m+ ) As of 2018 , this list includes all 56 buildings ( completed and architecturally topped out ) which reach a height of 350 metres ( 1,148 ft ) or more , as assessed by their highest architectural feature . Of these , 27 ( 48 % ) are in China . Six of the last seven buildings to have held the record as ' tallest building ' are still found in the list , with the exception being the North Tower of the original World Trade Center after its destruction in the September 11 attacks of 2001 . If the twin towers were still standing today they would occupy numbers 24 and 25 on the list ( or 23 and 24 since it can be assumed the rebuilt One World Trade Center would have never been built ) . bold Denotes building that is or was once the tallest in the world Rank Building City Country Height ( m ) Height ( ft ) Floors Built Burj Khalifa Dubai United Arab Emirates 828 m 2,717 ft 163 Shanghai Tower Shanghai China 632 m 2,073 ft 128 2015 Abraj Al - Bait Clock Tower Mecca Saudi Arabia 601 m 1,971 ft 120 2012 Ping An Finance Centre Shenzhen China 599 m 1,965 ft 115 2017 5 Lotte World Tower Seoul South Korea 554.5 m 1,819 ft 123 2016 6 One World Trade Center New York City United States 541.3 m 1,776 ft 104 2014 7 Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre Guangzhou China 530 m 1,739 ft 111 2016 Tianjin CTF Finance Centre Tianjin China 530 m 1,739 ft 98 2018 9 China Zun Beijing China 528 m 1,732 ft 108 2018 10 Taipei 101 Taipei Taiwan 508 m 1,667 ft 101 11 Shanghai World Financial Center Shanghai China 492 m 1,614 ft 101 2008 12 International Commerce Centre Hong Kong China 484 m 1,588 ft 118 13 Lakhta Center St. Petersburg Russia 462 m 1,516 ft 86 2018 14 Landmark 81 Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam 461.2 m 1,513 ft 81 2018 15 Changsha IFS Tower T1 Changsha China 452.1 m 1,483 ft 88 2017 16 Petronas Tower 1 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 451.9 m 1,483 ft 88 1998 Petronas Tower 2 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 451.9 m 1,483 ft 88 1998 18 Zifeng Tower Nanjing China 450 m 1,476 ft 89 Suzhou IFS Suzhou China 450 m 1,476 ft 92 2017 20 The Exchange 106 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 445.5 m 1,461 ft 96 2018 21 Willis Tower ( formerly the Sears Tower ) Chicago United States 442.1 m 1,450 ft 108 22 KK100 Shenzhen China 442 m 1,449 ft 100 2011 23 Guangzhou International Finance Center Guangzhou China 440 m 1,440 ft 103 24 Wuhan Center Wuhan China 438 m 1,437 ft 88 2016 25 432 Park Avenue New York City United States 425.5 m 1,396 ft 88 2015 26 Marina 101 Dubai United Arab Emirates 425 m 1,394 ft 101 2015 27 Trump International Hotel and Tower Chicago United States 423.2 m 1,388 ft 98 2009 28 Jin Mao Tower Shanghai China 421 m 1,380 ft 88 1999 29 Princess Tower Dubai United Arab Emirates 414 m 1,358 ft 101 2012 30 Al Hamra Tower Kuwait City Kuwait 413 m 1,354 ft 80 2011 31 Two International Finance Centre Hong Kong China 412 m 1,352 ft 88 2003 32 China Resources Headquarters Shenzhen China 392.5 m 1,288 ft 67 2017 33 23 Marina Dubai United Arab Emirates 392.4 m 1,287 ft 89 2012 34 CITIC Plaza Guangzhou China 390.2 m 1,280 ft 80 35 Shum Yip Upperhills Tower 1 Shenzhen China 388.1 m 1,273 ft 80 2017 36 30 Hudson Yards New York City United States 386.6 m 1,268 ft 73 2018 37 Capital Market Authority Headquarters Riyadh Saudi Arabia 385 m 1,263 ft 77 2016 38 Shun Hing Square Shenzhen China 384 m 1,260 ft 69 39 Eton Place Dalian Tower 1 Dalian China 383 m 1,257 ft 81 2015 40 Logan Century Center 1 Nanning China 381.3 m 1,251 ft 82 2017 41 Burj Mohammed bin Rashid Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates 381 m 1,251 ft 88 2014 42 Empire State Building New York City United States 381 m 1,250 ft 102 1931 43 Elite Residence Dubai United Arab Emirates 381 m 1,248 ft 87 2012 44 Central Plaza Hong Kong China 373.9 m 1,226 ft 78 45 Federation Tower ( East Tower ) Moscow Russia 373.7 m 1,226 ft 95 2016 46 Dalian International Trade Center Dalian China 370.2 m 1,214 ft 86 2018 47 The Address the BLVD Dubai United Arab Emirates 370 m 1,214 ft 72 2017 48 Golden Eagle Tiandi Tower A Nanjing China 368.1 m 1,208 ft 76 2018 49 Bank of China Tower Hong Kong China 367 m 1,205 ft 70 50 Bank of America Tower New York City United States 365.8 m 1,200 ft 54 2009 51 Almas Tower Dubai United Arab Emirates 363 m 1,191 ft 68 2009 52 Gevora Hotel Dubai United Arab Emirates 356.3 m 1,169 ft 75 2017 53 JW Marriott Marquis Dubai Tower 1 Dubai United Arab Emirates 355 m 1,166 ft 82 2012 JW Marriott Marquis Dubai Tower 2 Dubai United Arab Emirates 355 m 1,166 ft 82 2012 55 Emirates Office Tower Dubai United Arab Emirates 355 m 1,163 ft 54 2000 56 Raffles City Chongqing T3N Chongqing China 354.5 m 1,163 ft 79 2018 57 OKO Tower - South Tower Moscow Russia 354 m 1,160 ft 85 2015 58 The Marina Torch Dubai United Arab Emirates 352 m 1,155 ft 86 2011 59 Forum 66 Tower 1 Shenyang China 350.6 m 1,150 ft 68 2015 60 The Pinnacle Guangzhou China 350.3 m 1,149 ft 60 2012 61 Hanking Center Shenzhen China 350 m 1,148 ft 73 2017 Xi An Glory International Financial Center Xi'an China 350 m 1,148 ft 75 2017 Gallery Burj Khalifa in Dubai , United Arab Emirates , is the world 's tallest building . Shanghai Tower in Shanghai , China , is the 2nd tallest building . The Abraj Al - Bait Towers in Mecca , Saudi Arabia , is the 3rd tallest building . Ping An Finance Centre , in Guangdong , China , is the 4th tallest building . Lotte World Tower in Seoul , South Korea , is the 5th tallest building . One World Trade Center in New York City , is the 6th tallest building and the tallest in the Western Hemisphere . CTF Finance Centre in Guangzhou , China , is the tied 7th tallest building . China Zun in Beijing , China , is the 9th tallest building . Taipei 101 in Taipei , Taiwan , was the world 's tallest building from 2004 to 2010 ; it is now 10th . The Shanghai World Financial Center is the 11th tallest building . The Petronas Twin Towers in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia , were the tallest buildings from 1998 to 2004 , and are still the tallest twin buildings . Willis Tower , formerly Sears Tower , in Chicago , United States , was the tallest building from 1974 to 1998 . Alternative measurements Height to pinnacle ( highest point ) Tallest buildings by pinnacle height , including all masts , poles , antennae , etc. in 2014 This measurement disregards distinctions between architectural and non-architectural extensions , and simply measures to the highest point . This measurement is useful for air traffic obstacle determinations , and is also a wholly objective measure . However , this measurement includes extensions that are easily added , removed , and modified from a building and are independent of the overall structure . This measurement only recently came into use , when the Petronas Towers passed the Sears Tower ( now called Willis Tower ) in height . The former was considered taller because its spires were considered architectural , while the latter 's antennae were not . This led to the split of definitions , with the Sears Tower claiming the lead in this and the height - to - roof ( now highest occupied floor ) categories , and with the Petronas claiming the lead in the architectural height category . bold † Denotes building with pinnacle height higher than architectural Rank Building City Country Height Floors Built Burj Khalifa † Dubai United Arab Emirates 829.8 m 2,722 ft 163 Shanghai Tower Shanghai China 632 m 2,073 ft 128 2015 Abraj Al - Bait Towers Mecca Saudi Arabia 601 m 1,971 ft 120 2012 Ping An Finance Center Shenzhen China 599 m 1,965 ft 115 2016 5 Lotte World Tower † Seoul South Korea 555.7 m 1,823 ft 123 2016 6 One World Trade Center † New York City United States 546.2 m 1,792 ft 104 2014 7 CTF Finance Centre Guangzhou China 530 m 1,739 ft 111 2016 7 Tianjin CTF Finance Centre Tianjin China 530 m 1,739 ft 98 2017 9 China Zun Beijing China 528 m 1,732 ft 108 2018 10 Willis Tower † Chicago United States 527 m 1,729 ft 108 11 Taipei 101 Taipei Taiwan 508 m 1,667 ft 101 12 Shanghai World Financial Center † Shanghai China 494.3 m 1,622 ft 101 2008 13 International Commerce Centre Hong Kong China 484 m 1,588 ft 118 14 Landmark 81 † Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam 469.5 m 1,513 ft 81 2018 15 Lakhta Center St. Petersburg Russia 462 m 1,516 ft 86 2018 16 John Hancock Center † Chicago United States 456.9 m 1,499 ft 100 1969 17 Changsha IFS Tower T1 Changsha China 452 m 1,483 ft 94 2017 18 Petronas Tower 1 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 451.9 m 1,483 ft 88 1998 18 Petronas Tower 2 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 451.9 m 1,483 ft 88 1998 20 Zifeng Tower Nanjing China 450 m 1,476 ft 89 2009 21 Suzhou IFS Suzhou China 450 m 1,476 ft 98 2017 22 The Exchange 106 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 445.5 m 1,461 ft 96 2018 23 Empire State Building † New York City United States 443.2 m 1,454 ft 102 1931 24 Kingkey 100 Shenzhen China 442 m 1,449 ft 100 2011 25 Guangzhou International Finance Center Guangzhou China 438.6 m 1,445 ft 103 2009 26 Wuhan Center Wuhan China 438 m 1,437 ft 88 2017 27 432 Park Avenue New York City United States 425.5 m 1,396 ft 85 2015 28 Marina 101 Dubai United Arab Emirates 425 m 1,394 ft 101 2017 29 Trump International Hotel and Tower Chicago United States 423.2 m 1,388 ft 96 2009 30 Jin Mao Tower Shanghai China 421 m 1,381 ft 88 1998 31 Princess Tower † Dubai United Arab Emirates 414 m 1,358 ft 101 2012 32 Al Hamra Tower Kuwait City Kuwait 412.6 m 1,354 ft 80 33 Two International Finance Centre Hong Kong China 412 m 1,352 ft 88 2003 Height to occupied floor This height is measured from the level of the lowest , significant , open - air , pedestrian entrance to the highest occupied floor within the building . Rank Building City Country Height Floors Built Burj Khalifa Dubai United Arab Emirates 584.5 m ( 1,918 ft ) 163 Shanghai Tower Shanghai China 583.4 m ( 1,914 ft ) 128 2015 Ping An Finance Center Shenzhen China 562.2 m ( 1,844 ft ) 115 2016 China Zun Beijing China 515 m ( 1,690 ft ) 108 2018 5 Lotte World Tower Seoul South Korea 497.6 m ( 1,633 ft ) 123 2016 6 CTF Finance Centre Guangzhou China 495.5 m ( 1,626 ft ) 111 2016 7 Abraj Al - Bait Towers Mecca Saudi Arabia 494.4 m ( 1,622 ft ) 120 2012 8 Shanghai World Financial Center Shanghai China 474 m ( 1,555 ft ) 101 2008 9 International Commerce Centre Hong Kong China 468.8 m ( 1,538 ft ) 118 10 Tianjin CTF Finance Centre Tianjin China 439.4 m ( 1,442 ft ) 98 2017 11 Taipei 101 Taipei Taiwan 438 m ( 1,437 ft ) 101 12 Changsha IFS Tower T1 Changsha China 437.1 m ( 1,434 ft ) 94 2017 13 KK100 Shenzhen China 427.1 m ( 1,401 ft ) 100 2011 14 Guangzhou International Finance Center Guangzhou China 415.1 m ( 1,362 ft ) 103 15 Willis Tower Chicago United States 412.7 m ( 1,354 ft ) 108 16 Suzhou IFS Suzhou China 406.4 m ( 1,333 ft ) 98 2017 Buildings under construction This is a list of buildings taller than 350 metres that are currently under construction . More than half of the buildings are located in China . Building Planned architectural height Floors Planned completion Country City Ref . Jeddah Tower 1,000 m ( 3,300 ft ) 167 + 2021 Saudi Arabia Jeddah Wuhan CTF Centre 648 m ( 2,126 ft ) 121 2022 China Wuhan KL118 644 m ( 2,113 ft ) 118 2024 Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Rama IX Super Tower 615 m ( 2,018 ft ) 118 2021 Thailand Bangkok Baoneng Shenyang Global Financial Center 568 m ( 1,864 ft ) 114 2018 China Shenyang Evergrande IFC 1 518 m ( 1,699 ft ) 112 2021 China Hefei Central Park Tower 472 m ( 1,549 ft ) 101 2020 United States New York City Wuhan Greenland Center 472 m ( 1,549 ft ) 96 ? China Wuhan Chengdu Greenland Tower 468 m ( 1,535 ft ) 116 2018 China Chengdu Corporate Avenue 1 468 m ( 1,535 ft ) 99 2019 China Chongqing Riverview Plaza 436 m ( 1,430 ft ) 73 2018 China Wuhan 111 West 57th Street 435.3 m ( 1,428 ft ) 82 2019 United States New York City Akhmat Tower 435 m ( 1,427 ft ) 100 2020 Russia Grozny Diamond Tower 432 m ( 1,417 ft ) 93 2019 Saudi Arabia Jeddah Chongqing Tall Tower 431 m ( 1,414 ft ) 101 ? China Chongqing Haikou Tower 428 m ( 1,404 ft ) 94 2020 China Haikou Shandong IFC 428 m ( 1,404 ft ) 86 2022 China Jinan One Vanderbilt 427 m ( 1,401 ft ) 58 2021 United States New York City Dongguan International Trade Center 1 427 m ( 1,401 ft ) 88 2019 China Dongguan Skyfame Center Landmark Tower 420 m ( 1,380 ft ) 90 2021 China Nanning Haeundae LCT The Sharp Landmark Tower 411.6 m ( 1,350 ft ) 101 2019 South Korea Busan Dongfeng Plaza Landmark Tower 407 m ( 1,335 ft ) 100 2020 China Kunming Guangxi China Resources Tower 402.7 m ( 1,321 ft ) 85 2019 China Nanning Guiyang Financial Center Tower 1 401 m ( 1,316 ft ) 79 2021 China Guiyang La Maison by HDS 386.5 m ( 1,268 ft ) 105 2021 United Arab Emirates Dubai Abu Dhabi Plaza 382 m ( 1,253 ft ) 75 2019 Kazakhstan Astana Guiyang World Trade Center Landmark Tower 380 m ( 1,250 ft ) ? 2021 China Guiyang Shenzhen Center 375.6 m ( 1,232 ft ) 80 2019 China Shenzhen Guangdong Business Center 375.5 m ( 1,232 ft ) 60 ? China Guangzhou Fairmont Kuala Lumpur Tower 1 370 m ( 1,210 ft ) 78 2019 Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Coronation Square Tower 1 370 m ( 1,210 ft ) 78 ? Malaysia Johor Bahru Xujiahui Center Tower 1 370 m ( 1,210 ft ) 70 ? China Shanghai Hai Tian Center Tower 2 369 m ( 1,211 ft ) 72 2021 China Qingdao 45 Broad Street 365.8 m ( 1,200 ft ) 68 2021 United States New York City VietinBank Business Center Office Tower 363.2 m ( 1,192 ft ) 70 2018 Vietnam Hanoi Wanda Vista 362.9 m ( 1,191 ft ) 93 2020 United States Chicago Three Sixty West Tower B 361.2 m ( 1,185 ft ) 90 ? India Mumbai Greenland Group Suzhou Center 358 m ( 1,175 ft ) 75 2018 China Suzhou Il Primo Tower 1 356 m ( 1,168 ft ) 88 2021 United Arab Emirates Dubai S Residence by Immo 356 m ( 1,168 ft ) 80 2020 United Arab Emirates Dubai Raffles City Chongqing T4N 354.5 m ( 1,163 ft ) 79 2019 China Chongqing Gezhouba International Plaza 350 m ( 1,150 ft ) 69 ? China Wuhan Agricultural Development Center Tower 1 350 m ( 1,150 ft ) ? ? China Harbin List by continent The following list shows the tallest completed buildings located in each continent listed by greatest to least height ( click on name of continent for continent - specific list ) : Continent Building Height Floor count Completed Country City Asia Burj Khalifa 828 m ( 2,717 ft ) 163 United Arab Emirates Dubai North America One World Trade Center 541.3 m ( 1,776 ft ) 104 2014 United States New York City Europe Lakhta Center 462 m ( 1,516 ft ) 86 2018 Russia St. Petersburg Oceania Q1 323 m ( 1,060 ft ) 78 2005 Australia Gold Coast South America Gran Torre Santiago 300 m ( 980 ft ) 64 2012 Chile Santiago Africa Carlton Centre 225.5 m ( 740 ft ) 50 1973 South Africa Johannesburg Antarctica Long Duration Balloon ( LDB ) Payload Preparation Buildings 15 m ( 49 ft ) - 2005 Antarctica McMurdo Station See also Architecture portal Lists portal History of the world 's tallest buildings List of tallest buildings by height to roof List of tallest twin buildings and structures List of buildings with 100 floors or more List of architects of supertall buildings List of cities with the most skyscrapers List of cities with the most high - rise buildings List of future tallest buildings List of tallest buildings in Asia List of tallest buildings in Southeast Asia List of tallest buildings and structures in South Asia List of tallest buildings and structures List of largest buildings List of tallest freestanding structures List of tallest hotels List of tallest residential buildings List of tallest structures List of tallest structures by country Skyscraper Index Notes A. Destroyed buildings not included B. Topped out but not completed . References Jump up ^ `` Burj Dubai now a record 688m tall and continues to rise '' . Emaar Properties . 1 September 2008 . Retrieved 1 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Tallest 20 in 2020 : Entering the Era of the Megatall '' . CTBUH. 8 December 2011 . Retrieved 19 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 100 tallest completed buildings in the world '' . CTBUH . Retrieved 27 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Lynn S. Beedle . `` Tallest : Petronas vs. Sears Tower Controversy '' . Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` CTBUH changes height criteria , Burj Khalifa height increases '' . Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. 17 November 2009 . Retrieved 18 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Binders , George ( August 2006 ) . 101 of the World 's Tallest Buildings . p. 102 . Jump up ^ `` Tall Buildings In Numbers Vanity Height '' . Ctbuh.org . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Most of the World 's Tallest Buildings Game the System With ' Vanity Height ' - Jenny Xie '' . The Atlantic Cities . 2013 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` China tallest building , Shanghai Tower , gets final beam '' . 3 August 2013 . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Skyscraper Center '' . buildingdb.ctbuh.org . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre : The Skyscraper Center '' . Skyscrapercenter.com . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Skyscraper Center '' . buildingdb.ctbuh.org . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lakhta Center : The Skyscraper Center '' . Skyscrapercenter.com . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Skyscraper Center '' . buildingdb.ctbuh.org . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Princess Tower Buildings '' . Dubai / : Emporis . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Federation Tower '' . federationtower.com/ . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Raffles City Chongqing Complex '' . CTBUH Skyscraper Database . Jump up ^ `` Xi An Glory International Financial Center '' . CTBUH Skyscraper Database . Jump up ^ `` Kingdom Tower in Saudi Arabia Will Soon Be the World 's Tallest Building '' . Mashable.com . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Rama IX Super Tower '' . CTBUH Skyscraper Database . Jump up ^ `` Evergrande IFC 1 '' . CTBUH Skyscraper Database . Jump up ^ `` Corporate Avenue 1 : The Skyscraper Center '' . Skyscrapercenter.com . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Diamond Tower '' . CTBUH Skyscraper Database . Jump up ^ `` Chongqing Tall Tower '' . CTBUH Skyscraper Database . Jump up ^ `` Shandong IFC '' . CTBUH Skyscraper Database . Jump up ^ `` One Vanderbilt '' . CTBUH Skyscraper Database . Jump up ^ `` Skyfame Center Landmark Tower '' . CTBUH Skyscraper Database . Jump up ^ `` Dongfeng Plaza Landmark Tower '' . CTBUH Skyscraper Database . Jump up ^ `` Guiyang Financial Center Tower 1 '' . CTBUH Skyscraper Database . Jump up ^ `` La Maison by HDS '' . CTBUH Skyscraper Database . Jump up ^ `` Guiyang World Trade Center Landmark Tower '' . CTBUH Skyscraper Database . Jump up ^ `` Guangdong Business Center '' . CTBUH Skyscraper Database . Jump up ^ `` Fairmont Kuala Lumpur Tower 1 '' . CTBUH Skyscraper Database . Jump up ^ `` Coronation Square Tower 1 '' . CTBUH Skyscraper Database . Jump up ^ `` Xujiahui Center Tower 1 '' . CTBUH Skyscraper Database . Jump up ^ `` Hai Tian Center Tower 2 '' . CTBUH Skyscraper Database . Jump up ^ `` Oberoi Oasis Residential Tower ; '' . CTBUH . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Greenland Group Suzhou Center '' . The Skyscraper Center . Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Il Primo Tower 1 '' . CTBUH Skyscraper Database . Jump up ^ `` S Residence by Immo '' . CTBUH Skyscraper Database . Jump up ^ `` Agricultural Development Center Tower 1 '' . CTBUH Skyscraper Database . Jump up ^ `` Costanera Center es oficialmente el edificio más alto de Latinoámerica '' . La Segunda. 2012 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Pacheco , Luis Eduardo . `` McMurdo Station , Antarctica - Stratospheric balloon launches '' . stratocat.com.ar . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , W. Vernon . `` Report on the Balloon Program '' Archived 2016 - 03 - 07 at the Wayback Machine. , NASA Astrophysics Subcommittee Meeting . 16 April 2013 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Skyscrapers . 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stayed cantilevered continuous truss masonry arch suspension Churches Tunnels Supertall skyscrapers Current North America 3 World Trade Center 432 Park Avenue 875 North Michigan Avenue Aon Center Bank of America Plaza Bank of America Tower Chrysler Building Empire State Building Franklin Center JPMorgan Chase Tower One World Trade Center One57 Salesforce Tower The New York Times Building Trump International Hotel and Tower Two Prudential Plaza U.S. Bank Tower Wells Fargo Plaza Willis Tower Wilshire Grand Center South America Gran Torre Santiago Asia China Hong Kong 85 Sky Tower Bank of China Tower Central Plaza The Center Chang Fu Jin Mao Tower China World Trade Center Tower III Chongqing IFS T1 Chongqing World Financial Center CITIC Plaza Diwang International Fortune Center East Pacific Center Eton Place Dalian Fortune Center Gate to the East Greenland Puli Center Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre Guangzhou International Finance Center KK100 Leatop Plaza Longxi International Hotel Minsheng Bank Building Nanjing International Youth Cultural Centre Tower 1 Nina Tower Pearl River Tower Ping An Finance Centre The Pinnacle Shanghai Tower Shanghai World Financial Center Shimao International Plaza Shun Hing Square Suning Plaza 1 , Wuxi Tianjin World Financial Center Wanda Plaza Wenzhou World Trade Center The Wharf Times Square White Magnolia Plaza International Commerce Centre International Finance Centre Jiangxi Nanchang Greenland Central Plaza Jin Mao Tower Wuxi Maoye City -- Marriott Hotel Zhongzhou Holdings Financial Center Zhuhai St. Regis Hotel & Office Tower Zhujiang New City Tower Zifeng Tower 23 Marina Abenobashi Terminal Building Skyscraper ( Abeno Harukas ) Abraj Al Bait The Address Downtown Dubai ADNOC Headquarters Al Hamra Tower Almas Tower Arraya Tower Aspire Tower Baiyoke Tower II Burj Al Arab Burj Khalifa Cayan Tower Elite Residence Emirates Office Tower Etihad Towers Haeundae Doosan We 've the Zenith HHHR Tower The Index Jumeirah Emirates Towers Hotel JW Marriott Marquis Dubai Keangnam Hanoi Landmark Tower Kingdom Centre Taipei 101 The Landmark Lotte World Tower MahaNakhon The Marina Torch Northeast Asia Trade Tower Ocean Heights Petronas Towers Princess Tower Rose Tower Telekom Tower Vincom Landmark 81 World Trade Center Abu Dhabi Europe City of Capitals Eurasia Federation Tower Mercury City Tower OKO Tower The Shard Australia Q1 Under construction North America 3 Hudson Boulevard 9 DeKalb Avenue 30 Hudson Yards 35 Hudson Yards 45 Broad Street 50 Hudson Yards 53W53 111 West 57th Street 125 Greenwich Street Central Park Tower Comcast Technology Center Manhattan West Tower 1 One Vanderbilt Vista Tower Asia China Baoneng Center Baoneng Shenyang Global Financial Center Changsha A9 Financial District Changsha IFS Tower T1 Chengdu Greenland Tower China Resources Centre Block A China Resources Headquarters Chongqing Corporate Avenue 1 Concord International Centre Dalian Greenland Center Dalian International Trade Center Deji Plaza Dongguan International Trade Center 1 Eye of Spring Trade Center Gemdale Gangxia Tower 1 Golden Eagle Tiandi Tower A Golden Eagle Tiandi Tower B Goldin Finance 117 Greenland Group Suzhou Center Guangxi Finance Plaza Haikou Tower Hanking Center Heartland 66 Office Tower Hon Kwok City Center Huaguoyuan Tower 1 Huaguoyuan Tower 2 Jin Wan Plaza 1 Jinan Center Financial City Logan Century Center 1 Mandarin Oriental Chengdu Nanjing Olympic Suning Tower Nanjing World Trade Center Tower 1 Ningbo Center One Shenzhen Bay Phoenix Towers Rose Rock International Finance Center Runhua Global Center 1 Shenglong Global Center Shimao Hunan Center Shum Yip Upperhills Tower 1 Sino - Steel Tower South Asian Gate Spring City 66 Suning Plaza Tower 1 , Zhenjiang Suzhou IFS Suzhou Zhongnan Center Tianjin Chow Tai Fook Binhai Center Tianjin Modern City Office Tower Tianjin R&F Guangdong Tower Wuhan Center Wuhan Greenland Center Xiamen International Centre Yantai Shimao No. 1 The Harbour Yuexiu Fortune Center Tower 1 India DB Crown Lokhandwala Minerva Namaste Tower Palais Royale Three Sixty West World One Saudi Arabia Capital Market Authority Headquarters Diamond Tower Jeddah Tower Lamar Towers South Korea LCT Landmark Tower LCT Residential Tower A LCT Residential Tower B Parc1 Tower UAE Address Boulevard Ahmed Abdul Rahim Al Attar Tower DAMAC Residenze Dubai Pearl Marina 101 Marina 106 The Skyscraper other Abu Dhabi Plaza The Exchange 106 Gate of Kuwait Gate of Taipei Iconic Tower Merdeka PNB 118 Pertamina Energy Tower Ryugyong Hotel The Stratford Residences VietinBank Business Center Office Tower Europe Lakhta Center Australia Australia 108 Construction delayed or suspended Al Quds Endowment Tower Barwa Tower Burj Al Alam Busan Lotte Town Tower Doha Tower and Convention Center Dubai Towers Doha Forum 66 India Tower JW Marriott International Finance Centre Lighthouse Tower Millennium Tower Orchid Heights Pentominium The Pinnacle Plaza Rakyat Qatar National Bank Tower Signature Tower Jakarta Skycity Square Capital Tower Tameer Commercial Tower Tour Financial Hub Center Two World Trade Center Former World Trade Center ( 1973 -- 2001 ) See also Proposed supertall skyscrapers List of architects of supertall buildings Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_tallest_buildings&oldid=864982943 '' Categories : Lists of buildings and structures Lists of tallest buildings Construction records Skyscrapers Hidden categories : Skyscraper Center ID not in Wikidata Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia semi-protected pages Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk پنجابی Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 38 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2018 , at 22 : 05 ( UTC ) . 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List of Grounded for Life characters

List of Grounded for Life characters - wikipedia List of Grounded for Life characters Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Back row : Walt , Claudia , Sean , Lily , Eddie ; Front row : Jimmy , Henry The Following is a list of characters from the sitcom Grounded for Life . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characters 1.1 Sean Finnerty 1.2 Claudia Finnerty 1.3 Eddie Finnerty 1.4 Lily Finnerty 1.5 James / Jimmy Finnerty 1.6 Henry Finnerty 1.7 Brad O'Keefe 1.8 Walt Finnerty 1.9 Rose / Gracie Finnerty 2 References 3 External links Characters ( edit ) Sean Finnerty ( edit ) Sean Finnerty Grounded for Life character First appearance Lily B. Goode Last appearance Hello , Goodbye Information Nickname ( s ) Seany , Cappy Gender Male Occupation Subway Engineer , Bartender Family Walt Finnerty ( father ) Eddie Finnerty ( brother ) Spouse ( s ) Claudia Bustamante Children Lily Finnerty ( daughter ) Jimmy Finnerty ( son ) Henry Finnerty ( son ) Rose / Gracie Finnerty ( daughter ) Sean Finnerty ( Donal Logue ) - Initially in the city lines as a laborer . In the later seasons , he owns and operates The Red Boot Bar with his brother Eddie . A Red Boot Pub dartboard can be found in the Finnerty household in the livingroom . Father of three ( later four ) kids , Sean also deals with his judgmental father , his irresponsible brother , and the head nun / principal at his children 's school , Sister Helen . Sean is often getting into trouble with his irresponsible brother . His nickname for Claudia is baby . In many episodes he is depicted as a hothead and he has a lot of difficulty parenting , on account of the fact that he was only eighteen when Lily was born . He is also shown in many episodes to be a skilled guitar player , with him and Eddie having been in a band together in their youth . Claudia Finnerty ( edit ) Claudia Finnerty Grounded for Life character First appearance Lily B. Goode Last appearance Hello , Goodbye Information Nickname ( s ) Claud , Baby ( by Sean ) Gender Female Occupation Restaurant hostess Family Tony Bustamante ( father ) Spouse ( s ) Sean Finnerty Children Lily Finnerty ( daughter ) Jimmy Finnerty ( son ) Henry Finnerty ( son ) Rose / Gracie Finnerty ( daughter ) Relatives Sal Bustamante ( uncle ) Claudia Finnerty ( née Bustamante ) ( Megyn Price ) - Claudia got pregnant with Lily in high school and ended up marrying Lilly 's father , Sean Finnerty . She has a job as a hostess at a SoHo restaurant and in later seasons takes classes at Wadsworth College . She is often underappreciated , but is able to make that known . She and Sean 's brother , Eddie , run into many conflicts throughout the series . At the beginning of the fifth season , Sean impregnates her again and she gives birth to a girl named Rose in the finale . She seems to be more understanding and forgiving of Lily 's mistakes and is generally more level - headed than Sean throughout the series . She is of partial Italian descent . She is also depicted as an extremely attractive character . Eddie Finnerty ( edit ) Eddie Finnerty Grounded for Life character First appearance Lily B. Goode Last appearance Hello , Goodbye Information Gender Male Occupation Bartender Family Walt Finnerty ( father ) Sean Finnerty ( brother ) Relatives Claudia Finnerty ( sister - in - law ) Lily Finnerty ( niece ) Jimmy Finnerty ( nephew ) Henry Finnerty ( nephew ) Rose / Gracie Finnerty ( niece ) Eddie Finnerty ( Kevin Corrigan ) - Eddie is Sean 's younger brother , he is carefree and often gets himself trouble . He is always in the Finnerty house eating their food and watching their TV . Claudia and Sean once put him out of their home after discovering he filmed a porn film in the house . When he started work at the Red Boot Pub , he planned to burn it down for the insurance money . It is implied throughout the series that he is involved in illegal activity . Lily Finnerty ( edit ) Lily Finnerty Grounded for Life character First appearance Lily B. Goode Last appearance Hello , Goodbye Information Nickname ( s ) Lillipop , Lilipad Gender Female Family Sean Finnerty ( father ) Claudia Finnerty ( mother ) Jimmy Finnerty ( brother ) Henry Finnerty ( brother ) Rose / Gracie Finnerty ( sister ) Relatives Walt Finnerty ( grandfather ) Tony Bustamante ( grandfather ) Eddie Finnerty ( uncle ) Sal Bustamante ( greatuncle ) Lily Finnerty ( Lynsey Bartilson ) ( 14 -- 18 years old ) - The airheaded selfish teenager who is often at odds with her parents . She usually blames her parents for all her problems mostly on the grounds that they had her so young , and that her mom is still attractive . Although she first finds him annoying , she later falls in love with her next door neighbor , Brad O'Keefe , and they have an on - again , off - again relationship . Lily meets a boy named Dean in the episode Bang on the Drum and begins to date him from then to the eleventh episode of season three in which she gets together with Brad on Lily 's sixteenth birthday . They continue to date throughout the rest of the show , and their relationship , and its problems , are often central points of the episodes . Throughout the series , it is shown that she loves to dance . James / Jimmy Finnerty ( edit ) Jimmy Finnerty Grounded for Life character First appearance Lily B. Goode Last appearance Hello , Goodbye Information Nickname ( s ) Jimmy , Jim Gender male Family Sean Finnerty ( father ) Claudia Finnerty ( mother ) Lily Finnerty ( sister ) Henry Finnerty ( brother ) Rose / Gracie Finnerty ( sister ) Relatives Walt Finnerty ( grandfather ) Tony Bustamonte ( grandfather ) Eddie Finnerty ( uncle ) Sal Bustamonte ( great - uncle ) James Francis `` Jimmy '' Finnerty ( Griffin Frazen ) ( 11 -- 15 years old ) - The black sheep of the family , Jimmy 's choices are not always accepted by his parents ( such as choosing to become a vegetarian ) . Thus , he often confides in his Uncle Eddie . Many comparisons are made between the two characters on the show , most notably in the third season episode Who Are You ? where he pretends to shoplift in a desperate grab for attention . The reason he gets so little attention is that unlike his siblings he causes the least trouble . He is arguably the most sensible and intelligent of the characters . Henry Finnerty ( edit ) Henry Finnerty Grounded for Life character First appearance Lily B. Goode Last appearance Space Camp Oddity Information Gender Male Family Sean Finnerty ( father ) Claudia Finnerty ( mother ) Lily Finnerty ( sister ) Jimmy Finnerty ( brother ) Rose / Gracie Finnerty ( sister ) Relatives Walt Finnerty ( grandfather ) Tony Bustamante ( grandfather ) Eddie Finnerty ( uncle ) Sal Bustamante ( great - uncle ) Henry Finnerty ( Jake Burbage ) ( 8 -- 12 years old ) - The youngest son of the family , Henry , disappeared at the beginning of the fifth season when actor Jake Burbage left to move back east with his family . He is actually never seen during the fifth season , but he is , however , mentioned several times , notably in the episode `` Hello , Goodbye '' when Claudia says to Walt that Henry is `` ... around here someplace , '' . ( 1 ) Henry is named to be a `` loose cannon '' , often getting himself into trouble for being extremely impressionable and curious . Brad O'Keefe ( edit ) Bradley ' Brad ' O'Keefe Grounded for Life character First appearance Lily B. Goode Last appearance Hello , Goodbye Information Gender Male Family Dan O'Keefe ( father ) Connie O'Keefe ( mother ) Bradley ' Brad ' O'Keefe ( Bret Harrison ) ( 14 -- 18 years old ) - The sweet , smart but socially inept neighbor , who later becomes Lily 's boyfriend at the end of the third season . He is a science nerd and is part of the school club `` Sciencenauts '' . Walt Finnerty ( edit ) Walt Finnerty Grounded for Life character First appearance Lily B. Goode Last appearance Hello , Goodbye Information Gender Male Family Sean Finnerty ( son ) Eddie Finnerty ( son ) Relatives Lily Finnerty ( granddaughter ) Jimmy Finnerty ( grandson ) Henry Finnerty ( grandson ) Rose / Gracie Finnerty ( granddaughter ) Walt Finnerty ( Richard Riehle ) is Sean and Eddie 's father . He 's a widower and often comes to the house or the bar to see his kids and grandkids . He 's very judgmental , especially of his own sons and is shown to be all but the ideal father and lacks in parental skills ( scaring his children when they were young or making his two grandsons dig a deep hole for no reason ) . Rose / Gracie Finnerty ( edit ) Rose / Gracie Finnerty Grounded for Life character First appearance Hello , Goodbye Last appearance Hello , Goodbye Information Gender Female Family Sean Finnerty ( father ) Claudia Finnerty ( mother ) Lily Finnerty ( sister ) Jimmy Finnerty ( brother ) Henry Finnerty ( brother ) Rose / Gracie Finnerty - The series finale ends with Claudia giving birth to Rose who they later rename Gracie after many wrongfully believe to be named after a certain movie character , bringing the number of Finnerty children to four at the end of the series . She was born on Lily 's high school graduation day , in June 2005 . References ( edit ) External links ( edit ) Grounded for Life characters at groundedforlifeshrine.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Grounded_for_Life_characters&oldid=823934517 '' Categories : Lists of American sitcom television characters Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from November 2010 All articles lacking sources Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 February 2018 , at 09 : 12 . About Wikipedia

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The World's Billionaires

The world 's billionaires - Wikipedia The world 's billionaires Jump to : navigation , search The World 's Billionaires List of the world 's billionaires , ranked in order of net worth The net worth of the world 's billionaires increased from less than $1 trillion in 2000 to over $7 trillion in 2015 Publication details Publisher Whale Media Investments Forbes family Publication Forbes First published March 1987 Latest publication 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2017 Current list details ( 2017 ) Wealthiest Bill Gates Net worth ( 1st ) US $ 86 billion Number of billionaires 2,043 Total list net worth value US $7.67 trillion Average net worth US $3.75 billion Number of women 227 Number of people aged 40 years or less 56 New members to the list 195 Forbes : The World 's Billionaires website The World 's Billionaires is an annual ranking by net worth of the world 's wealthiest billionaires compiled and published in March annually by the American business magazine Forbes . The list was first published in March 1987 . The total net worth of each individual on the list is estimated , in United States dollars , based on their assets and accounting for debt . Royalty and dictators whose wealth comes from their positions are excluded from these lists . In 2017 , there was a record of 2,043 people on the list , which is the first time over 2,000 people were listed , that included 195 newcomers that included 76 from China and 25 from the U.S. ; there were 56 people under 40 and it had a record of 227 women . The average net worth of the list came in at US $ 3.75 billion , down US $110 million from 2015 . Added together , the total net worth for 2017 's billionaires was US $7.67 trillion , up from US $7.1 trillion in 2015 . As of 2017 , Microsoft founder Bill Gates has topped the list 18 of the past 23 years . According to a 2017 Oxfam report , the top eight billionaires own as much combined wealth as `` half the human race '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Methodology 2 Annual rankings 2.1 2017 2.2 2016 2.3 2015 2.4 2014 2.5 2013 2.6 2012 2.7 2011 2.8 2010 2.9 2009 2.10 2008 2.11 2007 2.12 2006 2.13 2005 2.14 2004 2.15 2003 2.16 2002 2.17 2001 2.18 2000 2.19 Legend 3 Statistics 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Methodology Each year , Forbes employs a team of more than 50 reporters from a variety of countries to track the activity of the world 's wealthiest individuals . Preliminary surveys are sent to those who may qualify for the list . According to Forbes , they received three types of responses -- some people try to inflate their wealth , others cooperate but leave out details , and some refuse to answer any questions . Business deals are then scrutinized and estimates of valuable assets -- land , homes , vehicles , artwork , etc. -- are made . Interviews are conducted to vet the figures and improve the estimate of an individual 's holdings . Finally , positions in a publicly traded stock are priced to market on a date roughly a month before publication . Privately held companies are priced by the prevailing price - to - sales or price - to - earnings ratios . Known debt is subtracted from assets to get a final estimate of an individual 's estimated worth in United States dollars . Since stock prices fluctuate rapidly , an individual 's true wealth and ranking at the time of publication may vary from their situation when the list was compiled . Family fortunes dispersed over a large number of relatives are included only if those individuals ' holdings are worth more than a billion dollars . However , when a living individual has dispersed his or her wealth to immediate family members , it is included under a single listing provided that individual is still living . Kings , queens and dictators that have their wealth due to their role as are always excluded from these lists . Annual rankings The rankings are published annually in March , so the net worth listed are snapshots taken at that time . These lists only show the top 10 wealthiest billionaires . 2017 On the 30th anniversary of the Forbes ' list of the world 's billionaires , for the fourth year in a row , Bill Gates was named the richest man in the world . The number of billionaires increased 13 % to 2,043 from 1,810 in 2016 ; this is the biggest change in over 30 years of tracking billionaires globally . This is the first time after 12 years that Carlos Slim was not within the top five . The U.S. continues to have the most billionaires in the world , with a record of 565 . China has 319 ( not including Hong Kong or Macau ) , Germany has 114 , and India has the fourth most with 101 ; India has reached over 100 billionaires for its first time . No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $86.0 billion 61 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $75.6 billion 86 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Bezos , Jeff Jeff Bezos $72.8 billion 53 United States Amazon.com 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Ortega , Amancio Amancio Ortega $71.3 billion 80 Spain Inditex , Zara 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Zuckerberg , Mark Mark Zuckerberg $56.0 billion 32 United States Facebook 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Slim , Carlos Carlos Slim $54.5 billion 77 Mexico América Móvil , Grupo Carso 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $52.2 billion 72 United States Oracle Corporation 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Koch , Charles Charles Koch $48.3 billion 81 United States Koch Industries 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Koch , David David Koch $48.3 billion 76 United States Koch Industries 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Bloomberg , Michael Michael Bloomberg $47.5 billion 75 United States Bloomberg L.P. 2016 For the third year in a row , Bill Gates was named the richest man in the world by Forbes 's 2016 list of the world 's billionaires . This is the 17th time that the founder of Microsoft has claimed the top spot . Amancio Ortega rose from last year 's position of number four to second . Warren Buffett of Berkshire Hathaway came in third for the second consecutive time , while Mexican telecommunication mogul Carlos Slim slipped down from last year 's second position to fourth . Jeff Bezos of Amazon , Mark Zuckerberg of Facebook and Michael Bloomberg of Bloomberg L.P. , appear for the first time on the Forbes top 10 billionaires list , coming at fifth , sixth and eighth position , respectively . Zuckerberg became the youngest top 10 billionaire this year at the age of 31 . Larry Ellison , Charles Koch and David Koch also slipped down from their last year 's positions , with Ellison dropping to seventh from fifth and the Kochs falling to ninth position from sixth , respectively . No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $75.0 billion 60 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Ortega , Amancio Amancio Ortega $67.0 billion 79 Spain Inditex 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $60.8 billion 85 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Slim , Carlos Carlos Slim $50.0 billion 76 Mexico América Móvil , Grupo Carso 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Bezos , Jeff Jeff Bezos $45.2 billion 52 United States Amazon.com 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Zuckerberg , Mark Mark Zuckerberg $44.6 billion 31 United States Facebook 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $43.6 billion 71 United States Oracle Corporation 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Bloomberg , Michael Michael Bloomberg $40.0 billion 74 United States Bloomberg L.P. 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Koch , Charles Charles Koch $39.6 billion 80 United States Koch Industries 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Koch , David David Koch $39.6 billion 75 United States Koch Industries 2015 Main article : The World 's Billionaires 2015 In the 29th annual Forbes list of global billionaires , a record 1,826 billionaires were named with an aggregated net worth of $7.1 trillion compared to $6.4 trillion last year . 46 of the billionaires in this list are under the age of 40 . A record number of 290 people joined the list for the first time , of whom 25 percent hail from China , which produced a world - leading 71 newcomers . The United States came in second , with 57 , followed by India , with 28 , and Germany , with 23 . The United States has the largest number of billionaires with 526 . Russia went down to 88 from 111 in 2014 . Russia was placed behind China , Germany and India by the number of billionaires . Self - made billionaires made up the largest number of people on the list with 1,191 positions ( over 65 percent ) while just 230 ( under 13 percent ) have wealth through inheritance . The number of billionaires who inherited a portion but are still working to increase their fortunes is 405 . Bill Gates was named the richest man in the world by Forbes 's annual list of the world 's billionaires . This was the 16th time that the founder of Microsoft claimed the top spot . Carlos Slim came in second for the second consecutive time . Warren Buffett of Berkshire Hathaway was placed third , while Amancio Ortega of Spain , slipped down a position from last year to number four . Larry Ellison , the founder of Oracle rounded off the top five . Christy Walton was the highest - ranking female at number eight . America 's Evan Spiegel , co-founder of photo messaging app Snapchat became the youngest billionaire this year at the age of 24 . At age 99 , David Rockefeller maintained his position as the oldest billionaire to be included in the list . Mark Zuckerberg , the founder of Facebook , rose to number 16 with $33.4 billion . Iceland had a billionaire , Thor Bjorgolfsson , in the list after a gap of five years . Guatemala had a billionaire , Mario Lopez Estrada , for the first time in its history . No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $79.2 billion 59 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Slim , Carlos Carlos Slim $77.1 billion 75 Mexico América Móvil , Telmex , Grupo Carso 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $72.7 billion 84 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Ortega , Amancio Amancio Ortega $64.5 billion 78 Spain Inditex 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $54.3 billion 70 United States Oracle Corporation 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Koch , Charles Charles Koch $42.9 billion 79 United States Koch Industries 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Koch , David David Koch $42.9 billion 74 United States Koch Industries 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Walton , Christy Christy Walton $41.7 billion 60 United States Walmart 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Walton , Jim Jim Walton $40.6 billion 66 United States Walmart 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Bettencourt , Liliane Liliane Bettencourt $40.1 billion 92 France L'Oreal 2014 Main article : The World 's Billionaires 2014 Bill Gates added $9 billion to his fortune since 2013 and topped the Forbes 2014 billionaire list . He has topped the list 15 of the previous 20 years , but his last number one ranking in 2009 . Mexican telecommunication mogul Carlos Slim came in second place after being number one the previous four years . Zara founder Amancio Ortega placed third for the second consecutive year . American investor Warren Buffett was in the top five for the 20th consecutive year , placing fourth . America 's Christy Walton was the highest ranking female , placing ninth overall . Aliko Dangote of Nigeria became the first African ever to enter the top 25 , with an estimated net worth of $25 billion . A total of 1,645 people made the 2014 billionaire list , representing combined wealth of $6.4 trillion . Of those , a record 268 were newcomers , surpassing 2008 's 226 newcomers . One hundred people listed in 2013 failed to make the list . The number of women on the list rose to a record 172 in 2014 . Approximately 66 percent of the list was self - made , 13 percent achieved their wealth through inheritance alone , and 21 percent through a mixture of the two . The United States had 492 billionaires on the list , the most of any country . The country also had the most newcomers with 50 , and women with 54 . China had the second most billionaires with 152 , while Russia was third with 111 . Algeria , Lithuania , Tanzania , and Uganda were all represented on the list for the first time . Turkey saw the most people drop off the list , 19 , due to a period of high inflation in the country . No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $76.0 billion 58 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Slim , Carlos Carlos Slim & family $72.0 billion 74 Mexico Telmex , América Móvil , Grupo Carso 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Ortega , Amancio Amancio Ortega $64.0 billion 77 Spain Inditex 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $58.2 billion 83 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $48.0 billion 70 United States Oracle Corporation 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Koch , Charles Charles Koch $40.0 billion 78 United States Koch Industries 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Koch , David David Koch $40.0 billion 73 United States Koch Industries 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Adelson , Sheldon Sheldon Adelson $38.0 billion 80 United States Las Vegas Sands 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Walton , Christy Christy Walton & family $36.7 billion 58 -- 59 United States Walmart 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Walton , Jim Jim Walton $34.7 billion 65 United States Walmart 2013 Main article : The World 's Billionaires 2013 Carlos Slim topped the 2013 billionaire list , marking his fourth consecutive year at the top . Bill Gates remained in second , while Amancio Ortega moved up to third . Ortega 's gain of $19.5 billion was the largest of anyone on the list . Warren Buffett failed to make the top three for the first time since 2000 , placing fourth . Diesel founder Renzo Rosso was among the top newcomers , debuting with an estimate net worth of $3 billion . A global rise in asset prices , led Forbes editor Randall Lane to declare `` It ( was ) a very good year to be a billionaire '' . However , it was not a good year to be Eike Batista who fell from seventh to 100th , suffering the largest net loss of anyone on the list . Overall , net gainers outnumbered net losers by 4 : 1 . A record total of 1,426 people made the 2013 list , representing $5.4 trillion of assets . Of those , 442 billionaires hailed from the United States . The Asian - Pacific region had 386 billionaires and Europe 366 . The list also featured a record number of newcomers , 210 , representing 42 different countries . Sixty people from the 2012 list fell below a billion dollar of assets in 2013 and eight others from the 2012 list died . The Asia - Pacific region had the most drop - offs , with 29 , followed by the United States with 16 . The 2013 list featured 138 women , of which 50 came from the United States . A majority of the list ( 961 individuals , 67 percent ) was entirely self - made ; 184 ( 13 percent ) inherited their wealth , and 281 ( 20 percent ) achieved their fortune through a combination of inheritance and business acumen . No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Slim , Carlos Carlos Slim & family $73.0 billion 73 Mexico Telmex , América Móvil , Grupo Carso 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $67.0 billion 57 United States Microsoft 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Ortega , Amancio Amancio Ortega $57.0 billion 76 Spain Inditex Group 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $53.5 billion 82 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $43.0 billion 68 United States Oracle Corporation 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Koch , Charles Charles Koch $34.0 billion 77 United States Koch Industries 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Koch , David David Koch $34.0 billion 72 United States Koch Industries 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Ka - shing , Li Li Ka - shing $31.0 billion 84 Hong Kong Canada Cheung Kong Holdings 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Bettencourt , Liliane Liliane Bettencourt & family $30.0 billion 90 France L'Oréal 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Arnault , Bernard Bernard Arnault $29.0 billion 63 France LVMH 2012 Main article : The World 's Billionaires 2012 Carlos Slim topped the 2012 list , marking this third consecutive year at the top . Bill Gates placed second , but narrowed the gap from 2011 as Slim 's fortune fell $5 billion while Gates ' rose $5 billion . Warren Buffett remained in third place . Bernard Arnault of France was the top - ranking European on the list , placing fourth . Ricardo Salinas Pliego was the greatest gainer in terms of dollars , adding $9.2 billion to his fortune and moving up to number 37 overall . Making her debut on the list at age 27 , Spanx founder Sara Blakely became the youngest self - made female billionaire ever . Colombia 's Alejandro Santo Domingo was the highest - ranked newcomer , inheriting a $9.5 billion stake in Santo Domingo Group from his father . India 's Lakshmi Mittal was the largest loser as his fortune dropped from $31.1 billion to $20.7 billion as the price of steel maker ArcelorMittal fell sharply . As a result , he failed to make the top 10 for the first time since 2004 and lost his title of richest Asian to Hong Kong 's Li Ka - shing . A record total of 1,226 people made the 2012 list , representing 58 different countries . Of those , 126 were newcomers to the list and 104 were women . The United States had the greatest number of billionaires with 425 . Russia had 96 people on the list , while China had 95 . Georgia , Morocco , and Peru were newly represented on the list . Falling stock prices in Asia contributed to 117 former billionaires falling from the list worldwide . Twelve others listed in 2011 died . Overall , net gainers ( 460 ) barely outnumbered net losers ( 441 ) . To coincide with the release of the 2012 list , Forbes announced a new `` Billionaire Real - Time Ticker '' updating the wealth of the world 's top fifty billionaires in real time . No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Slim , Carlos Carlos Slim & family $69.0 billion 72 Mexico Telmex , América Móvil , Grupo Carso 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $61.0 billion 56 United States Microsoft 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $44.0 billion 81 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Arnault , Bernard Bernard Arnault $41.0 billion 63 France LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Ortega , Amancio Amancio Ortega $37.5 billion 75 Spain Inditex Group 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $36.0 billion 67 United States Oracle Corporation 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Batista , Eike Eike Batista $30.0 billion 55 Brazil EBX Group 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Stefan Persson $26.0 billion 64 Sweden H&M 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Ka - shing , Li Li Ka - shing $25.5 billion 83 Hong Kong Canada Cheung Kong Holdings 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Albrecht , Karl Karl Albrecht $25.4 billion 92 Germany Aldi 2011 Main article : The World 's Billionaires 2011 In the 25th annual Forbes list of global billionaires , Carlos Slim added $20.5 billion to his fortune , the most of anyone , and retained his number one ranking with a total fortune of $74 billion . Bill Gates remained in second place with $56 billion , while Warren Buffett was third with $50 billion . The top 10 had a combined wealth of $406 billion , up from $342 billion in 2010 . According to Forbes editor Kerry Dolan , `` media and technology billionaires definitely benefited from a stronger stock market and a growing enthusiasm for all things social '' since the 2010 list . However , Nigerian commodity mogul Aliko Dangote was the greatest gainer on a percentage basis as his fortune increased 557 percent to $13.5 billion . Mark Zuckerberg was one of seven Facebook - related billionaires on the list , as he $9.5 billion to his fortune to move up to 52nd . Facebook co-founder Dustin Moskovitz was the youngest person on the list . Aged 26 , eight days younger than Zuckerberg , he debuted at number 420 with an estimated fortune of $2.7 billion . IKEA founder Ingvar Kamprad was the largest loser as he saw his fortune plummet from $23 billion to $6 billion , dropping him from 11th to 162nd overall . A record 1,210 billionaires made the 2011 list , representing a combined wealth of $4.5 trillion , up from $3.6 trillion the previous year . One third of the world 's billionaires , 413 , came from the United States . China had the second most billionaires with 115 , while Russia was third with 101 . Asia moved up to 332 billionaires , passing Europe as a region for the first time since the 1990s . The 2011 list included 214 newcomers and the average net worth of those on it increased to $3.7 billion . No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Slim , Carlos Carlos Slim & family $74.0 billion 71 Mexico Telmex , América Móvil , Grupo Carso 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $56.0 billion 55 United States Microsoft 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $50.0 billion 80 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Arnault , Bernard Bernard Arnault $41.0 billion 62 France LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $39.5 billion 66 United States Oracle Corporation 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Mittal , Lakshmi Lakshmi Mittal $31.1 billion 60 India Arcelor Mittal 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Ortega , Amancio Amancio Ortega $31.0 billion 74 Spain Inditex Group 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Batista , Eike Eike Batista $30.0 billion 53 Brazil EBX Group 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Ambani , Mukesh Mukesh Ambani $27.0 billion 57 India Reliance Industries 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Walton , Christy Christy Walton & family $26.5 billion 55 United States Walmart Main article : The World 's Billionaires 2010 Carlos Slim narrowly eclipsed Bill Gates to top the billionaire list for the first time . Slim saw his estimated worth surge $18.5 billion to $53.5 billion as shares of America Movil rose 35 percent . Gates ' estimated wealth rose $13 billion to $53 billion , placing him second . Warren Buffett was third with $47 billion . Christy Walton was the highest - ranking woman , placing 12th overall , with an inherited fortune of $22.5 billion . At age 25 , Mark Zuckerberg continued to be the world 's youngest self - made billionaire . American Isaac Perlmutter was among the newcomers with an estimated fortune of $4 billion largely acquired in his sale of Marvel Entertainment to Disney . A total of 1,011 people made the 2010 list . The United States accounted for 403 billionaires , followed by China with 89 and Russia with 62 . It was the first time China , while including Hong Kong , placed second . A total of 55 countries were represented on the 2010 list , including Finland and Pakistan which claimed their first billionaires . Eighty - nine women made the list , but only 14 of them were self - made . The combined net worth of the list was $3.6 trillion , up 50 percent from 2009 's $2.4 trillion , while the average net worth was $3.5 billion . The 2010 list featured 164 re-entries and 97 true newcomers . Asia accounted for more than 100 of the new entrants . Overall , just 12 percent of the list lost wealth since 2009 , and 30 people fell off the list . Thirteen others died . Of the 89 women , 12 were newcomers in 2010 . Steve Forbes said the growing number of billionaires was clear sign that the world 's economy was recovering from 2009 's global financial crisis . In June 2010 , Warren Buffett and Bill Gates announce The Giving Pledge that is a promise to give the majority of their wealth to philanthropy . As of 2017 , the pledge has 158 signers but some of the signers have since died . Most of the signers of the pledge are billionaires , and their pledges total to over $365 billion . No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Slim , Carlos Carlos Slim & family $53.5 billion 70 Mexico Telmex , América Móvil , Grupo Carso 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $53.0 billion 54 United States Microsoft 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $47.0 billion 79 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Ambani , Mukesh Mukesh Ambani $29.0 billion 53 India Reliance Industries 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Mittal , Lakshmi Lakshmi Mittal $28.7 billion 60 India Arcelor Mittal 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $28.0 billion 66 United States Oracle Corporation 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Arnault , Bernard Bernard Arnault $27.5 billion 61 France LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Batista , Eike Eike Batista $27.0 billion 53 Brazil EBX Group 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Ortega , Amancio Amancio Ortega $25.0 billion 74 Spain Inditex Group 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Albrecht , Karl Karl Albrecht $23.5 billion 90 Germany Aldi Süd 2009 In the wake of the Financial crisis of 2007 -- 2008 , the world 's billionaires lose $2 trillion in net worth and the list becomes 30 % smaller than the previous year 's list . No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $40.0 billion 53 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $37.0 billion 78 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Slim , Carlos Carlos Slim $35.0 billion 69 Mexico Telmex , América Móvil 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $22.5 billion 64 United States Oracle Corporation 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Kamprad , Ingvar Ingvar Kamprad $22.0 billion 83 Sweden IKEA 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Albrecht , Karl Karl Albrecht $21.5 billion 89 Germany Aldi Süd 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Ambani , Mukesh Mukesh Ambani $19.5 billion 57 India Reliance Industries 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Mittal , Lakshmi Lakshmi Mittal $19.3 billion 58 India Arcelor Mittal 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Albrecht , Theo Theo Albrecht $18.8 billion 87 Germany Aldi Nord , Trader Joe 's 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Ortega , Amancio Amancio Ortega $18.3 billion 73 Spain Inditex Group 2008 Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg , four years after starting the company , joins the list at 23 to become the youngest self - made billionaire . No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $62.0 billion 77 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Slim , Carlos Carlos Slim $60.0 billion 68 Mexico Telmex , América Móvil 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $58.0 billion 52 United States Microsoft 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Mittal , Lakshmi Lakshmi Mittal $45.0 billion 57 India Arcelor Mittal 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Ambani , Mukesh Mukesh Ambani $43.0 billion 50 India Reliance Industries 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Ambani , Anil Anil Ambani $42.0 billion 48 India Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Kamprad , Ingvar Ingvar Kamprad $31.0 billion 81 Sweden IKEA 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Pal Singh , Kushal Kushal Pal Singh $30.0 billion 76 India DLF Group 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Deripaska , Oleg Oleg Deripaska $28.0 billion 40 Russia Rusal 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Albrecht , Karl Karl Albrecht $27.0 billion 88 Germany Aldi Süd 2007 No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $56.0 billion 51 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $52.0 billion 76 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Slim , Carlos Carlos Slim $49.0 billion 67 Mexico Telmex , América Móvil , Grupo Carso 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Ingvar Kamprad $33.0 billion 80 Sweden IKEA 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Mittal , Lakshmi Lakshmi Mittal $32.0 billion 56 India Arcelor Mittal 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Adelson , Sheldon Sheldon Adelson $26.5 billion 73 United States Las Vegas Sands 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Arnault , Bernard Bernard Arnault $26.0 billion 58 France LVMH 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Ortega , Amancio Amancio Ortega $24.0 billion 71 Spain Inditex Group 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Ka - shing , Li Li Ka - shing $23.0 billion 78 Hong Kong Canada Cheung Kong Holdings , Hutchison Whampoa 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 David Thomson $22.0 billion 49 Canada Thomson Corporation 2006 No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $52.0 billion 50 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $42.0 billion 75 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Slim , Carlos Carlos Slim $30.0 billion 66 Mexico Telmex 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Kamprad , Ingvar Ingvar Kamprad $28.0 billion 79 Sweden IKEA 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Mittal , Lakshmi Lakshmi Mittal $23.5 billion 55 India Mittal Steel Company 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Allen , Paul Paul Allen $22.0 billion 53 United States Microsoft 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Arnault , Bernard Bernard Arnault $21.5 billion 57 France LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Al - Waleed , Prince Prince Al - Waleed $20.0 billion 49 Saudi Arabia Kingdom Holding Company 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Thomson , Kenneth Kenneth Thomson $19.6 billion 82 Canada The Thomson Corporation 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Shing , Li Ka Li Ka Shing $18.8 billion 77 Hong Kong Canada Cheung Kong Group , Hutchison Whampoa 2005 No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $46.5 billion 49 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $44.0 billion 74 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Mittal , Lakshmi Lakshmi Mittal $25.0 billion 54 India Mittal Steel Company 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Slim , Carlos Carlos Slim $23.8 billion 65 Mexico Telmex 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Al - Waleed , Prince Prince Al - Waleed $23.7 billion 49 Saudi Arabia Kingdom Holding Company 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Kamprad , Ingvar Ingvar Kamprad $23.0 billion 79 Sweden IKEA 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Allen , Paul Paul Allen $21.0 billion 52 United States Microsoft 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Albrecht , Karl Karl Albrecht $18.5 billion 85 Germany Aldi Süd 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $18.4 billion 60 United States Oracle Corporation 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Walton , S. Robson S. Robson Walton $18.3 billion 61 United States Walmart The founders of Google , Sergey Brin and Larry Page , become billionaires at age 30 . No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $46.6 billion 48 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $42.9 billion 73 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Albrecht , Karl Karl Albrecht $23.0 billion 84 Germany Aldi Süd 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Al - Waleed , Prince Prince Al - Waleed $21.5 billion 47 Saudi Arabia Kingdom Holding Company 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Allen , Paul Paul Allen $21.0 billion 51 United States Microsoft 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Walton , Alice Alice Walton * $20.0 billion 55 United States Wal - Mart 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Walton , Helen Helen Walton * $20.0 billion 84 United States Wal - Mart 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Walton , Jim Jim Walton * $20.0 billion 56 United States Wal - Mart 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Walton , John John Walton * $20.0 billion 58 United States Wal - Mart 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Walton , S. Robson S. Robson Walton * $20.0 billion 60 United States Wal - Mart Each hold an essentially equal share in Wal - Mart . 2003 Oprah Winfrey becomes the first female African American billionaire . No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $40.7 billion 47 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $30.5 billion 72 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Karl and Theo Albrecht $25.6 billion 83 Germany Aldi Süd 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Allen , Paul Paul Allen $20.1 billion 50 United States Microsoft 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Al - Waleed , Prince Prince Al - Waleed $17.7 billion 46 Saudi Arabia Kingdom Holding Company 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $16.6 billion 58 United States Oracle Corporation 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Walton , Alice Alice Walton * $16.5 billion 54 United States Wal - Mart 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Walton , Helen Helen Walton * $16.5 billion 83 United States Wal - Mart 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Walton , Jim Jim Walton * $16.5 billion 55 United States Wal - Mart 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Walton , John John Walton * $16.5 billion 57 United States Wal - Mart 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Walton , S. Robson S. Robson Walton * $16.5 billion 59 United States Wal - Mart Each hold an essentially equal share in Wal - Mart . 2002 As a result of the market crash caused by the Dot - com bubble , 83 billionaires drop off the list from the previous year . No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $52.8 billion 46 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $35.0 billion 71 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Karl and Theo Albrecht $26.8 billion 82 Germany Aldi Süd 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Allen , Paul Paul Allen $25.2 billion 49 United States Microsoft 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $23.5 billion 57 United States Oracle Corporation 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Walton , Jim Jim Walton * $20.8 billion 54 United States Wal - Mart 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Walton , John John Walton * $20.7 billion 56 United States Wal - Mart 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Walton , Alice Alice Walton * $20.5 billion 53 United States Wal - Mart 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Walton , S. Robson S. Robson Walton * $20.5 billion 58 United States Wal - Mart 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Walton , Helen Helen Walton * $20.4 billion 82 United States Wal - Mart Each hold an essentially equal share in Wal - Mart . 2001 In 2001 , BET founder Robert L. Johnson became the first ever African - American billionaire . No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $58.7 billion 45 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $32.3 billion 70 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Allen , Paul Paul Allen $30.4 billion 48 United States Microsoft 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $26.0 billion 56 United States Oracle Corporation 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Karl and Theo Albrecht $25.0 billion 81 Germany Aldi 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Al - Waleed , Prince Prince Al - Waleed $20.0 billion 44 Saudi Arabia Kingdom Holding Company 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Walton , Jim Jim Walton * $18.8 billion 53 United States Wal - Mart 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Walton , John John Walton * $18.7 billion 55 United States Wal - Mart 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Walton , S. Robson S. Robson Walton * $18.6 billion 57 United States Wal - Mart 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Walton , Alice Alice Walton * $18.5 billion 52 United States Wal - Mart 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Walton , Helen Helen Walton * $18.5 billion 81 United States Wal - Mart Each hold an essentially equal share in Wal - Mart . Had he been alive in 2001 , Sam Walton would have been the world 's wealthiest person . 2000 Bill Gates became the first American to take the top spot of the World 's Billionaires in 1995 with a net worth of $12.5 billion and he remained there during the Dot - com bubble 's height in 1999 when Gates ' fortune peaked at $90 billion . After the dot - com bubble started to collapse in 2000 , his wealth dropped to $60 billion although he remained at the top of the list . No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Gates , Bill Bill Gates $60.0 billion 44 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Ellison , Larry Larry Ellison $47.0 billion 55 United States Oracle Corporation 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Allen , Paul Paul Allen $28.0 billion 47 United States Microsoft 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Buffett , Warren Warren Buffett $25.6 billion 69 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Karl and Theo Albrecht $20.0 billion 80 Germany Aldi Süd 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Al - Waleed , Prince Prince Al - Waleed $20.0 billion 43 Saudi Arabia Kingdom Holding Company 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Walton , S. Robson S. Robson Walton $20.0 billion 57 United States Wal - Mart 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Son , Masayoshi Masayoshi Son $19.4 billion 43 Japan Softbank Capital , SoftBank Mobile 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Dell , Michael Michael Dell $19.1 billion 35 United States Dell 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Thomson , Kenneth Kenneth Thomson $16.1 billion 77 Canada The Thomson Corporation Legend Icon Description Has not changed from the previous ranking . Has increased from the previous ranking . Has decreased from the previous ranking . Statistics The dot - com bubble created the most paper wealth for some billionaires . However , once the dotcom bubble burst the new rich saw their fortunes disappear . Billionaires ' fortunes were hit even harder by the global financial crisis ; 2009 was the first time in five years that the world had a net loss in the number of billionaires . The strong performance of the financial markets and global economic recovery have erased financial assets losses . Most of the richest people in the world have seen their fortunes soar in the early 2010s . Number and combined net worth of billionaires by year Year Number of billionaires Group 's combined net worth 2017 2,043 $7.67 trillion 2016 1,810 $6.5 trillion 2015 1,826 $7.1 trillion 2014 1,645 $6.4 trillion 2013 1,426 $5.4 trillion 2012 1,226 $4.6 trillion 2011 1,210 $4.5 trillion 1,011 $3.6 trillion 2009 793 $2.4 trillion 2008 1,125 $4.4 trillion 2007 946 $3.5 trillion 2006 793 $2.6 trillion 2005 691 $2.2 trillion 587 $1.9 trillion 2003 476 $1.4 trillion 2002 497 $1.5 trillion 2001 538 $1.8 trillion 2000 470 $0.9 trillion $898 billion Source : Forbes . See also Bloomberg Billionaires Index List of cities by the number of billionaires List of countries by the number of US dollar billionaires List of wealthiest animals List of wealthiest families List of wealthiest historical figures List of wealthiest organizations References Specific ^ Jump up to : Kollmeyer , Barbara ( 4 March 2014 ) . `` Bill Gates back on top , WhatsApp founders and more women in Forbes ' billionaire rankings '' . Market Watch , The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 5 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Luisa . `` Forbes 2017 billionaires list : Meet the richest people on the planet '' . Forbes . Retrieved 21 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gore , Leada ( 4 March 2014 ) . `` Youngest , oldest and one who can body slam you : More on Forbes list of the ultra-rich '' . AL.com . Alabama Media Group . Retrieved 5 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Billionaires List '' . Forbes . 23 March 2017 . 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Retrieved 15 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Matthew ; Kroll , Luisa ( 10 March 2010 ) . `` Bill Gates No Longer World 's Richest Man '' . Forbes . Retrieved 25 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` China ranks No 2 on Forbes billionaires list '' . China Daily . 11 March 2010 . Retrieved 17 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Giving Pledge List Reaches $365 Billion '' . Insatiable Fox . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Miller , Matthew ( 6 May 2009 ) . `` The Wealthiest Black Americans '' . Forbes Magazine . Retrieved 21 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Special Report on The New Rich '' . The Economist. 14 June 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Special Report on The Rich '' . The Economist. 4 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Global Wealth Report 2011 '' ( PDF ) . The Boston Consulting Group . 31 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` World Wealth Report 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Capgemini and Merrill Lynch . 22 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billionaires 25th Anniversary Timeline -- Forbes '' . Forbes . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dolan , Kerry A. ; Kroll , Luisa ( 3 March 2014 ) . `` Inside The 2014 Forbes Billionaires List : Facts And Figures '' . Forbes . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Luisa ( 4 March 2013 ) . `` Inside The 2013 Billionaires List : Facts and Figures '' . Forbes . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . General 2000 -- 2010 Top 10s : Rogers , Simon ( 11 March 2010 ) . `` Forbes rich list : ten years of top tens '' . The Guardian . 2011 Top 10 : `` The World 's Billionaires 2011 '' . Forbes . 2012 Top 10 : `` Forbes rich list 2012 : top 50 '' . The Telegraph . 8 March 2012 . 2013 Top 10 : Durgy , Edwin ( 4 March 2013 ) . `` The World 's Richest Billionaires : Full List Of The Top 500 '' . Forbes . 2014 Top 10 : `` Forbes Releases 28th Annual World 's Billionaires Issue '' . Forbes . 3 March 2014 . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . 2015 Top 10 : `` Forbes ' 29th Annual World 's Billionaires Issue '' . Forbes . 2 March 2015 . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . External links Forbes : The World 's Billionaires ( hide ) Forbes magazine lists Companies Global 2000 People General Celebrity 100 30 Under 30 China Celebrity 100 Fictional 15 Korea Power Celebrity World 's 100 Most Powerful Women World 's Most Powerful People Richest The World 's Billionaires Forbes 400 Forbes Asia Australia 's 50 Richest Places America 's Best Colleges Sports Highest - paid athletes Most valuable sports teams Most valuable football clubs Technology Midas List ( Tech 's Top Deal Makers ) Lists of people by net worth By citizenship Australia Austria Belgium Brazil Canada China ( PRC ) Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Egypt Finland France Germany Greece Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel Italy Japan Kazakhstan Kenya South Korea Kuwait Lebanon Malaysia Mexico Monaco Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria Norway Pakistan Philippines Poland Portugal Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore South Africa Spain Sweden Switzerland Taiwan ( ROC ) Thailand Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Venezuela Vietnam By region Arab League South Asia South East Asia Africa Forbes lists 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Forbes 400 members In history List of wealthiest historical figures List of richest Americans in history Other Countries by the number of US dollar billionaires Forbes Fictional 15 Royals Sunday Times Rich List ( UK ) Financial Review Rich List ( Australia ) Women Extreme wealth Concepts Capital accumulation Distribution of wealth Dynastic wealth Economic inequality Geography and wealth High - net - worth individual UHNWI National wealth Oligarchy Overaccumulation Paper wealth Plutocracy Plutonomy Wealth concentration Wealth effect Wealth management Wealth and religion Wealth tax Individuals Wealthiest historical figures Wealthiest Americans Female billionaires ‎ Wealthiest families Wealthiest animals Forbes list of billionaires Lists of organizations Wealthiest organizations Companies by profit and loss Largest companies by revenue Largest financial services companies by revenue Largest manufacturing companies by revenue Public corporations by market capitalization See also Business magnate Business oligarch Upper class Nouveau riche Vieux riche The rich get richer and the poor get poorer Philanthropy The Giving Pledge The World 's Billionaires -- Top ten richest people in the world as of 20 April 2017 Bill Gates ( $86.0 B , United States ) Warren Buffett ( $75.6 B , United States ) Jeff Bezos ( $72.8 B , United States ) Amancio Ortega ( $71.3 B , Spain ) Mark Zuckerberg ( $56.0 B , United States ) Carlos Slim ( $54.5 B , Mexico ) Larry Ellison ( $52.2 B , United States ) Charles Koch ( $48.3 B , United States ) David Koch ( $48.3 B , United States ) Michael Bloomberg ( $47.5 B , United States ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_World%27s_Billionaires&oldid=809189748 '' Categories : Lists of people by wealth Forbes lists Lists of people by magazine appearance Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from April 2017 Use American English from May 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with hCards Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Føroyskt Français Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Malagasy مازِرونی Nederlands 日本 語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 17 : 31 . 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Je t'aime... moi non plus

Je t'aime ... Moi non plus - wikipedia Je t'aime ... Moi non plus This article is about the song . For the film , see Je t'aime moi non plus ( film ) . For the album , see Jane Birkin / Serge Gainsbourg . `` Je t'aime ... moi non plus '' Artwork for pressings of the French release ( Fontana printing pictured ) , some continental European releases and some re-releases Single by Serge Gainsbourg and Jane Birkin from the album Jane Birkin / Serge Gainsbourg B - side `` Jane B . '' `` 69 Année Érotique '' ( Belgium only ) Released 1969 Format 7 '' single Recorded 1969 Genre Pop , chanson , psychedelic pop Length 4 : 22 Label UK : Fontana , Major Minor , Antic US : Fontana Songwriter ( s ) Serge Gainsbourg Producer ( s ) Jack Baverstock `` Je t'aime ... moi non plus '' ( French for `` I love you ... neither do I '' ) is a 1967 song written by Serge Gainsbourg for Brigitte Bardot . In 1969 , Gainsbourg recorded the most well known version with Jane Birkin . The duet reached number one in the UK , and number two in Ireland , but was banned in several countries due to its overly sexual content . In 1976 , Gainsbourg directed Birkin in an erotic film of the same name . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Lyrics and music 3 Reception 4 Commercial success 5 Covers 6 Selected list of recorded versions 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) The song was written and recorded in late 1967 for Gainsbourg 's girlfriend , Brigitte Bardot . She asked him to write the most beautiful love song he could imagine and that night he wrote `` Je t'aime '' and `` Bonnie and Clyde '' . They recorded an arrangement of `` Je t'aime '' by Michel Colombier at a Paris studio in a two - hour session in a small glass booth ; the engineer William Flageollet said there was `` heavy petting '' . However , news of the recording reached the press and Bardot 's husband , German businessman Gunter Sachs , was angry and called for the single to be withdrawn . Bardot pleaded with Gainsbourg not to release it . He complied but observed `` The music is very pure . For the first time in my life , I write a love song and it 's taken badly . '' In 1968 , Gainsbourg and English actress Jane Birkin began a relationship when they met on the set of the film Slogan . After filming , he asked her to record the song with him . Birkin had heard the Bardot version and thought it `` so hot '' . She said : `` I only sang it because I did n't want anybody else to sing it '' , jealous at the thought of his sharing a recording studio with someone else . Gainsbourg asked her to sing an octave higher than Bardot , `` so you 'll sound like a little boy '' . It was recorded in an arrangement by Arthur Greenslade in a studio at Marble Arch . Birkin said she `` got a bit carried away with the heavy breathing -- so much so , in fact , that I was told to calm down , which meant that at one point I stopped breathing altogether . If you listen to the record now , you can still hear that little gap . '' There was media speculation , as with the Bardot version , that they had recorded live sex , to which Gainsbourg told Birkin , `` Thank goodness it was n't , otherwise I hope it would have been a long - playing record . '' It was released in February 1969 . The single had a plain cover , with the words `` Interdit aux moins de 21 ans '' ( forbidden to those under 21 ) , and the record company changed the label from Philips to Fontana . Gainsbourg also asked Marianne Faithfull to record the song with him ; she said : `` Hah ! He asked everybody '' . Others approached included Valérie Lagrange and Mireille Darc . Bardot regretted not releasing her version , and her friend Jean - Louis Remilleux persuaded her to contact Gainsbourg . They released it in 1986 . Lyrics and Music ( edit ) The title was inspired by a Salvador Dalí comment : `` Picasso is Spanish , me too . Picasso is a genius , me too . Picasso is a communist , me neither '' . Gainsbourg claimed it was an `` anti-fuck '' song about the desperation and impossibility of physical love . The lyrics are written as a dialogue between two lovers during sex . Phrases include : `` Je vais et je viens , entre tes reins '' ( `` I go and I come , between your loins '' ) `` Tu es la vague , moi l'île nue '' ( `` You are the wave , I the bare island '' ) `` L'amour physique est sans issue '' ( `` Physical love is a dead end '' ( Gainsbourg sings ' sensationnel ' in another version ) ) `` Je t'aime , moi non plus '' is translated as `` I love you -- me not anymore '' in the Pet Shop Boys ' version . The lyrics are sung , spoken and whispered over a baroque organ and guitar track in C major , with a `` languid , almost over pretty , chocolate box melody '' . Reception ( edit ) The lyrical subtleties were lost on late - 1960s Brits . What they heard was an expertly stroked organ , orgasmic groans and a soft - focus melody , the musical equivalent of a Vaseline - smeared Emmanuelle movie . It was confirmation that life across the Channel was one of unchecked lubriciousness , and Je t'aime became as essential a part of any successful seduction as a chilled bottle of Blue Nun . -- Sylvie Simmons , Serge Gainsbourg : A Fistful of Gitanes , 2001 The eroticism was declared offensive . The lyrics are commonly thought to refer to the taboo of sex without love , and were delivered in a breathy , suggestive style . The Observer Monthly Music magazine called it `` the pop equivalent of an Emmanuelle movie '' . When the version with Bardot was recorded , the French press reported that it was an `` audio vérité '' . France Dimanche said the `` groans , sighs , and Bardot 's little cries of pleasure ( give ) the impression you 're listening to two people making love '' . The first time Gainsbourg played it in public was in a Paris restaurant immediately after they recorded it . Birkin said that `` as it began to play all you could hear were the knives and forks being put down . ' I think we have a hit record ' , he said . '' The song culminates in orgasm sounds by Birkin : mostly because of this , it was banned from radio in Spain , Sweden , Brazil , the UK , Italy , and Portugal , banned before 11 pm in France , not played by many radio stations in the United States because it was deemed too risqué , and denounced by the Vatican and the L'Osservatore Romano ; one report even claimed the Vatican excommunicated the record executive who released it in Italy . Birkin says Gainsbourg called the Pope `` our greatest PR man '' . Birkin said in 2004 that , `` It was n't a rude song at all . I do n't know what all the fuss was about . The English just did n't understand it . I 'm still not sure they know what it means . '' When Gainsbourg went to Jamaica to record with Sly and Robbie , they initially did not get on well . They said `` We know just one piece of French music , a song called Je t'aime ... Moi Non Plus , which has a girl groaning in it . '' Gainsbourg said `` It 's me '' , and their mood changed immediately . Commercial success ( edit ) The song was a commercial success throughout Europe . By 1986 , it had sold four million copies . In the UK , it was released on the Fontana label , but , after reaching number two , it was withdrawn from sale . Gainsbourg arranged a deal with Major Minor Records and on re-release it reached number one , the first banned number one single in the UK and the first single in a foreign language to top the charts . It stayed on the UK chart for 31 weeks . It even made the Top 100 in the United States , reaching number 58 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . Mercury Records , the US distributor , faced criticism that the song was `` obscene '' and there was limited airplay , limiting US sales to around 150,000 . It was re-released in the UK in late 1974 on the Atlantic Records subsidiary Antic Records and charted again peaking at No. 31 and charting for nine weeks . Chart ( 1969 ) Peak position Ö3 Austria Top 40 German Musikmarkt / Media Control Charts Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) Irish Singles Chart Mexico ( Radio Mil ) 5 Norwegian VG - lista Chart Swiss Top 100 Singles Chart UK Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 58 Covers ( edit ) Donna Summer ( pictured in 1977 ) covered the song as `` Je t'aime '' in duet with producer Giorgio Moroder for the 1978 film Thank God It 's Friday The song has been covered dozens of times , both serious and comedic . The first covers were instrumentals , `` Love at first sight '' , after the original was banned ; the first version by a British group named Sounds Nice ( featuring Tim Mycroft on keyboard ) became a top 20 hit . ( The group 's name `` sounds nice '' actually represents the two words Paul McCartney said when he heard this instrumental cover of the song ) . The first parody was written in 1970 by Gainsbourg himself and Marcel Mithois . Titled `` Ça '' , it was recorded by Bourvil and Jacqueline Maillan , Bourvil 's last release before his death . Other comedy versions were made by Frankie Howerd and June Whitfield , Judge Dread , and Gorden Kaye and Vicki Michelle , stars of the BBC TV comedy ' Allo ' Allo ! , in character . The song influenced the 1975 disco classic `` Love to Love You Baby '' by singer Donna Summer and producer Giorgio Moroder . In a note to Neil Bogart , producer A.J. Cervantes ( son of politician Alfonso J. Cervantes ) , who previously worked for Casablanca Records , suggested an idea of Donna Summer recording the song . Bogart initially rejected the idea . Cervantes ' record label Butterfly Records released the disco rendition as `` Je t'aime '' by an all - female disco group Saint Tropez in August 1977 , the first disco rendition of the song , as part of the album of the same name , Je T'aime ( 1977 ) . Prompted by the minor success of Saint Tropez , a year later in 1978 , Casablanca Records released the Summer and Moroder duet rendition of `` Je t'aime '' in a 15 - minute version for the film Thank God It 's Friday . The Summer -- Moroder rendition was produced by Moroder and Pete Bellotte . Je t'aime has been sampled in many other songs , including : `` A Fair Affair '' by Misty Oldland ; `` Guitar Song '' by Texas on the album The Greatest Hits and released as a single in Belgium in 2001 ; and a version of `` Breathe '' in Kylie Minogue 's 2003 Money Ca n't Buy concert at the Hammersmith Apollo in London . Selected list of recorded versions ( edit ) 1968 -- Serge Gainsbourg & Brigitte Bardot . It was not issued until 1986 . When Universal Music made their back catalogue available to purchase online in 2006 , this song was the third most popular download . 1969 -- Serge Gainsbourg & Jane Birkin 1969 -- Giorgio Albertazzi and Anna Proclemer Ti amo ... ed io di più cover in Italian 1969 -- Sounds Nice featuring Tim Mycroft ( instrumental , entitled `` Love at First Sight '' ) . It reached number 18 in the UK and stayed on the chart for 11 weeks . 1970 -- Bourvil and Jacqueline Maillan -- Ça . The first parody , and Bourvil 's last release . 1971 -- Frankie Howerd & June Whitfield as `` Up Je t'aime , '' a `` no sex please , we 're British '' parody ( wife keeps saying `` Je t'aime '' , husband wants to get ready for golf ) 1972 -- Hot Butter ( instrumental , as `` Love at First Sight '' ) 1973 -- Abigail . This cover reached the top 10 in Australia - 1973 , # 5 Sydney , # 4 Adelaide , # 8 Melbourne . 1975 -- Judge Dread . It reached number 9 in the UK in July 1975 and spent 9 weeks on the chart . 1977 -- Saint Tropez -- the first disco rendition 1978 -- Giorgio Moroder & Donna Summer 1981 -- Einstürzende Neubauten ( as `` Jet 'm '' ) 1984 -- Trafassi as `` Me jam '' . Dutch - language version . 1986 -- Psychic TV , Je T'Aime . It was variously credited to Genesis P - Orridge and The Angels of Light or Psychic TV and Mistress Mix . The 1985 version was a limited edition 12 '' vinyl of 5000 copies , with `` Supermale '' on the B - side . The 1989 version had a B - side called `` Wicked ( Lucifer Mix ) '' . 1986 -- René & Yvette from ' Allo ' Allo . It reached 57 on the UK chart . 1989 - Les Femmes Erotiques ( Italo house cover version ) 1991 - Actors Heiner Lauterbach and Sabine von Maydell , Je T'aime Ich Liebe Dich ( German Cover ) 1992 -- Chayanne & Natalie as `` Extasis '' on his album Provócame . 1993 -- Barry Adamson with Anita Lane on his album The Negro Inside Me 1994 -- Malcolm McLaren on his album Paris . 1996 - 2Defy as `` Je t'aime Moi Non Plus ... Forever My Lady '' 1997 -- Cibo Matto with Sean Lennon , `` a cute romp '' that was part of the tribute album Great Jewish Music : Serge Gainsbourg on Tzadik Records . 1997 -- Nick Cave with Anita Lane as `` I Love You ( Nor Do I ) '' on the album Pink Elephants by Mick Harvey . CMJ New Music Monthly called it `` perhaps the worst cover version in history '' . 1998 -- Pet Shop Boys & Sam Taylor - Wood , with some of the lyrics digitally voiced . 1998 -- Bob Downe & Julian Clary 2000 -- Koffi Olomide & Nayanka Bell , an afro - zouk version . 2001 -- Sven Väth featuring Miss Kittin ( electronic version ) 2002 -- Böhse Onkelz as a B - side on the single Keine Amnestie für MTV 2003 -- Brian Molko & Asia Argento ( with the male and female roles inverted 2004 -- The Ukulele Orchestra of Great Britain . An `` hilariously deadpan '' version . 2006 -- Cat Power & Karen Elson ( sung in English as `` I Love You , Me Either '' ) 2010 -- Baggalútur ( sung in Icelandic `` Saddur '' ) 2011 - Jason Kouchak on his album Comme d'Habitude 2014 -- M'barka Ben Taleb , an etno funk version See also ( edit ) List of songs banned by the BBC References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 1969 Album on the AMG . Retrieved 15 February 2007 ^ Jump up to : Durand , Mathieu ( February 2009 ) . `` Chanson cul ( te ) Je t'aime moi non plus '' . Evene . Retrieved 4 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Simmons , Sylvie ( 2 February 2001 ) . `` The eyes have it '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 4 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 28 May 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Singer , Barnett ( 2006 ) . Brigitte Bardot : a biography . McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 2515 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Walden , Celia ( 13 October 2009 ) . `` Jane Birkin interview '' . Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 3 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Albertina ( 17 October 2009 ) . `` Birkin : Much more than a bag '' . Kidderminster Shuttle . Retrieved 4 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Zwerin , Mike ( 29 January 2003 ) . `` Music 's laureate of the outrageous '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on 18 September 2012 . Retrieved 4 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Sylvie Simmons ( 2 February 2001 ) . `` An extract from Serge Gainsbourg : A Fistful of Gitanes by Sylvie Simmons Books '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` je t aime moi non plus gainsbourg birkin '' . Evene.fr. 2009 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Spencer , Neil ( 22 May 2005 ) . `` The 10 most x-rated records '' . Observer Music Monthly . London : Guardian Newspapers . Retrieved 3 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Cheles , Luciano ; Sponza , Lucio ( 2001 ) . The art of persuasion : political communication in Italy from 1945 to the 1990s . Manchester University Press . p. 331 . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 4170 - 8 . Jump up ^ Solomons , Jason ( 15 August 2004 ) . `` ' Serge needed all the love he could get ' '' . The Observer . London . Retrieved 3 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Chrisafis , Angelique ( 14 April 2006 ) . `` Gainsbourg , je t'aime '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 4 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Top Pop Singles ( 8th edition ) by Joel Whitburn Jump up ^ `` Steinberg : Obscenity is Relative '' . Billboard. 7 November 1970 . Retrieved 5 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Die ganze Musik im Internet : Charts '' . Musicline.de . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Jane Birkin avec Serge Gainsbourg -- Je t'aime ... moi non plus '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ March 14 , 1970 issue of Billboard Magazine ; page 61 ( Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 05 ) . Jump up ^ `` Artist Search for `` jane birkin '' `` . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Weaver , Julian ( 14 February 2003 ) . `` je t'aime moi non plus : a maintes reprises transcript '' . hypo.io . Resonance FM . Retrieved 4 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Larkin , Colin ( 1998 ) . The encyclopedia of popular music . Volume 7 ( 3 ed . ) . Macmillan . p. 5049 . ISBN 0 - 333 - 74134 - X . Jump up ^ Way , Michael ( 5 September 1970 ) . `` Paris '' . Billboard . Retrieved 5 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Spencer , Kristopher ( 2008 ) . Film and television scores , 1950 -- 1979 : a critical survey by genre . McFarland . p. 122 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 3682 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : A.J. Cervantes ( May 15 , 2003 ) . `` A.J. Cervantes '' . DiscoMusic.com ( Interview ) . Interviewed by Bernard F. Lopez . ^ Jump up to : McGuire , John M. ( May 21 , 1978 ) . `` A.J. Jr. : Disco King '' ( PDF ) . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Read by Representative Jonathan B. Bingham on May 23 , 1978 . pp. 15152 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Alan Jones ; Jussi Kantonen ( 2000 ) . `` Hot Shots '' . Saturday Night Forever : The Story of Disco . Chicago Review Press . p. 93 . ISBN 1 - 55652 - 411 - 0 . LCCN 00 - 038065 . Jump up ^ `` Misty Oldland et Brand New Heavies '' . L'Express ( in French ) . 16 June 1994 . Retrieved 31 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Catroux , Sébastien ( 28 October 2000 ) . `` Les tubes de Texas et des inédits '' . Le Parisien . Retrieved 5 August 2010 . Jump up ^ McLean , Craig ( 17 November 2003 ) . `` A real tour de force '' . Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 5 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bardot revived as download star '' . BBC News . 17 October 2006 . Retrieved 3 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Warwick , Neil ; Kutner , Jon ; Brown , Tony ( 2004 ) . The complete book of the British charts : singles & albums ( 3 ed . ) . Omnibus Press . ISBN 1 - 84449 - 058 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Quand Gainsbourg faisait son cinéma ... '' . Allocine . Retrieved 5 August 2010 . Jump up ^ McFadyen , Warwick ( 18 June 2005 ) . `` Strike up the banned '' . The Age . Melbourne . Retrieved 4 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Groups & Solo Artists - Abigail '' . Milesago.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Hardy , Phil ; Laing , Dave ( 1976 ) . The Encyclopedia of rock . 3 . Panther . Jump up ^ `` Trafassi '' . Muziekencyclopedie.nl . Muziek Centrum Nederland . Retrieved 5 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Les Femmes Erotiques - Je T'aime , Moi Non Plus ( CD ) at Discogs '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Sexo Pop '' . La Nacion ( in Spanish ) . Chile . 9 March 2008 . Retrieved 5 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Ira A. ( 1997 ) . `` je + t'aime '' The Trouser Press guide to ' 90s rock . Simon & Schuster . p. 463 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 81437 - 4 . Jump up ^ http://www.2defy.co.uk Jump up ^ Wolk , Douglas ( 7 November 1997 ) . `` Sharps & flats '' . Salon . Retrieved 5 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Reviews '' . CMJ New Music Monthly . December 1997 . Retrieved 3 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Wolk , Douglas ( November 1999 ) . `` Singles '' . CMJ New Music Monthly . Retrieved 4 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Chelley , Isabelle ( 1 June 2004 ) . `` Miss Kittin passe des platines à l'album '' . 20 minutes . Retrieved 5 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Dark , Jane ( 6 August 2002 ) . `` Fever Pitch : Asia Argento Branches Out in the Family Business '' . Village Voice . Retrieved 4 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Youngs , Ian ( 21 June 2003 ) . `` Orchestra makes ukulele cult hit '' . BBC News . Retrieved 3 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Murphy , John ( May 2006 ) . `` Various -- Monsieur Gainsbourg Revisited : A Tribute to Serge Gainsbourg ( Universal ) '' . MusicOMH . Retrieved 3 August 2010 . External links ( edit ) Serge Gainsbourg Studio albums Du chant à la une ! ... N ° 2 L'Étonnant Serge Gainsbourg Serge Gainsbourg N ° 4 Gainsbourg Confidentiel Gainsbourg Percussions Initials B.B. Jane Birkin / Serge Gainsbourg Histoire de Melody Nelson Vu de l'extérieur Rock Around the Bunker L'Homme à tête de chou Aux armes et cætera Mauvaises nouvelles des étoiles Love on the Beat You 're Under Arrest Compilation albums Bonnie and Clyde Live albums Enregistrement public au Théâtre Le Palace Gainsbourg Live Le Zénith de Gainsbourg 1963 Théâtre des Capucines Tribute albums Intoxicated Man Pink Elephants Great Jewish Music : Serge Gainsbourg Monsieur Gainsbourg Revisited Film scores Cannabis Films Je t'aime ... moi non plus Équateur Charlotte for Ever Related articles Gainsbourg ( vie héroïque ) Charlotte Gainsbourg Jane Birkin Caroline von Paulus Miss Kittin Discography Studio albums First Album Or I Com BatBox Two Calling from the Stars Mix albums On the Road Radio Caroline Volume 1 A Bugged Out Mix Live albums Live at Sónar Other albums Kittenz and Thee Glitz EPs Champagne Intimités Mixing Me Singles `` 1982 '' `` Frank Sinatra '' `` Rippin Kittin '' `` Stock Exchange '' `` The Beach '' `` Professional Distortion '' `` Requiem for a Hit '' `` Happy Violentine '' `` Grace '' `` 1000 Dreams '' `` Party in My Head '' `` All You Need '' Features singles `` Silver Screen Shower Scene '' `` What Does It Feel Like ? '' `` Je t'aime ... moi non plus '' `` Madame Hollywood '' Labels NovaMute Nobody 's Bizzness Related topics Felix da Housecat Golden Boy The Hacker Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Je_t%27aime..._moi_non_plus&oldid=847128921 '' Categories : French - language songs 1968 songs 1969 singles 1969 in France 1978 singles Serge Gainsbourg songs Brigitte Bardot songs UK Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Switzerland Donna Summer songs Miss Kittin songs Songs written by Serge Gainsbourg Vocal duets Cat Power songs Fontana Records singles Casablanca Records singles Songs about sexuality Obscenity controversies in music Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use British English from December 2012 Use dmy dates from December 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi ไทย 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 June 2018 , at 04 : 18 ( UTC ) . 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je t'aime moi non plus meaning in english

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Glossary of golf

Glossary of golf - wikipedia Glossary of golf Jump to : navigation , search The following is a glossary of the terminology currently used in the sport of golf . Where words in a sentence are also defined elsewhere in this article , they appear in italics. Old names for clubs can be found at Obsolete golf clubs . Contents 0 -- 9 J O Q U V X Y Z References External links 0 -- 9 ( edit ) 19th hole The clubhouse bar . Ace When a player hits the ball directly from the tee into the hole with one stroke . Also called a hole in one . Address The act of taking a stance and placing the club - head behind the ball . If the ball moves once a player has addressed the ball , there is a one - stroke penalty . Unless it is clear that the act of the player did not cause the ball to move on purpose . If the player addresses the ball and places the head of the club behind it and in doing this causes the ball to move , a one shot penalty does not occur in this case . Aerosol A player who rarely hits the ball in a consistent line . One who sprays the ball . Aggregate Refers to a score made over more than one round of play , or by two or more players playing as partners . Aim Generally , the direction in which your target lies and the direction you intend for your ball to go . Air shot A shot where the player addresses the balls , swings , and completely misses the golf - ball . An air shot is counted as a stroke . See also whiff . Albatross A hole played three strokes under par . Also called a double eagle . Alignment The position of a player 's body relative to the target line of the ball . All square In match play , a match is all square ( tied ) when both players or teams have won the same number of holes . Ambrose A system of team play whereby each player takes a tee shot , after which the most favorable ball position is chosen . All the team 's players then take a shot from this new position , and so on . ( Also known as a Texas Scramble ) Angle of approach The angle at which the club head strikes the ball . This affects the trajectory the ball will travel and spin . Approach shot A shot intended to land the ball on the green . Apron The grass surface on the perimeter of the green that separates it from the surrounding fairway or rough . Also known as frog - hair , or fringe . Artisan A class of membership of a golf club with restricted rights at a low cost . Historically , many British golf clubs had small artisan sections , drawn from the working classes . Typically artisan members had limited playing rights , could not enter the clubhouse , had no vote on the management of the club , played in separate competitions from the main membership and had to perform unpaid maintenance of the course . Often an artisan club was a separate organisation that had negotiated use of a course with a private members club . Some artisan organisations have survived to this day . Attend ( the flag - stick ) When a player holds and removes the flag - stick for another player . Away Describing the golfer whose ball is farthest from the hole . The player who is away should always play first . Back nine The last nine holes of an 18 hole golf course . Playing the back nine is called `` heading in '' . Backspin A backwards spin that occurs when a player strikes the golf - ball . The spin causes the ball to stop quickly or spin backwards after landing on the green . Back - swing The first part of the golf - swing . The back - swing starts with the club - head immediately behind the ball and ends when the club - head travels back behind the player 's head . The term take - away refers to the first part of the back - swing . Ball A small sphere used in playing golf , which is intended to be struck by a player swinging a club . Balls are usually white , covered in dimples , and made of a variety of materials . Ball - marker A token or a small coin used to spot the ball 's position on the green prior to lifting it . Ball - washer A device found on many tees for cleaning golf balls . Banana - ball The result of a severe slice that results in a trajectory in the shape of a banana . This is also referred to as an extreme slice . Bandit See Sandbagger . Bare Lie When the ball lies directly on hard ground without any grass to buoy the ball up , ( i.e. ) , where there is no grass creating a gap between ball and the ground . Applicable when practicing off hard mats . Best ball A form of team play using two - , three - , or four - person teams . The team score on each hole is the lowest score obtained by one of the team members . For example , if player A has a 5 , player B has a 6 , player C has a 4 , and player D has a 5 , the `` best ball '' and team score is a 4 . Biarritz A hole whose green incorporates a deep gulley that effectively splits the putting surface in two . Named after a famous example at La Phare Golf Club in Biarritz , France . BIGGA Is the professional association in the United Kingdom dealing with all matters of golf management from a greens - keeper 's viewpoint . For the U.S. equivalent , see GCSAA . Birdie A hole played in one stroke under par . Bisque A form of handicapping used in private match play games . The higher handicapped player is allowed to choose on which holes they receive their handicap allowance of `` free shots '' . As this is a matter of negotiation between the players involved there are many variations in the number of shots allowed and when ( before the start of the round , before playing a hole , during the play of a hole , after playing a hole ) the claiming of `` free shot '' is allowed . Bisque matches are not recognized by the rules of golf . Bite Some players put a great deal of spin on their approach shots causing the ball to stop immediately when it hits the green . This phenomenon is referred to as biting or checking . Depending on the amount of backspin , the ball may suck backwards . Blade ( i ) A type of iron where the weight is distributed evenly across the back of the club - head as opposed to mainly around the perimeter ( see cavity back ) . ( ii ) A type of putter with a striking face considerably wider than the distance from the face to the rear of the club - head . ( iii ) a shot struck `` thinly '' with the bottom of an iron striking high up on the golf ball , causing a low trajectory shot with a lack of control . Blast A bunker shot that sends the ball , and accompanying sand , ( hopefully ) onto the green . Also known as an explosion . Blind A shot that does not allow the golfer to see where the ball will land , such as onto an elevated green from below . Block A shot played severely to the right ; Similar to the push . Bogey A hole played one stroke over par . Borrow See break . Bounce The measurement of the angle from the front edge of a club 's sole to the point that rests on the ground when addressing the ball . In discussing wedges , bounce describes a sole angle where the back edge of the sole is lower than the front edge , keeping them from digging too deep in sand or being stopped by tall grass . Bounce Back Scoring a birdie or better on a hole immediately following a bogey or worse . Also see Reverse Bounce Back . Break The tendency of a putted ball to roll left or right of a straight line . This deviation may be a result of a number of factors or combination of factors including uneven surface , grain of the grass , how firmly the putt is struck or , in extreme circumstances , wind . In the United Kingdom , it is also known as borrow . Bullarding Playing consistently above your regular handicap or regularly failing to achieve in competition play . It is the opposite of sandbagging . Bump and run A low - trajectory shot that is intended to get the ball rolling along the fairway and up onto the green . Similar to a chip shot , but played from a greater distance . Bunker A depression in bare ground that is usually covered with sand . Also called a sand trap . It is considered a hazard under the Rules of Golf . Bunker , Green - side A bunker next to or even in a green . See bunker . Bunker , Fairway A bunker located on or in the fairway . See bunker . Bye A short game played over the remaining holes when the main match finishes early because one player or team has won by a large margin . It serves the joint purpose of adding some competitive meaning to the rest of the holes and also for the losing side to attempt to regain some of the pride lost as a result of their humiliation in the main match . It is usual for the loser of the bye to buy the first drinks in the 19th hole afterwards . In this respect it is an almost direct equivalent to a beer match in cricket . Caddie or Caddy A person , often paid , who carries a player 's clubs and offers advice . Players are responsible for the actions of their caddies . Players can not receive advice from anyone other than their caddie or partner . A Scots form of the French ' Cadet ' , meaning an assistant or errand - runner . Calcutta A wager , typically in support of one team to win a tournament . In a Calcutta golfers bid , auction style , on the team ( or golfer ) who they think will win the tournament ( you can bid on your own team or yourself ) . All the money raised through the auction goes into an auction pool . At the end of the tournament , those who bet on the winning team ( or golfer ) that won the tournament receives a predetermined payout from the auction pool . Carry How far the ball travels through the air . Contrasted with run . Typically regards a shot over a hazard . For example , `` This shot requires a 200 yard carry to get over that water . '' Cart ( i ) A four - wheeled electrical or gas - powered vehicle for use in transporting players and their equipment from hole to hole . ( ii ) A hand - pulled ( 2 - wheel ) or hand - pushed ( 3 - wheel ) cart for carrying a bag of clubs , also available in powered versions controlled by remote . Casual water Any temporary standing water visible after a player has taken his stance . Snow and ice can also be taken as casual water , as well as water that overflows the banks of existing water hazards . Cavity back Any iron whose design characteristic is such that the weight is distributed primarily around the outer edges of the club - head in order to maximize forgiveness on off - center hits . Chip A short shot ( typically played from very close to and around the green ) , that is intended to travel through the air over a very short distance and roll the remainder of the way to the hole . Champions Tour The name used by PGA Tour Champions from 2002 through 2015 . Chunk A swing that results in the club - head hitting the ground before the ball , resulting in a large chunk of ground being taken as a divot . Also called a fat shot , or `` chili - dipping '' . Clone Budget brand golf clubs that look similar to , and emulate the characteristics of , more expensive clubs without breaching any patents . Closed face When ( in relation to the target - line ) the club - face is angled toward the player 's body , i.e. , angled left for right - handed players . Closed stance When a player 's front foot is set closer to the target - line . Used to draw the ball or to prevent a slice . Club ( i ) An instrument used by a player to hit a golf ball . A player is allowed to carry up to fourteen ( 14 ) clubs during a round of golf . ( ii ) An organized group of golfers , usually owning or managing a golf course . ( iii ) The entirety of a golf facility , including course , club - house , pro-shop , practice areas etc . Club - head The part of a club that used to strike the ball . Club - face The surface of the club - head which is designed to strike the golf ball . Striking the ball with the center of the clubface maximizes distance and accuracy . Clubhouse A building on a golf course providing facilities for golfers , typically including changing rooms , bar , restaurant , offices for club officials and noticeboards with information about local rules , the conditions of the course , upcoming events etc . A clubhouse may incorporate a pro shop and dormie house . The clubhouse is normally located adjacent to the first and final holes of the course . Come - backer A putt required after the previous putt went past the hole . Compress To hit the ball with a slightly downwards angle of attack of the golf club . Compression The measurement for expressing the hardness of a golf ball , normally 90 compression . Harder balls ( 100 compression ) are intended for players with faster swings but may also be useful in windy conditions . Condor A four - under par shot ; for example , a hole - in - one on a par 5 . Might also be called `` a triple eagle '' . Count - back A method of determining a winner of a competition in the event of a tie . There are several different methods used , but typically the scores in the last nine , last six , last three and final hole are compared in turn until a winner emerges . Course A designated area of land on which golf is played through a normal succession from hole # 1 to the last hole . Course rating Course rating is a numerical value given to each set of tees at a particular golf course to approximate the number of strokes it should take a scratch golfer to complete the course . Courtesy of the course The waiver of the green fee . Sometimes extended to visiting golfers playing in official competitions , visiting professional golfers and staff of other golf clubs . Cross-handed A putting ( and , occasionally , full - swing ) grip in which the hands are placed in positions opposite that of the conventional grip . For right - handed golfers , a cross-handed grip would place the left hand below the right . Also known as the `` left - hand low '' grip , it has been known to help players combat the yips . Cut ( i ) The reduction in the size of the field during a multiple round stroke play tournament . The cut is usually set so that a fixed number of players , plus anyone tied for that place , or anyone within a certain number of strokes of the lead will participate in the subsequent round ( s ) ( typically 70 and ties ; The Masters is top 50 or those within ten strokes , whichever is greater ) . Tournaments may have more than one cut ( PGA Tour events with more than 79 players remaining after the cut will cut to 70 for the final round ; players cut in the second cut will receive FedEx Cup points and money for finishing in their respective position ) . ( ii ) A shot similar to a fade , a cut curves from left to right ( for a right - handed player ) , but is generally higher in trajectory . Dead TV - broadcaster slang for a shot in which there is no favorable outcome possible . One variation includes , `` Get the body bags ! '' , which is a favorite of Gary McCord . Dimples The round indentations on a golf ball cover which are scientifically designed to enable the ball to make a steady and true flight . Dimples , by reducing drag , allow a golf ball to stay in the air for a longer flight than would be possible with a smooth ball . Divot ( i ) The chunk of grass and earth displaced during a stroke . ( ii ) The indentation on the green caused by the ball on an approach shot ; more properly called a pitch mark or ball mark . Dog - balls Scoring an ' eight ' on any single golf hole . The origin of the term is in reference to what the number ' eight ' looks like on its side ; also referred to as the `` Snowman . '' Dogleg A hole where the fairway is straight for some distance and then bends to the left or right . These holes are so - named because they resemble the shape of a dog 's leg . Dog licence A match play contest ending with the winner winning by seven holes , with six remaining ( known as 7 and 6 ) , after 12 holes in an 18 - hole match or 30 holes in a 36 - hole match . Named because the cost of a dog license in the United Kingdom before decimalisation in 1971 was seven shillings and sixpence ( written 7 / 6 , 371⁄2p in new money ) , commonly known as seven and six . Dormie or Dormy A situation in match play when a player or team leads by as many holes as there are holes left to play . For example , four up with four holes to play is called `` dormie - four '' . Dormie house A building at a golf club providing overnight accommodation . Double bogey A hole played two strokes over par . Double cross A shot whereby a player intends for a fade and hits a hook , or conversely , intends to play a draw and hits a slice . So called because the player has aimed left ( in the case of a slice ) and compounds this with hitting a hook , which moves left as well . Double eagle A hole played three strokes under par . Also called an Albatross . Downswing A motion involving the body and golf - club used to move the club from the top of the swing to the point of impact . Draw A shot that , for a right - handed golfer , curves to the left ; often played intentionally by skilled golfers . An overdone draw usually becomes a hook . Drive The first shot of each hole , made from an area called the tee box ( see definition below ) , usually done with a driver ( a type of golf club ) . Duck - hook A severe low hook that barely gets airborne . Duff A horrible shot . Typically , this is a shot where very little or no contact is made between the club - face and golf - ball . Also known as Dub , Flub or Shank . Eagle A hole played in two strokes under par . Even Having a score equal to that of par . Explosion Bunker Shot A bunker shot that sends the ball , and accompanying sand , ( hopefully ) onto the green . Also known as a blast . European Tour One of the world 's leading professional golf tours , along with the PGA Tour . Based in Europe , but also co-sanctions the major championships and World Golf Championships in the United States , along with many other tournaments in Asia , Africa and Australia . Fade A shot that , for a right - handed golfer , curves slightly to the right , and is often played intentionally by skilled golfers . An overdone fade will appear similar to a slice . Fairway The area of the course between the tee and the green that is well - maintained allowing a good lie for the ball Fairway hit ( FH ) A fairway is considered hit if any part of the ball is touching the fairway surface after the tee shot on a par 4 or 5 . Percentage of fairways hit is one of many statistics kept by the PGA Tour . Fairway markers Fairway markers indicate the distance from the marker to the center of the green . Some fairway markers give the yardage . Most are color - coded as follows : yellow = 250 yards , blue = 200 yards , white = 150 yards , red = 100 yards ( or meters ) . These colors are not standardized and may vary based on the specific course layout . Fat A stroke in which the club makes contact with the turf long before the ball , resulting in a poor contact and significant loss of distance . Ferret Hole out from outside the green . Flag - stick A tall marker , often a metal pole with a flag at the top , used to indicate the position of the hole on a green . Also called the pin . An additional smaller flag , or other marker , is sometimes positioned on the flag - stick to indicate the location of the hole ( front , middle , or back ) on the green . Flier A type of lie where the ball is in the rough and grass is likely to become trapped between the ball and the club - face at the moment of impact . Flier lies often result in `` flier shots '' , which have little or no spin ( due to the blades of grass blocking the grooves on the club - face ) and travel much farther than intended . Flop shot A short shot , played with an open stance and an open club - face , designed to travel very high in the air and land softly on the green . The flop shot is useful when players do not have `` much green to work with '' , but should only be attempted on the best of lies . Follow Through The final part of a golf swing , after the ball has been hit . Fore A warning shout given when there is a chance that the ball may hit other players or spectators . Fore caddy One employed by a golfer or group of golfers to walk ahead of the players in order to spot the fall of their shots and to find their balls . More commonly used in the days of hand - made feathery balls when the cost of replacing a ball would be greater than the fore caddy 's fee . Today in professional tournaments , ball spotters are normally placed at each hole for the same purpose . Four - ball In match play , a contest between two sides , each consisting of a pair of players , where every individual plays his own ball throughout . On every hole , the lower of the two partner 's scores is matched against the lower of the opposition 's scores . In stroke - play , a four - ball competition is played between several teams each consisting of 2 players , where for every hole the lower of the two partner 's scores counts toward the team 's 18 hole total . The term four - ball is an informal reference to any group of 4 players on the course . Foursomes In match play , a contest between two sides each consisting of a pair of players , where the 2 partners hit alternate shots on one ball . The first player tees off , the second player hits the second shot , the first player hits the third shot , and so on until the ball is holed . Also partners alternate their tee shots , so that one member of each team will always tee - off on the odd holes and the other will tee off on the even holes . In stroke - play , a foursome competition is played between several teams each consisting of a pair of players , where partners play alternate shots until the SINGLE ball is holed . The term foursome is a common reference to any group of 4 players on the course . Frenchie the act of hitting a golf ball that ricochets off a tree back onto the fairway . Fringe The closely mowed area surrounding the green . The grass in between the green and the fairway . Front nine Holes 1 through 9 on a golf course . Funnies Various informal achievements , both positive and negative ; these differ from traditional achievements like birdies or eagles in that the achievements are for unusual things that may happen in the course of a game . Their main use is to add interest to informal match play games as they enable players to win something regardless of the overall outcome of the match . They are frequently associated with gambling because money , usually small stakes , changes hands depending on which funnies occur . GCSAA The American professional association for golf course superintendents . Analogous to BIGGA in the United Kingdom . Gimme Refers to a putt that the other players agree can count automatically without actually being played ( under the tacit assumption that the putt would not have been missed ) . `` Gimmes '' are not allowed by the rules in stroke play , but they are often practiced in casual matches . However , in match play , either player may formally concede a stroke , a hole , or the entire match at any time , and this may not be refused or withdrawn . A player in match play will generally concede a tap - in or other short putt by his or her opponent . Goldie Bounce When the ball strikes a tree deep in the rough and bounces out onto the fairway . Golf club ( i ) An implement used by a player to hit a golf ball . A player is allowed to carry up to fourteen ( 14 ) clubs during a round of golf . ( ii ) An organized group of golfers , usually owning or managing a golf course . ( iii ) The entirety of a golf facility , including course , club - house , pro-shop , practice areas etc . Grain The direction in which the grass grows , specifically on the green ( see below ) . Depending on the variety of grass used on the green and mowing patterns , grain can significantly influence the speed and movement of a putt . Grand slam Winning all the golf 's major championships in the same calendar year . Before The Masters was founded , the national amateur championships of the U.S and the UK were considered majors along with the two national opens and only Bobby Jones has ever completed a grand slam with these . A `` Career Grand Slam '' is having won each of the majors at least once , not necessarily in the same year . Green The area of specially prepared grass around the hole , where putts are played . Green Fee The charge made for a round of golf by the course management . Greensomes Is a variation of foursomes , where each side consists of 2 players . Both players play one tee - shot each from every tee . A choice is then made as to which is the more favorable of the 2 ball positions , the other ball being picked up . Thereafter the players play alternate shots . So if A 's tee - shot is selected , the playing order from the tee will be A-B-A-B etc until the ball is holed out . If player B 's tee - shot is selected , the playing order will be B-A-B-A etc . The team with the lowest score wins the hole . Green in regulation ( GIR ) A green is considered hit `` in regulation '' if any part of the ball is touching the putting surface while the number of strokes taken is at least two fewer than par ( i.e. , by the first stroke on a par 3 , the second stroke on a par 4 , or the third stroke on a par 5 ) . Greens in regulation percentage is one of many statistics kept by the PGA Tour . Grounding the club To place the club - face behind the ball on the ground at address . Grounding the club is prohibited in bunkers or when playing from any marked hazard . Ground under repair ( GUR ) An area of the golf course that is being repaired . A free drop is allowed if the ball lands in an area marked `` GUR '' . Groove ( i ) The crevices on the face of a club that are designed to impart spin on the ball . ( ii ) A well practiced swing that is easily repeatable by the golfer is often described as `` well grooved '' . Golden Ferret Holing out from a ( green - side ) bunker . Good - good When both players in a match agree to concede each other 's putts . Hacker ( i ) People who demonstrate very little or no golf etiquette . ( ii ) A poor golfer who often becomes frustrated or quits . Half In match play , a hole is halved ( or tied ) when both players or teams have played the same number of strokes . In some team events , such as the Ryder Cup and Presidents Cup ( except for singles matches in the latter competition while its overall outcome remains in doubt ) , a match that is tied after 18 holes is not continued , and is called `` halved '' , with each team receiving half a point . Handicap A number assigned to each player based on his ability and used to adjust each player 's score to provide equality among the players . In simplified terms , a handicap number , based on the slope of a course , is subtracted from the player 's gross score and gives him a net score of par or better half the time . Halfway house or Halfway hut A building , generally between the 9th and 10th holes , providing light snacks and refreshments for golfers during their round . Handsy A player with too much wrist movement in their golf swing or putting stroke , causing inconsistent shots or putts . Hard - pan Hard , usually bare , ground conditions . Generally , hard - pan refers to hard , dry clay , with very little or no grass . Hazard Any bunker or permanent water including any ground marked as part of that water hazard . Special rules apply when playing from a hazard . Heel Where the club - head is attached to the shaft . Hole A circular hole in the ground which is also called `` the cup '' , 4.25 inches ( 108 mm ) in diameter . Hole in one Hitting the ball from the tee into the hole , using only one stroke . Hole in one insurance Many tournaments offer large prizes if a player shoots a hole in one on a particular hole . Indemnity insurance is often purchased to cover the cost should anyone make the hole in one . Hole in one insurance is also available for individuals to cover the cost of a round of drinks in the event of their achieving a hole in one . Hook A shot that initially takes a trajectory opposite the side of the golf ball from which the player swings but eventually curves sharply back towards the player . Under normal circumstances , a hook is unintentional ; however , good players can use a hook to their advantage in certain situations . Hooks are often called the `` better player 's miss '' , thanks to the fact that many of the game 's greatest players ( Ben Hogan , for instance ) have been plagued by the hook at one time or another in their careers . A shot that follows the same trajectory but to a lesser degree is referred to as a ' draw ' . A draw is often intentionally used by above - average players to achieve a certain type of spin . The curved shape ball - flight is the result of sideways spin . A draw / hook travels further than a fade / slice due to the fact that the closed face reduces loft and decreases backspin . A draw often is considered the `` ideal '' flight of the ball and implies that the spin is intentional , whereas a hook is an overly spun `` draw '' which is often a miss or out of control ( unintentional ) . Hosel The hollow part of the club - head where the shaft is attached . Hitting the ball off the hosel is known as a shank . Hybrid A type of club , increasingly popular in the 21st century , that in the broadest sense combines the mechanics of a long iron with the more forgiving nature and distance of a fairway wood . Most golfers today carry at least one hybrid . In contention A player with a chance of winning a tournament is said to be `` in contention '' . A player who rises up the leaderboard throughout the course of their final round is said to be `` moving into contention '' . Interlocking grip Grip style where ( for right - handed players ) the pinkie finger of the right hand is hooked around the index finger of the left . Inward nine The back nine holes of a golf course , so named because older links courses were designed to come back `` in '' toward the clubhouse after going `` out '' on the front nine . Iron A club with a flat - faced solid metal head generally numbered from 1 to 9 indicating increasing loft . J ( edit ) Jab A putting stroke that is short , quick , and , often , erratic . Knock - down A type of shot designed to have a very low trajectory , usually employed to combat strong winds . Lag ( i ) A long putt designed to simply get the ball close to the hole . ( ii ) During the downswing , how far the club - head `` lags '' behind the hands prior to release . Lay - up A stroke played with a shorter range club than is possible in order to position the ball in a certain spot . This may be done to ensure a more comfortable next stroke or to avoid a hazard . Lie ( i ) How the ball is resting on the ground , which may add to the difficulty of the next stroke . ( ii ) The angle between the center of the shaft and the sole of the club - head . Line The path the ball is expected to take following a stroke . This is of particular importance on the green , where stepping on another player 's line is considered a breach of etiquette . Links A type of golf course , usually located on coastal sand dunes . Local rule An addition to the rules of golf applying to abnormal conditions that may be found on a particular golf course . Loft The angle between the club 's shaft and the club 's face . Loose impediment A small natural item which is not fixed or growing , solidly embedded , or stuck to the ball , such as a small stone or leaf . Unless found within a hazard players are generally permitted to move them away , but if the ball is moved while doing so , there is a one - stroke penalty . LPGA ( i ) A U.S. - based organization that operates the world 's most significant women 's golf tour . From its inception , it has included female club and touring professionals in its membership -- unlike men 's golf in the U.S. , in which club and touring professionals have been represented by different bodies since 1968 . ( ii ) Any of several other national organizations , modeled after the U.S. LPGA , supporting women 's professional golf . These bodies may follow the U.S. model , or may be devoted solely to touring pros . Made cut did not finish ( MDF ) On the PGA Tour , the result given to those players who made the cut after the first two rounds , but were subject to a second cut after the third round . The cut line on the PGA Tour is generally the top 70 and ties but if more than 78 players made the cut , the second cut again reduces the field to the top 70 and ties . Second cut golfers earn prize money and FedEx Cup points . Mainstream A term sometimes used by golf media to contrast the primary golf tour , or set of major championships , in a country or region , with senior professional golf . Major ( s ) The most prestigious golf tournaments . In the modern game the Masters Tournament , U.S. Open , The Open Championship and the PGA Championship are considered the men 's major golf championships . The Kraft Nabisco Championship , LPGA Championship , U.S. Women 's Open , Women 's British Open and The Evian Championship are currently considered the women 's major golf championships . Historically , from before the dominance of the professional game in the mid 20th century , the British and U.S. Amateur Championships are also often considered men 's majors . Sometimes , people refer to The Players Championship as `` The Fifth Major '' . Marker ( i ) A small metal or plastic disk used to mark the position of a ball on the green if it has been lifted for cleaning etc ( ii ) A person appointed by the Committee to record a competitor 's score in stroke play . They may be a fellow - competitor . Mashie niblick An obsolete name for an iron club with the loft similar to a modern 7 iron . The term became redundant with the introduction of numbered clubs in the first half of the 20th century . Match play A form of golf play where players or teams compete against each other on a hole - by - hole basis . The total number of strokes does not determine the winner . Instead , the number of holes won determines the winner . It is possible to win in match - play with more strokes than your opponent . Medal play Generally a synonym for stroke play but sometimes used in a more specific sense , referring to the stroke play qualifying rounds preceding a match play stage . Medalist The leader in the Medal play qualifying rounds preceding a match play stage . Member 's bounce Any favorable bounce of the golf ball that improves what initially appeared to be an errant shot . Mid-amateur Term used mainly in the U.S. to describe a competitive `` career amateur '' golfer who has no aspirations of a career on a professional tour , although many mid-amateur golfers will often turn professional after turning 50 . Also used to describe the national men 's and women 's competitions that the USGA operates for amateurs 25 and older . Misread A misread is to incorrectly discern the correct line of a putt . Monday qualifier A stroke play golf tournament held on the Monday before a professional golf tournament that awards top finishers entry into the tournament . Motor - caddy A battery - powered device , often with remote control , used to transport a walking golfer 's clubs . Moving day The penultimate day of a four - day tournament , so called because it is the day where competitors try to set themselves up for the final push on the final day . Mud ball A golf ball that has soil or other debris stuck to it which can affect its flight . Under normal rules of golf one is only allowed to clean a ball in play when it is on the putting green . During exceptional conditions this rule may be waived by a local rule ( see Preferred lies ) . Mulligan A do - over , or replay of the shot , without counting the shot as a stroke and without assessing any penalties that might apply . It is not allowed by the rules and not practiced in tournaments , but is common in casual rounds in some countries , especially the United States . Nassau A type of wager between golfers that is essentially three separate bets . Money is wagered on the best score in the front 9 , back 9 , and total 18 holes . Nine - iron A club of the highest loft in the iron family . Used for short - distance shots . No Card ( NC ) If a player does not turn in a scorecard for a round the player is reported as `` NC '' for the round . An exception is if the player is injured and withdraws . O ( edit ) On the charge A player is said to be `` on the charge '' when stringing together birdies to move into contention during the final round of a stroke play tournament . Open face When ( in relation to the target line ) the club - face is angled away from the player 's body , i.e. angled right for right - handed players . Open stance When a player 's front foot is drawn backwards further from the target line . Used to fade the ball or to prevent a hook . Outside agent Any agent not part of the match or , in stroke play , not part of the competitor 's side . Referees , markers , observers , and fore - caddies are outside agents . Wind and water are not outside agents . Outward nine Refers to the first nine holes , so named as links golf courses were set up where the first nine holes went `` out '' away from the clubhouse . Out - of - bounds The area designated as being outside the boundaries of the course . When a shot lands `` O.B. '' , the player `` loses stroke and distance '' , meaning that he / she must hit another shot from the original spot and is assessed a one - stroke penalty . Out - of - bounds areas are usually indicated by white posts . As an example , if a player 's first shot from the tee comes to rest out of bounds , a one stroke penalty is assessed and the player then plays the third shot from the tee . Overlapping grip See Vardon grip Pace The speed at which a putt must be struck to get to the hole . Pace and break are the two components of green - reading . Par Standard score for a hole ( defined by its length ) or a course ( sum of all the holes ' pars ) . Penal A type of golf hole design where the player has little choice in the shots required to make par at the hole . Failure to execute these shots successfully is punished by severe hazards . Compare with Strategic . Perfect round Having scored a birdie or better on all 18 holes of a round . PGA Any Professional Golfers ' Association , for example the Professional Golfers ' Association of America . PGA Tour The organizer of the main male professional golf tours in the United States and North America . PGA Tour Champions A tour for male golfers age 50 and over , held mostly in the U.S. , operated by the PGA Tour . Pin Slang for flag - stick . Pin - high Refers to a ball on the green that is positioned along an imaginary horizontal line through the hole and across the width of the green . Pitch A short shot ( typically from within 50 yards or meters ) , usually played with a higher lofted club and made using a less than full swing , that is intended to flight the ball toward a target ( usually the hole ) with greater accuracy than a full iron shot . Pitch mark A divot on the green caused when a ball lands . Players must repair their pitch marks , usually with a tee or a divot tool . Play through Permission granted by a slow - moving group of players to a faster - moving group of players to pass them on the course . Plugged lie A bad lie where the ball is at least half - buried . Also known as a `` buried lie '' or in a bunker a `` fried egg '' . Plunk A lie where the ball is on the lip of a lake or other water hazard . Plus handicap A golf handicap less than zero . A ' plus ' handicap golfer must add his handicap to his score . Pop - up A poor tee shot where the top of the club - head strikes under the ball , causing it to go straight up in the air . In addition to being bad shots , pop - ups frequently leave white scuff - marks on the top of the club - head , or dents in persimmon clubs . Also known as `` sky shots '' . Preferred lies A Local rule that allows the ball in play to be lifted , cleaned and moved on the fairway during adverse course conditions . Pre-shot routine The steps an experienced player goes through to get ready for his or her shot . It usually involves taking practice swings and visualizing the intended shot . Pro ( Professional ) A golfer or person who plays or teaches golf for financial reward . They may work as a touring pro in professional competitions or as a teaching pro ( Also called a club pro ) . Pro shop A shop at a golf club , run by the club professional , where golf equipment can be purchased . Pull A pull is a shot that unintentionally travels on a trajectory on the same side of the ball from which the player swings . Punch shot A shot played with a very low trajectory , usually to avoid interference from tree branches when a player is hitting from the woods . Similar to the knock - down , it can also be used to avoid high winds . Push A push , or block , is shot that unintentionally travels on a trajectory opposite the side of the ball from which the player swings . In match play , a push occurs when neither competitor wins the hole . Putt A shot played on the green , usually with a putter . Putting green A practice green is a putting surface usually found close to the club house , used to warm up and practice putting . Putter A special golf club with a very low loft that makes the ball roll along the green with top - spin . Q ( edit ) Q - School `` Qualifying School '' , the qualifying tournament on several major professional tours , such as the PGA Tour , European Tour , or LPGA Tour . Q - School is a multistage tournament ( four for the PGA Tour , three for the European Tour , two for the LPGA ) that culminates in a week - long tournament in which a specified number of top finishers ( 25 plus ties in the PGA Tour , 30 plus ties in the European Tour , and exactly 20 in the LPGA ) earn their `` Tour Cards '' , qualifying them for the following year 's tour . The final tournament is six rounds ( 108 holes ) for men and five rounds ( 90 holes ) for women . The 2012 Q - school for the 2013 PGA Tour season wast the last one , as the rules of qualification for a `` tour card '' have been changed to eliminate Q - school . R&A Since 2004 the governing body of golf throughout the world except the United States and Mexico , where this responsibility rests with the United States Golf Association ( USGA ) . It works in collaboration with national amateur and professional golf organizations in over 110 countries . The R&A is a separate organisation from the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews which formerly performed this role . Range Finder A measuring device used to determine one 's relative distance to an object . In golf , they are most commonly used to find out how far a player is from the hole . Redan A hole that has a green which slopes downward and away from the point of entrance , typically the front right portion of the green , inspired by the original Redan hole on the North Berwick West Links , Scotland . Release ( i ) The point in the downswing at which the wrists uncock . A late release ( creating lag ) is one of the keys to a powerful swing . ( ii ) The forward motion of a ball played onto a green after the braking effects of backspin have ceased . Reverse Bounce Back Scoring a bogey or worse on a hole immediately following a birdie or better . See also bounce back . Rough The grass that borders the fairway , usually taller and coarser than the fairway . Rowan Match play A form of singles match play which can be played by 3 or more players . Players begin all playing against one another until one player wins a hole outright posting the best score than all other playing partners on a hole . That player is then 1 up versus all of their combined playing partners who now form a team against the player leading and try to get the match back to all - square . In a 3 player game , after someone goes 1 - up , the match then takes the form of the leading player versus the scores of the other two players . Rub of the Green Occurs when the ball is deflected or stopped by a third party / object , e.g. if a ball is going out of bounds and is deflected in bounds by hitting a spectator or a tree . Run The distance a ball travels once it lands . The two distances of a golf shot are first its `` carry '' and then its `` run . '' Rutter A small headed niblick for hitting the ball from a cart track . Sandbagger A golfer that carries a higher official handicap than his skills indicate , e.g. , carries an eight , plays to a two . Sandbaggers usually artificially inflate their handicaps with the intent of winning bets on the course , a practice that most golfers consider cheating . Also known as a bandit . Sand save When a player achieves par by getting up and down from a green - side bunker . Sand save percentage is one of many statistics kept by the PGA Tour . Sand trap See bunker . Golfers with a deep knowledge of the game rarely refer to a bunker as a sand trap . Sand wedge A lofted club designed especially for playing out of a bunker . The modern sand wedge was invented by Gene Sarazen . Although sand wedges were designed for bunker shots , they are actually used for all types of shots within 100 yards ( 90 meters ) . Sandy ( or Sandie ) A score of par or better that includes a bunker shot . Sandys are counted as points in some social golf games . If a par or better is achieved after hitting two or three bunker shots on the same hole , the terms double sandy or triple sandy are used , respectively . See Funnies . Scotch foursomes In scotch foursomes teams of 2 players compete against each other . Players alternate hitting the same ball . The first player tees off , the second player hits the second shot , the first player hits the third shot , and so on until the ball is holed . To this point , the definition of ' scotch foursomes ' is the same as that of ordinary ' foursomes ' ; however , players do not alternate hitting tee shots as they would in foursomes . If Player A teed off on the first hole and Player B holed the final putt , Player B would not tee off at the second , meaning that Player A could , in theory , play every tee shot on the round . The team with the lowest score wins the hole . Scramble ( i ) When a player misses the green in regulation , but still makes par or better on a hole . Scrambling percentage is one of many statistics kept by the PGA Tour . ( ii ) A two or four man format , similar to Best Ball , except in a scramble , each player strikes a shot , the best shot is selected , then all players play from that selected position . Scratch golfer A player 's whose handicap equals zero . Senior Describes a competition for older golfers , or individuals who play in such competitions . In men 's professional golf , the standard lower age limit is 50 . Some competitions use 45 ( the Legends Tour in women 's golf ) or 55 ( the U.S. Senior Amateur ) as the lower limit . Senior PGA Tour The original name of the tour now known as PGA Tour Champions ; used from 1980 through 2001 . Shamble A format , similar to a scramble , where every player hits from the tee , the best tee - shot is selected , and each player holes - out from the selected tee - shot . Shank An erratic shot in which the golf ball is struck by the hosel of the club . On a shank , a player has struck the ball with a part of the club other than the club - face . A shanked shot will scoot a short distance , often out to the right , or might be severely sliced or hooked . `` Shanks '' A condition in which a golfer suddenly can not stop shanking the ball ; novice and experienced golfers can be affected . Shrimp A severe hook , named because it resembles the shape of a shrimp . Shoot your ( my ) age A round of 18 holes where a given player has a score equal to , or less than , a player 's age . For example , an eighty - year - old man who scores an 80 has shot his age . Shoot your ( my ) temperature A round of 18 holes where a given player has a score equal to 98 or 99 . Since this is not a good score , it is usually used to deride an opponent . Short game Shots that take place on or near the green . Putting , chipping , pitching , and green - side bunker play are all aspects of the short game . Short side To hit a shot that misses the green to the same side in which the hole is cut . This typically results in a difficult following shot with very little area on the green to land and stop the ball . Sit Telling the ball to drop softly , and not roll after landing . Skin A skins game pits players in a type of match play in which each hole has a set value ( usually in money or points ) . The player who wins the hole is said to win the `` skin '' , and whatever that skin is worth . Skins games may be more dramatic than standard match play if it is agreed by the players that holes are not halved . Then , when any two players tie on a given hole , the value of that hole is carried over and added to the value of the following hole . The more ties , the greater the value of the skin and the bigger the eventual payoff . Skull To skull the ball means to contact the ball with the leading edge of the iron , often resulting in a low shot that goes further than expected with little to no spin . A skulled shot is almost always due to a mishit by the golfer . The terms `` blade '' and `` thin '' are also used interchangeably with skull . Slice A shot that initially takes a trajectory on the same side of the golf ball from which the player swings but eventually curves sharply back opposite of the player . Under normal circumstances , a slice is unintentional ; however , good players can use a slice to their advantage in certain situations . Slices are often the most common miss for below - average players . A shot that follows the same trajectory but to a lesser degree is referred to as a ' cut ' or ' fade ' . A cut or fade is often intentionally used by above - average players to achieve a certain type of spin . The curved shape of the ball - flight is the result of sideways spin . For that reason a `` slice '' does not refer to a putt . Slope rating Slope Rating is a number , from 55 to 155 , used to determine the level of difficulty of a golf course for a bogey golfer . An `` average '' course has a slope rating of 113 . Snap hook A severe hook that usually goes directly left as well as curving from right to left , for a right - handed golfer . A snap hook is when a severe left to right hook occurs for a left - handed golfer . Snowman To score an eight on a hole is to score a snowman . So - named because an eight ( 8 ) looks similar to the body of a snowman . Society An organized group of golfers , usually not affiliated with any individual golf course . Members are often drawn from the same workplace , profession , alma mater , or other association . Sole The bottom or underside of any type of golf club . It is where the club rests on the ground in playing position . Span Move your marker when in the way of another persons line of putt . Speed The pace of a putt . Proper ' speed ' of a putt will either hole the putt or leave it about 18 inches beyond the cup . Furthermore , the speed of the putt will often determine the amount of curve , or break , in a putt . Sprachle Generally , this refers to playing badly . Sprachle is a Scottish term . Spray To hit the ball with a grossly inconsistent direction , compared to the intended target , in a seemingly random manner . Stableford A points based scoring system . The number of strokes taken on each hole relative to par translates into a set number of points , with the winner being the player who accumulates the highest number of points . Stimpmeter A device used to measure the speed of putting greens . Strategic A type of golf hole design where the player has a choice of shots that can be played to make par on the hole . Generally the choices that have the least chance of entering a hazard are intended to have the least chance of making par . Compare with Penal . Stony An English golf term dating back to the late 1800s which means , a shot that lands close to the flagstick . Stroke play Style of scoring in which the player with the fewest strokes wins . Most professional tournaments are stroke play . Stymie To block another player 's putting path to the hole with one 's own ball . Now an anachronism since the rules of golf permit marking the spot of the ball on the green , thus allowing the other player to putt into the hole without obstruction . Sunday Bag A small and lightweight golf bag . Traditionally caddies were not available on a Sunday , so the golfer would carry their clubs in such a bag . Now often used to carry a small number of clubs or when travelling to play golf when a full size bag would be unnecessary or inconvenient . Sunday Stick or Sabbath Stick A golf club disguised as a walking stick for surreptitious golf on a Sunday in societies with strict observance of the sabbath . Sweet - spot The location on the club - face where the optimal ball - striking results are achieved . The closer the ball is struck to the sweet - spot , the higher the Power transfer ratio will be . Hitting it in the sweet - spot is also referred to as hitting it in the screws . Swing The movement a golf player makes with his / her body and club to hit the ball . A golf swing is made up of a series of complex mechanical body movements . A perfect golf swing is regarded as the `` holy grail '' of the sport , and there are many approaches as to how to achieve `` perfection '' . Although there is only one `` textbook '' golf swing , a perfect golf swing is unique to every individual , and , in fact , it is impossible for a human to perfectly duplicate the textbook golf swing . An abbreviation on a scoreboard for `` Tied '' , indicating that a player has the same score as another player . A scoreboard showing a T2 for example means that the player is tied for second place with one or more other players . Tap - in Often called a `` gim me '' , a tap - in is a ball that has come to rest very close to the hole , leaving only a very short putt to be played . Often , recreational golfers will `` concede '' tap - ins to each other to save time . Target - line The target line is the straight line from the ball to its intended target . It is also extended backward . Tee A small peg , usually made of wood or plastic , placed in the ground upon which the golf ball may be placed prior to the first stroke on a hole . May also refer to the teeing ground . Teeing ground The area from which you hit your drive or tee shot . The teeing ground for a particular set of tees is two club lengths in depth . The ball must be teed between the markers , called tees , that define the teeing ground 's width , and no further back than its depth . Tees are colored , but there is no standard for colors . The `` teeing ground '' refers to one set of tees . Most courses have at least three sets of tees ; some have more than twice that many . The areas where tee markers are placed are called `` tee boxes '' . Tempo The smooth change of the speed of a player 's swing from first movement , through the ball strike , to the follow - through . Ten - finger grip Grip style with all ten fingers on the club . Also known as the baseball grip . Thin shot Usually , an unintentional , poor shot where the club - head strikes too high on the ball . When taken to an extreme but still at or below the center - line of the ball , it is known `` blading '' the ball . Sometimes , when the ball is lying a certain way around the green , advanced players will intentionally hit a thin shot to achieve certain results . Through line When putting , the imaginary path that a ball would travel on if the putted ball goes past the hole . Usually observed by PGA players and knowledgeable golfers when retrieving or marking a ball around the hole . Through the green The entire area of the golf course , except for the teeing ground of the hole being played , the green of the hole being played and all hazards on the course . Tiger Slam Winning four consecutive major championships but not in a calendar year . Tips The championship tees on a golf course are known as `` the tips '' . Toe The far end of the club - head ( farthest from the hosel ) . Topped An errant shot where the club - head strikes on top of the ball , causing the ball to roll or bounce rather than fly . Tree shot A bad shot that has hit the trees ' leaves , branches , and / or trunk and has resulted in a negative situation , i.e. , going out of bounds , into a hazard , or leaving the ball much shorter than anticipated . Triple bogey A hole played three strokes over par . Turkey Three consecutive birdies during one round of golf . U ( edit ) Unplayable A player can declare his ball unplayable at any time when it is in play ( other than at a tee ) , and can drop the ball either within two club - lengths , or further from the hole in line with the hole and its current position , or where they played his last shot . A penalty of one stroke is applied . A ball declared unplayable within a hazard must be dropped within that hazard . Up and down The situation where a player holes the ball in two strokes starting from off the green . The first stroke , usually a `` pitch '' , a `` bunker shot '' or a `` chip '' , gets the ball `` up '' onto the green , and the subsequent putt gets the ball `` down '' into the hole . A variation is called `` up and in '' . USGA The governing body of golf for the U.S. and Mexico . Together with The R&A , the USGA produces and interprets the Rules of Golf . USPGA The principal organization for golf professionals in the USA . More commonly called the `` PGA of America '' . V ( edit ) Vardon grip A common grip style in which ( for right - handed players ) the right pinkie finger rests on top of the left index finger . Also known as the overlapping grip , it is named for Harry Vardon , a champion golfer of the early 20th century . Vaulting dormie A possible occurrence in match play when a player or team converts a lead into a victory without passing through dormie , a guaranteed minimum of a tie at the end of regulation play -- for example , converting an 8 - hole lead with nine to play into a 9 - hole lead with eight to play , or converting a 1 - hole lead with two to play into a 2 - hole lead with one to play . Waggle A pre-shot routine where a player adjusts his body , the club , and / or practice swings at the ball . We Are Golf A coalition formed by the Club Managers Association of America , the Golf Course Superintendents Association of America , the National Golf Course Owners Association , and The PGA of America to highlight the economic and social impacts of the game of golf . Wedge A type of golf club ; a subset of iron designed for short range strokes . Of all the categories of clubs , wedges have faces with the highest degrees of loft . Whiff An attempt to strike the ball where the player fails to make contact with the ball . A whiff must be counted as a stroke . Winter green Typically an area of fairway used as a temporary putting green to prevent damage to the normal green during inclement winter weather . On some courses , particularly in Japan , holes are built with two greens with different varieties of grass , one for summer play , the other for winter . Winter rules See Preferred lies Wire - to - wire Leading a tournament after every round ( may or may not include ties ) Wood A type of club where the head is generally ( except for the club - face ) bulbous in shape ; so named because the head was originally made of wood , although almost all are now metal . Of all the categories of clubs , woods have faces with the lowest degrees of loft . Worm burner A shot that is hit remarkably low and sometimes hard . Y ( edit ) Yips A tendency to twitch during the putting stroke . Some top golfers have had their careers greatly affected or even destroyed by the yips ; prominent golfers who battled with the yips for much of their careers include Sam Snead , Ben Hogan , and , more recently , Bernhard Langer . Z ( edit ) Zinger A ball hit high and hard close to the leading edge , causing a low flight and a slight vibratory feel . See also ( edit ) Outline of golf References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Caddie '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Douglas Harper . Retrieved 17 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Amex Hole in One Insurance '' . Retrieved 19 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Kevin Barker . `` Local Rules '' . Rules and Amateur Status . The R&A . Retrieved 21 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Harig , Bob ( January 16 , 2008 ) . `` ' MDF ' designation draws the ire of players at Sony '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ `` SWSPGA Tournament Conduct Code '' ( PDF ) . PGA . Jump up ^ Porter , Kyle ( August 9 , 2013 ) . `` Angel Cabrera withdraws from PGA Championship '' . CBS Sports . Jump up ^ Brent Kelley . `` Golf - Play Through '' . About.com . Retrieved 21 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Shona McRae ( December 2010 ) . `` Rules in Focus : Preferred Lies '' . R&A . Retrieved 22 April 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.cbssports.com/golf/story/21249908/qschool-hands-out-cards-in-tournaments-final-year Jump up ^ http://www.golfchannel.com/news/golf-instruction/try-the-bladed-wedge-to-save-shots-around-the-green/ Jump up ^ `` The Rules of Golf ( USGA ) '' . www.usga.org. 2007 . Jump up ^ `` STRI Advisory Leaflet No. 9 : Winter Play On Golf Greens '' ( PDF ) . STRI ( Sports Turf Research Institute ) . Retrieved 16 Feb 2015 . Jump up ^ Tyler Pringle ( 19 Dec 2013 ) . `` Japanese Golf Courses and the Two Green System '' . AmericanGolf.com . Retrieved 16 Feb 2015 . External links ( edit ) `` Glossary of Golf Terms and Phrases - PGAProfessional.com '' . `` PGA.com Glossary '' . Golf Overview History Glossary Outline Rules penalties playoffs etiquette Stroke play scoring handicap Match play four - ball alternate shot Golf course links teeing ground hazards Equipment golf clubs golf ball tee Technical Golf stroke mechanics Instruction Drive Golfers Professional golfer tours Male golfers Female golfers Men 's major winners Women 's major winners Senior major winners Olympic medalists Most wins Asian Tour Australasia Tour Challenge Tour European Tour European Senior Tour Japan Golf Tour Ladies European Tour LPGA Tour PGA Tour PGA Tour Champions Sunshine Tour Web.com Tour Majors Men Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship PGA Championship Women ANA Inspiration U.S. Women 's Open Women 's PGA Championship Women 's British Open The Evian Championship Senior The Tradition Senior PGA Championship U.S. Senior Open Senior Players Championship Senior Open Championship Senior Women 's Senior LPGA Championship U.S. Senior Women 's Open International events Multi-sport event Asian Games Inter-Allied Games Island Games Pacific Games Pan American Games Summer Olympics Summer Universiade Youth Olympic Games Team Curtis Cup EurAsia Cup International Crown Presidents Cup Ryder Cup Solheim Cup Walker Cup Rankings Men Women Amateur Countries Australia China India Ireland Philippines Russia Scotland Thailand United States Venues Driving range Lists of golf courses Canada Hawaii India North Dakota Philippines Portugal United Kingdom links courses designed by Jack Nicklaus Years 1353 -- 1850 1851 -- 1945 1945 -- 99 2000 -- 05 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Governing bodies International Golf Federation The R&A United States Golf Association Professional Golfers ' Association ( Great Britain and Ireland ) Professional Golfers ' Association of America LPGA PGA Tour PGA European Tour American Society of Golf Course Architects World Golf Teachers Federation Variations Beach golf GolfCross Hickory golf Indoor golf Long drive Miniature golf Park golf Pitch and putt Shotgun start Skins game Snow golf Speed golf Urban golf Miscellaneous Awards Architects Caddie Greenskeeper World Golf Hall of Fame British Golf Museum USGA Museum Jack Nicklaus Museum Caddie Hall of Fame Evans Scholars Foundation Media Golf Channel personalities Golf Digest Golf Magazine Golf World Golfweek Links Travel + Leisure Golf Video games Commons WikiProject Portal Glossaries of sports American football Archery Association football Athletics Australian rules football Baseball derived idioms Basketball Board games Bowling Bowls Canadian football Chess chess problems computer chess Climbing Contract bridge Cricket Cue sports Curling Cycling parts Darts Equestrian Australian and New Zealand punting North American horse racing Fencing Figure skating Gaelic games Golf Gymnastics Ice hockey Motorsport Poker Professional wrestling Rowing Rugby league Rugby union Sumo Surfing Table tennis Tennis Trampolining Underwater diving Volleyball Water polo Wing Chun Terms named after people Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_golf&oldid=830653780 '' Categories : Golf terminology Glossaries of sports Wikipedia glossaries Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Français Latviešu Nederlands Português Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 16 March 2018 , at 04 : 15 . 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