,c_id,chunk
0,8,"'5. Mealy bug , Brevennia rehi , Pseudococcidae, Hemiptera Symptom of attack: The infestation starts in plants one or two month after transplanting. Stunted, circular patches may be seen in the fields. If such plants are pulled out and teased the insects can be seen at the base of the leaves and leaf sheaths. Nature of damage: Large number of these insects’ remains inside the leaf sheaths and suck up the plant sap. The affected tillers remain stunted with yellowish curled leaves. When the attack is severe, it inhibits panicle emergence. This type of disease is called as Soorai disease in Tamil Nadu. The damage occurs from September. In severe cases, yield may be reduced even upto 50%. Egg: The female lays numerous yellowish white eggs/ simply deposits nymphs in outer leaf sheaths. Nymph: The newly hatched nymphs crowded within the waxy threads for 6-10 h before they disperse to various parts of the same plant. The pale yellowish nymph is active and crawls about the plant for a while and settled itself on the plant/ stem and turns dark yellow after a day.  Body gets covered with waxy material on second day. Adult: Nymphs and adults being wingless look alike. Females are reddish, oval, soft- bodied living in colonies inside the leaf sheath. Males are small, slender, pale-yellow, having single pair of wings and a style like process at the end of the abdomen but lack mouthparts.  Males are seldom found in the colonies, so it reproduces parthenogenetically.'"
1,10,"'Egg: Eggs are cylindrical, greenish and laid in small groups of ten in two rows on the leaves. Nymph: Young nymph is brown with yellowish green abdomen and a few black spots. Adult: Adults are flat, 7-9 mm long, brownish black bugs with a prominent scutellum and pronotum having a spine on either side. It is active on the cloudy days and during night. Adults or late nymphal stage aestivate in cracks in bunds.'"
2,174,"'Family Eriophyidae 5. Aceria cajani : It is a vector of sterility mosaic of pigeonpea. 6. Aceria sorghii : Leaf crinkling, general chlorosis and choking of terminal leaves. Host plant is sorghum.'"
3,175,"'Chemical :  Acaricides viz ., tetradifon, chlorbenzalite, dicofol/ kelthane, can be used to kill phytophagous mites in all stage of development. Biological : Some of the predatory mites and insects (coccinellids, Scolothrips indicus, Chrysopa ) produce effective control.'"
4,56,"'8. Ash weevil , Myllocerus spp., Curculionidae, Coleoptera 9. Pink stem borer , Sesamia inferens , Noctuidae, Lepidoptera 10. Semilooper , Antoba silicula , Noctuidae, Lepidoptera 11. Stink bug , Nezara viridula , Pentatomidae, Hemiptera 12. Stink bug , Dolycoris indicus , Pentatomidae, Hemiptera'"
5,9,"'6. Black bug, Scotinophara lurida, Podopidae, Hemiptera Symptom of attack: Presence of bugs at the base of the stem just above the water level. Plants stunted with reduced number of tillers; leaves turn reddish brown and dry . Nature of damage: The bugs remain and feed the plant sap on the base of the plants causing stunting of plants. Leaves turn reddish brown and grains do not develop. Bugs feed on the panicles in milky stage result in brown spots or empty grains in the panicles. Heavy bug infestation may cause death to the plants and whole field appears burned called bug burn similar to hopper burn.'"
6,57,"'ITALIAN MILLET 1. Stem borer, Anadastus parvulus , Languriidae, Coloeptera Symptom of damage: Scrapped leaves, plants wither and in severe cases. Nature of damage: Grubs bore into the stem and cause withering of plants. Adult beetle scrapes green matter on the leaves. Grub: Yellowish with chitinous spines on the surface of the anal segment. Adult: Small smooth beetle with red head and thorax and blue wings.'"
7,176,"'1. House Crow , Corvus splendens, Corvidae, Passeriformes It is grey and has black and grey wings with a black area on the throat and the forehead. It is omnivorous and feed on dead rats, carrion, kitchen scraps, locusts, termites, the eggs of other birds and the ripening grains of maize and fruits. Crow are particularly attracted to maize when it is exposed on the cob. They are often seen in flocks in maize and other fields. Management : Hanging a dead crow on the top of a pole can effectively be used as a scarecrow. Maize cobs can be protected by wrapping one or two of the nearby leaves around them. A large-wire gauze cage, 2x1x1 metres having on one side a converging entrance, can be used as a trap for crows if some attractive food is kept inside.'"
8,177,"'2. Common  Myna , Acridotheres tristis, Saturnidae, Passeriformes It is a dark- brown bird, with a bright yellow bill, its legs and patches around the eyes. As it flies, large white patches become visible on the wings. It is omnivorous and feed on insects, earthworms, grasshoppers, fruits and kitchen scraps. They are seen in ripening maize and wheat fields feeding on the grains and their flocks are found alongside those of crows and parakeets. Management :  Destroying the nests goes a long way in checking their multiplication.'"
9,178,"'3. House sparrow , Passer domesticus , Ploceidae, Passeriformes Female is ash to greyish brown above and fulvous ash-white below. The male is 15 cm long, darker above, with blackish streaks on the wings and a black patch on the throat and breast. It has prominent white cheeks. Feeds on grains of maize. Management :  Spraying the wheat crop when ears are in the milky stage with Tetra Methyl Thiuram Disulphite  (TMTD) 0.6% repels the sparrows and protects the crop.'"
10,1456,"'LMP containing pectic acids are extracted with lower temperatures with less acidic solutions, but in presence of other chemical compounds. LMP are pectin derivatives which do not need sugar to gel. If used, they need to react with a calcium salt (dicalcium phosphate) which has to be added during jam making.'"
11,1457,"'The fresh fruit tissue or separated parts, including the peel and core are heated in 95% alcohol or 0.05N HCl (pH 2.0) for 10-20 min at 70 o C to inactivate pectic enzymes. After the pretreatment, the materials is ground in an electric blender and placed in water. Versene or Na-EDTA is added at 2.0%. The pH is adjusted to 6.0. The mixture is heated for about an hour at 90-95 o C. The slurry formed is rapidly filtered and the pectin is precipitated from the solution using acidified alcohol. The precipitate is centrifuged and repeatedly washed with 70% alcohol. Acetone is used for dehydration and the pectin produced is vacuum-dried. It may also be dried in a hot-air oven at 50 o C for 4 h.'"
12,1853,"'lue-green algae inoculum is sprinkled in the tray and water is let in. Standing water of 5 to 10 ithin a week, a thick algal scum is formed. At this stage, water drained out and soil is allowed to dry. The dried flakes of blue green algae are collected and'"
13,58,"'3. Black bug , Scotinophara lurida , Podopidae, Hemiptera 4. Earhead bug , Leptocorisa acuta , Alydidae, Hemiptera 5. Ash weevil , Myllocerus spp., Curculionidae, Coleoptera 6. Shoot bug , Peregrinus maidis , Delphacidae, Hemiptera'"
14,22,'6. Yellow hairy caterpillar : Psalis pennatula : Lymantriidae: Lepidoptera Symptom of attack: Defoliated leaves. It is a minor pest. Egg: Eggs are laid in batches on the leaves covered with yellow hairs.'
15,23,"'Larva: The caterpillar is yellow with red stripes and an orange head. Tufts of hairs are found all over, of which two in the anterior region and one in the posterior region are prominent. Pupa: Pupation is in a yellowish cocoon of hairs on the leaves. Adult: Moth is light yellow with bipectinate antenna.'"
16,59,"'1. Gram pod borer , Helicoverpa armigera , Noctuidae, Lepidoptera Symptom of damage: In the early stages, plants seen defoliated. Boreholes seen on the pods and affected pods have no seeds. Nature of damage: Young larva feeds on tender leaves, buds, flowers, and subsequently it bores into the pods and feeds on the seeds with its head and part of the body only thrust inside, the rest remaining outside. A single larva may destroy 30-40 pods before maturity. Egg: Spherical in shape with a flattened base, giving dome shaped appearance, surface is sculptured in the form of longitudinal ribs. Yellowish-white, glistening and change to dark brown, before hatching. Larva: Newly hatched caterpillar is sluggish and whitish-green in colour.  Full-grown larva is 3.5-4.0 cm in length with pale-green body colour. However, the colour varies according to the food intake. Dorsal surface bears dark broken stripes. Head is reddish- brown. Larva is highly cannibalistic and readily eats one another. Pupa: It pupates in soil in earthen cell. Pupa is obtect type.  Freshly formed pupa is greenish yellow in colour and darkened prior to emergence of moths. Adult: It is a medium-sized light brown coloured moth. On the forewings, there is speck that forms a V-shaped mark. Hind wings are dull grey coloured with a black border on the distal end. Female moth is bigger than male and presence of tuft of hairs on the tip of the abdomen.'"
17,60,"'2. Blue butterfly, Lampides boeticus , Lycaenidae, Lepidoptera Symptom of damage: Bore holes on buds, flowers, green pods and matured pods. Nature of damage: The larva bores into the buds, flowers and green pods just within couple of hours after hatching and feeds inside the developing grains. Egg: Eggs are laid on the buds, flowers, green pods and on shoot and leaves. Greenish white in colour, round in shape with a slight depression at the top. Larva: Newly hatched larva is yellowish green in colour with black head and a dark- brown patch on the prothorax and cylindrical body with scattered hair. Full-grown larva is yellowish green to yellowish red sometimes light purple in colour, ventral surface is light green. Whole larva is covered with small setae and marked with irregular black markings. It looks like a slug. Brownish mid-dorsal and yellowish lateral lines are well marked. Pupa: Pupa are green in colour later on it darkens and wings are also visible. Adult: It is medium sized butterfly. The colour of the wings is violet metallic blue to dusky blue. The tail of hind wings is black and tipped with white. The female is slightly bigger than the male. In males, the abdomen is slender and tapering, while in female it is long and broader at the tip.'"
18,82,"'1. Mustard aphid , Lipaphis erysimi , Aphididae, Hemiptera Nature of damage: Suck the sap from under surface of leaves. Nymph: Light yellowish green in colour and pear shaped. Adult: Darker than nymph.'"
19,83,"'2. Mustard sawfly,. Athalia lugens proxima , Tenthredinidae, Hymenoptera Nature of damage: Grub nibbles the margins of tender leaves and pod. Larva: Resembles lepidopterous caterpillar; oily black or green in colour. Adult: Adult with dark head and thorax and orange colour abdomen and translucent smoky wings with black veins.'"
20,179,"'Cultural : Deep sowing of seeds, covering the seeds with soil, pre-and post dating of sowing, growing of trap crops near the main one and use of plant varieties that are physically and gustatorily unattractive to birds.'"
21,180,"'Use of deterrents : Scare-crow (a human figure erected in the fields) or acetylene gun, a device by which loud bangs are produced by the action of water on calcium carbide; use of bioacoustics, in which bird’s stress or alarm signals are recorded and played in'"
22,181,'Invertebrata Phylum : Mollusca Class : Gasteropoda Snails differ from slugs in having a spirally coiled shell over their body which in slugs is reduced and completely hidden under the mantle.'
23,182,"'They do a lot of damage to vegetables, garden plants, the damage being more serious in the seedling stage. Giant African snails even damage plantation crops like arecanut, rubber buds and coffee.'"
24,183,"'Cultural : They can be handpicked and killed. Chemical : Metaldehyde (5%), copper sulphate solution (1%) and insecticides (aresenates, persistent organochlorines, etc.)'"
25,223,"'Leaf quality often determines when fruits and vegetables should be harvested. In root crops, the condition of the leaves can likewise indicate the condition of the crop below ground. For example, if potatoes are to be stored, then the optimum harvest time is soon after the leaves and stems have died. If harvested earlier, the skins will be less resistant to harvesting and handling damage and more prone to storage diseases.'"
26,1458,"'A pectin solution of maximum strength can be obtained with about 30 min of boiling. When this period is divided into two, each of 15 min period of extraction, maximum amount of pectin can be extracted. Other jellying agents include agar, arrow root, tapioca flour or cassava starch.'"
27,1459,"'Tea is one of the most popular beverages in the world. It also provides valuable source of income to many tea producer countries. It is a capital earning industry. To promote its development, the Govt. of India has set up'"
28,1460,'Tea is a perennial plant having a lifespan extending 100 years. The popularity of tea is due to: • Its sensory properties • Relatively low retail price • Apparent health benefits'
29,2289,'Streptomycin sulpahte  bottle @ Rs 7 / bottle Rs 28/= 1 Formalin 40 Y @ 300 ml / month Rs 60/= For I yr Rs 720/= Blotting paper sheet 1 yr 50 sheets x 2 Rs 100/='
30,27,"'producing only partially filled/ half filled grains. Small puncture appear in the middle of the flag leaf and its margin get discolored. Egg: White, cigar shaped egg laid singly on either side of the leaves. Grub: Newly hatched larva is transparent to very light cream in colour but later become yellow. The larvae move down the leaf into the whorl on a film of dew and feed within developing whorls. The larvae mostly remain outside the leaves and feed on the mesophyll tissue of the foliage. When leaves emerge from the whorl damage can be seen as pinholes in the leaves and white and yellowish lesions on the leaf edge. Pupa: Pupation takes place in between the leaf sheath where the pupa is loosely attached to the stem. The puparium is light to dark brown ovoid and sub-cylindrical in shape. Adult: Adult dark grey flies, 1.8-2.3 mm in size.'"
31,26,"'9. Whorl maggot : Hydrellia sasakii : Ephydridae: Diptera Symptoms of attack: Presence of feeding lesions in the lines and the infested plants become stunted. Nature of damage: The maggots are found to feed on the unopened leaves and to nibble the inner margins of the leaves, which showed conspicuous feeding lesions in the lines. Damaged leaves became distorted and broke-off in the wind. Infested plants are stunted. It cause damage to the boot leaf and developing panicles, which resulted in'"
32,28,"'1. Shoot fly : Atherigona varia soccata : Anthomyiidae: Diptera. Symptom of attack: Dead heats or drying of central shoots or production of profuse side tillers in main plants. Nature of damage: The maggots bore into the shoot of young plants, a week after germination to about one month and as a result the central shoot dries up. If the plants are attacked at the initial stages the mother plant may produce profuse side tillers, but the tillers also may be attacked. The infestation often goes as high as 60%. The high yielding hybrid varieties are severely attacked. In South India, crop is damaged during October to December as also in summer. Egg: Whitish eggs are laid singly on the under surface of the leaves which are about one week old. Maggot: The maggots are yellow in colour migrate to the dorsal surface of the leaf, enter the space between the leaf sheath and the axis and make a clear cut through the tightly rolled sheaths and damages growing point. The growing points of the plant die and decay on which the maggots feed. Pupa: Pupation takes place inside the stem itself. Adult: The adult is a small dark fly. Female fly has whitish grey head and thorax, while the abdomen is yellowish with paired brown patches. Male is darker in colour.'"
33,34,"'III. SAP FEEDERS 8. Shoot bug : Peregrinus maidis : Delphacidae:  Hemiptera Symptom of attack: The leaves turn yellow due to sucking; plants become weak and the yield goes down. The mid rib of the leaves become red due to egg laying and may dry up subsequently. Nature of damage: Both adults and nymphs suck the plant sap from the leaves and cause the shoot to dry. They feed gregariously within the leaf sheaths. It is not a serious pest, but sometimes causes appreciable damage. Life stages: It is a small active, grayish brown bug. Colonies of this bug (both adults and nymphs) live within the whorl of the central leaf or in the root region. This pest is very common in Coimbatore during summer. The large black ant attends these insects.'"
34,35,"'9. Plant lice : Rhopalosiphum maidis, Longuinguis sacchari : Aphididae: Hemiptera Nature of damage: Nymphs and adults suck plant sap from the leaf, leaf sheath and inflorescence. They occur in cluster and may cause severe damage to inflorescence by hampering pollination. The aphid colony secretes honeydew in plenty. Life stages: The former one is yellow with dark green legs and lives inside the central leaf. The latter is creamy and lives on the under the surface of lower leaves. These are not serious pests. Reproduction parthenogenetic. Cloudy and humid weather favours reproduction.'"
35,1461,"'The history of tea production in India spans more than 160 years. In 1838, the first consignment of tea from Assam was shipped to England. The word ‘Chai’ is derived from a Cantonese word ‘Chah’ . Plantations in Darjeeling, Tarai and Dooars regions of northern Bengal and Nilgiris and other regions of South India.'"
36,2,"'2. Green leafhopper, Nephotettix virescens , Cicadellidae, Hemiptera Symptoms of attack: Affected plants become pale yellow in colour and get stunted in growth. If the plants are tapped large number of leafhoppers may be seen jumping to water. Nature of damage: Both nymphs and adults suck the plant sap from the leaf and leaf sheath. (It is a phloem feeder. Amino acid content is high in phloem sap than xylem.  The xylem and phloem vessels are plugged with their stylet sheath that causes disruption in the transport of food substances in the vessels.) Mild infestation reduces the vigour of the plant and the number of reproductive tillers. Heavy infestation causes withering and complete drying of the'"
37,1,"'1. Thrips, Stenchaetothrips biformis, Thripidae, Thysanoptera Symptom of attack: Affected nurseries present a pale yellow colour with brown tips . On passing the wet palm over the top of the seedlings a large number of black adults and yellowish nymphs may be seen striking to the palm. The infestation invariably disappears after sharp showers. Nature of damage: Both the adults and nymphs lacerate the tender leaves and suck up the plant sap.  As a result fine yellowish lines or silvery streaks are seen on the leaves. Later, the leaves curl longitudinally and begin to dry from the tip downwards. In severe cases, the entire nursery may dry up and fail to produce seedling. Sometimes transplanted crop is also affected in the early stages. Life stages Egg: Eggs laid singly in the tissues of the tender leaves on the sides facing the stem. Eggs are hyaline and turn pale yellow as they mature. Nymph: Newly hatched nymphs are transparent but turn yellowish white after the first moult and possess darker legs, head and antennae. Pupa: Pupation takes place inside the rolled leaves and appendages and wings are clearly visible. Adult: Adult is 1 mm long, dark brown to black in colour with fringed wings. Male is smaller, more slender than female. It reproduces parthenogenetically since males are seldom seen in the population.'"
38,3,"'ovipositional punctures. Nymphs and adults exude sticky, whitish honeydew, which attracts sooty mould (that reduces the photosynthetic rate) . It also transmits plant diseases such as dwarf, transitory yellowing, yellow dwarf and rice tungro virus (Tungro is transmitted during short feeding period). Life stages Egg: Greenish transparent eggs are deposited in the midrib of leaf blade or sheath of rice or green grass. They are laid in batches of 10 to 15 arranged in a single row. Nymph: The nymphs are soft bodied, yellow white in colour. Gradually the colour changes to green.'"
39,4,"'Adult: Adults are 3-5 mm long, bright green with variable black markings, wedge shaped with a characteristic diagonal movement. Male insect has a black spot in middle of the forewings that is absent in females. The insect is active during July to September.'"
40,5,"'3. Brown planthopper/ Fulgorid, Nilaparvata lugens, Delphacidae, Hemiptera Symptom of attack: Symptoms will not be visible from outside in the early stages, but if we enter the field and tap the plants large number of this insect can be seen. They are visible only when the damage has been severe, the plants present a burnt up appearance, hopper burn, in circular patches. Nature of damage: Both the nymphs and adults remain at the ground level and suck the plant sap. It is a typical vascular feeder primarily sucking phloem sap leading to hopper burn . At early infestation, circular yellow patches appear which soon turn brownish due to the drying up of the plants. The patches of infestation then may spread out and cover the entire field. The grain setting is also affected to a great extent. During sustained feeding, it excretes a large amount of honeydew . It also acts as vector of the virus diseases like grassy stunt, wilted stunt and ragged stunt. (Transmission of persistent ragged stunt and grassy stunt virus require more time. Sheath blight and stem rot incidence was high in BPH infested plants.) Life stages Egg: Eggs are laid in a group of 2 to 12 in leaf sheath (near the plant base or in the ventral midribs of leaf blades) . White, transparent, slender cylindrical and curved eggs are thrust in straight-line in two rows . (They are covered with a dome-shaped egg plug secreted by the female. Only the tips protrude from the plant surface.) Nymph: Freshly hatched nymph is cottony white, 0.6 mm long and it turns purple- brown, 3.0 mm long in the fifth instar. Adult: Adult hopper is 4.5-5.0 mm long and has a yellowish brown to dark brown body. The wings are sub hyaline with a dull yellowish tint. It has two characteristic wing morphs: macropterous (long winged ) and brachypterous (short winged). (Wing morphism is influenced by various factors viz., crowding during the nymphal stage and reduction in the quality and quantity of food, short day length and low temperature, which favour macroptery)'"
41,224,'As part of the natural development of a fruit an abscission layer is formed in the pedicel.'
42,225,"'4 A fruit may change in texture during maturation, especially during ripening when it may become rapidly softer. Excessive loss of moisture may also affect the texture of crops. These textural changes are detected by touch, and the harvester may simply be able to gently squeeze the fruit and judge whether the crop can be harvested.'"
43,6,"'Symptom of attack: Heavy infestation cause outer leaves of a hill to show burn symptoms. Damage in the form of hopperburn appears uniformly in a rice field, whereas it appears as circular patches in the case of BPH. Nature of damage: WBPH is more abundant during the early stage of the growth of rice crop, especially in nurseries. (It attacks less than four-month old plants in fields with standing water and shows a marked increase with the age of the crop. Rice is more sensitive to attack at the tillering phase than at the boot and heading stages. ) Damage is caused through feeding and oviposition. Gravid females cause ovipositional punctures in leaf sheaths. Both nymphs and adults suck phloem sap causing reduced vigour, stunting, yellowing of leaves and delayed tillering and grain formation . (Rice crop fails to produce complete grains [seedless glumes] and this condition is known as red disease in Malaysia.) Feeding puncture and lacerations caused by ovipositor predispose the plants to pathogenic organisms and'"
44,7,"'honeydew excretion encourages the growth of sooty mould . It is not a vector of any viral disease. Egg: Cylindrical eggs are laid in groups when the rice plant is small but in the upper part of the rice plant when the plant is large. (They are laid with the micropylar end protruding from the tissue, the operculum is long and narrow. The eggs in a group are not sealed together by the material secreted by female.) Nymph: White to a strongly mottled dark grey or black and white in colour and 0.6 mm size when young. Fifth instar nymph with a narrow head and white or creamy white body. Dorsal surface of the thorax and abdomen marked with various amounts of grey and white markings. Adult: The adult hopper is 3.5-4.0 mm long. The forewings are uniformly hyaline with dark veins. There is a prominent white band between the junctures of the wings. Macropterous males and females and brachypterous females are commonly found in the field.'"
45,184,"'1. Rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae, S. zeamais, S. granarius, Curculionidae, Coleoptera Host range: Wheat, rice, maize, jowar, paddy. Life history:  150-250 E 4-5 d          L 20 d A 3-6 d           P Symptom of damage: Presence of irregular holes of 1.5 m diameter on grains of rice, sorghum, wheat, barley, maize before harvest and in store. Nature of damage: Both grub and adults cause the damage. Grains are hollowed out; kernels are reduced to mere powder. S. oryzae and S. zeamais starts its attack in field itself. Adults cut circular holes. Heating takes place during heavy infestation, which is known as ‘dry heating’. Egg: Translucent white, plugs the egg hole with gelatinous secretion, laid singly. Grub : White with yellowish brown head,  apodous, fleshy,  curved, remains within the grain Pupa: Pupates inside the grain. Adult: Small, reddish brown to chocolate coloured weevils has characteristic snout, elbowed antennae, slightly clubbed. Hindwings present except in S. granarius. S. zeamais is the largest amongst the three species.'"
46,226,'Physical and chemical treatment to increase the shelf life conditions for'
47,11,"'7. Earhead bug/ Gundhi bug, Leptocorisa acuta , Alydidae, Hemiptera Symptom of attack: Leaves turn yellow and later rusted from tip downwards. Appearance of numerous brownish spots at the feeding sites / shrivelling of grains. In the case of heavy infestation, the whole earhead may become devoid of mature grains. Its presence in the field is made out by its strong smell. Nature of damage: Both adults and nymphs do the damage. The nymphs start feeding 3 to 4 hours after hatching. They feed on the leaf sap near the tip/ on milky sap in developing spikelets at milky stage. Sucking of the milky sap causes ill-filled/ partial filled and chaffy grains . Serious infestation can reduce the yield by 50%. The straw gives off-flavour that is unattractive to cattle. Egg: Eggs are circular, brownish seed like, 2 mm long, laid in clusters in two rows along the midrib on the upper surface of the leaf-blade. Nymph: First instar is small, 2 mm long, pale green in colour, which grows to deepen green through different instars. Adult: Adults are greenish yellow, long and slender, above ½ inch in length with a characteristic buggy odour.'"
48,12,"'8. Earhead stink bug/ Shield bug/Red spotted bug, Menida histrio, Pentatomidae, Hemiptera Symptom of attack: Small dot like discoloration on the grains. Nature of damage: Both adult and nymph suck the sap/ milk of developing rice grain and cause pecky rice . (Grain discoloration is caused by subsequent infections of pathogenic fungi or bacteria on the sucking injuries and such grains are called as pecky rice). Sucking of this pentatomid bug causes comparatively small dot like discolorations on the grain than by L. acuta. Egg: Eggs are laid in masses of 2-6 on leaves. Nymph: Nymphs are dark brown. Adult: It is a small brown bug with red and yellow spots.'"
49,13,"'Minor pests 1. White leafhopper, Cofana spectra, Cicadellidae, Hemiptera 2. Nama vandu/ Stripped bug, Tetroda histeroides, Pentatomidae, Hemiptera 3. Blue leafhopper, Empoascanara spp., Cicadellidae, Hemiptera 4. Zigzag leafhopper, Recilia dorsalis , Cicadellidae, Hemiptera'"
50,14,"'1. Paddy stem borer , Scirpophaga incertulas, Pyraustidae, Lepidoptera Symptoms of attack: A number of stem borer moths seen dead and floating on the water in the fields. In the vegetative stage, dead hearts seen in the affected tillers and in the reproductive stage, whiteear may be seen. Nature of damage: The insect may start attacking the plants in the nursery especially long duration varieties. The incidence is mild in the season June to September, but later on gets intensified from October to January and February. The caterpillar enters the stem and feeds on the growing shoot. As a result the central shoot dries up and produces the characteristic dead heart . The tillers may get affected at different stages. When they are affected at the time of flowering the earheads become chaffy and are known as white ear . Egg: Eggs are creamy white, flattened, oval and scale like and laid in mass. Each egg mass consists of 15-80 eggs and covered with buff coloured hairs. Before hatching, the eggs darken to a purplish tinge. They are laid mostly near the tip of the leaves. Larva: The hatched larvae move downward and wander about on the plant for 1 or 2 hours. They may hang down by a sliver thread and get to other plants with the help of the wind. They can also swim over the water and reach other tillers. They enter the leaf sheath and feed upon the green tissues of the stem for 2-3 days. Then they bore into the stem near the node. Deposition of silica in the epidermal layer of the stem and leaf sheath acts as an obstacle to the first instar larvae to chew up a hole. Generally only one caterpillar is seen inside a tiller. It may come out and attack fresh tiller. The full-grown caterpillar measures about 20 mm, white or yellowish white in colour with a conspicuous prothoracic shield. Pupa: Pupation takes place inside the rice stem, straw or stubble. Before pupation it make a exit hole in the internode and covers it will a thin web for the adult to come out later. The anterior extremity of the cocoon is tubular and attached to the exit hole and to make the cocoon waterproof the larva webs two horizontal septa in this tubular area. Adult: They exhibit remarkable sexual dimorphism. The female moth is bright yellowish brown with a black spot at the centre of the forewing and a tuft of yellow hairs at the anal region. The male is small in size and brownish.'"
51,1462,"'Centre of origin – Southeast China Later it spread to Southern portion of China, parts of India, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos and Vietnam Early part of 19 th Century – An unsuccessful attempt was made to establish Chinese tea in India. Only when the native „wild‟ tea plants found in Assam were used, the tea production in India became successful.'"
52,39,'Red hairy caterpillar: Amsacta albistriga : Arctiidae: Lepidoptera Angoumois grain moth: Sitotroga cerallela : Gelechiidae: Lepidoptera Cryptoblabes sp.: Pyralidae: Lepidoptera Flower webber: Eublemma silicula : Noctuidae: Lepidoptera Dolicoris indicus : Nezara viridula : Pentatomidae: Hemiptera These pests are found on the earheads in the milky stage. The injury is only very little.'
53,150,"'1. Hairy caterpillar , Utethesia pulchella, Arctiidae, Lepidoptera Symptom of damage:  Defoliation of the plant. Nature of damage: Larva feeds on leaves and also cause severe damage by feeding on the contents of developing pods.'"
54,15,"'2. Paddy gall midge, Orseolia oryzae , Cecidomyiidae, Diptera Symptom of attack: The central shoot instead of producing leaf produces a long tubular structure. When the gall elongates as an external symptom of damage, the insect will be in pupal stage and ready for emergence. Nature of damage: The maggot bores into the growing point of the tiller and causes abnormal growth of the leaf sheath, which becomes whitish tubular and ends bluntly. It may be pale green, pink or purplish. Further growth of tiller is arrested. This is called onion shoot , silver shoot or anaikomban .  The feeding by the maggot and the larval secretion, which contains an active substance called cecidogen, is responsible for cell'"
55,16,"'proliferation of the meristematic cells and gall formation. It is a pest in irrigated and wet season crop. Tillers in 35 to 53 days old crops are preferred. Egg: The fly lays elongate, cylindrical, shinning white or red or pinkish eggs singly or in clusters (2-6) at the base of the leaves. Maggot: Maggot is 1 mm long after hatching with pointed anterior end. It creeps down the sheath and enters the growing bud. An oval chamber is formed round the site of feeding. Pupa: At the time of emergence the pupa wriggles up the tube with the help of antennal horn to the tip of the silver shoot and projects half way out. Adult: The adult fly is yellowish brown and mosquito like. The male is ash grey in colour. Adults feed on dewdrops.'"
56,17,"'1. Swarming caterpillar : Spodoptera mauritia : Noctuidae: Lepidoptera Symptom of attack: Nurseries found completely eaten away by the caterpillars’ overnight. Nature of damage: Caterpillars march in large numbers in the evening hours and feed on the leaves of paddy seedlings till the morning and hide during daytime. They feed gregariously and after feeding the plants in one field march onto the next field. Under severe infestation crop gives the appearance of grazed plants . Attacked plants are reduced to stumps. Nurseries situated in ill-drained marshy areas attacked are earlier than dry ground. Damage is severe during July to September. Egg: Eggs are spherical and creamy in colour, which are laid in a group covered over with grey hairs. Larva: The caterpillars are light green with yellowish white lateral and dorsal stripes in the early stages and later become dark brown or grayish green in colour with a crescent (semi-circular) shaped black spot on the side of each segment. Pupa: They pupate inside the soil in earthen cocoons. Pupa is dark brown and measures 16-17 mm long. Adult: The adult moth is medium sized, stout built dark brown with a conspicuous triangular black spot on the forewings. Hind wings are brownish white with thin black margins.'"
57,32,'6. Leaf roller : Marasmia trapezalis : Pyralidae: Lepidoptera Symptom of attack: Rolled up leaves in which the larvae are found feeding and longitudinal patches on leaves whose tips dry are the clear symptoms. Nature of damage: The leaf roller becomes quite serious on young crops and feeds on the leaf epidermis. It causes longitudinal patches on the leaves and the tips of the leaves dry up. It is only a minor pest and rarely becomes serious. The varieties with broad leaves are attacked more severely. Egg: Eggs are laid on young leaves. Larva: A caterpillar is greenish yellow and is provided with setae over its body. Head and thoracic shield are brownish in colour. When full grown the caterpillar measures about 20 mm. Pupa: Pupation takes place within the rolled leaf. Adult: Adults are grayish with shining coloured patterns. Anal margins are darker in colour.'
58,33,'7. Flea beetle : Cryptocephalus schestedti : Chrysomelidae: Coleoptera Monolepta signata : Chrysomelidae: Coleoptera Symptom of attack: Shot holes. Nature of damage: The pest occurs in small number is feeding on the leaves. It nibbles small holes on the leaves. Life stages: C. schestedti : This is an yellow beetle with long black streak. M. signata : Adult is a black beetle with four yellow spots.'
59,185,"'2. Sweet potato weevil, Cylas formicarius , Apionidae, Coleoptera Host range: Sweet potato. Life history:   200 E 3-5 d G Total life cycle : 1-1 ½ mon A 7-10 d P Symptom of damage: Grubs and adults bore into the tubers and make them unfit for consumption. Nature of damage: It is an important pest both in the field and in storage. Grubs bore into the tubers and make them unfit for consumption. They also attack the vines. Adult weevils feed on leaves, vines and tubers. Egg: Eggs are laid singly in small cavities on vines and tubers. Grub: Whitish grub is apodous and has a brown head. Pupa: It pupates inside the vine or tuber. Adult: Slender, ant-like with a long snout, shiny black with reddish brown thorax and legs.'"
60,18,"'2. Rice case worm : Nymphula depunctalis : Pyraustidae: Lepidoptera Symptom of attack: Plants stunted, caterpillars hanging on the leaf edges in a tubular case . Nature of damage: The caterpillar cuts a piece of leaf, rolls it longitudinally into a tubular structure and remains inside. It feeds by scraping the green tissue of the leaf. The cases often float in the water. Its damage can be distinguished from damage by other pests in two ways, firstly the ladder like appearance of the removed leaf tissue resulting from the back and forth motion of the head during feeding and secondly the damage pattern is not uniform through out the field because the floating cases are often carried in the run off water to low lying fields where the damage is more concentrated. Egg: Eggs are light yellow, disc like, smooth and irregular in shape. They are laid on the under side of the leaves floating on the water. Larva: They hatch into green caterpillars with orange brownish head. Each caterpillar lives inside a tubular case and hang down the leaves. The tubular cases are open at one end. The inside of the case is lined with silk to hold a thin film of water, which is essential for respiration and preventing desiccation of the larvae. The cases are replaced with each moult. It moves up and down with the protruded legs and scrapes the green matter. It drops in the water when disturbed. It is semi aquatic and can breathe by filamental gills at the sides. Full-grown caterpillars measure upto 15 mm length. Pupa: It pupates inside the leaf case. Fresh pupae are milky white, which gradually turn to light yellow.'"
61,19,"'3. Rice skipper : Pelopidas mathias : Hesperidae: Lepidoptera Symptom of attack: Leaves folded longitudinally and scrapped patches in such places. Nature of damage: The caterpillar folds the leaves and feeds from inside. It feeds on the parenchyma and leaf gets reduced to skeleton. Occurs in the nursery and planted crop. Not a serious pest. Egg: Eggs are laid on the leaves. Larva: The caterpillar is elongate, yellowish green with four white dorsal stripes, smooth and with a constructed neck and red ‘V’ mark on the head, which is distinct. Pupa: Pale green pupa has white longitudinal lines on it and is attached to the leaf blade by a silk girdle. Adult: The adult is a dark brown skipper butterfly with two white spots on the wings.'"
62,20,'4. Leaf folder/ roller : Cnaphalocrocis medinalis : Pyralidae: Lepidoptera Symptom of attack: Leaves folded longitudinally or transversely with silk and scrapped patches in such places. Nature of damage: Larvae remain inside the fold and scrapping off green portion of the leaves leaving white patches. Egg: Flat oval yellowish eggs laid singly or in pairs on the undersurface of tender leaves. Larva: Larva is yellowish green in colour and translucent about 16-20 mm long. Pupa: It pupates inside the fold. Adult: Adult is small yellow coloured moth with dark wavy lines on both pairs of wings.'
63,21,"'5. Rice horned caterpillar : Melanitis ismene : Nymphalidae: Lepidoptera Symptom of attack: Defoliated leaves. It is a minor pest. Nature of damage: The larva feed on the paddy leaves at night, remaining inactive during daytime. Egg: Eggs are white, round laid singly on the paddy leaves. Larva: Larva is green in colour with roughened skin, flattened dorsally and has a dark brown head with a pair of red horn like processes and two yellow processes in the anal end. It feeds on the leaves. Pupa: Dark green chrysalis hangs from the leaf and is attached to the leaf blade by its anal extremity. Adult: The butterfly is dark brown with large wings having a few black and yellow eye- like markings one on each of the forewings and six ocellar spots on hindwings.'"
64,186,"'3. Lesser grain borer/Hooded grain borer/paddy borer beetle, Rhyzopertha dominica , Bostrychidae, Coleoptera Host range: Paddy, rice, wheat, maize. It is able to attack paddy more easily than S. oryzae. Life history: 550 E       4-6 d G 4'"
65,227,"'Fruits and vegetables are processed by various methods like low temperature, thermal treatment, concentration, freezing and irradiation. But prior to subjecting fruits and vegetables to such treatments, all fruits and vegetables undergo some preliminary operations. Each processing method is based on certain principles and each has its own advantages and disadvantages.'"
66,24,"'7. Grass hoppers : Hieroglyphus banian (Large grasshopper) Oxya nitidula (Small grasshopper) : Acrididae: Orthoptera Symptom of attack: The nymphs and adults nibble leaves and also earheads in the early stages. Nature of damage: Both the adults and nymphs feed on the leaf and in severe cases the entire leaf may be eaten away. It is capable of causing severe damage. In the earhead stage the adults nibble at the tender florets or grain or into the base of the stalks causing white ears. Life stages H. banian has only one brood in a year. O . nitidula breeds throughout the year.  Egg: It lays eggs in the wet sandy soil during October to November at a depth of about 2”especially in the side of bunds. The eggs are laid in batches of 30-40, hatch only in June to July on receipt of the monsoon rains. Eggs are yellowish and covered with gummy substrate that hardens into a waterproof coating. Nymphs:  The nymphs feed on the grasses or paddy Adult: They grow into adults by August to September. H. banian measures about 1½ inches long. There are three transverse dark lines on the prothorax, which is helpful for identifying the pest. O. nitudula is about one inch long and has a longitudinal brown streak on either side of the thorax.'"
67,25,'8. Spiny beetle/ Rice hispa : Dicladispa armigera : Chrysomelidae: Coleoptera Symptom of attack: The mining of the grubs will be clearly seen on the leaves. White parallel line will be clear on the leaves. Nature of damage: The grub mines into the leaf blade and feed on the green tissue between the veins. Adults also feed in the green tissue; they scrape the green matter of the tender leaves. Generally the plants are affected in the young stage. Egg: Eggs are laid inside minute slits on the tender leaves generally toward the tip. Grub: The grub is whitish yellow and flattened. It feeds inside the leaf tissue by mining. It pupates inside. Adult: The adult beetle is somewhat square shaped about 1/6 to 1/8” in length and width. Dark blue or blackish in colour with spines all over the body.'
68,47,"'9. Whitegrub, Holotrichia consanguinea , Melolonthidae, Coleoptera Symptom of damage: Death of grown up plants. Leaves and tender shoots nibbled. Nature of damage: Grub feed on the root and rootlets, results in the death of the plants. Adults nibble on the leaves and tender shoots. They can move under soil, thus can migrate from one plant to another.'"
69,48,"'10. Root aphid , Tetraneura nigriabdominalis , Aphididae, Hemiptera Symptom of damage:  Wilting and drying of plants in patches. Presence of black ants, Camponotus compressus , around the base of the plants. Nature of damage: Nymph and adult attack underground parts of the plants, they suck sap from roots. Plants become weak and may wilt. Nymph and Adult: Pinkish globular aphids.'"
70,49,"'3. Cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon , Noctuidae, Lepidoptera Symptom of damage: Cutting of tender stem and defoliation. Nature of damage: Larva defoliates the crop. Larva: Greasy to touch; coil up at the slightest touch. Blackish brown with red head, greyish green laterally with dark stripes. Adult: Stout moth with brownish forewings with wavy lines and spots; hindwings hyaline.'"
71,84,"'6. Flea beetle , Phyllotreta cruciferae , Alticidae, Coleoptera 7. Diamond back moth , Plutella xylostella , Plutellidae, Lepidoptera Lecture No. 11. PESTS OF OILSEEDS - GROUNDNUT'"
72,88,"'Symptom of damage: Branches may droop and the plants show wilting and may die when the grubs reach the root. Nature of damage: Grubs tunnel the stem just below the soil surface and main roots, tunnel containing elongate flat-headed grubs. Life stages Egg: Small flat oval eggs laid on the main stem of the plants. Grub: Slender pale whitish with flattened anterior portion, called ‘flat-headed grubs’. Pupa: Pupation occurs inside burrows (tunnels) from which the adult beetles emerge by cutting their way out. Adult: Dark brown, shiny beetle, jewel like and small (1 cm) beetle.'"
73,29,"'2. Stem borer : Chilo partellus : Crambidae: Lepidoptera Symptoms of attack: Presence of circular holes on the unfolded leaves and dead hearts in the early stages are the main symptoms. The boreholes may be visible in contrast to the dead heart caused by the stem borer. When grown up plants are attacked the symptoms will not be quite visible. Nature of damage: The caterpillar bores into the stem and feeds on the central shoot. There may be more than one caterpillar in a single plant. In early stages, the caterpillars make circular holes on unfolded leaves and later central shoot dries up producing dead heart. Later it acts as an internode borer and is found till the time of harvest. Young cobs may also be attacked. Yield is affected much and the quality of the fodder is also reduced. The damage caused to the crop by this pest was estimated to range between 70 – 80%. Egg: Eggs are yellowish in colour, flat and oval, laid on the underside of the leaves, near the midrib. Larva: The larva is pale white with black dots and brown head. The newly hatched caterpillars migrate to the top of the plant and enter the stem or it mines in the midrib or bores into the stem near the node and feeds upwards. The larvae remain dormant in winter and hibernate. A caterpillar is dirty white with a brown head and thorax. There are four longitudinal stripes on its dorsal surface. Pupa: Pupation takes place inside the stem. Adult: Moth is medium sized and straw coloured. Male has pale brown forewings provided with dark brown scales forming a dark area along the coastal margin. Hind'"
74,30,"'3. Pink Stem borer : Sesamia inferens : Noctuidae: Lepidoptera Symptom of damage: Presence of dead heart. Nature of damage: The young larvae after hatching, congregate inside the leaf whorls and feed on folded central leaves causing typical ‘pin hole’ symptoms. Severe feeding results in killing of the central shoot and consequent dead heart formation. Usually the second instar larvae migrate to neighbouring plants by coming out from the whorls and suspending themselves from the plants by silken threads, these are then easily blown off by wind to other plants. These larvae penetrate in the stem and cause tunneling resulting in stunting, infested plants become weak and bear very small earheads. The weakened stems, especially of tall local varieties, break easily during heavy rains or with high velocity winds. Egg: Creamy white spherical eggs are laid in batches in between leaf sheaths and stem of a plant. Larva: The larvae penetrate the stems directly and may kill the young plants. The fully developed caterpillar is cylindrical, pinkish dorsally and whitish ventrally.  Larvae can migrate from plant to plant. Pupa: Pupation occurs inside the stem, pupae are robust and light brown in colour. Adult: Adults are stout, straw coloured and are nocturnal in habit.'"
75,31,'II. LEAF FEEDERS 5. Slug caterpillar : Thosea apierens : Cochlididae: Lepidoptera Symptom of attack: Defoliation. Nature of damage: They feed on the leaves and defoliate. Apart from this they cause lot of irritation on the people who work in the field. Harvest is made difficult and it is reported the even cattle do not relish the fodder. Life stages: Slug is found to appear in a severe form in Coimbatore.'
76,55,"'4. Root grub , Arthrodeis sp., Tenebrionidae, Coleoptera Symptom of damage:  Yellowing and gradual wilting of entire plants. Nature of damage: Grubs feed on the roots of rainfed crop. Adult: Black coloured shiny beetle.'"
77,67,"'Pupa: Pupation takes place in hard chitinous puparium, which is found sticking to the side of pod or in the groove eaten into the grain by the larva. It is cylindrical with broadly rounded ends. Fresh pupa is yellowish white, but becomes darker subsequently. Adult: It is slightly bigger than the male. Its wings are also slightly broader. Colour of a newly emerged adult is dull-white and smoky patches at places, but gradually it acquires the normal black colour with slight bright greenish tinge. Abdomen is glossy black, but in some cases it is slight bronzy, while ins other cases it has a greenish-blue background.'"
78,95,"'13. Thrips, Caliothrips indicus , Thripidae, Thysanoptera Symptom of damage:  Older/lower leaves showing white spots/marks or streaks intermingled with black excreta on the upper surface. Nature of damage:  Nymphs and adults suck the sap from tender shoots. Nymph and Adult: Dark blackish brown with fringed wings. Forewings have three pale white coloured bands.'"
79,96,"'14. Thrips , Scirtothrips dorsalis , Thripidae, Thysanoptera Symptom of damage: Tender leaves showing yellowish green patches on the upper surface and brown necrotic areas and silvery sheen on the lower surface. Nature of damage: Nymphs and adults suck the sap from tender shoots. Nymph and Adult: Creamy to white nymph and black adult.'"
80,1463,"'Tea means tea other than Kangra tea obtained by acceptable processes, exclusively from the leaves, buds and tender stems of plant of the Camellia sinensis (L) O.Kuntze. It may be in the'"
81,36,"'10. Earhead bug : Calocoris angustatus : Miridae: Hemiptera Symptom of damage: No external symptom will be visible. The earheads should be tapped either on the palm or a piece of cardboard. A number of brownish or greenish nymphs and adults can be seen. On the developing grains small brownish spots will be visible. In severe infestation, the grains get shriveled without maturing and the earheads appear uneven. Nature of damage: The adults and nymphs live inside the earhead and suck the milky fluid from the tender ripening grains. Due to the feeding, the grains get shriveled and chaffy and thus unfit for sowing and for consumption. No damage is caused to fully ripened grains. A reduction of 15 – 30% in the yield was estimated due to its attack. Usually high yielding varieties with compact earheads (Chitrai cholam) are subjected to more infestation than the loose earheads. Egg: The female bug thrusts shining pale yellowish cigar shaped eggs into the tender tissues of the shoot between glumes in the centre of the florets.'"
82,37,"'Nymph: The newly hatched nymphs have light orange red abdomen, which changes to green in the advanced instars. Adult: The adult is a slender green elongate bug about 1 cm long and active flier.'"
83,38,"'12. Sorghum midge : Contarinia sorghicola : Cecidomyidae: Diptera Symptoms of attack: The flowers appear damaged; earheads are devoid of grains and during severe attack, may appear blighted. Nature of damage: This fly attacks the developing grains. The larvae develop by feeding inside the grains. This results in the failure of grain formation causing them to shrivel during serious infestation the entire earhead may appear to be blighted or blasted. This pest is a minor pest and assumed major pest status after the introduction of CSH 1 hybrid cholam. Egg: Eggs are laid inside the glumes of closed or open flowers. Maggot: The newly hatched maggot feed on the ovaries. The advanced stage larvae are pink in colour. Pupa:  pupate inside the damaged flowers. Adult: The midge is a tiny (2 mm long) pinkish coloured fly.'"
84,187,"'28-56 d Total life cycle : 25 d A 7-8 d P Symptom of damage: Presence of round tunnel (1 mm) in grains and root crops. In bagged storage irregular messy waste flour spots indicate infestation of the pest. Presence of frass, shelled grains and foul smell. Nature of damage: Heating is very common. Infestation is confined to a small area. Grubs and adults cause damage and are voracious feeders. Adults reduce the grain kernels to mere frass. Grubs eat their way into the grain or feed on the grain dust or starchy material and are capable of attacking grain externally. Egg: Eggs are laid on the surface or on the interstices of cereal grains singly or in clusters. Grub: White, apodous with brown head, free living upto 3 rd instar. Pupa: Grub enters the grain after 3 rd instar for pupation. Adult: Brown to blackish beetle, head is deflexed downwards below prothorax to such an extent that it is almost hidden in a dorsal view. There is a prominent constriction between prothorax and elytra. Antenna clubbed with large loose three-segment.'"
85,1464,"'form of black or oolong tea. The product shall have characteristic flavour free from any off odour, taint and mustiness. It shall be free from living insects, moulds, dead insects, insect fragments and rodent contamination. The product shall be free from extraneous matter, added colouring matter and harmful substances.'"
86,40,"'1. Pink borer, Sesamia inferens , Noctuidae, Lepidoptera Symptom of damage:  Deadheart. Nature of damage: Larva congregate inside the leaf whorls and feed on the central leaves causing typical ‘pin hole’ symptom. Severe feeding results in drying of the central shoot and results in dead heart formation. Egg: Creamy white spherical eggs laid in batches in between leaf sheaths and stem of the plant. Larva : Pinkish brown with a reddish brown head. Pupa: Brown, obtect pupa, pupates inside the stem. Adult: Straw coloured moth with forewings having 3 black spots and a faint brown mid-stripe with white hindwings.'"
87,41,"'2. White borer, Saluria inficita , Phycitidae, Lepidoptera Symptom of damage:  Deadheart. Nature of damage: Larva found at the base of tillers close to soil level and attack the basal parts of the plants. Larva: Creamy white with yellow head. Pupa: Brown, obtect type, pupates inside the stem. Adult: Small moth with dark brown forewings bearing a white band along the anterior margin and white hindwings.'"
88,42,"'3. Cutworm, Spodoptera exigua , Noctuidae, Lepidoptera Symptom of damage:  Defoliation in the nursery. Nature of damage: Larva feed on leaves especially in the nursery. Larvae hide in the soil during daytime and feed on leaves at night. Egg: Lays cluster of eggs on the lower portion of young plants. Larva: Brownish green with wavy lines in dorsal surface and lateral yellow stripes. Pupa: Pupates in the soil in earthen cocoons. Adult: Brown moth with white hindwings.'"
89,43,"'4. Black hairy caterpillar, Estigmene lactinea , Arctiidae, Lepidoptera Symptom of damage: Defoliation. Nature of damage: Larva feeds on the leaves. Egg: Eggs are laid on the plants. Larva: Thick with black head and hairs all over the body. Pupa: Pupates in soil. Adult: Large white moth with crimson markings on head, body and wings.'"
90,44,'Symptom of damage: Shot holes in the leaves of young plants. Nature of damage: Adult bites and makes holes in the leaves of young plants and affects their vigour both in the nursery and in the young transplanted crop. Adult: Dark blue beetle with enlarged hind femur.'
91,45,"'6. Wingless grasshopper , Neorthacris simulans , Acrididae, Orthoptera Symptom of damage:  Defoliation. Nature of damage: Nymph and adult defoliate the crop. Adult: Greenish brown colour with a red stripe on the sides; without wings.'"
92,46,"'8. Aphid, Hysteroneura setariae , Aphididae, Hemiptera Symptom of damage:  Presence of colonies of aphids on leaves and ears. Nature of damage: Nymph and adult suck the sap. Adult: Brown coloured aphids.'"
93,232,"'5. Ripening -Ripening before processing may be required for certain fruits such as avocado, banana, kiwifruit, mango, nectarine, papaya, peach, pear, plum, melons, etc. that are picked immature. Ethylene treatment can be used to obtain faster and more uniform ripening. The optimum temperature range for ripening is 15-25 C and'"
94,50,"'4. Phadka grasshopper , Hieroglyphus nigrorepletus , Acrididae, Orthoptera Symptom of damage: Leaves defoliated from the margin; plants often bared. Nature of damage: Nymph and adult feed on the leaves and shoots. Egg: Gravid female trails its abdomen on the ground searching for a soft moist spot. It drills a hole with its ovipositor, inserts the abdomen with ovipositor, secretes a fluid and lays the eggs one by one. The fluid hardens into a capsule or egg-pod containing 30-40 eggs. Nymph and Adult: Have green and brown forms, the brown being the most common form. Both have a conspicuous irregular black dorsal pronotal stripe. Adults mostly brachypterous.'"
95,51,"'5. Stem borer, Chilo partellus, Crambidae, Lepidoptera 6. Pink stem borer, Sesamia inferens , Noctuidae, Lepidoptera 7. Webworm, Cryptoblabes gnidiella , Pyraustidae, Lepidoptera 8. Cutworm, Mythimna separata , Noctuidae, Lepidoptera 9. Cutworm, Spodoptera exigua , Notuidae, Lepidoptera 10. Ash weevil, Myllocerus spp., Curculionidae, Coleoptera 11. Leaf hopper , Pyrilla perpusilla , Lophopidae, Hemiptera 12. Aphid , Rhopalosiphum maidis , Aphididae, Hemiptera 13. Shoot bug , Peregrinus maidis , Delphacidae, Hemiptera'"
96,52,"'1. Shoot fly, Atherigona approximata , Muscidae, Diptera Symptom of damage: Dead hearts in young plants; corkscrew or chaffy grains in the upper portion and well-developed grains in the lower portion of earhead in mature crop. Nature of damage: Maggot damages the growing point and causes ‘dead heart’. It injures the leaf blades as well as the young shoots and tillers. It also infests the peduncle of earhead at the time of emergence from boot-leaf, preventing seed setting at advanced stage of crop growth. Egg: Eggs are laid on the shoots near the soil surface. Maggot: White cylindrical maggots. Pupa: Puparium brown colour, pupates inside the stem. S Adult: Greyish white fly.'"
97,53,"'2. Earhead midge, Geromyia penniseti , Cecidomyiidae, Diptera Symptom of damage: Grainless glumes with white pupal case attached to the tip of the spikelet. Nature of damage: Maggot attacks developing grains and feed on the ovaries. As a result of their feeding grain formation is affected and in case of heavy infestation entire head appear to be aborted. Egg: Eggs are laid singly or in pairs in spikelets and may be found sticking to glumes. Maggot: White cylindrical maggots. Pupa: Puparium brown colour pupates inside the spikelet. Adult: Light pink, fragile fly.'"
98,54,"'3. Leaf beetle, Lema downsei , Galerucidae, Coleoptera Symptom of damage: Whitening and drying of leaves leading to burnt up appearance. Nature of damage: Grub and adult scrape the green matter of leaves in rainfed crop causing whitening and ultimate drying. Egg: Eggs laid singly on the leaf tissue. Grub: Whitish with a black head, swollen humped body and has the habit of carrying its faecal matter dorsally. Pupa: Pupation takes place inside the soil. Adult: Straw coloured beetle.'"
99,61,"'3. Gram blue butterfly , Euchrysops (Catochrysops) cnejus , Lycaenidae, Lepidoptera Symptom of damage: Presence of regular, big, circular borehole on the flowers and pods. Presence of flat slug like green coloured larva on affected flowers or young pods. Black ants hovering around the plants. Nature of damage: Larva bores into the buds, flowers and green pods and feeds inside the developing grains. Egg: Laid on flower buds, green pods, shoots and leaves. Larva: Flat, slug like, green or yellowish green, red coloured mid stripe and few hairs. Pupa: Pupates in soil or on the plants Adult: Blue coloured butterfly having five black spots on the dorsal surface of the hind wing and two black spots on the ventral surface.'"
100,62,"'4. Plume moth , Exelastis atomosa , Pterophoridae, Lepidoptera Symptom of damage: Pods are scrapped in the early stages, later boreholes seen on the pods and seeds eaten away. Nature of damage: Young larvae bore into the unopened flower buds for consuming the developing anthers. Grown up larvae first scrap the surface of the pods and then bore into pods. The larvae never enter the pod completely. Egg: Minute eggs laid singly on young pods, flower buds or tender leaves. Larva: Full-grown caterpillar is 1.3 cm in length, greenish–brown in colour and fringed with hairs and spines. Pupa: Pupates on the pod surface or in the entrance hole itself. Pupa looks like larva. Adult: It is lightly built and light brown in colour, wings deeply fissured, the forewings longitudinally cleft into two plumes and hind wings into three plumes. Forewings are extremely elongate. Legs are long and slender. Abdomen is dark-brown in colour.'"
101,63,"'5. Spotted pod borer, Maruca testulalis , Pyraustidae, Lepidoptera Symptom of damage: Presence of semi-solid excreta at the junction of the borehole. Young shoot with dried tip, large scale dropping of flowers. Larva present inside the webbing of leaves, flowers and young pods, faecal material accumulates outside the borehole. Nature of damage: It feeds on the seeds by boring into the pods. Egg: Laid on or near the flower buds. Larva: Light green with brown head and four pairs of black warts present on the dorsal surface of each segment, which form four black longitudinal lines on the body with short dark hairs. Pupa: Pupates inside the affected pods or leaf fold in a thin silken cocoon. Pupa is yellow with greenish body. Adult: Dark brown with a white cross band in the middle of the forewings and the hind wings are white with a darker border.'"
102,75,"'4. Green leafhopper , Empoasca kerri , Empoasca binotata, Cicadellidae, Hemiptera Symptom of damage: Affected leaves turn pale and then rust-red. They curl downwards; in severe cases, show 'hopper burn' symptom, dry and fall to the ground. Nature of damage: Nymphs and adults suck the sap and inject toxins. Egg: Yellow, laid on the underside of the leaf, embedding them into the leaf veins. Nymph: Wedge-shaped, very active, suck cell sap from underside of the leaves Adult: 3 mm long, greenish yellow during the summer acquiring a reddish tinge in the winter. Adults move briskly, forward and laterally and jump or fly away at slight disturbance and attracted to light at night.'"
103,80,"'9. Lab-lab leaf miner, Cyphosticha coerula , Gracillariidae, Lepidoptera Symptom of damage: Leaves with large irregular papery mines on the dorsal surface. Larva: Orange coloured caterpillar. SUBTERRANEAN PEST 10. Termites/ White ants, Odonototermes sp., Termitidae, Isoptera Symptom of damage: They live underground, but make small earthen mounds or earthen passages that are visible above the ground. On opening a portion of an earthen passage, greyish white and wingless insects are seen moving towards or away from the centre of their nest, where the queen of the colony resides. Nature of damage: Termites generally damage the crop soon after germination and in subsequent growth stages. The damaged plants dry up completely and are easily pulled out.'"
104,64,"'6. Spiny pod borer, Etiella zincknella , Phycitidae, Lepidoptera Symptom of damage: Entrance hole in the green pod disappears and leaves little evidence that the pod is infested. In pods, the larva devours many seeds. The pod always contains a mass of frass and held together by a loosely spun web. Nature of damage: Young larva bores into floral parts, making rough and irregular incision. Egg: Laid singly or in small groups on immature pods either along the midrib or on the calyx. Freshly laid eggs are glistening white and adhere securely to whatever they touch. Larva: Dorsal surface of mature larva is reddish pink, while the pleural and ventral surfaces of the body are pale-green or creamy-white. Pupa: Light green in colour changes to light brown or amber. Pupates in the ground at a depth of 2 to 4 cm. Adult: Greyish brown moth, distinct pale-white band along the costal margin of the forewings, hind wings are semi-transparent with a dark marginal line. Orange coloured prothorax.'"
105,65,"'7. Field bean pod borer , Adisura atkinsoni , Noctuidae, Lepidoptera Symptom of damage: Affected pods and flowers have irregular bore holes. Nature of damage: Young larva bores into floral parts and pods and feeds on it. Egg: Small, spherical, laid singly on tender pods or buds. Larva: Robust, green, resemble gram pod borer except for the presence of dark brown lateral stripe on each side and the humped segment. Pupa: Pupates in soil or on flower spikes Adult: Yellowish has light brownish forewings with V-shaped specks and pale brown markings on hind wings.'"
106,66,"'8. Redgram podfly/ ‘Tur’ podfly , Melanagromyza obtusa , Agromyzidae, Diptera Symptom of damage: Shriveled pods and seeds. Damaged seeds become unfit for consumption and also do not germinate. However, the attack of the fly remains unnoticed by the farmers due to the concealed mode of life of this insect within the pods. Nature of damage: Young maggot attaches itself on the immature seed inside the pod. In the beginning it feeds on the surface and thereafter mines into seeds and makes galleries just under the seeds epidermis, causing a ring like track. (One seed is enough for the development of a maggot. It never leaves the pod in which it enters once and completes its maggot stage) Egg: Freshly laid eggs are white, broad and round at its posterior end which is embedded in the tissues of the pod and narrowed anteriorly into a somewhat elongated egg sheath. Maggot: Freshly hatched maggot is white with dark-brown mouth hook. Full-grown maggot is cylindrical in shape and is narrower at the head end, which bears black mouthparts. It is creamy white but acquires a yellowish tinge just before pupation.'"
107,79,"'Nature of damage: Larva folds the leaf and remains inside the fold and defoliates it. Larva: Green coloured. Pupa: Green coloured, obtect type. Adult: Yellowish brown moth with an oblique black line on the wings.'"
108,188,"'4. Cigarette beetle, Lasioderma sericorne , Anobiidae, Coleoptera Host range: Wheat flour, cereal bran, peanuts, cocoa beans, cottonseed, spices and even insecticides containing pyrethrum, meat and fishmeal, ginger, turmeric and chillies. Symptom of damage: Circular, pinhead sized bore holes on processed tobacco. Nature of damage: Grub causes the damage. Grub: White, fleshy and hairy grub. Adult: Small, robust, oval, light brown round beetle with its thorax and head bent downward; gives the insect a humped appearance. Elytra have minute hairs on them and are not striated. Total life cycle is 30-50 days. Six generations in a year.'"
109,97,"'15. Thrips ¸Frankliniella schultzei , Thripidae, Thysanoptera Symptom of damage: Young/ terminal leaves showing white scars, transmit bud necrosis. Nature of damage:  Nymphs and adults suck the sap from tender shoots. Nymph and Adult: Yellowish nymph and black adult'"
110,68,"'9. Stem fly, Ophiomyia phaseoli, Agromyzidae, Diptera Symptom of damage: Drooping of the tender leaves and yellowing characterize serious damage of young plants. The sites where maggot and pupae are present become swollen and start rotting. Older plants show stunting but are not usually killed. Nature of damage: Maggot is the damaging stage. It mines sub-epidermally through the leaves. Plants are most seriously affected at the seedling stage, where stem is tunneled. Egg: Eggs are laid inserted under the epidermis on the under surface of the leaves. Eggs are elongate, oval and white in colour with a smooth and transparent surface. Maggot: Light yellow-coloured maggot moves in the leaf and then bores deeper into the stem. It travels downwards in the young plants. In older plants, the maggots do not move much. It cuts an exit hole in the stem for the adult before pupation. Pupa: Pupation takes place in the underground portion in the young plants, whereas in the older plants, it is usually in the main stem or branches. Adult: Light brown when freshly emerged, but fully developed adult is metallic-bluish or greenish-black in colour with light brown eyes. Wings are transparent. Female is slightly bigger than the male.'"
111,69,"'FLOWER FEEDER 10.Blister beetle, Mylabris pustulata, Meloidae, Coleoptera Symptom of damage: Presence of blister beetles on the flowers. The adult beetles feed on flowers, leaves and tender panicles, thus preventing grain formation. Nature of damage: These beetles are diurnal and general feeders. Egg: Eggs laid on the ground or in the soil. Larva: First stage larva is ‘triungulins’ (long-legged) and actively searches for the host. They moult to become eruciform or caraboid. (Hypermetamorphosis) Pupa: Pupates in the soil. Adult: Medium sized, 12.5-25.0 mm long. Conspicuous in appearance and are moderately robustly built. Beetles are bright metallic blue, green, black and yellow or brown in colour.'"
112,70,"'11. Flower webber, Eublemma hemirrhoda, Eublemma silicula , Nocutidae, Lepidoptera Symptom of damage: Webbing of flowers. Nature of damage: Larva webs the flowers on the inflorescence in greengram, blackgram and cowpea, and feeds on them. Larva: Green with a black head and long white hairs on the body. Pupa: Brown coloured, obtect type. Adult: Moth has forewings with yellow and purple patches and white hind wings.'"
113,71,'LABLAB AND COWPEA'
114,81,"'OTHER PESTS 11. Leafhopper , Empoasca kerri, E. binotata, Cicadellidae, Hemiptera 12. Redgram scale , Ceroplastodes cajani , Coccidae, Hemiptera 13. Redgram leaf roller , Caloptilia soyella , Gracillaridae, Lepidoptera 14. Leaf eating caterpillar , Azazia rubricans , Noctuidae, Lepidoptera 15. Sphingid caterpillar , Acherontia styx, Sphingidae, Lepidoptera 16. Leaf cutter bee , Megachile antracena , Megachilidae, Hymenoptera'"
115,319,'y Transplanting of brinjal may be completed by April end and cypermethrin @ 1ml per litre may be applied at flowering for management of brinjal fruit & shoot borer y For the management of management of Phomopsis blight apply COC @ 3g/ L or Ridomil @ 2.5 g/ L'
116,72,"'1. Bean aphid, Aphis craccivora , Aphididae, Hemiptera Symptom of damage: Presence of aphid colonies on the leaves, terminal shoots and pods. In severe cases, the plants wither and vigour reduced. Nature of damage: Colonies of nymphs and adults found on leaves, terminal shoots and pods and such the plant sap. Vector of stunt disease in chickpea, rosette of groundnut. Serious pest when the rainfall is low. Nymph: Newly laid nymph is translucent with reddish brown compound eyes. After a couple of minutes changes to light yellow. After about 30 minutes, the nymph starts moving and in an hour starts feeding. Adult: Apterous females are shiny, dark brown or black. Alate forms are greenish black with transparent wings.'"
117,73,"'2. Thrips, Ayyaria chaetophora , Thripidae, Thysanoptera Symptom of damage: Leaves mottled with characteristic silvering on lablab, green gram, black gram and cowpea. Nature of damage: Nymphs and adults suck the plant sap. Adult: Tiny yellow fringe winged adults.'"
118,74,"'3. Whitefly , Bemisia tabaci , Aleyrodidae, Hemiptera Symptom of damage: Yellowing of leaves, plant vitality reduced, development of sooty mould, plant dies in case of severe attack. Nature of damage:  Nymphs and adults suck the plant sap and also transmits yellow mosaic virus (YMV). Egg: Stalked, sub-elliptical, light yellow at first, and turning brown later on. Eggs laid singly on adaxial (lower) side of leaves. Nymph: Elliptical on emergence, soon they fix their mouthparts into the plant tissues and feed on the cell sap. Greenish yellow, oval on undersurface of leaves. Adult:  Small with yellow body covered with white waxy bloom.'"
119,189,"'5. Drug store beetle, Stegobium paniceum , Anobiidae, Coleoptera Host range: Turmeric, coriander, ginger, dry vegetable and animal matter. Symptom of damage: Circular pin-head sized bore hole. Nature of damage: Grub causes the damage. Grub : Similar to cigarette beetle but not hairy. Adult: Reddish brown round beetle with striated elytra and clubbed antenna.'"
120,190,"'6. Pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis, C. maculatus , Bruchidae, Coleoptera Host range: All whole pulses, beans and grams. Life history: 80-100 E 5 d G 4 30-50 d A 4 d P Symptom of damage: Grains with white cigar like eggs on seed coat and circular exit hole. Nature of damage: Grubs eat up the grain kernel and make a cavity. Adults come out making exit holes.'"
121,233,"'6 within this range, the higher the temperature the faster the ripening. Relative humidity should be maintained between 90 and 95% during ripening. It is essentially a plant growth regulator with systemic properties. It penetrates into the tissues and is trans located. It decomposes into ethylene which is the active metabolite.'"
122,76,"'5. Pod bug, Riptortus pedestris, Clavigrella horrens, Clavigrella gibbosa, Anoplocnemis phasiana, Coreidae, Hemiptera Symptom of damage: Nymphs and adults cause substantial damage to pods and also to stem, leaves and flower buds. Attacked pods show pale-yellow patches. When the attack is heavy, the pods shrivel up. The grains in the attacked pods remain shriveled and extremely small. Nature of damage: Both the nymphs and adults cause damage by sucking juice. The pest assumes serious proportions on the pods before the maturity of the crop. Egg: Freshly laid eggs are flat dorsally and round in shape dull white brown in colour. Eggs are laid in cluster of 3–15. Nymph: Newly hatched nymphs are reddish in colour and in the latter instars it changes to greenish-brown. Adult: R. pedestris: Slender elongated, dark brown coloured bug with two black bands on ventral side of the abdomen. C. horrens: Robust, greyish brown in colour with spines at the anterior margin of the prothorax. C. gibbosa : Greenish-brown in colour, 2 cm in length, with spines on either side of the middle of the prothorax. Female bug is bigger and has a round and swollen abdomen in comparison with a narrow and pointed abdomen of the male. A. phasiana : Biggest of all the bugs with swollen curved hind legs.'"
123,77,"'6. Lablab bug/ Stink bug, Coptosoma cribraria , Coremelanidae, Hemiptera Symptom of damage: Bugs cluster on the plant parts. Nature of damage: Nymphs and adults infest tender shoots and pods of lab-lab, redgram, cowpea, greengram and blackgram. Adult: Small, sub-globular, greenish brown stink bug with characteristic buggy odour.'"
124,78,"'LEAF FEEDER 7. Leaf webber , Eucosma critica, Eucosmidae, Lepidoptera Symptom of damage: During vegetative stage of the crop, the caterpillar damages leaves by webbing, while at the floral stages of the crop they enter the buds, flowers and pods and feed on the immature seeds. Nature of damage: Young larva gets itself concealed into the frass produced during the course of scratching. The grown-up larva then draws the two leaves together and spins a thread between them, in which it passes later instar and also pupates. Egg: Oval, creamy white in colour, laid singly in leaves, petioles or stem. Larva: Young larvae are pale-yellow in colour, moderately stout, smooth, except for a few short scattered hairs. It hibernates in larval form. Pupa: Yellowish in colour, gradually turn to light-brown and finally to dark brown. Pupates in thin papery white silken cocoon. Adult: Dusky brown with forewings having four black dots and a silvery transparent mark'"
125,191,"'Egg: Laid singly, glued to the surface of the pod (in fields) or on grains (in stores). Fresh eggs are translucent, orange cream in colour, changing to greyish white with age. Grub : Fleshy, curved, creamy white in colour with black mouth parts. Pupa: Pupation takes place in a pupal cell prepared beneath the seed coat. Adult: Brownish grey beetle with characteristic elevated ivory like spots near the middle of the dorsal side. It is small, short, active with long conspicuous serrate antenna. Elytra do not cover the abdomen completely, which is called as pygidium. Pygidium is black with a central longitudinal white streak. Adults are short lived, it is harmless and do not feed on storage produce at all.'"
126,192,"'7. Tamarind beetle, Pachymeres gonagra , Bruchidae, Coleoptera Symptom of damage: Circular holes on fruits of tamarind both in tree and storage. Nature of damage: Grub causes the damage. Adult: Small grey coloured beetle.'"
127,1465,"'Tea may contain „natural flavours‟ and „natural flavouring substances‟ which are flavour preparations and single substance respectively, acceptable for human consumption, obtained exclusively by physical processes from materials of plant origin either in their natural state or after processing for human consumption in packaged tea only. Tea containing added flavour shall bear proper label declaration. Tea used in the manufacture of flavoured tea shall conform to the standards of tea. The flavoured tea manufacturers shall register themselves with the Tea Board before marketing flavoured tea. The product shall conform to the following requirements expressed on basis of material oven-dried at 103±2 o C. The specifications for tea are furnished in Table 28.1.'"
128,85,"'1. Red hairy caterpillar, Amsacta albistriga , Arctiidae, Lepidoptera Symptom of damage:  Defoliation Nature of damage:  All the leaves are eaten away by the larvae leaving the main stem alone. Larvae are voracious feeders. During severe attack, the caterpillars move in groups destroying field after field. Egg:  Light yellow spherical eggs are laid in clusters on the undersurface of the leaves. Larva: Hairy caterpillar reddish brown with black band on either end having long reddish brown hairs all over the body. Pupa: Reddish brown and elongate remains under soil for 9-10 months. Adults emerge after receiving the first monsoon showers. Adult: Forewing white with brownish streak all over and yellowish streak along the anterior margin and head; hindwings white with black markings.'"
129,86,"'2.Leaf miner/ Surul poochi/ soybean leaf miner , Aproaerema modicella , Gelechiidae, Lepidoptera Symptom of damage:  Brown blotches in midrib; terminal leaflets with white patches; webbed together, distorted and finally get dried up. Nature of damage:  Minute larvae wander briefly and they mine into the leaves and eat the green matter of the leaves. Later they web several leaves together and feed inside the enclosed space thus formed. Egg:  Laid on the leaves and shoots. Larva: Small, green in colour with dark head and prothorax. Pupa: Reddish brown. Pupa is formed inside the mines. Adult: Dark brown moth with a white spot on the costal margin of each forewing.'"
130,87,"'3. Tobacco caterpillar , Spodoptera litura, Noctuidae, Lepidoptera Symptom of damage: Skeletonization, defoliation. Nature of damage: Early instar larva remain gregarious and cause skeletonization. Later instar cause defoliation. Egg: Yellow in colour, laid in mass and covered with hairs. Larva: Pale greenish with dark markings; gregarious in the early stages. Pupa: Brown colour, obtect pupa. Adult: Moth with wavy white markings on a brown forewing. Hindwings white with a brown patch along the margin.'"
131,161,"'RODENT CONTROL : The following methods can be adopted for rodent control. I. NON-CHEMICAL 1. Physical methods a. Rat proofing : While constructing new godowns, care should be taken to construct them rat proof. The characteristics of an ideal godown are as follows: Godowns should be away from habituation. Should be on high plinth. Water accumulation in the nearby places should be avoided. Pucca masonry cement concrete structures are preferable. No tree or branches of the tree should hang over the godowns roof. All windows ventilators, gutters, drains should be fitted with 24 gauge ¼” (0.6 cm) expanded metal mesh. Manholes should be properly covered. Doors must be closely fitted. Clearance between doors and floors, should not exceed ¼ “ (0.6 cm). Must have 3’ (90 cms) deep pucca foundations. Doors should be equipped with 9” (25 cms) metal sheet lining at the bottom. Platform stairs in front of godowns should not be allowed overnight. Platform should have 12” (30.5 cm) projection in an inversed L shaped manner. All the walls and floors should be plastered smooth with cement. Any rat hole observed must be closed with cement. If the hole is big enough, it should be filled with glass pieces. Automatic door closers help in banning rat entry. Regular inspection and sanitation of godowns is a must for effective rat control.'"
132,400,'y The transplanting should be completed between last week of May to 2 nd week of June when the rice seedling is 28-30 days old. Any delay in transplanting beyond this date results in a significant yield decline.'
133,401,"'y Important maize varieties are Shalimar Maize Composite-4, Shalimar Maize Hybrid-2, Shalimar Maize Composite-7, Vivek-45, PusaVIvek QPM-9, Vivek - 53, DMRH-1530 & DMRH-1305 are recommended for areas below an altitude of 1850 meters above mean sea level (amsl).'"
134,402,"'y Shalimar KG Maize-1 , Shalimar KG Maize-2, Shalimar Maize Composite-3, Shalimar Maize Hybrid-1, and Shalimar Maize Composite-6 are recommended varieties for higher belts above an altitude of 1850 meters amsl.'"
135,89,"'6. White grub , Holotrichia spp., Melolonthidae, Coleoptera Symptom of damage: Wilting of plants in patches. Wilted plants do not have taproot and rootlets. Nature of damage: Both the grubs and adults do the damage. The grubs feed on the root and rootlets. Adult beetles feed on the foliage and are capable of defoliating plants and even trees like neem, banyan. Feeding is carried out during the night. Egg: Laid in loose moist sandy or sandy-loam soil on the onset of monsoon. Grub: White coloured. Pupa: Exarate pupa. Adult: Large-sized, copper coloured, nocturnal beetles. Adults remain at a depth of 10- 20 cm and come out during the night for feeding. Diapause occurs from November to June.'"
136,90,"'7. Termite, Odontotermes obesus , Termitidae, Isoptera Symptom of damage:  Wilting of plants in patches. Taproots of wilted plants penetrated; bore holes in pods. Damage to soft tissue in pod (scarification) leaving thicker portion intact. Termites found hovering in and around plants. Nature of damage: Adults feed on the taproots and pods. Adult: Cream coloured tiny insects resembling ants with dark coloured head.'"
137,91,"'8. Pod borer (Earwig), Euboriella (= Anisolabis) stali , Forficulidae, Dermaptera Symptom of damage: Young pods showing bore holes plugged with excreta, sand particles or discoloured pulps; pods without kernels. Nymph: Nymph white in early stages and later turn brown. Adult: Dark brown to black with forceps like caudal cerci and white leg joints.'"
138,193,"'8. Khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium , Dermestidae, Coleoptera Host range: Wheat, maize, jowar, rice, pulses, oil seeds and their cakes. Life history: 80-125 E 4-10 d G 14 d 24-40 d Total life cycle : 25 d Generations/year : 12 A 5-8 d P Symptom of damage: Stored grains reduced to frass, seed coat chewed up in an irregular manner on all cereals. Nature of damage: Adults are harmless. Grub damages the grain starting with germ portion, surface scratching and devouring the grain. It reduces the grain into frass. Excessive moulting results in loss of market value due to insanitation caused by the cast skin, frass and hair. Crowding of larvae leads to unhygienic conditions in warehouses. Damage is confined to peripheral layers of bags in bulk storage. Egg: Eggs are laid on the grains or crevices. Grub: Grub is straw coloured and hair with dark brown hairy bands on each segment and typical posterior tuft forming a tail of long hairs. It is active, move and feed freely. Pupa: Pupation takes place on the surface of the grain in bulk and overlapping edges of bags. Adult: Reddish brown, convex, oval in shape with practically no distinct division of head, thorax and abdomen. Abdomen size is comparatively larger.'"
139,194,"'9. Angoumois grain moth or Grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella , Gelechiidae, Lepidoptera Host range: Paddy, maize, jowar, barley and wheat (rarely). It is not capable of attacking milled rice or other cereal products. Life history: 100 E       4-30 d L 4 24 d Total life cycle : 32 d A 7 d P Generations/ year : 3-4 Symptom of damage: Grains with circular emergence hole with characteristic flap/trap door'"
140,1466,'Table 28.1 Specific requirements of Tea by FSSAI Parameters Requirements Total ash (w/w) Min. 4.0% and Max. 8.0% Water soluble ash Min. 45% of total ash Alkalinity of water soluble ash expressed as KOH (w/w) Min. 1.0% and Max. 3.0%'
141,234,"'Normal atmospheric air contains about 78.08% of nitrogen (N2), 21% of oxygen (O2), 0.04% of carbon dioxide (CO2) and remaining other gases. A reduction in the concentration of O2 and/or an increase in CO2 concentration of the storage atmosphere surrounding fresh fruits and vegetables reduce the rate of respiration and also inhibits microbial and insect growth. The terms “controlled atmosphere” (CA) and “modified atmosphere” (MA) mean that the atmospheric composition surrounding a perishable product is different from that of normal air.  Both CA and MA commonly involve manipulation of CO2, O2 and N2 levels. The principle of CA or MA involves the complete or partial removal of air from the storage are and its replacement with a single gas or mixture of gases by either passive or active methods. Passive modification is a slow process. It requires reactions between the fruit or vegetable and its surrounding gases to take place, and the package to play the role of a regulator. On the contrary, active modification is faster and can be achieved by gas flushing, vacuum application or by using gas scavengers / emitters. Passive MA relies on the selective permeability of the packaging materials to different gases and on product respiration and is traditionally used with fresh and minimally processed fruits and vegetables. Gas-flush MA involves the establishment of a specific gas composition within the package in a single stage during the packaging operation, by flushing with the selected gas mixture before sealing. Depending on the desired residual O2, a vacuum operation may be needed prior to gas flushing. The gas mixture used is dependent on the type of fruit or vegetable. MA differs from CA only in how precisely gas partial pressures are controlled; CA is more precise than MA. When combined with chilling, CA or MA are increasingly important methods of maintaining high quality in processed foods during an extended shelf life.'"
142,92,"'Nature of damage: Nymphs and adults suck oil from the kernels of mature pods especially after harvest making them unfit for use.  Bug hides within  rubbish heaps of semi-dry leaves. Nymph: Pinkish in colour. Adult: Dark brown bugs. 10. Millipede , Spirostreptus sp., Spriostreptidae, Spirostreptidae Symptom of damage: Empty pods with hole. Nature of damage: Young one and adult bores into soil attack developing pods and eaten away internal kernel.'"
143,93,"'SAP FEEDERS 11. Aphids, Aphis craccivora, Aphididae, Hemiptera Symptom of damage: Wilting of tender shoots during hot weather. Leaves mottled with chlorotic or dark green spots and plants stunted. Nature of damage: Nymphs and adults suck the sap from tender shoots. Vector of groundnut rosette. In cowpea and blackgram it can transmit yellow mosaic. Nymph and Adult:  Reddish to dark brown coloured aphids.'"
144,94,"'12. Leafhopper , Empoasca kerri , Cicadellidae, Hemiptera Symptom of damage: Tip yellowing in leaves in the form of ‘V’ shape later turn brown, dry and brittle, called ‘hopper burn’. Also cause distortion and whitening of veins, leaf curling and plants stunted. Nature of damage: Nymphs and adults suck the sap from leaves and thus reducing plant vitality and yield. Attack the crop upto one month. Egg: Eggs are inserted in the leaf tissue (vein). Nymph and Adult: Elongate, active wedge shaped green insects found on the under surface of leaves.'"
145,195,"'Nature of damage: Only larvae damage grains, adults being harmless. Grains are hollowed out. It attacks both in fields and stores. In stored bulk grain, infestation remains confined to upper 30 cms depth only. Caterpillar enters the grain through crack or abrasion on grain. It feeds inside and remains in a single grain only. Egg: White eggs on the surface of damp grains in stores or fields, which soon become red. Larva : White with yellow head. Pupa: Pupates in cocoon inside the grain. Adult: Dirty yellowish brown with narrow pointed wings completely folded over back in a sloping manner.'"
146,219,"'3 The shape of fruit can change during maturation and can be used as a characteristic to determine harvest maturity. For instance, a banana becomes more rounded in cross-sections and less angular as it develops on the plant. Mangoes also change shape during maturation. As the mango matures on the tree the relationship between the shoulders of the fruit and the point at which the stalk is attached may change. The shoulders of immature mangoes slope away from the fruit stalk; however, on more mature mangoes the shoulders become level with the point of attachment, and with even more maturity the shoulders may be raised above this point.'"
147,1467,"'It is derived exclusively from leaves, buds and stems of plants of the Camellia sinensis grown in Kangra and Mandi valleys of Himachal Pradesh. Tea for domestic market may contain added vanillin flavour up to a maximum extent of 0.5% by weight and other flavours as depicted in Table 28.2.'"
148,98,"'caterpillar, Antigastra catalaunalis , Pyraustidae, Lepidoptera Symptom of damage:  Top leaves rolled and webbed together and damaged in vegetative phase; flowers and young capsules bored at reproductive phase. Nature of damage: Larvae start attack from 15 th day of sowing. In 1 st instar stage, acts as leaf miner , in later stage, comes out of the mine and acts as webber by webbing the top leaves or tip of shoot, by remaining within epidermis results in drying of webbed portion. When the flowers are formed, it bores into flowers and feeds on reproductive parts. When capsule formed, it acts as capsule borer . By suitably adjusting its feeding habit, it attacks throughout the crop period. Pest is active during rainy season. Egg: Eggs are oblong, shinning pale green, laid singly on the tender leaves or flowers at night. Larva:  Dirty white with dark prominent head. Grown up larva are greenish white in colour with black warts and fine hairs all over the body. Hibernates as caterpillar within pods. Pupa: Pupates in silken cocoon under fallen leaves or in soil crevices. Pupa is slender, greenish brown in colour. Adult: Forewings are reddish-yellow colour with zigzig indistinct reddish decorative markings on them; hindwings are pale yellow and rather transparent.'"
149,99,"'2. Gall fly , Asphondylia sesami , Cecidomyiidae, Diptera Symptom of damage:  Gall formation. Nature of damage: Maggots feed on floral parts and cause malformation like galls (tumors) on the buds, which fail to develop. Egg: Eggs laid singly on buds, flowers and capsules. Maggot: White, found inside the flowers. Pupa: Pupation occurs inside the galls. Adult: Minute sized flies with bright coloured wings bearing superficial resemblance to mosquitoes.'"
150,100,"'3. Sphinx, Death’s head moth, hawk moth , Acherontia styx , Sphingidae, Lepidoptera Symptom of damage: Defoliation. Nature of damage: Massive larva is voracious feeder on leaves defoliating the whole plant. Egg: Large yellowish eggs are laid singly on leaves. Larva:  Stout, sturdy and greenish with dark green or yellow oblique lines on its sides also decorated with pleasant mixture of soft colours; measures 90-100 mm long and 12- 15 mm broad and bears a curved caudal horn. Pupa:  Pupates in soil. Adult: Large, robust, greyish brown insect, which is an active flier. Forewings have dark-brown and grey patterns with dark wavy markings and a prominent yellow spot'"
151,196,"'10. Potato tuber moth, Pthorimaea operculella , Gelechiidae, Lepidoptera Host range: Potato. Life history:  100-150 E 3-4 d L 14-21 d A 7-10 d P Symptom of damage: Mine leaves and drooping of twigs of the plants in the field. Black excreta peeping out near the eye buds as a result of tunneling by caterpillars. Rotting and foul-smelling tubers due to bacterial infection caused by caterpillar injuries are the common in the godowns. Nature of damage: In the field, the larvae mine into leaves or bore into tender shoots and developing tubers. It is carried over to the storage rooms. Egg: Eggs are laid singly on the undersurface of leaves or on exposed tubers. Larva: Yellowish caterpillar with a brown head. Pupa: When full grown pupates in a silken cocoon  among trash, clods of earth, etc. on the ground or o seams of bags and in crevices in the floor or on walls. Adult: Small dark brown moth.'"
152,911,"'y To maintain productivity and improve immune status of animals, farmers are suggested for regular supplementation of mineral - 60g/ day in adult dairy animals and 20-30g in small ruminants.'"
153,962,'y Treat the seed with captan/thiram/carbendazim/mancozeb @ 2.5 g/ kg and imidacloprid 600 FS @ 5 ml or thiamethoxam 70 WS @ 5 g/ kg 24-48 hours before sowing. Later treat the seed with Rhizobium culture @ 20 g/kg one hour before sowing.'
154,101,"'on each wing while the hindwings are ochre background with black border and few black spots, two dark brown wavy broad cross strips. Wingspan is about 10 cm. The thorax bears a prominent Death’s head mark. Abdomen is ochracious in general hue with dark-brown cross bands. 4. Leaf hopper, Orosius albicinctus , Cicadellidae, Hemiptera Symptom of damage: Phyllody. Nature of damage:  Vector of sesamum phyllody. Adult:  Light brown coloured hoppers.'"
155,102,"'5. Aphid, Aphis gossypii , Aphididae, Hemiptera 6. Stink bugs , Eusarcocoris ventralis , Pentatomidae, Hemiptera 7. Stink bugs , Nezara viridula , Pentatomidae, Hemiptera 8. Stink bugs , Dolycoris indicus, Pentatomidae, Hemiptera 9. Lygaeid bug , Aphanus sordidus , Lygaeidae, Hemiptera 10. Lygaeid bug , Nysius inconspicuous, Lygaeidae, Hemiptera'"
156,103,"'5. Ash weevil , Myllocerus spp., Curculionidae, Coleoptera 6. Stink bug, Nezara viridula , Pentatomidae, Hemiptera 7. Stink bug, Dolycoris inidcus , Pentatomidae, Hemiptera 8. Peach leaf curl aphid , Brachycaudus helichrysi , Aphididae, Hemiptera 9. Compositae tingid , Cadmilos retiarus , Tingidae, Hemiptera'"
157,104,"'1. Shoot and capsule borer , Conogethes (=Dichocrocis) punctiferalis , Pyraustidae, Lepidoptera Symptom of damage:  Capsules with bore holes, damaged capsules webbed together, peduncle and capsules show galleries made of silk and frass. Nature of damage: In early stage, larvae are present at junction of the petiole feed on petiole and young leaves. They also bore into capsule and peduncle. Egg: Eggs are laid on tender parts of plants. Larva:  Pale greenish with pinkish tinge, black blotches and fine hairs with dark head and prothoracic shield. Pupa: Pupation takes place in cocoons of silk, inside the stem or capsule. Adult: Yellowish with black spots on both pair of wings.'"
158,197,"'SECONDARY PESTS 11. Rust red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum , Tenebrionidae, Coleoptera Confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum , Tenebrionidae, Coleoptera Host range: Broken grains/ mechanically damaged grains, germ portion and milled products. Heavy infestation causes stinking odour in flour, adversely affecting the dough quality. It is an important pest for mill machinery. Life history: 400-500 E 5-12 d G 1-1 ½ years 3-12 weeks Total life cycle : 3-4 weeks A 5-9 d P Symptom of damage:  Presence of grub, adults, moulted skin in the flour, acid odour. Nature of damage: Grubs feed on milled products. Flour beetles are secondary pests of all grains and primary pests of flour and other milled products. In grains, embryo or germ portion is preferred. They construct tunnels as they move through flour and other granular food products. In addition they release gaseous quinines to the medium, which may produce a readily identifiable acid odour in heavy infestations. Egg: White, translucent, sticky, slender and cylindrical.'"
159,108,"'5. Tussock caterpillar, Notolopus (=Orygyia) postica , Lymantriidae, Lepidoptera Symptom of damage:  Defoliation. Nature of damage:  Caterpillars of the moth feed on the leaves. Egg: Eggs are laid in clusters on the leaves and covered over with hairs. Larva:  Caterpillars are gregarious in young stages. Full grown larva possess a brown head, a pair of long pencil of hairs projecting forwardly from the prothorax, yellowish tuft of hairs arising from the lateral side of the first two abdominal segment and long brownish hairs arising from 8 th abdominal segment. Pupa:  Pupation takes place in silken cocoon. Adult:  Small adult with yellowish brown wings. Female moth is wingless. Presence of bipectinate antenna.'"
160,105,"'2. Castor semilooper, Achaea janata , Noctuidae, Lepidoptera Symptom of damage: Defoliation. Nature of damage: First instar larva nibbles on the leaves while the second instar makes holes and late instars eating the leaves completely. Caterpillars destroy leaves, bark and capsules. Moths suck citrus fruit, so called fruit sucking moth, doing great damage to citrus. Egg:  Eggs laid in batches of six on both surfaces of the leaves. Larva: Slender and of varied colour with longitudinal stripes of red and white on the body. Body colour changes to velvety black. It has a pair of reddish anal processes. Caterpillar walks with a semi looping motion. Pupa: Pupates in loosely threaded silken cocoon, on the ground amongst wrapped up leaves. Adult: Adult moths are stout bodied and of a fairly large size. Forewings are pale- reddish brown. Hindwings possess a medially white patch and three large white patches on the outer margin on a black background.'"
161,106,"'3. Semilooper, Parallelia algira , Noctuidae, Lepidoptera Symptom of damage:  Defoliation. Nature of damage: Larva feeding on castor leaves. Egg: Eggs are laid singly on leaves. Larva:  Olive green with numerous longitudinal lines. Pupa: Pupation in soil or in leaf folds. Adult: Forewing with white band, hindwing with a white median band and grey outer margin. 4. Castor slug caterpillar , Latoia (=Parasa) lepida , Cochlidiidae, Lepidoptera Symptom of damage: Defoliation.'"
162,107,"'Nature of damage:  The slug-caterpillars feed on the leaves. When they are young they remain in clusters and feed by scrapping the green matter of the leaves on the underside. Affected leaves may dry. Egg: Eggs are flat and shinning, laid in batches of 20-30 on the lower surface of leaves. Larva:  Young caterpillars remain gregarious on the lower surface of the leaves and scrape the green matter. A caterpillar is fleshy with yellowish-green body bearing a greenish blue stripe it is called blue-striped nettle grub. There are six rows of spiny scoli on the dorsal surface while the ventral body surface is flat. The spines are highly irritating to touch. Pupa: Pupation takes place on the tree trunk in a hard shell-like, elliptical, greyish to chocolate-brown cocoon. Pupal body is flat on the ventral surface and convex dorsally. Adult: Moth is short and stout. Wings are greenish in colour fringed with brown patches along the margins.'"
163,198,"'Grub: Worm like, whitish cream colour, faint stripes, two spines like appendages at the end segment. Pupa: Pupa remains loosely lying in the grain and is naked. Adult: Oblong, flat, brown in colour. In T. confusum , the compound eyes are completely notched and antennae are not gradually thickened whereas in T. castaneum , the notch is not complete and antennae have a clear 3-segmented club.'"
164,199,"'12. Long headed flour beetle, Latheticus oryzae, Tenebrionidae, Coleoptera Host range: Cereal flours, packaged food, rice and rice products, grains with excessive dust, dockage and broken grains with high moisture contents preferred. Life history:  400 E 7-12 d G 15-80 d Total life cycle : 25 d'"
165,403,"'y Maize seed are available at Dryland Agricultural Research Station Budgam, Mountain Research Station Larnoo, SKUAST-K Shalimar campus, all KVKs of SKUAST-K and seed stores of Department of Agriculture, J&K Govt.'"
166,1468,'Table 28.2 Permitted flavors for inclusion in tea by FSSAI Flavours Per cent by weight (Max.) Cardamom 2.8 Ginger 1.0 Bergamot 2.0 Lemon 1.6 Cinnamon 2.0 Mixture of above flavours The level of each individual flavour shall not exceed the quantity specified above'
167,109,"'6. Hairy caterpillar, Euproctis fraterna , Lymantriidae, Lepidoptera Symptom of damage:  Defoliation Nature of damage:  Caterpillars feed on the leaves. Larva:  Full grown larva has red head and dark reddish brown body completely covered with white hairs and a single tuft of hairs in the head and pre-anal segment. Pupa: Pupation takes place inside the plant in a yellowish cocoon. Adult: Medium sized, yellowish colour with pale transverse lines and three black spots on the border of the forewings.'"
168,110,"'7. Hairy caterpillar , Porthesia (=Euproctis) scintillans , Lymantriidae, Lepidoptera Symptom of damage:  Defoliation. Nature of damage:  Caterpillars feeds on the leaves. Larva:  Larva has yellowish brown head with middle red and lateral yellowish stripes on the body. There are tufts of black hairs on the segments between the true legs and prolegs. Pupa:  Pupates in a yellowish silken cocoon. Adult:  Small, yellow moth with reddish tinge and two lighter lines and spots on the border.'"
169,111,"'8. Hairy caterpillar , Dasychira mendosa , Lymantriidae, Lepidoptera Symptom of damage:  Defoliation. Nature of damage: Caterpillars feed on the leaves. Larva: Larva is greyish brown in colour with dark prothoracic and pre-anal tuft of hairs. Tip of prolegs are crimson coloured. Pupa: Pupates in a yellowish silken cocoon. Adult: Bigger, yellowish brown moth with bulged abdomen.'"
170,112,"'9. Castor butterfly, Spiny caterpillar, Ergolis merione , Nymphalidae, Lepidoptera Symptom of damage: Defoliation. Nature of damage:  Caterpillars lie on the upper surface of the leaf. It feeds from margin and cause defoliation. Life stages Egg: Sculptured eggs laid singly on the leaves or in groups of 3-11. Larva:  Green body covered with branched hairs and yellow stripe on dorsal side. Pupa: Brownish chrysalis pupa. Adult:  Brown colour adult with black wavy lines on wings.'"
171,113,"'10. Wooly bear , Pericallia ricini , Arctiidae, Lepidoptera Symptom of damage: Defoliation Nature of damage: Caterpillar feeds on the leaves. Larva : Robust, greyish black or blackish brown larva with red head and thick tuft of hairs are arising from the body. Adult: Greyish brown or black colour and black spots on wings. Hindwings are pink or red colour with black spots.'"
172,320,"'y Sowing of frenchbean using high yielding varieties ( Bush type : Palam Mridula, Falguni, Arka Komal, Solan Naina, Contender, Bahaar Pole type: Luxmi, SVM-1) could be completed by end of April or first week of May using NPK @ 25:65:65 at the time of sowing following seed inoculation with bavistin and Rhizobium culture.'"
173,972,'y Apply Trichoderma viride @ 5 kg/ha and Pseudomonas flouresence @ 5kg/ha in soil after curing with 225 kg FYM and 25 kg Neem cake to manage soil borne diseases and nematode.'
174,114,"'11. Whitefly, Trialeurodes ricini, T. rara , Aleyrodidae, Hemiptera Symptom of damage: Yellowing and development of sooty mould. Nature of damage: Nymphs and adults suck the sap from undersurface of leaves and cause yellowing. They produce honeydew, which in turn favours the sooty mould fungus development. Nymph: Small white wax covered nymphs, remain in large colonies. Adult: Very small bug yellowish in colour with white wings.'"
175,115,"'12. Leafhopper , Empoasca flavescens , Cicadellidae, Hemiptera 13. Thrips, Retithrips syriacus , Thripidae, Thysanoptera 14. Gall fly, Asphondylia ricini , Cecidomyiidae, Diptera 15. Tobacco caterpillar , Spodoptera litura , Noctuidae, Lepidoptera'"
176,116,"'1. Leafhopper / Jassid , Amrasca devastans , Cicadellidae, Hemiptera Symptom of attack: Yellowing of leaves, crinkling, backward curls of leaves, bronzing and hopperburn, plants become stunted . Nature of damage : Nymphs and adults remain between the veins on the undersurface of the leaves and sucks the sap. Egg : Elongate, yellowish eggs are laid singly within the leaf veins in the parenchymatous layer between the vascular  bundles and the epidermis on the upper leaf surface. Nymph : Light green, translucent, wingless and wedge shaped. Adult : Slender green insect, wedge shaped'"
177,126,"'4. Cotton grasshopper , Cyrtacanthacris tatarica (=ranacea) , Acrididae, Orthoptera Symptom of attack: Defoliation. Nature of damage: Nymph and adult defoliate the plant. Nymph: Nymph with broad yellowish stripes on prothorax. Adult: Pale brown, stout elongated grasshopper.'"
178,127,"'Flower weevil, Amorphoidea arcuata , Curculionidae, Coleoptera Tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura , Noctuidae, Lepidoptera Hairy caterpillar , Euproctis fraterna , Lymantriidae, Lepidoptera Surface grasshopper, Catantops pulchellus, Acrididae, Orthoptera Tobacco grasshopper, Atractomorpha crenulata, Acrididae, Orthoptera Wingless grasshopper, Chrotogonus oxypterus , Acrididae, Orthoptera Blister beetle, Mylabris pustulata , Meloidae, Coleoptera'"
179,200,"'A 5-10 d P Nature of damage: Both grubs and adults feed. Egg: White, smooth, cylindrical eggs at random in grain and seams of the bags. Grub : Active grub feeds voraciously.  Pupa: Pupa is naked. Adult: Light brown with elongated body, resembles Tribolium sp. Antennae shorter than head, 11 segmented with 5 clubbed apical segments. 13. Flat grain beetle, Cryptolestus minutas, Laemophloeus pusillus, Cucujidae, Coleoptera Host range: Rice, maize, wheat with excessive brokens, different flours, groundnut particularly with high moisture and mouldy grain. Life history: E 5 d G 6-12 mon 21 d Total life cycle : 6 weeks'"
180,117,"'2. Cotton aphid , Aphis gossypii , Aphididae, Hemiptera Symptom of attack : Young plants become weak, leaf curl up and wither. Nature of damage : Nymphs and adults suck the plant sap and lower the plant vitality. They produce honeydew, which results in development of black sooty mould. The damage is more severe in young plants. Adult :Soft, yellow, exist both in winged and wingless forms. Both forms reproduce parthenogenetically and are viviparous.'"
181,118,"'3. Thrips , Thrips tabaci , Scirtothrips dorsalis, Thripidae, Thysanoptera Symptom of attack : Silvery sheen  on the undersurface of the leaves . When infestation in heavy, leaves shrivel and have ragged edges. Attacks leaf and flowers. Nature of damage : Nymphs and adults lacerate the tissue on the under surface of the leaves and suck up the sap. Adult : Small slender insects, colour vary from yellow to brown with fringed wings.'"
182,119,"'4. Whitefly , Bemisia tabaci ,  Aleyrodidae, Hemiptera Symptom of attack: White chlorotic spots appear on leaves, which coalesce forming reddish yellow area, which extends from reins to the outer edges. Leaves fall prematurely. Number and quality of flowers squares and bolls gets reduced. Nymphs and adults secrete honeydew, which lead to sooty mould formation. Nature of damage : Nymphs and adults remain in cluster and desap. It also acts as vector of cotton leaf curl virus, vein-clearing disease in bhendi, tobacco leaf curl and cassava mosaic. Egg : Stalked eggs, laid singly on the undersurface of the leaves Nymph : Oval, greenish yellow Pupa : Oval and seen on the undersurface of the leaves. Adult : Minute with yellow body and hyaline wings dusted with a waxy powder'"
183,201,"'A P Nature of damage: Both adults and grubs feed on stored products and are important pests of mills. Grubs feed on germ portion and even on dead insects. Adults are only scavengers, cause heating in grain and flour in case of heavy infestation. Egg: White eggs are laid loosely in flour, grain or crevices. Grub : Cigar like, yellowish white with two reddish brown spines at anal segment. Pupa: Matured larvae pupates in a gelatinous cocoon covered with dust particles. Adult: Tiny, light to dark reddish brown beetle with filiform antennae.'"
184,202,"'14. Saw toothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis , Silvanidae, Coleoptera Host range: Rice, wheat, maize, cereal products, oil seeds and dry fruits. Life history: 300 E      3-17 d G 3 years/ 14-20 d Total life cycle: 3 weeks 6-10 mon A 7-21 d P Symptom of damage: Presence of off odour in grain. Nature of damage: Adults and grub cause roughening of grain surface and off odour in grain. Grains with higher percentage of broken, dockage and foreign matter sustain heavy infestation, which leads to heating of grain. Egg: Whitish eggs laid loosely in cracks of storage receptacles or godowns.'"
185,1469,"'It means the product derived solely and exclusively, and produced by acceptable processes, notably enzyme inactivation, rolling or comminution and drying, from the leaves, buds and tender stems of varieties of the species Camellia sinensis (L) O. Kuntze, known to be suitable for making tea for consumption as a beverage. The product shall have characteristic flavour free from any off odour, and rodent contamination visible to the naked eye. The product shall be free from extraneous matter, added colouring matter and harmful substances. The other specifications for such tea are same as for Tea, except for total catechins which should be min. 9.0 and max. 19.0% w/w.'"
186,120,"'Symptom of attack :Young bolls are affected, which turn dark brown and fail to burst, Lint stained red . Seeds shrivel. Nature of damage :Nymphs and adults sucks the sap from the plant and bolls, reduce the vigour of the plant, produce poor quality lint. Egg : Ovoid, yellowish eggs are laid in loose masses in the soil and protected with soil/ dry leaves. Nymph : Reddish with white band on the abdomen. Adult : Red and black with white stripes ventrally on the abdomen.'"
187,121,"'6. Dusky cotton bug , Oxycarenus hyalinipennis, Lygaeidae, Hemiptera Symptom of attack: Presence of nymphs and adults on the bursted bolls, lint gets discoloured; seeds shrivel and fail to germinate. Nature of damage : Nymphs and adults suck the sap from the bursted / open bolls. Egg : Cigar shaped white eggs, laid in clusters within half opened bolls or on the bolls, flower or buds. Adult : Small flat, dusky brown bugs with pointed head and hyaline wings.'"
188,122,"'7. Scales : Black scale : S aissetia nigra  , Yellow scale : Cerococcus hibisci , White scale: Pulvinaria maxima , Coccidae, Hemiptera Symptom of attack : Presence of scales on the tender shoots, leaves, stem and bolls, stunting of the plants and bears only few bolls. Movement of ants seen. Sooty mould development also seen. Nature of damage : Nymphs and adults remain in group and sucks the sap from leaves and shoots. Adult : S.nigra -  full grown female scale is black in colour.'"
189,203,"'Grub : Grub is slender, pale cream with two slightly darker patches on each segment. Pupa: Full grown grub makes protective cocoon like covering with sticky secretion. Adult: Narrow, flattened, thorax having six teeth like serrations on each side. Antenna clubbed. Elytra cover abdomen completely.'"
190,204,"'15. Ricemoth, Corcyra cephalonica , Galleridae, Lepidoptera Host range: Rice, jowar, other millets, whole cereals, cereal products, pulses, processed products of cereals, pulses, oil seeds, nuts, dry fruits and milled spices. Life history:     E 3-5 d L'"
191,321,"'y Land preparations and application of FYM and Fertilizers (NPK @ 100:50:50 before sowing, nitrogen in 3 splits (30,60,90DAS) for ginger crop. y Turmeric sowing may be completed by end April using NPK @ 30:30:60 before sowing and FYM.'"
192,330,"'y For the control of gummosis, canker and die back problem in the orchard spray Blitox @ 600 gm per 200 litres of water during June- July. y Spray Zinc sulphate 1 Kg + Lime 500 gm in 200 litres of water to control zinc deficiency during last week of April and mid of September.'"
193,123,"'8. Mealy bug , Ferrisia virgata , Pseudococcidae, Hemiptera Symptom of attack: Presence of mealybugs on tender shoots, leaves, stem and bolls. Yellowing of leaves initially and later the plants die.  Leaves and bolls fall prematurely. Nature of damage: Nymphs and adults remain in-group and suck the sap. Generally the damage is noticed towards the end and in places where ratooning is practiced.'"
194,124,"'1. Spotted bollworm , Earias vittella , Noctuidae, Lepidoptera Spiny bollworm , Earias insulana , Noctuidae, Lepidoptera Symptom of attack: Terminal shoots wither and droop; shedding of buds, flowers and bolls, flaring of bracts, bore holes on bolls plugged with excreta, bolls eaten and lint discoloured. Nature of damage : Larva bores into the tender top shoot during vegetative stage and during reproductive stage they bore into the buds, flowers and bolls. Egg : Sculptured, shinning bluish eggs are laid singly on tender parts of the plant. Larva : E. vittella : Chocolate brown with dorsum showing a white median longitudinal streak. E. insulana : Last 2 thoracic segments and all the abdominal segments have two pairs of fleshy tubercles. Pupa : Boat shaped, dirty brown cocoons seen on the base of the bolls or amongst the fallen leaves . Adult : E. vittella : Buff coloured small moth, forewings buff coloured with  a green wedge in the middle. E. insulana : Buff coloured small moths, forewings uniformly green. 2. Pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella , Gelechiidae, Lepidoptera Symptom of attack: Premature shedding of the buds and bolls, infested flowers are spun together to form rosette shaped bloom and boll fails to open, premature opening of the bolls, seeds destroyed, lint quality declines seed germination reduced, presence of interlocular burrow in the opened bolls. Nature of damage : Larvae feed inside the buds, flowers and bores into bolls. They feed on the developing anthers and style and occasionally ovary. The external injury caused by them heals up. Egg : Flat eggs , laid singly on tender leaves, flowers or immature bolls Larva : Initially white later turn pink with several dark and light alternating bands running the entire length . They  also hibernate. Pupa : Pupates amongst the fallen leaves, debris or under a clod of soil. Adult : Small  brown moth with black spotted forewings and fringed hindwings. 3. American bollworm , Helicoverpa armigera , Noctuidae, Lepidoptera Symptoms of attack : Regular circular boreholes on bolls , presence of granular faecal pellets outside  the bore hole. Nature of damage : Caterpillar cuts a hole on the boll and feed on the boll by thrusting their heads alone inside. The affected bolls may rot due to fungus attack. Yield is considerably reduced. 4. Red bollworm , Rabila frontalis , Noctuidae, Lepidoptera Symptom of attack : Bolls showing irregular bore holes. Nature of damage : Larvae remain inside the bolls and feed . Larva : Stout light pink caterpillar. Pupa : It pupates in the ground for a period of 3 to 4 weeks in Oct to Nov. Adult : Pale brown with yellow marking on forewings and white hindwings.'"
195,125,"'1. Leaf roller , Sylepta derogata , Pyraustidae, Lepidoptera Symptom: Leaves rolled in the form of trumpets and fastened by silken threads, defoliation. Nature of damage : Larva remain within the fold and eat away the leaves.  A single larva can damage several leaves. Egg :  Round, yellowish green, laid singly on undersurface of the leaves. Larva : Green , glistening with dark head and prothoracic shield. Pupa : Naked, obtect, pupates within leaf roll / under fallen leaves / debris. Adult: Medium sized, yellowish wings with brown wavy markings. 2. Semiloopers : Anomis flava, Xanthodes graellsi,  Tarache nitidula :Noctuidae , Lepidoptera Symptom of attack : Defoliation, leaves with midribs, presence of larva Nature of damage : Larvae defoliates the plant. Egg: Singly laid. Larva : A. flava – Green with five white longitudinal lines and red prolegs; X.graellsi – Green with a pair of horse-shoe shaped black mark on each segment and black warts on the abdomen; T.nitidula – Dark brown caterpillar. Pupa : A. flava -obtect, pupates within leaf folds; X.graellsi – pupates in soil. Adult : A. flava – medium sized , brown moth; forewings reddish-brown provided with dark coloured zig-zag bands. Hindwings are light brown; X.graellsi – yellowish with a brown streak; T.nitidula – Stout and white moth with black spots. 3. Ash weevil , Myllocerus spp., Curculionidae, Coleoptera Symptom of attack : Holes in the leaves, leaf margins notched, roots eaten up, plants wilt and they come off easily when pulled Nature of damage : Grubs remain underground and feed on the root system.  Adults they damage the above ground parts Egg : White, laid in the rhizosphere. Grub : White apodous. Pupa : Exarate, pupates in soil. Adult : Green / Brown / Grey with or without markings on the elytra.'"
196,135,'Pupa: Pupation takes place within the larval tunnel in a chamber with an exit hole constructed by the caterpillar. Adult: White coloured moth (with a buff coloured anal tuft in the abdominal tip of female).'
197,136,'SUBTERRANEAN PESTS'
198,144,"'2. Root borer, Emmalocera depresella , Crambidae, Lepidoptera Symptom of damage:  Young shoots with deadhearts which cannot be pulled out easily and do not emit any smell. Grown up canes with yellow leaves. Nature of damage: Caterpillars bore at the base of a stem, which is very close to the root. Although they do not actually bore into the roots, but since they do so near the soil surface they are called root borers. It differs from the shoot borer damage in the way that the dead-heart when pulled out the whole plant comes out and it does not possess bad smell. Besides central leaf whorl, some side leaves also dry. Egg: Eggs are laid singly on the leaves, stem or in soil. Eggs are flat, oval and creamy white in colour. Larva : Creamy white with an yellowish brown head and light brown prothoracic shield. Pupa: Pupates within the stem and makes an exit hole for emergence of the adult about 1-1.5 cm above the ground surface. Adult: Small moth with pink head, brown thorax and abdomen, forewings and hindwings light yellow. Forewings possess light black longitudinal stripes. Adult moth is 27 mm across the wings.'"
199,128,"'1. Stem weevil , Pempherulus affinis , Curculionidae, Coleoptera Symptom of attack: Swellings of stem at the point of attack (collar region) and the plant break off from this point, when heavy winds blow. Nature of damage: Adults feed on the bark while the young grub cuts through medullary rays, tunnels round the stem along the cambium and feed on the soft portion. Egg : White, globular, oval eggs are laid in cavities scooped in tender nodes. The cavities are sealed with a gummy secretion. Grub : White, apodous. Pupa : Exarate, pupates in a pupal chamber within the stem. Adult : Brownish weevil, 3 mm long, with two small white patches on the elytra.'"
200,129,"'2. Shoot weevil , Alcidodes  affaber , Curculionidae, Coleoptera Symptom of attack: Galls in the stem and petiole, defoliation. Nature of damage: Grubs bore into stem and petiole causing gall like swelling. Adults feed on leaves, buds and tender terminal shoots. Egg: Eggs are laid singly in the tissue. Grub: Creamy yellow, apodous. Pupa: Pupation inside the stem. Adult: Dark greyish brown with pale cross bands on elytra. It is bigger than stem weevil.'"
201,130,"'3. Surface weevil , Atactogaster finitimus , Curculionidae, Coleoptera Symptom of attack: Severing of seedlings Nature of damage: Adults cut the stem of seedlings at the time of germination under rainfed condition in the black soil tract of Tirunelveli district. Adult : Large blackish grey weevil.'"
202,145,"'3. Whitegrub , Holotrichia consanguinea , Melolonthidae, Coleoptera Symptom of damage:  Drying of crown, preceded by yellowing and wilting of leaves. Affected canes come off easily when pulled. Cause extensive damage to roots. Grub: Fleshy ‘C’ shaped, whitish yellow in colour found close to the base of the clump. Adult: Dark brown.'"
203,146,"'1 . Sesbania stem borer , Azygophleps scalaris , Cossidae, Lepidoptera Symptom of damage: Drying of sesbania plants. Nature of damage: Stoutly built larva bores into the stem and feeds, the faecal matter getting accumulated at the entrance hole. Egg: Laid in masses attached  to the leaflets. Larva: Robust larva of 7 cm length, light brown with a reddish brown head. Pupa: Pupa has spines anteriorly with the help of which it moves up and down inside the tunnel in the stem. Adult: Sluggish yellowish brown moth. 2. Stem weevil , Alcidodes bubo, Curculionidae, Coleoptera Symptom of damage: Drying of the terminal branches or whole plant, lodging of the plants during monsoon seasons; affected stem with numerous bore holes and swelling symptoms. Presence of apodous grub inside the stem. Nature of damage: Grubs riddle into stem and cause thickenings on stem. The growth and vigour of the plants are impaired to a great extent. Egg: Laid on the stem. Grub : Apodous whitish grub. Adult: Reddish brown weevil with white transverse markings on the elytra.'"
204,205,"'21-41 d A 10 d P Symptom of damage: Presence of dense webbing of grains and foul smell, which makes the grains unfit for human consumption. Nature of damage: Larva is only responsible for damage. It contaminates foodgrains with frass, moults and dense webbing. In whole grains, kernels are bound into lumps upto 2 kg. Egg: Small, oval, elliptical laid on wall, bags or on grain. Larva : Creamy white has prothoracic shield. Pupa: It webs silken shelter before pupation. In case of heavy infestation cocoons may be seen sticking to the grain bags. Cocoon dense white and tough.  Adult:  Pale buff brown colour. 16. Fig or Almond or Warehouse moth, Ephestia cautella, Phycitidae, Lepidoptera Host range: Wheat, rice, maize, jowar, groundnuts, spices. Life history:   200-250 E 3-4 d L 14 d 40-50 d'"
205,131,"'4. Stem borer , Sphenoptera gossypii , Buprestidae, Coleoptera Symptom of attack :Stem tunneled, stem swollen at the base and dries up. Nature of damage : The grub burrows into the stem feeding on the internal tissues. Egg : Laid singly on the bark of the tender stem near the ground level or half way between the base and the crown of the plant. Grub : Grubs are 2.5 cm long. Pupa : Pupates within the larval gallery. Adult : Shinning, coppery brown beetle , 8mm long.'"
206,132,"'1. Early shoot borer , Chilo infuscatellus , Crambidae, Lepidoptera Symptom of damage: Deadheart in 1-3 month old crop, which can be easily pulled out, rotten portion of the straw coloured dead-heart emits an offensive odour. A number of bore holes at the base of the shoot just above the ground level. Nature of damage: Caterpillar bores into the central shoot and feeds on the internal tissue. This cause interference in the translocation of plant sap and damage the sugar storing tissues. Egg: Flat-scale like eggs are laid in 3-5 rows on the lower surface of leaves in masses of 4-100. The masses are slightly overlapping like tiles. Larva: Larva is dirty white with five dark violet longitudinal stripes and dark brown head. Pupa: Pupation takes place within the tunnel. Caterpillar before pupating makes a large exit hole in the stem and blocks the opening with silken discs. Adult: Pale greyish brown moth with black dots near the costal margin of the forewings and with white hindwings.'"
207,133,"'2. Internode borer, Chilo sacchariphagus indicus , Crambidae, Lepidoptera Symptom of damage: Internodes constricted and shortened, with a number of boreholes and fresh excreta in the nodal region. Affected tissues reddened. Nature of damage: Caterpillars attack sugarcane plants after 3 months of planting. They bore into the canes near the nodes; entry holes are plugged with excreta. Entry is generally confined to the first five internodes. Egg: Scale-like white eggs are laid by female moths in batches of 9-11, near the midribs, on leaf sheaths or on stem. Larva: White larva with four violet longitudinal stripes and light brown head. Pupa: Pupation takes place in semi-dried leaf sheath. Adult: Pale brown with white hind wings.'"
208,134,"'3. Top borer, Scirpophaga excerptalis , Pyralidae, Lepidoptera Symptom of damage:  Deadheart in grownup canes, which cannot be easily pulled; deadheart reddish brown in colour; parallel row of shot holes in the emerging leaves and red tunnels in the midribs of leaves; bunchy tip due to the growth of side shoots. Nature of damage: Caterpillars are mainly found in the apical portion of the canes, boring through the growing point and down the upper joints until it reaches the sappy portion of the stem, there it feeds on the tissues and destroys the cane. They also bore into the unfolded leaves preferably into the midrib, mining its way to the base. Egg: Eggs are laid on the lower surface of top leaves in clusters particularly near midribs.  The clusters are covered with buff coloured hairs. Larva :Smooth, white or cream coloured with a red coloured mid-dorsal line and yellow head.'"
209,1470,"'Black tea leaf contains significant amounts of vitamin E & K. Vitamin C is present in green tea, but only traces are found in black tea. The phenolic constituents (referred to as vitamin P) strengthen the walls of capillary blood vessels. Tea also contains vitamin A (carotenoids) and vitamin B. It is too low in Fe, Cu and Fluoride.'"
210,137,"'1. Whiteflies, Aleurolobus barodensis , Aleyrodidae, Hemiptera Symptom of damage:  Yellowing of leaves, turn pinkish and later gradually dry. Infested leaves look white, while those below are black due to the growth of sooty mould on the honeydew. Nature of damage: Nymphs suck the sap from the leaves. Egg: Females lay eggs in a line near the midrib or anywhere on the lower surface of the leaves. Eggs are yellowish with a small curved stalk. Colour changes to black about two hours after the eggs are laid. Nymph : Neonate nymphs are pale yellow in colour, flat and oval in shape, later turn shiny black. Its body is surrounded by fringes of wax. Pupa: The fourth instar being the pupal stage, is flat, oval, greyish in colour and slightly bigger than the nymph. There is a ‘T’ shaped white marking on the thorax, which splits at the time of adult emergence. Adult: Pale yellow body with hyaline wings dusted with waxy bloom, exhibit brisk fluttering movements.'"
211,138,"'2. Whiteflies , Neomaskellia bergii , Neomaskellia andropogonis, Aleyrodidae, Hemiptera Symptom of damage: Black, grey or white dot like pupae on the undersurface of leaves. Nature of damage: Nymph suck plant sap from the lower surface of leaves. Drainage of sap adversely affects plant growth. Egg: Eggs are laid on the undersurface of the leaves in circular or semicircular masses. Freshly laid eggs are yellowish white, which later become dusky yellow. Nymph: Oval  in shape and brownish in colour. Their bodies surrounded by white wax. Pupa: Pupation occurs on the leaves. Adult: Pale brown with black bands on wings.'"
212,139,"'3. Leaf hopper, Pyrilla perpusilla , Lophopidae, Hemiptera Symptom of damage:  Yellow leaves, covered with black sooty mould; top leaves gets dried up and lateral buds germinate. Nature of damage: Nymphs and adults remain in groups on the lower surface of leaves and suck the plant sap.  They secrete honeydew, which attract sooty mould development. Severe attack results in loss of sugar content in the canes, to the extent of 34% and growth is suppressed. Egg: Eggs are laid in clusters on the lower surface of leaves or in the leaf sheaths. Eggs are covered with white fluffy waxy filaments. Nymph : Soft pale brown dorsally and pale orange ventrally with two characteristic anal filaments. Adult: Soft, straw coloured with the head pointing forward as snout. Wings fold over the abdomen like hood; they are densely veined and transparent.'"
213,143,"'1. Termites , Odontotermes obesus , Termitidae, Isoptera Symptom of damage:  Poor germination of setts (after planting), characteristic semi- circular feeding marks on the margin of the leaves in the standing crop. Entire shoot dries up and can be pulled out. Setts hollow inside and may be filled with soil. Cane collapses if disturbed; rind filled with mud. Adult: Creamy coloured tiny insects resembling ants with dark coloured head.'"
214,206,"'A 12 d P Symptom of damage: Before pupation, large number of wandering larvae trails behind silken threads. Such fine threads form the carpets of white sheen over the bags. Matured larva spins a silken cocoon at the junction of two overlapping edges of stacked bags. Nature of damage: Larva feeds on germ portion leaving the rest of the kernel undamaged. In bulk infestation its damage is limited to peripheral top layers only. Web formation covers the bags, floor-space and mill machinery thereby leading to clogging in mills. Egg: Eggs are laid in grains exposed at the sampling tube spots in jute bags. Larva : Greyish white, hairy with dark brown head with 2 dark areas on the first segment behind the head. Pupa: Spins silken cocoon at the time of pupation. Adult: Dirty white to greyish in colour with indistinct black bands,'"
215,140,"'Symptom of damage:  Pinkish oval insects beneath leaf sheath on the nodes, with whitish mealy coating, main cane stunted also attack roots. Sooty mould develops on the plant. Nature of damage: Both adults and nymphs suck cell sap from the plants. The insects congregate at the lower nodal regions of the stem, particularly under the leaf sheaths. The leaves often turn red at the base. Vitality of the plants is adversely affected. Ratoon crops suffer more. It also acts as vector of spike disease. Egg: Eggs are retained in the female reproductive organs until almost fully mature. Incubation period is short. The females may bring forth hundreds of young ones parthenogenetically. An egg is yellowish, smooth, cylindrical and rounded at both ends. Nymph: Newly emerged nymphs are quite active with a pinkish transparent body. Adult: White with mealy coating, sessile.'"
216,141,"'5. Scale insects , Melanaspis glomerata, Diaspididae, Hemiptera Symptom of damage:  Dark encrustations on the internode. Nature of damage: Both adults and nymphs remain inside the scale and suck the plant sap. This causes shriveling and stunting of canes. In susceptible varieties germination get adversely affected. Nymph: Females multiply ovo-viviparously. The nymphs that hatch out from the eggs within the female’s body come out through the genital aperture. They are called ‘crawlers’. They settle after selecting suitable site for feeding. Adult: Greyish black or brown circular scales, they cover the nodal region forming a thick encrustation.'"
217,142,"'7. Aphid, Melanaphis sacchari , Aphididae, Hemiptera Symptom of damage:  Found on senescent leaves. Nymph : Yellow in colour. Adult: Purple when crowded. 8. Skipper, Telicota augias , Hesperiidae, Lepidoptera Symptom of damage:  Leaves folded into tubular cells. Nature of damage: Larva folds the leaves into tubular cells by binding the tow edges together. It feeds on the leaves from margin inwards leaving behind the midrib intact. Egg: Light yellow colour eggs laid singly on the leaves. Larva : Green coloured with constricted neck and dark head and dark spot on the anal flap. Pupa: Yellowish-green pupa. Pupation takes place in the leaf tube. Adult: Brownish black butterfly with yellow patches on wings. Antenna is clubbed with curved tips.'"
218,149,"'SAP FEEDERS 12. Stink bug , Piezodorus rubrofasciatus and Cyclopelta siccifolia , Pentatomidae, Hemiptera 14. Stink bug , Brachyplatys vauhli , Plataspidae, Hemiptera 15. Coptosoma cribraria 16. Riptortus pedestris 1 7. Clavigrella horrens 18. Clavigrella gibbosa 19. Aphis craccivora'"
219,207,"'A 10 d P Symptom of damage: Borehole on the grain. Nature of damage: Larva causes serious damage to ear and grain of maize; contaminates the grain with excreta, cast skins, webbings, dead individuals and cocoons; prefers to eat the germ portion and hence grains lose viability. It feeds superficially but may construct more than one silken tunnel. Egg: Greyish white with granular surface, laid indiscriminately at night. Larva: Transparent, dirty white, skin is granular with hairy body. Pupa: Straw coloured, changes colour to greyish with age, in silken cocoon. Adult: Forewing basal half silver white or greyish, outer 2/3 portion is reddish copper bronze lustre with irregular bands.'"
220,1471,"'Catechins (viz., epigallocatechin gallate) have  antimicrobial  and anticancer properties. The black tea polyphenols absorb metals from the diet i.e. lead from contaminated water. Moderate amount of caffeine present in a cup of tea is mildly stimulating whilst provoking minimal irritability.'"
221,147,"'LEAF FEEDERS 3 . Green semilooper , Pericyma glaucinans , Noctuidae, Lepidoptera Symptom of damage: Defoliation of plants preceding with leaflets damage. Nature of damage: Caterpillar feeds on the leaflets remaining along the ribs of leaves. Larva : Pale green, semilooper with broad yellow lateral stripes. Adult: Dark brown with black lines 4 . Green looper , Semiothisa pervelgata, Semiothisa emersaria , Geometridae, Lepidoptera Symptom of damage: Defoliation of plants preceding with leaflets damage. Nature of damage: Larvae feed on the leaves. Egg: Oval greenish eggs laid singly on leaves. Larva : Pale green looper with white lines and when full grown becomes pink with horizontal bands of violet patches dorsally on the abdominal segments. Pupa: Pupates in the soil. Adult: White colour with three dark lines and spots on the wings. 5. Brown looper , Hyposidra succesaria , Geometridae, Lepidoptera Symptom of damage: Defoliation of plants preceding with leaflets damage. Nature of damage: Larvae feed on the leaves. Egg: Deposited in clusters. Larva : Reddish brown in colour with spots.'"
222,148,"'Pupa: Pupates in soil. Adult: Reddish in colour with faint lines. 6 . Leaf webber , Striglina scitaria , Thyrdidae, Lepidoptera Symptom of damage: Webbing of terminal leaflets into conical structures. Nature of damage: In the early stage the larva twists the terminal portion of the leaflet in the form of a small cone and lives inside scraping the green matter. As it grows, it webs together the leaflets and lives inside the tunnel of the web and ultimately pupates inside it. Egg: Laid in groups of 2-4 in a row on the edges of leaflets. Larva : Greenish caterpillar with black head. Pupa: Pupates within the leaf web itself. Adult: Light brown moth with oblique lines on wings. 7 . Pierid butterflies , Eurema hecabe var. contubernalis, Pieridae, Lepidoptera Symptom of damage: Defoliation of the leaflets. Nature of damage: Caterpillar feeds on leaves. Egg: White spindle shaped eggs laid singly on leaves. Larva : Greenish caterpillar with white lateral lines. Pupa: Chrysalis pupa attached to the stem with a girdle. Adult: Yellow coloured butterfly with black margins. 8 . Mottled emigrant , Catopsilia pyranthe, Pieridae, Lepidoptera Symptom of damage: Defoliation of the leaflets. Nature of damage: Larvae feeds on the leaves. Larva : Greenish caterpillar with lateral yellow stripes and black dots. Adult: Male forewing chalky white or greenish with apical and terminal black border. Female: Black markings broader than in male. 9. Semilooper , Grammodes stolida , Noctuidae, Lepidoptera Symptom of damage:  Defoliation. Larva :  Velvety black larva with a row of red spots. Adult:  Forewing with a large black patch occupying the whole wing except the basal, coastal and outer areas. Hind wings with medial pale band. 10. Spodoptera litura 11. Dasychira mendosa'"
223,208,1
224,1472,'Common adulterant is „spent‟ or „used‟ tea plus some colouring substances unfit for human consumption.'
225,220,"'Changes in the size of a crop while growing are frequently used to determine the time of harvest. For example, partially mature cobs of Zea mays saccharata are marketed as sweet corn, while even less mature and thus smaller cobs are marketed as baby corn. For bananas, the width of individual fingers can be used to determine harvest maturity. Usually a finger is placed midway along the bunch and its maximum width is measured with callipers; this is referred to as the calliper grade.'"
226,221,"'Most fruits synthesize volatile chemicals as they ripen. Such chemicals give fruit its characteristic odour and can be used to determine whether it is ripe or not. These doors may only be detectable by humans when a fruit is completely ripe, and therefore has limited use in commercial situations.'"
227,331,'y Spray Cypermethrin 10 EC (100 ml in 100 litre of water) during first week of May for the control of Anar butterfly attack. After 15-20 days of first spray apply Quinalphos 200 ml per 100 litres of water.'
228,151,"'Larva :  Hairy caterpillar with brown head. Yellow lines on the dorsal and dorso-lateral side with black stripes and orange patches. Body has long brownish hairs arising on warts. Pupa: Pupates in the soil. Adult:  Red and black spots on the white forewings. 2. Hairy caterpillar , Argina cribraria , Argina syringa, Hypsidae, Lepidoptera Symptom of damage:  Defoliation. Nature of damage: Larvae feeds on the leaves. Egg: Yellowish eggs laid in clusters on the undersurface of the leaves. Larva :  Hairy caterpillar with black transverse markings and white spots. Pupa: Pupates on the plant or the surface of the soil. Adult: A. cribraria has black spots on yellowish wings. A. syringa has black spots on reddish brown wings. 3. Flea beetle , Longitarsus belgamensis , Alticidae, Coleoptera Nature of damage:Adult makes minute holes on leaves, grub feeds on the roots by mining. Egg: Laid in soil. Grub :  Yellowish grub. Pupa: Pupates in earthen cells in the soil. Adult:  Yellowish brown small beetle with enlarged hind femur. 4. Sunhemp mirid , Ragmus importunitas, Miridae, Hemiptera Symptom of damage:  Minute chlorotic spots, later coalescing to cause yellowing of leaves. Nature of damage: Nymphs and adults suck the sap from tender leaves and shoots and cause yellowing of leaves and in severe attack, death of plants. Egg: Eggs laid singly into plant tissue. Adult:  Greenish bug. 5. Stem borer, Enarmonia tricentra , Eucosmidae, Lepidoptera 6. Etiella zinckenella FORAGE CROPS LUCERNE 1. Spotted alfalfa aphid , Therioaphis maculata , Aphididae, Hemiptera Nature of damage: Nymph and adult suck the sap. Adult:  Yellow coloured aphids with series of spots. 2. Lucerne weevil , Hypera variabblis, Curculionidae, Coleoptera Symptom of damage:  Leaves with irregular holes. Affected plants remain stunted. Nature of damage: Grub and adult cause the damage.'"
229,152,"'1. Jumping lice , Heteropsylla cubana , Psyllidae, Hemiptera Symptom of damage:  Wilting of growing shoots resulting in die back; plants unable to put forth new growth. Honeydew deposition and sooty mould development. Nature of damage: Nymph and adult cause the damage. Nymph :  Minute yellow.  Adult:  Pale greenish yellow.'"
230,153,'Vertebrata Class :  Mammalia Order : Rodentia'
231,154,"'Nature of damage: It eats up all food materials and can damage wood, plastic, rubber and even soft metals also. As it is responsible for plague, it is considered as the most expensive rat of India. Generally the droppings are found scattered and banana shaped. Habit:  Being nocturnal in habit, it can be rarely seen during day time. It is a good swimmer and good climber also. It prefers to stay in dusty places. It is rarely found in sewers also. It rarely moves out of houses or crosses the big lanes. It can climb high to enter through roofs.'"
232,162,"'b. Hygiene and sanitation : Food should be kept in rat proof containers. Waste foods and empty food tins should be thrown in dustbin with tightly fitting lids. Food stocks should be stored in such a way that they can be inspected from all sides at frequent intervals. Piles of rubbish, timber and bricks should not be allowed to accumulate in or near the godowns. Best time for removing rubbish is just before taking temporary control measures. By using rat repellent in stores. c. Use of ultrasonic devices : Sound waves emitted by ultrasonic devices are unbearable by rats and mice and are unheard by humans. These are reported to repel the rats without producing any harm to human beings. However, so far effective equipment is not available.'"
233,222,"'Some fruits may develop toxic compounds during ripening, such as ackee tree fruit, which contains toxic levels of hypoglycine. The fruit splits when it is fully mature, revealing black seeds on yellow arils.'"
234,412,"'y Scouting of willow, poplar and apricot trees and surrounding areas for egg masses and silken webs of brown tail moth and other spp of hairy caterpillars for collection and destruction.'"
235,155,"'Nature of damage: Their infestation imparts a typical smell to store rooms and stocks. They feed on cereals, cereal products, vegetables, meat, fats, carbohydrates, etc. and can damage wooden furniture, paper, clothes, rubber, plastic and leather goods, etc. They damage more than what they eat. They are responsible for contamination of food with hairs, urine, excreta; and also spreading Salmonella organisms responsible for food poisoning. They may cause virus infection not only by faecal infection but also by walking over the foodgrains etc. They are responsible for disease like ringworm.  The droppings are scattered and spindle shaped. Habits: It prefers to stay in holes, in floors or under the boxes or any other dark place suitable for hiding. It is active during night but can be seen in daytime also. Movements are almost like darting. Feeding is confined normally upto 10 meters. A mouse does not run along ‘rat runs’.'"
236,156,"'Nature of damage: Feeds on grain. Damage containers i.e. bags/ cartons. Pollutes grain with excreta, droppings and hairs. Spread various diseases. Droppings found in groups and spindle shaped. Habits:  It is habituated of making burrows outside grain stores but often lives in sewers. The burrows are only on surface with two to five openings. Normally it stays within a radius of 25 to 30 meters. It is a good swimmer. Life span is for one year.'"
237,157,"'4. Smaller bandicoot, Indian mole rat, Lesser bandicoot, Outdoor rat , Bandicota bengalensis Nature of damage: Being omnivorous it feeds on grains, fruits, vegetables, nuts, sometimes flesh of young ones and dead animals. It damages crops in fields (sugarcane, wheat, paddy, maize, etc.) and gardens besides grain in granaries at times. But the damage to cereals is little as it prefers to cut cereal crop plants particularly ‘ear heads’'"
238,166,"'II. CHEMICAL : Compounds, which kill the rats by their chemical action, are known as rodenticides. These poisonous rodenticides can be divided into two groups. a. Acute/ Single dose poison : Zinc phosphide, Barium chloride, Red squill, Thallium sulphate are some of the compounds which have been used as rat poisons. These are'"
239,167,"'called as ‘acute poison’ as these are highly toxic in nature i.e. they show immediate fatal results. The defect of acute poisons is that these create poison shyness and bait aversion in rodents. E.g. Zinc phosphide 2 parts, food grains 96 parts and any edible oil 2 parts.'"
240,209,"'Fruits and vegetables, fresh or processed, form an important component of our diet and there is an ever increasing demand for these. Fruits are harvested at slightly immature or mature greens stages and yet their physiological activities continue. Harvesting of fruits and vegetables at appropriate maturity level is important and one of the basis of close observations, maturity indices is fixed for various commodities. These maturity indices are based on physicochemical characteristics, like their weight, fullness of finger, total soluble solids, sugar to acid ratio and certain arbitrary units like colour, heat units, and period after blooming. Commonly following criteria have been utilized for fixing maturity standards:  Computation of days from bloom to harvest  Measurement of heat units  Visual means- skin colour, persistence or drying of parts of plant, fullness of fruit  Physical methods- ease of separation, pressure test, density, grading etc.  Chemical methods- total solids, sugars, acid, sugar-to-acid ratio, starch content etc.  Physiological methods- respiration methods etc.'"
241,158,"'thereby affecting yield considerably.  It hoards grains in its burrows upto 6 kgs. Occasionally it attack poultry. It is an important plague carrier too. In godowns besides waste and contamination, it adds filth also. Droppings are scattered and oval shaped. Habits:  It is an expert in digging burrows with characteristic mounds of soil, which hide the opening of burrows hence the name - mole rat. It is an excellent swimmer, often living in bunds; it swims to damage even flooded fields of paddy. Being mainly nocturnal, it prefers to stay in burrows during daytime. Burrows have never been noticed inside warehouses or stores.'"
242,159,"'Nature of damage: It makes big burrows, which weaken the foundation of walls, river bunds, railway tracks etc. It damages crops by cutting tillers/ leaves thus reducing yield drastically. It hoards grain in burrows. In stores, it mainly depends on cereals and other grains. Droppings are scattered and spindle shaped. Habits:  It is the biggest rat found in thickly populated areas and markets of grain stockists and also on the periphery of villages. It is less attracted towards flesh or meat and is mainly grain feeders. Besides burrowing underground tunnels it is expert in gnawing furniture and doors by powerful chisel shaped incisors. The grunting noise of this rodent is typical.'"
243,160,"'DETECTION OF RODENT INFESTATION Visual sighting and typical noise, rat burrows, rat droppings and urine marks, feet or tail marks on dustry floors, greasy marks left by rats, gnawed articles (torn bags and spilled grains etc. or damaged doors and windows), pet excitement and disappearance of bait.'"
244,210,"'Compositions of vegetables and fruit not only vary for a given kind in according to botanical variety, cultivation practices, and weather, but change with the degree of maturity prior to harvest, and the condition of ripeness, which is progressive after harvest and is further influenced by storage conditions. Nevertheless, some generalisations can be made.'"
245,211,"'Most fresh vegetables and fruit are high in water content, low in protein, and low in fat. In these cases water contents will generally be greater than 70% and frequently greater than 85%.'"
246,212,'Commonly protein content will not be greater than 3.5% or fat content greater than 0.5 %. Exceptions exist in the case of dates and raisins which are substantially lower in moisture but cannot be considered fresh in the same sense as other fruit. Legumes such as peas and certain beans are higher in protein; a few vegetables such as sweet corn which are slightly higher in fat and avocados which are substantially higher in fat.'
247,470,"'y After harvesting of mature okra application of urea @ 5-10 kg/ acre should be done. Constant monitoring of crop against attack of mite is advised. Due to prevailing high temperature, light irrigation at short interval is advised.'"
248,163,"'a. Trapping : It reduces the population but does not control further multiplication. It is effective only when the population is low.  Trapped rats should be killed by drowning cages in ponds and dead rats buried. Break back traps kill the rats while trapping. Placing of trap and selecting of bait play an important role of controlling rodents in fields, houses and godowns. The tanjore bamboo bow traps, pot traps and break back trap type are very useful in controlling field rats. In warehouses/ houses the physical methods adopted are plugging the holes with glass pieces and cement plastering, having snugly fitting doors, constructing a plinth of 75 cm high without any steps or ladder and rat proofing by fixing metallic sheets at the bottom of doors and use of box trap and wonder trap. b. Killing of solitary rats by sticks, brooms and some other ways by individual.'"
249,164,"'a. Deep ploughing : Ploughing upto 18” (45 cms) will unearth rat burrows and the pest will be exposed to enemies, like dogs, cats, kites etc. But it can be done only once before sowing operations. Due to their high rate of multiplication rats recover the same population level. b. Flooding the fields : Burrows in the fields can be flooded with water, which kill the rats. c. Formation of narrow bunds : Rodents prefers broader bunds for making burrows.'"
250,165,"'a. Predators : Snakes and mongooses are well known predators of rats. Fixing bamboo poles near the rat burrow. Birds like owls, eagles etc come and sit on them. As and when the rat comes out they catch and kill. Keeping cats in houses also checks the rat population. b. Parasites : Salmonella sp. of virus can be used for rodent control but not recommended due to health threat to non target species.'"
251,213,'2 Vegetables and fruit are important sources of both digestible and indigestible carbohydrates. The digestible carbohydrates are present largely in the form of sugars and starches while indigestible cellulose provides roughage which is important to normal digestion.'
252,214,"'Fruit and vegetables are also important sources of minerals and certain vitamins, especially vitamins A and C. The precursors of vitamin A, including beta-carotene and certain other carotenoids, are to be found particularly in the yellow-orange fruit and vegetables and in the green leafy vegetables.'"
253,215,"'Citrus fruit are excellent sources of vitamin C, as are green leafy vegetables and tomatoes. Potatoes also provide an important source of vitamin C for the diets of many countries. This is not so much due to the level of vitamin C in potatoes which is not especially high but rather to the large quantities of potatoes consumed.'"
254,1473,"'Caffeine is toxic to cardiovascular and nervous systems, when consumed excessively. Tea contains tannin which interferes with Fe absorption. Thus, it is prudent to avoid tea either before or after meals.'"
255,386,"'y Treat seed with Thiram/Captan 0.3% (3g/kg of seed) or Carbendazim @ 2g/kg of seed for control of smuts, blights and seed/seedlings rots. Treat seed with Chlorpyriphos (20EC) @ 5ml/kg of seed against cut- worm in epidemic areas.'"
256,168,"'b. Chronic/ Multiple dose poison : The modern way to kill rodents in houses or godowns is by using anticoagulants. If consumed regularly in sufficient quantity for a prolonged period causes blood hemorrhage in mammals. These are easy to handle and involve no health hazard to man. These do not create bait shyness. i. Ready to feed : Rodents can be fed directly when the bait is of ready to use type. ii. Dry baits : In case of dry concentrate form, the bait is to be prepared in the following manner. Anticoagulant 25 gms (5 tea spoonfuls), flour 450 gms (4 tea cup fulls), sugar or jaggery (in powder form) 15 gms (3 tea spoonfuls), any edible oil 10 gms (2 tea spoonfuls). It should place in rat runs, dark places, where rats can consume bait without disturbance even during day-time. Consumed baits should be replaced daily. Rats start drying after a period 6-7 days. Baiting should continue for 21 days to get an effective kill.'"
257,169,"'c. Fumigation of rat burrows : It gives quick results as problems like new object reaction and bait shyness do not arise. i. Cyanogas fumigation : Calcium cyanide was used as a fumigant. Before starting fumigation work all rat burrows should be closed by loose earth. The following day, freshly opened (live burrows) should be cleared and 10-20 gms (3-4 tea spoonfulls0 of fumigant applied with the pump-applicator (6-10 strokes of the pump). The burrows should be immediately closed tightly after removal of pump hose to avoid any leakage of poisonous gas. Next day the fumigated burrows are again examined and any reopened burrows are refumigated. ii. Phosphine gas fumigation : Aluminium phosphide pellets of 0.6 gms are utilized for carrying out burrow fumigation exactly in the same manner as discussed above for cyano gas. Since the pellets are to be utilized, no pumping is necessary. A simple rod like hollow applicator is thrust deep into the burrows and two pellets are put in each burrow. A bamboo tube hollow from inside can be utilized in the same manner. In the absence of applicator, even direct burrow fumigation can be resorted to. The process is repeated twice in the following days on noticing any opened burrows.'"
258,216,"'Post-harvest physiologists distinguish three stages in the life span of fruits and vegetables: maturation, ripening, and senescence. Maturation is indicative of the fruit being ready for harvest. At this point, the edible part of the fruit or vegetable is fully developed in size, although it may not be ready for immediate consumption. Ripening follows or overlaps maturation, rendering the produce edible, as indicated by taste. Senescence is the last stage, characterized by natural degradation of the fruit or vegetable, as in loss of texture, flavour, etc. (senescence ends at the death of the tissue of the fruit). Some typical maturity indexes are described in following sections.'"
259,387,"'y Apply 15 tonnes of FYM/ Compost 2-3 weeks before sowing and reduce 25% of NPK from the recommended dose of nutrients. Apply recommended dose of NPK, ZnSO 4 @ 60, 40, 20 and 10 kg/ ha, respectively.'"
260,432,"'y The floor of the animal shed should be clean and dry to prevent foot rot and other diseases. In case of foot rot, wash affected feet (foot bath) with 10% ZnSO 4 or CuSO 4 daily until lesions subside. In severe case, provide antibiotic Enrofloxacin @7mg per kg body weight.'"
261,1474,'It is an important pharmacological agent. Mild stimulating action – central nervous system is almost indiscriminately stimulated from the top downwards; helps enhancing work efficiency by overcoming fatigue.'
262,170,"'Order : Acarina Class : Arachinda Plant pests belong to the orders Tetranychidae (spider mites), Tenipalpidae (false spider mites), Tarsonemidae (tarsonemids), Eriophyidae (blister or gall mites) and Eupodidae (eupodids). Of these spider mites are the most important and prevalent. Mites normally feed on the undersurface of the leaves but the symptoms are more easily seen on the uppersurface. Tetranychids produce blotching on the leaf-surface, tarsonemids and eriophyids produce distortion, puckering or stunting of leaves and other parts of the plant. Some species of eriophyids produce distinct galls or blisters.'"
263,171,"'1. Tetranychus cinnabarinus, Tetranychus neocaledonicus, Tetranychus ludeni : This species has a world-wide distribution. Its infestation recorded on cotton, castor, pulses, groundnut, daincha, sesbania. Brinjal, cotton and bhendi are the worst sufferers. Symptom of damage: Undersurface of the leaves get covered with strands of webbing which affect photosynthesis and so the yield. Chlorotic spots coalesce into pale or silvery patches. Eventually the leaves dry up and fall off. Growth, flowering and fruit setting in the plants are greatly affected. Both nymphs and adults cause the damage.'"
264,172,"'2. Oligonychus indicus : It is a serious pest of sorghum, maize, sugarcane and some cereals. Symptom of damage: White or red patches on the lower surface of leaves of sorghum and sugarcane. Both nymphs and adults cause the damage.'"
265,173,"'4. Polyphagotarsonemus latus (yellow mite, broad mite, chilli muranai mite): These are pests of chilli, cowpea, greengram, horsegram, sesamum, lablab, jute and cotton. Symptom of damage: Sudden curling and crinkling of leaves followed by development of blister patches. Severe stunting of growth and death of plants.'"
266,217,"'This factor is commonly applied to fruits, since skin colour changes as fruit ripens or matures. Some fruits exhibit no perceptible colour change during maturation, depending on the type of fruit or vegetable. Assessment of harvest maturity by skin colour depends on the judgment of the harvester, but colour charts are available for cultivars, such as apples, tomatoes, peaches, chilli peppers, etc.'"
267,218,"'Light transmission properties can be used to measure the degree of maturity of fruits. These methods are based on the chlorophyll content of the fruit, which is reduced during maturation. The fruit is exposed to a bright light, which is then switched off so that the fruit is in total darkness. Next, a sensor measures the amount of light emitted from the fruit, which is proportional to its chlorophyll content and thus its maturity.'"
268,471,"'y To control shoot and fruit borer in brinjal and tomato crops, infested fruits and shoots should be collected and buried inside the soil. If pest population is high, spraying of Spinosad 48 EC @ 1 ml /4 litres of water is advised.'"
269,228,"'5 1. Sorting and grading-  Sorting is a separation based on a individual physical properties of raw materials such as weight, size, shape, density, photo metric property, etc. while grading is classification on the basis of quality incorporating commercial value, end use and official standards. The selection of fruits and vegetables is important from processing point of view for the manufacture a particular end product. The fruit should be ripe, but firm and evenly matured while vegetable should be tender and reasonably free from soil, dirt, etc. They should be free from blemishes, insect damage and malformation. Over ripe fruit is generally infected with microorganisms and would yield a poor quality finished product. After this preliminary sorting, the fruits and vegetables are graded. This is necessary to obtain a pack of uniform quality as regards size, colour, etc. It is done manually or with the help of grading machines.'"
270,229,"'2. Washing- The graded fruits and vegetables are washed with water in different ways, such as soaking and subsequent washing in running water or sprayed with water or dry air to remove surface adhering material. A thorough wash is very essential for improved microbiological quality of final product. Vegetables may preferably be soaked in a dilute solution (0.1%) of potassium permanganate or sodium hypochlorite solution to disinfect them. Agitation of the washing water is effected generally by means of compressed air or a force pump or propeller-type equipment. Among all, spray washing is the most efficient method.'"
271,230,"'3. Size reduction -Fruits and vegetables are processed either as whole or into small pieces by size reduction. Size reduction involves peeling, coring and sizing. Peeling is done to remove unwanted or inedible material and to improve the appearance of the final product using a peeler while coring is done to remove central inedible portion using a corer. There are five main methods of peeling. They are flash peeling (e.g. for root crops), knife peeling (e.g. for citrus fruits), abrasion peeling (e.g. for potato), caustic peeling (e.g. for guava, orange segments) and flame peeling (e.g. onion and garlic).'"
272,231,"'4. Blanching- Blanching refers to the mild heat treatment given to fresh produce such as vegetables to inactivate enzymes. Blanching also improves colour, flavour and nutritional quality. Usually it is done with boiling water or steam for short periods, followed by cooling. In small scale industries, the fruit or vegetable to be blanched is placed in a wire of perforated basket, which is first dipped in hot water (88-99 C) for about 2-5 minutes.'"
273,1475,"'Caffeine often prescribed for migraine headache. It induces secretion of catecholamines in mammalian tissue. Increases the level of serum lipids, but this effect is almost nullified by antilipidemic activity of high levels of polyphenols in tea. It is effective as a respiratory stimulant; produces peripheral vasodilation and increased circulation in kidneys and brain; increases the number of active glomeruli in the kidney and has a diuretic action.'"
274,235,"'Benefits of CA storage - 1. Very low levels of O2 (<2%) and high CO2 level (≥60%) can control insects. 2. A considerable decrease in respiration rate, in climacteric maximum, accompanied by an expansion of both pre-climacteric and post-climacteric period. 3. Reduction in effect of C2H4 due to its interaction with O2 and hence delay in development and appearance of the symptoms of senescence. 3. Increased flesh firmness due to inhibition of enzymes responsible for damage of cellular membrane, at high CO2 level.'"
275,236,"'7 4. High turgidity and hence more juicy & crisp fruits., Superior sensory and nutritional quality. 5. A limited degradation of chlorophyll resulting in greater colour stability. 6. Some physiological disorders, such as chilling injury, spot, decay, browning, water core and scald are greatly reduced. 7. Mould growth is low due to less O2 and high CO2. 8. Longer storage life.'"
276,237,'Several methods of cooling are applied to produce after harvesting to extend shelf life and maintain a fresh-like quality. Some of the low temperature treatments are unsuitable for simple rural or village treatment but are included for consideration as follows:'
277,238,"'Precooling- Fruit is precooled when its temperature is reduced from 3 to 6°C (5 to 10°F) and is cool enough for safe transport. Precooling may be done with cold air, cold water (hydrocooling), direct contact with ice, or by evaporation of water from the product under a partial vacuum (vacuum cooling). A combination of cooled air and water in the form of a mist called hyraircooling is an innovation in cooling of vegetables.'"
278,239,"'Air precooling- Precooling of fruits with cold air is the most common practice. It can be done in refrigerator cars, storage rooms, tunnels, or forced air-coolers (air is forced to pass through the container via baffles and pressure differences).'"
279,240,"'Icing- Ice is commonly added to boxes of produce by placing a layer of crushed ice directly on the top of the crop. An ice slurry can be applied in the following proportion: 60% finely crushed ice, 40% water, and 0.1% sodium chloride to lower the melting point. The water to ice ratio may vary from 1:1 to 1:4.'"
280,241,"'Room cooling- This method involves placing the crop in cold storage. The type of room used may vary, but generally consists of a refrigeration unit in which cold air is passed through a fan. The circulation may be such that air is blown across the top of the room and falls through the crop by convection. The main advantage is cost because no specific facility is required.'"
281,242,"'Forced air-cooling- The principle behind this type of precooling is to place the crop into a room where cold air is directed through the crop after flowing over various refrigerated metal coils or pipes. Forced air-cooling systems blow air at a high velocity leading to desiccation of the crop. To minimize this effect, various methods of humidifying the cooling air have been designed such as blowing the air through cold water sprays.'"
282,243,"'8 Hydrocooling- The transmission of heat from a solid to a liquid is faster than the transmission of heat from a solid to a gas. Therefore, cooling of crops with cooled water can occur quickly and results in zero loss of weight. To achieve high performance, the crop is submerged in cold water, which is constantly circulated through a heat exchanger. When crops are transported around the packhouse in water, the transport can incorporate a hydrocooler. This system has the advantage wherein the speed of the conveyer can be adjusted to the time required to cool the produce. Hydrocooling has a further advantage over other precooling methods in that it can help clean the produce. Chlorinated water can be used to avoid spoilage of the crop. Hydrocooling is commonly used for vegetables, such as asparagus, celery, sweet corn, radishes, and carrots, but it is seldom used for fruits.'"
283,248,"'10 Can filling is the process of aseptically filling whole or sized fruit or vegetables into the containers. The cans are washed with water or subjected to steam jet to remove any adhering dust or foreign matter. Tin cans made of thin steel plate of low carbon content, lightly coated on either side with tin metal to a thickness of about 0.25 mm are usually used in canning. The thickness of coating varies from 0.31 mm to 1.54 mm.'"
284,252,"'11 especially of vitamin C. The other advantages of the exhaust process are prevention of bulging of the can when stored at high altitudes or in hot climates. In heat exhaust method, the cans are generally passed through a tank of hot water at about 92-97 C or on a moving belt through a covered steam box. The time of exhaust varies between 5 to 25 minutes. After exhausting cans are immediately sealed with the help of double rolling operation of seamer.'"
285,433,'y The poultry sheds should be properly cleaned and disinfected with 60-70g of potassium permanganate mixed with 120-150 ml formaline solution per 10 cubic feet space. Place the birds in the sheds after 24 hours of fumigation.'
286,434,"'y The consumption of raw or undercooked of animal product should be avoided. Raw meat, milk or animal organ should be handled with care to avoid cross contamination with uncooked food as per good food practices.'"
287,435,"'y In Himalayans region of Uttarakhand, stall feeding should be promoted to avoid herding of animals and shepherds. y Local poultry farmer are advised to fed concentrate mix with local available grain in ratio of 2:1 in the diet to maintain the health and growth of poultry birds during the scarcity of quality feed'"
288,480,"'y During the summer months, sheep and goats should be taken to grazing in the morning and evening and give rest to the animals in the shady place in the afternoon.'"
289,244,"'Vacuum cooling- Cooling in this case is achieved with the latent heat of vaporization rather than conduction. At normal air pressure (760 mmHg) water will boil at 100°C. As air pressure is reduced so is the boiling point of water, and at 4.6 mmHg water boils at 0°C. For every 5 or 6°C reduction in temperature, under these conditions, the crop loses about 1% of its weight (Barger, 1961). This weight loss may be minimized by spraying the produce with water either before enclosing it in the vacuum chamber or towards the end of the vacuum cooling operation (hydrovacuum cooling). The speed and effectiveness of cooling is related to the ratio between the mass of the crop and its surface area. This method is particularly suitable for leaf crops such as lettuce. Crops like tomatoes having a relatively thick wax cuticle are not suitable for vacuum cooling.'"
290,245,"'Canning The process of sealing fruits and vegetables or any other foodstuffs hermetically (air tight) in containers and sterilizing them by heat for long storage is known as canning. In 1904, Nicholas Appert of France invented this process and he is called as “Father of Canning”. The process of canning is also known as Appertization. Fruits and vegetables are canned in the season when the raw material is available in plenty. The canned products are sold in off-season and give better returns to the grower. The process flow diagram for canning is given-'"
291,246,"'The process of sealing fruits and vegetables or any other foodstuffs hermetically (air tight) in containers and sterilizing them by heat for long storage is known as canning. In 1904, Nicholas Appert of France invented this process and he is called as “Father of Canning”. The process of canning is also known as Appertization. Fruits and vegetables are canned in the season when the raw material is available in plenty. The canned products are sold in off-season and give better returns to the grower. The process flow diagram for canning is given-'"
292,247,"'Most of the preliminary operations of canning such as selection of the raw material, washing, sorting and grading, blanching have already been discussed in previous lesson and hence not repeated.'"
293,253,"'The term “processing” as used in canning technology, means heating of canned foods (fruits, vegetables and other food stuffs) to inactivate bacteria. This is also called as “retorting”. Processing consists of determining just the temperature and the extent of cooking that would suffice to eliminate all possibilities of bacterial growth.'"
294,254,"'Preserves They are whole fruits or large pieces of fruit in thick sugar syrup, often slightly jellied. Preserves are made from practically all fruits including peaches, pears, plums, aonla, strawberries, grapes, muscadines, quinces and tomatoes. The fruit for preserving should be in a firm-ripe rather than a soft-ripe stage. By using up to 25.0% of firm-ripe fruit, the tartness is increased and less pectin is required in the formula. The fruit should be uniform in size and uniform pieces so as to cook evenly. The examples of Preserves include Fig preserve, Watermelon rind preserve, etc.'"
295,1476,"'Tea plant Camellia sinensis (L) O. Kuntze is the only important economic species of the family Theaceae. The two botanical varieties are recognized 28.9.1  China Tea ( Camellia sinensis var. sinensis) It is a variety found in more temperatate producing regions such as China, Japan, USSR< Turkey, Iran and Northern, higher altitude growing areas of India. It produces delicately flavoured tea. 28.9.2  Assam Tea ( Camellia sinensis var. assamica )'"
296,249,"'It is difficult to coat steel plate uniformly with tin during the process of manufacture. Small microscopic spaces are always left uncoated, although the coating may appear perfect to the naked eye. The content of the can may react with the exposed parts of container and cause discolouration of the product or corrosion of the tin plate. When the corrosion is severe, the steel is attacked and black stains of iron sulphide are produced. Hence, it is necessary to coat the inside of the can with some material like lacquer, which would prevent discolouration, but would not impart its own flavor or injure the wholesomeness of the contents. The process of coating of inner side of the can to prevent discolouration of the product is called as lacquering. Lacquers include oleo-resinous material, synthetic resins, phenolic resins, epoxy resins and vinyl resins. There are two types of lacquers: (a) acid resistant and (b) sulphur resistant. The acid-resistant lacquer is ordinary gold coloured enamel and the cans treated with it are called as A.R-enamel cans. The sulphur-resistant lacquer is also of golden colour and the cans coated with it are called C-enamel cans or S.R. cans. Acid-resistant cans are used for packing of fruits of the acid group with soluble colouring matter such as raspberry, strawberry, red plum, coloured grapes, etc. Sulphurresistant cans are used for non-acid products like peas, corn, beans, etc.'"
297,250,"'In canning, syrups are added to fruits whereas brine (salt solution) is added to the vegetables. Purpose of adding syrups or brine is to improve the flavor, fill the space between the pieces of canned product and aid in the heat transfer during sterilization. Cane sugar, glucose syrup, invert sugar and high fructose corn syrups are used for canning. Brine containing 1 to 2 percent of common salt is generally used for vegetables. Strength of syrup is measured by using hydrometer or a refractometer while strength of brine is measured by salometer or salinometer. The syrup or brine should be added to the can at a temperature of about 90 C, leaving suitable headspace in the can.'"
298,251,'Exhausting usually means heating the can and can contents before sealing. Sometimes it is may also refer to the treatment of the container under a mechanically produced vacuum. But in either case it is done to remove air from the can interior and prevent corrosion. It also prevents undue strains upon the can during sterilization and prevents overfilling of can contents. Removing of air also helps in better retention of vitamins'
299,267,"'Acid Acidity can be supplemented by use of citric, tartaric or malic acid. The pH influences inversion of sugar and setting of the jam. For pectin jam, pH of 3.3 gives a good set. For Apple and Plum jam, the pH range of 3.2-3.5 is desirable; optimum being 3.35.'"
300,268,"'1. Determining the boiling point with thermometer- Thermometers or thermocouples are used to indicate the temperature which should be approximately the boiling point of a 65% sugar solution (103.9-105oC), when the process is complete. A 65% solids boils at 104.8oC at sea level. It should be 8-9 oC higher than the boiling point of water at that place. 2. Hydrometers- They help in determining the specific gravity of material.'"
301,1203,"'This variety has been developed from the cross PTWG × 4-White. Plant top is medium; leaves are complete with serrated margins and dark green in colour. Roots are round, pure'"
302,1204,"'Plant top is small with 4-6 sessile leaves. Roots are flat with purplish red top and white underneath. Flesh is pure white, crisp and mildly pungent. It is an extra early variety and roots'"
303,255,"'They are whole fruits or large pieces of fruit in thick sugar syrup, often slightly jellied. Preserves are made from practically all fruits including peaches, pears, plums, aonla, strawberries, grapes, muscadines, quinces and tomatoes. The fruit for preserving should be in a firm-ripe rather than a soft-ripe stage. By using up to 25.0% of firm-ripe fruit, the tartness is increased and less pectin is required in the formula. The fruit should be uniform in size and uniform pieces so as to cook evenly. The examples of Preserves include Fig preserve, Watermelon rind preserve, etc.'"
304,256,"'Preliminary Processing The fruit should be washed thoroughly. If the fruit had been sprayed with insecticide to check blight, it should be washed with dilute HCl, especially is the peel is not removed from the fruit for preparation of the preserve. The preliminary treatment varies with the variety of fruit taken. For instance, apples and pears are just peeled and pricked if they are to be kept whole, otherwise they are peeled, halved or quartered, cored and punctured. Mangoes are peeled, sliced and pricked. Peaches are destoned and lye peeled. Apricots, cherries are only pitted and destined. Oranges, lemons, grape fruits and citrus fruits are halved and the pulpy portions removed from the cut fruit. Pumpkins are sliced, peeled, pricked and placed in dilute lime water for few hours to harden the texture. Strawberries and Raspberries are used as such, without any preliminary treatment. The fruit is first cooked slightly in water to make it soft enough to absorb sugar. Cooking of the fruit in syrup is rather a difficult process, because the syrup is to be maintained at a proper degree of consistency so that it can permeate the entire body of the fruit, without causing it'"
305,1477,'They contribute a major proportion of tea consumed in Western hemisphere. They are produced by full fermentation and roughly classified as „Plain‟ or „Flavoury‟.'
306,287,"'Tomato Paste Tomato paste can be defined as concentrated tomato juice or pulp without skin and seeds, and containing not less than 25 percent of tomato solids. If the tomato paste is further concentrated to a tomato solid levels of 33 percent or more then it is called as concentrated tomato paste.'"
307,288,"'Tomato juice or pulp is strained or filtered to remove portions of skin, seeds and large coarse pieces to get uniform juice or pulp. The juice or pulp is concentrated in open kettle or vacuum kettle to evaporate water and the process of evaporation in case of puree is continued till the volume reduced to equal or one-half of original. The end point is determined by the hand refractometer to measure the total soluble solids and expressed as degree Brix. Alternatively it can also be determined by using specific gravity bottle or by drying the juice or pulp under vacuum at 700C. The puree of desired total soluble solids is then filled into cans (temperature of filling 82-880C) and processed in boiling water for 20 min. The processed cans are cooled immediately either by dipping them in cold water or sprinkled with cold water. The cans are then stored in dry and cool place. For the manufacture of tomato paste, tomato juice or'"
308,1218,'This is a smooth seeded cultivar and produces small lightgreen leaves with a pointed apex'
309,1219,"'This cultivar was developed by Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, through selection. Its plants are semi-erect, foliage is shining dark-green, thick, long and broad. The'"
310,1220,"'This cultivar was developed by the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi by polyploidization of the culture as a result of induced mutagenesis using All Green as a source'"
311,1221,"'This cultivar was developed by Haryana Agricultural University, Hissar, Haryana through selection. It produces dark-green, large, thick, tender and juicy leaves. It is a quick'"
312,257,"'12 either to shrink or to toughen. The fruit should be boiled initially in water before transferring it to the syrup or cooked first in a dilute syrup with low sugar concentration. Highly juicy fruits may, however, be placed directly in a thick syrup at the very outset, because the excess of juice present in the fruit would serve to dilute the syrup.The examples of sugar preserves include Aonla preserve, Apple preserve, Bael preserve, Carrot preserve, Cherry preserve, etc.'"
313,258,"'The process is similar to the one employed in preparing fruit preserves, but here the fruit is impregnated with a higher percentage of sugar or glucose; the total sugar content is about 75.0%. A certain amount of invert sugar or glucose is substituted in place of cane sugar. The fruits suitable for such preparation are those that possess pronounced flavor, such as pineapple, peach, peels of orange, lemon, grapefruit, citrus, cherry, etc. Use of slightly underripe fruit helps in preventing formation of jam-like consistency in the syruping process. The sweeteners used maybe Confectioner‟s glucose (corn syrup, crystal syrup or commercial glucose), dextrose, invert sugar, etc.'"
314,259,"'Candied citrus peels- Candied citrus peels are highly popular for festive occasions like Christmas, Diwali, etc. They are manufactured and sold in large quantities in several parts of the world. They are useful as flavouring materials in cakes, puddings, etc. Citrus peels, especially orange peels, are waste products in the manufacture of orange juice, squash, segments, etc. Thick rinds of citrus fruits like orange, lemon, grape fruit, citrus, and pummelo are used for candying. After the peels are prepared, they are covered with a cold syrup of 30oBrix in a vessel and left for 48 h. On the 3rd day, the strength will be less than 30 oBrix, which is raised by 10oBrix and the peels boiled in this syrup for about 5 min. The process is repeated until the strength reaches 60oBrix. At this stage, citric or tartaric acid is added at the rate of 1.25 g for every kg of peels. Alternatively, glucose or invert syrup may be added up to a maximum of 50.0% of the cane sugar used. The strength of the syrup is then raised to 75oBrix by 5oBrix every succeeding day. The peels are then left in this syrup for 2-3 weeks. Finally, they are taken out from the syrup and dried on wire mesh tray.'"
315,1478,'The taste characteristics are associated with the phenolic substances produced during fermentation e.g. Assam tea.'
316,1479,'They are sold on the basis of their aroma characteristics e.g. Darjeeling tea.'
317,1480,"'There is no fermentation; the leaf remains green. When infused, the liquors are greenish, pale primrose or lemon-yellow in colour with no trace of red or brown. They are produced and consumed mainly in China and Japan. Green tea constitutes ~ 20% of total production.'"
318,260,"'The syrup needed for glazing process is made by boiling a mixture of cane sugar and water in the proportion of 2:1, in a steam pan at 113-114oC and skimming the impurities as they surface. Heat is stopped and the syrup cooled to 93oC. Granulation of the sugar is achieved by rubbing the syrup with a wooden ladle on the side of the pan. Dried candied fruit are passed through the granulated portion of the syrup, one by one, by means of a form, and then placed on trays that are kept in a warm, dry room. To hasten the process, the fruit may be dried in a drier at 49oC for 2-3 h. When it becomes crisp, it is packed in air-tight containers.'"
319,261,"'Jam Jam means the product prepared from sound, ripe, fresh, dehydrated, frozen or previously packed fruits including fruit juices, fruit pulp, fruit juice concentrate or dry fruit by boiling its pieces or pulp or puree with nutritive sweeteners namely sugar, dextrose, invert sugar or liquid glucose to a suitable consistency. It may also contain fruit pieces and any other ingredients suitable to the products. It may be prepared from any of the suitable fruits, singly or in combination. It shall have the flavour of the original fruit(s) and shall be free from burnt or objectionable flavours and crystallization. The specific requirements for Jam are as follows: Total soluble solids (m/m) - Min. 65.0 % The product shall be manufactured from minimum 45.0% by weight, of original prepared, fruit, exclusive of any added sugar or optional ingredients of finished product, except for Strawberry or Raspberry fruit, where it shall contain minimum 25.0% fruit.'"
320,293,'27 form of its sodium or potassium salt because of almost 54 times higher solubility of salt as compared to benzoic acid. As per FSSAI guidelines the maximum permissible limit of benzoic acid is 750 ppm.'
321,294,'8 ICAR KHARIF AGRO-ADVISORY FOR FARMERS Zone-I'
322,295,"'y Land preparations and sowing of maize in high altitude areas may be completed from 20 th April to 15 th May using composite variety Girija for timely sowing and Bajaura Makka, Bajaura Popcorn, Bajaura sweet corn for late sowing, whereas in mid and low hills the same may be completed from 15 th May to 15 th June and 20 th May to 30 th'"
323,296,"'June, respectively using composite variety Girija and Palam Sankar Makka-2 for timely sowing and Bajaura Makka, Bajaura Popcorn for late sowing. University tested hybrids can also be procured from department of Agriculture for sowing of maize in different zones of Himachal Pradesh.'"
324,297,"'y Spacing for maize may be maintained at 60x20 cm so that optimum plant population of 75000- 83000 plants could be maintained as population less than 50000 affect the yield drastically,'"
325,1481,"'These are partially oxidized so that their appearance is somewhat intermediate between that of green and black tea. They are manufactured primarily in China e.g. Oolong, Pouchong teas. Oolong or Ponchong or Red Tea forms only 2% of total tea production.'"
326,262,"'Jam means the product prepared from sound, ripe, fresh, dehydrated, frozen or previously packed fruits including fruit juices, fruit pulp, fruit juice concentrate or dry fruit by boiling its pieces or pulp or puree with nutritive sweeteners namely sugar, dextrose, invert sugar or liquid glucose to a suitable consistency. It may also contain fruit pieces and any other ingredients suitable to the products. It may be prepared from any of the suitable fruits, singly or in combination. It shall have the flavour of the original fruit(s) and shall be free from burnt or objectionable flavours and crystallization. The specific requirements for Jam are as follows: Total soluble solids (m/m) - Min. 65.0 % The product shall be manufactured from minimum 45.0% by weight, of original prepared, fruit, exclusive of any added sugar or optional ingredients of finished product, except for Strawberry or Raspberry fruit, where it shall contain minimum 25.0% fruit.'"
327,263,"'Characteristics of jam- The amount of pectin in the gel is quite small (< 1.0% of the weight of jam); sugar content is very high (60- 70%). Of the remainder, the bulk is'"
328,264,"'14 water with a small amount of fibrous matter and seeds. For a chunky texture, some pieces of fruit are added about 5 minutes before the cooking is finished. If a stiffer or sweeter jam is desired, more thickener or pectin, honey or sugar may be added.'"
329,265,"'Fruit or fruit combinations Some fruits such as lemons and bitter oranges are rich in both acid and pectin and can be easily made into jam. Some popular combinations include: pineapple and paw paw, orange and banana, apple and plum.'"
330,266,"'Sugar 55 parts of sugar is required for every 45 parts of fruit. With excess sugar, the jam becomes gummy and sticky. The finished jam should have 30-50% invert sugar / glucose to avoid crystallization of cane sugar during storage.'"
331,1482,"'Teas are sometimes scented with various plant essential oils such as lemon, bergamot, rose and fragrant olive which impart sweet floral attributes to enhance the natural flavour of tea. Other teas are blended with flower petals, spices or dried leaf such as Rosemary, Peppermint, Camomile and Chrysanthemum.'"
332,1483,'These are tea (black or green) which are compressed in the form of bricks or cakes. Portions of bricks are broken off for use and are sometimes cooked with butter or other fats.'
333,269,"'Storage of jam The surface of jam is susceptible to mold growth; yeast cannot grow or thrive. There is risk of mold development and fermentation, with alteration in the taste. Permitted preservatives may be used at levels sufficient to inhibit the growth of yeast and molds. Jam should be stored in a fairly cool place or else some moisture evaporates resulting in surface graining and shrinkage of jam. It should be stored in a place having RH of ~ 80%.'"
334,270,"'Fruit Jelly means the product prepared by boiling fruit juice or fruit(s) of sound quality, with or without water, expressing and straining the juice, adding nutritive sweeteners, and concentrating to such a consistency that gelatinization takes place on cooling. The product shall not be syrupy, sticky or gummy and shall be clear, sparkling and transparent. The specific requirements are as shown below: Total soluble solids (m/m) - Min. 65.0 % The product shall be manufactured from minimum 45.0%, by weight, of original prepared fruit, exclusive of any added sugar or optional ingredients of finished product.'"
335,271,'Crystals in Jelly Sugar crystallization may result from: (a) Too much sugar (b) Too little acid (c) Overcooking of jelly (d) Too long a delay in sealing the container of jelly.'
336,272,"'Crystals may sometimes be found in jelly because during the boiling, syrup spatters on the side of the pan and dries up. In subsequent pouring of the finished product, these crystals (act as seed material) are carried into the glasses of jelly.'"
337,298,'y Fertilizer application using FYM and NPK @ 120:60:40 for hybrids and NPK @ 95:45:30 for local varieties using one third N and full dose of P & K at sowing and two split doses of N at first earthing up and one month thereafter should be used.'
338,299,'y For weed control in maize pre-emergence herbicide Atrazine @ 1.5- 2.0 kg a.i//ha for sole crops while alachlor @ @ 1.5 kg /ha can be used for mixed cropping systems'
339,300,"'y In areas where cutworm and white grubs are serious pests, chlorpyriphos @ 2.0 litre per ha mixed in 60-70 kg sandy soil may be used for soil amendment before sowing or cypermethrin 10EC @ 1ml per litre may be used for foliar application.'"
340,388,'y Maintain a row to row spacing of 75 cm for hybrid maize and 60 cm for composite varieties with plant-to-plant distance of 20 cm. Keep the field free of weeds atleast up to 40 DAS. Two weedings cum hoeings should be given first at 15 days and second at 30 days after sowing where no herbicide has been applied.'
341,273,"'Failure to gel a) Causative factors Improper balance of pectin, acid, sugar and mineral salts, which may come about in several ways: Fruit used may lack sufficient pectin or acid or both. Overcooking may destroy so much pectin that a gummy mass is formed. Undercooking, due to insufficient concentration. Too much water used for extraction of juice, so that the proportion of sugar is too great for the pectin and the long time required for evaporation may destroy some of the pectin.'"
342,274,'Tough Jelly The jelly becomes tough or stringy when too little sugar is used for the quantity of fruit juice used or when boiling is continued after the jellying point has been reached.'
343,275,"'Marmalade means a product prepared by boiling sound fruits with peel, pulp and juice, with or without water, added nutritive sweeteners and concentrating to such a consistency that gelatinization takes place on cooling of the product. It shall not be syrupy, sticky or gummy and shall be clear and transparent.'"
344,276,"'20 The specific requirements are as follows: (i) Total soluble solids (m/m) - Min. 65.0 % (ii) Fruit content except peel (m/m) - Min. 45.0 % (iii) Peel in suspension - Min. 5.0 % The container shall be well filled with the product and shall occupy not less than 90% of the net weight of the container, when packed in the rigid containers.'"
345,301,"'y Nursery sowing @ 25 kg seed/ha after seed treatment with bavistin @ 2.5 g/kg for timely sown rice may be completed from 20 th May to first week of June using high yielding varieties HPR 1068, HPR'"
346,302,"'2143, RP 2421, HPR 2720, HPR 2880; university recommended / tested rice hybrids like Arize 6129, Arize Swift Arize AZ 6508, PAC 807 etc.  (in areas below 1000 m amsl) and transplanting may be completed using 25-30 days old seedlings by end of June, In case of basmati rice high yielding and disease resistant varieties Kasturi and HPR 2612 could be used.  For late sowing conditions also, high yielding short duration variety HPR 2612 can be used. Varieties Bhrighu Dhan, Varun Dhan and Naggar Dhan could be used in Kullu valley and other colder areas.'"
347,481,"'y To protect chickens from heat, Gunny bags/sacks should be planted around the farm, and these gunny bags /sacks should be wetted by spraying water through sprinklers in the morning, evening and as required.'"
348,482,"'Cattle and Buffalo: y In the month of June, the high environmental temperatures result may affect the animals by fever, dehydration, decrease in body salts, loss of appetite and decrease in production. As in the month of May, all efforts are to be continued to protect the animals from the high temperature and dry hot winds.'"
349,1484,"'It is the water soluble extract of tea leaf, usually marketed as a powder, flake or granule, either pure or as a part of flavoured mixes. Most Instant tea is made from black tea, but some is made from green tea. Iced lemon teas are popular example in USA.'"
350,277,"'Drying and dehydration of fruits and vegetables is an age old method to preserve these products. Removal of the water (75-90%) present in fresh commodity results in reduction in the water activity and ultimately resistance against most of the deteriorative agents. The removal of water is carried out by the application of heat and this heat is usually supplied in the form of solar energy or artificially generated hot air. Removal of moisture and exposure of heat often results in poor textural attributes, loss in nutritive value (vitamins), discolouration and loss of flavouring components. Although both drying and dehydration are interchangeably used, drying is referred to removal of water to an equilibrium moisture content while dehydration is removal of water to an almost bone dry condition. A number of processing steps are carefully designed to check all these adverse effects of drying. Some of the new technologies have been introduced in recent years to produce a wholesome and nutritive product. Partial dewatering by osmosis and impregnation soaking process before drying saves energy during drying and improves quality of dried product. Osmotic dehydration is gaining popularity, as the dehydrated product is more stable during storage due to low water activity by solute gain and water loss. The low water activity resulted in fewer rates of chemical reactions avoiding deterioration of the food. Osmotic dehydration in many cases is employed to increase sugar to acid ratio of acidic fruits, thereby to'"
351,278,"'21 improve the taste, texture and appearance of dried product. The processing steps involve in drying of fruits and vegetables are summarized here. Drying Drying of the fruits and vegetables is usually carried out in cabinet dryer. The material is loaded over perforated aluminium trays and dried using hot air. The temperature, velocity and the humidity of the air are important for drying process. It usually varies from commodity to commodity. A lower drying temperature is generally used for fruits, as there may be chances of case hardening. The temperature varies from 55-80oC. To create perforation initially temperature is maintained towards higher side and them it is reduced. Some vegetables those are light, cylindrical or spherical like peas are dried in fluidized bed dryer. This improves the rehydration characteristic and the nutritive value of the product, as it take lesser time and more uniform drying.'"
352,303,"'y The transplanted rice crop should be fertilized with NPK @ 90:40:40 with 50% N and entire dose of P & K at the time of transplanting and remaining N in two equal doses at 3 nd 6 weeks after transplanting. In case of Zinc deficiency symptoms in previous crop, apply 60 kg of zinc sulphate heptahydrate (21%) or 40 kg zinc sulphate monohydrate (33%) per hectare at puddling'"
353,304,"'y In transplanted rice, apply Butachlor 5 G @ 30 kg/ha or broadcast Butachlor 50EC @ 3L after mixing with within 72 hrs of transplanting for weed management. Post emergence herbicide Bispyribac sodium @ 250 ml/ ha can also be sprayed at 20-25 days after transplanting.'"
354,305,"'y In case of direct seeded rice, high yielding varieties HPR 1156 (SukaraDhan), HPR 2656 and HPR 2795 could be sown by end May or first week of June @ 60 kg seed/ ha.'"
355,306,"'y Sowing of black gram could be started by June end and completed in first fortnight of July using high yielding varieties UG 218, Him Mash 1 and PB 114 in low and mid hills and Palampur 93 in high hills (>1500 m amsl) using basal dose of NPK @ 20:40:20 at the time of sowing.'"
356,1485,'„Decaffeinated tea‟ is promoted on health grounds. Tea is decaffeinated with methylene chloride or other chlorinated solvents and supercritical CO 2 .'
357,279,"'Drying Drying of the fruits and vegetables is usually carried out in cabinet dryer. The material is loaded over perforated aluminium trays and dried using hot air. The temperature, velocity and the humidity of the air are important for drying process. It usually varies from commodity to commodity. A lower drying temperature is generally used for fruits, as there may be chances of case hardening. The temperature varies from 55-80oC. To create perforation initially temperature is maintained towards higher side and them it is reduced. Some vegetables those are light, cylindrical or spherical like peas are dried in fluidized bed dryer. This improves the rehydration characteristic and the nutritive value of the product, as it take lesser time and more uniform drying.'"
358,280,'Principle of Pickling'
359,307,"'y High yielding varieties Jawala, Him-1, Kanchan, Triloki, Baspa of Kidney bean (Rajmash) can be sown in the month of May in high altitude areas and in the monthnof June in low lying areas.'"
360,308,"'y For management of anthracnose, seed treatment with bavistin @ 2g per kg sed can also be done or foliar application with bavisitn @ 1g/ L water can be followed.'"
361,309,"'y Sowing of Soybean could be completed from Mid-May to end May using high yielding varieties Palam Soya, Harit Soya or Palam Hara Soya 1.'"
362,310,"'y Earthing up and staking in summer tomato may be completed by end April by adding split N dose. Remaining Nitrogen can be applied at one-month interval thereafter. y For Kharif tomato, nursery raising may be started in the month of May and transplanting should be completed by mid-May.'"
363,311,"'y For the management of early blight, buckey-rot and fruit rot diseases apply copper oxychloride @ 3g/ L, ridomil MZ @ 2.5 g/L and Mancozeb 45 @ 2.5 g or Kavach @ 2g/ L respectively as and when symptoms appear.'"
364,312,"'y Transplanting of capsicum using OP varieties California wonder, Yellow wonder and Solan Bharpoor or suitable hybrids may be completed by end April using NPK @ 100:75:55 before sowing with Nitrogen in 3 splits (30, 60 90DAT).'"
365,1486,"'The flavours used include chocolate, jasmine, mandarin orange peel, Bergamot and other sweet herbs. In India, cardamom, ginger, lemon, bergamot and mint are popular flavoured teas. TEA LEAF PROCESSING'"
366,1487,'The production of orthodox and CTC tea accounts for 52.0 and 48.0% of black tea production respectively. India is the largest producer of Black tea while China is the largest producer of Green tea in the world.'
367,281,"'22 There are mainly two methods of preserving fruits and vegetables namely (i) by killing all the microorganisms responsible for spoilage, by heat or other means and then checking the entry of fresh microorganisms into the preserved product (ii) by making the conditions most unfavourable for the growth and multiplication of microorganisms. The first method is generally employed in the preservation of fruits and vegetables for making fruit juices, fruit powders, etc. and the second method in the preparation of pickles. The process of preservation of food in common salt or vinegar is called as pickling. Spices and edible oils also may be added to the product. Salt, vinegar, lactic acid and oil are the important ingredients used in pickle production. These substances when used in sufficient quantities, act as preservatives either singly or in combination. The preservative action of these substances are given below:'"
368,282,"'Salt Vegetables do not ferment when they are covered with strong brine or packed with a fairly large quantity of salt. Spoilage is prevented by adding sufficient common salt, bringing its final concentration in the material from 15 to 20 percent. At this high salt concentration, mould and even lactic acid-forming bacteria do not grow. This method of preservation is only applicable to vegetables which contain very little sugar because sufficient lactic acid cannot be formed by fermentation to act as preservative. Vinegar In vinegar pickles, vinegar acts as a preservative. In order to ensure satisfactory results, the final concentration of acid as acetic acid, in the finished product should not be less than 2 percent. To avoid dilution of the vinegar by the water liberated from the tissues, the vegetables are generally placed in strong vinegar of about 10 percent acidity for several days before final packing. This treatment also helps to expel the gases present in the intercellular spaces of the vegetable tissue. Lactic acid Bacteria prefer for their growth media with little or no acid. The lactic acid bacteria, however, can grow in acid media and can also produce acid through their action on the substrate. They can grow in the presence of 8 – 10 percent salt. The growth of undesirable organisms is inhibited by adding salt while allowing the lactic fermentation to proceed. In fermented pickles, microorganisms ferment sugars to lactic acid. When vegetables are placed in brine, the soluble material present in them diffuses into the salt water owing to osmosis and the liquid penetrates into the tissues. The soluble material, besides containing mineral matter, contains fermentable sugars. These sugars serve as food for lactic acid bacteria, which convert them into lactic and other volatile acids. Oil'"
369,283,"'23 In oil-based pickles, fruits or vegetables are completely immersed in the edible oil. It acts as a barrier for air and creates an anaerobic condition which is utilized by the native bacteria for the production of lactic acid. Oil prevents growth of spoilage yeasts and moulds. Generally mustard oil is used.'"
370,313,'y For the management of powdery mildew and fruit rot diseases use Hexaconazole or cantaf @ 0.5 ml/ L and Mancozeb 45 or Ridomil MZ @ 2.5 g/ L as and when symptoms appear in the standing crop.'
371,314,'y For the management of fruit borer apply lambda cyhalothrin @ 0.8 ml/ L or acepahate @ 1 g/ L or flubendamide @ 0.2 g/l; and imidacloprid @ 0.5 ml for sucking pests.'
372,315,"'y Cucurbits planting may be completed by April end using FYM and Fertilizers (NPK @ 100:50:60 before sowing with Nitrogen in 3 split doses at 30, 45, 70DAT. y For fruit fly management, install Palam Fruit Fly traps @ 25 traps per ha in May and use Malathion 30 ml + Gur 150 g per 15 L water at 15 days interval.'"
373,1225,"'This was developed at Jobner campus of University of Udaipur by selection from a spontaneous mutation detected from a local collection, SI. No. 5. It produces green, large, thick'"
374,284,"'Definition and Specifications In India, the Food Safety and Standards (FSS) Rules (2006) defines pickles as “preparation made from fruits and vegetables or other edible plant material including mushrooms free from insect damaged or fungal infection, singly or in combination preserved in salt, acid, sugar or any combination of the three. The pickle may contain onion, garlic, ginger, sugar, jaggery, edible vegetable oil, green or red chillies, spices, spice extracts/oil, lime juice, vinegar/acetic acid, citric acid, dry fruits and nuts. It shall be free from copper, mineral acid, alum, synthetic colours and shall show no sign of fermentation”. Pickles may be of following combinations confirming to the requirements as given below: Pickles in citrus juice or brine a) Drained weight: Not less than 60 percent b) Sodium Chloride content when packed in brine: Not less than 12 percent c) Acidity as Citric acid when packed in Citrus Juice: Not less than 1.2 percent'"
375,285,'Manufacturing of Tomato Puree and Paste The pulp which is obtained by hot or cold break method is concentrated to manufacture puree and paste. Fully mature and deep red coloured tomatoes are preferred for the manufacture of tomato puree and paste.'
376,286,"'25 Tomato juice or pulp as obtained by cold or hot extraction method is concentrated to about 9.0 percent to 12.0 percent total solids to prepare tomato puree. Commercial tomato puree can be defined as concentrated tomato juice or pulp without skin or seeds, with or without added salt and containing not less than 9.0 percent salt free tomato solids, is “medium tomato puree”. Further concentration to 12.0 percent solids will yield “heavy tomato puree”.'"
377,316,"'y For fruit fly management, install Palam Fruit Fly traps @ 25 traps per ha in May and use Malathion 30 ml + Gur 150 g per 15 L water at 15 days interval.'"
378,317,"'y Use bavistin 1g + Mancozeb 45 2g per litre of water for management of fungal diseases and imidacloprid @ 0,5 ml per litre for the management of sucking pests.'"
379,318,"'y Transplanting of cole crops in high areas can be started in the month of June using NPK @ 125:75:70 at the time of sowing with Nitrogen in 3 splits (30, 60 90DAT). Borax can be added for the management of browning in cauliflower.'"
380,1249,'This is a condition in which the bracts grow out of the curd. The disorder occurs due to excessive nitrogen application and if temperature is higher than the optimum at the time of curd'
381,1250,"'In this disorder, the pedicles and/or peduncles grow out giving full velvety or partially velvety appearance to the curd. This condition develops due to poor seed stock and growing of'"
382,1488,'The fresh tea leaf is characterized by large quantities of methylxanthines and polyphenols. The composition of unprocessed tea leaf and young shoot of Assam tea is presented in Table 29.1 and Table 29.2 respectively.'
383,289,"'26 pulp is first concentrated in open steam jacketed kettle to total solid levels in the range of 14-15 percent and subsequent concentration is carried out in vacuum pan. During cooking in open kettle common salt, basil leaf or sweet oil of basil leaf may also be added to prevent the excessive foaming, burning and sticking. In vacuum pan, the water present in pulp or juice starts evaporating at 710C. It assists in retention of bright red colour and flavour. The removal of air also check any oxidative reaction that may adversely affect the nutritional value i.e. vitamin C. For sterilization of the product, vacuum is removed and the temperature is raised to 1000C and held at that temperature for about 10 min.'"
384,290,"'Technology of Tomato Ketchup and Sauce Among the tomato products, in India tomato sauce and ketchup are very popular and are being manufactured on an increasingly large scale. It is one of the simplest ways of conserving the tomato solids. As per FSSAI standards “Tomato ketchup and sauce means the product prepared by blending tomato juice/puree/paste of appropriate concentration with nutritive sweeteners, salt, vinegar, spices and condiments and any other ingredient suitable to the product and heating to the required consistency. Tomato paste may be used after dilution with water suitable for the purpose of maintaining the essential composition of the product. The finished product should contain not less than 25.0 percent total soluble solids (salt free basis) and acidity not  less than 1.0 percent as acetic acid. The product should also meet the given microbiological criteria.'"
385,291,"'Tomato ketchup and sauce can be made from freshly extracted juice or pulp or using tomato puree or paste. Strained tomato juice or pulp along with spices, salt, sugar and vinegar is cooked or concentrated to the extent that ketchup and sauce contains not less than 12 percent tomato solids, 25 percent total solids and minimum acidity as 1% acetic acid. The TSS content in tomato ketchup should be 25-29 for grade C, 29-33 for grade B and over 33 for grade A. Basically there is no difference between tomato ketch-up and tomato sauce. Tomato sauce has thinner consistency and it is blended with juice or pulp from other vegetable sources including potato puree, cucumber juice or carrot pulp.'"
386,292,"'Defects in Ketchup The two most common observed defects in ketchup are: serum separation and blackening specially around the neck. The latter defect is referred as “Black neck defect”. The tannins present in spices get extracted into the ketchup and when these phenolic compounds come in contact with iron leached out either from processing vessels or from the closure of ketchup bottles, they form ferrous tannate. This compound undergoes oxidation and form ferric tannate and it is a black coloured compound. To check it one should not use iron or copper utensils and headless clove should be used. The inner lining of bottle cap should be of PVC. Problem of serum separation as already been discussed in Section 2.4.5. Among the microbiological problem mold growth is the most serious one. Microbial growth can be taken care by adding chemical preservatives specially benzoic acid. Benzoic acid is added in the'"
387,1925,"'C tional Tillage - Tillage types that leave less than 15 percent residue cover after planting, than 500 pounds per acre of small grain residue equivalent throughout the critical wind period. Generally involves plowing or intensiv e'"
388,322,'y After fruit setting in apple apply second dose of nitrogen in the form of Calcium Nitrate (300 gm per tree) to the soil. y For the control of powdery mildew in apple spray Hexaconazole @ 0.5 ml per litre of water at petal fall stage. If the   occurrence of scab disease is noticed in the orchard spray Difenoconazole @ 40 ml per 200 litres of water.'
389,323,'y For the control of powdery mildew in apple spray Hexaconazole @ 0.5 ml per litre of water at petal fall stage. If the   occurrence of scab disease is noticed in the orchard spray Difenoconazole @ 40 ml per 200 litres of water.'
390,324,'y Spray 100 gm Cabendazim or 600 gm Mancozeb in 200 litres of water immediately after hail storming. After 3-4 days of hail storming spray boric acid 200 gm + 500 gm zinc sulphate +250 gm quick lime in 200 litres of water. After 10-12 days spray of micro nutrients like Agromin or Multiplex 400-600 gm per 200 litres of water.'
391,325,'y For the control of leaf curling caused due to insect and fungus spray Metasystox 1 ml and Blitox 3 gm per litre of water. y For the control of gummosis in stone fruits spray Streptocycline 20 gm +Blitox 600 gm per 200 litres of water.'
392,326,'y For the control of fruit drop in mango spray Planofix @ 20 ml per 100 litres of water at pea stage of fruits. Keep the sufficient moisture in the orchard basin.'
393,327,'y Maintain sufficient moisture during May –June to prevent fruit cracking.  Mulching with grass around tree basin is helpful for moisture conservation.'
394,328,'y Spray Zinc sulphate 2 Kg + Lime 1 Kg in 200 litres of water to control die back of branches due to deficiency of zinc in the orchard. y During last week of June spray Melathion 2 ml + 10 gm Jaggery per'
395,329,'litre of water to control attack of fruit fly. Repeat the spray after 15- 20 days. Palam trap 2 No. per bigha can be installed for the control of fruit fly.'
396,1489,'Components Dry weight (%) A. Soluble in water Phenolics 30 Flavanols* 18-32 Flavonol glycosides 3-4 Proanthocyanidins 2-3 Phenolic acids -    Caffeine 3-4 Amino acids -      Theanine 2 -      Others 2'
397,332,"'y Use high yielding and short duration of parmal rice like PR 113, PR 114, PR 121, PR 122, PR 123, PR 124, PR 126, PR 127, PR 129, HKR 47. Do not grow long duration varieties like Pusa 44, Peeli Pusa, HKR 127 as these varieties consume 15-20% more water and susceptible to most of the prevalent pathotypes of bacterial blight (demands at least 2 extra sprays of pesticides, thereby lowering the net profit).'"
398,333,"'y Restrict to timely sowing of nursery (20 May-5 June) and timely transplanting (20 June-5 July) schedule for better grain quality, water saving and low build up of stem borers. For higher yield and better grain quality from PR 126 and PR 124, transplant 25-30 days old nursery.'"
399,334,'y Use laser land leveller for precise land levelling before puddling to enhance efficiency of water and other farm inputs. Apply fertilizers as per soil test. Omit phosphorus application in rice following wheat that received recommended dose of phosphatic fertilizer. Use nitrogen judiciously based on Leaf Colour Chart (LCC). Excessive use of nitrogen fertilizer encourages multiplication of insect pests and diseases hence should be avoided.'
400,335,"'y To control Zinc deficiency, apply 60 kg of zinc sulphate heptahydrate (21%) or 40 kg zinc sulphate monohydrate (33%) per hectare at puddling in case previous crop in this field had shown the symptoms of zinc deficiency. Where the deficiency is noticed in the growing crop, apply this quantity of zinc sulphate as soon as possible.'"
401,488,'Sow the crop in lines 67.5 cm apart with a cotton sowing drill or cotton planter and plant to plant spacing of 60 cm or row to row spacing of 100cm and plant to plant spacing of 45 cm. Sowing should be done at a depth of 4-5 cm.'
402,1490,"'Carbohydrates 4 Organic acids 0.5 B. Partially soluble in water Starch 2-5 Other polysaccharides 12 Protein 15 Ash 5 C. Insoluble in water Cellulose 7 Lignin 6 Lipids 3 Pigments 0.5 Volatiles 0.01-0.02 * Flavanols comprise of Epigallocatechin gallate: 9-13%,'"
403,497,"'Fertilizer use : Application of 15 kg N, 50 kg P2O5, 25 kg K2O and 25 kg Zinc sulphate per hectare is required for obtaining good crop yield. It will be desirable to apply doses of all the nutrients before sowing. Use of gypsum as sulphur source has been found beneficial in groundnut crop.'"
404,1854,"'zolla . Azolla is a free floating fresh water fern. Azolla pinnata is the most common species nitrogen due to Anabaena species of blue-green algae present in the bes of Azolla leaves. A thick mat of Azolla supplies 30 to 40 kg N/ha. Unlike blue-green algae,'"
405,336,'y Farmers should adopt direct seeding of rice (DSR) as it saves water and solves the scarcity of labour during rice transplanting season. Farmers need to adopt this technique only in medium to heavy textured soils. Its cultivation is not successful in light textured soils due to severe iron deficiency and lower crop yields.'
406,337,"'y Sowing should be done in the first fortnight of June and PR 126,PR 114, PR 121, PR 122, PR 127 are suitable varieties. Divide the field into kiyaras (plot) of desirable size after laser land levelling and apply pre-sowing (rauni) irrigation and prepare field when it comes to tar-wattar (good soil moisture) condition and immediately sow the crop with rice seed drill fitted with inclinedplate metering system or Lucky seed drill (for simultaneously sowing and spray of herbicide) by using 20 to 25 kg seed/ha in 20 cm spaced rows. The seed should be placed at 2-3 cm depth. Before sowing, treat rice seed with 3 g Sprint 75 WS (mencozeb + carbendazim) by dissolving in 10-12 ml water per kg seed; make paste of fungicide solution and rub on the seed.'"
407,338,"'y For controlling weeds, spray2.5 litre per hectare pendimethalin 30 EC in 500 litres of water in moist soil within two days of sowing. It should be followed by 250 ml/ha bispyribac 10 SC if the crop is infested with swank and paddy mothas or 40 g/ha of azimsulfuron 50 DF or 20 g/ha metsulfuron methyl +chlorimuron ethyl 20 WP (Almix) if the crop is infested with paddy mothas including gandiwalamotha and broadleaf weed sat 20-25 days of sowing in 350-400 litres of water.'"
408,339,"'y Apply 130 kg urea/acre in three equal splits at 4, 6 and 9 weeks aftersowing. Phosphorus and potash should be applied only if the soil test shows deficiency of these nutrients. Skip phosphorus application to DSR if recommended dose of phosphorus had been applied to the preceding wheat crop.'"
409,340,'y Start giving copious irrigations as soon as chlorosis (iron deficiency) appears and give 2 or 3 sprays of one per cent ferrous sulphate solution at weekly intervals (2.5 kg of ferrous sulphate in 250 litres of water per hectare).'
410,341,"'y For Direct Seeded Rice (DSR)of Basmati: Pusa Basmati 1121, Pusa Basmati 1509, Punjab Basmati 7 and Pusa Basmati 1718 are most suitable varieties. The optimum sowing time for Basmati under DSR is second fortnight of June (15-30 June).'"
411,342,"'y Apply135 kg urea per hectare in three equal splits at3, 6 and 9 weeks after sowing. Phosphorus and potash should be applied only if the soil test shows deficiency of these nutrients. Skip phosphorus application if recommended dose of phosphorus had been applied to the preceding wheat crop.'"
412,1256,'Brown heart can be controlled by soil application of borax @ 15-20 kg per hectare or foliar application of 0.1 per cent boron.'
413,1855,"'T ee living organisms that can fix atmospheric nitrogen are blue gr BGA), Azolla, Azotobacter and Rhizos in aboratories and they can be multiplied in the farmers' fields for subsequent application.'"
414,343,"'y For Basmati varieties like Punjab Basmati 7, 5, 4, 3 and 2, Pusa Basmati 1121, 1637 and 1718, the optimum time of nursery sowing is 1 st fortnight of June and transplanting time is 1 st fortnight of July whereas, for CSR 30, Basmati 370, Basmati 386, Pusa Basmati 1509, the optimum time of nursery sowing is 2 nd fortnight of June and transplanting time is 2 nd fortnight of July.'"
415,344,'y Seed and seedling treatment is mandatory to control dreaded disease like foot rot.  Smear the seeds with talc formulation of Trichoderma harzianum @ 15 g per kgof seed immediately before sowing and seedling rootdip for 6 hrs with T. harzianum @ 15 g per litre of water before transplanting. Seedlings of Basmati varieties are ready for transplanting when theyattain 5 to 6 leaf stage or are 25-30 days old.'
416,345,"'y Irrigate the nursery before uprooting and wash them toremove mud. Transplant two seedlings per hill in lines at 20 x 15 cm (33 hills/sq. metre) during the optimum period in a well puddled field. In the late transplanted crop, the spacing may be reduced to 15x15 cm (44 hills/sq. metre) to minimize the reduction in yield.'"
417,346,'y Practice green manure before basmati. Do not apply urea if thefield has been green manured with 45-55 days old sunnhemp/ dhaincha or summer moong straw has been incorporated after picking of pods.'
418,351,'y Timely sowing of crop ensures good crop stand and crop also escapes the early attack of insect pests and diseases. Start the sowing from early April and complete by mid of May . Avoid sowing during noon hours of the day due to high temperature.'
419,352,"'y For good crop establishment and early growth, soak the cotton seed in a solution of 0.5 g succinicacid in 5 litres of water for 2-4 hours for acid delinted seed or 6-8 hours for non-delinted seed. To prevent attach of jassid at early stage, smear the seed with 5 g Gaucho 70 WS (imidacloprid) or 7 g Cruiser 30FS (thiomethoxam) per kg seed. To remove the fuzz of non-delinted seed, rub these seeds with fine earth, cow-dung or ash.'"
420,358,"'y Don’t grown other preferred host like bhindi, moong, arhar, castor and dhaincha in and around the cotton to avoid simultaneous build up and spread of pests and diseases to cotton. Apply nitrogen fertilizers judiciously, excessive use of nitrogen increases incidence of insect pests. Regular surveillance is the key for the management of whitefly, pink bollworm and mealybug.'"
421,1491,'Catechin: 1-2% 29.2.1  Methylxanthines Caffeine – a purine alkaloid. Its content in fresh leaf is about 3-4% (dry weight basis) which cannot be significantly reduced by conventional tea processing. High caffeine levels leads to good „cream‟ formation in the liquor. Caffeine reacts with theaflavins and imparts „briskness‟ to tea infusion.'
422,347,"'applied to the preceding wheat crop. Apply 45 kg/ha urea for CSR 30, Basamti 386 and Basmati 370 whereas apply 90 kg/ha urea for varieties like Punjab Basmati 5, 4, 3 & 2 and Pusa Basmati 1121, 1637 & 1718 and apply 135kg/ha for Pusa Basmati 1509. Apply urea in two equal splits at 3 weeks and 6 weeks after transplanting. If possible, apply urea when water is not standing in the field. Irrigate on third day of the application of urea.'"
423,348,"'y Basmati 386 and Basmati 370 if transplanted too early in the season have a prolonged vegetative phase resulting into a tall and leafy crop. Such a crop is more prone to lodging because of excessive height and vegetative growth. To check lodging, lopping of the upper half of crop canopy (Basmati 386 and Basmati 370) after 45 days of transplanting may be done. Further it would also reduce stem borer damage.'"
424,349,"'y To obtain higher yield, grow Bt cotton variety PAU Bt 1 and other Bt hybrids recommended by PAU, Ludhiana. List of recommended Bt cotton hybrids is published in leading new papers and publications of PAU. Among the non Bt hybrids/varieties, grow LHH 144, F 2228, F 2383, LH 2108 and LH 2076 and desi cotton varieties LD 1019, LD 949 and FDK 124.'"
425,350,"'y Apply heavy pre-sowing irrigation preferably with canal water for good germination and early crop establishment. Ridge sowing of cotton saves substantial amount of water. In case of poor-quality irrigation water, apply pre-sowing irrigation with canal water and subsequently with poor quality tube well water in alternate furrows. Where the irrigation is saline (EC up to 10 dS/m), apply rice-residue biochar 40 q/ha to reduce the adverse effect of salinity and increased yield.'"
426,1492,"'Polyphenol oxidase enzyme in tea leaf plays a key role in fermentation. Other enzymes include -glucosidase, peptidase, chlorophyllase, phosphatase and leucine transaminase. Catechins & Polyphenol oxidase Gallocatechin                                                                               Theaflavins and Thearubigins                                                 Enzymatic oxidation'"
427,1493,'Theaflavins and Thearubigins are the two groups of polyphenolic compounds unique to black tea. Theaflavins account for 0.3-1.8% of dry weight of black tea. They are bright red pigments which gives the liquor the highly sought-after char acteristics (i.e. „brightness‟ and „briskness‟ (keen/sharp flavour)). Thearubigins comprise between 9-19% of the dry weight of black tea. They are phenolic brown pigments with acidic properties. Aroma forms during fermentation.'
428,353,"'y Sow the seeds with cotton sowing drill or cotton planter with line to line spacing of 67.5 cm. Maintain plant to plant distance of 45 cm for variety PAU Bt 1 and desi cotton varieties, 60 cm for all other varieties, 75 cm for Bt and non Bt hybrids and 15 cm for variety F 2383 by thinning out extra plants after first irrigation. If plant population is less due to fewer germination and burning of seedlings at early stage, do gap filling with 3 weeks old nursery grown in 4”x6” polythene bags, filled with 1:1 mixture of soil and FYM.'"
429,354,"'y For utilization of inter row spacing of cotton, grow one row of maize or cowpea in between two rows of cotton. Take one harvest of maize/ cowpea fodder at 45-55 days after sowing.'"
430,355,"'y Apply urea 162.5 kg to non-Bt varieties, 200 kg to Bt variety (PAU Bt 1) and 225 kg to all Bt and non- Bt hybrids, DAP 67.5 kg or SSP 187.5 kg per ha. Omit phosphorus (DAP or SSP) application to cotton when it follows wheat which had received recommended dose of phosphorus. Reduce the dose of urea by 25 kg when 67.5 kg DAP is applied to cotton. Apply 50 kg muriate of potash and 25 kg zinc sulphate heptahydrate (21%) or 16.25 kg zinc sulphate monohydrate (33%) per ha to cotton in light soils. Apply full dose of phosphorus, muriate of potash and zinc at sowing. Apply urea in two splits at thinning and the appearance of flowers. In light soils apply the first dose of nitrogen at sowing instead of at thinning.'"
431,356,"'y Apply 1.0 kg boron (10 kg borax) per ha at sowing to boron deficient (<0.5 kg available boron) calcareous soils having 2% or more calcium carbonate. Avoid indiscriminately use of boron, as excessive boron use may cause toxicity.'"
432,357,'y Cotton is very sensitive to water. Give first irrigation at 4 to 6 weeks after sowing and subsequently at two- or three-weeks interval depending upon soil type and weather conditions. There should not be any water stress at flowering and fruiting stages. Adopt drip irrigation for higher yield and water saving.'
433,359,"'y Grow improved long duration hybrids JC 12, PMH 11, PMH 1 and Parbhat, medium duration variety Kesri, short duration hybrid PMH 2 and special purpose varieties Punjab Sweet Corn 1 and Pearl Popcorn according to the availability of growing period and purpose.'"
434,360,"'y Complete the sowing between last week of May to end of June. Where water stagnation is a problem, prefer to sow the crop during end of May to early June, to ensure proper establishment of crop before the rains. Use 20 kg seed/ha for all varieties/hybrids except Pearl Popcorn where it is 17.5 kg/ha.'"
435,1274,"'Field sanitation, disease free seed and crop rotation reduce incidence of the disease. Growing resistant varieties is the best method of the disease management. COLE CROPS 17'"
436,361,"'y Sow the crop at a spacing of 60 × 20 cm to maintain the optimum plant population of 83333 plants/ha. Sow maize in trenches from end-May to mid-June to avoid lodging, higher yield and economizing water use during dry and hot weather conditions. To safeguard crop from adverse effect of excess rainfall, sow the maize on beds of 67.5 cm and ridges of 60 cm. For timely sowing and'"
437,362,"'reducing field preparation cost, maize can be sown with zero till drill without any preparatory tillage. Where the field is infested with weeds, spray Gramoxone 24 SL (paraquat) 1.25 litres in 500 litres of water per ha before sowing.'"
438,363,"'y For the management of weeds, give two hoeing at about 15 to 30 days after sowing. Alternatively spray Atrataf/Atragold/Masstaf/Atari/ Traxx 50 WP (atrazine) 2.0 kg/ha on medium to heavy textured soils and 1.25 kg/ha in light soils within ten days of sowing using 500 litres of water. Weeds can also be controlled with post emergence application of Laudis 420 SC (tembotrione) 262.5 ml/ha in 375 litres of water at 20 days after sowing. If the field is infested with dila/ motha , apply 2,4-D amine salt 58 SL 1.0 litre/ha in 375 litres of water as post emergence at 20-25 days after sowing.'"
439,367,"'y Control of fall armyworm: Regularly monitor the field to collect and destroy egg masses of fall armyworm from leaves. Egg masses are covered with hairs and are easily visible. Spray the crop with Coragen 18.5 SC (chlorantraniliprole) @ 0.4 ml per litre water or Delegate 11.7 SC (spinetoram) @ 0.5 ml per litre or Missile 5 SG (emamectin benzoate) @ 0.4 g per litre using 120 litres of water per acre, for crop up to 20 days old. Thereafter for older crop, the amount of water used per acre needs to be increased up to 200 litres with corresponding increase in dosage of above insecticides. For effective control, direct the nozzle towards the whorl.'"
440,1494,"'The most important biochemical changes to occur during steaming or roasting are inactivation of the enzyme polyphenol oxidase so that the catechins remainunoxidized, preserving the green colour of the leaf.'"
441,389,"'y Earthing up is done when the crop is at knee high stage i.e. one month after sowing. For chemical weed control, apply Atrazine @1kg/ha in 800-1000 litres of water as pre-emergence herbicide. However, if need be, one weeding should be given at 30days after sowing.'"
442,390,"'y In intermediate lower zone , nursery of Brinja l (Pusa Purple Long, Pusa Purple Cluster, Pusa Purple Round); Chillies (NP-46 A, PusaJwala) in sub-tropical zone, Cauliflower (Pusa Deepali) may be taken. In intermediate higherzone, Brinjal, Chillies, Cabbage (Golden Acre, Pride of India), Cauliflower (Pusa Snowball, Snowball-16, Pusa Snowball K-1) and Knolkhol (White Vienna and Purple Vienna) can be sown.'"
443,1870,"'ilting Point: The film of water on each particle is so thin that roots can no longer pull enough ater from the soil, so the leaves droop. sa nutrients. Silt has some of the qualities of both sand and clay. Loam com o are clumped t th m i h'"
444,364,"'y To obtain higher yield and improving soil health, practise green manuring or apply farm yard manure (FYM) or compost before maize planting. When more than 15 tonnes of good quality farmyard manure/ha have been applied to the maize crop year after year, omit the application of phosphorus, potassium, zinc and nitrogen recommended as basal dose. Farm yard manure can be substituted with paddy straw compost 4.5 q/ha along with recommended dose of fertilizers. Before sowing, inoculate the seed with 1.25 kg consortium bio-fertilizer with 2.5litres of water. Among the chemical fertilizers, apply 275 kg urea, 137.5 kg DAP and 50 kg MoP/ha to PMH 1, PMH 11, JC 12, Prabhat and Punjab Sweet Corn 1 and 187.5 kg urea, 67.5 kg DAP and 37.5 kg MoP/ha to PMH 2, Kesri and Pear Popcorn per ha. Apply potassium only if the soils are deficit in potash. When maize follows wheat, which had received the recommended dose of phosphorus, omit its application to maize. If 67.5 or 137.5 kg of DAP has been used, reduce the urea dose by 25 or 50 kg, respectively. Apply full dose of DAP and MoP and one third N at the time of sowing and one-third of nitrogen at the knee- high stage and the remaining one-third at the pre-tasselling stage. Adopt PAU-Leaf Colour Chart (PAU-LCC) for need based nitrogen application to maize.'"
445,365,"'y Zn deficiency generally appears in maize in Zn deficit soils. where Zn deficiency has been noticed during previous years, apply 25 kg of zinc sulphate heptahydrate (21%) or 16.25 kg zinc sulphate monohydrate (33%) per ha at sowing. If Zn deficiency appear in the standing crop in the field, apply same quantity of Zn by mixing with an equal quantity of dry soil along rows and mix in the soil.'"
446,366,"'y Pre-tasselling, silking and grain filling are the critical stages for irrigation. Ensure adequate water supply during these stages. Maize is very sensitive to water stagnation. In case of heavy rainfall, ensure drainage to avoid any stress to the crop. But if any damage occurs to the crop due to water stagnation, give two sprays of 3 % urea at weekly interval. If the damage is severe, apply 62.5-125 kg urea/ha after draining out the excess water.'"
447,1495,"'Fermentation is the most important stage in „black tea‟ manufacture, which results in the formation of taste and aroma products, responsible for character of black tea. Fermentation is a misnomer, since microorganisms are not involved. 29.4  Tea Leaf Processing The processing of tea leaves starts just after harvesting. The sequence of steps is as detailed below: 29.4.1  Harvesting/Plucking This involves manual or mechanical removal of terminal young tender portions of peripheral shoots. The standard method is to pluck „two leaves and a bud‟. The quality of final product deteriorates with an increase in mature leaf content. Hand plucking is preferred. The mechanical harvesting involves use of modified hedge trimmers and motorized machine pluckers.'"
448,1496,"'The change which occurs in green leaf from the time it is detached from the plant to the time of maceration or rolling is collectively referred to as „Withering‟. Air temperature, atmospheric vapour pressure, air velocity and air direction affects the rate and degree of physical wither.'"
449,1497,'Green leaves are spread over mesh in specially made wooden troughs with a bed thickness of 20 – 45 cm. A cross flow of heated air (temperature raised by 3-5 o C by an electric fan) or ambient air during favourable atmospheric condition is maintained during entire stage (16-19 hours). This process reduces the moisture content from 80% to 50-60%.'
450,368,"'y For spring sowing of sugarcane, select improved varieties according to their maturity group. Among the early-maturing varieties, grow CoPb 92, Co 118, CoJ 85 and CoJ 64; and among the mid-late maturing varieties grow CoPb 93, CoPb 94, Co 238, CoPb 91 and CoJ 88. Don’t use commercial crop as seed. To obtain quality seed, separate disease-free nursery should be maintained preferably from tissue culture raised plants. Apply higher dose of N (225 kg /ha) to get immature seed canes. Complete the planting between mid-'"
451,369,"'February to end March, avoid planting of early maturing varieties after March. Use 75-87.5 quintal/ha of seed but for Co 118 and CoJ 85, use 10 per cent higher seed rate due to thick canes.'"
452,370,"'y Among the chemical fertilizers, apply 150 kg N/ha to plant crop and 225 kg N/ha to ratoon crop. Apply 30 kg phosphorus/ha if the soils are low in phosphorus. Apply only 115 kg N/ha when sugarcane follows potato. To the planted crop, apply half nitrogen with first irrigation after germination and remaining half dose in May or June. However, to the ratoon crop, apply one third of nitrogen in February, second one third dose in April and the remaining one- third in May. Phosphorus if needed, at the time of first cultivation in February.'"
453,371,"'y On light textured soil, iron deficiency generally appears on sugarcane. Apply copious amount of water. Further, spray the crop 2 or 3 times with 1% solution of ferrous sulphate at weekly intervals.'"
454,372,"'y Give need based two or three hoeing depending upon the intensity of weeds. Apply paddy straw or rice husk or sugarcane trash or tree leaves in between rows @ 50-62.5 q/ha after the emergence of the shoots to suppress weeds, conserve soil moisture and higher yield.'"
455,1498,"'It is a physical process wherein (a) moisture loss leads to changes in cell membrane permeability; the stomata on the lower surface of the leaf begin to shut gradually, (b) it preconditions the leaf for „maceration‟ or „rolling‟.'"
456,1499,'The leaf is stored in a holding tank with minimal moisture loss for about 6 h to achieve chemical wither. The leaf is then spread on withering troughs or a moving beltwitherer and moisture is rapidly reduced by use of warm air.'
457,1871,'Gene al Princip Soil an  water reso ces shoul be han led in  sustainab mann r.'
458,1872,'R u'
459,1873,"'3.2.7.1. Clearing of land through the means of burning organic matter, e.g. slash-and burn, straw burning shall be restricted to the minimum. 3.2.7.2 The clearing of primary forest is prohibited. 3.2.7.3. Relevant measures shall be taken to prevent erosion.'"
460,373,"'y Hot and dry period of April to June is critical period of sugarcane growth. During this period, crop should not suffer from water stress. Apply irrigation at 7 to 12 days interval. During the rainy-season, apply need-based irrigation. If water stagnation occurs during rainy season, drain away excess water. During November to January, apply irrigation at about monthly intervals. Adjust one irrigation around mid-December and another in the first week of January to prevent crop from frost. For economising water and fertilizers and for higher yields, adopt sub surface drip and fertigation.'"
461,374,'y Lodging of sugarcane reduces yield as well as sugar recovery. To prevention lodging do earthing up in flat-planted as well as the trench-planted crop at the end of June. Trench-planting is effective method against lodging. During the end of August or in the'
462,375,'beginning of September do propping by using the trash. Prop up single row instead of tying two rows together as tying of single row does not hinder the growth and photosynthesis.'
463,383,"'y For nursery sowing, immerse the seed in water in 1:1 ratio using Carbendazim 0.2% or Thiram 0.3% plus Streptocycline 100ppm (1g/10 L of water) for 12 hours and sow directly. This will take care of seed infection of blast, sheath rot/blight, brown leaf spot and bacterial leaf blight.'"
464,384,"'y Recommended varieties (upto 800 m elevation zone of Jammu) are IET 1410, China-1039, K-39, Ratna, PC-19, Jaya, RR-8585 (Ajay) Basmati 370, Ranbir Basmati, Saanwal Basmati and hybrids KRH- 2 and PHB-71. Whereas for intermediate zone (800-1500 m), varieties recommended are China-1039, Saanwal Basmati, K-39, K-84, K-343, having southern aspect and Giza-14, where hailstorms are frequent.'"
465,385,"'y Sowing of maize in intermediate zone (800- 1500 m) elevation can be done upto 15 th of May. Recommended varieties for sowing are Super Composite (Mansar), C-6, Vijay and Local Tall. 35-40 kg seed is required for sowing one hectare at higher elevation; 20 kg/ha (line sown crop)'"
466,1500,"'29.5.2.1  Orthodox method The physically withered leaf is subjected to rolling. The leaf gets damaged, become twisted and the semipermeable membrane of leaf gets distorted allowing the cell juices to be expelled to cover the leaf surface. This allows the juice to mix with cellular enzyme in presence of oxygen and the chemical reactions necessary for fermentation commences.'"
467,1874,'The amount of water in the soil is described in these ways: Saturated: All of the spaces in the soil are filled with water.'
468,376,"'y The vegetables are known to enhance immunity as these are rich source of minerals, vitamins and various other phytochemicals. However, availability of hygienic, pesticide free and regular supply of fresh vegetables during trying times of COVID-19 is challenging. The farm women of the state are advised for adopting kitchen gardening at household level. Vegetables like brinjal, radish, spinach, sweet potato and various cucurbitaceous vegetables can be grown successfully during this time in the nutrition garden. The summer season vegetable kits are available at Krishi Vigyan Kendras of the state.'"
469,377,"'y During this lock down period the farm women who are the members of Self-Help Groups can make masks, headcovers and gloves of cotton cloth for family members as well as for neighbouring community for the safety from COVID-19 as well as remunerative income.'"
470,378,"'y After harvesting of Rabi crops, fields should be ploughed deep as high temperature is suitable for destroying the resting spores of different soil-borne pathogens in the soil. y For the management of downy mildew of cucumber, farmers are advised for spraying of metalaxyl 8%+ mancozeb 64 % @ 0.25% (2.5 gram / litre of water).'"
471,379,"'y Button mushroom may be processed into pickle after proper washing, sorting, cutting, blanching, adding spices and oil and packing in jars. The oyster mushroom may also be used for pickle preparation but it should not be washed and blanched.'"
472,380,'y Button/oyster mushrooms can also be dried after washing and cutting/slicing. The button mushrooms because of compact fruit body is required to be sliced and spread on a muslin cloth in a thin layer in the sun so that it is dried fast. The dried mushrooms should be packed in air tight containers.'
473,381,"'hectare for rainfed rice whereas 1/15 to 1/20 th of a hectare is required for irrigated area. Incorporate 15kg well rotten FYM/Compost, 60g urea and 50g of DAP for each 10sq.m. nursery area.'"
474,382,"'y Preferably use sprouted seeds for wet nursery. Nursery should be kept free from weeds by mechanical method or by the use of Butachlor granules 5G @30 kg/ha in the puddled soil after the emergence of first leaf. In case of dry sowing, sow the seeds in lines 5cm apart and 3cm deep.'"
475,498,"'Improved Varieties : a) Medium duration: HKR-127, HKR-126, HKR-120, HSD-1, Jaya, PR-106. b) Mid to early duration: HKR-47, IR-64, Pusa-1509, Pusa-1121. c) Early duration: HKR-48, Govind.'"
476,499,"'a) For early duration varieties: 15 May to 31 June. b) Medium, mid-early and hybrid rice: 15 May to 31 May. Seed selection : Select bold and disease-free seed for better results. Treatment of seed with 10 % salt solution should be done to get bold seeds.'"
477,391,"'y In temperate/intermediate higher zone, transplanting of tomato ((Pusa Ruby, S-1, Marglobe) at 60x45 cm, Brinjal (PPL, PPC, PPR, Pusa Kranti) at 60x45 cm and Knolkhol  (White Vienna) at 30x20 cm can be done.'"
478,392,"'y In sub-tropical zone, Bhindi ( Pusa Kranti, Varsha Uphar and A-4) with a seed rate of 12-15 kg/ha can be planted at 60x30 cm, Radish (PusaChetki) with a seed rate of 10-12 kg/ha at a spacing of 45x15 cm can be planted.'"
479,393,"'y For fruitfly infestation in cucurbits, spray bait mixture (Malathion 1 ml + 10g sugar in one litre of water) @ 500l/ha. For fruit borer in tomato brinjal, and bhindi crop, spray endosulfan (0.07%) or carbaryl (0.1%) or Dichlorvos (76EC) (0.03%).'"
480,394,'y Provide adequate space to the colonies for brood rearing and storage of nectar. Maximum number of comb foundation sheets be got raised by inserting newly fixed sheets in between the two drawn frames. Provide supers well in time to avoid congestion and proper storage of honey. Keep colonies in shade or cover with wet gunny bags.'
481,395,'y Recommended rice varieties are Shalimar Rice-1 and Shalimar Rice-3 are blast tolerant varieties recommended for areas below an altitude of 1650 meters above mean sea level. Shalimar Rice- 4 variety is recommended upto an altitude of 1700 meters above mean sea level.Shalimar Rice-2 variety is recommended for low lying and waterlogged areas. K-332 and Shalimar Rice-5 varieties are cold tolerant rice varieties suitable for higher belts of an altitude above 2000 meters.'
482,396,"'y Rice seed should be procured from a reliable source such as: Mountain Research Centre for Field Crops, Khudwani Anantnag, Faculty of Agriculture WaduraSopore, SKUAST-K Shalimar campus Srinagar, all KVKs of SKUAST-K and seed stores of Department of Agriculture, J&K Govt.'"
483,397,'y Seed should be sown at seed rate of 3 kg per kanal for transplanted rice in lower belts and 4 kg per kanal for higher belts of the valley.'
484,398,'y Soak the seeds in water for 24 hours and incubate for 36 to 48 hours. Seeds should not be over-sprouted. Length of the sprout shall be less than the length of grain itself.'
485,399,"'y Apply 1.5-2 kg well decomposed farmyard manure plus 0.5 kg of ash/m 2 of nursery area for better growth of seedling and building soil quality. Also apply 275g Urea, 450g DAP and 200g MOP per marla (25 m 2 ) of nursery as basal dose.'"
486,404,"'y Under irrigated conditions, Hybrid and Composite varieties should be applied with basal dose of Urea @ 5 and 4 kg per kanal, DAP @ 8.15 and 6.5kg per kanal, MOP @ 3.35 and 2.5 kg per kanal and zinc sulphate @ 1.0 and 0.75-1.0 kg per kanal, respectively.'"
487,405,"'y Under rainfed conditions, Hybrid and Composite varieties should be applied with basal dose of Urea @ 3 and 2.4 kg per kanal, DAP @ 5 and 4.35 kg per kanal, MOP @ 1.7 and 1.65 kg per kanal and zinc sulphate @ 0.75 and 0.5 kg per kanal, respectively.'"
488,406,'y Sowing should be done in lines maintaining a spacing of 60x20 cm for composites and 75x20 cm for hybrids using a seed rate of 1.5 kg per kanal for composites and 1.0 kg per kanal for hybrid.'
489,407,'y In view of the appearance of scab the orchardists are advised to adhere to the below mentioned advisory. For areas where apple orchards are at Petal Fall Stage (> 60%) spray the following: a) Fungicide: (per 100 lit. of water)'
490,408,'OR Score (25 EC) M/s Syngenta India Ltd. Rubigan-D(25 EC) * M/s FIL Industries Ltd. Karara  (25 EC)* M/s Agro Life Science Corp. Casper (25 EC) M/s Godrej Agrovet Ltd. Flusilazole 40 EC (20 ml) OR Governor (40 EC) * M/s FIL Industries Ltd. Cursor (40 EC) M/s DhanukaAgritech Ltd. Trifloxystrobin  25% + Tebuconazole 50% 75 WG (40 g) Nativo (75 WG) M/s Bayer Crop Science Ltd.'
491,409,'Insecticide Brand Name Company Dimethoate 30 EC (100 ml) OR Rogor (30 EC) Manufactured by Lupin & Marketed by M/S Cheminova India Ltd Quinalphos 25 EC (100 ml) Ekalux (25 EC) M/s Syngenta India Ltd.'
492,410,'Acaricide Brand Name Company Hexythiazox 5.45 EC (40 ml) OR Maiden (5 EC) M/s Biostadt India Ltd. Spiromesifen 22.9 SC (40 ml) OR Oberon 240 SC (22.9%) M/s Bayer Crop Science India Ltd. Fenazaquin  10 EC (40 ml) Majestic (10 EC) M/s FIL Industries Ltd.'
493,411,'y Transplanting of various vegetable seedlings be done in protected structures and in open condition the transplanting be started by 1 st week of May'
494,1501,"'The withered leaves are passed through CTC machine, causing severe rupturing of leaf cells. Machine consists of two steel engraved rollers rotating at different speeds in opposite direction (70 and 700 rpm). The leaves are allowed to consecutively pass through 2-3 such machines to achieve rupturing of cells and desired size.'"
495,413,"'y Important varieties of paddy for Tarai, Bhabhar& Plain area are Narendra-359, HKR-47, PR-113 & 114, Pant Dhan- 10,12, 19, 24 & 26, Pant Sugandha Dhan-15,17 &27,  Pusa Basmati 1121, 1509, Pant Bansmati 1 and 2. Time of Nursery sowing is 2 nd fortnight of May to 1 st week of June and Transplanting Time is June end to 1 st week of July.'"
496,414,"'y For Irrigated Hills, recommended paddy varieties are VL Dhan-85, Vivek Dhan-82, VL Dhan 68, Pant Dhan 11 & 12, PusaBansmati 1509, Govind, VL 65. For Mid hills (900 – 1500msl), Nursery sowing time is 1 st Fortnight May and Transplanting time is 2 nd fortnight June.'"
497,415,"'y Recommended Sankul varieties for Tarai, Bhabhar & Plain area are Pant Sankul Makka-3, Sweta, Bajora Makka 1, Vivek Sankul 11. Important maize hybrids are H M 10, H Q PM 1, 4, Pusa HQPM5, Pant Sankar makka 1 & 4, Sartaj, P 3522. Sowing time is Mid-June to Mid-July.'"
498,416,"'y Black gram varieties are Pant Urd 19, 31, 35, 40 for Tarai, Babhar and lower hills and sowing time is 3 rd Week of July to 1 st Week of August in plain areas and 2 nd fortnight of June in Valley.'"
499,417,"'y Green gram varieties for Tarai, Babhar and hills are Pant Moong 2, 5, 8& 9 and sowing time is last week of July – 2 nd Week of August in plain areas and 2 nd fortnight of June in Valley.'"
500,418,"'y Arhar varieties for plain and hill areas are Pant Arhar 3& 291, UPAS 120, VL Arhar 1, Pant Arhar- 6 and sowing time is up to Mid-June in Plain and Mid-April – Mid May in hill.'"
501,419,"'y Important tomato varieties are Arka Rakshak, Pant T-3, Himsona, Naveen 2000, Naveen 2000+, Abhinav, Samrat, Rakshita Gold and transplanting of tomato sapling time is April to June (Hills) and June-July (Plains).'"
502,420,"'y Recommended varieties of brinjal are Shaymali, Pant Samrat, Pant Rituraj, Pusa purple long, Pusa Anmol, Pusakranti, Chaya, PPL 74. Transplanting of brinjal seedling time is April to June (Hills) and June-July (Plains).'"
503,421,"'y Capsicum varieties recommended for Uttarakhand are California wonder, Arka Gaurav, Arkamohini, Indra, Swarna, Ashwarya, Asha, Indum Bharat. Transplanting of brinjal seedling time is April to June (Hills) and June-July (Plains).'"
504,517,"'y Heat related diseases in animals that can be seen to affect animals during this time are fever, dehydration, decrease in body salts, loss of appetite and decrease in productivity.'"
505,518,"'y Heat related diseases in animals that can be seen to affect animals during this time are fever, dehydration, decrease in body salts, loss of appetite and decrease in productivity.'"
506,422,"'y In hilly areas and high mountain ranges outbreak of Powdery mildew in vegetable crops (like Pea and Beans) is expected which reaches its maximum intensity at the time of pod formation. As a prevention measure, 0.2% of sulfax or sulfur or 0.05% solution of Dinocap is recommended. Likewise, purple spot onion and garlic is a serious damage, against which 0.25% solution of Mancozeb is recommended. Spray 5% solution of Neem seed and Batein/ Dainkan solution @ 5% and 10% solution, respectively on cabbage to prevent infestation and crop damage due to cabbage butterfly (Pieris brassicae).'"
507,423,"'y For management of vegetable nursery (of tomato, capsicum and brinjal) against wetting disease, spray and thoroughly saturate the soil with 75 WS Thiaram or 50 WP Caftan @ 2 gm per liter to prevent in nursery vegetables.'"
508,424,'y Scheduled pre-monsoon vaccination of FMD/HS and Artificial Insemination (AI) should be continued in consultation with veterinary officer on door-to-door basis rather than direct visit to the dispensaries. y Farmers are suggested for regular supplementation of mineral mixture @ 50-60 g/day in adult dairy animals and 20-30 gm in small ruminants to maintain productivity.'
509,425,"'y If there is temporary shortage of availability of green fodder or concentrate feed, farmer can also prepare home-made feed by using grains like wheat, maize wheat bran, oil cakes and salt. They can also prepare silage for their adult dairy animals.'"
510,426,'y Farmers have to follow general hygiene practices when handling animals and animal’s products. Washing hands before and after feeding and milking animals with soap and water or using alcohol- based sanitizer.'
511,466,"'y Keeping in view of threat of COVID-19 spread farmers are advised to follow the government guidelines, personal hygiene, use mask, ensure hand washing with soap at reasonable interval, social distancing during harvesting and other agricultural operation in all crops.'"
512,467,"'y Before storage, grains should be properly cleaned, and it should be dried to the recommended level of moisture content not more than 12%. Storage should be properly cleaned by removing all the grains and other storage matter of previous crop. Farmers are advised to treat gunny bags with 5% Neem solutions. The gunny bags should be dried in the sun so that eggs and pupating stages of insects as well as inoculum of diseases get destroyed.'"
513,1740,"'Losses of dung : Dung is valuable manure. Still larger portion is dried in dung cakes and burnt xcrements is dropped outside the cattle shed, when e animals are grazing on the uncultivated lands. This can be used for preparation of FYM.'"
514,427,'y Farmers are advised to clean the floor of animal housing regularly with phenol@1 ml per litre of water and white washing of the feeding and watering trough to prevent infection. Disinfect the farm premises with suitable chemicals such as 1% hypochloride + bleaching powder (7gm in 1 litre of water) or 1% sodium hypochlorite or 0.5% hydrogen peroxide or 2% Sodium hydroxide etc. with proper care.'
515,428,'y Keep watch on your animal health and maintain proper records of all treatments/medication. Protective clothing may be ensured during any disease outbreak and immediate notification to the concerned Veterinary Officer.'
516,429,'y Do summer management of animals and provide them plenty of clean water along with Vitamin-C supplementation in extreme hot season to combat with the heat stress. Comfortable and ventilated housing should be there and practice regular deworming after every quarter as per the Veterinarians advice.'
517,430,"'y In case of non-disposal of milk, farmers can process their milk to ghee, khoa and other value-added products like curd or paneer that can be sold locally y Pig farmers, in absence of traders/market option they may continue to rear their animals for breeding purpose.'"
518,431,"'y The litter materials in poultry shed need to be changed to prevent coccidiosis infestation. If red diarrhoea symptoms are noticed in the birds, immediately administer anti-coccidial drugs (in the drinking water for 3 -5 days.)'"
519,1502,"'The CTC machine has 3 sets of rollers: (a) first cut (coarse), (b) second cut (fine) and (c) third cut (super fine), after which the leaves are completely rolled.  The capacity of CTC machine ranges from 750 to 1000 kg/h.'"
520,1503,'Leaf distortion is much greater Fermentation is faster Liquoring properties are improved CTC and Lawrie Tea Processor (LTP – a modern CTC machine) teas have higher levels of theaflavins and thearubigins and therefore have more colour and are brighter and brisker than orthodox teas.'
521,1504,'29.5.3  Fermentation The liquor characteristics of black tea can be determined by control of temperature and time of fermentation (chemical transformation). The rolled leaf mass is placed on floor in thin layers at room temperature and with increased humidity (90-95% RH) using humidifiers. Fermentation is continued till the colour of leaf mass turns golden brown (1-2 hours).'
522,436,'y Local poultry farmer are advised to fed concentrate mix with local available grain in ratio of 2:1 in the diet to maintain the health and growth of poultry birds during the scarcity of quality feed'
523,437,"'At present along with whole nation, Rajasthan state is also adversely affected with second wave of pandemic Covid-19. During pandemic Covid-19 first wave, Agriculture was the only sector which was least affected, and this was due to dedicated efforts of farmers, frequently issue of agro-advisory for the farmers by agricultural scientists, regularly scientists remain in touch with farmers through different social media platforms like organization of webinars, Whatsapp groups information, Face book page etc. Due to pandemic Covid-19 first wave, economy of the nation also adversely affected. Now this is the urgent need of the hour that different agricultural activities as well as different agricultural operations carried out by the farmers timely, as per frequently advised by the agricultural scientists under proper Covid-19 protocol & guidelines issued by the government time to time.'"
524,445,"'y Construct Water Farm Pond or Plastic based water pond, this is the appropriate time, so that excessive rainwater during first monsoon rain can be collected and harvested and it can be used for life saving irrigation on different critical stages during deficit rainfall conditions. By harvesting of excessive rainwater during rainy season, field crops can be protected from water logging.'"
525,446,"'Apply 8-10 ton well decomposed FYM & it should be mixed properly in the soil before sowing. Apply chemical fertilizers as per soil testing report, if soil testing report is not available than on an average apply 100-120 kg N in two to three split doses and 30-40 kg P at the time of sowing.'"
526,447,"'y Keep close monitoring on White fly host plants like vegetables, flower plants, weeds & unwanted plants and from time to time these affected host plants must be uprooted & burn. Some vegetables like Ladies Finger, Brinjal, Tomato & Chilly also act as host plants for white fly, accordingly, as per need these must be sprayed with'"
527,448,"'There are two type of varieties in Groundnut- Bunch type and spreading type. Spreading type varieties requires low seed rate and takes long time in maturity than bunch type varieties.For southern Rajasthan important varieties are Pratap Groundnut-1, Pratap Groundnut-3, TAG-24. In North Rajasthan mainly GJG-19, GG-20, GG-19 & HNG-69 are cultivated mostly.'"
528,531,"'y At dry field condition, apply glyphosate to kill weeds and for better field hygiene. y Irrigate the field 2−3 days after glyphosate application.'"
529,438,"'At present harvesting as well as threshing operation of different rabi crops completed by the farmers and very small area under vegetables and forage crops are there on their fields. Now during next two months (May-June) sowing of different kharif crops like Paddy, Cotton, Bajra, Green gram, Cowpea, Guar, Moth bean, sesame & Groundnut is to be done as per suitability of soil and climatic conditions, therefore, this is the need of the time that proper agro-advisory should be issued by scientists for the farmers so that different agricultural activities as well as different agricultural operations could be carried out by the farmers timely even under pandemic Covid-19 second wave. This will not only help in increasing the income of the farmers but will also help in economic progress of the country.'"
530,439,"'This is the proper time to collect soil samples for different plots from the farmers field for soil analysis purpose as all rabi crops have already been harvested and fields are without crops. This will help in scientific nutrient management planning for different crops to be sown in forthcoming kharif season, NUE could be increased, helps in proper soil health. Using recommended dose of fertilizers as per soil testing report in balanced ratio the production as well as economic profit could be increased.'"
531,440,"'Apply gypsum in the fields as per soil testing report to maintain the soil pH at optimum level, this will help in increased availability of different plant nutrients especially Ca & S, as gypsum is the cheapest source of these two secondary nutrients for plants. This increased availability of all plant nutrients will help in higher production and quality improvement in kharif crops especially in oilseed & Pulses.'"
532,1505,"'The enzymatic oxidation, originally termed as „fermentation‟ since it affects liquor quality and cuppage of tea. Such operation influences the colour, brightness and briskness of liquor. It also imparted mellowness to brew. After fermentation, the colour of leaf mass changes from green to bright coppery red. Generally, the lower the fermentation temperature, the better is the black tea.'"
533,449,"'y To control Collar Rot & Root Rot use 4 kg Trichoderma harzianum mixed with 50-60 kg well decomposed FYM, kept in shady place with optimum moisture level for its multiplication and mix in soil in 1 ha area at the time of sowing.'"
534,450,"'Nursery raising Paddy is also cultivated in some parts of the state in kharif season, for its nursery raising land should be prepared properly. Prepare 1.0-1.5 m wide nursery beds. Generally, 400-500 m 2 nursery area is sufficient for transplanting in one ha area. Paddy nursery can be raised in second fortnight of May and 24-25 kg seed is sufficient for transplanting in one ha area. In nursery paddy seed should be covered properly with sand or with mixture of sand and manure, nurser bed should be always moist without standing water.'"
535,468,"'y For green manure, sowing of green gram, cluster beanand dhaicha etc. may be done during this week. Seed rate for dhaicha is 50- 60 kg/ha. For adequate germination proper moisture should be maintained.'"
536,469,'y Optimum moisture level should be maintained in cucurbitaceous crops by light and frequent irrigation as dry conditions may lead to poor pollination and thus drop in yield of the crop.'
537,441,"'Follow summer deep ploughing after application of Gypsum in the field, this will help in mixing of gypsum in the soil, plough down of crop residues, weeds, and unwanted plants in the soil. In Rajasthan state there is huge variation in day and night temperature, which helps in improving physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil and ultimately will improve soil fertility and finally crop productivity. Summer deep ploughing helps in control of harmful insects, their eggs, larvae, and pupae as well as soil borne disease pathogens up to a certain extent.'"
538,442,"'Sowing of green manure crop Dhaincha Dhaincha green manuring is a low-cost practice to improve the soil fertility in a short period of time. Due to limited availability of different organic manures, day by day farmers using excessive dose of chemical fertilizers which creates soil sickness, imbalanced ratio of primary fertilizers (N-P-K) and ultimately reduced soil fertility. By looking these'"
539,443,"'Therefore, under assured irrigation facilities dhaincha green manure crop can be sown in April-May and in rainfed areas this can be grown with the onset of monsoon. Dhaincha crop must be plough down in the soil with the help of Rotavator implement at optimum stage (before flowering stage) with optimum moisture conditions. 60 kg seed /ha should be used for this purpose.'"
540,444,"'Seed is the most important critical input in crop production, therefore, availability of quality hybrid/improved variety certified seed at right time at local level and at genuine rate is the prime need of the time. For this farmer may contact and purchased quality seed from their nearby KVKs, Agricultural Research Stations, SAUs, different ICAR Institutes and cooperative societies. Sometimes farmers approach in a group after onset of monsoon and under such conditions availability of seed is a big issue, therefore farmers must purchase quality seed well in time from any above reliable source. If purchased seed is already treated then ok, otherwise it must be treated as per recommendation of FIR System before sowing.'"
541,1506,"'29.5.4  Firing/Drying Once optimum fermentation is achieved, it is necessary to destroy enzymes. The „dhool‟ is fed to the driers by conveyors at a temperature of 90-120 o C for 12-15 minutes. This process reduces the moisture content of fermented tea from ~ 60% to < 4%. It terminates fermentation by inactivating the enzymes. It makes the product fit for sorting and packaging. In driers the inlet and outlet temperature may range from 82-98 o C and 45-55 o C respectively. Fluidized bed driers are being used recently. In this the blown hot air moves the dhool by process of fluidization. The disadvantage of firing is loss of considerable amount of volatile aroma compounds.'"
542,451,"'Paddy is also cultivated in some parts of the state in kharif season, for its nursery raising land should be prepared properly. Prepare 1.0-1.5 m wide nursery beds. Generally, 400-500 m 2 nursery area is sufficient for transplanting in one ha area. Paddy nursery can be raised in second fortnight of May and 24-25 kg seed is sufficient for transplanting in one ha area. In nursery paddy seed should be covered properly with sand or with mixture of sand and manure, nurser bed should be always moist without standing water.'"
543,452,"'Important varieties are PR-106, PR-1121, BK-190, PB-1, Pusa Sugandha-1, Sugandha-4, Improved Pusa Basmati-1, Basmati-1059 etc. Ashok-20 &BagadDhan can be directly seeded in the field & it should be completed in the last fortnight of June, as per irrigation water availability.'"
544,453,'A major kharif season dual purpose crop cultivated for grain as well as for fodder purpose. Its sowing is started with the onset of monsoon and is a highly drought tolerant crop.'
545,454,"'There are two type varieties in Bajra crop (Composite & Hybrid) with a large variation in maturity period (from 60 days to 100 days maturity period). Selection of variety should be done very carefully, for example under early onset of monsoon, long duration composite varieties should be cultivated and under late onset of monsoon extra short duration varieties should be grown. Important varieties are as follows:'"
546,455,"'It is a major kharif pulse crop & cultivated with the onset of monsoon. Improved Varieties: IPM-02-3, IPM-02-14, MH-421, MH-2-15, MH- 1142, SML-668, GM-4, GM-5, IPM-409-4, IPM-312-20.'"
547,456,"'Short duration crop, mature in 60-70 days only & highly drought tolerant sown on onset of monsoon. Improved Varieties: There are very limited improved varieties available for its commercial cultivation. 1. RC-19 (Brown seeded) & 2. RC-101 (White seeded)'"
548,457,"'It is also a highly drought tolerant, short duration pulse crop of Kharif season & mostly cultivated in north western arid districts of the Rajasthan state & it prefers sandy soil with good drainage conditions. It'"
549,1507,"'Tea after firing is a mixture of particles of different sizes, ranging from „dust‟ to „leaf‟ of about 5 cm long and 1.3 cm wide. They are sorted into uniform grades acceptable to the buyers. The grading and sorting of tea is carried out using mechanically oscillatory sieves fitted with meshes of many different sizes. Winnowing in some form or other is routinely employed and according to the size and density of the particles, separates'"
550,458,"'There are two type of varieties in guar crop-(i) Tall and single stem without branching: RGC-197 & RGC-1066, and (ii) Dwarf & branching type: RGC,1017, RGC-1031, RGC-1038, RGC-1055, RGC-1033, HG- 2-20, HG-563 etc.Comparatively dwarf & branching type varieties are short duration & highly drought tolerant than single stem varieties.'"
551,459,"'Sowing should be started with the onset of monsoon & must be completed before mid-July.This crop is highly sensitive to water logging conditions; therefore, proper drainage facilities are must for higher productivity.'"
552,460,"'Improved Varieties: There are two type of maize varieties: (i) Composite varieties- Pratap Maize-9, Madhuri-1, and (ii) Hybrids- Pratap Raj Hybrid maize-1095, Arawali Maize-1, Pratap Maize-3, Pratap Maize-5, Pratap QPM Hybrid Maize-5, Bio-9682, HQPM-5, DHM-121 etc.'"
553,461,"'Black gram (Urd), an important pulse crop, is sown on the onset of monsoon. Improved Varieties: Improved and newly released varieties seeds needs to be used. Improved varieties of black gram are Pant Urd-7, Pant Urd- 8, Pant Urd-9, IPI13-11, IPU10-26, IPU11-02, Pratap Urd-1 etc.'"
554,462,"'Improved Varieties: Improved and newly released varieties seeds needs to be used. Improved varieties of black gram are Pant Urd-7, Pant Urd- 8, Pant Urd-9, IPI13-11, IPU10-26, IPU11-02, Pratap Urd-1 etc.'"
555,463,"'Soybean, an important kharif oilseed of Humid and sub humid region of Rajasthan, is sown on the onset of monsoon. Improved Varieties: J S20-116, JS 2034, J S 2098, N R C -86 and other recommend varieties.'"
556,464,'Seed Rate: For getting optimum population 75- 80 Kg per ha seeds are required. Sowing geometry in clay and clay loam soils row to row45 cm and plant to plant 15 cm.'
557,465,'Most important fodder crop of kharif season sown on the onset of the monsoon. Improved Varieties:'
558,1508,"'For bulk transport, Tea chests are used to contain 60 kg tea. Chest is made up of plywood, lined inside with Aluminium foil. Other packaging material includesmultiwalled paper sacks – 2 plies of Kraft paper with an additional layer of Aluminium foil on the inside.'"
559,1509,'It is manufactured from fresh leaf which has not been fermented. It depends on arresting the enzyme activity in green leaf. The different methods of green tea production are depicted in'
560,472,"'y In citrus fruits, paint the plant with Bordeaux paste at the height of 2 foot and keeping in view of increasing temperature in this month regular irrigation should be followed.'"
561,473,"'y Preparation of nursery raised bed and sowing of seed after treatment with fungicide @1g/kg of early cauliflower (Pusa early, Pusa Meghna, Pusa synthetic, Pusa Deepali), Brinjal (Pusa Purple cluster, Pusa Bindu, Pusa hybrid -5, Pusa Hybrid -6, Punjab Sadabahar and Pant Rituraj) and chilli (Pusa Sadabahar, Pant-C1 and Pusa Jawla) plant.'"
562,474,"'y After harvesting of mature summer okra and sowing of rainy season okra like Pusa Bhindi-5, Pusa A-4, Arka Anamika, Pusa Sawani and Pusa Makhmali @8-10 Kg seed per ha with the spacing of 60x30cm.'"
563,475,"'y In this moth suitable time for layout and pits making for establishment of new orchard of Pomegranate, Ber, Aonla, Sapota, Guava, Papaya, Citrus etc fruit plants. In each pit (1mx1mx1m) farmer should apply 20kg farm manure and 100g each of N, P, and K.'"
564,476,"'Cattle and Buffalo: y During the month of May, the temperature becomes very high and dusty winds also move, so take proper measures to protect the animals from excessive temperature and heat stress.'"
565,477,"'y During the month of May, the temperature becomes very high and dusty winds also move, so take proper measures to protect the animals from excessive temperature and heat stress.'"
566,478,"'y Animals should be fed appropriate amount of salt in feed to avoid the loss of essential minerals, at least 50 grams of mineral mixture and 30 grams of salt should be provided daily in feed of cattle and buffalo.'"
567,479,"'y Due to excess temperature, the animals may suffer from heat stroke, and dehydration and loss of appetite etc may occur. If the animals become ill, should be treated immediately by a veterinarian. Sheep and Goat:'"
568,1510,'Fig. 29.1 Green tea processing by Chinese process'
569,483,"'y In the month of June, the high environmental temperatures result may affect the animals by fever, dehydration, decrease in body salts, loss of appetite and decrease in production. As in the month of May, all efforts are to be continued to protect the animals from the high temperature and dry hot winds.'"
570,484,"'y Sheep should be sheared during this month and 21 days after the sheep have been sheared, their bodies should be drenched with disinfectants to protect them against ectoparasite. Poultry:'"
571,485,"'y Chicks are more sensitive for heat so birds should be prevented from overcrowding and direct environmental heat. As in the month of May, all efforts are to be continued to protect chicks from the high temperature and dry hot winds.'"
572,486,"'Cotton is grown in Kharif season in the State. Time of sowing of the crop spreads over a period of April to first fortnight of June. However, in case of American cotton optimum time of sowing is May for obtaining better yield. Delay in sowing results in yield reduction. For all desi cotton varieties/hybrids, best sowing time is mid-April to 1st week of May, while during May & June burning of seedling is very high.'"
573,487,'Use 15-20 kg delinted seed of improved American cotton varieties for sowing in one ha area. 12.5 kg of seed /ha is required for Desi cotton varieties. Seed rate of 3-3.750 kg /ha is required for American cotton hybrids and desi cotton hybrids. Seed rate of 2.125 kg/ha is required for BT Cotton hybrids.'
574,1511,'Fig. 29.2 Green tea processing by Japanese process'
575,1512,'The typical processing method adopted for preparing partially fermented tea is shown in Figure 29.3. Figure 29.3Tea processing for partially fermented tea.'
576,1513,"'Value addition to tea has been a reality and since people are fond of stimulating beverages, there has been introduction of an array of specialty tea products. Some of the examples of such specialty tea products are discussed herein.'"
577,489,"'For obtaining high yield in cotton, 80-100 Kg N per ha for American Cotton and 50 kg N for desi cotton along with 30 kg P 2 O 5 /ha and in case of hybrid cotton, 150 kg N, 60 kg P 2 O 5 , 60 kg K 2 Oand 25 kg ZnSo 4 per ha has been recommended. Apply 1/3 dose of N, full dose of P 2 O 5 , full dose of potash and full dose of ZnSo 4 at time of sowing. Remaining dose of N should be applied in two equal splits at square formation and flowering stage.  However, the nitrogenous fertilizer application, half quantity at squaring and half at flowering gave highest seed cotton yields. In case of hybrid split the N dose in three parts i.e., sowing, squaring and flowering stage. In sandy soil the research results have revealed that 90 per cent dose of fertilizer through soil application and 10 per cent through foliar spray at the boll development stage gave the highest seed cotton yield. Inoculation of cotton seed with C2, M4 and Azospirillum culture resulted into saving of 25-27 kg N/ha.'"
578,490,"'Fertilizer Application : In the rainfed or low rainfall areas, drill 50 kg of N per hectare in rows at sowing. In irrigated areas, apply 50 kg of N and 20 kg P2O5 per hectare at the time of sowing and another 50 kg N per hectare about one month later.'"
579,491,"'Improved Varieties : Manak (H77-216), Paras (H82-A) Time of sowing - Under irrigated conditions, sowing of crop should be done in the month of June and under rainfed conditions sowing should be done at the onset of monsoon.'"
580,492,"'Time of sowing - Under irrigated conditions, sowing of crop should be done in the month of June and under rainfed conditions sowing should be done at the onset of monsoon.'"
581,493,"'Improved Varieties : MH-4, HNG-69, GJG-19. Time of sowing : Optimum time of sowing of groundnut is entire month of June. Under irrigated conditions, sowing of seeds should be completed by second fortnight of June, whereas under rainfed conditions sowing at the onset of monsoon should be done. Sowing of crop after 15 July should be avoided.'"
582,494,"'Time of sowing : Optimum time of sowing of groundnut is entire month of June. Under irrigated conditions, sowing of seeds should be completed by second fortnight of June, whereas under rainfed conditions sowing at the onset of monsoon should be done. Sowing of crop after 15 July should be avoided.'"
583,495,"'Seed rate : The seed rate depends on the size of kernels of the varieties. However, for medium size kernels varieties, seed rate of 80 kg per hectare is required.'"
584,496,'Seed treatment : Treatment of seed with Thiram or Captan or Emisan 3 g/kg seed is essential for management of seed and soil borne diseases. For management of termites and white grub treat the seed with 15 ml Chloropyriphos 20 EC/kg seed.'
585,532,"'y After transplanting, water levels should be around 3 cm initially, and gradually increase to 5−10 cm (with increasing plant height) and remain there until the field is drained 7−10 days before harvest.'"
586,500,'Seed treatment: Soaking of 1 ha seed (20-30 kg seed) in 25 litre water solution with 25 g bavistin and 2.5 g streptocycline is done for 24 hrs. Treated seed should be covered with wet gunny bags for 24-36 hrs for getting germination of seeds.'
587,501,"'Nursery raising: Apply 15 to 20 tonnes of FYM per hectare in the nursery field before sowing of the nursery. Application of 25 kg N, 25 kg P2O5 and 25 kg ZnSO4 per hectare is applied for raising the nursery. Apply second doze of 25 kg N/ha at two weeks after sowing of nursery. If deficiency symptoms of Iron appear in the nursery, foliar application of 0.5 % FeSo 4 should be done. For managements of weeds in the nursery, apply 1.5 kg Pretilachlore 30 EC or 3 litre Butachlore or Thiobencarb at 1-3 days after sowing of the nursery. For management of broad leaf and grassy weeds, apply 250 ml Bispyribak sodium 10 SL at 15 days after sowing of nursery.'"
588,502,'Transplanting: Transplanting of paddy is done by manual as well as mechanical method. a) Manual transplanting: y Transplant the seedlings in lines y Transplant 2-3 seedlings per hill y Maintain spacing of 15 x 15 cm y Depth of transplanting should not be more than 2-3 cm b) Mechanical transplanting y Done by paddy transplanter in puddled and un-puddled conditions. y Raising of mat type nursery is required'
589,503,"'y Application of 15 tonnes of FYM/ha before transplanting of the crop is useful for obtaining good productivity of rice-wheat system continuously. Weed management: Several grassy weeds, broad leaf weeds and sedges infest paddy crop. Puddling though in helpful in management of many weeds, yet weeds can be managed effectively by chemical method.'"
590,1514,"'Teas are sometimes scented with various plant essential oils such as lemon, bergamot, rose and fragrant olive which impart sweet floral attributes to enhance the natural flavour of tea. Other teas are blended with flower petals, spices or dried leaf such as Rosemary, Peppermint, Camomile and Chrysanthemum.'"
591,1515,"'The flavours that have been used include chocolate, jasmine, mandarin orange peel, Bergamot and other sweet herbs. In India, cardamom, ginger, lemon, bergamot and mint are popular flavoured teas.'"
592,1516,'These are tea (black or green) which are compressed in the form of bricks or cakes. Portions of bricks are broken off for use and are sometimes cooked with butter or other fats.'
593,1517,"'This type of tea can be made using dried rosemary herb. Prepare dark out of optimum level of concentration of Rosemary herb. Blend black tea and rosemary; combination of other herbs like basil, mint, lemongrass, thyme, chamomile with rosemary.'"
594,504,'y Apply 30 kg butachlore or 15 kg thiobencarbgranuls/ ha in 4-5 cm deep water at 2-3 days after transplanting. Apply 3.0 liter butachlor 50 EC or thiobencarb EC or 1325 ml Anilphose 30 EC or 2.0 liter Pretilachlor 50 EC or 125 g oxydiazeril 80 % WP after mixing with 150 kg sand and broadcast in standing water at 2-5 days after transplanting.'
595,505,"'y Management of broad leaf weeds can be done by application of 20 g ready mix of metsulphuron and chlorimuron or 125 g ethoxysulphuron 15 % WG or 1 kg 2,4-D ester at 20-25 days after transplanting.'"
596,506,'y Management of mix weeds flora in rice can be done by application of 250 ml bispyribac sodium 10 % SL/ha in 500 litres of water at 15- 25 days after transplanting.'
597,507,"'y Keeping in view of forecasted high temperature, farmers are advised for harvesting of mature vegetables at morning and evening hours and keep harvested crops in shadow. y Optimum moisture level should be maintained in cucurbitaceous crops by light and frequent irrigation as dry conditions may lead to poor pollination and thus drop in yield of the crop.'"
598,508,'y Optimum moisture level should be maintained in cucurbitaceous crops by light and frequent irrigation as dry conditions may lead to poor pollination and thus drop in yield of the crop.'
599,509,"'y After harvesting of mature okra application of urea @ 5-10 kg/ acre should be done. Constant monitoring of crop against attack of mite is advised. If population is above ETL then, spraying of Ethion @ 1.5- 2 ml/litre of water is advised. Due to prevailing high temperature, light irrigation at short interval is advised.'"
600,510,"'y To control shoot and fruit borer in brinjal and tomato crops, infested fruits and shoots should be collected and buried inside the soil. If pest population is high, spraying of Spinosad 48 EC @ 1 ml /4 litres of water is advised.'"
601,511,"'y In horticultural crops at fruiting stage such as mango, while carrying out field operations related to nutrient sprays and crop protection adequate precautions in handling of inputs, mixing, delivery and washing of equipment is to be undertaken.'"
602,512,"'y For management of fruit drop in mango spray 2% urea and 0.5 % ZnSo4 or 20 ppm 2, 4-D (2 g 2,4-D in 100 litre of water) in month of April –May.'"
603,973,'y Raise the nursery during May-June with varieties Arka Anand and VNR-51 in protray to prevent damping off diseases. Seed rate for hybrids is 120 g/ acre and for varieties 260 g/ acre'
604,513,"'y To control pre-harvest fruit drop in citrus, apply 6 gram 2, 4-D, 3 Kg Zinc Sulphate, 12 gram Aureofungin and 1.5 Kg lime in 550 litres of water per acre. In case of intercropping with sunflower and cotton do not spray 2, 4-D. In this case application of 20 ppm NAA is recommended. Ber: In case of Ber plants last week April month to May month is best time for pruning because plants are in dormant condition.'"
605,514,"'y Intensive cropping in rice-wheat system has resulted into degradation of soil fertility. Therefore, soil health maintenance is an integral issue in Rice-Wheat system. Green manuring is an important practice which helps in restoring soil fertility. The period between harvesting of wheat crop and transplanting of rice crop (May-June) can be utilized for growing of green manure crops. Dhaincha ( Sesbania sesban ) is very suitable cover crop which can be grown for green manuring. Sowing of dhaincha @30 kg seed/ ha is done in first week of May. The crop is ploughed up in 3 rd week of June (45-50 DAS). Transplanting of rice is done after one week of ploughing of dhaincha crop. Apply 2/3 rd dose of NPK fertilizers in fields where green manuring is done.'"
606,515,'y Transplanting of rice requires huge volume of water. It can be saved by bringing change in planting method of the crop. Direct seeding of rice crop has been found very successful technology and is helpful in conservation of water resources.'
607,516,"'y Temperatures are high during this month and some areas experience severs dust storms accompanied by thunder showers. y Heat related diseases in animals that can be seen to affect animals during this time are fever, dehydration, decrease in body salts, loss of appetite and decrease in productivity.'"
608,1518,"'The first tea bags were hand-sewn silk bags and tea bag patents dated as early as 1903. First appearing commercially around 1904, tea bags were successfully marketed by the tea and coffee shop merchant Thomas Sullivan from New York, who shipped his tea bags around the world. Modern tea bags are usually made of paper fibre. The heat-sealed paper fiber tea bag was invented by William Hermanson, one of the founders of Technical Papers Corporation of Boston. The rectangular tea bag was invented in 1944. Prior to this tea bags resembled small sacks.'"
609,1662,"'Diversity in Crop Production : The basis for crop production in gardening, farming and forestry in consideration of the structure and fertility of the soil and surrounding ecosystem and to'"
610,519,"'Transplanting after repeated puddling is the conventional method of rice (Oryza sativa) growing which is not only intensive water user but also cumbersome and laborious Direct seeded rice (DSR), probably the oldest method of crop establishment, is gaining popularity because of its low-input demand. It offers certain advantages viz., it saves labour, requires less water, less drudgery, early crop maturity, low production cost, better soil physical conditions for following crops and less methane emission, provides better option to be the best fit in different cropping systems. In present scenario when human interaction is avoided the machine driven DSR technology is better option for planting rice'"
611,520,'y Plow the fields during summer to control emerging weeds y Levelling the fields well facilitates uniform irrigation and better germination'
612,521,"'y Seed treatment with recommended fungicide is necessary to manage soil born diseases. For this weighed quantity of seeds are soaked in water + fungicide (Bavistin @ 1g/kg rice seed or Emisan @ 1gm/kg rice seed) solution for 24 hours. Amount of water used for soaking is equivalent to quantity of seed used for seed treatment. After 24 hours, seeds are removed from fungicide solution and dried in shade for 1-2 days until sprouting is seen before sowing. Seed treatment with imidacloprid (Guicho/imidiate) @ 3ml/kg seed alone to protect from soil-borne pathogens such as termites or other insects or in combination with tebuconazole (raxil) @ 1 ml/kg seed to protect from both soil borne fungi and insects have been found effective in improving uniform crop establishment.'"
613,533,"'y To control Zinc deficiency, apply 60 kg of zinc sulphate heptahydrate (21%) or 40 kg zinc sulphate monohydrate (33%) per hectare at puddling in case previous crop in this field had shown the symptoms of zinc deficiency. Where the deficiency is noticed in the growing crop, apply this quantity of zinc sulphate as soon as possible.'"
614,534,"'y Apply Bensulfuron methyl + Pretilachlor ( Londax power ) @ 10 kg/ ha at 7-8 days after transplanting, application of post-emergence herbicide (e.g., bispyribac-sodium (25 g/ha)/ penoxsulam (25 g/ ha)/ azimsulfuron 30 g/ha/ fenoxaprop (with safener) (60g/ha)/ metsulfuron (4g/ha) + fenoxaprop (60 g/ha) can provide effective weed control in transplanted rice.'"
615,535,"'y For Direct Seeded Rice (DSR) of Basmati, Pusa Sugandh-4, Pusa Sugandh-5, Ballabh Basmati 22, Malviya Sugandh 105, Malviya Sugandh 4, Malviya Basmati 10, and Pusa Basmati 1509 are most suitable varieties. The optimum sowing time for Basmati under DSR is the first fortnight of June.'"
616,536,"'y Apply 135 kg urea per hectare in three equal splits at 3, 6, and 9 weeks after sowing. Phosphorus and potash should be applied only if the soil test shows the deficiency of these nutrients. Skip phosphorus application if the recommended dose of phosphorus had been applied to the preceding wheat crop.'"
617,585,'y To control black ant in ratoon of sugarcane kept in February-March spray 200 ml of Imidachloropid (17.8% SL) dissolve in 625 litres of water along with 3-5% urea based on number of leaves.'
618,522,"'in DSR than puddle transplanted rice. Following fertilizer doses are recommended for DSR: i. Local/Selection rice: 150 to 165 kg N/ha, 60 kg P2 O5 / ha, 60 kg K2 O/ha, and 25 kg Zinc sulphate/ ha) ii.  Improved/hybrid rice: 60-75 Kg N/ha , 30 kg P2 O5 and 25 kg Zn SO4.'"
619,523,"'y Apply full dose of P, K, and ZnSO4 and 23 kg N/ ha as basal at the time of sowing using seed cum fertilizer drill/planters. The remaining N should be applied in three equal splits at early tillering, active tillering and panicle initiation. Nitrogenous fertilizers can also be managed using leaf colour chart (LCC). Two approaches have been recommended to apply Nitrogen using LCC. Fixed time approach: After basal application of N, remaining N is applied at preset timing of active tillering and panicle initiation and dose is adjusted based on LCC reading of N application should be based on LCC value of 3 and 4 depending on cultivars.'"
620,524,"'y Post emergence : The right herbicide for use in DSR for post emergence application depends on the weed flora present in a given field; individual herbicides have strength and also weakness, e.g., bispyribac sod. is very good on grasses but can’t control Leptochloa. Rotational use of herbicides with different modes of actions is also desirable to check the possible development of herbicide tolerant'"
621,525,"'or resistant weed biotypes. Timely use of newly-released effective herbicides in direct-seeded rice helps in better weed management and results in increase in yield besides increasing profitability. Sequential applications of a pre-emergence herbicide (e.g. pendimethalin 1000 g/ha, pyrazosulfuron is applied @ 20 g a.i./ ha ) followed by post-emergence herbicide (e.g., bispyribac-sodium (25 g/ha)/ penoxsulam (25 g/ha)/ azimsulfuron 30 g/ha/ fenoxaprop (with safener) (60g/ha)/ metsulfuron (4g/ha) + fenoxaprop (60 g/ ha) can provide effective weed control in DSR.'"
622,542,'y The date of sowing has to be suitably adjusted by making the best use of their natural precipitation and providing adequate time for land preparation for the following crop.'
623,543,'y This practice has given 15% higher yield than that obtained from fields which are sown with or after the onset of rains. Early sown fields get adequate time for weed management.'
624,544,"'y For rainfed areas, which entirely lack irrigation facilities, it will be desirable to sow the crop as soon as adequate amount of soil moisture has been built up to ensure germination and establishment of proper plant stand.'"
625,545,"'y A clean, smooth, deeply ploughed but firm seedbed is ideal. It is desirable to sow the crop on ridges to avoid damage due to waterlogging and to provide adequate moisture in the root zone.'"
626,546,'y The available quantity of the farmyard manure should be incorporated into the field before sowing. A combination of organic manure and chemical fertilizer is known to give better yield and improve the soil fertility than the use of fertilizer alone.'
627,1519,"'A tea bag is a small, porous sealed bag containing tea leaves and used for brewing tea. Tea bags are commonly made of paper, silk or plastic. The bag contains the tea leaves while the tea is brewed, making it easier to dispose of the leaves, and performs the same function as a tea infuser. Some tea bags have an attached piece of string with a paper label at the top that assists in removing the bag while also identifying the variety of tea.'"
628,526,'During lock down period for giving maximum employment to rural youth transplanting of rice is best option. For raising seedlings very 1/10 th area is needed so we have to manage 1/10 th area for a month for nursery preparation by the time we can escape from lockdown period and with the onset of monsoon the transplanting may be done. It can be done manually or with the help of machine. Transplanting is commonly practiced as a method of weed control for wet or puddled fields. It requires less seed but much more labour compared to direct seeding. Manual transplanting can be done in two methods:'
629,527,"'In random method, seedlings are transplanted without a definite distance or space between plants. When transplanting is done at random, equal distances between hills are difficult to determine but it is essential that the estimated distances should not be too close or too wide (not less than 10 cm and not more than 25 cm) to complement control of weeds through early shading by rice canopies.'"
630,528,"'When transplanting is done at random, equal distances between hills are difficult to determine but it is essential that the estimated distances should not be too close or too wide (not less than 10 cm and not more than 25 cm) to complement control of weeds through early shading by rice canopies.'"
631,529,"'This method follows uniform spacing or pattern. Straight rows facilitate management practices such as hand or rotary weeding and application of fertilizers, herbicides, or insecticides. Optimal plant spacing may also be achieved through this method.'"
632,530,'Closer spacing (15 x 15 cm or 10 x 10 cm) may be used depending on the availability of planters and the cost of transplanting. This is advantageous when weed control is inadequate.'
633,1520,"'A broad variety of teas, including herbal teas, are available in tea bags. Typically, tea bags use fannings, the left-overs after larger leaf pieces are gathered for sale as loose tea, but some companies such as Honest Tea sells teabags containing whole-leaf tea.'"
634,1521,"'This type of tea is promoted on health grounds. Chloroform or methylene chloride is an e ective solvent for isolating ca eine from tea leaf. However, it is not widely accepted by consumers because of its toxicity. Deca eination using supercritical carbon dioxide is e ective and leaves no solvent residues, but it needs expensive equipment. Sawdust lingo- cellulose columns can be used to separate ca eine from tea extracts, but they are di cult to use for deca eination of tea leaf.'"
635,537,"'y For Basmati varieties like Pusa Sugandh-4, Pusa Sugandh-5, Ballabh Basmati 22, Malviya Sugandh 105, Malviya Sugandh 4, Malviya Basmati 10, and Pusa Basmati 1509, the optimum time of nursery sowing is 1 st fortnight of June and transplanting time is 1 st fortnight of July whereas, for CSR 30 (Soil having pH>8.5), Basmati 370, Basmati 386, Pusa Basmati 1509, the optimum time of nursery sowing is 2 nd fortnight of June and transplanting time is 2 nd fortnight of July.'"
636,538,'y Seed and seedling treatment is mandatory to control dreaded diseases like foot rot. Smear the seeds with talc formulation of Trichoderma harzianum @ 15 g per kg of seed immediately before sowing and seedling root dip for 6 hrs with T. harzianum @ 15 g per litre of water before transplanting. Seedlings of Basmati varieties are ready for transplanting when they attain 5 to 6 leaf stage or are 25- 30 days old.'
637,539,"'y Irrigate the nursery before uprooting and wash them to remove mud. Transplant two-three seedlings per hill in lines at 20 x 15 cm (33 hills/sq. meter) during the optimum period in a well-puddled field. In the late transplanted crop, the spacing may be reduced to 15x15 cm (44 hills/sq. meter) to minimize the reduction in yield.'"
638,540,"'y Apply fertilizers on soil tests and crop rotation basis. Skip phosphorus application if the recommended dose of phosphorus has been applied to the preceding wheat crop. Apply 90 kg/ha urea for Pusa Sugandh-4, Pusa Sugandh-5, Ballabh Basmati22, Malviya Sugandh 105, Malviya Sugandh 4, Malviya Basmati 10 and apply 135kg/ha for Pusa Basmati 1509. Apply urea in two equal splits at 3 weeks and 6 weeks after transplanting. If possible, apply urea when water is not standing in the field. Irrigate on the third day of the application of urea.'"
639,541,"'Varieties: Shaktiman-1, K-41, Azad Uttam, Sharad Mani, Azad Kamal, Chandra Mani, Azad Shankar Makka-1 and Azad Shankar Makka-2'"
640,1663,"'here appropriate, the certification programme shall require that sufficient diversity is obtained ccount pressure from insects, weeds, diseases and ther pests, while maintaining or increasing soil, organic matter, fertility, microbial activity and by'"
641,547,'y The rest of the nitrogen should be applied in 2 unequal doses as side dressing. Half of the total nitrogen (60 kg N/ha when the total dose is 120 kg N/ha) should be applied when the crop is at knee-high stage (20-30 days after germination).'
642,548,"'y The fertilizers should be applied 10-12 cm away from the base of the plant to avoid plant injury. Soon after application, the fertilizer on the soil surface should be covered to minimize losses.'"
643,549,'y One or two sprays of 2% urea (spray grade with low bio-rate content) and application of micronutrient mixture can be given in 3-5 weeks old crop to restored the vigour which may have received setback because of delayed weeding and inadequate drainage.'
644,550,'y A population of 65-70 thousand plants per hectare at harvest is necessary for realizing high grain yield. y It will be necessary to attain about 10% higher stand at germination.'
645,551,"'y Maize can be grown on rainfed regions where the distribution of rainfall is enough to ensure adequate soil moisture during the life- cycle of the crop. For construing high & stable yields, the available sources of irrigation should be tapped to provide 1 or 2 irrigation at the critical stages in years when rains fail.'"
646,1522,"'30.6.1.1  Hot water treatment – an alternate safe method When fresh tea leaf was deca einated with a ratio of tea leaf to water of 1:20 (w/v) at 100 o C for 3 min, ca eine concentration was decreased from 23.7 to 4.0 mg/g, while total tea catechins decreased from 134.5 to 127.6 mg/g; 83% of ca eine was removed and 95% of  total catechins was retained in the deca einated leaf. Hence, hot water treatment can be considered to be a safe and inexpensive method for deca einating green tea. However, a large percentage of tea catechins were lost if rolled leaf and dry tea were deca einated by such treatment and so this process is not suitable for processing black tea.'"
647,557,"'y Use fertilizers based on soil testing. If test results are not available, for hybrids use 80-100 kg of nitrogen, 40 kg of phosphorus, and 40 kg of potash and 40-45 kg of nitrogen for native species, 40 kg of potash per ha. The entire quantity of phosphorus potash and half of the amount of nitrogen should be given as the first basal dressing from sowing and half of the remaining nitrogen as topdressing when the plant is 25-30 days old.'"
648,1523,"'These are produced from top quality tea leaf ( Camellia sinensis ) through hot water extraction and Reverse Osmosis (RO) concentration at low temperature. It is then subjected to Ultra High Temperature (UHT) treatment and aseptically packaged. The products include Green tea, Jasmine tea, Oolong tea and Black tea.'"
649,552,"'Weed control The herbicides viz . atrazine @ 1.0 -1.5 kg/ha/ alachlor @ 2.0-2.5 kg/ha/ pendimethalin 1.0-1.5 kg/ha/ tank-mix atrazine + pendimethalin 0.75 +0.75 kg/ha/ atrazine + terbutryn 0.53 + 0.57 kg/ha as pre emergence and Atrazine + 2,4-D amine 1.1 + 0.48 kg/ha  as early post-emergence. If there is Cyperus infestation in field apply halosulfuron @ 67.5 g/ha. After application of herbicides the soil should not be disturbed. These herbicides are quite effective and shows broad-spectrum activity against grasses and broad-leaved weeds, but not effective in dry land situation. Sufficient moisture is a pre-requisite for greater herbicidal efficacy'"
650,553,"'y Grow improved long-duration hybrids ICMB-155, WCC-75, Narendra-3, Raj 171, Pusa 322, Pusa 23, and ICMH-451according to the availability of growing period and purpose. y Sowing of Bajra is from the middle of July to the middle of August. Sow 50 cm at a distance of 4 cm deep in the back of the plough.'"
651,554,'y Sowing of Bajra is from the middle of July to the middle of August. Sow 50 cm at a distance of 4 cm deep in the back of the plough.'
652,555,"'y If the seed is not treated, one kg of seed should be treated with 2.50 grams of thiram before planting. Seeds can be extracted by dipping in a 20% salt solution.'"
653,556,"'y Weeding is more important in the cultivation of millet. First, weeding should be done after 15 days after germination and second weeding should be done after 35-40 days to destroy the weeds in millet.'"
654,558,"'y Grow improved long duration varieties Bahar, Amar, Narendra-1, Aazad, Pusa-9, PDA- 11, MA-6, MAL 13, Narendra Arhar-2 and short-duration varieties like Paras, UPAS- 120, Pusa 992, Type-21 according to the availability of growing period and purpose'"
655,559,"'y Late maturing species which are ready in about 270 days, should be sown in July. The early maturing species should be sown in the irrigated areas by mid-June so that the crop can be ready by the end of November and sowing of wheat in the first fortnight of December.'"
656,560,"'y Sowing should be done in the back of the plough. According to the species and season, the number of seeds and distance of 2 lines should be 50 cm and the distance between 2 plants should be 20 cm. Use 20 kg seed/ha for all varieties.'"
657,561,"'y After 20-25 days of sowing, the distance of the plant, the dense plant should be removed and fixed. If sowing is done by the ridge method, yields are higher.'"
658,1131,"'Early growing variety with small round heads, colour of the leaves is light green from outside and dark green from inside. Individual head weighing 1-1.5 kg, harvested within 60-65'"
659,562,"'y Firstly, Treat 1kg seeds with a mixture of 2 grams of thiram and one gram of carbendazim or 4 grams of Trichoderma + 1 gram of carboxyne or carbendazim. Before planting, treat each seed with a unique Rhizobium culture of pigeon pea. A packet of this culture has to be sprinkled over 10 kg of seeds, then mix it lightly with hands, so that a light layer is formed on the seeds. Sow this seed immediately. There is a possibility of the death of culture organisms from strong sunlight. In fields where pigeonpea is being sown for the first time after a long time, it must use culture.'"
660,563,"'y To get a good yield of pigeon pea, 10-15 kg. Nitrogen, 40-45 kg Phosphorus and 20 kg. Sulphur is required. Phosphorus-containing fertilizers like single super phosphate, dye ammonium phosphate should be used for the maximum yield of pigeon pea. Single Super Phosphate per ha. 250 kg or 100 kg Dye ammonium phosphate and 20 kg. Sulphur should be given at the time of sowing in rows. It would be appropriate that the entire amount of phosphorus be given from single super phosphate so that 12 percent sulphur can also be supplied. A small quantity of urea fertilizer (15-20 kg/ha) should be given only in those fields which are weak in the nitrogen content.'"
661,564,'y Mung bean and Urd bean is generally sown with the onset of monsoon from June to July. Both early and late plantings have adverse effects on the performance of mung bean.'
662,565,'y Application of 20 kg N and 80 Kg P 2 O 5 is advisable Water management:'
663,566,"'Weed management: Application of pendimethalin 750 g/ha/ Oxadiazon 500 g/ha   as pre-emergence for controlling many annual and broad leaf weeds. Imazethapyr 100 g/ha/ imazethapyr 14 g/ha + imazemox 14 g/ha/ imazethapyr 50g/ha + pendimethalin 750g/ha, sodium acifluorfen 165 g/ha + clodinafop-propargyl 80 g/ha, chlorimuron 6 g/ha, fenoxaprop 80 g/ha and quizalofop 40g/ha, as post-emergence is most effective to control grassy as well as broad-leaved weeds in soybean. This technology increases the grain production, improves quality of grain, and results higher income.'"
664,567,'y It is ready in about 120-130 days. It should be sown in the first fortnight of July so that the crop can be ready by the end of October.'
665,568,"'y According to the species and season, the number of seeds and distance of 2 lines should be 45-50 cm and the distance between 2 plants should be 15-20 cm. Use 70-75 kg seed kernels/ha for all varieties. In late sown conditions, Use 90-95 kg seed kernels/ha.'"
666,1664,'a supplementary role to carbon based materials. ermission for use shall only be given when other fertility management practices have been • an appropriate coverage of the soil during the year of production which diverse plant species'
667,569,"'y Before sowing the seed (kernel) should be treated with Thiram 2g and 1g of Carbendazim per kg of seed or Trichoderma @ 4g + 1g of Carboxine per kg of seed. Before sowing, treat the seeds with peanut-specific Rhizobium culture before sowing 5-6 hours. One packet is enough for 10 kg of seeds.'"
668,570,"'a liter of water. Then add 250 g of rhizobium culture in this solution, by spraying it over 10 kg of seed and mixing it lightly, to make a light layer over the seed.'"
669,571,"'y After drying this seed 2-3 hours in the shade, do sowing till 10 am or after 4 pm. There is a possibility of the death of culture bacteria in strong sunlight. In fields where groundnut is being sown for the first time or after a long time, it is necessary to use culture.'"
670,572,"'y The use of fertilizers is very important to get good groundnut yield. It would be appropriate that fertilizers be used based on soil testing recommendations. If not tested, nitrogen 20 kg, phosphorus 30 kg, potash 45 kg, gypsum 250 kg, and borax 4 kg, per hectare should be used.'"
671,573,"'y Distance of 2 lines should be 45 cm and distance between 2 plants should be 3-5cm with depth of seed not more than 3-4cms. Use 70- 75 kg seed kernels/ha for all varieties. In late sown conditions, Use 75-80 kg seed kernels/ha. Germination percentage should not be less than75-80.'"
672,574,"'distance of 2 lines should be 30-45. Use 3-4 kg seed kernels/ha for all varieties. Due to the small size of the seeds, sow the seeds by mixing them in sand, ash, or dry light loamysoil.'"
673,575,"'y Use fertilizers based on soil testing. If the soil has not been tested, 30 kg Nitrogen, 20 kg Phosphorus, and 20 kg Sulphur per hectare should be used. Use 20 kg Potash in rocky soil. Use half the amount of nitrogen and full quantity of phosphorus and potash and sulphur, as a basal dressing at the time of sowing, and the remaining quantity of nitrogen at the time of constant weeding.'"
674,576,'y First weeding should be done after 15-20 days of sowing and second weeding should be done after 30-35 days. Thinning (weeding) of the plants during weeding and maintain plant distance for about 10 to 12 cm. Use 1.25 litters per hectare Elachlor 50 E.C. for weed control.'
675,577,"'For Autumn planted cane is 15 September to October and spring season, 15 February to March is the best time in Western Uttar Pradesh and central region. For late-planted cane it can be planted from April to mid-May.'"
676,1132,"'Early growing variety medium-large head weighing 1-1.5 kg, harvested within 70-80 days after transplanting, Average yield is 20-28 t/ha.'"
677,578,"'y An average crop of sugarcane yielding 100 t/ha removes 208 kg of N, 53kg of P, 280 kg of K, 30 kg of Sulphur, 3.4kg of iron, 1.2 kg of manganese and 0.6 kg of copper from the soil.'"
678,579,"'y Three hoeing, at 1, 4, and 7 weeks after ratoon initiation should be adopted for effective control of weeds in sugarcane ratoon crop. However, under limitations of manpower-availability, cost etc., pre-emergence application of either of atrazine @ 2.0 kg a.i./ha or metribuzin @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha (800- 1000 litres water/ha) followed by either of 2,4-D Na salt @ 1.0 kg/ ha ai (in 600-800 litres water/ha) or hoeing at 45 days after ratooning can be successfully practiced. Further, trash mulching in alternate rows and hoeing in unmulched furrow at 1 & 6 weeks after ratoon initiation is also a good option'"
679,580,'y Management of binding weeds: application of atrazine @ 2 kg ai/ ha or metribuzine @ 1.25 kg ai/ha as pre-emergence followed by DICAMBA @ 350 g ai/ha at 75 DAP is effective for controlling binding weeds in sugarcane'
680,581,'y These operations are most essential in sugarcane cultivation just to provide mechanical support to the grown-up plants to prevent lodging. The leaves are removed from the plants and wrapped together by taking all canes in one bundle. By wrapping the'
681,582,"'distribution of CO becomes easy and proper throughout the 2 eld. After wrapping, the clumps in, adjacent rows are tied together (cross-wise). Tying should be done in the month of August when cane reaches about 2 m height. Green leaves should not be tied up together while tying up the crop'"
682,583,"'y Top dress with 60 kg/ha (132 kg urea) after irrigation in this month in the crop planted in February and March, if top dressing of Urea is getting to do in winter sugarcane, top dress it with 60 kg of Nitrogen per hectare.'"
683,584,'y After harvesting of planted kin if it is to be kept then harvest sugarcane only spread the dry leaves uniformly and aggregate Israel Indian does 25 kg of 1.3 % on dry leaves fill the gap before irrigation and use 90 kg nitrogen per hectare near roots'
684,586,"'y If the cane is planted after gram, pea, Masoor, etc irrigate immediately and prepare the field. If possible, use only 1/3 upper part of Cane and salt. Soak the salt in water overnight cut the piece of 2-3 buds and treat with 0.1% percent of carbendazim. Planting the cane at a distance of 60 cm apart.'"
685,587,'y if the ratoon is infected by Black insect spray the imidacloprid (17.8% SL) 200 ml per hectare dissolve in 625-liter water along with 5% urea solution. Moisture is a must at Spraying.'
686,588,"'y Spring and late planted cane, urea is not top-dressed than irrigate and apply 60 kg nitrogen per hectare. Make sure to apply all fertilizer by June. Most of Urea is destroying if applied in the rainy season.'"
687,589,"'y Apply 2.5 Trichogrammajaponicum card containing 50,000 adult parasites per ha for biological control of top borer. This should be done from the 1 st week of June to the last week of August.'"
688,590,'y If the infestation of top borer is heavy use ferterra (0.4 G) 22.5 kg per ha in the last week of June near roots. Moisture is a must in the field.'
689,591,"'y In the nursery management Seed should be treated 2 gm/kg with Thirum which helps to prevent seed-borne disease and damping off in the nursery. y Zayad vegetables like gourd smooth luffa, bitter gourd cucumber, cucumber, etc. In these crop sucking pests are harming insects for crops, to control them, spray imidacloprid 70% WG 1.05 gm in 15 litres of water.'"
690,592,"'y Zayad vegetables like gourd smooth luffa, bitter gourd cucumber, cucumber, etc. In these crop sucking pests are harming insects for crops, to control them, spray imidacloprid 70% WG 1.05 gm in 15 litres of water.'"
691,593,"'y After digging the onion, dry it in the shade for 3 days and separate the bulb of the onion by breaking the stalk from 1.5 to 2 cm, this will increase the storage capacity of onion.'"
692,594,"'y The seed rate for bhendi is 18-20kg ha-1 with a spacing of 45x20cm. In raising nurseries 500g ha-1tomato, 650g ha-1 brinjal seed is required. For tomato adopt spacing of 50x50cm and for brinjal 60x60cm'"
693,595,'y For the control of Shoot and fruit borers use  Spray carbaryl 50 W.P @ 2.5g l-1 quinalphos @ 2.0ml l-1 or endosulfan @ 2.0 ml l-1 or monocrotophos @ 1.6ml l-1 or carbaryl @ 3.0g l-1. Repeat the spraying on a need basis.'
694,596,"'y To protect against fruit-bearing pests in litchi orchards, spray the thiacloprid 0.75 ml or Novalurone in 1.5 ml per liter of water. y Spray borax @ 4 grams per litre of water to prevent litchi fruits from bursting.'"
695,597,"'y Planting of banana in July and fertilizer has not been used in April yet, they should use 140 kg urea 80 kg DAP and 80 kg MOP per acre.'"
696,598,"'y If there is a problem of stem bursts in the banana, use 25 grams of magnesium sulphate at the rate of per plant and cut off the unwanted sucker and continue to irrigate regularly.'"
697,599,'y Two sprays of Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) @ 20 ppm at 15 days interval in the month of April-May to reduce the fruit drop during the lock-down period (Disturbed agricultural operations) for income security.'
698,600,"'y Ridge and furrow sowing of Musk melon and Cucurbitaceae crops which help to produce Good quality fruits, easily manageable and saving of 35-40 irrigation, better return 4-5 Rs. per unit'"
699,601,'y Pruning in mango to remove the criss-cross dead & dried branches maybe done so that the centre of the tree is opened with a less dense canopy and inner branches are exposed to sunlight. Spraying1% urea & 0.5% Zinc sulphate has been recommended during October & November months for uniform flowering and fruiting every year.'
700,602,'y Mango harvesting All the fruits harvested with pedicel avoiding injury to the fruits. Avoid shaking and injuries to branches and thus no loss by way of fruit drop from trees during harvesting.'
701,603,'y Mango nutrient Apply 100g each of NPK per one-year-old plant (217g Urea + 625g SSP + 167g MOP). Increase 100g each of NPK every year up to 10 years. For 10 years and above old plantation apply 2.17 kg Urea + 6.25 kg SSP + 1.67 kg MOP per tree.'
702,604,"'y During extreme summer wallowing arrangement should be made in the farm itself. y On large commercial dairy farms various cooling devices viz. fans, wet curtain or panels, air cooler or conditioners etc. can be used during extreme hot condition.'"
703,605,'y Proportion of green fodder should be increased and Long fodders must be chopped before feeding Soaking of concentrate in equal amount water for 20-30 minutes will increase nutrient utilization'
704,606,"'y Livestock farmers must chop some of the young grass of rainy season & before feeding, dry it up in sunlight. It will soak water from the grass and will turn it into a good feed.'"
705,607,"'y Avoid any ‘rhododendron’ type plants which may cause different kinds of sick conditions and finally results in death. If your goats consume these types of plants, you must seek immediate veterinary care.'"
706,608,"'y Goats are highly susceptible to external & internal parasites, they must be de-wormed frequently. If the goats are not de-wormed frequently, it may result in weight-loss, reproductive failures, poor hair coat, and health problems. Farmers should make sure the goats herd is de-wormed at least once 2 to 3 months. Young goat kids should be given deworming medicine at the age of 7 to 8 weeks. It is better to talk to your veterinary doctor for a deworming schedule in goats.'"
707,609,'y CDT vaccination protects goats against clostridium perfringens type ‘C and ‘D’ (overeating disease) and tetanus. Goat kids should be vaccinated at 7 to 8 weeks of age. The booster shots should be given 4 weeks later. Subsequently these goats should be given goats once a year.'
708,610,'y Linking the supply of poultry produces (egg and chicken meat) with the essential commodity supply chain to all the notified / targeted areas. 90 ICAR KHARIF AGRO-ADVISORY FOR FARMERS'
709,611,"'y To create awareness to all consumers about egg and chicken meat quality and safety through all relevant government departments. At present there are several myths / false notions among common population about the production and quality / safety of poultry products (egg and chicken meat). Therefore, proper education of common man about the health benefits of eggs and chicken meat, production standards, bio-security and health care being practiced, the quality and nutrient specs of poultry diet, which help them to understand and appreciate the safety of poultry products.'"
710,1642,"'Ecological and environmental effects have been highly publicized all over the world. Many times, these analyses have taken the shape of doomsday forecasts. Powerful interests in the developed western countries have also politicized these issues to take advantage of the poor nations of the world. Efforts to impose trade restrictions on the plea of environment protection are a direct result of these campaigns. But we have to recognize that the abysmal level to which we have degraded our resources, requires immediate remedial measures without terming the demand for them as the ploys of the rich nations to exploit the poor.'"
711,612,"'y Cleaning, Grading, Packing and Branding of eggs with clear specifications like Date of production, expiry Date, egg weight, protein and essential phospho-lipid content on the pack, will boost up the confidence of consumers.'"
712,613,"'y Improving the transportation of live birds in closed containers by providing the required micro-environment including temperature, ventilation, oxygen levels, etc, will improve the image of poultry farming and gain consumer confidence.'"
713,614,"'y Encourage consumption of processed chicken meat by developing hygienic automatic processing plant, attractive packing with all relevant product information, providing proper cold chain and establishment of trusted brand values.'"
714,615,"'y Mass campaign to advocate consumption of chicken meat and eggs with different health department wings including human doctors, health / fitness centers, popular sports persons, social workers, etc. will certainly help to increase the consumption of poultry produces without any prejudices.'"
715,616,'y Warmer water decrease the ability of water to hold oxygen so during summer season catfish farming may be better option. y If irrigation is available the fresh water should be circulated in pond to increase oxygen level.'
716,701,"'y In each bed of above size (10 m x 1.25 m), 20-30 kg FYM or compost 80 g urea, 80 g SSP and 40 g MOP are to be applied and mixed well with the soil. Well germinated seeds are to be sown in the nursery bed @ 650 g to 1000 g per bed depending on the size of the seed.'"
717,859,'y Buffalo: Allow buffalo for wallowing in water as they have fewer sweet glands compared to cattle to maintain their body’s thermo equilibrium. Water-soaked gunny bag or other cloth should be kept on a body to avoid occurrence of heat stroke.'
718,860,'y Goat: Animals should be vaccinated before monsoon season for Enterotoxaemia and Peste des petes (PPR) ruminants’ diseases to avoid great losses. Improved breeds like Osmanabadi should be used for higher income.'
719,1524,"'Most Instant tea is made from black tea, but some is made from green tea. These are produced especially in USA and UK. Iced lemon teas are popular example in USA. Instant tea is presently manufactured by spray/freeze drying of the concentrated brew of processed tea leaves/dust. A new technique has been developed for the production of instant/soluble tea powder from the expressed juice of green leaves. After plucking, the leaves are crushed and juice pressed out. The juice is then subjected to fermentation under specified conditions. The fermented juice is steamed, centrifuged and freezedried to get instant tea powder. At the same time, the pressed leaf residue is subjected to fermentation and drying for preparation of tea granules. The instant tea produced is of good liquoring characteristics. The theaflavin to thearubigin ratio was 10.71 for instant tea and 12.12 for tea granules. The caffeine content was 40.4 mg and 96 mg per cup for instant tea and tea granules respectively. There is considerable savings in the economy as the juice and residue are converted into value-added products using this method.'"
720,617,'Management during monsoon Pond Evacuation — The volume of water will naturally increase during the rainy season. This is why evacuation is so important. Dig the pond so that the depth increases. If the depth increases then the water holding capacity automatically increases.'
721,618,"'Prepare and Repair — In most cases, excessive rainfall results in erosion of dykes, which causes physical damage to the pond. Hence, it is very important to repair the dykes just before the rainy season. Also, account for a proper slope. This will help in drainage and also help in dealing with excessive water.'"
722,619,"'Desilting — Over the course of time, organic matter gets deposited on the bottom of the pond. This silt reacts with excess water and can hamper the water condition killing helpful algae and zooplanktons. This'"
723,620,"'Provide Oxygen-rich Water — During rainy season, fish come to the surface of water for oxygen. This happens due to lack of dissolved oxygen. Immediately add fresh water or use an aerator to increase oxygen supply.'"
724,621,"'Frequently Monitor Water Condition — The pH level falls during rainfall. As a result, the surface water becomes more acidic in nature. It is so very important to have a proper drainage and abundant of fresh water.'"
725,1525,"'The processing in tea processing plant includes extraction, separation of waste, evaporation and spray drying. The plant size varies from 5 kg/h to 1000 kg/h of instant tea. The processing steps are as outlined below: Instant tea is manufactured from black tea by extracting the brew from processed leaves, tea wastes or undried fermented leaves. The extract is concentrated under low pressure, and dried to a powder by any of the processes including freezing, drying, spray-drying and vacuum-drying. Low temperature is used to minimize the loss of flavor and aroma. The flow chart for production of Instant tea is furnished in Fig. 30.1.'"
726,1526,"'The processing steps are as outlined below: Instant tea is manufactured from black tea by extracting the brew from processed leaves, tea wastes or undried fermented leaves. The extract is concentrated under low pressure, and dried to a powder by any of the processes including freezing, drying, spray-drying and vacuum-drying. Low temperature is used to minimize the loss of flavor and aroma. The flow chart for production of Instant tea is furnished in Fig. 30.1.'"
727,622,"'Pond Evacuation: Role of inlet and outlet — You don’t want your pond to overflow during monsoons. Hence, it is very important to maintain optimum volume of water. Outlet structures can help to maintain optimum volume of water in the pond during the rainy seasons and allow for complete draining of pond. In majority cases, a collecting area is created inside the pond which collects excess water and drains it.'"
728,623,'y Restrict visitor movement to the cattle shed. y The animal keeper should wear a mask on the mouth before going to the animal shed.'
729,624,"'y If milk is to be sold openly, it should be taken to market as soon as possible in covered containers and cold conditions. Otherwise, if packaged facilities are available, milk packets and packaged milk containers should be encouraged.'"
730,625,"'y At the time of delivery of milk and milk products, leave the product at the door of the buyer and maintain a gap of at least 6 feet so that human contact can be avoided.'"
731,626,"'y Supplementation of Perrineal Napier grass, Subabul, and Moringa leaves with traditional feed for enriching the quality of ration. It Maintain the health as well as milk production of milch animals and goats with minimum stress.'"
732,1062,"'.......................................... food grains. Fast-ripening varieties. Medium-ripening varieties include Devariya, Deoria, Kushinagar, all regions. [Accepted varieties for all regions: Azamgarh, Mau, Ballia. Also, 94% of the seats in Gorakhpur, Gorakhpur, Maharajganj, Basti, Basti, 3. 87263, Co. 0233, Kose. 08452, Ko. Lakhs. \'Sidh\' Ko. 89029, KO. Lakh. [42209 |सिद्धार्थनगर, KO. 4220. Devipatan, Gonda, Balrampur, Shravasti, Bahraich, Ayodhya, Ayodhya, Varanasi, Bhadohi, Jaunpur, Ghazipur, Barabanki, Ambedkar Nagar, Sunlatanpur, Amethi, Prayagraj, Mirzapur etc. 5. Accepted species for all flood prone areas are UP. 9530 & K.S. 543, Ko. S. 40239 (Flooded and weedy) Identification and characteristics of major species Early maturing species: Co. 8436 CE (Mt. S. 6847 \'to. 4448) Sugarcane is straight, medium thick, light yellow, hard and with fine pores in the middle. Sugarcane does not fall with coagulation, stickiness, millability and good yield. Ear, tendon, and larynx disease resistance. Infection with shoot and stem fungi is moderate, while fungal infections are more common. The yield. 64-78 m. Ton \'he. . Percentage of sugar in juice. November (45.65) January (7. 80) March (9. 47) Sugarcane percentage-. 43.05 (40 months old) Co. 88230 (Co. 4448. \' 775): Sugarcane is straight, moderately thick, moderately soft and solid. Gathering, sprouting, millable sugarcane and yield are good. Deciduous, low in fibre and leaves shed spontaneously and suitable for late sowing. It is moderately pathogenic to ear and ear diseases, resistant to scarring and discoloration. Reduced incidence of shoot blight and higher incidence of stem blight were found. 74-75 m. Ton \'he. Percentage of sugar in juice. November (45.96) January (8. 25) March (49.67) Sugarcane percentage-. 43.34 (at the age of 40 months) Ko. Sha. 95255 Composition (Ko. 4458. \' 62498): Sugarcane straight, moderately thick, moderately hard and solid. Solid, tough, malleable cane and good in yield. Fast-growing and fine-grained cane and does not fall. This variety was found to be moderately resistant to ear and ear disease and moderately resistant to blight. 58'"
733,1527,"'Coffee was allegedly born before 1,000 A.D. when legend has it that a shepherd named Kaldi, in Caffa, Ethiopia noticed that his sheep became hyperactive after grazing on some red berries. Coffee was first introduced in Turkey during the Ottoman Empire around A.D. 1453 and coffee shops opened to the public. Coffee came to India via Mysore in Karnataka, brought secretly by a Sufi Saint from Meccan named Baba Budan.'"
734,627,"'y Selection of paddy variety for seedling preparation. For low land area select long duration varieties like Swarna sub-1, Rajendra Masuri, Sabour Deep, Sabour Sampan; for medium duration variety- Rajendra Sweta, Sonam, BPT-5204, Arize -6444, Rupali, MTU-1001.'"
735,628,'y Application of N:P:K 1:1:1 kg for (100 m 2 ) area and Pyrazosulfuron Ethyl 10 WP @6g/Kattha(1365 sq. feet or 151 m 2 ) before 12 hour of sowing for weed control in paddy nursery.'
736,629,'y To protect paddy nursery and other crops from grasshopper by spraying of cypermethrin 25% EC @ 1ml/L water or cypermethrin 10% EC @ 2.5 ml/L water or Deltamethrin 2.8% EC @ 1.5 ml/L of water. After 2-3 days spray Neem oil @ 5ml/litre of water.'
737,630,'y For control of mango mealy bug spraying of Dimethoate 30EC @ 1.0 ml/L or Neem oil @ 5ml/L twice at 10-12 days interval followed by 2 spray of Planofix @ 4 ml/10 L water at 10-12 interval to check fruit drop.'
738,631,"'y Fisherman are advised to prepare their own feed from locally available materials like oil cake, undecomposed grains, rice bran, mineral salt etc. (To prepare 100 kg fish feed there is need of 40 kg oil cake, 19 kg undecomposed grain (floor), 40 kg rice bran and 1 kg mineral mixture)'"
739,632,'y Harvest only that much quantity which can be sold locally. Beware of gathering of fish while catching and selling the fish and at any cost maintain the social distancing.'
740,633,"'y Complete the sowing of upland paddy with variety Vandana, Virendra, Abhishek, Swarna Shreya, Anjali, Sahbhagi, etc. through DSR method in upland areas. y Farmers are advised to start nursery raising of long duration paddy with varieties like Swarna sub-1, Rajendra Masuri, BPT-5204 etc. for timely transplanting in the month of July to get optimum production.'"
741,634,"'y Farmers are advised to start nursery raising of long duration paddy with varieties like Swarna sub-1, Rajendra Masuri, BPT-5204 etc. for timely transplanting in the month of July to get optimum production.'"
742,635,"'y For nursery raising of rice use of 100 kg compost, 2.5 kg urea, 6 kg SSP and 1.5 kg MOP is recommended.  For 1 hectare area of rice cultivation nursey bed of 400 m 2 is required.'"
743,1528,'Green coffee – A green coffee bean  is a commercial term which designates the dried seed of the coffee plant. It has about 10.0% moisture. Coffee plant or tree belongs to Coffea genus.'
744,636,"'y Cultivation of pulses crop use of recommended varieties: Pigeon pea- Narendra Arhar-1, Narendra Arhar-2, Malviya Arhar-Mal-13; Black gram- WBU-109, Birsa  Urd -1, PU-31; Green gram- HUM-12, IPM 2-14, IPM 2-3, HUM-16;  Horse gram- Birsa Kulthi-1, Payur-2, Madhu, VLG-19 and oil seed crops like Niger- BNS-3, Pooja, JNC- 6, BNS-1; Sesame -RT-351, Krishna, RT-346, GT-4, GT-6, Punjab-1; Groundnut- ICGV-00350, K-6, TG-37A, Dharni, Grinar-3, TG-51, TCGS-1043, etc. are recommended for upland field.'"
745,637,"'y Farmers can select brinjal varieties like Pusa Purple Long, Pusa Purple Round, Pusa Purple Cluster, Pusa Kranti, Pusa Anmol, Swarna Shri, Swarna Mani, Swarna Pratibha, Swarna Shyamali and Swarna Ajay etc.'"
746,638,"'y Go for summer ploughing as the district has received light rainfall. y Sprinkler irrigation brings down the heat effect. Irrigate in alternate rows. y Transplanting of vegetables should be done in afternoon hour to avoid high temperature. y Farmers may go for harvesting of Ginger & Turmeric. If harvested go for stacking, wherever possible go for planting of Ginger. y To control wilting in tomato and brinjal spray 1 g Streptocycline + 30 g of copper oxychloride in 10 litre of water in the root zone of the plants. y Plant protection measures may be taken up when weather becomes clean and dry, avoid in rainy days. y In view of threat of Corona virus, always keep at least one and half a metre distance between two workers, use masks and    wash hand regularly with soap during farm operations'"
747,639,"'y The crop is at flowering to harvest stage in main field. Keep standing water up to 5cm during PI and flowering stage. y Now-a-days Algal bloom is major problem after transplanting of rice. To control it, spray Copper oxychloride@3g/litre of water or apply 10kg CuSO4/ha in soil. y Increased temperature may favour the egg laying of stem borer in rice in the main field. To attract the butterflies, place 4 Pheromon Traps/acre, collect the adults and destroy them by burning or by burying them under soil. y Install pheromone traps to monitor adult population. If the dead heart incidence is above ETL (more than 5%), Soil application of Rynaxapyr 0.4G @4kg/acre or go for alternate spray of Fipronil @2ml/l with Indoxacarb@1.5ml/litre at 15 days interval.'"
748,640,"'y Those fields are at milking stage, there may be chances of infestation of gundhi bug and ear cutting caterpillar. To control Gundhi bug spray Ethofenoprox 10% EC @ 1 ml/litre of water or Lamda Cyhalothrin 5% EC @ 0.5 ml/litre of water. To control Ear cutting caterpillar spray Quinolphos 25% EC @ 2 ml/litre of water. Early transplanted rice is at maturity stage. Harvest rice crop when 80- 85% grains in the panicles are matured. Keep watch for rainfall before harvesting and ensure the harvested paddy is kept in a safe place.'"
749,644,"'Ginger y Select high loamy land for cultivation. Farmers are advised to make raised bed of size 1m width, 15cm height and of convenient length and channels for draining excess rain water. y Variety: Suprabha, Suruchi & Suravi should be planted. Seed rate: 1800-2000 Kg/ha y Before sowing dip rhizomes in a slurry of 1g carbendazim, 3g Mancozeb, 1g Plantomycin & 2ml Quinalphous per liter of water for half an hour and dry in the shade.'"
750,641,"'y Land preparation for dry nursery may be done with the onset of pre- monsoon showers. For medium to shallow lowland transplanted rice, arrange good quality seed of varieties like Hasanta, CR 1009 sub-1, CR Dhan 307 (Maudamani), CR Dhan 303, CR Dhan 304, MTU 1001, MTU 1075, CR Dhan 310, DRR 44, Improved Lalat, CR Dhan 301 (Hue), CR Dhan 800, CR Dhan 404, Upahar, Swarna, Pooja, Swarna Sub 1 and BPT 5204 may be arranged from reliable source like Research institute, Universities, KVK, Block Office and other reputed farms. y For costal saline region farmers are advised to arrange salt tolerant varieties like CR Dhan 405 (Luna Sankhi), CR Dhan 403 (Luna Suvarna)) and Lunishree from reliable source.  Farmers those are interested to grow hybrids in irrigated medium and shallow lowland are advised to arrange good quality seeds of hybrids like Ajay, Rajlaxmi, CR Dhan 701, KRH-2 and PHB 71 from reputed seed companies or farms or agencies.'"
751,642,"'Cypermethrin 5%   EC @ 2 ml/litre or Chlorpyriphos 20% EC @ 2 ml/litre of water. y Keep watch for rainfall before harvesting and harvest the crop when plant turns yellow and leaves start drying. If no rain then apply light irrigation before 2-3 days of harvesting. After harvest, dry the pods to reduce the moisture to 8-9 % before storing.'"
752,643,'Sugarcane y Carry out wrapping and propping as the crop attains 4-5 months age in medium and late duration varieties. y Spray Lamba cyhalothrin @2ml/litre of water to minimize infestation of top shoot borer y Avoid ratooning in red rot affected areas and spray the crop with Mancozeb 0.3% (3gm/litre) or   Carbendazim 0.1% at 15 days interval'
753,1133,"'Late maturing variety, popular variety in West Bengal. Head is large in size weighing 2.5-3 kg each. harvested within 75- 80 days after transplanting,'"
754,1134,"'Heads flattish round, medium sized with light green outer leaves, weighing 1.5-2 kg each. Tolerant to black rot disease. Average yield is 25-30 t/ha.'"
755,1135,"'Heads are medium in size, high yielding variety, Average yield is 35-46 t/ha.'"
756,1136,"'Mid season variety popular in the Nilgiris, head is compact, flat-oblong with bluish green foliage, weighing 4-6 kg. Harvested within 105-110 days after transplanting. It is'"
757,1529,'Two species are commercially important for green coffee: Coffea canephora (also referred to as C. robusta ) Coffea arabica L. Arabica accounts for 75% of global coffee production. Arabica coffee bush bears about 5 kg fruit per year which corresponds to 300-400g of Instant coffee. Robusta bushes yield slightly higher.'
758,645,"'Vegetables y If bacterial wilting observes in tomato and brinjal, apply Plantomycin @ 1.5 g and Copper Oxychloride @ 3 g/litre of water. y Fruit and shoot borer in Brinjal- Spray Neem based pesticide 1500ppm@600ml/acre at initial stages. Later on go for alternate spray of Spinosad 45%SC@70ml/acre and Thiodicarb@300g/acre at 15 days interval or spray coragen 20 SC @ 60 ml in 200 litre water/ acre y Tomato- In present weather condition, fruit borer, leaf eating caterpillar and leaf miner are major pest observed in the field. To'"
759,646,"'control these pest, spray Spinosad 45SC@80ml/acre with 200 litres of water. y Beans and Cow pea- Sucking pests like Aphid and white fly are major pest attacking the crops. Go for alternate spray of Neem based pesticide 1500ppm@600ml/acre with Imidacloprid 17.8 @70ml/ acre. y Current weather favours spread of YMV in Ladies finger. In case of appearance of diseases, rogue out affected plants and spray Thiomethoxam 25WG @ 60g/acre. y Due to variable weather farmers are advised to constant monitoring against attack of pest and disease in vegetable crop, if symptom observed then take protection measures as per recommendation when sky remains clear. y Wilting may observe in tomato and brinjal field, to control it drenching with Copper oxycloride @ 3 g + Plantomycin @ 1 g/litre of water. y Present weather may aggravate fruit and vine rot (symptoms: leaf spot, leaf blight, stem rot, fruit rot) of pointed gourd. If observe remove damaged fruit and vines from the field and should not be kept in and around the field. Spray alternately Copper Oxychloride 50% WP @ 3 g/litre of water and Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% @ 2.5 g/litre of water in clear and dry weather.'"
760,647,"'Marigold y This is the ideal time for planting of marigold. Seedlings of Ceracol variety should be planted at 30 cm x 30 cm spacing and fertilizer dose@40:80:80 kg N-P2O5- K2O /acre. 50%N, full P2O5 & K2O should be applied seven days after transplanting.'"
761,654,"'y In medium to low land situation, long duration variety like Swarna Masuri (MTU 7029), CR 1009, CR 1017, CR 1018, CR Dhan 506, CR Dhan 507, Ranidhan, Dhiren etc may beused but should be transplanted at time at any cost'"
762,655,'y Restrict to timely sowing of nursery (20th May-5 June) and timely transplanting (10th June -25th June) schedule for better grain quality and water saving. Strictly transplant within 20-25 days.'
763,656,'y In case of Long duration varieties apply 58 k neem coated urea + 250 kg SSP + 45 Kg MOP per ha at basal and 58 kg neem coated urea + 23 kg MOP per ha at 30 DAP as topdressing and another 58 Kg neem coated urea at 50 DAP'
764,657,'y In case of short duration varieties apply 44 kg neem coated urea + 190 kg SSP + 34 Kg MOP per ha at basal and 44 kg neem coated urea + 17 kh MOP per ha at 25 DAP as topdressing and another 44 Kg neem coated urea at 45 DAP'
765,1665,"'W in time or place in a manner that takes into a o general soil health. For non perennial crops, this is normally, but not exclusively, achieved means of crop rotation.'"
766,648,"'Mango y Spray NAA @ 0.4 g or Planofix @3.5ml per 15 litres of water at flowering stage and second spray at 4 week of fruit setting to increase fruit retention. y Fruiting has started, so irrigation should be given at an interval of 15 days for more fruiting.'"
767,649,"'y Condition is congenial for mango hopper, spray two rounds with Imidacloprid 17.8% SL @ 0.3 ml/litre of water or Thiamethoxam 25% WG @ 0.4 g/litre of water. Prevailing conditions are favourable for incidence of mango hoppers. To control it, spray Thiomethoxam @0.4 g + Hexaconazol@ 2ml/l of water y Spray Planofix @ 3.5ml / 15 lit of water to avoid flower drop and to enhance fruit formation'"
768,650,"'Fishery y Rise in temperature results in low dissolved oxygen in pond water. It necessitates continuous swimming of fishes gulping air from the water surface and in extreme cases cause mass mortality of fishes. To mitigate the problem, calcium peroxide @ 500g per acre should be applied after mixing it with 10kg of dry river sand. y Rise in water temperature expedites decomposition of organic matter that accumulated at the pond bottom. The process generates lot of obnoxious gases which are toxic to the fishes. To overcome the problem, zeolite @ 20kg per acre should be applied after mixing it with one bag (30kg) of dry river sand. y Aquatic insect infestation in nursery ponds is a common problem during summer raising of carp spawns. These aquatic insects devour tiny carp spawns in large quantities. To eradicate these predatory insects, veterinary grade high-cis-cypermethrin 10% w/v should be applied into the pond water @ 40ml per acre after diluting it with 40 buckets of water. y Maintain 5 ft depth of water in the fish pond. y Harvest the fish from the pond where it is not possible to maintain 5 ft depth of water.'"
769,651,"'Animal Science y Due to increase in temperature, don’t allow the domestic animals to outside for grazing during 11 am to 3 pm. y Provide sufficient clean drinking water to cattle and keep their sheds clean. y Provide vaccination at regular interval'"
770,652,"'y Due to pandemic situation of COVID-19, conventional cultural practices and plant protection measures during coming kharif season may be affected. In this condition farmers are advised to choose rice varieties carefully.'"
771,653,"'y In Medium to upland situation, use short duration (<125 days) high yielding varieties like MTU 1010, IR 36, IET 4786, IET 4094, Pratiksha, Sahbhagi, PNR-381, Gonthra Bidhan- I, Gonthra Bidhan- III, CR Dhan 310, CR Dhan 311, CR Dhan 202 etc. Due to have shorter duration, these varieties are resistant to different pest and diseases like Sheath blight, brown spot etc.'"
772,1666,"'Sufficient quantities of biodegradable material of microbial, plant or animal origin should be returned to the soil to increase or at least maintain its fertility and the biological activity within it. Biodegradable material fo Fertilization managem'"
773,658,'y Adoption of green manuring technology through Dhaincha cultivation in the field about 70 days prior to the transplanting in the main field and ploughing down for decomposition about 2-3 weeks before transplanting can improve the soil fertility and reduce the requirement of urea fertilizer.'
774,659,"'y Before sowing, treat rice seed with mancozeb + carbendazim 2gm or Trichoderma viridae 10gm by dissolving in 10-12 ml water per kg seed; make paste of fungicide solution and rub on the seed.'"
775,660,"'y Different varieties like, Vivek -27 (very short); Parkash, X 3342 (short); Malviya hybrid, Makka 2, AH-58 (medium) and All- Rounder, 900 M Gold, Pro 311, Bio 9681, Seed Tech 2324 as long duration may be used'"
776,661,"'y seed with mancozeb + carbendazim 2gm or Trichoderma viridae 10gm by dissolving in 10-12 ml water per kg seed; make paste of fungicide solution and rub on the seed to avoid the infection from the diseases like Leaf Blight, Banded leaf, Sheath Blight etc.'"
777,662,"'y Apply 450 kg SSP, 120 Kg MOP and 7.5 Kg Znso4 (Zinc Sulphate) per ha as basal Apply Urea in five splits as follows- 67 Kg at the time of sowing (Basal), 82 Kg at four leaf stage,'"
778,1530,"'31.3  Comparison of C. robusta with C. arabica • Flavour quality (roasted and brewed) is generally considered to be inferior for C. robusta. • Less expensive per unit weight of green coffee. • Characteristics found favourable in manufacture of some instant coffees. • Often features in Espresso coffee. • Consumed as regular brewed coffee. Arabica has more aroma. Robusta contains more caffeine and is consequently slightly bitter. Indian coffee is the most extraordinary of beverages, offering intriguing subtlety and stimulating intensity. India is the only country that grows all of its coffee under shade. Typically mild and not too acidic, these coffees possess an exotic full-bodied taste and a fine aroma.'"
779,1531,"'When the fruit is ripe, it is almost always handpicked, using either „selective picking‟, where only the ripe fruit is removed or „strip-picking‟, where all of the fruit is removed from a branch all at once. Because a tree can have both ripe and unripe berries at the same time, one area of crop has to be picked several times, making harvesting the most labor intensive process of coffee bean production.'"
780,663,"'y Small and Marginal Farmers should cultivate Black gram in the rainfed, monocrop, upland or undulating land for better profitability and nutritional security than rice. y Sowing should be done at last week of August to 1st week of September when 1st phase of monsoon will be lowered down.'"
781,664,"'y JRO 204 (Suren) variety of jute seed and treat the seed with Carbendazim (Bavistin) 50 WP (2g per kg seed), at least 4 hours before sowing. If JRO 204 variety is not available then JRO 524, IRA, Tarun and NJ7010 variety can be grown for fibre production.'"
782,665,'y Sowing should be done in line through ICAR-CRIJAF Multi-row seed drill machine and required seed rate will be only 350 - 400 gm/bigha. Line sowing with row spacing of 20-25 cm and sowing at depth of 3 cm are recommended.'
783,666,'y Use Indoxacarb 14.5% Sc @ 360 ml/ha or Rynaxypyr 18.5 % SC @ 150 ml/ha two times at 15 days interval to control spotted boll worm and helicoverpa during boll development stage.'
784,673,"'y Dry pond bottom, Plough the bottom and leave for 3-4days, Refill pond upto at least 3 ft depth, apply a mixture of raw cow dung, mustard oil cake and single super phosphate @ 7500kg, 750kg and 75kg per hectare respectively, after 2 days apply lime @ 300kg per'"
785,674,"'y To meet up the need of protein in feed add urea in straw as per advice of veterinarian. Also add salt, gur and mineral salt y Be aware of animal disease like PPR LSD Pox etc and Ranikhet of poultry and Pox and plague of duck'"
786,675,'y Do not hesitate to take milk meat and egg as there is no chance of infection of corona virus as high temperature during cooking kills the virus and these food increase immunity against the virus'
787,676,"'y Agricultural operations should be done with machine driven equipment as much as possible. Sanitize the equipment with soap water at least 3 times a day, when handmade cutting equipment is used.'"
788,677,"'y Transport the horticultural produce, fruits and vegetables to markets is permitted to markets in local and outside districts/ states, Farmers are permitted to sell their produce to wholesale merchants at farm gate'"
789,667,"'y Use Okra varieties like Utkal Gourav, Arka Anamika, Varsha Uphar, Parvani kranti, Makra etc. may be sown at 3.4kg per acre.  Apply 10 cartloads of FYM per acre during final land preparation and apply 45:25 :35kg NPK/acre as basal for improved vars. and 20-25 cartloads of FYM per acre during final land preparation and apply 80:40:40 kg NPK/acre as basal for improved vars. For line sowing use 5 to 7 Kg. seeds/acre for improved Vars. and 1250 to 1500 g seeds/acre for hybrid Vars. To control Red spider mite in okra, go for application of Kelthane @ 200 g/acre at weekly interval.'"
790,668,"'y Bitter gourd varieties like Pusa domausami, Coimbatore long, Priya, Arka harit etc. may be sown during this time. For 1 acre, 1.5kg seeds are required. For land preparation, apply 5-ton FYM and 100kg ammonium sulfate 75 kg SSP and 35 kg MOP. First harvesting can be done at 55-60 days after sowing.'"
791,669,'y Apply 5-ton FYM and 100kg ammonium sulfate 75 kg SSP and 50 kg MOP. Dig the pit at a spacing of 2m x 1.5m. In each pit sow 3 seeds.'
792,670,'y Apply 5-ton FYM and 100kg ammonium sulfate 75 kg SSP and 35 kg MOP. Dig the pit at a spacing of 2m x 1.5m. In each pit sow 3 seeds.'
793,671,"'y To prevent Onion tip burn, apply 400ml Hexaconazole by mixing in 200lt water and spray over 1 acre.  By now Onion must be ready for harvesting, so don’t apply irrigation.'"
794,672,"'y To prevent fruit cracking, maintain sufficient moisture during hot summer of May. Regular watering is compulsory. Mulching with straw or grass around the tree basin is helpful for better soil moisture conservation. Fresh water spray upon the fruits and leaves during day time in hot & dry periods may also be helpful'"
795,694,'y Apply lime @ 400-500 kg/ha/yr and its one third dose should be applied as basal dose prior to 20-25 days days of fish seed stocking and rest is used in monthly instalment basis.'
796,695,"'Kharif rice is the most important crop in Assam and being one of the major sources of agricultural GDP, kharif rice plays a significant role in the state economy. Selection of rice varieties for kharif (Sali) season'"
797,702,"'y For transplanting 1 hectare area of main field, seed requirement is 40 – 45 kg. In the nursery bed, saturated condition may be maintained through rain water or irrigation water; however, 2-3 cm depth of water to be maintained at least for 2-3 days before uprooting of seedlings.'"
798,703,"'y For plant protection in the nursery bed, as soon as one or two blast spots are seen, Azoxystrobin  @ 1g /  l  of    water or Trifloxystrobin @ 1g per litre of water is to be sprayed.'"
799,678,"'y Bio safety measures like sprinkling disinfectant solution (phenyl solution, bleaching powder, fumigation with potassium permanganate with formaline), entry of poultry and livestock shed should be provided with the foot tray having phenyl or savlon) to be adopted but Keeping strict social distancing and using face mask and also using alcohol-based hand sanitizer.'"
800,679,'y The Rabi crop of pulses (Green gram and black gram) are approaching maturity. It is time of pulse harvesting in the Islands grown in rice fallow lands. Farmers are advised to dry their harvested pulse grain properly to avoid any insect attack during storage. The grains should not have moisture more than 14% during storage.'
801,680,"'y Store the pulses in clean and pest free bags at dried and cool places, the bags can be treated with 5% neem oil solution. The bags should be stacked above the ground level. Farmers can put Neem leaf in the bags to prevent the grains from insect attack.'"
802,681,'A) Crop Advisories for kharif rice y Transplanting of HYV of Rice in mid hill range should be completed by 30th June. Delay in transplanting will affect growth and development of the crop resulting in yield reduction.'
803,682,'y Transplanting of HYV of Rice in mid hill range should be completed by 30th June. Delay in transplanting will affect growth and development of the crop resulting in yield reduction.'
804,683,"'y At the time of planting of the HYVs, half of Neem Coated urea and whole of SSP and MOP should be applied at the time of final puddling and half dose of the remaining amount of urea to be applied at tillering and another half at panicle initiation stage. (132 kg Urea, 125 kg SSP and 66 kg MOP per hectare).'"
805,684,"'y Remove the infested residue, stubbles, grass and weeds present around the bunds of the paddy nursery as well as from main field, since they act as a source for the infection of diseases like blast and brown spot.'"
806,685,"'y For control of the Fall Army worm in maize, Seed treatment with Cyantraniliprole 19.8% + Thiomethoxam 19.8% @ 4 ml /kg of seed should be followed. At seedling stage, spray of 5% neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) or Azadirachtin 1500 ppm @ 5 ml/l of water may be done to kill eggs and neonate larvae. In mid-whorl stage, spray of Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC @ 0.4 ml/l or Spinetoram 11.7% SC @ 0.5 ml/l   of water may be use. In late whorl stage, spray of Emamectin'"
807,700,'y Nursery bed should be of 10 m length and 1.25 m breadth with a 30 cm gap in between two beds. The length of the bed may vary according to convenience and the 30 cm gap may be utilized for draining out excess water during the period of heavy rain or for apply irrigation water during dry spell.'
808,1667,'Mineral fertilizers shall only be used in P optimized. Mineral fertilizers shall be applied in their natural composition and shall not be rendered more luble by chemical treatment. The certification programme may grant exceptions which shall be'
809,686,'y Farmers are advised to treat their vegetable seeds with Trichoderma viride or Pseudomonas fluorescens solution by mixing 5-10 g in one litre of water. Seed should be soaked for specified period of time and dried into shade properly before sowing.'
810,687,"'y To control rhizome (soft) rot of ginger or turmeric, proper drainage should be maintained. Prophylactic measure should be taken through treatment of seed rhizome with Mancozeb 75 WP (2g/l) or Metalaxyl & Mancozeb 75WP formulation 0.3 per cent before storage or planting. Affected areas should be drenched with 0.3 per cent Mancozeb 75 WP (2g/l) or Captaf.'"
811,688,'y Farmers are advised to spray neem oil (1500 ppm) @ 3-5 ml/l of water or Bacillus thuringinsis @ 2g/l or Metarhizium anisopliae @ 5ml/l and Copper oxychloride @ 0.25% to avoid any upsurge of pest and diseases in large cardamom.'
812,689,"'y To control Rhizome rot of ginger and turmeric, proper drainage should be maintained. The seed rhizomes are soaked in 5% talc formulated (50 g/l) suspension of Pseudomonas fluorescens P1 for 15 minutes before planting.'"
813,690,'y Management of disease and pest in large cardamom spray neem oil (1500 ppm) @ 3-5 ml/lof water or Bacillus thuringinsis @ 2g/l or Metarhizium anisopliae @ 5ml/l and Copper oxychloride @ 3g/l to avoid any upsurge of pest and diseases in large cardamom.'
814,691,'y Scheduling spray of neem formulation insecticide in the crop under the protected cultivation for management of sucking pest and also install yellow and blue sticky trap for monitoring aphid and white fly etc. especially for management of virus infestation in king chilli.'
815,692,'y Due to prevailing weather condition of high humidity and frequent rainfall it is utmost necessary to change the litter materials of poultry shed frequently to prevent coccidiosis infection. y Feed materials of poultry should be stored properly to avoid possible fungal growth due to prevailing hot and humid weather condition.'
816,693,'y Eradicate unwanted fish and aquatic plants as pre-stocking management. y Apply lime @ 400-500 kg/ha/yr and its one third dose should be applied as basal dose prior to 20-25 days days of fish seed stocking and rest is used in monthly instalment basis.'
817,696,"'y Important long duration HYVs of kharif rice which are recommended for Assam are semi dwarf rice varieties (150 – 155 days) like Ranjit, Bahadur, Kushal, Moniram, Piolee, tall varieties like Mahsuri (140 – 145 days) etc., glutinous rice varieties (150 – 160 days) like Bhogalee and Aghoni and scented rice varieties (155 – 160 days) like Ketekijoha. These varieties are to be sown in the nursery bed in the month of June and transplanting has to be completed during July with 30 -35 days old seedling. It is always advisable to complete transplanting within early part of July as in some varieties like Ranjit, low temperature may affect panicle initiation.'"
818,697,"'y For those areas, where transplanting in time is not possible with 30 -35 days old seedling due to drought like situations or due to flood and seedlings get older, farmers may select some staggered planting rice varieties (having flexibility in seedling age) like Gitesh (150-160 days) and Prafulla (150-160 days) which can be transplanted with 30 days old seedling up to 60 days old seedlings.'"
819,698,"'y For chronically flood affected areas or occasional flood affected areas, kharif rice varieties having 145 -150 days crop duration like Ranjit Sub 1, Bahadur Sub 1, Swarna Sub 1 which can withstand10 -12 days water submergence after crop establishment may be selected.'"
820,699,"'y For sowing in the nursery bed, rice seed should be put in plain water and floated seeds should be rejected. After selection, seeds should be soaked for 24 hours in fungicidal solutions prepared with Chlorothalonil @ 2.5 g per litre of water or Bavistin @ 2.5 g per litre of water. After that, treated seed should be incubated for 48 hours.'"
821,1532,"'There are two methods of processing the coffee berries. The first method is „wet processing‟, which is usually carried out in Central America and areas of Africa. The flesh of the berries is separated from the seeds and then the beans are fermented – soaked in water for about 2 days. This dissolves any pulp or sticky residue that may still be attached to the beans. The beans are then washed and dried in the sun, or, in the case of commercial manufacturers, in drying machines.'"
822,1533,"'The „dry processing‟ method is cheaper and simpler, used for lower quality beans in Brazil and much of Africa. Twigs and other foreign objects are separated from the berries and the fruit is then spread out in the sun on cement or brick for 2–3 weeks, turned regularly for even drying. The dried pulp is removed from the beans afterward.'"
823,1668,"'systems should be carried out in a way which ensures that losses from pests, iseases and weeds are minimized. Emphasis is placed on the use of a balanced fertilizing ls of high iological activity, adapted rotations, companion planting, green manures, etc. Growth and'"
824,704,"'y After uprooting of seedling and before transplanting in the mainfield, root dip treatment of seedlings with Thiamethoxam 25 WG (1 ml/l of water) along with 1% urea (10 g/l of water) for 3 hours'"
825,705,"'may be done to protect the crop initially from stem borer, gall midge and hopper in the main field. Alternatively, carbofuran @ 3 g/sqm can also be applied in the bed 5 -7 days before uprooting.'"
826,706,"'y In the main field, recommended fertilizer doses for moderate fertility level are 132 kg Urea, 125 kg SSP and 66 kg MOP per hectare for semi dwarf varieties and 44 kg Urea, 62 kg SSP and 16 kg MOP per hectare for tall varieties. If there is soil test report, then soil test-based fertilizer recommendation may be followed and also in case of poor soil, the above fertilizer doses may be increased. For short duration varieties (100 days), half of urea and whole of SSP and MOP should be applied at the time of final puddling and rest amount of urea to be applied at panicle initiation stage. In case of medium and long duration (120 -155 days) rice varieties, half of urea and whole of SSP and MOP should be applied at the time of final puddling and of the remaining quantity of urea, half at tillering stage and another half at panicle stage should be applied.'"
827,707,"'y July-September is the sowing time for black gram and green gram. Before sowing, seeds to be inoculated with Rhizobium (@50g/kg of seeds) along with PSB (@50g/kg of seeds). If inoculation is done then requirement of fertilizer per bigha is 3 kg urea, 30 kg SSP and'"
828,708,"'y In case of sugarcane, planted during March – April, a light earthing up should be done to fill trenches/furrows within 1½ - 2 months after planting. While carrying out the 1 st earthing up, 200 kg Urea and 50 kg MOP per hectare is to be top dressed. Application of nitrogenous fertilizer is to be completed within 90 -100 days of planting.'"
829,709,'y Jute varieties such as Tarun and JRO 524 can be sown up to the month of May with seed rate of 5 – 6 kg/ha for line sowing and 6 – 7 kg/ha for broadcast.'
830,1672,"'measures are in place to prevent ansmission of pests, parasites and infectious agents.'"
831,1673,'ll relevant measures should be taken to minimize contamination from outside and from within tals and other pollutants. Accumulation of eavy metals and other pollutants should be limited.'
832,710,"'y Jute crops sown during March – April, thinning of the plants should be done 3 – 4 weeks after emergence. One hand weeding is to be done at the time of thinning. To dressing of fertilizer (N & P) is also needed at 4 – 6 weeks after sowing. Hairy caterpillar egg masses and caterpillars are to be handpicked and destroyed. For semiloopers, perches may be fixed in jute field or nearby areas for predatory birds to sit on. Insecticides can also be applied.'"
833,711,'y Time of sowing of Mesta crop is up to mid-May. Seed rate is 13 –14 kg/ha for line sowing and 18 – 20 kg/ha for broadcast crop. Spacing is 30 cm between rows and 15 cm between plants.'
834,712,"'y Fodder crops can be cultivated during May - June. Important grass fodder crops are Dinanath grass, Maize fodder, Teosinte, Hybrid Napier, Setaria grass, Guinea grass etc. Legume fodder crops like Cow pea (fodder type) and Rice bean can be sown up to the month of May.'"
835,713,"'y For controlling fruit fly in cucurbits, spraying of Malathion 50 EC @ 2 ml/lit with 1% molasses to attract the pest is recommended. As an ITK, smoking with rice straw bundle along with dry chilli can also be practiced. For controlling cut worm, incorporation of Malathion 5% dust in the soil around the plant is recommended.'"
836,722,'Advisory for kharif field crop y Rice transplanting for mid and high altitude should be completed by month of June and in low altitude it should be completed by fifteen July. Delay in transplanting will affect reproductive phase and yield will be reduced significantly.'
837,723,'y Rice transplanting for mid and high altitude should be completed by month of June and in low altitude it should be completed by fifteen July. Delay in transplanting will affect reproductive phase and yield will be reduced significantly.'
838,724,"'y 1000 m 2 nursery area is sufficient for transplanting of one hectare land. During nursery seed bed preparation, well decomposed FYM should be applied 2-3 days before sowing @ 10 q/ 1000 sq.m or vermicompost can be used @ 500kg/1000 sq m.'"
839,725,'y Sow green manure crop viz. dhaincha ( Sesbania aculeata ) in the month of May. After 40 days (knee height) crop should be incorporated into the soil through ploughing (Trampling) 10-15 days prior to transplanting.'
840,726,'y Farmers are advised to spray neem-based formulation  (1500 ppm) @ 3-5 ml/litre of water or Bacillus thuringinsis @ 2g/l or Metarhiziumanisopliae @ 5ml/l and Copper oxychloride @ 0.25% to avoid any of pest and diseases in large cardamom.'
841,714,"'y Recommended planting time of betel vine is May – August. It is propagated by terminal stem cutting obtained from mature mother vines. Before planting, soil should be treated with formalin solution (4%) by sprinkling @ 3 litre per sqm of soil and covered with polythene sheets or moist gunny bags for 24 hours. Planting should not be done for 15 -20 days following formalin treatment.'"
842,715,'y Pineapple can be planted during May – June. Planting material should be dipped in Chlorothalonil (2 g/l of water) solution before planting to protect the crop from bud rot and leaf spot.'
843,716,"'y Banana can be planted in the month of May. Heavy rainy days should be avoided. Well drained, fertile, high land, free from water logging, sandy loam soil should be selected.'"
844,717,"'y Time of planting for papaya is April – June. Well drained, highland free from water logging, sandy loam soil should be selected. Dioecious cultivars like Co 1, Co 2, Washington, Ranchi, CO 5, hermaphrodite type cultivar like Solo, Coorg Honey Dew, Pusa Majesty, Pusa Delicious, Halflong, CO 3 and dwarf cultivar like Sapna, Red Lady etc. are recommended for various zones of Assam. Pit size should be 45 cm × 45 cm × 45 cm, planting distance should be 1.8 m × 1.8 m and method of planting should be 4 seedlings / pit in case of dioecious type and 1 seedling / pit in case of hermaphrodite type.'"
845,718,"'y Assam lemon can be planted during May to August. Well drained loamy soil, free from water logging should be selected. Stem cutting, leaf bud cutting and air layering are the propagating materials. One year old rooted cutting is the best planting material. Pit size should be 0.5 m × 0.5 m × 0.5 m and planting distance should be 3 m × 3 m.'"
846,719,'y Daily cleaning of shed along with cleaning of feeding and watering trough or utensils. y Restriction in movement of people to the farm for bio-security. Use of good disinfectant in foot bath.'
847,720,'y All livestock and poultry are required to feed anthelmintic 2-3 times per year. In large and small ruminants de-worming should be made prior to the occurrence of flood. y Calves are de-wormed as early as 21 days with Piperzine against round worm 110-130 mg/ kg body weight.'
848,721,'y Poultry are de-wormed with Piperzine @ 32mg/ kg in two consecutive feed or water against round worm and Albendazole against other worms @ 10 mg/ kg body weight with or without Praziquantel @ 5mg/ kg body weight and depending on age of the bird.'
849,1643,"'Another turn of the events has been the blame game for ecological problems stated at the Earth Summit and other international conferences. The developed countries, it is true, are to a great extent instrumental to degrade the environment. However, the poorer countries of the world including India cannot delay or ignore the need for remedial measures, which are to be effectively implemented. We cannot gloss over the fact that we have also contributed to the degradation of ecology; look at the droughts and floods, disappearance of forests, high noise level and air pollution in the cities which are our own creations.'"
850,727,'y Due to prevailing weather condition of high humidity and frequent rainfall it is utmost necessary to change the litter materials of poultry shed frequently to prevent Coccidiosis infection. y Feed materials of poultry should be stored properly to avoid possible fungal growth due to prevailing hot and humid weather condition.'
851,728,'y Dairy cattle farmers are advised to be fed edible tree fodders as well as chopped paddy straw regularly to sustain the production. Also suggested for regular supplementation of mineral mixture @50-60 g/day adult cows and calcium to the lactating and pregnant cows @ 60-80 ml/day /cow for milking cows for getting optimum production and productivity.'
852,729,"'y Nursery sowing of rice and land preparation for sowing of rice (2-3 deep ploughings is recommended for raising of rice nurseries. y Top dressing of urea @55kg/ha can be done when the pre kharif rice crops attend maximum tillering stage. Since the pre kharif rice varieties are of short duration, they will flower very soon and farmers should be ready for erection of scare crows, installation of glittering tapes, colourful ribbon/plastic in their fields for driving away the birds.'"
853,730,"'y Top dressing of urea @55kg/ha can be done when the pre kharif rice crops attend maximum tillering stage. Since the pre kharif rice varieties are of short duration, they will flower very soon and farmers should be ready for erection of scare crows, installation of glittering tapes, colourful ribbon/plastic in their fields for driving away the birds.'"
854,731,'y RC Maniphou 12 can be taken up for pre- kharif and Khaif rice which is shorter in duration if the farmer is planning for a second crop after the harvest of rice.'
855,732,"'y Pre- sowing seed treatment with Carbendazim 50WP@2g/Kg seeds or with Captan@ 2g/Kg of seeds or with Trichoderma viride @5g/ Kg of seeds 24 hrs before sowing is recommended to protect from soil borne diseases. In wet seed treatment, the seeds are to be treated'"
856,733,"'y Deep ploughing of the fields before the rains and sun drying is recommended for kharif maize. y Use High Yielding varieties of Composite Maize like Vijaya composite, RCM 75 & RCM 76.'"
857,734,"'y Deep summer ploughing is recommended to destroy the eggs, larvae and pupae of pod borer, caterpillar and weevil. y Apply 50Kg potash/ha to the crop raised with closer spacing (20X10cm) to reduce stem fly and pod borer incidence.'"
858,738,"'y Follow good management practises related to feeding, housing (clean, dry, well ventilated) water and general hygiene to keep animal healthy y Observe animals for any abnormal behavior/posture/feed intake/ rumination/defecation and urination twice daily (morning and afternoon)'"
859,735,"'y Vegetables like tomato, ginger, okra, chilli, bitter gourd, bottle gourd and other cucurbits can be grown during summer. y Tomato var. Arka Rakshak may be started cultivation during May. Follow the spacing of 60cm x 60cm. apply NPK @ 120:80:80 kg/ha 400g of seeds is sufficient for raising nursery for transplanting 1ha. y Brinjal var. Pusa purple long may be started cultivation during May. Follow the spacing of 60cm x 45cm (long fruited types). apply NPK @ 120:80:60kg. 800g of seeds is sufficient for raising nursery for transplanting 1ha. y Okra var. NOH-7100 may be started cultivation during May. Follow the spacing of 60cm x 45cm. apply NPK @ 120:80:60kg. 10 kg of seeds is sufficient for raising nursery for transplanting 1ha. y Use of bed system with wide spacing having good drainage and air movement and explore to the sun helps to neck the downy mildew in all gourds. y Collect the infested and fallen fruits of cucurbits and tomato due to fruit flies bury it into deep pits.'"
860,736,'y Water Management - Keep the water clean and always maintain optimum water level. y Feeding Management - Feed pallet feed daily 3% body weight. If pallet feed not available use locally available materials such as Rice bran and Mustard oil cake @ 1:1 y Fish Seed Management - Keep fish seed healthy and monitor the growth daily. If the fish seed could not be sold out in time shift to bigger size pond and manage it properly. y Fish Disease Management - Observe fish health regularly. Any disease symptom seek advisory from KVK.'
861,737,"'y Encouragement for Fish Seed   production   using Happa breeding and hatchery (IMC & exotic carps.) y Nursery rearing - pond preparation, liming & application of manures along with seed stocking of Indian Major Carps, Exotic carps etc. y Proper arrangement of techniques of fry for fish fingerling production. y Utmost care of Water management during the seed production/ rearing technology mainly for IMC & Exotic carps. y Follow the farm made fish feed preparation techniques. y Proper steps for maintaining health and hygiene during fish farming operations. y Maintain water quality pH : 6.5-8.4 DO : 5-10mg/l Turbidity: <30cm y Management of water quality Apply lime @ 500kg/ha KMnO 4 @ 3-4mg/l y Stocking Fingerlings  : 10000-15000/ha Ratio : 4:3:3 (Surface: Middle: Bottom) Brood fish : 1250kg-2500kg/ha Avoid over stocking. y Feeding: Feeding should be done twice daily either with commercial pelleted feed or home-made RB+MOC @ 1:1. For brood fish feeding with feed containing30% crude protein with vitamin & minerals supplement. y Breeding operation should start by the end of April. y Pond preparation and management for nursery raising should start as breeding season approaches. y Prevention of disease –outbreak: Apply liquid turmeric (1.6kg + lime (10kg) mix in water & spread in 0.16ha. 3-4 times after every 3 weeks.'"
862,827,"'y Thrips may attack chilli. To control thrips spray profenophos 20ml or neem seed oil 50 ml in 10 litre water. In case of severe attack, spray spinosad 3ml/10 litre of water.'"
863,828,"'y While conducting any sort of fisheries activities, follow the government guidelines to control the spread of COVID. Use Mask and maintain social distancing y April to July month is high time for carp breeding and hatchery management as well as for carp fry and fingerling production.'"
864,829,"'y Seasonal ponds are almost dry and best fit for carp fingerling production activities. Remove all unwanted fishes by complete dewatering the pond for carp fingerling production. Plough the bottom, expose it to sunlight for one week and apply lime @ 400 kg per ha.'"
865,1534,"'Organic coffee are those produced by such management practices which help to conserve or enhance soil structure, resilience and fertility by applying cultivation practices that use only non-synthetic nutrients and plant protection methods. Further, there has to be credible certification by an accredited certification agency. Organic coffee is being produced by about 40 countries in the world with major production share coming from Peru, Ethiopia and Mexico. Organic coffee is chiefly consumed in the Europe, US and Japan.  Organic coffee products are now marketed in the form of regular, decaffeinated, flavoured and instant coffee as well as in other foods like ice creams, yoghurt, sodas, candies and chocolate covered beans, etc.'"
866,739,"'y Follow strict vaccination programmes for animal and birds. Vaccinate against Ranikhet, IBD, Fowl pox, Marek disease in poultry birds. In pig vaccinate against swine fever. Vaccination for FMD, BQ and HS for bovines.'"
867,740,'y Health care of sick animals should be done in consultation with local veterinarians / KVK personnel. If medicines are not available use indigenous traditional knowledge for management of ailments.'
868,741,'INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT IN RICE Nutrient components for INM Requirements per hectare Fertilizer Urea: 100 kg; DAP: 90 kg and MOP: 50 Biofertilizer (Azospirillum) 2-3 kg Manure (FYM/Compost) 30 – 40 tons'
869,742,"'y Use organic fertilizer (manure, compost, straw, husk, plant leaves) whenever possible especially in nurseries. 129 ICAR KHARIF AGRO-ADVISORY FOR FARMERS'"
870,743,"'y Apply all P, K, and 10% N evenly and incorporate just before seeding or transplanting. For direct seeded broadcast crops, it is okay to apply 10–14 days after establishment when there is water in the field.'"
871,744,"'Water availability largely determines the potential crop yield. For a crop to continue to grow, the water supply needs to be similar or a little above evaporation. In an efficient system, each 1 kg of grain produced will require a minimum of 2,000 liters or 2 m³ of water. Good water control increases crop yields and grain quality as well as improving the efficiency of other inputs such as fertilizer, herbicide, and pesticides.'"
872,745,"'y Prepare nursery for kharif paddy variety Sahsharang, RCM 10, CAU R1 (about 500-1000 sq. meter) for raising seedlings for one hectare area (40kg HYVseeds/ha). y Use FYM and Vermicompost in nursery beds'"
873,746,"'y Maize sowing at 60x30 cm spacing should be done with HYV variety RCM 75, RCM 76, RCM 1-3 or intercropping with Dwarf French bean (var. Pant Anupam) upto last week of May'"
874,1535,"'Green bean itself has no comestible value for humans and must be roasted before use as a flavourful and stimulant aqueous beverage. Green coffee beans are dried, cleaned and packed usually in 60 kg bags and stored before they are roasted.'"
875,1881,'The organic component of the soil is made up of living and dead plants and animals. L'
876,747,"'y Sowing of ginger variety Nadia, turmeric var. Megha turmeric 1 or Lakadong should be completed immediately with seed rate of 15- 20q/ha and 30x30cm spacing y Before sowing, treat the rhizome seed by dipping in Trichoderma Viride @4g/lit of water for 5 minutes or Trichoderma harzianum @ 10ml/ litre.'"
877,748,"'y Vegetable nursery (Cucumber, Bitter Gourd, Ridge Gourd, Bottle Gourd, Chilli, Brinjal and Okra) should be prepare on raised bamboo structures with polythene cover on top to prevent damage due to heavy rain and hailstorm'"
878,749,"'y De-silting of Ponds for further fish farming. Repairs of Ponds, dykes inlet outlet etc. y Pre-stocking management in pond in composite fish culture such as clearance of aquatic weeds, repeated netting out of predatory and weed fishes'"
879,750,"'y Supplement mineral mixture @ 50-60g/day/ adult sow and calcium to the lactating and pregnant sows @ 60-80 ml/day/sow to maintain productivity. y Locally available banana pseudo stem, Colocasia, sweet potato may be used as alternative feed for pigs.'"
880,751,'y Deworming should be done with Albendazole/ Febendazole @ 7.5 mg/kg Body wt (at three months interval). In highly infested area it may be advisable to repeat after every 2 months.'
881,1173,"'It is an excellent cultivar for canning and storage. Roots are 11- 15cm long, 3-5cm broad with tapering to blunt end. The cortex is deep-orange with self-coloured core.'"
882,1174,'A mid-season cultivar suitable for fresh market and processing. The roots have deep- orange-cortex and yellow core.'
883,1175,'It was introduced from Germany in the Nilgiris hills of Tamil Nadu by the State Department of Horticulture. The roots are deep-orange with self-coloured core. It takes 110-120'
884,1176,"'Developed at Horticultural Research Station, Ooty of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University. Roots are deep-orange with self-coloured core.'"
885,1177,"'Developed at IARI Regional Station, Katrain by hybridization between EC 9981 and Nantes. Roots are 15-16cm long orange with self-coloured core slightly tapering with stumpy to'"
886,1536,"'The previous lesson dealt with origin and classification of coffee. In this lesson the processing of coffee bean will be discussed. The green bean has no comestible value for humans and must be roasted before use for developing the desired colour and flavor, enjoyed as a stimulant beverage.'"
887,752,'y Immediate quarantine of infected and suspected farms until diagnosis is confirmed. y Establish disinfection points at entrances and exits of the pig farm/ pig sty. Foot dip with disinfectant should be made mandatory at the entry point of each pig shed. Pig shed should be disinfected daily with 1% formaldehyde or 2% NaOH or paraphenylphenolic disinfectants.'
888,753,'y Establish disinfection points at entrances and exits of the pig farm/ pig sty. Foot dip with disinfectant should be made mandatory at the entry point of each pig shed. Pig shed should be disinfected daily with 1% formaldehyde or 2% NaOH or paraphenylphenolic disinfectants.'
889,754,"'y Poultry shed must be cleaned and ventilated and provide clean drinking water 3-4 times in a day and sometimes add electrolytes to water. y Backyard Poultry breed like Vanaraja, Shrinidhi, Kuroiler etc can be reared in low-cost housing.'"
890,755,"'y The litter materials in poultry shed need to be changed to prevent coccidiosis infestation. If red diarrhoea symptoms are noticed in the birds, immediately administer anticoccidial drugs in the drinking water for 3 -5 days.'"
891,756,"'y Animal sheds should be cleaned, dry and well ventilated. No Water logging near the sheds to avoid mosquitos. y Deworming and vaccination should be done as per schedule.'"
892,757,'y Growing of oyster mushroom especially Pleurotusdjamor ( Pink oyster mushroom) indoor using paddy straw will fetch additional income to the farmers during COVID-19 pandemic and may increase nutritional status in their diet.'
893,758,"'y Women members in SHGs, should establish Nutrition Garden in each household to get fresh vegetables which are rich in vitamins and minerals to enhance immunity to combat COVID19. The'"
894,1537,"'It is a time-temperature dependent process, whereby chemical changes are induced by pyrolysis within the coffee beans, together with marked physical changes in their internal structure. The required change takes place with a bean temperature from 190 o C upwards; bean temperature up to 240 o C may be reached in less than 12 minutes.'"
895,1949,"'e measures such as rotation, and tillage an be used. In apple, preventative measures such as removal of fallen leaves can delay the utbreak of epidemics. However, epidemics need to be controlled by multiple applications of'"
896,759,"'vegetables like brinjal, capsicum, chilli, cucurbitaceous vegetable etc can be grown in kitchen garden. The members of SHGs can also make mask, hand gloves, cotton clothes for family members and neighbouring community for safety from COVID19 as well as additional income.'"
897,760,"'y Late onset of monsoon. Therefore, farmers are advised to do re-sowing or gap-filling with the onset of monsoon or signs of oncoming precipitation during May. y Recommended Varieties for Irrigated lowland paddy: CAU R-1, CAU R-3, RCM10, RCM13, Gomati, Tripura Nirogi.'"
898,761,"'y Recommended varieties for Rainfed upland paddy: Fazu-MZ UPR 4, Maibasa- MZ UPR 25, Bhadepui- MZ UPR 23, Biroin- MZ UPR 24, Sazukthau- MZ UPR 6, Lalron- MZ 28, Idaw- MZ UPR 11, Buhban- MZ UPR 2, MZ UPR 33.'"
899,762,'y Seed treatment of direct seeded upland rice with carbendazim &2- 3g/kg of seed. y Dibbling should be done for assured germination'
900,763,'y Log wood/bamboo bunding across the slope and recharge pit digging (1x1x1ft) at steep slope of jhum fields with a slope percent of more than 30 % may be made to avoid severe erosion.'
901,764,'y Nursery raising should be done by 2nd week of June in raised bed. The soil should be finely tilt with application of FYM @ 2 t / ha. y Preparation of main field for transplanting Rice seedlings may be started from 1st week of June and puddling to be started with the onset of monsoon.'
902,765,"'y For organic control of insect pests, apply Neem based Biopesticides, Trichogramma and Yellow sticky trap, etc. Biocontrol agents like spiders, dragon flies and damsel fly, coccinellids should be conserved.'"
903,766,"'y Farmers are advised to create drainage channel around the field especially low laying areas to drain out excess water. y Recommended varieties for Composites: RCM- 75, RCM-1-1, RCM 1-76, RCM 1-3, Vivek Sankul.'"
904,767,'y Land preparation can be done by giving at least 3 deep ploughing followed by sowing of maize seed @ 20 – 22 kg/ha at a spacing of 60cm X 20cm.'
905,768,"'y For chemical control of FAW infestation, spray Emamectin benzoate @ 0.4 ml/ ltr of water or Spinetoram @ 0.5 ml/lit of water or Lambdacyholothrine + Thiomethoxam @ 0.25 ml/ltr of water or Chlorantranilipore 18.5 % SC @ 0.4ml/ltr of water.'"
906,769,'y Rhizome should be treated with Copper Oxychloride (3%) + Streptomycin (0.5%) for 30 minutes. Dry under shade for 24 hours before sowing. y Should be showed by 1 st to 3 rd week of May in the fields. With spacing of 25cm row to row and plant to plant maintained.'
907,770,"'y Due to prevailing windy weather, farmers are advised to adopt agro- techniques such as trailing and staking of vines to modify the fruit set and fruit yield provide staking or trailing to the crops at the height of 1.5-2.0 meter.'"
908,771,'y Farmers are advised to apply irrigation 3-5 days interval to 1-year young plants since no rainfall was observed. y Mealy bug infestation may be higher due to higher temperature and no rainfall. Farmer should apply soap water to dissolve the wax layer then apply Imidacloprid 17.8% SL @ 0.5ml/ltr of water in next day to control the insect.'
909,772,'y Mealy bug infestation may be higher due to higher temperature and no rainfall. Farmer should apply soap water to dissolve the wax layer then apply Imidacloprid 17.8% SL @ 0.5ml/ltr of water in next day to control the insect.'
910,773,'y There is a chance of powdery mildew infestation due to prolong dry weather and less humidity in day time. Farmers may apply wet-table sulphur WDG 90% 2.0 gm/ltr of water to control the disease.'
911,774,"'y Indeterminate tomato varieties namely Solan lalima and Arka Rakshak are recommended for Kharif season y Nursery bed should be prepared by first week of May. Bring the soil into fine tilt and raise the bed to 10-15 cm above ground level. Mix well rotten farmyard manure/ compost or leaf compost in the soil. To make the soil free from soil-borne disease-causing pathogens (Damping-off), drench the bed with 0.1% solution of Captan or Fytolan. Cover immediately with polythene sheet or gunny bag for 2 days. Uncover the soil and get it loosened and leave it as such for 3-4 days. Thoroughly mix Malathion 5% dust in order to protect the seedlings from soil-borne insects. Sowing should be done by second'"
912,1538,"'Batch operated horizontal rotating drum roaster with either solid or perforated walls, in which hot air from a furnace/burner passes through the tumbling green coffee beans. Green coffee beans under movement are subjected to heat by conduction from hot metal surfaces, or convection from hot air, or more generally a mixture of both methods of heat transfer, together with contribution by radiation.'"
913,775,"'y Nursery bed should be prepared by first week of May. Bring the soil into fine tilt and raise the bed to 10-15 cm above ground level. Mix well rotten farmyard manure/ compost or leaf compost in the soil. To make the soil free from soil-borne disease-causing pathogens (Damping-off), drench the bed with 0.1% solution of Captan or Fytolan. Cover immediately with polythene sheet or gunny bag for 2 days. Uncover the soil and get it loosened and leave it as such for 3-4 days. Thoroughly mix Malathion 5% dust in order to protect the seedlings from soil-borne insects. Sowing should be done by second'"
914,776,'week of May. Sow the seeds thinly in U-shaped furrows spaced at 2.5 cm and at a depth of 1-2 cm (4 times the diameter of the seed). Cover the seeds immediately with a thin layer of sand mixed with well dried and sieved farm yard manure.'
915,777,'y Pit should be prepared and FYM should be applied 15 days ahead of transplanting. Liming should be done earlier to transplanting to raise the soil pH to optimum level. Pit should be treated with insecticide before transplanting of plants. Pit should be prepared at a spacing of 75 x 30 cm (Row to row x Plant to plant).'
916,778,"'y Half of N and full doses of FYM, P2O5 and K2O should be applied as basal and the remaining half of N to be top dressed in one or two split doses. [FYM @ 10t, N 75 kg, P2O5 60 kg and K2O 60 kg/ha].'"
917,779,"'y Application of irrigation of 4 cm at 18 – 20 days interval by surface flooding. Pre-emergence application of Metolachlor @ 1 kg ai/ha followed by application of Grubber at 40 DAP is recommended. Alternatively, garden hoeing is to be done at 20 and 40 DAP.'"
918,780,'y Late blight disease may be managed by application of 0.25% solution of Mancozeb 75 WP (2g/ L). Bacterial wilt may be controlled by drenching the soil with 200 ppm Streptomycin. Fungal wilt may be managed by drenching the soil with Captan 50 WP 0.3%.'
919,781,'May: y Pasting of trunk up to 2 m height with 1% Carbaryl 50 W.P. (20g/L).'
920,1539,"'A typically sized roaster holds 240 kg of green coffee, with an outturn (charging to discharging) of 15 min. The furnace or burner will be either oil or gas fired.'"
921,1540,'Some compounds are generated by straight pyrolysis of single compounds e.g. chlorogenic acids in generating phenols; there is overall 40% residual content for a medium roast. The change in chlorogenic acid content is used as analytical measure of „degree of roast‟ .'
922,782,"'y To kill the trunk borer grubs, clean the bored holes of the infested trunk with iron wire and insert a cotton swab soaked in petrol/ Dichlorvos or inject 5 mL of Dichlorvos @ 0.2% (2mL/L) and plug with mud. October:'"
923,783,'y Sowing of Pigeon pea could be started by April end and completed in first fortnight of June using Local varieties which is easily available for most of the farmers using basal dose of NPK @ 20:40:20 at the time of sowing.'
924,784,"'y Sowing of Groundnut could be completed from 15th May to June first week using high yielding variety like ICGS 76, ICGV 91114 and Girnar 4. y Pre emergence weedicides Butachlor may be used to control upland weeds @ of 10 ml/ litre of water.'"
925,785,"'y Feeding Management: Feed pallets maybe given at 2% body weight of the fish. If pallet feeds are not available locally available ingredients maybe used, such as Rice bran and Mustard oil cake @ 1:1 ratio or Rice bran and Palm oil Cake @ 1:1 ratio.'"
926,786,"'y Water Quality Management: To maintain proper quality of pond water 250kg/ ha of lime may be given. If such situations occur where lime is insufficient because of transport restrictions due to COVID 19 lockdowns, Wood Ash may be used.'"
927,787,'y Deworming of pigs using Albendazole/ Fenbendazole @7-10mg/ kg body wt empty stomach starting from the 1st week of May and repeat after 3 months interval to avoid parasitic infestation.'
928,788,'y Cleaning of pig pen using disinfectants like Sodium/Calcium hypochloride @1-2% inside the pen and outside the farm premises starting from 1st week of May and repeat every 2-3 days interval to avoid viral and bacterial diseases.'
929,789,"'y Vaccination of chicks from 1st May using Mareks vaccine, Ranikhet vaccine and IBD vaccine by following proper vaccination schedule. y Prepare proper feed storage room to avoid spoilage and fungal infections.'"
930,1541,"'Newly formed residuum of ~ 25% by weight of roasted coffee is melanoidins/humic acids. The loss of mass is 2-3% on dry basis for „Light roast‟ , whereas it is up to 12% on dry basis for „Very dark roast‟ . The beans lose 15-20% of their weight, but increases up to 25% in size.'"
931,1542,"'In batch operation, the roasted beans have to be quickly discharged at the end of required roasting period into a cooling car, or vessel, allowing upward passage of cold air.'"
932,790,'y For lowland rice apply 220g urea and 312g single super phosphate per plot (10m2) in nursery. y Seed treatment with biocontrol agents like pseudomonas flourescens (10-15g kg - seed) or seedling root dip @ 2.5 kg ha - dissolved in 100 litre of water for 30 minutes or Tricyclazole @ 2g kg - seed or Agrosan/Ceresan @ 2.5 g kg - seed.'
933,791,'y Seed treatment with biocontrol agents like pseudomonas flourescens (10-15g kg - seed) or seedling root dip @ 2.5 kg ha - dissolved in 100 litre of water for 30 minutes or Tricyclazole @ 2g kg - seed or Agrosan/Ceresan @ 2.5 g kg - seed.'
934,792,"'y In absence of adequate labour pre-emergence herbicide viz., Pretilachlor + safener 0.3 kg ha - , on 3 rd or 4 th day after sowing to control weeds in the lowland rice or pre-emergence application of Butachlor or pendimethalin @3l ha - must be given 1-2 days after sowing or 1-2 days after transplanting.'"
935,793,'y For pre-kharif maize crop land preparation can be done by giving at least 2-3 deep ploughing. Followed by sowing of maize @ 20-22 kg ha - and maintain spacing 60cm x 20 cm.'
936,794,"'y At the time of sowing apply FYM or compost 5t ha -1 and N: P 2 O 5 : K 2 O @ 120:60:40 kg ha - . Urea should be applied in 3 splits, mainly at sowing, knee-high and tasselling stages. Entire dose of P& K 2 O with 1/3 rd of urea should be applied at the time of sowing. Application of 25 kg of ZnSO 4 at sowing is also recommended since maize is susceptible to Zn deficiency.'"
937,795,"'y Apply pre-emergence herbicide Atrazin 1.5-2.0 kg ha - at 2-3 days after sowing to check weed growth up to 30 days. Conduct earthing up operation in standing crops to protect them from lodging. In standing maize crop, apply nitrogen (40 kg ha - ) in split dose at knee height stage.'"
938,796,'y Regular scouting of incidence of pest and diseases particularly fall armyworm in maize. For FAW apply sand or ash into plant whorl of affected maize plants. Regular hand picking and destruction of egg masses and neonate larvae in mass by crushing or immersing in kerosene water be adopted.'
939,797,"'y For chemical control of FAW, (i) Seedling stage: Spray neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) or Azadirachtin 1500 ppm @ 5ml per litre of water to kill eggs and neonate larvae. (ii) Mid-whorl stage- Spray Chlorantranilipore benzoate 5% @ 4 ml or emamectin benzoate @ 1gm per litre of water.'"
940,798,"'y During cloudy or foggy weather with continuous rain for 3-4 days if watery soaked with chlorotic borders on leaf is observed, the crop is already infected with Late Blight, the disease can destroy the whole field within 2-3 weeks. Remove the infected plants immediately and destroy it by burying in pits or burn it. To control Blight spray with Mancozeb (0.2%) 2gm per litre of water, 2-3 times during crop season. It can also be alternated with Ridomil (0.2%), 2.5gm per litre of water.'"
941,799,'y Provide protection to kiwi plants using 50% shade net for reducing flower and fruit drop due to hail storm. y Hand pollination to increase fruit set percentage and yield per plant.'
942,800,'y Apply Bordeaux paste on tree trunk of khasi mandarin up to 60 cm height from ground level to prevent fungal diseases. y Right time for collection and destruction of trunk borer adults by shaking the branches 2-3 times at 10 days interval.'
943,801,'y Clean the base of large cardamom plant thoroughly to facilitate flowering and fruiting. y Plant healthy disease-free large cardamom suckers and replace the old diseased plants.'
944,802,'y Select well drained loamy and sandy loam soil free from water stagnation. y Sowing should be done during mid-June.'
945,803,"'y Growing of drought resistance vegetables varieties in kharif are bottle gourd var. Kashi Bahar, Okra Var. Kashi Pragiti, Dolichos bean Var. Kashi Haritima and Cowpea Kashi Kanchan.'"
946,804,"'y The farmers can generate income by utilizing locally available fruits and vegetables to prepare pickles, jam, squashes etc.'"
947,805,"'y Mithun farmers are suggested for regular supplementation of mineral mixture 40 50g/day/ adult to maintain productivity. y By maintaining social distancing, herd men should collect sufficient fodder to ensure for Mithun feeding in order to prevent Mithun going out of ranges.'"
948,1543,"'32.2.2.1 Advantages of water quenching • Assists in necessary cooling. • Adds a small percentage of water by weight to roasted beans, thereby assists uniformity of particle size in subsequent grinding.'"
949,806,"'y Mithun should be kept separated from other types of animals in free range. Feeding should be carried out by maintaining social distancing. Maintain a distance of 3-4 feet during rest, taking of'"
950,807,"'y Soap and bucket of water to be kept at the entrance of the farm every time. Wash your hands properly. Not more than two people should be allowed to enter the farm, provided they maintain social distancing. Phenol/potassium permanganate mixed with water to be kept every time at the footbath, Dip the foot before entering the poultry/ piggery shed.'"
951,808,"'y The litter materials in poultry shed need to be changed to prevent coccidiosis infection.  If red diarrhea symptoms are noticed in the birds, immediately administer anticoccidial drugs in the drinking water for 3-5 days.'"
952,809,"'y Farmers who are facing problems to get feed for piggery may produce their own feed by cooking maize/ rice grain, seasonal vegetables, colocasia roots, kitchen waste with dry fish etc. Pig farmers can also prepare the pig feed by using tapioca upto 35-40 % along with locally available maize flour.'"
953,810,"'y While feeding kitchen waste to pigs, boil at least once to prevent against contamination/ infection as biosecurity measures. Egg shell, bones etc can be grinded and mixed with feeds as a source of calcium for the animal.'"
954,1544,"'Multistage twin horizontal rollers up to 4 stages may be used to ensure more uniform particle size distribution. 1 st and 2 nd stages – Essentially performs cracking or crushing the beans into smaller units. 3 rd and 4 th stages – Leads to progressively finer grinding. The grind size required is related to subsequent method of brewing to be adopted and whether for home use or subsequent large scale extraction i.e. coarse, medium, fine, very fine. The ground size of roasted and ground coffee beans for different applications is presented in Table 32.2.'"
955,1545,"'1 st and 2 nd stages – Essentially performs cracking or crushing the beans into smaller units. 3 rd and 4 th stages – Leads to progressively finer grinding. The grind size required is related to subsequent method of brewing to be adopted and whether for home use or subsequent large scale extraction i.e. coarse, medium, fine, very fine. The ground size of roasted and ground coffee beans for different applications is presented in Table 32.2.'"
956,811,"'y Proper deworming schedule (for weaner pigs -within two weeks after weaning and repeat after 3 months, sow- on 102 days of pregnancy, boar- two times per year). In case medicine is not available, soak one arecanut after splitting in four pieces in a cup of water overnight which will be sufficient for 20 birds/ 1 piglet once a month provided either directly or through drinking water which acts as effective anthelmintic.'"
957,812,'y Vaccination schedule (against swine fever and foot and mouth diseases-FMD as per manufacturer guidelines) should be followed in the farm. Vaccination of poultry against Ranikht disease is also to be followed.'
958,813,"'y Select breeds like New Zealand, Grey Giant and Soviet Chinchilla suitable for NEH Region. y Rabbit house should be constructed in an elevated area for easy drainage. Area should be shaded for reducing heat stress and protect from wind.'"
959,814,"'y Pelleted feeds fortified with mineral mixture, vitamin and salt can be supplemented with green fodder for optimum weight gain. Feed should not be stored in damp places and moulded feed should be discarded to prevent alfatoxicosis.'"
960,815,"'y With the advent of the monsoon, some areas will experience dust storms, thunder showers and hail storms. Repair and renovate the livestock house for their safety and wellbeing. Make adequate arrangement to protect the animals from slush and flood.'"
961,1546,'The number of different screen sizes numbered by aperture size within the range of 1400 µm to 250 µm. Newer method performs sizing by laser beams. Minerals (oxide ash) 4.5 4.7'
962,1547,"'Roasted and ground (R & G) coffee releases substantial quantities of entrapped CO 2 gas which develops high internal pressure, leading to bursting of package. The usual packaging material is laminates.'"
963,1548,'32.2.4.1 Packaging under vacuum It allows a low percentage of oxygen content in headspace to be established within the package and accommodate release of CO 2 . Alternatively CO 2 scavenger may be used.'
964,1549,"'The R & G coffee is allowed in bulk to degas over a sufficient time period to a low level, followed by gas purging whilst individual packages are being filled.'"
965,1550,"'Gas purging is used to ensure that the residual oxygen in headspace is below 1.0%. In Europe, use of plastic packages to which a non-return valve is securely attached allows release of excess CO 2, when internal pressure exceeds a certain predetermined level.'"
966,816,"'y Boro rice is in flowering stage & somewhere in milking stage. So, there is huge chance of attacking gundhi bug. For controlling/ management of gundhi bug if possible clean weeds & grasses in and out of paddy fields to prevent population build-up of rice bugs. Spray Ethophenoprox 10 EC @ 200 ml/acre or imidacloprid 300 ml/ hactre.'"
967,817,"'y For pre kharif maize three deep ploughing is necessary. Use atrazine herbicide 2 to 3 days after sowing which can manage weeds up to 30 days. y Proper earthing up should be done to prevent lodging of pre kharif maize due to high wind, cyclone etc.'"
968,818,"'y Spray NPK when the crop is 23 to 25 days old, if there is shortage of moisture. y Spray trichoderma viridi 1 gm per litre of water, if disease occur.'"
969,819,'y The correct time for sowing of ginger is April-May. Bed of 1 m width and 15 cm height is good for ginger planting. The distance between two beds should be 50 cm.'
970,820,'y Ginger rhizome should be treated with pseudomonas flurosecence or trichoderma viridi @20gm with 1kg rhizome. Carbendazim can also be used for rhizome treatment @ 2 gm per kg of rhizome.'
971,821,'y Seed must be treated before sowing followed by shade drying. Collect healthy and certified seeds from good/ registered source to avoid seed borne diseases. Follow recommendations of soil health card for proper fertilizer application.'
972,822,"'y Distance between two bed of colocasia should be 60 cm. y Apply of 45 kg urea, 180 kg SSP and 100 kg MOP at the time of planting.'"
973,823,"'y Seeds of brinjal should be treated with carbendazim @2gm per kg of seeds to protect the crop from seed borne diseases. As a biocontrol measure, seed also can be treated with pseudomonas fluroscence or trichoderma viridi @10gm per kg of seed.'"
974,824,"'y Before transplanting, apply 110 kg of Urea, 376 kg of SSP & 96 kg MOP per hactre. Spacing of brinjal seedling should be kept 60 cm both row to row & plant to plant.'"
975,825,"'y Chilli seedling should be planted at a distance of 60 cm x 60 cm in the main field. y Before transplanting apply 65 kg urea, 260 kg SSP and 40 kg MOP per hectare. Another 65 kg Urea can be applied 30 days after transplanting after loosening of soil.'"
976,826,"'y Before transplanting apply 65 kg urea, 260 kg SSP and 40 kg MOP per hectare. Another 65 kg Urea can be applied 30 days after transplanting after loosening of soil.'"
977,830,'For the farm woman: (hygienic management within and outside the house) y Keep your home clean.'
978,831,'y Poultry room should be kept clean before rearing new breed of poultry. The wall of the room should be white washed. 10 square feet area in the floor should be sterilized with potassium permanganate & formalin by mixing together (20 gm:40 ml ratio).'
979,832,"'In view of present crucial situation of Covid-19 pandemic, the farmers are advised to follow the following advisories for preparation of ensuing Kharif season 2021. y Follow government directives and all Covid Appropriate Behaviour while performing the field operations. All the persons engaged in agriculture operations should use masks and ensure hand washing with soap at reasonable intervals. Follow the standard safety measures during the visit to market for the purchase of inputs/sale of produce.'"
980,833,'y Follow government directives and all Covid Appropriate Behaviour while performing the field operations. All the persons engaged in agriculture operations should use masks and ensure hand washing with soap at reasonable intervals. Follow the standard safety measures during the visit to market for the purchase of inputs/sale of produce.'
981,834,"'y In case of manual field operations of harvesting/ picking, accomplish the operation in 4-6 feet spaced strips assigning one strip to one person. This will ensure adequate spacing between the engaged labour.'"
982,835,"'y Nutritional Garden should be established by farm women to fulfil daily requirement of fruits and vegetables. Also include bio fortified varieties of millets and other crops in it, to fulfil daily nutritional requirement of individual.'"
983,836,"'y Ensure proper drying prior to storage of harvested grains, millets, pulses at farm/home and do not use reuse previous seasons gunny bags to prevent pest infestation. Use treated and dried gunnies after soaking in 5% neem solution. Mulching of Wheat straw, sugarcane trash, waste fodder, fallen leaves, etc. should be done for crops as temperatures rise.'"
984,837,'y Farmers should ensure to preserve or procure required quantity of quality seeds for ensuing Kharif season from reliable sources like Agril. Universities or KVKs. The own seed of Soybean should be used for next Kharif season after testing its germination to save money as well as it will help to face the situation of seed shortage in the market.'
985,1551,'Cleaning Blending'
986,838,'y Cotton should be sown after onset of monsoons or after 7 th June only for effective management of pink bollworm. Well decomposed FYM should be applied to cotton @ 10 ton/ha before sowing. Recommended fertilizer dose of 120:60:60 kg NPK/ha should be applied to rainfed cotton out of which 40% N & complete P & K should be applied as a basal dose at the time of sowing. Remaining 30 % N should be after 30 DAS and 30 % after 60 DAS. Earthing up should be done in cotton to during dry spell in Kharif season to reduce evaporation losses of soil moisture.'
987,839,"'y Soybean seed should be treated with Thirum @ 3 g/kg or Trichoderma @ 4 g/kg of seed and inoculated with Rhizobium and PSB @ 100 ml/10 kg of seed before sowing. Seed germination should be tested before sowing and good quality seed with more than 70 % germination should be used for sowing only. Improved varieties like MAUS-162, MAUS-612, Phule Sangam, PKV Yellow Gold should be used for sowing. Spraying of Azardiractin 1500 ppm @1 lit /ha should be taken up for management of Spodoptera.'"
988,840,"'y Use wilt and sterility mosaic resistant medium to early duration varieties like BDN-711, BDN-716, Godavari, PKV Tara, Phule Rajeswari, etc to ensure higher yield in adverse climatic conditions. Treat the seeds with biofertilizers and apply recommended doses of fertilizers as per recommendations of concerned universities.'"
989,841,"'y For management of sucking pests in summer groundnut take a spray of 5 % NSKE or Imidacloprid 17.8 % @ 2.5 ml or Thiamethoxam 12.6 % + Lambda – cyhalothrin 9.5 % @ 3 ml per 10 liter of water. For control of leaf eating caterpillar, spray Dimethoate 30 EC 2 ml/ litre water. If Tikka or Rust is observed spray Mancozeb 2 gm/litre water. Precaution should be taken so that water stress condition may not occur in summer groundnut crop during peg initiation to pod development stage. To save the crop from unseasonal rains, storage of harvested crop should be done at safe places. Precautions should be taken so that the harvested pods may not damage due to unseasonal rains and hail storms'"
990,842,'y For management of white fly in sugarcane take a spray of Chlorpyrifos 20 % @ 30 ml or fipronil 5 % @ 30 ml per 10 litres of water during clear weather condition. Irrigation management should be done in sugarcane crop. Entomopathogenic nematode Grubnash should be used @ 7 kg /ha for the control of White grub in sugarcane.'
991,1552,'32.3.2.1 Roast bean treatment Storage Grinding'
992,1553,"'FIC extraction unit It reduces extraction time by 50% compared to batch percolators. Water is directed through the ground coffee in two stages. The process results in two completely separated extract fractions viz., aroma and hydrolysis. After extraction, the extract is filtered and centrifuged.'"
993,843,"'y Carry out weeding in the summer paddy and afterwards apply remaining 3 rd dose of Nitrogen @ 25 kg/ha and maintain 5-7 cm water level in paddy field. If infestation of Stem borer is observed @ 4-5% in paddy field, spray with Quinalphos @ 32 ml in 10 litres of water.'"
994,844,'y Precaution should be taken so that water stress condition may not occur in pomegranate orchard. Remove suckers shoot in pomegranate orchard. Take a spray of potassium nitrate @ 15 gm per litre of water.'
995,845,"'y For new plantation, use quality and disease-free planting material of high yielding and market acceptable varieties like Balanagar, Dharur, Daulatabad selction, etc. Spray V erticelium lecani @ 40 gm per 10 lit water for the control of mealy bugs.'"
996,846,'y Use quality and disease-free planting material from registered nurseries for new plantation. Irrigation management should be done in Ambia Bahar to citrus orchard. Take a spray of potassium nitrate @ 15 gm per litre of water. Application of Bordo paste should be done on tree trunk before onset of monsoon to protect the crop from gummosis and dieback.'
997,855,"'y Turmeric: Harvesting, boiling, drying, polishing operations are being carried out in turmeric crop. To save the crop from unseasonal rains or hailstorm, crop should not be stored in open place. The harvested turmeric crop should be covered by plastic paper so that it should not be damaged by rains.'"
998,856,"'y To protect the animals from high temperature, apply white paint to the roof of shade. Apply mulching on the roof of shade with the help of dry grass and trash of sugarcane which reduces the temperature in shade. If water is spry on mulches or use of foggers will cool down the temperature of shade. Precaution should be taken so that the harvested dry Stover of sorghum may not damage due to rainfall, if it happens the quality as well as storage capacity of dry Stover decrease and animals not prefer such type of fodder.'"
999,857,"'y Fodder management: Use Maize African Tall and new varieties of hybrid napier like Phule Gunwant, DHN-6, BNH-10 and Super Napier for round the green fodder availability. Excess green fodder should be converted into silage.'"
1000,858,"'y Milch Animals: Provide clean, hygienic and plenty amount of drinking water to milch animals. To reduce the stress of heat in farm animals, provide roughages by mixing with solution of 1% jaggery and 0.5% salt separately. Milch animals should be offered 50 gm of mineral mixture daily in two divided doses to maintain milk yield and to overcome the problem of anestrous cycle,'"
1001,847,"'y Organic mulching should be done and the orchard should be irrigated during early in the morning, at evening or during night hours. To protect the mango fruits from the incidence of fruit fly, install “Rakshak fruit fly trap” developed by university @ 4 traps per hectare. Fallen fruits should be collected and destroyed to keep orchard clean. Fruit fly lays its eggs in the fruits below outer cover of the fruit when the fruit is about to mature. The larvae develop on the pulp of the fruit. Hence, the infested fruits should be destroyed. The soil should be ploughed below the tree.'"
1002,848,"'y For protection of banana orchard from hot air, make use of green net in southwest direction of orchard. Earthing up should be done in banana orchard. Provide shade to newly planted or small plants to protect them from high temperature. Organic mulching should be done in banana orchard. Irrigate banana orchard during early in the morning, at evening or during night time.'"
1003,849,"'y Management of April pruning in grape orchard should be done as per availability of water. During rest period, provide only need based irrigation to protect the existing leaves from drying, and also contribute towards increasing the reserves of the vines through photosynthetic activity. Care should be taken to reduce/stop the water in case new growth is observed on the shoot. If rainfall exceeds 2.5 mm, no irrigation should be applied especially during rest period.'"
1004,850,"'y Harvest the matured cashew nuts and sundry for 7 to 8 days to bring down moisture content and then store in dry places. Prepare different processed products from cashew apple as recommended by Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli.'"
1005,851,"'y To save the crop from increase in temperature and decrease in humidity in Konkan region, provide irrigation to coconut, areca nut and sapota orchards at 5-6 days interval, also use straw mulch to reduce evaporation losses.'"
1006,852,'y Chilli: To avoid leaf curl infestation in chilli transplanting of seedlings should be done before 30 th June. Pest resistant or tolerant varieties like like Pusa Jwala or Pusa Jyoti should be used for planting.'
1007,853,"'y Okra: For management of fruit borer in okra take a spray of 5 % NSKE or Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 % SC @ 2.5 ml or Cypermethrin 10 % EC @ 15 ml or Quinalphos 25 % EC @ 20 ml per 10 liter of water. Harvesting of mature vegetables should be done early in the morning. Irrigation management should be done early in the morning, at evening or during night time in vegetable crops as per availability and requirement of crop. Management practices should be followed to protect the vegetable crops from hot air.'"
1008,854,"'y Brinjal: If incidence of shoot and fruit borer observed in Brinjal, collect and destroy caterpillar or Spray Neemark 4 % or Cypermethrin 25% EC 5 ml or Chlorpyriphos 20 EC 20 ml OR Deltamethrin 1 % or Traizophos 20 ml per 10 litres of water.'"
1009,1554,"'Brewing is extraction of soluble substances contributing to the basic taste plus of volatile substances for overall flavour. Roast coffee must be ground before brewing. The two main mechanical principles are: 32.4.1 Steeping/Slurrying of R & G coffee with water, with or without agitation, followed by sedimentation or filtration or both.'"
1010,861,"'y Poultry: In the summer the poultry shed should be kept cool. Plants more trees around the shed. The roof of the shed should be covered with grass, so that the temperature remains under control. Exhaust fan should be kept in the shed, so that the hot air inside shed is thrown out. Use foggers, so the shade will cool down. Improved backyard poultry breeds like Grampriya, Shrinidhi, Kaveri, Giriraja and Vanaraja should be used to boost up the income of small and marginal farmers.'"
1011,862,"'Kharif Paddy: 1/10th area of planting filed select for nursery. Land should be prepare after ploughing, harrowing and make raised beds as 1m wide. Apply well decompose FYM/Compost at the time of land preparation. Required seed of improved variety purchase for timely sowing.'"
1012,863,"'Sowing can be done in nursery seedbed with following popular and recommended varieties of paddy i.e. NAUR-1, GNR-2 (Costal area) GNR-3, GNR-4, GNR-5, GNR-6 (Long duration), Jaya, Gurjari, GR-5, 7, 8, 9, IR-28, Purna and GAR-13. Before sowing apply seed treatment. Add 6 gm streptocycline + 12 gm Amsan-6 in 24 liters of water and dip Twenty-Five (25) kg seeds for 8 to 10 Hrs. Dry and treat with Thairum @ 3 g/kg seeds before sowing.'"
1013,864,"'Summer Groundnut: Under present weather condition, heliothis infestation is likely to be observed in groundnut. If, infestation found above ETL then spray Emamectin benzoate 5 % SG @ 7 gm/10 litre of water. Due to hot weather, monitoring about incidence of mite in groundnut is advised. If mite population increases, spraying of Ethion @ 1.5-2 ml or Propargite 57 % EC @ 10 ml /litre of water is suggested.'"
1014,1555,"'32.4.2     Percolation in fixed beds of R & G coffee held in an open or closed container. Water may be passed through either in a single pass under gravity or under pressure (including steam, as in Espresso making), or in a multipass.'"
1015,1556,'Extraction of coffee solids can be carried out by Fast instant coffee extraction. Conventional batch percolators.'
1016,1557,'Coffee-to-water weight ratio The appliance used for brewing.'
1017,865,"'Kharif Groundnut: Land should be prepared with ploughing and harrowing. Apply well decomposed FYM/Compost as per the recommendation at the time of land preparation. Required seeds (seed rate @ 100 - 120 kg / ha) of improved varieties ( i.e. GJG – 32, GJG – 22) should be purchased for timely sowing. Proper seed treatment with Rhizobium for batter germination and /OR with either imidacloprid or Chlorpyrifos for management of white grub should be follow. For the management of white grub, pruning of the trees surrounding to cropped plot area before on set of monsoon and Spraying of Chlorpyrifos or imidacloprid on unpruned trees around the plot is advised immediately after first shower.'"
1018,866,"'Summer sesame: For the control of thrips and leaf webber, spray 500 ml of 5 % neem seed extract or neem seed oil 50 ml with difenthiuron16gm/10 lit of water is needed. To prevent Phytophthora blight and wilt, do not over irrigate sesame, apply light irrigation as per need only.'"
1019,867,"'Kharif Sesame: Kharif Sesame grower are advised to procure seeds of recently recommended varieties ( i.e. Gujarat Til - 5, Gujarat Til – 4 and Gujarat Til – 3) before onset of monsoon to avoid rush with seed rate @ 3 - 3.5 kg / ha.'"
1020,868,"'Cotton: For land preparation, deep ploughing is recommended to destroy perennial weeds once in 4 years. The field should be prepared by repeated harrowing with a blade harrow and applying recommended dose of FYM prior to the onset of monsoon rains. Undertake Sowing on ridges & furrows in dry lands for moisture conservation & weed management. Hand dibbling of seeds at recommended spacing is advised in rainfed areas, particularly for hybrids. This system ensures proper plant stand, uniform geometry and also saves seeds.'"
1021,1558,"'Of the components of roasted coffee, only some will be extracted completely with variable amounts of the others to reach ~ 28% w/w total maximum and 21% optimum under household brewing conditions, by hot or boiling water – so called „yield‟.'"
1022,1559,'Mechanical operation involved is a means of separating the undesired so-called „Spent coffee grounds‟ from the required brew formed by sufficient contact with water. The brew should contain as little of spent ground particles as possible and must be presented hot (i.e. 50-55 o C).'
1023,1560,"'South Indian Coffee, also known as Filter Coffee is a sweet milky coffee made from dark roasted coffee beans (70-80%) and chicory (20-30%), especially popular in the southern states of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. The most commonly used coffee beans are Arabica and Robusta.'"
1024,1561,"'Outside India, a coffee drink prepared using a filter may be known as Filter Coffee or as Drip Coffee as the water passes through the grounds solely by gravity and not under pressure or in longer-term contact.'"
1025,869,"'Small Millets/hilly millets for hilly areas: The Finger millet varieties viz; ‘GNN-6’ is reddish brown seeded, high yielding and late (140 days) maturing one; while ‘GN-5’ and ‘GNN-7’ are the white seed colour varieties with mid late (120 days) maturing. The most early (100 days) maturating red seeded variety ‘GN-8’ with good fodder yield and suitable for drought region. While, little millet varieties viz; ‘GV-2’ is bold seeded, high yielding and late (150 days) maturing one; while ‘GNV-3’ is good fodder contenting, high yielding and mid late (120 days) maturing variety and suitable for drought region.'"
1026,870,"'The “ Adar Method ” of crop planting should strictly avoided as it reduces the nutrient availability as well as kills the beneficial organism due to burning effects which will decreases the soil fertility. Also, transplanting should be done during the period of 21 to 30 days after sown on seed bed otherwise, late transplanting will reduces the number of tillering habit and untimely crop yield.'"
1027,871,"'Greengram & Blackgram: Under present weather condition, it is likely to observe infestation of heliothis and whiteflies in summer sown green gram & black gram. To control heliothis spray Spinosad 3 ml/10lit of water for whiteflies spray Acetamiprid 20 % SP@ 5.0 gm and 500 ml of 5 % neem seed extract or neem seed oil 50 ml / 10 lit of water are recommended.'"
1028,872,"'Lucern: Monitor the crop for infestation of thrips in lucern. If required, spray 500 ml of 5 % neem seed extract (Azadirachtin) or neem seed oil (Azadirachtin 1500 ppm) 50 ml with / 10 lit of water.'"
1029,1562,"'It is a term applied to a process, whereby essentially the headspace coffee aroma volatiles are made available by plating coffee aroma oil, prepared by expression methods from roast coffee, or other sources onto the soluble coffee, usually at the packing stage. This is a treatment imparted to improve the flavour and aroma. The powder lacks full flavour and aroma of freshly brewed coffee. The flavour and aroma constituents are trapped and recovered during roasting, grinding and extraction and from oils pressed from coffee bean. The cold CO 2 does not damage the flavour and aroma compounds in coffee oil and it is easily separated from extracted oil for recompression and reuse.'"
1030,1563,"'The extract fractions are stripped of their volatiles in an aroma recovery unit. After being stripped from the concentrate in a flash evaporator, the aroma is recovered in a 2-stage condenser system.'"
1031,1564,"'Instant coffee , also called soluble coffee and coffee powder , is a beverage derived from brewed coffee beans. It is the dried soluble portion of roasted coffee, which can be presented to the consumer in either powder or granule form for immediate make-up in hot water. Instant coffee is commercially prepared by either freezedrying or spray drying, after which it can be rehydrated.'"
1032,873,"'Drumstick: Monitor the crop for infestation of Bud worm & leaf caterpillar. If infestation is found, spray 500 ml of 5 % neem seed extract (Azadirachtin) or neem seed oil (Azadirachtin 1500 ppm) 50 ml/10 lit of water. Use light trap 1-2/ha to attract and kill the adults. Under heavy infestation make spray of Malathion 50 EC 20 ml/10 litre of water.'"
1033,874,'Sugarcane: Follow top dressing of fertilizer dose as per recommendations. Critical irrigations should be provided based on the stage of the crop and soil condition. Weeding and interculturing should be done when needed. Earthing up should be done after 5-6 month of planting. Collect & destroy the egg mass of borers.'
1034,875,"'Vegetables: Monitor the crops for infestation of white fly in brinjal, okra, ridge, sponge, bottle and bitter gourd, cluster bean and water melon, if required spray 500 ml of 5 % neem seed extract or neem seed oil 50 ml with diafenthiuron 50 % WP @ 16 gm /10 lit of water.'"
1035,876,"'Tomato / Brinjal: In brinjal and tomato constant monitoring of borers by using pheromone traps 4-6 per acre is advised, If insect population is above ETL than spraying of Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 % SC 3.0 ml or DDVP 7 ml/10 litre of water is advised against fruit borer. If infestation'"
1036,877,"'Chilli: Under present weather conditions, severe attack of thrips has been reported. Spray profenofos 20 ml with 500 ml of 5 % neem seed extract or neem seed oil 50 ml in 10 litres of water. In case of heavy attack make spray of spinosad or spinetoram 3 ml per 10 liter of water.'"
1037,1565,"'Historically, most instant or soluble coffees first contained added carbohydrates (~ 50% w/w) such as corn syrup solids, as simple aqueous extract of roasted coffee, extracted under atmospheric conditions (100 o C). However, it could not be spray dried to a satisfactorily free- flowing low-hygroscopic powder.'"
1038,1566,"'In 1950, Instant coffee of 100% pure coffee solids became commercially available. In 1965, Instant coffee in soluble form, somewhat darker in colour and improved retention of aromatics became available.'"
1039,1567,"'The manufacture of instant coffee is accompanied by some slight hydrolysis of the polysaccharides in the roasted coffee (by further aqueous extraction at temperatures up to 175 o C and addition to the simple extract before drying), which is reflected in the slightly increased reducing sugar content (i.e. arabinose, mannose and galactose) and probably assists solubilization of these polysaccharides, not otherwise easily possible at 100 o C. This provides a powder of satisfactory physical properties.'"
1040,878,"'Livestock /Poultry: Under present weather condition, keep animals under shade or in sheds during noon hours, provide plenty of cool water mixed with minerals for drinking and shower the animals with cold water two to three times in a day. Do Vaccination for Haemorrhageic septicemia (H.S.) disease and Blue Quarter (B.Q.) in animals. Udder of milking animals must be properly cleaned with zinc oxide or boric powder. Also give deworming tablet to younger animals. For control of ticks and mites spray Deltamethrin or Amitral 2 ml/liter of water. Spray sanitizers or phenyl in the animal shed to avoid flies and mosquitoes. Give stored fodder with mineral mixture.'"
1041,879,"'Crop Crop stage/Pest/ Disease Advisories Rice Nursery AS the rainy season is commencing all the farmers are advised to repair the bunds of rice field and keep bunds weed free While puddling the field, green leaf manures or biomass could be added and incorporated @ 5 t /ha. When intensity of rainfall is low apply 1 kg urea per 100 sq meterto the rice nursery Control the crabs in the rice field by collecting during night time Cashew Cashew stem and root borer (CSRB) When intensity of rainfall is low or after rains stoptake up the control measure for CSRB Remove the grubs from the holes with the help of 15 mm chisel and apply Chloropyriphos 20 EC @ 5 ml/liter of water on the stem (swabbing) and drench the same solution @ 2 litre per tree. Apply Neem oil 5 ml/litre of water or neem cake 500g  to1 kg / tree Protection from wind and rain Clean up drainage channels and avoid water logging in orchards Protect the young plants by giving mechanical support\\staking Banana Protection from wind and rain Clean up drainage channels and avoid water logging in orchards Protect the plants by giving mechanical support\\staking Coconut Transplanting South-west monsoon has made an onset over Goa. Hence transplanting of seedlings can be done in well drained soils A spacing of 7.5 m x 7.5 m to 8.0 m x 8.0 m in the square system is generally recommended for coconut Protection from wind and rain Clean up drainage channels and avoid water logging in orchards Protect the plants by giving mechanical support\\staking'"
1042,886,"'Fishery  Finfish The water level in the pond should be maintained at 2 to 2.5 m letting the excess water drain out Stocking of carp fish fingerings (80-100 mm) @5000-7000 no/ha may be followed based on the seed availability Feeding of groundnut oil cake: Wheat bran (1:1) ratio at 5-6% of total biomass of the Stock (Total weight of stock) may be followed Net fences may be provided around the bunds if any issue of wild aquatic animals (crocodiles, otters)'"
1043,887,"'y Use of high yielding varieties like JS 20- 34, JS 20- 69, JS 20- 98, JS 20-116, JS 335, RVS 2001-4, RVS 2008, NRC 86. y Eradication of pest propagules the pupa of major pest, there sting structure of major pathogens are lying at our farms at threshing floor and in the soil to minimized the initial pest/ pathogen load, sanitation of threshing floor, deep ploughing of field, Sanitation of bunds etc. is must farmer should collect all crops debris and buried them in compost pit.'"
1044,1568,"'Advantages of instant coffee include speed of preparation (instant coffee dissolves instantly in hot water), lower shipping weight and volume than beans or ground coffee (to prepare the same amount of beverage), and long shelf life.'"
1045,880,"'Rice Nursery AS the rainy season is commencing all the farmers are advised to repair the bunds of rice field and keep bunds weed free While puddling the field, green leaf manures or biomass could be added and incorporated @ 5 t /ha. When intensity of rainfall is low apply 1 kg urea per 100 sq meterto the rice nursery Control the crabs in the rice field by collecting during night time Cashew Cashew stem and root borer (CSRB) When intensity of rainfall is low or after rains stoptake up the control measure for CSRB Remove the grubs from the holes with the help of 15 mm chisel and apply Chloropyriphos 20 EC @ 5 ml/liter of water on the stem (swabbing) and drench the same solution @ 2 litre per tree. Apply Neem oil 5 ml/litre of water or neem cake 500g  to1 kg / tree Protection from wind and rain Clean up drainage channels and avoid water logging in orchards Protect the young plants by giving mechanical support\\staking Banana Protection from wind and rain Clean up drainage channels and avoid water logging in orchards Protect the plants by giving mechanical support\\staking Coconut Transplanting South-west monsoon has made an onset over Goa. Hence transplanting of seedlings can be done in well drained soils A spacing of 7.5 m x 7.5 m to 8.0 m x 8.0 m in the square system is generally recommended for coconut Protection from wind and rain Clean up drainage channels and avoid water logging in orchards Protect the plants by giving mechanical support\\staking'"
1046,881,"'Arecanut Transplanting Once south-west monsoon has made an onset over Goa. Hence transplanting of seedlings can be done in well drained soils Plant Protection Spray Bordeaux Mixture (01 %) to control fruit rot. Protection from wind and rain Clean up drainage channels and avoid water logging in orchards Protect the plants by giving mechanical support\\staking Vegetables Sowing When intensity of rainfall is low take up the sowing of vegetable crops cluster beans, cucumber, bitter guard, snake guard, ridge guard etc. in well drained soils with proper arrangements to drain out excess water Incase of Bhendi, take up control measures for pest and diseases when the rains stop'"
1047,882,"'Livestock Problem Advisories Dairy animals/ Pigs/ Goats Protection during rains Heavy rainfall and high humidity predisposes mastitis in crossbred cows hence keep dairy shed clean and dry. Use post milking teat dip cup to prevent mastitis. Don’ts feed mouldy feed and fodder which causes detrimental effects on health of animals. i.e. black spots on stored dry fodder, unacceptable odour of oil cakes. In rainy season, dairy animals suffer with tick infestation. 5 to 10% ticks present on body of animals and 90 to 95 % present in the shed. Hence spray ectoparasiticide i.e., cypermethrin or deltamethrin 2-4% on animals’ body and also in the shed. Use flamegun to burn floor and walls of shed every 10 to 15 days. Hybrid Napier perennial fodder CO-5 performance is excellent in in Goa climatic condition. Farmer can get 300 to 350 metric tons of green fodder yield with six to seven cutting a year. Farmer can go for plantation in Kharif. Sololy grazing of dairy animals on lush greens may cause digestive disturbance and comparatively low fat in milk hence always daily offer dry fodder along with greens. Avoid water leakages in the shed which causes slippery floor. Apply lime in and around shed which causes disinfection and keep floor dry which helps to rest animals on the floor.'"
1048,883,"'Dairy animals/ Pigs/ Goats Protection during rains Heavy rainfall and high humidity predisposes mastitis in crossbred cows hence keep dairy shed clean and dry. Use post milking teat dip cup to prevent mastitis. Don’ts feed mouldy feed and fodder which causes detrimental effects on health of animals. i.e. black spots on stored dry fodder, unacceptable odour of oil cakes. In rainy season, dairy animals suffer with tick infestation. 5 to 10% ticks present on body of animals and 90 to 95 % present in the shed. Hence spray ectoparasiticide i.e., cypermethrin or deltamethrin 2-4% on animals’ body and also in the shed. Use flamegun to burn floor and walls of shed every 10 to 15 days. Hybrid Napier perennial fodder CO-5 performance is excellent in in Goa climatic condition. Farmer can get 300 to 350 metric tons of green fodder yield with six to seven cutting a year. Farmer can go for plantation in Kharif. Sololy grazing of dairy animals on lush greens may cause digestive disturbance and comparatively low fat in milk hence always daily offer dry fodder along with greens. Avoid water leakages in the shed which causes slippery floor. Apply lime in and around shed which causes disinfection and keep floor dry which helps to rest animals on the floor.'"
1049,884,"'Poultry Management Problem With the arrival of monsoon, litter and manure management is a key aspect for good flock health Provide curtains at both sides of poultry house or add overhang of 4-5ft to avoid direct entry of rains into shed Regular and frequent recking of litter material is advised to make it dry. Then caked up litter should be disposed in a far-off place from farm Replenish with new litter if litter moisture is very high or treat it with slaked lime@ 1kg for every 10 sq mt area Clean feeder and waterer daily to check mould growth. Provide clean drinking water or use chlorinated drinking water@ 2g bleaching powder for 1000lt of water The feed storage should be regularly checked for moulds and fungus infestation. Toxin binder may be provided in feed formulation especially in duck feed High energy source such as fat @5% may be added in feed Reduction in day length hamper egg production in layers. Hence florescence light may be provided which mimic the daylight Vaccination should be done strictly as per vaccination schedule for poultry Rainy season comes with many diseases like fowl pox, fowl cholera, IBD, Coccidiosis, Aspergillosis and other respiratory problems The poultry floor must be kept clean and dry with proper litter management to avoid mud bulls in leg Hence adequate hygiene and biosecurity measures should be strictly followed to curb the outbreak of any disease'"
1050,885,"'Problem With the arrival of monsoon, litter and manure management is a key aspect for good flock health Provide curtains at both sides of poultry house or add overhang of 4-5ft to avoid direct entry of rains into shed Regular and frequent recking of litter material is advised to make it dry. Then caked up litter should be disposed in a far-off place from farm Replenish with new litter if litter moisture is very high or treat it with slaked lime@ 1kg for every 10 sq mt area Clean feeder and waterer daily to check mould growth. Provide clean drinking water or use chlorinated drinking water@ 2g bleaching powder for 1000lt of water The feed storage should be regularly checked for moulds and fungus infestation. Toxin binder may be provided in feed formulation especially in duck feed High energy source such as fat @5% may be added in feed Reduction in day length hamper egg production in layers. Hence florescence light may be provided which mimic the daylight Vaccination should be done strictly as per vaccination schedule for poultry Rainy season comes with many diseases like fowl pox, fowl cholera, IBD, Coccidiosis, Aspergillosis and other respiratory problems The poultry floor must be kept clean and dry with proper litter management to avoid mud bulls in leg Hence adequate hygiene and biosecurity measures should be strictly followed to curb the outbreak of any disease'"
1051,1674,"'A the farm. In case of risk or reasonable suspicion of risk of pollution, the certification programme should set limits for the maximum application levels of heavy me h'"
1052,888,"'y Eradication of pest propagules the pupa of major pest, there sting structure of major pathogens are lying at our farms at threshing floor and in the soil to minimized the initial pest/ pathogen load, sanitation of threshing floor, deep ploughing of field, Sanitation of bunds etc. is must farmer should collect all crops debris and buried them in compost pit.'"
1053,889,"'y Preparation of Seeds - Seed materials of crop should be processed very carefully all physically damaged, discolored, undersized seed must be picked off. Only clean healthy pest and disease- free material should be stored as seed.'"
1054,890,"'y During the month of May, seed treatment with carbendazim 2 g/kg seed or vitavax 2 g/kg seed followed by treatment with 2 g/ kg Thiomethaxam or 2g Imidachloprid per kg seed followed by Trichoderma viride 10g per kg seed treatment must be done in second fortnight of June.'"
1055,891,"'y Seed germination test- Before onset of monsoon, the germination test of soybean seeds must be done. The farmers can do it at his own farm in towel paper or jute bags can be dip in clean water and 1000 seed randomly collected can be put in well-organized lines on jute bag or towel paper then it can be rolled up and placed well in protected room, away from direct sunlight. After 4-5 days, the jute bags can be unfolded and healthy germ tube can be counted. Germination test is very important to ensure the optimum plant population.'"
1056,892,"'y Extra early maturing variety: JM-08, Vivek Hy-17, Vivek Hy-43, Pratap Shankar Hy-1 y Early maturing variety: PMH-5, HIM-129, Prakash, MCU-508, DKC-7074, Pro-368, Seed Tech-2324, Kohinoor, JM-12, JM-215 (Yellow/Orange seed, flinty and round shape; suitable for light to very light type of soil).'"
1057,893,"'y Early maturing variety: PMH-5, HIM-129, Prakash, MCU-508, DKC-7074, Pro-368, Seed Tech-2324, Kohinoor, JM-12, JM-215 (Yellow/Orange seed, flinty and round shape; suitable for light to very light type of soil).'"
1058,894,"'y The pupa of fall army worm, stemborer and spore of Rhizoctonia solani , Sheath blight causing agent remain in soil. Therefore, summer deep ploughing is most important to minimize inoculum potential.'"
1059,895,'y Biopriming/Seed treatment with Carbendazim 2g+ lmidachloprid 2g /kg + Trichoderma10g /kg + Azotobactor 2g/ kg seed followed by its germination test is must to get the optimum number of healthy plants in the field.'
1060,896,"'y The infestation of Fall Army Worm can be minimized up to great level by dry sowing or sowing with onset of monsoon, practicing crop rotation. Alternate maize with other crops that are not attacked by the Fall Army Worm, application of basal dose of nutrients and ridge and furrow method of bed preparation must be concluded by last week of May or first week of June.'"
1061,897,"'y Use of high yielding variety like Early - Danteswari, JR 206, JR 81, Sahbhagi and MTU 1010. Medium -Kranti and Mahamaya (Bold grain), IR 35, IR 64 (Medium slender grain), Pusa Basmati 1 and'"
1062,898,"'y Summer ploughing of field, green manuring use dhaincha, sunhemp, urd or moong, seed treatment (organic- Trichoderma viridae , Pseudomonas flueroscense 5-10g/kg or chemical carbendazim 25%+Mancozeb 50% 3g/kg of seed).'"
1063,1644,"'Organically cultivated soils are relatively better attuned to withstand water stress and nutrient loss. Their potential to counter soil degradation is high and several experiments in arid areas reveal that organic farming may help to combat desertification (Alam and Wani, 2003). It is reported that about 70 hectares of desert in Egypt could be converted into fertile soil supporting livestock through organic and biodynamic practices. India, which has some areas of semi-arid and arid nature, can benefit from the experiment.'"
1064,900,"'y Weed management-timely manual weeding should be done if labour is available, or use of pre- emergence herbicides like pretilachlor 500ml/acre or pyrazosulphuran 80gm/acre and for post emergence bispyribac sodium 100ml/ acre.'"
1065,901,"'y Use of high yielding varieties like Rajiv Lochan, ICPL-87, Asha, TJT-501and Rajeshwari. y For frost prone area, preference should be given to early to medium maturing variety ICPL -87 and TJT-501.'"
1066,902,'y For raising of seedlings in System of Pigeonpea Intensification (SPI) - Filling of polybags to be done by mixing of compost /vermi compost and soil in ratio of 1:2 and the treated seed to be sown last week of May up to first week of June.'
1067,903,"'y Transplanting of raised seedlings is to be done after onset of monsoon, with soil application of bio fertilizer PSB + Rhizobium + Trichoderma 5 kg/acre each, enriched (2-3 days) with vermicompost/ compost 500 kg/acre and fertilizer 20:50:20 kg/ha (NPK) on soil test value basis.'"
1068,904,"'y Treat nursery beds for kharif season vegetable crops by deep summer ploughing and plastic mulching. y Sowing of Dhaincha seeds on all borders of the nursery area, it protect nursery from dry hot scorch wind in June month.'"
1069,899,"'y Preparation of nursery for SRI- Well pulverized nursery, having one meter width & length is needed should be prepared in May. During preparation of nursery adequate quantity of well decomposed FYM should be added to nursery. This FYM will facilitate easy and undamaged uprooting of seedling for its transplanting (25xl5 cm). The date of nursery planting may be adjusted at per availability of water and or onset of monsoon.'"
1070,1569,"'DEPARTMENT OF PLANT PROTECTION M.Sc. Ag. (Plant Pathology) CBCS II Semester Open Elective Course- I: Organic Farming Introduction, Concept and Relevance in Present Context: Sustainable development has caught the imagination and action all over the world. Sustainable and tenere, to hold), to keep in existence or maintain, implies long-term support or permanence. As it pertains to agriculture, sustainable describes \'farming systems that are capable of maintaining productivity and usefulness to society indefinitely. Such systems must be resource- conserving, socially supportive, commercially competitive, and environmentally sound\'. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), \' sustainable agriculture is the'"
1071,1570,"'Introduction, Concept and Relevance in Present Context: Sustainable development has caught the imagination and action all over the world. Sustainable and tenere, to hold), to keep in existence or maintain, implies long-term support or permanence. As it pertains to agriculture, sustainable describes \'farming systems that are capable of maintaining productivity and usefulness to society indefinitely. Such systems must be resource- conserving, socially supportive, commercially competitive, and environmentally sound\'. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), \' sustainable agriculture is the'"
1072,1571,"'maintaining or enhancing the quality of environment and conserving natural resources \'. All definitions of sustainable agriculture lay great emphasis on maintaining an agriculture growth rate, which can meet the demand for food of all living things without draining the basic resources.'"
1073,905,"'y For fruit borer in tomato, brinjal and okra, spray of Beauveria bassiana or Metarhizium anisopliae 1.5 lit per ha or Spinosad 0.4 ml per liter of water or lambda cyhalothrin 10WP 1.25g per lit of water.'"
1074,906,'y Preparation for establishment of new orchard must be started by performing layout and digging of pits. y Prepare nursery of papaya for plantation in orchard.'
1075,907,"'y In guava, spray zinc sulphate 2.0 kg + lime l.0 kg in 100 lit of water to control dieback of branches and keep fruit fly trap to control fruit fly or spray Spinosad 0.4 ml per liter of water or lambda cyhalothrin 10WP 1.25 g per lit of water.'"
1076,908,"'y In pomegranate, spray Spinosad 0.4 ml per liter of water or lambda cyhalothrin 10WP 1.25g per lit of water during first week of May for the management of pomegranate butterfly and to manage the deficiency due to micronutrient, spray multiplex 250 g in 200 lit of water during May.'"
1077,909,"'y In pineapple, for inducing flowering poured 50 ml solution made by dissolving 1.25 ml of ethanol + 1kg of urea + 20 g of sodium carbonate in 50 lit. of water.'"
1078,910,"'y Pre-monsoon vaccination of FMD/HS and Artificial Insemination (Al) should be continued in consultation with veterinary officer on door to door basis rather than direct visit to the dispensaries. y To maintain productivity and improve immune status of animals, farmers are suggested for regular supplementation of mineral - 60g/ day in adult dairy animals and 20-30g in small ruminants.'"
1079,1572,"'O ver time, the International Alliance for Sustainable Agriculture and an increasing number of researchers, farmers, policy-makers and organizations worldwide have developed a definition that unifies many diverse elements into a widely adopted, comprehensive, working definition: A sustainable agriculture is ecologically sound, economically viable, socially just and humane . T hese four goals for sustainability can be applied to all aspects of any agricultural system, from production and marketing to processing and consumption. Rather than dictating what methods can and cannot be used, they establish basic standards by which widely divergent agricultural practices and conditions can be evaluated and modified, if necessary to create sustainable systems. The result is an agriculture designed to last and be passed on to future generations. C onceived in this sense, sustainable agriculture presents a positive response to the limits and problems of both traditional and modern agriculture. It is neither a return to the past nor an idolatry of the new. Rather, it seeks to take the best aspects of both traditional wisdom and the latest scientific advances. This result in integrated, nature-based agro-ecosystems designed to be self-reliant, resource-conserving and productive in both the short and long terms.'"
1080,1645,"'The organic agriculture movement in India received inspiration and assistance from IFOAM which has about 600 organizational members from 120 countries. All India Federation of Organic Farming (AIFOF) is a member of IFOAM and consists of a number of NGOs, farmers' organizations, promotional bodies and institutions.'"
1081,1675,"'For protected structure coverings, plastic mulches, fleeces, insect netting and silage rapping, only products based on polyethylene and polypropylene or other polycarbonates are allowed. These shall be removed from the soil after use and shall p'"
1082,1676,'he act of collection should positively contribute to the maintenance of natural areas. n should be paid to maintenance and stainability of the ecosystem.'
1083,912,"'y In case of temporary shortage of availability of green fodder or concentrate feed farmers can also prepare home-made feed by using grain like wheat, maize, wheat bran, oilcakes and salt. They can also prepare silage for their adult dairy animals.'"
1084,913,'y Ensure summer management of animals and provide them plenty of clean water along with Vitamin-C supplementation in extreme hot season to combat with the heat stress. Comfortable and ventilated housing should be there and practice regular deworming after every quarter as per the veterinary doctor advice.'
1085,914,"'y As a safety measures, farmers have to follow general hygiene practices when handling animals and animals products. Washing hand before and after feeding and milking animals with soap and clean water or using alcohol-based sanitizer.'"
1086,915,"'y Frequent cleaning and sanitation of milk utensils and equipment should be practiced with suitable detergent. While delivering and pouring milk, use mask and safe distance of one arm between two persons.'"
1087,916,'y Disinfect the farm premises with suitable chemicals such as 1% sodium hypochlorite + bleaching powder (7.0 gm in 1 lit. of water) or 1% sodium hypochlorite with proper care.'
1088,917,'y Adequate apace for animals should be given to prevent overcrowding. y Give enterotoxaemia vaccination 2 mls/cto pregnant Ewe/Doe before one month of expected date of lambing/kidding.'
1089,918,"'y During this hot summer provide good ventilation, maintain proper shed temperature and make availability of ample cold drinking water to maintain body temperature of birds. y Use anti-stress vitamins such as vimeral to increase immunity and to reduce climate stress.'"
1090,919,'y Local poultry farmers are advised to feed concentrate mix with local available grain in ratio of 2:1 in the diet to maintain the health and growth of poultry birds during the scarcity of quality feed.'
1091,935,'y Fertilizer application using FYM and NPK @ 120:60:40 for hybrids and NPK @100:50:30 for local varieties using 1/3N and full dose of P& K at sowing and 2 split doses of N at first earthing up and 1 month thereafter should be used.'
1092,920,"'High yielding and improved varieties of rice in different situations of Chhattisgarh: Rainfed uplands: Samleshwari, Indira Barani Dhan-1, Sahbhagi Dhan, Danteshwari, Chhattisgarh Zinc rice-1 and Bastar dhan-1.'"
1093,921,"'Rainfed midlands: Indira arobic dhan-1, IGKV R-1(Indira Rajeshwari), Indira sugandhit Dhan-1, I.R.64, Chandrahasini, Indira Aerobic-1, Karma Masuri,  Durgeshwari, Maheshwari, I.R.36 , MTU- 1010, C.R.Dhan-201, C.R.Dhan-309, Trambey C.G. Dubraj Mutent-1, Chandra (MTU-1153), Chhattisgarh Madhuraj-55.'"
1094,922,"'Rainfed lowlands: Chhattisgarh Deobhog, Karma Masuri, Indira Rajeshwari, Durgeshwari, Maheshwari, N.D.R.8002, Jaldubi, Swarna Sub-1, Sanba Masuri, Sampada, Mahamaya, Swarna, Badshah bhog Sel.- 1, Tarun bhog Sel-1, Dubraj Sel.-1, Vishnu bhog Sel.-1, Chhattisgarh Sugandhit Bhog, Jaldubi.'"
1095,923,"'Irrigated conditions: Samleshwari, C.G.Z.R.-1, Chandrahasini, Karma Masuri, Indira Rajeshwari, Durgeshwari, Maheshwari, Indira Aerobic-1, Indira Sugandhit Dhan-1, NDR-8002, Jaldubi, Swarna Sub-1, Samba Masuri, PKV HMT, Badshah Bhog Sel-1, Tarun bhog Sel-1, Dubraj Sel.-1, Vishnu bhog Sel.-1, Chhattisgarh Madhuraj-55, Chhattisgarh Sugandhit Bhog, Z inco rice M.S., Trombey C.G. Dubraj Mutent-1, Ratnagiri-8, Improved Samba Masuri.'"
1096,924,"'Chhattisgarh Sankar dhan-2, Indira Sona, Suruchi, DRRH-2, Arize-6444, DRH-775, HRI-157, Ankur-74345, KPH-199, KPH-371, KRH-2, KRH-4, PAC-8744. 180 ICAR KHARIF AGRO-ADVISORY FOR FARMERS'"
1097,925,"'y Timely sowing of nursery should be followed from 01 to 20 th June and timely transplanting (up to 20 July) schedule for better grain quality, water saving and low build up of stem borers. For higher yield transplant 15to 25 days old seedlings before 20 th July.'"
1098,1573,"'Organic farming is one of the several approaches found to meet the objectives of sustainable agriculture. Organic farming is often associated directly with, \'Sustainable farming.\' However, ‘organic farming’ and ‘sustainable farming’, policy and ethics-wise are t wo different terms. Many techniques used in organic farming like inter-cropping, mulching and integration of crops and livestock are not alien to various agriculture systems including the traditional agriculture practiced in old countries like India. However, organic farming is based on various laws and certification programmes, which prohibit the use of almost all synthetic inputs, and health of the soil is recognized as the central theme of the method. Organic products are grown under a system of agriculture without the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides with an environmentally and socially responsible approach. This is a method of farming that works at'"
1099,926,'y Use laser land leveller for precise land levelling to enhance efficiency of water and other farm inputs. Apply nutrients according to the soil test results. Omit phosphorus application in rice following wheat that received recommended dose of phosphatic fertilizers. Use nitrogen judiciously based on leaf colour chart (LCC). Excessive use of nitrogen encourages multiplication of insect pests and diseases.'
1100,927,"'y To control Zinc deficiency, apply 60 kg of Zinc sulphate heptahydrate (21%) or 40 kg Zinc sulphate monohydrate (33%) per hectare at puddling in case previous crop in this field had shown the symptoms of Zinc deficiency.'"
1101,928,"'y Direct seeded rice method with Seed drill gives better yield in rainfed ecosystem of Chhattisgarh and minimize the losses occur due to drought spells and uneven distribution of rainfall or moisture stress situation. DSR will also help in timely sowing, labour saving, hence farmers of Chhattisgarh are advised to adopt this technique and bring rice area under direct seeding.'"
1102,929,'y Sowing should be done in the second fortnight of June and Indira Barani Dhan-1 is the most suitable variety. Sowing should be completed with rice seed drill fitted with inclined plate seed planter by using 20 to 25 kg seed /ha in 20 cm spaced rows. The seed should be placed at 2-3 cm depth. Before sowing treat seed with Mancozeb + Carbendozim @ 3 g/kg seed by dissolving in 10-12 ml water/kg seed ; make paste of fungicide solution and rub on the seed.'
1103,1092,"'.................................................... pulses. Integrated management: * Legume borer moth: Economic damage level - 5 to 6 moths per moth per night for three consecutive nights or 5% of infected pods. Identification and nature of damage - The adult moth is yellowish brown in colour. The forewings are yellowish brown with a black mark in the middle of the wing. The hindwings are somewhat broad fuscous whitish to pale fuscous, with a black band along the margin. The scales are greenish, yellowish, or brownish, with a faint whitish stripe along the flanks. Its scales penetrate the pods and feed on the granules. The damaged pods are fuscous. Whitefly: Identification and nature of damage - these insects are small in size about one to one and a half mm. They have a long yellow body. Their whole body is covered with white powder. Their wings are white. Both young and adult leaves are harmed by sucking sap from tender twigs. This fly spreads the virus of yellow discoloration disease in the abdomen. Due to sucking of excess juice, it causes honeydew which is attacked by black fungus and the photosynthesis process is disrupted. Legume sucking insect (Clavigrella jibosa): Identification and nature of damage The adult bug is about two centimeters long, somewhat greenish-brown in color. It is found with a serrated dorsal fin at the apex and strong thorns at the tip. Its young and adults are attracted to the stem, leaves, flowers and pods of pigeon pea and cause harm. The inflamed pods develop pale yellow spots, and on excessive exposure, the pods shrink and the pods remain small. Leaf-bearing insects (blue butterfly): Identification and nature of harm: Full-grown caterpillars are yellow-green, yellow-red, or light-colored, and the lower surface of their bodies are covered with tiny hairs. The adult butterfly is sky blue. Its trunks pierce the pods and damage their granules. Mahdoo (Aphis crexivora): Identification and nature of damage - This aphid is dark brown or black in colour with no wings or feathers. A female gives birth to 8-30 young and has a lifespan of 40-42 days. Its young and adults cause damage by sucking sap from various parts of the plant, especially flowers and pods. For sowing, choose yellow leaf mosaic tolerant species such as Punt-Urd-49, Pant-Urd-30, PDU-4, PDU- 88-34, UG-248 or Narendra-Urd-4. Pest infestation on the crop should be monitored at weekly intervals. Yellow leaf-infested plants should be carefully uprooted and destroyed on sight. Hairy sundew moths should be collected and destroyed with a light bulb. The 20-25 pheromone traps for tobacco control. Tobacco sundae eggs and brood suckers should be collected and destroyed twice a week. Tobacco sundae NPV is 250 larval equivalents per week. Spraying should be done two to three times a week at a rate of 88.'"
1104,1093,"'y Healthy food help in preserving good health. y Use ample of fresh fruits and vegetables, they provide essential nutrients to the body such as vitamins and minerals.'"
1105,1094,'y Papaya is rich in vitamin ‘A’ and ‘C’ which boost the immune system. It contain an enzyme papain extracted from tender papaya was used in medicine industry. Papaya can be eaten fresh as fruit and in bulk can be processed into squash jam and nectar.'
1106,1095,'Nursery management of onion “An onion nursery is a place or an establishment for raising or handling of young onion seedlings until they are ready for more permanent planting.”'
1107,930,'Spray Pyrazosulfuron 10%  W.P. @ 8 g  /ha in 500 lr. of water in moist soil within 10-12 days of transplanting. It should be followed by 250 ml/ha Bispyribac Sodium 10 SC if the crop is infested with Echinochloa sps and Cyperus or 40 g/ha Azimsulfuron 50DF or 20g/ha metsulfuron methyl+ chlorimuron ethyle 20WP if the crop is infested with broadleaf weeds at 20-25 days of sowing in 350-400 litres of water.'
1108,931,"'y Apply 130 kg urea/acre in three equal splits at 4,6 and 9 weeks after sowing. Phosphorus and potash should be applied only if the soil test shows deficiency of these nutrients.'"
1109,932,'Maize has emerged as a cash crop in Northern hills and Bastar plateaue of Chhattisgarh having more than 2.0 lakh ha area under this crop during kharif. Following varieties of maize are advised for different situations:'
1110,933,'y Seed of maize should be treated before sowing with Mancozeb 75 WP or Metalaxyl MZ 72 WP @ 2-3 g/kg seed. Fields should be prepared well by ploughing 2-3 times at a depth of 12-15 cm for incorporation of FYM @ 10-15 t/ha.'
1111,934,"'y Field preparation and sowing of maize should be completed by the end of June, spacing for maize may be maintained at 60x20 cm so that optimum plant population of 75000-80000 plants can be obtained as the plant population less than 50000 affect the yield drastically.'"
1112,945,"'y Cultivate Non-lodging and submergence tolerant paddy varieties MTU 1161, MTU 1064, MTU 1140, MTU 1172, Swarna sub –1 for flood prone areas. In low lying and waterlogged areas, select MTU -1061, MTU-1064, RGL-2537 and MTU 1140.'"
1113,946,"'y Direct seeding (ferti cum seed drill or wet direct seeding with drum seeder) at 20 kg/acre seed rate, SRI cultivation or MSRI at 2-10 kg seed rate reduces seed and labour requirement, saves water. Machine transplanting to improve productivity with minimum labour.'"
1114,947,"'y Apply Carbofuran 3 G granules @ 160 g /cent at 7 to 10 days before pulling of seedlings to prevent stem borer, gall midge and leaf folder in main filed.'"
1115,948,'y Sow during June to mid-July in red soils and July to mid-August in black soils. Avoid light red soils without irrigation facilities. y Seed rate: 0.75 to 1.0 kg/acre for Bt. Cotton hybrids'
1116,1677,"'ild harvested products shall only be certified organic if derived from a stable and sustainable ceed the sustainable yield f the ecosystem, or threaten the existence of plant or animal species.'"
1117,1096,'Red loam to black soils with good drainage facilities is highly suited for onion cultivation. It performs well at a soil pH range of 6-7 and a mild season without extremes of heat and cold.'
1118,936,"'Nutri cereals viz. Kodo, Kutki (Small millets) and ragi (Finger millet) have a sizeable area in Bastar plateau and Northern hills of Chhattisgarh due to suitable agro-climate for these minor millets. These are rich in Calcium and good source of phosphorus, iron, potassium and selenium as well as essential vitamins like folate, niacin, riboflavin and vitamin B 6, C, E and K. Sowing of minor millets should be completed by the end of July for good production . Following varieties of minor millet crops are suitable for cultivation in Chhattisgarh:'"
1119,937,"'Deep summer ploughing should be done for field preparation for pulses,apply FYM and compost @ 8-10 t/ha and mix well. Sowing of Pigeon pea should be done by the end of June in rows at the spacing of 60-90x15-20 cm. Seed rate should be 12-15 kg/ha Seed should be treated with Carbendazim or Thirum @3g/kg seed Fertilizer dose should be scheduled as per the soil test results. In general, 20-25 kg N, 45-50 kg P and 15-20 kg K and 20 kg S should be given basal. Improved varieties like Chhattisgarh Arhar -1, Chhattisgarh-2, Rajivlochan and TJT-501 should be sown. Soybean and other pulse crops should be sown with proper drainage arrangement. For this seed should be treated with culture before sowing. The quantity of Rhizobium culture@5g + PSB @ 10 g/kg seed should be used for this seed treatment.'"
1120,1574,"'grass root level preserving the reproductive and regenerative capacity of the soil, good plant nutrition, and sound soil management, produces nutritious food rich in vitality which has resistance to diseases.'"
1121,949,'y Use pre-emergence herbicide Pendimethaline @ l l/acre immediately after sowing and post emergence herbicides Quizalofop-p ethyl 400 ml+ Pyrthioback sodium 200 ml/ace at 25-30 DAS. Use mechanical weeders at early stages of crop'
1122,1575,"'The farming being practiced for the last five decades in India has increasingly been found non- sustainable. The system is oriented towards high production without much concern for ecology and the very existence of man himself. Adverse effects of modern agricultural practices not only on the farm but also on the health of all living things and thus on the environment have been well documented all over the world. Application of technology, particularly in terms of the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides all around us has persuaded people to think aloud. Their negative effects on the environment are manifested through soil erosion, water shortages, salination, soil contamination, genetic erosion, etc.'"
1123,938,"'Field preparation for sowing of oilseed crops should be completed by 20 th June, Seeds of improved varieties be arranged well in time. Improved varieties of Sesame are J.T.-7, TKG-21, TKG-22, 55, JTS-8, TKG-306, 308, JT-11,12, 14 and Sel.-5, Groundnut S.B.-11, J.L.24, ICGS-11, 37 and 44, Soybean C.G. Soya-1, RKS-18, J.S.-9560, J.S.9752, J.S. 93 05 and J.S.-335 and Castor Kranti, Jwala, Jyoti, G.C.H-4 and DCH-32 are recommended for sowing in Chhattisgarh. Farmers are advised to do seed treatment with Carbendazim or Thiram @ 3 -5 g/kg seed before sowing.'"
1124,939,"'Irrigation management is required in mango, lemon and other fruit crops. Preparation should be done for new fruit gardens and digging the pits at a specified distance can be carried out. In banana, papaya and'"
1125,940,"'y After harvesting of summer crops deep ploughing is advised wherever sufficient moisture is there in the field particularly in those fields where wilt, stem rot and armature disease are frequently observed to facilitate soil solarisation.'"
1126,941,"'y Need based irrigation and intercultural operation should be done in tomato, brinjal, chilli, okra and other vegetable crops. In banana, papaya and other crops increase the amount of water in the drip as per evapo-transpiration rate.'"
1127,942,"'y Vegetable nursery should be sown in 15 cm high raised beds. In case, nursery is protected by white agro net (mosquito net), viral diseases infection will not be there. Sowing should be done after seed treatment with fungicides against stem rotting diseases.'"
1128,943,"'y Fall army worm is infesting maize crop in several parts of Chhattisgarh, farmers are advised to apply Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC @ 250 ml/ha or Chlorantraniliprole a.i. 45 gm per litre + Emamectin benzoate a.i. 18 gm per litre @ 200 ml/acre.'"
1129,944,"'y Paddy varieties NDLR-7, BPT-5204, NLR-34449 and RNR-15048 should be transplanted during July. y Cultivate Non-lodging and submergence tolerant paddy varieties MTU 1161, MTU 1064, MTU 1140, MTU 1172, Swarna sub –1 for flood prone areas. In low lying and waterlogged areas, select MTU -1061, MTU-1064, RGL-2537 and MTU 1140.'"
1130,1097,'Sow the medium sized bulbs during April – May and October – November. It requires sufficient soil moisture during its growing period but heavy rains during bulb germination and'
1131,2112,"'LIVESTOCK: Shall mean any domestic or domesticated animal including bovine (including buffalo and bison), bovine, porcine, caprine, eq production of food. The products obtained by hunting or fishing of wild animals shall not be considered as part of this definition. M delivering or placing on the market in any other form.'"
1132,1137,"'Late season variety. The heads are large, flat, somewhat loose and drum shaped. Each head weighs 3-5 kg. Outer leaves are light green with prominent mid-rib. Requires long winter'"
1133,950,"'y Fertilizers and manures: 4 t FYM/acre, 36:18:18 kg N, P 2 O 5 and K 2 O /ac for American varieties; 48:24:24 kg/ac for conventional hybrids and 25% excess N for Bt hybrids. Appy Phosphorus as basal, N and K in three equal splits at 30, 60, 90 DAS .'"
1134,951,'y Spray 2 g ZnSO 4 /l 2-3 times at 5-6 days interval to manage Zn deficiency. Apply 20 kg ZnSO 4 per acre in soil once in three years.'
1135,952,"'y Under submergence due to excess rains, drain the excess water at the earliest, apply 20+10 kg N and K/ha, loosen soil, spray 1 % KNO 3 or 19:19:19 or 20:20:20 or 21:21:21'"
1136,953,"'y Adopt deep summer ploughing and mechanized sowing. Sow during 15 th June to 15 th July. If monsoon is delayed, sowing can be extended up to first week of August using short duration hybrids under assured irrigation.'"
1137,954,"'y Seed rate 7-8 kg per acre for normal hybrids, 3-4 kg per acre for sweetcorn, 5 kg per acre for popcorn and 10 kg per acre for baby corn.'"
1138,955,"'y Deep summer ploughing with sub-soiler or chisel plough to break sub soil hard pan and increase water holding capacity. y Grow high yielding and drought tolerant varieties like Kadiri-9, Kadiri Harithandhra, Anantha, Greeshma, Narayani, Abhaya, Dharani, ICGV91114, Kadiri Amaravathi, Kadiri Chitravathi, Nityaharitha (TCGS-1157) and Lepakshi (K-1817)'"
1139,956,'y Sow rainfed groundnut after receipt of 50 mm cumulative rainfall during SW monsoon. Avoid early sowing after first rains during June and late sowing after 1st week of August.'
1140,957,"'y Seed treatment with imidacloprid 600 FS @ 1ml/kg followed by tebuconazole 2 DS @ 1g or mancozeb @ 3 g/kg or Trichoderma viride @ 10g/kg to control sucking pests collar rot, PSND in the early stages.'"
1141,1576,"'Organic farming is one of the widely used methods, which is thought of as the best alternative to avoid the ill effects of chemical farming. The origin of organic farming goes back, in its recent history, to 1940s. During this period, the path breaking literature on the subject published by J.I. Rodale in the United States, Lady Balfour in England and Sir Albert Howard in India contributed to the cause of organic farming.'"
1142,958,"'y Varieties for light soils: PRG-176, PRG-158 and ICPL 84031; medium to heavy soils: LRG-41, ICPL 85063, ICPL-87119, BSMR- 786 and LRG-52. y Intercrops: foxtail millet (5:1), pearl millet (2:1), sorghum (2:1) and castor (2:1). If early rains are received during July intercrop with groundnut, bajra and sorghum. If late rains are received after August intercrop with fodder pearl millet, fodder sorghum, greengram, cowpea and horse gram. If rain is received after 15 September, intercrop with fodder sorghum, fodder pearl millet and horse gram.'"
1143,959,"'y Intercrops: foxtail millet (5:1), pearl millet (2:1), sorghum (2:1) and castor (2:1). If early rains are received during July intercrop with groundnut, bajra and sorghum. If late rains are received after August intercrop with fodder pearl millet, fodder sorghum, greengram, cowpea and horse gram. If rain is received after 15 September, intercrop with fodder sorghum, fodder pearl millet and horse gram.'"
1144,960,"'y Sowing sesame with the available soil moisture up to June 30 th . Select high yielding varieties like Hima, Sarada (YLM 66) and YLM-17. If available provide one life-saving irrigation at 30 DAS.'"
1145,961,"'y Cultivate YMV resistant, greengram varieties LGG-460, LGG-450, IPM-2-14, WGG 42 and blackgram varieties TBG-104, PU-31, GBG-1, IPU-2-43, LBG-752 and LBG-787. y Sow from 15 th June to 15 th July. Seed rate 15-16 kg/ha for greengram and 18-20 kg/ha for blackgram. Spacing: 30 x 10 cm.'"
1146,1138,"'Early maturing variety with heads flat, medium-large, weighing 2-3 kg, Average yield is 20-30 t/ha.'"
1147,1139,"'Late maturing variety with heads compact, flat and equal in size. Harvested within 100- 120 days after transplanting. Average yield is 20-30 t/ha.'"
1148,1140,'Tropical type variety produces seed under subtropical conditions. Produces marketable heads at temperature range of 15-30  0 C but the day temperature should not be above 35  0 C.'
1149,1141,"'P unjab broccoli: Its leaves are smooth, wavy and dark green. The leaves as well as sprouts have slightly'"
1150,1142,'Gypsy- It is an early broccoli variety with a strong root system for good productivity in poor soil. It produces nicely-domed green heads with medium to small bead size. This variety is tolerant to heat.'
1151,963,'y Under high moisture conditions due to unusual rains drain the excess water at the earliest and apply 4-5 kg N /ha. Spray KNO 3 @ 1 % or 19:19:19 or 20:20:20 or 21:21:21 @ 1%. Spray 0.5% FeSO 4 to correct Fe deficiency. Spray 1 % KNO 3 to mitigate drought.'
1152,964,"'y Crops like jowar, bajra, foxtail millet and pulses viz ., green gram, balck gram, horse gram, cowpea, field bean can be grown as contingency corps after July if monsoon is delayed.'"
1153,965,'y Seed rate for bajra is 1.6 kg/acre and sowing time is June-July. Treat the seed with Carbendazim/Mancozeb @ 3g/kg. Soak seed in 2% (20 g/lit) salt solution for 10 min to remove ergot infected seed. For rainfed crop apply 4 t FYM and fertilizers 24:12:8 kg N:P:K /acre'
1154,966,"'y Spray ZnSO 4 @ 2.0 g/l 5 - 7 days interval to manage Zn deficiency. Apply 20 kg of ZnSO 4 as basal once in every three years. y Spay atrazin 50% WP @ 500 g/ac 3 days after planting. Spary 2,4 D Sodium salt @ 1800 g + metribuzin @ 450 ml /acre to control broadleaved weeds after 30 DAP and at 20 th and 60 th day after harvest in ratoon crop. Do a hand weeding at 20-25 days after harvest for ratoon cane.'"
1155,967,"'y Spay atrazin 50% WP @ 500 g/ac 3 days after planting. Spary 2,4 D Sodium salt @ 1800 g + metribuzin @ 450 ml /acre to control broadleaved weeds after 30 DAP and at 20 th and 60 th day after harvest in ratoon crop. Do a hand weeding at 20-25 days after harvest for ratoon cane.'"
1156,968,"'y Plant in deep trenches and apply 10 kg methyl parathion before planting to control stem borer. Release Trichogramma chilonis egg parasitoid @ 20,000 eggs/ acre 4 time at 30 days interval.'"
1157,969,'y Prune during June-July and plough Coconut'
1158,970,"'y Prune crisscross & dried branches and left-over fruit stalks during June-July and spray 1% Bordeaux mixture, followed by application of 2/3rd dose of RDF (60-70 kg FYM, 1450 g urea, 4.2 kg SSP and 1.2 kg MOP / tree above 10 years) and spray micronutrient mixture @ 5 g/l.'"
1159,971,"'y Procure healthy planting material from virus free fields, treat the sucker with Mancozeb (3g/l) and Monocrotophos @ 2ml/l, apply Trichoderma viride @ 5 kg) + FYM @ 100 kg while planting'"
1160,974,'y Apply Trichoderma viride @ 5 kg/ha and Pseudomonas flouresence @ 5 kg/ha after curing with 225 kg FYM and 25 kg neem cake to manage soil borne disease and nematode'
1161,975,'y Treat the seed material with Mancozeb (3g/l) and Monocrotophos @ 2ml/l and grow on ridges to avoid rhizome rot/ collar rot. y Apply Trichoderma viride (5 kg) + FYM (100 kg) culture at the time of planting'
1162,976,"'y Clean, grading, packing and brand eggs with clear specifications like date of production, expiry date, egg weight, protein and essential phospho-lipid content on the pack to boost the confidence of consumers.'"
1163,977,"'y Improve transportation of live birds in closed containers by providing required micro-environment including temperature, ventilation, oxygen levels, etc, to improve the image of poultry farming and gaining consumer confidence.'"
1164,978,"'y Encourage consumption of processed chicken meat by developing hygienic automatic processing plant, attractive packing with all relevant product information, providing proper cold chain and establishment of trusted brand values.'"
1165,979,"'y Direct seeding of rice with ferti-cum seed drill wherever suitable y Practice alternate wetting and drying in well irrigated areas to save water, better aeration and minimize incidence of BPH'"
1166,980,"'y Deep summer plough to destroy pests and conserve moisture y Sow medium duration varieties/hybrids DHM-117, DHM-119 DHM-121, Bisco-855, Bio-9637, Bisco-740, Kaveri Ekka-2288, Kaveri -2020, Kaveri-3696 and short duration hybrids DHM-115, Pioneer-3342, KH-5991, DKC-7074 during 15 th June 15 th July. Sowing can be extended up to July end if monsoon is delayed.'"
1167,981,"'y Sow medium duration varieties/hybrids DHM-117, DHM-119 DHM-121, Bisco-855, Bio-9637, Bisco-740, Kaveri Ekka-2288, Kaveri -2020, Kaveri-3696 and short duration hybrids DHM-115, Pioneer-3342, KH-5991, DKC-7074 during 15 th June 15 th July. Sowing can be extended up to July end if monsoon is delayed.'"
1168,1119,"'Plants erect with bluish green leaves, curd small to medium in size, flat, creamy white and compact. Average yield 11.7 tonnes/ha.'"
1169,982,"'y Follow IPM for FAW management: summer ploughing, growing single cross hybrids, clean cultivation, intercropping with pulses, balanced fertilization, release of egg parasitoids ( Trichogramma sp) and spraying Chlorantraniliprole @ 0.4 ml or spenitorum @ 0.5 ml or Emamectin benzoate @ 0.4 g l -1 in plant whorls.'"
1170,983,"'y Sow high yielding varieties WRG-65, PRG-176, PRG-158, ICP- 8863, ICPL-87119, WRG-27, WRG-53, LRG-41 during 15 th June to 15 th July at a spacing of 150-180 x 20 cm in black soils and 90-120 x 20 cm in red soils'"
1171,984,'y Spray pre-emergence herbicide Pendimethalin 30% @ 1.3 to 1.6 l/ acre in 200 liters water within a day. y Collect and destroy blister beetles in morning times'
1172,985,"'y Deep summer plough to destroy the eggs of insect pests and to remove weed stock y Intercrop with greengram/blackgram/soybean/cluster bean in 1:2 or 1:3 ratio, and red gram 4:1 / 6:1 / 8:1 ratio which also helps to manage sucking pests'"
1173,986,'y Treat the seed with Imidacloprid 70 WS@ 5 g per kg or Thiamethoxam 70% WS @ 4 g per kg followed by Trichoderma viridi or Pseudomonas fluorescence @ 10 g per kg'
1174,1143,"'It is a widely adapted hybrid variety developed for shipping , processing and home garden. Its plants are vigorous uniform in size and appearance with dark –green leaves.'"
1175,1144,'It is an early producer 85 days F1 hybrid and is easy to pick . are compact and 2-3 cm in diameter.'
1176,1145,"'This is an early 85 days and productive F1 hybrid, which has resistance to bottom rot and tip burn.'"
1177,1146,'Its plants are medium tall (55-60 cm) and bear 45-50 sprouts per plant. Sprouts are green compact and are with good flavour.'
1178,1577,"'In simple words organic agriculture is the production system with the optimum utilization of local resources in such a way so that sustainability of production and wellness of the society and environment can be maintained for fairly long time. Although organic agriculture seems to be just the exclusion of synthetic external inputs but it is the ideological differences with conventional agriculture (Sharma, 2001) that makes organic agriculture friendly to society and environment. These differences are given in table 1.'"
1179,987,'y Spray MgSO 4 @ 10 g/l twice at 45 and 75 DAS; Boron @ 1.5 g/l twice at 60 and 90 DAS; 0.5% FeSO 4 with citric acid twice at weekly intervals and ZnSO 4 @ 2 g/l twice at 4-5 days interval at 45 DAS to manage micronutrient deficiencies.'
1180,988,"'y Greengram varieties MGG-295, MGG-347, TM-96-2, WGG-37 and WGG-42; blackgram YMV resistant varieties PU-31, LBG-752, LBG-787, MBG-207 preferably in black soils. y Treat seeds with Imidacloprid @5g or Thiomethoxam @5g/kg'"
1181,989,"'y Sow varieties ASB-22 (Basara), JS-335, LSB-18, JS-93-05 during 15 th June 15 th July using seed drill / gorru / desi plough / by tractor drawn seed cum fertilizer drill / broad bed furrow planter.'"
1182,990,"'y Intercrop with redgram in 1:1 or greengram in 1:3 ratio, open furrows between rows to conserve moisture in light soils. 198 ICAR KHARIF AGRO-ADVISORY FOR FARMERS'"
1183,991,"'y Plant up to May end for short duration varieties Suguna, Sudarshana, Rajendra Sonia, Rajendra sonali; up to first fortnight of June for medium duration varieties Prathiba, CLI-317 and up to second fortnight of June for long duration varieties like KTS-8, Duggirala, Mydukuru, Tekurpeta and Armoor in raised bed at 30× 12.5 to 15 cm'"
1184,992,"'y Restrict the movement of visitors to the livestock farms and practice biosecurity measures. Keep sufficient feed, fodder and medicine in hand. y Vaccinate animals against Foot and Mouth Disease and Hemorrhagic septicemia (Cows and buffaloes), PPR (goats).'"
1185,993,"'y Deworm all adult stock with broad spectrum antihelmintic, Albendazole (Dose: 10 mg/ kg body weight) during last week of May. y Vaccinate animals with Haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) and black quarter in June.'"
1186,994,"'y In pre-monsoon period, deworm the whole flock with broad spectrum anti-helminthic Albendazole @ 10mg/ kg body weight. y Rotational deworming at quarterly interval'"
1187,1578,'Holistic approach: Any technology applied considering Reductionist  approach:  Targeted  approach for  one the system as a whole- No Imbalance commodity or one pest or deficiency of nutrient- creates imbalance in system'
1188,995,'y Protect birds from excess summer heat y Vaccinate for Fowl Pox and Ranikhet disease'
1189,996,"'y Plan fish harvest during the first-second week of June and partial harvesting to cater local markets. y Apply organic manure / raw cow dung @3-4 tonne/ha, poultry manure @1.5-2 tonne/ha in the pond 15 days prior to stocking to increase zooplankton population and afterwards 1000 kg of cow dung/ha every month'"
1190,997,"'y Apply organic manure / raw cow dung @3-4 tonne/ha, poultry manure @1.5-2 tonne/ha in the pond 15 days prior to stocking to increase zooplankton population and afterwards 1000 kg of cow dung/ha every month'"
1191,998,"'y High yielding short duration with fine grain rice varieties , ADT 45, ADT 53, CO 51 and Medium duration varieties, TKM13, VGD1, ADT 54 during Samba (August to December) and short duration bold varieties: ASD 16 and TPS 5; raise green manure crops utilizing summer showers before paddy.'"
1192,999,"'y Zn deficiency appears in initial stages of the crop (within 30 days) hence if the soil is deficient in Zn, apply 25 kg ZnSO 4 ha -1 for normal soil and 37.5 kg ZnSO 4 ha -1 for sodic soils.'"
1193,1120,"'A synthetic variety combining inbred lines. Plants with long stem, semi-erect-leaves and hemispherical creamy white, medium compact, nonncey curds. Yield 12 tonnes/ha. Curds are'"
1194,1121,"'Recommended for cultivation in entire north Indian plains. Plants medium tall, erect, bluish green and waxy leaves, curds compact, retentive white and medium in size.'"
1195,1122,'Recommended for cultivation in the northern plains of the country. Curds are medium compact and yellowish. Yield potential is 10 tonnes/ha available in October in the plains. Mid-'
1196,1123,"'First h\\ hybrid released by a public sector organization. Plants semi-erect with bluish green upright leaves, resistant to downy mildew. Curds are creamy white, very compact,'"
1197,1124,"'A variety released by IARI Variety Release Committee. Foliage bluish-green, leaf with narrow apex and prominent mid-rib. Semi-dome-shaped white and very compact curd. Average'"
1198,1678,'M ethological needs of the farm animals in question. This includes: growth should be'
1199,1000,'y For management of blast: Seed treatment with Bacillus subtilis @ 10g/kg. Upon observing the initial infection of the disease foliar spray with tricyclozole 75 WP @ 500 g/ha or metominostrobin 20 SC @ 500 ml/ha or Azoxystrobin 25 SC @ 500 ml/ha.'
1200,1125,"'A variety released for November maturity. It has medium long stem, semi-erect leaves; hemispherical creamy white, medium compact, non-ncey curds. Average yield 14 tonnes/ha.'"
1201,1126,"'A synthetic variety, plants erect, frame narrow to medium, curds creamy-white to white and compact. The yield potential is 27 tonnes/ha.'"
1202,1579,"'Decentralize production: Most of the inputs e.g. seed, Centralize  production:  Produced  in factories/farms, manure,  biopesticides  etc.  produced  at farm/village away  from  the  place  of  use-  no  proper use  of  local level-   suitable   to   local   environment+ generate resources+   least   employment+   increase cost   of employment+ low cost of production production'"
1203,1010,"'......................................... food grains. 4.ऊसरीली * Low-lying and waterlogged areas * 30 cm * 30-50 to m. From * 50-75. m. From * 75-20. 3H for flood prone areas of more than one meter (deep water). UBR 2-] Saket-4, Paddy-349, Saket-4, Usar-] Narendra Usar Paddy-2C. SR-0 Narendra Urasardhan-2008MahasuriNDGR 2044H. UBR 2 - 4 User Paddy -] Narendra User Paddy - 2C. SR-0 Narendra Usardhan-2008MahasuriNDGR 20 | 5H. UBR 2 - Usar Paddy - Narendra Usar Paddy - 2C. SR-0 Narendra Usardhan - 2008 MahasuriNDGR 20.'"
1204,1014,"'....................................... food grains. So 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 (d) Aromatic rice variety4. Type-3 - 430-45. 30-35 Minimum fine 66 - Aromatic white rice2. Mustard 6.44.89 445-25. 30-40 Minimum fine 67 Bacterial white hammock and disease receptor3. Pusa 6.44.89 425-430. 35-45 Tadaiv. Tadaiv 68 - Basmati - 4. Haryana 22.44.94 440 35-45 Tall Tadaiv - Green Fudke Basmati - + Tolerant to Thin 5. Basmati - 370 435 22-25 Tall Tadaiv - 6. Jaun U.P. Thinly Cured 6. Tarawari Basmati 445-50 25-30 Tall Thin - 7. Malviya Aroma 435 40-45 Medium White - Blast, - Long Bacterialblyte8. . Malaviya 430-435. 45-50 Thin White - Blast, - Aroma - 4 - 3 Long Bacterialblyte Inhibitor9. Valallabh 440 35-40 Super White. 67 Galmiz-Basmati-22 Fine Barrier. Narendra 405-440. 30-35 Medium Light-Neck Blast - Lalmati Long. Tolerant to reds and bacterialblasts4. Narendra fragrance 425-430. _ 40-45 Thin white. 70.7लम्बा Medium Inhibitor2. Pusa-637 445-20 40-45 Thin -- Blast Inhibitor43. Pusa Basmati-728 436-438 50-60 Thin Long -- Blast Bacterialblast Inhibitor4. Pumpkin 24.7.85 4 40-45. 45-50 Small Small -- Pumpkin. Suitable for coarse white soils2. Cs 6.44.89 445-420. 50-60. Suitable for -40. Narend 45.5.98 425-430. 45-50 Long Medium 50-62 Brown Spotted Irrigated Paddy - 2 Round White & Urad Paddy - 3 Suitable for Vegetation Anti-bacterial and Anti-fungal Diseases Anti-viral 40'"
1205,1679,'Pests should be avoided by good manufacturing practices. This includes general cleanliness and hygiene. T'
1206,1020,"'..................................... food grains. 25 kg if the problem of herbal scorching is not in the areas. After soaking the seed overnight in water, the second day, after the excess water is drained out, 62. 5 grams of Therum or 50 grams of Carbondazim should be dissolved in 1 liter of water and added to the seed, then sprouted in the shade and added to the nursery. In addition, 4. 5 grams per kg should be added for seed purification. Seed trichoderma should also be used. For planting area 800-4000 sq.m. 30 kg of fine paddy in area. 35 kg of medium paddy. and 40 kg of coarse paddy. The seed is sufficient to prepare the plant. It is about + 5 from the nursery. The area is planted. Timely sow the seeds in the nursery and plant 400 kg seeds in the nursery. Nitrogen and 50 kg. towards phosphorus. Use at the rate of. A spray of Trichoderma should be done within 40 days of nursery. A protective spray on the 40-44 day after sowing is done to prevent diseases and pests. A protective spray for dandruff is 5 kg. Zinc sulphate 20 kg. Urea or 2.5 kg. It is made by dissolving 4000 litres of water with crushed lime. The first spraying should be done 40 days after sowing and the second 20 days after sowing. Ferrous sulphate 20 kg. It should be sprayed with urea solution. 500 gm of carbendazim should be sprayed per hectare of 50% WP0 for prevention of frostbite and 2 kg for prevention of brown spot disease. Spray mancozeb at the rate of 75% WP per hectare Spray 4. 25 litres chlorpyrifos 20 EC per hectare to prevent nursery pests. When the temperature of the water in the nursery rises, ensure that it is drained and re-watered. 5.3 Direct Sowing: In the case of direct sowing in plain areas, varieties maturing in 90-440 days should be chosen. Sowing should be completed by mid-June to first week of July. 40 to 50 kg. per seed. at the rate of 20 cm. Sowing in rows should be done at a distance of. Sowing in rows facilitates weed control by mechanical means and plant protection treatments can also be carried out easily. The number of plants can also be ensured when sown by this method. If paddy is to be sown by levelling, then 400 to 440 kg. per seed. Use at the rate of. The seed should be soaked in water for 24 hours and kept in a heap for 36-48 hours so that the seed begins to germinate. This germinated seed can be grown in the field at a rate of two cm. Sprinklers should be sown in standing water. In the Agra division, where wells are in spate and paddy seedlings may not be well prepared, it is better to adopt this method. This reduction is 30-40 kg. It is every day. Early ripening varieties like Saket-4, Prasad, Govinda, Manhar Pant-40, IR-36 etc. can be sown from the third week of June to the last week of July. Late ripening varieties like Cross-446, Ta-00, Ta-22 and aromatic paddy varieties like Ta-3, An-42 etc. should be sown by the last week of July. High yielding aromatic varieties like Pusa Basmati- Planting should be done by July 45. Dwarf varieties of kwari and kartiki paddy are suitable for day-planting. Indigenous and late-ripening varieties are suitable for day-planting. Use 35-day seedlings for transplanting in summer and plant 2 to 3 seedlings in one place and row to row till 45 cm. Early medium and late ripening varieties can be transplanted in nursery on 30-35, 40-45 and 50-55 days respectively under adverse conditions. Swarna, Sona Mahsuri and Mahsuri should be transplanted from the end of May to 45 June. Delayed transplantation leads to difficulty in flowering. 46'"
1207,1019,"'Kharif / Kharif Kharif / Rabi foodgrains in rainfed condition: Fertilizer content - kg. \'Hey. Nitrogen Phosphorus Potash 60 40 30 Method of application: Use the entire fertilizer at the time of sowing in the husk below the seed |नोट: Use green manure between the wheat and paddy crop in the continuous paddy-wheat areas or use 40-2 tonnes per hectare of cow dung manure in the paddy crop. Cultivation of moong in Zayed yields 45 kg of rice. Nitrogen is saved. Similarly, green manure (sunai or dhencha) yields about 40-60 kg. Nitrogen is saved. Therefore, use nitrogen fertilizers accordingly. If compost 40-42 is used, it also provides nutrients and improves the physical condition of the soil. It is especially beneficial to sow the structure to increase the organic matter in the fertile area. 2 quintals per hectare. Gypsum can be used as basal. This will meet the sulphur requirement of the paddy crop. Sulphur deficiency can also be overcome by the use of single super phosphate. Potash can be used in basal dressing but in light loamy soils it is advisable to use potash fertilizer in topdressing with urea. Therefore, half the amount of potash should be used at the time of transplanting in such land and the remaining half should be topdressed with nitrogen twice. It is advisable to give all the fertilizers at the time of transplanting in places where the paddy fields are waterlogged and have drainage facilities. If for some reason this is not possible, spraying a 2-3% solution of urea in such areas twice at the time of germination and at the initial stage of germination is beneficial. Before topdressing urea, water should be removed from the field and if this is not possible in an area, urea should be mixed with one-fourth cow dung manure in its double soil and kept for 24 hours. By doing this, urea is converted into ammonium carbonate and is not destroyed by seepage. 5. Water management: Despite the availability of irrigation potential in the state, only about 60-62% of the area under paddy is irrigated, while paddy crop, the food grain crop, requires the most water. The crop must be watered for a week after planting, at the time of hatching, germination, flowering, and grain filling. The flowering stage is very sensitive to water. On the basis of tests, it has been found that continuous watering is not necessary to take more yield of paddy, for this, 5-7 cm is required a day after the water disappears from the surface of the field. Irrigation is advisable. If water scarcity is seen due to lack of rainfall, then irrigation must be done. Water retention in the field increases the availability of phosphorus, iron, and manganese, and also results in less weed growth. It is also worth noting that 5 cm of water is lost when the stubble is released. It is also harmful to overwater a field for a long time. Therefore, it is very important to manage drainage in areas that are waterlogged, otherwise the yield will be adversely affected. If the field is continuously waterlogged in the irrigated condition, the water disappears from the field after a day, 5 to 7 cm. Watering until watered will also save irrigation water |5. 4 Seed treatment: Seed treatment must be done before planting the nursery. For this, where there is a problem of bacterial scorching or bacterial edema, 4 grams of Streptomycin Sulphate 90% + Tetracycline Hydrochloride 40% should be used per 25 kg. Soak the seeds overnight in 400 litres of water at the seed rate and dry them in the shade the next day. 5,'"
1208,1021,"'Kharif / Kharif Kharif / Rabi खाद्यान्न5.5 Sowing at proper depth and distance: Planting of dwarf varieties 3 - 4 cm. It should not be done at a depth of more than. Otherwise, the shoots come out less and the yield is less. In normal fertile land, the distance between the rows and the plants is 20 2 40 cm. and 20 2 45 cm in fertile land. Keep. Plant 2 - 3 seedlings in one place. If planting is delayed, it is advisable to plant 3 - 4 seedlings in one place. Also the distance from the rows to the rows is 5 cm. It should be reduced. Pay special attention to the fact that the area per square meter must have 50 hills in normal condition and 65-70 hills in case of late and late seropai |5. 6 Use of Paddy Transplanter in Paddy Transplantation: Paddy Transplanter is a six-line manual and power-operated paddy transplantation nursery requirement driven eight-line paddy transplantation machine. Mat type nursery is required for transplantation. Paddy sprouting seed is used in this nursery. The row to row distance is 20 cm. Definite are: 20-40 cm. 50 kg for transplanting at a distance of. It is per. Seeds are needed. Good germination is achieved at a temperature of 30 ° C. Paddy should be soaked in water for 24 hours and then covered in shade or in a gunny bag for two or three days or until germination. Sprinkle water on the gunny bags until germination time. Seeds should be considered ready for sowing in the nursery when they germinate. 7.5 Mat type nursery: 5-6 cm for growing paddy nursery. The topsoil of the field up to a depth of is collected by collecting the soil. It is finely pounded and sieved by sieving. The area where the nursery is to be put should be well paddled and then the farm water should be drained and allowed to remain for a day or two so that the surface becomes a thin layer. Now the area should be covered with 2 to 3 cm of soil by putting wooden planks of one meter width to the required length. Make high beds and place one cm of sieved soil prepared for nursery in this area. Lay it flat on a height and sprinkle sprouted seeds on it at the rate of 800 to 4000 grams per square meter. Now put a little sieved soil on it so that the seeds are covered. Then cover the nursery with straw grass and keep spraying water for 4-5 days. Do not use any fertilizer in the nursery. 5.8 Planting: 45 days for transplanting seedlings with the help of scraper (20-50 cm. Cut the plant into pieces) in such a way that the part of the trimmed soil rises up to its thickness. Place these pieces in the paddy transplanter kettle. Press the handle attached to the machine with a slight jerk towards the ground. By doing this, cut the nursery plant slice in the tray 6 times and place it in the field at 6 places. Then pull the handle towards yourself and move the machine backwards as much as you want to keep the plant from the plant (usually 40 cm). Press the handle again with a slight jerk towards the ground. Repeat this way, this will complete the task of planting the plant. 5. 9 Gap filling: The plants that die after transplanting should be replaced by other plants immediately so that the number of plants per unit is not reduced. For a good yield, there must be 250 to 300 bulbs per square meter. Crop protection in paddy: Major pests of paddy: a) In unirrigated condition b) In irrigated condition 4. Termites 4. Termite2. Root rod2. Root rod3. Leaf wrapper3. Male insect4. Smelly bug 4. Leaf wrap 47'"
1209,1680,"'Recommended treatments are physical barriers, sound, ultra-sound, light, and UV-light, traps tatic bait traps), temperature control, controlled atmosphere and iatomaceous earth. A plan for pest prevention and pest control should be developed.'"
1210,1015,"'Kharif / Kharif Kharif / Rabi foodgrains are 240. SR-36 5.44.05सी. SR-43 24.4.44सी. SR-43 Narendra Urudhan-2008 Narendra Urudhan-2009C. SR-56 2048 |सी. SR-60 20483455435440440-445425-30420 - 25420-30420-30 (R) लिए4.स्वर्णा 9.4.85एम of low lying and water logged area and flood prone area. TU 7029 (shallow waterlogging) NDR-8002 Water Wave - Submerged. _49.42.78मधुकरजल Fund. 2.9.94जल Priya. 4.5.95. ndgr-. _ 4.2.43204465445445450-200445-50470-200450-60450-455 4 5 620-30 Basmati + - 40-65 long round - 40-50. short thick - 50-60 thin white Medium pedunclemata. - Long slender - 65-70 Small whitish petal 40-45 Long slender - 40-50 Long rounded white 35-40 Small. Thick white 30-40 Smallish white 35-40 Medium medium reddish brown 30-35 Longitudinal white 35-40 Medium reddish brown. दानाफ58.60 \'596960656465-7065-707565656565 - 707567-68 8 9Stem Rod. Rice leaf suitable for wet landfill Suitable for dry landfillResistant to medium dry leaf blight, -blast, brownspot, stem borer, and -shattering barrier Suitable for dry landDwarf- 30 cm deep water- Deep waterlogged areas (more than 20 cm) - Occasional floodplainsDifferent plants grow like lotus with long water resistance to fungal diseases. Semi-depressive from diseases. Suitable for waterlogging and obstruction up to 6m (50-00) 44'"
1211,1026,"'........................................ food grains. Carbendazim for the control of sheath blight disease 50% WP0 in 2 gm per kg. Sowing should be done by seed treatment at the seed rate. (4) For the control of brown spot disease, 2.5 gm quantity of Therum 75% WS0 or Trichoderma की4.0 gram quantity per kg. Sowing should be done by seed treatment at the seed rate. () Carbendazim 50% WP0 in the quantity of 2 grams per kg should be used for the control of false tendonitis. Sowing should be done by seed treatment at the rate of |भूमि treatment: (4) Zinc sulphate 20-25 kg for control of dandruff. On the last tillage before sowing / transplanting at the rate of 50 / -per hectare, there is no outbreak of dandruff. (2) Biopesticide Pseudomonas fluorescens 2.5 kg of 0.5% WP0 for the control of bacterial scorch / bacterial disease. 40-20 kg at the rate of 0 per he. Pre-sowing / pre-planting fertilizers like mulching mixed with fine sand is beneficial. 2.5 kg of the said biopesticide is used. Quantity per he0 400 kg. Cow dung can be mixed with manure and mixed in the soil before sowing after keeping it for about 5 days. (3) Land borne diseases: For control of land borne diseases, biopesticide Pesticide Trichoderma viridi 4% or Trichoderma harzianum 2% of 2.5 kg. It is per. 60-75 kg. Rubbing of rotten cow dung mixed with compost and kept in shade for 8-0 days and mixed with soil at the last ploughing before sowing is helpful in the management of sheath blight, false bollworm, etc. White disease: 5 kg for its control. Ferrous sulphate 20 kg. Urea or 2.5 kg. The crushed lime should be dissolved in 4000 litres of water per hectare and sprayed. Khaira disease: 5 kg for its control. Zinc sulphate 20 kg. Urea or 2.5 kg. The crushed lime should be dissolved in 4000 litres of water per hectare and sprayed. Sheath blight: To control it, one of the following chemicals, a biopesticide, should be sprayed per gallon of water - 500-750 4 liters of water. Carbendazim 50% WP0 500 gm2. Thiophenate methyl 70% WP0 4.0 kg03. Hexaconazole 5.0% EC0 4.0 L04. Propiconazole 25% EC0 500 ml05. Carbendazim 2% + Mancozeb 63% WP0 750 g Meningitis: For its control, one of the following chemicals should be sprayed per litre of water - 4. Carbendazim 50% WP500g2. Ediphenphos 50% EC500ml03. Hexaconazole 5.0% EC4.0l22'"
1212,1127,"'An introduction from Israel. Plants erect, leaves bluish green; curds compact and white. Yield potential is 20 tonnes/ha.'"
1213,1128,"'First h\\ hybrid released by a public sector organization. Plants semi-erect with bluish green upright leaves, resistant to downy mildew. Curds are creamy white, very compact,'"
1214,1129,"'A variety released by IARI Variety Release Committee. Foliage bluish-green, leaf with narrow apex and prominent mid-rib. Semi-dome-shaped white and very compact curd. Average'"
1215,1035,"'Kharif / Kharif Kharif / Rabi Foodgrains Selection and Land Treatment: Loamy or loamy soils are suitable for a good yield of hybrid paddy. They have a high water holding capacity. Trichoderma 2% WPK 2.5 kg to protect the crop from soil-borne diseases. Volume per hectare 60-75 kg. Mix rotten cow dung with rotten manure, sprinkle with lukewarm water, leave in shade for 1 day, and then add to the fields at the last ploughing time. 2.5 kg of biopesticide. Volume per hectare 60-75 kg. The cow dung should be mixed with compost, sprinkled with lukewarm water, kept in shade for 8-40 days and mixed with the soil at the last moment before sowing. Seed rate: 45-20 kg. Seeds are sufficient per hectare. Nursery management: The nursery management of hybrid paddy differs from that of other high-yielding common varieties. A nursery of 700 to 800 m2 is sufficient for planting hybrid paddy in an area of one hectare, which is also desirable for normal paddy. Keep in mind that even if the amount of hybrid paddy seed is less for the nursery, it is not advisable to reduce the area. As a result, the plants in the nursery are sparse and grow well. Before sowing the nursery, 400 kg. Nitrogen, 50 kg. Phosphorus and 50 kg. Potash is added to the field at the rate of per hectare. If the nursery shows signs of zinc or iron deficiency, a solution of 0. 5% zinc sulphate and 0. 2% ferrous sulphate is desirable. Seed treatment: Carbendazim 50% W, P to 2 gm after soaking dry seeds in water for 24 hours. The treated seeds should be spread on a flat floor in shade, covered with a wet sack and straw, and kept moist by sprinkling water 2-3 times a day so that the seeds germinate well. Planting: One to two seedlings of 2 to 3 day old shoots 2 to 3 cm long. Row to row at depth 45 cm. And from seedlings to seedlings 45 cm. It is advisable to do at a distance of at least 45-50 hill per square meter, so that within a week from |रोपाई, plants of the same hybrid must be transplanted in place of dead plants |उर्वरक Management: To get a good yield of hybrid paddy, 450 kg. Nitrogen, 75 kg. Phosphorus and 75 kg. Potash and 25 kg as required. Zinc sulphate is required per hectare. Half the amount of nitrogen and the entire amount of phosphorus and potash should be given at the time of transplanting and the remaining amount of nitrogen in two equal parts at the time of sprouting and at the time of cow dung formation as far as possible. It is beneficial to maintain the water level in the field until |खरपतवार Control: Butachlor 2. 5 litres / ha within three days of planting. Or anilophas 4. 5 liters. \' Spray at a rate of 500-600 per litre of water or do two weeds 20 or 40 days after transplanting so that weeds can be controlled easily. Crop Protection: Paddy wasp, stem borer, paddy borer and soldier bug are the major pests. Pesticides should be used only during high infestation as far as possible. Integrated pest management methods should be adopted. Vegetable scorch and blight are more common in hybrids. Only treated seeds should be used for control of these |कटाई, weeding and yield: Water should be pumped out of the field after 20 days of 50% bud germination or milk formation in the lower grains of the crop when 80-85 percent of the grain turns golden or the bud germinates.'"
1216,1037,"'Recommended wheat varieties by ecoregion: 4. Bhawar and Terai region districts: Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar, Bijnor, Moradabad, Rampur, Bareilly, Shahjahanpur, Pilibhit, Lakhimpur Kheri, Bahraich and northern part of Sravasti |बुवाई Time: 2nd fortnight of October |असिंचित Time: HUW-533, K-8027 K-9354 HD-2888 Time of sowing: 1st fortnight of November (for Bhawar land). Unirrigated State: K-80S7, K-8962, K-9465, K-935 Irrigated State: U.P.-2338, W.H. 542, PBW-343, UP-2382, HD-2687, K-907, PBW-590, K-9006, DBW-7, PBW-550, K-307 (Centenary) Sowing Time: Late sowing till 25th December |सिचित Status: Raj-3765, PBW-373, K-962, U. P-2425NW-076, Naina (K. 9533), DBW-4, DBW-46, K-9423, PBW-590, 2. Western Plains Districts: Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar, Meerut, Baghpat, Ghaziabad, Gautam Budh Nagar, Bulandshahr |बुवाई Time: 2nd fortnight of October to 1st fortnight of November |असिंचित Time: K-8027 (Maghar), HUW-S-533 Time: 2nd fortnight of November |असिंचित Time: PBW-75, K-8027, K-8962, K-9465, K-93 -542, PBW-343, UP-2382, HD-2687, K-907, PBW-502, K-9006, DBW-7, PBW-550, K-307 (Centenary), HD-2967 Time of sowing: Late sowing till 25th December |सिंचित Status: Raj-3765, U.P. - 2338, PBW-373, K-8020, UP-2425, NW-076, K-9423, K. 7903, Naina (K-9533), DBW-63. Mid-Western Plains District: Bijnor, Jyotibafoolnagar, Moradabad, Rampur, Bareilly, Badaun, Pilibhit |बुवाई Time-unirrigated state, irrigated state |4 by Western Plains Region. South-western semi-arid zone districts: Aligarh, Hathras, Mathura, Agra, Firozabad, Mainpuri, Etah. Sowing Time: 2nd fortnight of October |असिंचित Time: K-8027 HUW-533, K-935 Time of sowing: 1st fortnight of November. 33'"
1217,1580,"'Harmony with NATURE: Harness the benefit of natural Domination on NATURE: Agriculture system is forced resources, flora and fauna by using or giving favorable to  produce  more-  Regenerative  capacity  of natural environment to them- sustained productivity of natural resources  decreased+  decreased  productivity in  long resources term.'"
1218,1031,"'The prevalence of virtual kandua (false smut) disease of kharif / rakhokhayan kharif / rabi cereal crops is found to be higher in areas with atmospheric humidity (more than 90%) and temperature 25-35 ° C. The disease is spread from plant to plant by wind. Nitrogen overload is also a cause of disease severity. The disease is more prevalent in waterlogged and nitrogen-rich soils. Symptoms: This disease is caused by a type of fungus Astylaginvadia virens (75). 494 is caused by 0908 4 / 7 / 5). Symptoms of the disease appear during flowering, especially when young shoots are about to reach maturity. The orange, velvety, elliptical part, about one cm in diameter. Occurs, appearing on individual grains. Later the grains turn yellowish green or greenish black. Only a few grains of the inflorescence turn into germ spores, other parts of the plant are not affected by the disease. The weight of the grains and seed germination are reduced. Spore treatment of yellow colour during early stage of disease and black colour in later stage: From pre-sowing / nursery / sapling stage to transplantation stage: Deep ploughing in heat of the lands affected by this disease. Select available resistant species |रोग affected field cleaning such as mulch, paddy hair, and other debris, etc. |फसल cycle. Sow the crop at the right time |धान seeds at 52 ° C. After soaking in hot water for 40 minutes till done, sow 5 grams of Trichoderma per kg. Seed purification at seed rate. Soak the |पौध roots of Pseudomonas fluorescens in a solution of 5 gm per litre of water for 30 minutes, then transplant the seedlings. * Neem kali 450 kg. It is per. Use at the rate of. From vegetative growth to the hatching stage: * Use appropriate and balanced amounts of nutrients. + $$* 9 $$+ $* 9 * + 9 + * 9 + * 9 + * 27'"
1219,1041,"'Kharif / Kharif Kharif / Rabi Foodgrains S.No. Varieties Notification Date / Year of ripening Plant Diseases S.No. Period Day Height cm. Inhibition 4. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7 Irrigated stage (for timely sowing): 4. Deva (K. -9407) 04.04.96 45-50 30-4355 _ 405-440. |2 .K-0307 06.02.07 55-60 25-400 85-953. HP-734 (Rajalakshmi) 04.05.95 55-60 30-440 85-96. Narendra wheat-4042 45.05.98 50-55 35-440 85-95. Ujiyar (K. 9006) 45.05.98 50-55 30-435 405-440._ Tadaiv6. Pusa Wheat 3237 (HD 3237) 2049 48. 4445 Not yellow and brown rust resistant and good7. . HUW-468 09.06.99 55-60 30-440 85-95. Quality for chapati8. .DL - 784-3 (Vaishali) 47.08.93 45-50 30-435 85-909. . u P-2382 06.04.99 60-65 35-440 95-40040. . HP-476 09.09.97 45-50 35-440 90-9544. DBW-7 2007 60-65 25-435 95-00. Ratua inhibitor. 42. HUW-540 4998 50-55 45-420 No43. PBW-443 2000 50-55 25-435 90-9544. PBW-343 4997 60-65 25-440 90-9545. .HD-2824 2003 55-60 25-435 90-40046. CBW-38 2009 44. 4 442-429 80-405 Heat tolerant, chapati and breadable. Iron and zinc excess. 47. K-4006 2045 47. 0 420-425 88-90. Ratua and scabies inhibitors |48. . K-607 (Mamta) 2044 42. 4 420-425 85-88. Ratua and Jhalsa inhibitors |49. DBW-487 (Karan Vandana) 2049 48. 8 420 N. Yellow and brown rust inhibitors (bio-fortified species - iron. 43.4प्रतिशत) 20. Pusa Yashasvi (HD-3226). 2049 57. 5442 Ga Strip, Leaf and Karnal Bunt and Blackrust, Powdery Mildew, Flag Smut and High Resistance to Footprints) 24. KRL 283 2048 20.9 428-433 Resistant to leaf blight, Karnol bunt and hillbunt |22. HI 8759 (Pusa Tejas) 2047 56. 947 - High protein, zinc and iron, pasteurizing species (bio-fortified species - protein 42. 5%, iron44. ppm, zinc42. 8 ppm) |23. HD 3474 2047 28 430-440 Not black, yellow and brown rust resistant, high in zinc and iron (bio-fortified variety - zinc 47. 4 ppm). 5 37'"
1220,1581,'Diversity: Includes all possible organisms Specialization: Only one crop or tree or animal. All cost complimentary  in  a  system.  Work  as  mutual service and  time of  nutrient  and  pest  management has  to  be providers for nutrient and pest management. Least cost borne by system owner/farmer. and time required of system owner.'
1221,1582,'Input  optimization:  best  use/recycling  of available Output  maximization:  Over  use  of resources  disturbs resources.  System  regenerative  capacity  and owners system   and   resources   productivity  in long  term- economic capacity maintained/enhanced. Increasing cost.'
1222,1690,'Labelling shall convey clear and accurate information on the organic status of the product. W agriculture\' or a similar description. The name and address of the person or company legally responsible for the production or processing of the product P not immediately c from wild production shall be declared as such.'
1223,1046,"'..................................... food grains. Seed rate and seed treatment: 400 kg in normal condition when sown in line. and coarse grains 425 kg. It is per. And in the case of sporadic sowing, the normal grain size is 25 kg. , coarse-grained 450 kg. It is per. Use at the rate of. Make sure to check the deposit percentage before sowing. This facility is available free of cost at government research centres. If the seed germination capacity is low, increase the seed rate accordingly and if the seed is not certified, then treat it. Sow seeds treated with Cucurbaxin / Theram, Azotobacter, and PSB. Sowing by raised weed method in areas with limited irrigation yields 75 kg in normal conditions. and coarse grains 00 kg. It is per. Use at the rate of. Line spacing: 48 cm in normal condition. to 20 cm. And the depth is 5 cm. In case of late sowing: 45 cm. to 8 cm. And the depth is 4 cm. Method: Sow the seeds in a slightly backward direction or with a fertilizer drill at the proper soil moisture. It is preferable to sow by mulching. It should be kept in mind that after ploughing, there must be 400 to 500 crop plants per square metre, otherwise it will have a bad effect on the yield. To avoid delays, sow with Pantnagar xerotril seed and manure drill. Sowing by tractor-driven roto till drill is more profitable. In Bundelkhand (maar and kawar soils), sowing will be done without ploughing if the deposition is good. Sowing on Wheat Stem: With this technique, the field is prepared in the traditional way for sowing wheat and then wheat is sown by making a stump. In this method, a special type of machine (bed planter) is used for making a drain and sowing. The irrigation is done through the channels between the ridges and in the rainy season the drainage work is also done through these channels. Wheat is sown in 2 or 3 rows on a single ridge. By sowing wheat through this method, farmers can get a good yield by saving seed manure and water. In this method, we can take wheat crop as intercrop with sugarcane crop. This method requires the soil to be brittle for sowing and there should be enough moisture for good storage. The features and advantages of this technique are as follows: 4. About 25% of the seed can be saved in this method i.e. 30-32 kg. The seed is sufficient for one acre. This machine makes a 70 cm bed on which sowing is done in 2 or 3 rows. The seed depth should be 4 to 5 cm for good germination. 3. The beds should be in the north-south direction so that each plant gets equal amount of sunlight. 4. Wheat sown with this method saves 25 to 40 percent of water. If there is not enough moisture in the field, the first irrigation should be done within 5 days of sowing. This method also saves about 25% of the nitrogen, thus saving 420 kg. Nitrogen, 60 kg. Phosphorus and 40 kg. Potash per. Crop diversification by sowing at sufficient |मेंड़: - Immediately after wheat, crops like Moong, Maize, Soybean, Arhar, Cotton, etc. can be grown in Kharif crop by reusing the old wheat. This method gives 5 to 20% more yield of pulses and oilseeds. 42.'"
1224,1051,"'Control Measures: Chlorpyrifos 20% EC or Thiomethoxam 30% FEC for pre-sowing termite control. S. got 3. quantity per kg. Seeds should be treated at the rate of seed. (c) 4. Kharif / Kharif Kharif / Rabi foodgrains. It is per. 60-70 kg. By sprinkling light water mixed with cow dung manure and keeping it in shade for 8-0 days and then adding it to the soil at the last ploughing before sowing, soil-borne pests including termites can be controlled. Termites / gujiya in standing crops should be used with irrigation water. For this, chlorpyrifos 20% EC 2.5 L. It is per. Dimethoetate 30% EC or Oxidametan-methyl 25% ECK for control of bee stings. 0 lit. Amount or thiamethoxam 25% W-G. 50 gm per he0 should be sprayed by dissolving it in 750 litres of water. Azadirectin (Neem can be used). Major diseases: Gerui disease (black-brown and yellow) oil) 0. 5% E.C. 2.5 L. Also used at the rate of per hectare: ochre is black, brown and yellow. The blisters of the ochreous fungus fall on the leaves, which subsequently affect both of them. Scattering affects other leaves. Black ochre stem and leaves Karnal bunt: The diseased grains partially turn into black powder. Unexposed tendon: In this disease, the hair follicles are replaced by black powder which is covered by a white membrane. Later, the membrane ruptures and numerous fungal spores are spread in the air, infecting healthy hair when they flower. Leaf spot disease: In the initial stage of the disease, yellow and brown elliptical spots appear on the lower leaves. Later these spots become dark brown and light brown in the middle. Wheat disease: This disease is caused by nematode. In this disease, the leaves of the affected plants curl and shrink. The affected plants remain dwarfed and have more branches than a healthy plant. The diseased buds are small and dilated and form brown or black bumps instead of granules, which contain nematodes. Measures for control: Seed treatment: * Theorem for control of exposed tendon and Karnal bunt 75% w-s. 2.5 grams or 50% carbendazim of W-P. 2. 5 g of carboxin or 2. 0 g of 75% WP or 2% dabuconazole is required. S.K. 0 grams per kg. Sowing by Seed Treatment at Seed Rate * Carboxin 375% + Theram 37. 5% DS / W-S for control of early soil borne diseases along with exposed tendon and other seed borne diseases. The volume of 3. 0 grams per kg. Sowing should be done by seed treatment at the seed rate.'"
1225,1052,"'..................................... food grains. * To control wheat disease, soak the seeds in 2% salt solution for some time (200 gm salt diluted with 40 litres of water) so that the wheat-infected seeds float due to lightening. Remove and destroy such infected seeds. Seeds dipped in salt solution should be later used for sowing after washing and drying 2-3 times with clean water. 2. Soil treatment: 4. For control of soil-borne and seed-borne diseases biopesticide Trichoderma viridi 4% WP or Trichoderma harzianum 2% WP. 2. 5 kg of P. It is per. 60-75 kg. Rubbed cow dung mixed with manure and kept in shade for 8-0 days before sowing and mixed with the soil at the last ploughing stage helps in the management of diseases like uncovered tendu, Karnal bunt, etc. 2. Carbofuran 3G 40 to 45 kg for control of nematode. Vegetation should be done at the rate of |3 per hectare. Thiophenate methyl 700 gm of 70% w.p. or gyrum 80% w.p.m. for the control of ochre and leaf spot disease. 2 kg of P. or Macozeb 75 wp. of 2 kg. Or 2. 0 kg of 75% WP. It is per. Dissolve in 750 litres of water and spray |2. 500 ml of Propiconazole 25% EC for control of ochre. Dissolve 750 litres of water per hectare and spray |3. Propiconazole 25% EC, 500 ml for control of Karnal bunt. It is per. 750 litres of water should be dissolved and sprayed. Mice: Field rat, soft-haired field rat, and field mouse. Measures of control: 4. Rodents cause a lot of damage to the wheat crop. A weekly program of rodent monitoring and zinc phosphide 80% control is more successful if it is done collectively as follows: Monitor the farm on the first day and close as many rodent burrows as you can find. Go to the farm on the first day and monitor the burrows. Remove the logs where the burrows have fallen. Place one part of mustard oil in the open burrows and 48 parts of roasted grain in the uncooked fodder burrows. Day 3: Re-monitor the bill and put the unpoisoned bait back into the bill. Day 4 - Zinc phosphide 80%. Poisonous fodder made of 4 grams of mustard oil and 48 grams of roasted grains in 0 grams quantity should be used. Monitor the fifth day-bill and dig the dead rats into the ground |छठा Re-close the day-bill and if the bill opens the next day, repeat this weekly program.'"
1226,1583,"'Knowledge Intensive: Only few resources but need how Input Intensive: Comprehensive list of chemicals with timely  and  best  integrated.  Least  dependency on time  and  method.  Needs  experts  for  timely updating. experts/imported  technologies,  once  farmer trained- Only possible in resources sufficient areas. possible in remotest area.'"
1227,1047,"'It is advisable to use kharif / kharif / rabi foodgrains fertilizers on the basis of soil testing. After kharif crops of maize, paddy, sorghum, millet, for good yield of dwarf wheat 50:60:40 kg. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potash should be used at the rate of 80:40:30 per hectare and at the rate of 420:60:40 kg respectively. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potash and 30 kg. It is per sulfur. The experiment has been found to be beneficial at a rate of. In areas where DAP is being used continuously, 30 kg. The use of sulfur will be beneficial. If the field is tilled in kharif or pulses are sown, the amount of nitrogen is 20 kg. It is per. Use as little as possible. For a good yield, it is 60 kernels per kilogram. Use cow dung manure. This helps in maintaining the fertility of the land. In areas with a continuous rice-wheat crop cycle, wheat yields begin to decline after a few years. Therefore, in such areas, use green manure after the wheat crop is harvested and between rice plantings, or use 40-2 tonnes per hectare of cow dung manure in the rice crop. Zinc deficiency is now common in the soil. Around the first irrigation in the middle of the wheat sowing day, the plants show signs of zinc deficiency, which are as follows:. Affected plants are dwarfed compared to healthy plants. 2. Three-four leaves start yellowing at the base of the leaves from the bottom and grow upwards. 3. Later, dark patches appear on the leaves |खड़ी 5 kg if the crop shows signs of zinc deficiency. Zinc sulphate and 46 kg. Dissolve the urea in 800 litres of water. Spray at the rate of. If topdressing of urea has been done then 2.5 kg. Dissolve zinc sulphate in boiled lime water and sprinkle (2.5 kg). Dissolve the crushed lime in 40 litres of water and use the water in the morning the next day and discard the lime). Keep in mind that mixing zinc sulfate with urea or quenched lime water is mandatory. In the rice field, if zinc sulfate is not used as a basal dressing and there is a risk of deficiency, 20-25 kg / ha. Topdressing of zinc sulphate. B - Time and Method: To increase the energy efficiency, they should be used in different types of land in the following ways: - 4. Loamy or coarse, coarse and coarse: half of the nitrogen, the entire amount of phosphate and potash at the time of sowing, 2 - 3 cm of seed in the pots. The remaining amount of nitrogen should be given below 24 hours before the first irrigation or on the arrival of the oats. 2. In sandy loam, rock and gravel sandy soil, 4 / 3 of the total amount of nitrogen, phosphate and potash should be given below the seed in the seedbed at the time of sowing. Half of the remaining nitrogen should be given after the first irrigation (20-25 day) (crown root stage) and the remaining amount after the second irrigation. In such soils, it is more beneficial to do so after top dressing irrigation where only 40 kg. Able to provide nitrogen and two irrigations, he should place all the nitrogen at the time of sowing in heavy loamy soil. But where there is light loamy soil, use half the amount of nitrogen in the buds at the time of sowing (placement) and topdressing the remaining first irrigation.'"
1228,1057,"'Kharif / Kharif Kharif / Rabi Foodgrains Co. No.30332333435 Varieties Date of Notification / Year. W RB-9 203R. U. - 2786 2043D. WRB-73 20 | 7D W.R.B-62 20 | 7Prints (K.R. -055) 2048RD-2907 2048 Skinless species Plains (K-449) 0.05.997गीतांजलीनरेन्द्र Barley 5 47-8 / 2008 (N. DB943) SO (IV) (Upasana) 20. 2009DW RUB-64 6.03.202डी. WRB-73 25.03.20 | 4 Species for Malt-Progress (K. 508) - 45.05.4998छ: Dhariya2 - Ritambhara (K. 55) 45.05.998 (six stripes) 3-DWR-28- (two stripes) 4-DL-88 45.05.998 (six stripes) 5-Line (B. CU 73) 0.05.997 (double-edged) 6-DWRB-23 20 | 7 (double-edged) 7-DWRB-] 04. 28.04.2088 -DWRB-37 2048 < / ID1 > 0.05.997 (double-edged) 0.05.997 (double-edged) < / ID2 > < / ID2 > -Narendra Barley 445 (N.B. BD-445). 24.0.2044उत्पादकता (Ku / Hectare) 45.0049.7638.7040-4240-4235-4025-शा35-4540-4238.7035-4040-4540-4540-4240-4245-5045-5040-4535पकने Duration (in days) 44542540-4874643542495-0045 - 0074640-4805-020 - 42530-3520-42520 - 42525-3028-3043 - 44525-28 28 For Malt Satisfactory and Good Yield |विशेष Description in Irrigated Terraced Disease, Gerui, Net Blotch Resistant and Troubled Soil for All U.P. High level of resistance to yellow rust |लीफ Rust resistance. Yellow, brown, and black rust resistance |पीला, rust, salt resistance |प्िचेत for stage, ochre, then timely sowing, foliose leaf rust resistance |स्ट्राइप, anti-corrosion, tendon, yellow ochre. Malt and beer in irrigated condition. Antimicrobial for gerui, kandua and anthysporium diseases. For the whole of U.P. For irrigated areas. Irrigated complete disease resistant. Inhibitor | Yellow rust inhibitor |पीला Rust inhibitor | Medium inhibitor for all rusts | 53'"
1229,1060,"'_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. The quantity of water for sulphosulfuron should be 300 litres. per hectare. * Sulfosulfurane 33 g (2. 5 units) per hectare of 75% wp. * $Finoxaprop-p-ethyl 40% e. c. 0 lit. 400 gm per hectare of Clodinafap propargyl 5% WP |चौड़ी The recommended amount of one of the following herbicides for the control of leaf weeds Bathua, Senji, Krishnanil, Hirankhuri, Chatri-Matri, Akra-Akri, Wild-carrot, Gajri, Onion, Kharatua, Satyanashi, etc. Dissolve in water. Flatfan nozzle should be sprayed after the 25-30 day of sowing. + * 2. 4D sodium salt 80% of 625 g / ha. * 2, 4D di methyl amine salt 58% of SL. 25 litres per hectare. * Carfentrazan ethyl 50 gm per hectare of 40% DF. + * Metalsulfuron methyl 20% W-P. For simultaneous control of 20 g / ha of both ID2 and broadleaf weeds, the recommendation for one of the following herbicides is 500-600. Dissolve in water. Flatfan nozzles should be sprayed with - 33 g (2. 5 units) of sulfosulfurane 75% WP per hectare after sowing day. + * Matribuzin 70% WP. After 250 g / ha sowing day 20-25: Field rat (field rat), soft-haired field rat (soft-furred field rat) and field mouse (fieldmouse). Control measures: Do like wheat. Harvesting and storage: Harvest early in the morning or late in the evening. When the seeds are ripe, harvest the crop immediately and then harvest. The storage method has been described under wheat cultivation. Key points: 4. Sow pure and certified seeds by selecting suitable species according to the situation |2. Use fertilizers in a balanced manner as recommended based on soil testing. 3. Recommended chemicals for weed control should be used from time to time. 4. Recommended chemicals for disease and pest control should be used in wheat |5.'"
1230,1584,"'Preventive, protective and proactive approach: All the Cause    and    control    approach:    Most    of the actions/ applications are done in anticipation of system actions/applications are done to control the damage to requirement-least use of inputs. system-heavy use of inputs.'"
1231,1178,"'It was developed by selection from the genetic material introduced from England. The plants are dwarf (30-45 cm); pods are attractive, dark green, well filled and 8-10 cm long. Dry'"
1232,1078,"'_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. Prevention and control of diseases: Sugarcane is cultivated by vegetative propagation, whereby most of the diseases are transmitted to the next crop through the seed cane. Hence, hygienic cultivation is of prime importance in the prevention of diseases, which are as follows: - 4. Cultivation of disease resistant species: This is the most reliable and simple method as disease resistant species help the germs of diseases to thrive and spread. 2. Seed sugarcane selection: Seed sugarcane for sowing should be selected from healthy and disease-free plots so as to keep the next crop disease-free. Disease eradication: The diseased stem should be uprooted and destroyed so as to prevent re-infection of healthy sugarcane. 4. No mulching: The mulching of diseased crops should never be done as it spreads the disease spores faster, which can spread the infection to a larger area. 5. Adoption of crop rotation: Sugarcane should not be sown in the affected field for at least one year so that the field is free of disease-causing spores. 7. Cleaning of the affected field: After harvesting the field affected by the disease, the leaves and shoots should be completely destroyed by burning and deep ploughing of the field. 8. Thermal treatment: 25 \'C\' in a hot water plant before sowing the seed cane trays. Secundua disease and varicose veins can be controlled if treated at room temperature for two hours. Also, it has a favorable effect on the coagulability of sugarcane |9. Chemical treatment: * 45 \'Segr. But soak in hot water for 4 hours and later purify the seeds with thiophenate methyl + pseudomonas. * To protect sugarcane from tenduosis and rheumatoid arthritis, treat with warm water as before and then dip carbendazim in 4 g / l of water for 40 minutes.'"
1233,1077,"'Kharif / Rabi Kharif / Rabi Nomenclature of Pulses Disease. Causative agent of the disease. Time of onset Major symptom The disease Cephalosporium saccharis [Crops from October] The affected cane stalks initially start falling towards the end of yellow acrimonium and gradually the entire stalks dry up Fusarium moniliformi and turn downwards. The colour of the sugarcane sheaths becomes pale yellow and hollow from inside. Sugarcane becomes very light. The pulp inside the sugarcane is lost and turns brown in colour. No kind of fungus is found in the hollow part of the sugarcane. Agola decomposition [Fusarium moniliformi |जुलाई to above September |अगोले The new leaves are initially pale, white, which later decompose and fall off. The disease is most common during the rainy season. This has an adverse effect on the growth of sugarcane. Leaf scald disease |जैन्थोमोनास Obvious symptoms (leaf scald) Albiliniance In the early stage from October to the end of the crop, milky pigmented stripes form on the leaves of Agola from the midrib to the tip of the leaf. Later these leaves are dried and hardened. The eyes of the cane are angled from bottom to top, which later dry out. Sugarcane incisors have dark red or brown parallel stripes in the pulp, which are more dense on the bales, 3, 8% 4, 0, 46 and the leaves of Pseudomonas rubilinense |जून to Sept. [Sugarcane leaves have red or reddish-brown parallel stripes on the lower surface, of which the germination of the germ is found on the lower surface early in the morning or after rain. Sometimes the currents become so great that the whole reddens. The leaves are depleted of chlorophyll. This disease adversely affects the growth of the crop. The descriptive disease phytoplasma occurs in June with the symptoms of the disease becoming more pronounced during the rainy season. In the primary infection, the leaves of the new shoots turn milky white by the end. In these forts, the size of the fortification increases considerably. The leaves are many. This creates a shrub-like canopy that later dries out. In such thanas, the ganna is made very little and is small. Sugarcane bunches are also small. All the eyes of the sugarcane germinate in the immature stage and white leaves emerge from them which stick parallel to the sugarcane. Later the entire sugarcane gets dried up. The symptoms of the disease disappear as soon as the rains are over, so that the diseased sugarcane is also used as a seed in the deception of healthy sugarcane. 73'"
1234,1081,"'From Kharif / Rabi Kharif / Rabi Pulses. Plant to plant distance. Distance. 'Sowing time In case of delay in sowing due to floods or incessant rains in eastern Uttar Pradesh, in the first fortnight of September, Bahar and PDA-II can be sown as pure crops, but the row to row distance is 30 cm. and seed volume 20-25 kg. / Hey. Fertilizers should be used at the rate of |7. Use: 40 to 45 kg to get a good yield of pigeon pea. Nitrogen, 40-45 kg. Phosphorus and 20 kg. It is a copy of sulphur. Phosphorus-containing fertilizers such as singalusuperphosphate, diammonium phosphate should be used to maximize the yield of pigeon pea. 250 kg. Or 00 kg. diammonium phosphate and 20 kg. Sowing in sulphur rows should be done with the help of a cobbler or a barber, so that the fertilizer does not come in contact with the seeds. It would be appropriate to supplement the entire amount of phosphorus with single superphosphate, which would also supply 42% sulphur. It is per. ) Only those fields which are low in nitrogen should be given. Give half the amount of fertilizer used for pigeon pea to co-crops like urad. 20 kg in their rows at the time of sowing as co-crops of sorghum and millet. Nitrogen is per. Give at the rate of and after one month 40 kg. Topdressing of nitrogen per hectare. 30 to 40 kg for sowing in September. It is per. Good yield is obtained by the use of nitrogen. 8. Irrigation: Arhar PA-294, Arhar TA-24, U PAS-420, and ICPL-454 should be grown and other varieties should be sown when there is sufficient moisture in the rainy season. In case of low moisture in the field, an irrigation must be done in the month of October at the time of pod formation. In late ripening varieties, irrigation is preferable in December or January to avoid frost. 9. Weeding and Weed Control: S.No. Name of herbicide Time of application per hectare 4. Fluochlorelin 45 EC 500-2000 was found. After spraying immediately before sowing, the soil was mixed with 2.. Pedimethaline 30 EC 2500-3000. Immediately after sowing, 3. Oxyfluorophene 235 EC 400-500 was obtained. Immediately after sowing, 4. Quisalophap Ethyl 5 EC 800-000 was obtained. Day after sowing (control of grass family weeds only) 40. Crop Protection: (a) Pest wrap Pest: Pest and nature of damage: The sting of this insect is light yellow in colour and the adult insect (moth) is small and dark brown in colour. It also damages flowers and legumes in early harvest. Pigeon pea: Economic damage level - 5% Enveloped pods |पहचान and nature of damage: It is small, shiny, black like a house fly but smaller in size. Its female lays eggs near the seeds forming in the pods with the help of her undergrowth of the pods, which the breeder harms by eating the seeds forming inside the pods. 7'"
1235,1082,"'..... _ _ kharif / ri pulses pulses. Gram pod borer moth: Economic damage Level: 2 - 3 eggs or 2 - 3 young shoots or a full-grown shoot antelope or 5 to 6 moths per nest for up to three nights |पहचान and nature of damage: The adult moth is yellowish brown. The next pair of wings are yellowish brown with a black mark in the middle of the wing. The hindwings are somewhat broader ochreous-whitish to pale ochreous, the fringes banded with greenish, yellowish or brownish, edged on both sides with ochreous-whitish. Its anthers penetrate the sepals and feed on the granules. The damaged sepals show pores. Pumpkin moth (pum head): economic damage level - 5%. Pumpkin |पहचान and nature of damage: The adult moth is small in size and light-skinned. The forewings are ochreous, with two dark spots on each wing. The hindwings have thorn-like scales in the middle. Insect buds eat the pods by first scraping them from the top surface and then penetrating later by piercing and making holes in the grains. Legume (Italo ziconella): Economic damage level - 5% Enveloped legume |पहचान and nature of damage: The adult insect is brown with a brown bill. It has a yellowish-white band on the margins between the upper wings. The line is found on the edges of the hind wings. The insect's trunks eat the seeds forming in the flowers, new shoots, and pods. The inflamed pods become discolored and brittle, causing a foul odor. Spotted caterpillar (Moruca testulalis): Economic damage level - 5% Engendered pod |पहचान and nature of damage: The moth of this insect is brown in colour with two white spots on the forewings. It has small black spots and wavy stripes on the fringes of the wings. Its hindwings are somewhat yellowish white. And they are edged with wavy spots extending from one end to the other. The insect's trunks are about two cm long with a greenish white colour and a brown head. They are long and have small yellow and greenish-brown hairs on each segment. The trunks feed on buds, flowers, and pods by making holes in them. Pigeon pea (Nanaguna brebiuscula): Identification and nature of damage: Newborn caterpillars are yellowish white and dark brown in colour with 6 stages and are variable in colour. Full-grown caterpillars are 44 to 47 mm long. It is long, pale yellow, light brown or pale white in colour and reddish brown on the head and flanks. It burrows into the pods and feeds on the kernels. Blue Butterfly (Lampidus species): Identification and nature of damage: Full-grown caterpillars are yellowish green, reddish, and light green in colour with the ventral surface covered with tiny hairs. The adult butterfly is sky blue in colour. Its trunks cut the pods and damage their granules. Mahu (Aphis crexivora): Identification and nature of harm: This aphid is dark brown or black in colour with no wings or feathers. Ecmada 8-30 gives birth to young and has a lifespan of 40-42 days. Its young and adults harm the plant by sucking sap from its various parts, especially flowers and pods. Pigeon pea bug: The adult is about two centimeters long, somewhat greenish-brown in color. It is topped with a hairy, translucent bristle. It has strong thorns on the ventral surface. Its young and adult pigeons are harmed by sucking sap from the stem, leaves, flowers, and pods of the pigeon pea. The inflamed pods develop pale yellow spots, and the pods shrink and become smaller in size when overexposed. 78'"
1236,1130,"'A variety released for November maturity. It has medium long stem, semi-erect leaves; hemispherical creamy white, medium compact, non-ncey curds. Average yield 14 tonnes/ha.'"
1237,1088,"'.............. It is necessary to use rhizobium cultures to replenish nitrogen as well as PSBs to increase phosphate availability. The method and amount of PSBs used are the same as rhizobium cultures. Method of sowing: Sow mung bean in 4 - 5 cm long stalks. Do at a depth of and row-to-row distance 25-30 cm. It should be kept. Fertilizer quantity: Generally, fertilizers should be used according to the recommendations of the soil test or the amount of fertilizer should be determined as follows: - 0 - 5 kg. Nitrogen, 40 kg. Phosphorus 20 kg. Potash and 20 kg. Sulfur is per. Use it. The use of phosphorus juice significantly increases the yield of mung bean. The entire amount of fertilizers required at the time of sowing is 2 - 3 cm from the seed in the stalks. If super phosphate is not available, kuntal DAP and 2 kuntal gypsum should be used along with sowing. If rhizobium culture is to be used in the soil, it requires the right amount of moisture in the soil. For this, sandy loamy soil and low organic matter 4 - 5 kg. The rhizobium is per culture. Adequate amounts should be added. But if there is loamy soil and the soil is rich in organic matter, then only 2.5 kg should be added in case of proper moisture. Rhizobium culture alone is sufficient to add to the soil. On flowering, 2% urea must be sprayed. |सिंचाई: A 3-phase groundnut irrigation depends on soil type, temperature, and wind intensity. Generally, groundnut crop requires 4 irrigations. The first irrigation is done on the day after sowing and then 40-45 days as per requirement. Early irrigation adversely affects the growth of roots and glands. Irrigation is essential before flowering and at the time of seedling. Irrigation should be done by potting. Wherever there is a sprinkler, it should be used for better water management. Control: After the first irrigation, watering should be done as per requirement. Chemical control of weeds Spray 3. 3 litres of Pendimethalin 30% EC0 dissolved in 500-700 litres of water within two to three days of sowing. For weed control, the use of weeder in row sown crop will be economically beneficial. For effective control of weeds in milli-mung bean standing crop, spray 0% SL 750-000 (75-00 Gram Active Ingredient) per hectare in 500-600 litres of water by spraying |फसल safety: पीलाफैलतेनियंत्रण4.2 through flat fan nozzle if soil moisture is present in the middle of the sowing day. Deficient / tolerant varieties Pant Moong-4, PDM-39, HUM-6, IPM-2-3 should be sown from |पीला mosaic. Yellow mosaic-infested plants should be carefully uprooted and destroyed as soon as they appear, or they should be cut into pits. Oxidametan-methyl 25% 84 at the rate of 5 to 40 adult flies (whiteflies) per plant appearance'"
1238,1085,"'Advanced cultivation of Kharif / Kharif Rabi / Rabi pulses is the major crop of Moong Zaid. Moong has a multifaceted role in pulses crops. Apart from providing nutrients and protein, it also replenishes green manure by replanting crops after plucking the pods. Etawaligarh, Deoria, Etawah, Farrukhabad, Mathura, Lalitpur, Kanpur Dehat, Hardoi, and Ghazipur districts of the state have emerged as major groundnut producing districts. Other districts also have potential. Good yield can be obtained in Zaid by considering the following factors - Field preparation: Loam land is suitable for mung bean cultivation. Ploughing two tillers makes the field ready. If there is a shortage of seeds, they should be replanted and sown. Farm preparation can be done quickly with tractors, power tillers, rotovators, or other modern agricultural machinery. Recommended varieties: The following varieties with short maturation are suitable for good yield: - Species Notification Speciality Ripe Produce Kuntala Pest Disease Preference Suitable Area Year Period (days) Per Hectare Utilization 2 3 4 5 6 74. Narendra Moong - 992. Dana Dhumil. . 65-70 4 - 3 yellow mosaic whole U.P. 2. Malviya 2000 green grain. 65-70 2 - 5 Tolerant, Tadeva Sampoorna U.P. Jagrati (H.P. UM-2) 3. Emperor 2004 Green Shining. 60-65 9 - 0 Yellow Magic Whole U.P. PDM-39) Avrodhi4. Malviya Janapriya. .200] - 60-65 2 - 5 Tadaiv Sampoorn Uttar Pradesh (HUM-6) 5. Azad Moong -] 2020 Bright green. 62-65 0 - 2 MYMV, Whole U.P. (K, M-2342) Colour Medium CLS, Ansharqunose, Bold Grain Leaf Crinkle and Web Blight Resistant and Height Fly, Jasid and Shrips Resistant |6. IPM 32-20 2020 Green and Medium 65-85 6 MYMV, Whole U.P. Large Grain Powdery Mildew, Resistant to Sarcosporalife Spots and Resistant to Whitefly and Shrips. < 84 >'"
1239,1087,"'Kharif / Rabi Kharif / Rabi Pulses to 2 3 4 5 6 72. Rainfall 208 - 56-80 5 - 6 Powdery Mildew, Whole U.P. (IPM-2K - 44-9) Yellow Mosaic High Barrier22. Diamond 2020 - 60-70 0 - | Yellow Mosaic. Sampoorna UP (IPM- 409-4) High barrier23. Vasudha 2020 - 65-75 0 - Tadvana Sampoorna UP (IPM- 32-20) 24. Surya 2020 - 62-80 3 - 4 Tadvana Purba UP (IPM-542-) (medium-sized iridescent) Sowing Time: The best time to sow moong. It is from 0 March to 0 April. Delay in sowing can damage the fruits and pods due to hot weather and rainfall. In the Terai region, moong should be sown by March. Early maturing varieties should be sown in April. Spring varieties are sown from 45 February to 45 March and summer varieties from 40 March to 0 April. Where sowing takes place around the first week of April, variety emperor and HUM-6 should be sown at |बीज Rate: 20-25 kg. per healthy seed. It's sufficient. Seed treatment: 2. 5 gm Therum or 2 gm Carbendazim 50% WP. or Trichoderma viridi 4% 4 gmP per kg. Refine at the rate of the seed. This leads to better deposition, thereby ensuring the number of plants per unit and increasing the yield. Seed treatment: After seed treatment, spread the seeds on a gunny bag and treat with a typical rhizobium culture of moong as follows: - In half a liter of water, mix 50 grams of jaggery and a full packet of 200 grams of rhizobium culture. Sprinkle over the seed and mix lightly, forming a thin layer over the seed. Sow this seed by drying it in shade for 4 - 2 hours till 9 am or after 4 pm. There is a possibility of death of the bacteria of the culture in the scorching sun. In the farms where mung bean is being cultivated for the first time or after a long time, definitely use the culture |पी. SB: Phosphate nutrient is very important for pulse crops. Much of the phosphate nutrient delivered by chemical fertilizers is converted to the unavailable state in the soil. As a result, the yield of these crops is adversely affected due to the reduced availability of phosphates. Cultures of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSBs) are very helpful in converting the unavailable phosphates in the soil to the available conditions.'"
1240,1089,"'Chharif / rabi pulses EC or dimethoate 30EC is 4 litres per litre. The rate or imidacloprid is 47. 8% SL 250 ml per day. Spraying should be done by dissolving 500-700 in litres of water at the rate of |श्रिप्स: Both children and adults of this insect suck juice from leaves and flowers. Sucking the sap from the leaves on heavy infestation causes them to curl and the flowers to fall, adversely affecting the yield. |नियन्त्रण: () Carbofuran-3G can be reduced to 20 kg. / Hey. Oxidamethane-methyl 25% EC0 or dimethoate 30% EC0 should be used at the time of sowing at the rate of 4 litres or oleamidacloprid 47. 8% SL250 ml. It is per. Spraying should be done by dissolving 500-700 in litres of water at the rate of |हरे Phudke: Both adults and children of this insect suck juice from the leaves and adversely affect the yield. Control: Green shoots can be controlled by the use of insecticides indicated for shrimp |फली Insecticide: Legume borer causes significant damage to the crop. If there are 2 caterpillars per square meter, Indoxacarb 5.5% EC500ml is used to control them. Or Cunalfas 25 per cent EC is 4. 25 litres per litre. They should be sprayed by dissolving them in 600-800 litres of water at a rate of |भण्डारण: They should be thoroughly cleaned and dried before being stored. It should not contain more than 40% moisture. Storage wines are suitable for storing moong. Storerooms and closets, etc., should be emptied at least two weeks before storage and cleaned and plastered with repairable lime. Malathion 50% e.c. solution 4.0% should be sprayed on the floor and walls of the warehouse at the rate of 3 litres per 400 m2. Inspection should be carried out once or twice during the rainy season when the weather is clear and fumigation should be repeated as necessary. Storage with dried neem leaves provides protection from insects. Effective point: Sow mung bean from 25th February to 40th April at the time of sowing with appropriate moisture. Use in March in the lowlands. + The use of sigal superphosphate is more beneficial in basal dressing. + Prefer sowing before April to avoid weeds * First plucking should be done on time. + First irrigation 30-35 days. + Seed treatment must be done with Rhizobium culture and PSB. * Use Samrat, Meha, HUM46 and Pantmung-2 for sowing in the first week of April. Monitor shrimp at harvest time of + 35 - 40 days and spray appropriate insecticides as soon as the outbreak begins.'"
1241,1090,"'..... _ _ _ kharif / ri pulses pulses. Advanced cultivation of urad is generally practised in all the districts of the state but Lucknow, Ayodhya, Jhansi, Chitrakoot, Kanpur and Bareilly mandals account for most of the area under cultivation. 4. Land preparation: Properly drained sandy loam soil is suitable for its cultivation. The farm should be first tilled with soil turning ploughs and cultivators or rotavators. Land treatment: Trichoderma 2% WPT to protect the crop from soil-borne diseases. of 2.5 kg. Volume per hectare 60-75 kg. After spraying light water mixed with cow dung manure and keeping it in shade for 8-40 days, add it to the fields at the time of last ploughing. Beauveria bassiana for protection against termites, white weeds, nematodes, root rot, cutworm, etc. % WP. 2.5 kg of biopesticide. Volume per hectare 60-75 kg. After sprinkling light water mixed with rotten cow dung manure and keeping it in shade for 8-40 days, it should be mixed with the soil at the last ploughing before sowing |3. Sowing Time: Early maturing varieties should be sown from the third week of July to the first week of August. Quick-ripening varieties are also sown in zaid. Ta-27 and Ta-65 should be sown as pure crops in the first fortnight of July and with arhar in the second fortnight of June. Shekar varieties should be sown from 25 July to 30 August. In the western part, sowing can be done even after green fodder. 4. Species and yield: Species. . Notification of the average suitable area of the seed rate line of ripening during the year. g. Distance cm. Yield (day) per hectare / hectare IPU - 94-4 .2000. 75-80 45 30 42-5 - Suitable for late (Uttara) sowing in Zaid and Kharif. 70-75 45 30 40-2. Whole of U.P. Narendra Urd-4 *. 70-80 45 30 42-5. Whole of U.P. Ballabh Urd 2045. _ 75-80 45 30 40- | 4 Entire U.P., yellow mosaic resistant to U-30 N 70-75 45 30 0 - 5. Tadaiv Azad Urd - 2 Ki 75-80 45 30 42-3. Sampoorna U.P. (green grain) Shekhar. 4998. 80-65 42-5 .35 42-5. Tadayasekara 3 (49-309) 2004. 78-80 45 30 42-3 Inhibitor for yellow mosaic virus URD-32003. 80-85 45 30 42-4. U. 408. 8 80 45 30 42-4. Tadayasekara 2 200.... 80-85 42-5 .35 42-5. Tadaypant Urd 3. 2005. 70-75 5-20 -42-9 Mosaic resistor. PU 2-43 .2008. 70-75 45 30 9 -. Yellow mosaic barrier invented by Urd-499 [. This species is tolerant of yellow mosaic, a yellow antidote. 86'"
1242,1172,"'Roots are almost cylindrical terminating abruptly in small thin tail, 12-15cm long, orange flesh with self-coloured core. It takes 90-100 days for root formation.'"
1243,1098,"'This is the most common method practiced for irrigated crop as it results in high yield and large size bulbs. In plains, seeds are sown during October-November for a rabi crop. In hills, seeds'"
1244,1099,'Plough the land to a fine tilth and form ridges and furrows at 45 cm spacing. Sown the bulbs on both the sides of the ridges at 10 cm apart.'
1245,1100,'Irrigate at the time of planting of seedlings and third day and later at weekly intervals. Withhold irrigation 10 days before harvest.'
1246,1101,"'Apply FYM 25 t/ha, Azospirillum 2 kg and Phosphobacteria 2 kg/ha, N 30 kg, P 60 kg and K 30 kg/ha as basal and 30 kg N/ha on 30th day of sowing.'"
1247,1102,'Apply a dose of 75% of the total recommended dose of superphosphate i.e . 285 kg/ha as basal dose. Azospirillum and Phosphobacteria each @ 2 Kg/ha along with FYM 50 Kg and Neem'
1248,1103,' Growing two rows of maize as barrier crops around field border.  Selection of healthy onion seed bulbs.'
1249,1104,'soils are most suited. It prefers well-drained upland soil for proper growth. The optimum pH range is 6.0 -7.0 It is a cool season crop and is sensitive to very low and high temperatures.'
1250,1105,"'spade. Planking is done during the last ploughing to make friable soil bed for transplanting. Raised beds of 1 m width, 4-5 m length and 30 cm above the soil are prepared.'"
1251,1106,'November.'
1252,1107,"'or compost @ 4kg/m 2 . Before sowing, the seeds should be treated with Captan or Thiram @ 2.5g/kg seeds to get rid of fungal diseases. The seeds are sown at a spacing of 2-3 cm between'"
1253,1108,"'be transplanted. Before transplanting, hardening of seedlings should be done by withholding irrigation for 4-6 days prior to transplanting. Seedlings should be watered a day prior to'"
1254,1109,"'transplanting in the soil. Besides FYM, 120 kg nitrogen, 60 kg phosphorous, 60 kg potash should be applied for one hectare. Half dose of nitrogen and full dose of phosphorous and'"
1255,1110,"'to be given depending on weather and soil type. However, regular maintenance of soil moisture is essential during growth and curd development.'"
1256,1111,'pest and diseases and high yielding The seed rate is about 100-120 g/acre (depending on variety)'
1257,1112,'crop'
1258,1113,'drills on the seedbed at a spacing of 10 – 20 cm apart  Thinly sow the seeds in the drills and cover lightly with soil Management.'
1259,1114,'recommended that transplanting should be done either early in the morning or late in the evening'
1260,1115,"'between plants depending on the variety Plant population: 11,000 – 14,800 plants/acre'"
1261,1116,'half-litre water bottle tops (10 g) of DAP per planting hole (80 kg/acre)'
1262,1117,"' Water thoroughly after transplanting and regularly  However, avoid over-watering which can lead to “Damping-off” disease'"
1263,1118,"'A very early variety for growing in Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Delhi. Ready for harvest from mid-September to mid-October. Curds are semi-spherical with even surface.'"
1264,1585,"'Decreasing  input  use:  As  the  system reaching  at Increasing input use: Target and  action approach that perfection it conserve/generate its own resources e.g. for rather,   deteriorate   systems   regenerative capacity- nutrition  and  protection-  decreasing requirement  of increasing requirement of inputs. inputs'"
1265,1147,'Its late maturing (85-95 days ) variety with 3-4 cm sprouts. Its plants are red and yield is lower than green variety but good flavoured sprouts.'
1266,1148,"'The knobs are green, round and large-sized with small tops. These are usually tender and delicately flavored with white flesh. It is ready to harvest in about 75 days after transplanting.'"
1267,1149,"'It is an early maturing variety takes about 55–65 days to mature after transplanting. The plants are dwarf with medium green leaves and stem. The knobs are globular, light green,'"
1268,1150,'The knobs are purplish-blue with greenish-white flesh. It takes about 70 days to mature and more yield potential as compared to White Vienna.'
1269,1151,'It is an early maturing variety. The plants are dark green with about 25 cm height and bear flattish-round knob. It matures in 60–65 days after transplanting'
1270,1152,"'It is a selection from a local material developed at IARI, New Delhi. Roots are 30-35cm long tapering pure white with green tops and pungent taste. Tops have green cut leaves. This'"
1271,1153,"'Suitable for main season (mid-September to early October). Roots mildly pungent, 30- 35cm long, white with green shoulder tolerant to slightly higher temperature. It takes 55—60'"
1272,1586,'The first 40 years of the 20th century saw simultaneous advances in biochemistry and engineering that rapidly and profoundly changed farming. The introduction of the gasoline- powered internal combustion engine ushered in the era of the tractor and made possible hundreds of mechanized farm implements. Research in plant breeding led to the commercialization of hybrid seed. And a new manufacturing process made nitrogen fertilizer — first synthesized in the mid-19th century - affordably abundant. These factors changed the labor equation.'
1273,1587,"'Consciously organic agriculture (as opposed to the agriculture of indigenous cultures, which always employs only organic means) began more or less simultaneously in Central Europe and India. The British botanist Sir Albert Howard is often referred to as the father of modern organic agriculture . From 1905 to 1924, he worked as an agricultural adviser in Pusa, Bengal, where he documented traditional Indian farming practices and came to regard them as superior to his conventional agriculture science. His research and further development of these methods is recorded in his writings, notably, his 1940 book, An Agricultural Testament , which influenced many scientists and farmers of the day.'"
1274,1154,"'Developed by selection from a Denmark introduction; suitable for growing in hotter months, i.e. middle of March to middle of August when no other variety can be grown'"
1275,1155,"'An introduction from Japan and recommended by IARI Regional Station Katrain; suitable for sowing from October-December. Roots are 25-30cm long, 5cm in dia, cylindrical'"
1276,1156,"'A derivative of the cross White 5 x Japanese White. Roots 33- 40 cm long smooth and white, foliage light green. It takes 50-60 days for root formation'"
1277,1157,"'A selection RS 44-1 developed at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University. Coimbatore. Roots milky white, less pungent, 23cm long and cylindrical. Suitabli for growing in plains in all'"
1278,1158,"'An improvement over a collection IHR72 from Singapore developed at IIHR, Bangalore after 10 cycles of mass selection. Roots are long marble-white crisp in texture with mild'"
1279,1159,"'An introduction identified by Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Naum (Solan). Roots are 12-15cm long pink with white towards tip, semi-stumpy to stumpy. It'"
1280,1160,"'A table variety, roots 12-15cm long 2-3cm in dia, icicle-shaped, mildly pungent, flesh cnsp-icy-white sweet. It takes 30 days for harvest.'"
1281,1161,"'Developed at IARI Regional Station, Katrain through hybridization between Black and Japanese White; suitable for December-February sowing when no other variety can form such'"
1282,1162,"'It is a table type. Roots small globular, bright-red with white tip. Flesh pure white crisp with mild pungency. It is ready for harvest in 21 days. Suitable for November-December'"
1283,1163,"'Root round small with 2cm dia, bright-red; flesh crisp and white; takes 25-30 days from sowing to root formation. Delayed harvest will result in pithiness.'"
1284,1164,'Roots long tapering to a point with red skin. Flesh-white and crisp.'
1285,1165,"'This is a selection from a cross of Local Red and Nantes Half Long developed at IARI, New Delhi. The roots are scarlet in color with sufficiently red coloured core unlike the local'"
1286,1166,"'This is a selection from a cross between Pusa Kesar and Nantes developed at IARI, New Delhi. It has long orange coloured tapering roots with self-coloured cores. The roots are rich in'"
1287,1167,"'A selection made from a local material by Punjab Agricultural University. Roots are long, tapering, thin and light-red in colour.'"
1288,1168,"'It is a derivative of a cross Nantes x No. 29 and released by Punjab Agricultural University. Roots are long smooth, semi-cylindrical orange with light orange coloured core.'"
1289,1169,"'It has been developed by selection from a local material. Plant top is medium heavy with light green leaves. The roots are attractive, long, tapering, light brick red with thin and self'"
1290,1170,'It has been developed by selection from a local material and takes ninety days from sowing to harvesting maturity. The roots are deep red and tapering with self colour core; 62 cm'
1291,1171,"'It is an introduction recommended by IARI Regional Station, Katrain. Suitable for sowing during winter months. Roots are cylindrical stumpy, well shaped with abrupt tail,'"
1292,1588,"'In Germany, Rudolf Steiner's development, biodynamic agriculture, was probably the first comprehensive organic farming system. This began with a lecture series Steiner presented at a farm in Koberwitz (now in Poland) in 1924. Steiner emphasized the farmer's role in guiding and balancing the interaction of the animals, plants and soil. Healthy animals depended upon healthy plants (for their food), healthy plants upon healthy soil, healthy soil upon healthy animals (for the manure).'"
1293,1589,"'In 1909, American agronomist F.H. King toured China, Korea, and Japan, studying traditional fertilization, tillage, and general farming practices. He published his findings in Farmers of Forty Centuries (1911, Courier Dover Publication). King foresaw a \'world movement for the introduction of new and improved methods\' of agriculture and in later years his book became an important organic reference.'"
1294,1691,'W agriculture\' or a similar description. The name and address of the person or company legally responsible for the production or processing of the product P not immediately c from wild production shall be declared as such.'
1295,1179,"'It is early maturing variety and first picking is possible 65-70 days after sowing. Each plant bears 15-18 well filled pods with 7-9 grains per pod. Pods are medium long (9.5 cm),'"
1296,1180,"'It was developed by selection from the double cross (Arkel × JM 5) × (4BC × JP 501). Its plants are 40-50 cm tall, pods are big, sickle shaped each containing 8-10 grains that taste'"
1297,1181,'It was developed by selection from the cross Bonneville × P 23. It takes relatively longer period for marketable maturity than typical early types. The plants are semi-dwarf and first'
1298,1182,'It is a popular variety in India introduced from USA and yield 10 tonnes/ha. Plants are susceptable to powdery mildew.'
1299,1183,"'It was developed by IIHR, Bangalore as a variety resistant to pow¬ dery meldew and rust and yield 10 tonnes/ha in 90 days.'"
1300,1184,'These varieties have bigger pods and yield 10-12 tonnes/ ha. The plants are susceptible to powdery mildew.'
1301,1185,"'It is a snap pea (whole pod edible) line developed by IIHR, Bangalore, and yields 8-9 tonnes/ha in a crop duration of 90 days.'"
1302,1590,"'The term organic farming was coined by Lord Northbourne in his book Look to the Land (written in 1939, published 1940). From his conception of \'the farm as organism,\' he described a holistic, ecologically balanced approach to farming. In 1939, influenced by Sir Albert Howard's work, Lady Eve Balfour launched the Haughley Experiment on farmland in England. It was the first scientific, side-by-side comparison of organic and conventional farming. Four years later, she published The Living Soil , based on the initial findings of the Haughley Experiment. Widely read, it led to the formation of a key international organic advocacy group, the Soil Association.'"
1303,1591,"'In Japan, Masanobu Fukuoka, a microbiologist working in soil science and plant pathology, began to doubt the modern agricultural movement. In 1937, he quit his job as a research scientist, returned to his family's farm in 1938, and devoted the next 60 years to developing a radical no-'"
1304,1692,"'sportation of organic products. here only part of the unit is certified and other products are non-organic, the organic products'"
1305,1713,'Manures are plant an stes that are used as sources of plant nutrients. They release ter their decomposition. es can be grou to bulky organic manures and concentrated organic manures based on on of the n'
1306,1186,"'It is a pure line selection from the accession PS 33 among the germplasm maintained at TNAU, horticultural Research Station, Ooty with a crop duration of 90 days. It is dwarf type'"
1307,1187,"'It was developed by selection from the cross Pusa 2 × Morassis 55. Its plants are medium tall and dark green. First picking is possible 100 days after sowing. Pods are dark green, 9-10'"
1308,1188,"'The pods are attractive dark green, long, borne in doubles and having 9-10 grains per pod. First picking is possible 85-90 days after sowing. The seeds are sweet and shelling out turn is'"
1309,1189,"'Its plants are medium tall, attaining a height of 60-70 cm. The pods are large, dark green, straight and well filled having 6-7 seeds. The seeds are bold, sweet and wrinkled at maturity.'"
1310,1190,"'It was developed by selection from the cross Bonneville × 6587. Its plants are 130-150 cm tall and erect with light green foliage. Pods are medium sized, light green, straight and'"
1311,1191,"'It was developed by selection from the double cross (JMI × JP 829) × (46 C × JP 501). Its plants are dwarf (50 cm); pods are large and curved, each containing about 8 sweet tasting'"
1312,1192,"'It was developed by selection from a three way cross (JMI × R 98 B) × JP 501 A/2. Its plants are dwarf (50 cm), pods are large each containing about 8 grains. Average yield is 130'"
1313,1193,"'It has been developed by selection from the multiple cross involving Bonneville, IIHR 209 and Freezer 656. Pods are 8-9 cm long. Seeds are bold, sweet and shelling is 55 percent. It'"
1314,1194,'It has been developed by selection from the cross Arka Ajit × IIHR 554. Plants are bushy and erect. Pods are 11-12 cm long with 8-10 sweet grains. It takes about 90 days from sowing'
1315,1195,"'It is a snow pea variety developed by selection from a multiple cross involving Bonneville, IIHR 209, Freeza 656 and Manao Sugar. Plants are bushy and erect. Pods are flat,'"
1316,1196,"'It is a snow pea variety. The plants are tall (140 cm); pods are light green, broad, flat and 12-13 cm long. First picking is possible 90 days after sowing. Average yield is 120 quintals per'"
1317,1197,"'It is also a snow pea variety. The plants are bushy and about 75-90 cm tall. The pods are 10-12 cm long, tender, crisp and suitable for stir-frying. It takes about 60 days from sowing to'"
1318,1198,"'It is a snap pea variety. The plants are about 120 cm tall and require staking. At maturity, the pods are 7-8 cm long, round, crisp and delicious. It takes about 70-75 days from sowing to'"
1319,1199,"'There is no improved variety available in India,but several exotic varieties intro¬ duced from abroad are given below.'"
1320,1200,"'Aquadule Claudin, Imperial White long pod, Masterpiece green long pod, Imperial green long pod, Red Epicure'"
1321,1201,"'Imperial White Windsor, Gaint Four seeded Green Windsor, Imperial Green Windsor.'"
1322,1202,"'As in radish, turnip varieties are also grouped into European or temperate types and Asiatic or tropical types. The temperate varieties are sweet, tender and palatable whereas'"
1323,1592,"'Technological advances during World War II accelerated post-war innovation in all aspects of agriculture, resulting in large advances in mechanization (including large-scale irrigation), fertilization, and pesticides. In particular, two chemicals that had been produced in quantity for warfare, were repurposed for peace-time agricultural uses. Ammonium nitrate, used in munitions, became an abundantly cheap source of nitrogen. And a range of new pesticides appeared: DDT, which had been used to control disease-carrying insects around troops, became a general insecticide, launching the era of widespread pesticide use.'"
1324,1593,"'In 1944, an international campaign called the Green Revolution was launched in Mexico with private funding from the US. It encouraged the development of hybrid plants, chemical controls, large-scale irrigation, and heavy mechanization in agriculture around the world.'"
1325,1594,"'During the 1950s, sustainable agriculture was a topic of scientific interest, but research tended to concentrate on developing the new chemical approaches. In the US, J.I. Rodale began to popularize the term and methods of organic growing, particularly to consumers through promotion of organic gardening.'"
1326,1205,'It has been developed by selection from the cross Local Red Round (Asiatic type) × Golden Ball (Temperate type). Plant top is small. Roots are round with red skin and are ready'
1327,1206,"'It is suitable for sowing late in north Indian plains. Plant top is small; leaves are erect, deeply serrated and light green in colour. Roots are round, medium sized with yellow skin and'"
1328,1207,"'This is suitable for sowing late in north Indian plains. Plant top is medium heavy; leaves are erect, deeply serrated and dark green. Roots are large, round, smooth with bright purple top'"
1329,1208,'It is a temperate variety and is suitable for sowing from October to December in plains. It has been developed by selection from the cross Snow Ball × Japanese White. Plant top is'
1330,1209,"'It is an early maturing variety and has been developed by selection from the cross Japanese White × Golden Ball. Roots are flatish-round, 7-8 cm in diameter with creamy –'"
1331,1210,"'Based on the shape of roots, beetroot varieties are classified into five groups viz. flat, short top, round or globular, half long and long. Most of the varieties cultivated in India are the'"
1332,1211,"'The roots are round with smooth, uniform and deep red skin. Flesh is dark blood red, tender and fine textured with light red zoning. The tops are small; and leaves are dark green'"
1333,1212,"'Roots are globular to flat, medium red with small shoulders; flesh is dark crimson-red with indistinct zoning. Tops are medium to tall, large, bright green with maroon shades.'"
1334,1213,"'Roots are flat to globular with smooth skin. The flesh colour is dark purple-red with some zoning. The top is medium tall, green with red veins. It takes 55-60 days to reach'"
1335,1222,"'It was developed at Horticultural Research Station, Ooty of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University through selection from an introduction from Himachal Pradesh. Leaves are green'"
1336,1223,"'It was developed at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. It produces green tender leaves and gives about 6-7 cuttings at 15-20 days interval. It yields about 12'"
1337,1224,"'This cultivar was developed by hybridization between sugar beet and local palak at IARI Regional Station, Katrain, HP. It produces thick, green, very large and slightly crinkled leaves.'"
1338,1214,"'The roots are flattened globe with rounded shoulders and smooth, dark red skin. The flesh is dark red with light red zoning. The leaves are large with red veins. The roots attain'"
1339,1215,'Its skin is thin and flesh colour is blood-red. It takes 120-130 days to reach marketable maturity. Average yield is 310-450 quintals per hectare.'
1340,1216,"'It is a prickly seeded cultivar having blistered, large and dark green leaves with round tip. Plants are upright and vigorous in growth. Average yield is 100-125 quintals per hectare. It is'"
1341,1217,"'Leaves are dark green, large, thick and conical in shape. First cutting is possible 48-days after sowing. Average yield is 100-125 quintals per hectare.'"
1342,1595,"'In 1962, Rachel Carson, a prominent scientist and naturalist, published Silent Spring , chronicling the effects of DDT and other pesticides on the environment. A bestseller in many countries, including the US, and widely read around the world, Silent Spring is widely considered as being a key factor in the US government's 1972 banning of DDT. The book and its author are often credited with launching the worldwide environmental movement.'"
1343,1596,"'In the 1970s, global movements concerned with pollution and the environment increased their focus on organic farming. As the distinction between organic and conventional food became clearer, one goal of the organic movement was to encourage consumption of locally grown food, which was promoted through slogans like \'Know Your Farmer, Know Your Food\'.'"
1344,1597,"'In 1972, the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM) was founded in Versailles, France and dedicated to the diffusion and exchange of information on the principles and practices of organic agriculture of all schools and across national and linguistic boundaries.'"
1345,1226,"'It is the latest variety at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. It produces green, tender leaves. It has higher vitamin C content of and (3-carotene than Pusa Jyoti. It is'"
1346,1227,'It is a tri-parental synthetic variety with Red to pinkish red elongated globe shaped bulbs. Average bulb weight is 120 g.'
1347,1228,'Yellow onion developed for export market for Asian countries. Bulb yield: 45t/ha in 120 days.'
1348,1229,'Bulbs round with tapering neck; maturity 110-115 DAT; average yield 26-28 tonnes / ha. Recommended for kharif and late kharif season.'
1349,1230,'Globe shaped bulbs with thin neck. Medium size bulbs with deep pink coloured outer scales and high pungency. Average bulbs weight: 100-160 g. Yield 35 t/ha .'
1350,1231,"'Bulbs medium to large in size, light red in colour and flattish round in shape. Keeping quality is good, plant mature in 130145 days after transplanting. The average yield potential is'"
1351,1232,"'Bulbs globular with thin neck, attractive colour, 46 cm in size. TSS is 1214%, pungency and dry matter also high. Good keeping quality. Plant mature in 145 days after'"
1352,1233,'CMS based F1 Hybrid Medium to big sized bulbs with globe shape and firm texture. Field tolerance to diseases and pests. Suitable for kharif and rabi. Bulb yield: 47t/ha.'
1353,1234,"'This variety has been recommended for cultivation in the states of Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana and Rajasthan. It matures in 120-135 days and average yield is 8-14 t/ha. It produces'"
1354,1235,"'Bulbs are compact, silvery and white with creamy flesh, bigger elongated clove with 20- 25 in number and diameter of bulb is 3.5 to 4.5 cm, total soluble solids (41%),  Matures in 140-'"
1355,1236,"'Bulb are compact, silvery white skin with creamy flesh, diameter 4.0-4.5 cm.  Sickle shaped cloves with 25-30 in number, total soluble solids (38%), dry matter (40%) and pyruvic'"
1356,1237,'Attractive with white creamy flesh. Diameter of bulb is 3.5- 4.0 cm.The number of cloves is 35-40 per bulb. The crop matures in 140-160 days. It gives an average yield of 150-'
1357,1238,"'Bulbs are creamy white, bigger in sized and 4.5-5.5 cm in diameter.The number of cloves is 15-16per  bulb. They contain 38-42 total soluble solids, 42% dry matter ,The crop matures in'"
1358,1239,"'Bulbs are bigger, creamy white in colour with pinkish tinge.Diameter of bulb varies from 5.0 to 6.5 cm, 10-16 bigger cloves per bulb.Crop matures in 230-250 days after'"
1359,1240,"'Bulbs are bigger, creamy white in colour. Diameter of bulb varies from 5.0 to 6.0 cm, cloves bigger 12-14 in number per bulb. Crop matures in 240-260 days after sowing. The'"
1360,1241,"'Bulbs are compact, attractive light purple in colour with creamy flesh. Diameter of bulb varies from 4.8 to 5.5 cm and bigger elongated cloves 25-30 in number per bulb. The average'"
1361,1242,'Bulbs are white in colour with creamy white flash and better keeping quality.Crop matures in 155-165 days after sowing. The average yield ranges between 145 and 150q/ha.'
1362,1598,"'In 1975, Fukuoka released his first book, The One-Straw Revolution , with a strong impact in certain areas of the agricultural world. His approach to small-scale grain production emphasized a meticulous balance of the local farming ecosystem, and a minimum of human interference and labor.'"
1363,1599,"'In the 1980s, around the world, farming and consumer groups began seriously pressuring for government regulation of organic production. This led to legislation and certification standards being enacted through the 1990s and to date. Since the early 1990s, the retail market for organic farming in developed economies has been growing by about 20% annually due to increasing consumer demand. Concern for the quality and safety of food, and the potential for environmental damage from conventional agriculture, are apparently responsible for this trend.'"
1364,1703,'of their cell protoplasm. Fungi are more efficient carbon assimilation than bacteria and actinomycetes. Thus carbon dioxide evolution is e active in biodegradation than bacterial. acidity and toxicity; and soil water holding capacity.'
1365,1243,'It is also called red rot or brown rot and is caused by boron deficiency. The symptoms first appear as water soaked lesions on internal tissues of stem and on surface of the curd. Later'
1366,1244,"'Apply Borax @ 10.0-15.0 kg per hectare to control browning. The doze of the chemical depends upon the soil type, soil reaction and extent of deficiency. On neutral and alkaline soils,'"
1367,1245,"'This results from the deficiency of molybdenum and is more frequent in acidic soils. In addition, there are genotypes those are more prone to occurrence of this disorder. The peculiar'"
1368,1246,'Improve soil pH to 6.5 by liming. Apply sodium or ammonium molybdate @ 1.0 kg per hectare'
1369,1247,'The term buttoning is applied to the development of small curds called buttons. The plants do not develop normally and the leaves remain small. Deficiency of nitrogen is the chief'
1370,1248,"'Blind cauliflower plants are those, which lack terminal bud. The leaves, which develop are large, dark green and leathery. Sometimes, the axillary buds develop but the plant fails to'"
1371,1600,"'Throughout this history, the focus of agricultural research and the majority of publicized scientific findings have been on chemical, not organic farming. This emphasis has continued to biotechnologies like genetic engineering. One recent survey of the UK's leading government funding agency for bioscience research and training indicated 26 GM crop projects, and only one related to organic agriculture. This imbalance is largely driven by agribusiness in general, which, through research funding and government lobbying, continues to have a predominating effect on agriculture-related science and policy.'"
1372,1601,"'Agribusiness is also changing the rules of the organic market. The rise of organic farming was driven by small, independent producers and by consumers. In recent years, explosive organic market growth has encouraged the participation of agribusiness interests. As the volume and variety of \'organic\' products increases, the viability of the small-scale organic farm is at risk, and the meaning of organic farming as an agricultural method is ever more easily confused with the related but separate areas of organic food and organic certification.'"
1373,1251,"'Splitting of heads may occur due to heavy rains after prolonged drought, excessive fertilizer application and delayed harvesting. Early maturing varieties are more prone to head'"
1374,1252,"'Splitting or forking in carrot is caused by both genetic as well as environmental factors. Wider plant spacing resulting in large sized roots is associated with splitting. Excess of nitrogen application and irregular irrigation are also responsible for the disorder. Further, the crop that received nitrogen from ammonia-based fertilizers is more prone to splitting than the one received nitrogen from other sources.'"
1375,1253,"'Forking Splitting of roots is called forking and is a common problem in radish. Forking is caused due to hard soil pan, delayed harvesting and water stress followed by excessive water application. Avoiding these conditions will help minimize forking in radish.'"
1376,1254,"'Splitting of roots is called forking and is a common problem in radish. Forking is caused due to hard soil pan, delayed harvesting and water stress followed by excessive water application. Avoiding these conditions will help minimize forking in radish.'"
1377,1255,'It is a commonly occurring disorder in radish and turnip caused by boron deficiency. Dark spots that first appear on roots characterize it. The plants remain stunted due to retarded growth rate. Leaves show variegated appearance with yellow and purplish red blotches. Roots remain small showing distorted and greyish appearance.'
1378,1602,"'In Havana, Cuba, a unique situation has made organic food production a necessity. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1989 and its economic support, Cuba has had to produce food in creative ways like instituting the world’s only state-supported infrastructure to support urban food production. Called organopónicos, the city i s able to provide an ever increasing amount of its produce organically.'"
1379,1603,"'There is not one universally accepted definition of organic farming. Most organic farmers and organic consumers expect that organic farming methods should include natural, not chemical growth and production methods such as crop rotation, mechanical cultivation, animal manures, green manure and integrated pest management.'"
1380,1257,'Damping-off is caused by many soil borne pathogens that attack under conditions unfavourable for rapid seed germination and growth. The symptoms include both preemergence'
1381,1258,'Avoid sowing nursery in sick and poorly drained soils. Sterilize the seedbeds with formalin @ 1.0-1.5 per cent solution. Treat the seed before sowing with Captaf or Thiram @ 3'
1382,1259,"'The disease is caused by seed borne bacteria and affects cauliflower, cabbage, knol- khol, broccoli etc. It also affects root crops like radish and turnip. Symptoms of disease appear'"
1383,1260,'Use disease free seed. Soak the seed in hot water at 50°C for 25-30 minutes which kills internally seed borne bacteria. Treating the seed with Aureomycin @ 1000 ppm for 25 minutes'
1384,1261,"'It is a serious problem of cauliflower, cabbage and broccoli during transit but may also occur in the field. The disease appears after occurrence of black rot or due to mechanical injury.'"
1385,1262,'Avoid mechanical injury to mature heads and control black rot. Grow resistant varieties.'
1386,1604,"'In 1980, the USDA released a landmark report of organic farming. The report defined organic farming as a production system, which avoids or largely excludes the use of synthetic organic fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators and livestock feed additives. Organic farming systems largely depends on crop rotations, crop residues, animal manures, green manures, off-farm organic wastes, mechanical cultivation, mineral bearing rocks and aspects of biological control to maintain soil productivity, supply plant nutrients and to control insects, pathogens and weeds (Sharma 2002).'"
1387,1605,"'According to Codex definition (FAO), organic agriculture is production management system, which promotes and enhances agro-ecosystem health, including biodiversity, biological cycles and biological activity. It emphasizes the use of management practices in preferences to the use of off-farm inputs, taking into account that regional conditions require locally adopted systems. This is accomplished by using, where possible, on-farm agronomic, biological and mechanical methods, as opposed to using synthetic materials to fulfill any specific function within the system.'"
1388,1263,"'It is caused by a soil borne pathogen that remains active for 4-7 years even when crucifers are not cultivated in the field. The disease appears in cauliflower, cabbage, broccoli,'"
1389,1264,'Remove and destroy the diseased plants and alternative host plants from vicinity of the crop fields. Improve soil pH to neutral level by adding lime @ 2.5 tonnes per hectare.'
1390,1265,"'It is a destructive disease of cabbage and cauliflower worldwide and the pathogen has wide host range. The disease occurs in field, transit and storage. It is more serious under cool'"
1391,1266,"'Ensure good drainage conditions in the field. Follow crop rotation with non-crucifer crops like beets, cereals, groundnut etc. to reduce soil inoculums. Spray the crop with Benlate'"
1392,1267,'The disease affects both seedlings and mature plants. The disease is more serious under high humidity conditions. The symptoms appear as white mildew growth generally on'
1393,1268,'Follow crop rotation with non-crucifer crops. Clean cultivation and wider spacing between plants help to reduce disease incidence. Grow resistant varieties and spray the crop'
1394,1606,"'Organic farming is the form of agriculture that relies on crop rotation, green manure, compost, biological pest control, organically approved pesticide application and mechanical cultivation to maintain soil productivity and control pests, excluding or strictly limiting the use of synthetic fertilizers and synthetic pesticides, plant growth regulators, livestock antibiotics, food additives, and genetically modified organisms'"
1395,1607,"'Organic agricultural methods are internationally regulated and legally enforced by many nations, based in large part on the standards set by the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM), an international umbrella organization for organic organizations established in 1972. IFOAM defines the overarching goal of organic farming as follows:'"
1396,1640,'of the world as agriculture is the source of livelihood of more than 6-7 million of our people and it is the foundation of the economic development of the country.'
1397,1269,'The fungus is seed borne and attacks the crop at any growth stage. The disease appears as depressed light brown to dark brown cankerous spots near the base of stem which later'
1398,1270,'Treat the seed with hot water at 50°C for 30 minutes and grow resistant varieties. Avoid planting in poorly drained soils and follow clean cultivation. Seed treatment with Benomyl (24'
1399,1271,"'Small light brown to dark brown circular spots appear on leaves. Later on these spots develop concentric rings. Infected leaves turn yellow and drop. In seed crop, the symptoms may'"
1400,1272,'Follow clean cultivation and crop rotation with non-crucifer crops. Hot water treatment of seeds at 50°C for 30 minutes is effective to check seed borne inoculum. Spray the crop twice'
1401,1273,'The fungus is both seed and soil borne. It affects cabbage and Brussels sprouts. First sign of the disease is yellowing and browning of lower leaves. The affected plants look pale and'
1402,1608,"'\'Organic agriculture is a production system that sustains the health of soils, ecosystems and people. It relies on ecological processes, biodiversity and cycles adapted to local conditions, rather than the use of inputs with adverse effects. Organic agriculture combines tradition, innovation and science to benefit the shared environment and promote fair relationships and a good quality of life for all involved..\' —IFOAM.'"
1403,1609,'The principles of organic agriculture serve to inspire the organic movement in its full diversity. They are the roots from which organic agriculture grows and develops. They express the contribution that organic agriculture can make to the world and a vision to improve all agriculture in a global context. The Principles of Organic Agriculture serve to inspire the organic movement in its full diversity.'
1404,1275,'Food Beverages'
1405,1276,"'Beverages are an integral part of human diet, starting from new born. The cycle starts with the infant formulas- highly complex drink, rich in many key nutrients.  As human age and their nutritional requirements change, product designer keeps pace by developing new and innovative beverages to meet these needs.'"
1406,1277,"'Beverages can be defined as “any fluid which is consumed by drinking” . It consists of diverse group of food products, usually liquids that include the most essential drink “water” to wide range of commercially available fluids like fruit beverage, synthetic drinks, alcoholic beverage, milk, dairy beverages, tea, coffee, chocolate drinks etc. Despite differences in their properties one common feature that exists in all beverages is their ability to act as thirst quencher. In simple words beverages can be defined as “liquid which is essentially designed or developed for human consumption”. The beverages are rarely consumed for its food value but it is vital for life. Although their prime role is to fulfill the human need but these are part of our culture. However there are important pre-requisite for beverages:-'"
1407,1278,"'Beverages are essential for growth, development as well for carrying out various physiological processes that are critical for living a healthy life. • In adult individuals 70 percent of body weight, 73 percent of lean muscle, 25 percent of adipose tissues, 22 percent of bone and 80 percent of blood consists of water. Consumption of beverages help in maintaining the water content in body and prevent dehydration'"
1408,1299,"'Herbal drinks are prepared by using the infusion of herbs in water. A wide variety of herbs may be used in preparation of such drinks. Many herbs like aloe vera, ginseng, shatavari , Arjuna , lemongrass, thyme etc. may be used for as base material for herbal drinks.'"
1409,1300,"'Sports beverages are also called as “electrolyte drinks” are basically designed to replenish the loss of fluid & electrolytes and provide quick energy during the exercise and sports activity. The mono-saccharides such as dextrose, glucose syrup are added so that they can be transported easily into the muscle cells and produce energy apart from sucrose and malto- dextrin. The carbohydrate content of sports beverage varied in the range of 4-8 percent. Electrolytes are many essential minerals such as chloride, calcium, phosphate, magnesium, sodium, and potassium.  Electrolytes control osmosis of water between body compartments and help maintain the acid base balance required for normal cellular activities.'"
1410,1279,"'• In adult individuals 70 percent of body weight, 73 percent of lean muscle, 25 percent of adipose tissues, 22 percent of bone and 80 percent of blood consists of water. Consumption of beverages help in maintaining the water content in body and prevent dehydration'"
1411,1280,"'• The water assists in digestion, assimilation and excretion of foods. It also helps in removing the toxic substances produced in body as a result of metabolisms such as urea, uric acid, ammonia etc. through kidney.'"
1412,1281,"'• Water in beverages help in regulating the temperature of body through the process of sweating. • Beverages specially the fruit and vegetable based ones are source of micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) and anti-oxidants (carotenoids, flavonoids).'"
1413,1282,'• Certain beverages like tea and coffee contain alkaloids which stimulate the central nervous system. • Consumption of alcoholic beverages specialy wine is recommended for its heart healthy image due to the presence of flavonoids. • Fermented dairy beverages are consumed because of the beneficial microflora present in them which assist in restoration and improvement of gastro-intestinal health.'
1414,1283,'Beverages may be classified on various ways. The classification criteria may depends on various factors as mentioned below: • Natural and Synthetic (Ingredients used in manufacture) • Carbonated and Non-carbonated (Degree of mechanical carbonation) • Alcoholic and Non-alcoholic (presence or absence of alcohol) • Hot and Cold (Temperature of serving) • Stimulating and Non-stimulating (Based on physiological effect)'
1415,1284,'• Natural and Synthetic (Ingredients used in manufacture) • Carbonated and Non-carbonated (Degree of mechanical carbonation) • Alcoholic and Non-alcoholic (presence or absence of alcohol) • Hot and Cold (Temperature of serving) • Stimulating and Non-stimulating (Based on physiological effect)'
1416,1610,"'The IFOAM definition of Organic agriculture is based on: The principle of health – Organic Agriculture should sustain and enhances the health of soil, plant, animal, human and planet as one and indivisible. This principle points out that the health of individuals and communities cannot be separated from the health of ecosystems - healthy soils produce healthy crops that foster the health of animals and people. Health is the wholeness and integrity of living systems. It is not simply the absence of illness, but the maintenance of physical, mental, social and ecological well-being. Immunity, resilience and regeneration are key characteristics of health. The role of organic agriculture, whether in farming, processing, distribution, or consumption, is to sustain and enhance the health of ecosystems and organisms from the smallest in the soil to human beings. In particular, organic agriculture is intended to produce high quality, nutritious'"
1417,1285,"'The natural beverages are prepared from the naturally derived ingredients including fruit juices or milk or malt, sugar, acid, flavouring and colouring materials. The examples of this group are fruit based beverages, malt beverages and dairy beverages.'"
1418,1286,'Synthetic beverages are analogue of natural beverages and may contain ingredients which are prepared synthetically like flavouring and colouring materials. These are primarily developed to offer pleasure to consumers at affordable cost. The major group of synthetic beverages is soft drinks which contain flavoured sugar syrup as base material that may or may not be carbonated. The high potency sweetener based beverages also belong to the category of synthetic beverages as they contain artificial sweeteners mainly to reduce the calorific value.'
1419,1287,"'Carbonated beverages are the one where carbon dioxide is dissolved in syrup or water. The presence of carbon dioxide creates bubbles upon release of pressure and fizzing in the beverage.  The carbonated beverages are commonly referred as “Soft Drink”. Cola or lemonade beverages are typical examples of carbonated beverages. The process of fermentation also produces carbon dioxide in certain beverages like beer. Carbonation is done for various reasons. Consumers find the fizzy sensation pleasant, and like the slightly different taste that dissolved carbonic acid provides. Soda water is another popular type of carbonated beverage which may also be flavoured.'"
1420,1288,'Alcoholic beverages contain ethyl alcohol which can be consumed for its intoxicating and mind-altering effects. Alcoholic beverages are produced by the process of natural or controlled fermentation. On the basis of raw material used and process technology used in their manufacture alcoholic beverages may be classified into three major groups:'
1421,1293,"'Brandy Fruit Juices mainly grapes 35-60% Normally consumed after-dinner, preferred for medicinal purpose. Aged in oak barrels Rum Molasses or sugarcane juice 40-55% Dark Coloured and quite popular in Caribbean nations. Aged for not less than three years Gin Wheat & rye may contain herbs 37.5-50 Flavoured and not aged. Mostly consumed with citrus juices Whisky Cereal (Barley, Rye, 40-55% Most famous one is “Scotch Whisky” corn malt) Vodka Malted cereals, potatoes etc. 38-40% Popular in Russian federation countries, two variants white and flavoured Vodka Cider Apple juice and other temperate fruits 2-7% Characterized by acidic-alcoholic taste'"
1422,1298,'Energy drinks are those beverages which boost energy and mainly contain sugar and caffeine. In recent past there has been rapid growth in the demand of energy drinks. These drinks may also contain variety of stimulants and vitamins.'
1423,1289,"'a) Beer It is the world‟s third most consumed beverage. Beer is prepared by fermenting the “wort” (soluble liquid of barley malt digest) with appropriate yeast to attain an alcohol level in the range of 4-8 percent. Apart from alcohol, beer is also characterized by the “effervescence” i.e. foam which is produced by carbon dioxide and bitterness. The bitterness and aroma in beer is contributed by the hops ( Humulus lupulus ) solids as αiso-acids and other polyphenols.  There are many variants of beer but two are more popular. These are called as “Lager” beer which is fermented by bottom  yeast i.e. Saccharomyces pastorianus at lower temperature (7-12 O C) for longer period, while the “Ale” is manufactured by using top fermenting yeast i.e. Saccharomyces cerevisiae at relatively higher temperature (18-25 0 C) (Fig. 24.1). b) Wine'"
1424,1290,"'Wines are made from variety of fruits. Such as grapes, peach, plum or apricots. However, the most commonly used one is grapes, both green as well as red grapes. The grapes are macerated to release juice which is fermented naturally by wide range of yeasts including Saccharomyces spp., Pichia spp., Stellata spp . and certain lactic acid bacteria. The duration of fermentation is also longer as compared to beer and mostly fermented wine is aged (months to year) to develop desirable sensory characteristics (Figure 24.1). There are two major type of wines i.e. white wine (made from green grapes) and red wine (from red or blue grapes). The red wine contain anthocyanin (as colouring pigment) and subjected to secondary fermentation termed as “Malolactic fermentation” to mellow the flavour of wine. The alcohol content in wine ranges from 9-16% (v/v).   Sparkling wines are characterized by “effervescence” produced by carbon dioxide and clarity, example: Champagne.'"
1425,1291,"'Spirit is a class of alcoholic beverages which are unsweetened and produced by distillation of fermented base. The fermented base may be molasses (by-product of sugar industry), fruit juices, cereal extract or sometime a combination of many fermentable substrates. Spirits are characterized by relatively higher alcohol content which may be as high as 20'"
1426,1292,'percent. The process of distillation increases the concentration of alcohol but reduced the level of congeners. Some of the alcoholic beverages belonging to the category of spirit are listed in Table 24.1.'
1427,1611,"'food that contributes to preventive health care and well-being. In view of this it should avoid the use of fertilizers, pesticides, animal drugs and food additives that may have adverse health effects.'"
1428,1294,"'Another criterion for classifying beverages is the temperature of serving. Certain beverages are consumed only hot i.e. temperature above 65-70 0 C which are termed as “Hot beverage” while those served at chilled temperature are called as “cold beverages”. The examples of hot beverages are tea, coffee, chocolate and milk. However, iced tea and cold coffee are served chilled. Most of the fruit beverages, dairy drinks, alcoholic drinks and soft drinks are example of cold drinks. Term “cold drink” is synonymous to “carbonated drinks” as well.'"
1429,1295,"'Consumption of some beverage stimulates the body systems mainly to nervous system and circulatory system. It is mainly due to the presence of certain chemical compounds like caffeine in coffee and tea, many phenolic compounds in herbal drinks and ethyl alcohol in alcoholic beverages. The chemical constituents present in these beverages influence the physiological processes as follows:-'"
1430,1296,'• Increase in basic metabolic rate (BMR) • Increase in blood circulation and heart beat • Stimulation of central nervous system (CNS) and release of neuro transmitter • Diuretic (increase in frequency of urination) • Enhancement in secretion of gastric juice'
1431,1297,"'There are many other categories of beverages and it includes nomenclature like herbal drinks, mood drinks, energy drinks and sports drinks. Energy drinks are those beverages which boost energy and mainly contain sugar and caffeine. In recent past there has been rapid growth in the demand of energy drinks. These drinks may also contain variety of stimulants and vitamins.'"
1432,1612,"'The principle of ecology – Organic Agriculture should be based on living ec ological systems and cycles, work with them, emulate them and help sustain them. This principle roots organic agriculture within living ecological systems. It states that production is to be based on ecological processes, and recycling. Nourishment and well-being are achieved through the ecology of the specific production environment. For example, in the case of crops this is the living soil; for animals it is the farm ecosystem; for fish and marine organisms, the aquatic environment. Organic farming, pastoral and wild harvest systems should fit the cycles and ecological balances in nature. These cycles are universal but their operation is site-specific. Organic management must be adapted to local conditions, ecology, culture and scale. Inputs should be reduced by reuse, recycling and efficient management of materials and energy in order to maintain and improve environmental quality and conserve resources. Organic agriculture should attain ecological balance through the design of farming systems, establishment of habitats and maintenance of genetic and agricultural diversity. Those who produce, process, trade, or consume organic products should protect and benefit the common environment including landscapes, climate, habitats, biodiversity, air and water.'"
1433,1301,"'There are three types of sports drinks all of which contain various levels of fluid, electrolytes, and carbohydrate. • Isotonic drinks have fluid, electrolytes and 6-8% carbohydrate.  Isotonic drinks quickly replace fluids lost by sweating and supply a boost of carbohydrate.  This kind of drink is the choice for most athletes especially middle and long distance running or team sports. • Hypotonic drinks have fluids, electrolytes and a low level of carbohydrates.  Hypotonic drinks quickly replace flids lost by sweating.  This kind of drink is suitable for athletes who need fluid without the boost of carbohydrates such as gymnasts. • Hypertonic drinks have high levels of carbohydrates.  Hypertonic drinks can be used to supplement daily carbohydrate intake normally after exercise to top up muscle glycogen stores.  In long distance events high levels of energy are required and hypertonic drinks'"
1434,1302,"'Syrup is usually prepared by mixing 1 part (volume) syrup to 3-6 parts (volume) water in stainless steel tanks fitted with top driven agitators. In sugar based product the syrup typically consists of sugar syrup of 67º Brix strength, citric acid, flavouring, colourings, preservatives and water. Sugar syrup is passed through a plate heat exchanger to decrease the microbial load. Syrup is pre-prepared, tested and diverted to proportioner for mixing with water and carbonation. Flow meters are most frequently used for proportioning. The syrup is dosed through a mass flow meter and the water dosing is done volumetrically by using a magnetic induction flow meter.'"
1435,1303,'Carbonation may be considered as the impregnation of a liquid with CO 2 gas. Earlier some the pre-syruping method was employed in which carbonated water and sugar syrup were metered separately into the bottle or other container. This method has been replaced in modern plants by pre-mix filling in which sugar syrup; water and CO 2 gas are combined in the correct ratio before transfer to the filler. The final beverage thus prepared before filling and regulation of carbonation and of the relative proportions of syrup and the water is of critical importance. The fundamental role of the carbonator is to obtain close contact between CO 2 gas and the liquid being carbonated. Factors determining the degree of carbonation are:'
1436,1304,'• Operating pressure in the system and temperature of the liquid • Contact time between the liquid and CO 2 • Area of the interface between the liquid and CO 2 • The affinity of the liquid for CO 2 (affinity decrease as the sugar content'
1437,1613,"'The principle of fairness – Organic Agriculture should build on relationship s that ensure fairness with regard to the common environment and life opportunities. Fairness is characterized by equity, respect, justice and stewardship of the shared world, both among people and in their relations to other living beings. This principle emphasizes that those involved in organic agriculture should conduct human relationships in a manner that ensures fairness at all levels and to all parties - farmers, workers, processors, distributors, traders and consumers. Organic agriculture should provide everyone involved with a good quality of life, and contribute to food sovereignty and reduction of poverty. It aims to produce a sufficient supply of good quality food and other products. This principle insists that animals should be provided with the conditions and opportunities of life that accord with their physiology, natural behavior and wellbeing. Natural and environmental resources that are used for production and consumption should be managed in a way that is socially and ecologically just and should be held in trust for future generations. Fairness requires systems of production, distribution and trade that are open and equitable and account for real environmental and social costs.'"
1438,1305,'Presence of air in syrup or water affects the carbonation process. Presence of air in beverage may also lead to mould growth and other oxidative reactions. Generally 1 volume of air exclude 50 volumes of CO 2 .'
1439,1306,"'Carbonation may be done in three different ways as follows: I. Pre-syruping or syruping-filling process or post mix process: Containers are filled with flavoured syrup and now carbonated water is added in it to prepare carbonated drink. II. Finished Product filling or Pre-mix: Flavoured syrup is added to water in correct proportion and then homogenous mix is carbonated to produce beverage. III. Carbonation of water is done in the first stage, then flavoured syrup is metered and added into it to prepare carbonated beverage.'"
1440,1307,"'Degree of carbonation is judged by the amount of effervescence produced and it is most important characteristic of carbonated beverages. The optimum level of carbonation varies with the type of beverage. Higher level of carbonation in orange type of carbonated beverages and too low in cola or ginger ale is not liked by consumers. The level of carbonation varies between 1 to 4.5 volumes of CO 2 per litre of beverage; 1 volume for fruit based carbonated drinks, 2-3 volumes for colas and around 4.5 volumes for mixer drinks like tonic water, ginger ale. Use of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles also requires slightly higher level of carbonation as some loss of CO 2 is bound to occur during storage.  Carbonated soft drinks are filled into either bottles or cans. Thickwalled, reusable, glass bottles were used for many years, but are being replaced by thin-walled, non-reusable glass and increasingly, PET bottles.'"
1441,1614,"'The principle of care - Organic Agriculture should be managed in a precautionary and responsible manner to protect the health and well being of current and future generations and the environment. Organic agriculture is a living and dynamic system that responds to internal and external demands and conditions. Practitioners of organic agriculture can enhance efficiency and increase productivity, but this should not be at the risk of jeopardizing health and well-being. Consequently, new technologies need to be assessed and existing methods reviewed. Given the incomplete understanding of ecosystems and agriculture, care must be taken. This principle states that precaution and responsibility are the key concerns in management, development and technology choices in organic agriculture. Science is necessary to ensure that organic agriculture is healthy, safe and ecologically sound. However, scientific knowledge alone is not sufficient. Practical experience, accumulated wisdom and traditional and indigenous knowledge offer valid'"
1442,2339,'The image shows a row of apple trees with ripe apples. The trees are well-maintained and appear to be in an orchard. The ground beneath the trees is covered with grass.'
1443,2340,'Two men are standing in a field with young crops. They appear to be engaged in a conversation. The environment is sunny with clear skies.'
1444,2341,'A drone is flying over a green field. There is a yellow object on the ground below the drone. Trees and a hazy sky are visible in the background.'
1445,1308,"'The consumption of carbonated water has increased rapidly. As per FSSAI definitions carbonated water conforming to the standards prescribed for packaged drinking water under Food Safety and Standard act, 2006 impregnated with carbon dioxide under pressure and may contain any of the listed additives singly or in combination. Permitted additives include sweeteners (sugar, liquid glucose, dextrose monohydrate, invert sugar, fructose, Honey) fruits & vegetables extractive, permitted flavouring, colouring matter, preservatives, emulsifying and stabilizing agents, acidulants (citric acid, fumaric acid and sorbitol, tartaric acid, phosphoric acid, lactic acid, ascorbic acid, malic acid), edible gums, salts of sodium, calcium and magnesium, vitamins, caffeine not exceeding 145 ppm, ester gum not exceeding 100 ppm and quinine salts not exceeding 100 ppm. It may contain Sodium saccharin not exceeding 100 ppm or Acesulfame-k 300 ppm or Aspartame not exceeding 700 ppm or sucralose not exceeding 300 ppm.'"
1446,1309,"'As per FSSAI guidelines mineral water means all kinds o mineral water or natural mineral water by whatever name it is called or sold. All mineral waters shall conform to the following standards, namely:-'"
1447,1310,"'26.6  Packaged Drinking Water (other than mineral water) It can be defined as water derived from the surface water or underground water or sea water which is subjected to herein-under specified treatments, namely decantation, filtration, combination of filtration, aerations, filtration with membrane filter depth filter, cartridge filter, activated carbon filtration, de-mineralization, remineralization, reverse osmosis and packed after disinfecting the water to a level that shall not lead any harmful contamination in the drinking water by means of chemical agents or physical methods to reduce the number of micro-organisms to level beyond scientifically accepted level for foods safety or its susceptibility. The standards, packaging and labelling requirements have also been specified under FSSAI rules.'"
1448,1378,"'In this filter, the filtration elements are circular leaves suspended on a central axis. The leaves are rotated only during cleaning and discharging, which allows for an automated and rapid cake removal and clean-up system.'"
1449,1379,"'Consumers have a strong preference for clear juices. In order to have attractive appearance of finished fruit juice, especially for beverages like fruit juice cordial, clarification of juice is highly essential. Such clarification can be done by the help of centrifugation and use of pectinase followed by decantation. Filter aids such as Infusorial earth, bentonite helps in achieving better clarification of fruit juices. Ultrafiltration (UF) and microfiltration (MF) have been used commercially for the clarification of fruit juices. After extraction, the fruit juice after'"
1450,1615,"'solutions, tested by time. Organic agriculture should prevent significant risks by adopting appropriate technologies and rejecting unpredictable ones, such as genetic engineering. Decisions should reflect the values and needs of all who might be affected, through transparent and participatory processes.'"
1451,2342,'A person is driving a red tractor in a field. The tractor is equipped with a plowing attachment. There are trees and a clear sky in the background.'
1452,1311,"'27.1 Introduction Fruit beverages and drinks are one of the popular categories of beverages that are consumed across the globe. The fruit beverages and drinks are easily digestible, highly refreshing, thirst quenching, appetizing and nutritionally far superior to most of the synthetic and aerated drinks. In recent past the consumption of fruit based beverages and drinks has increased at a fast rate. Fruit juices or pulp used for the preparation of these products are subjected to minimal processing operations like filteration, clarification and pasteurization. The fruit juice or pulp, are mixed with ingredients like sugar, acid, stabilizers, micronutrients and preservative to develop beverages and drinks. There are various categories of fruit juice or pulp based beverages and drinks which are listed below. Natural fruit juices, sweetened juices, ready-to-serve beverages, nectar, cordial, squash, crush, syrup, fruit juice concentrate and fruit juice powder belong to the category of non-alcoholic and non-carbonated beverages. The principle groups of fruit beverages are as follows: • Ready-to-Serve (RTS) pre-packaged Beverages • Fruit juice and Nectars • Dilutable beverages'"
1453,1312,"'The ready-to-serve beverages as per FSSAI specifications should contain at least 10 percent fruit content and not less than 10 percent TSS besides 0.3% acid maximum as citric acid. The levels of permitted preservatives include 70 ppm (maximum) for sulphur dioxide and 120 ppm (maximum) for benzoic acid. The total plate count and yeast and mold counts should not exceed, to 50.0 cfu/ml and 2.0 cfu/ml, respectively. The Coliform counts should be nil in 100 ml beverage samples. Since these beverages are consumed as such without dilution, hence are termed as “Ready-to- serve” beverage. The majority of packaged fruit beverages belong to this category. Wide range of fruits including mango, citrus fruits, berries, litchi, guava, pineapple, grapes etc. are preferred for RTS beverages. Required amount of sugar, acid, stabilizer, colouring and flavouring ingredients are added in juice or pulp along with water and the mixture is blending properly, filtered if desired. The RTS mix is pasteurized (80-90 0 C) in bottle (20-30 min), continuous juice pasteurizer (few seconds to one minute) and cooled immediately. Nowadays, UHT processing of RTS beverages is quite popular because of longer shelf-life and less loss of nutrients during processing. The amount of fruit juice or pulp may vary according to fruit and cost effectiveness. The presence of oxygen in headspace often leads to oxidation resulting in off-flavour and loss of nutritive value, hence anti-oxidants such as ascorbic acid is often added in RTS beverages. Besides it, colour and flavour ingredients which are stable to heat and oxygen are preferred.'"
1454,1313,"'27.2.1 Natural fruit juice Natural fruit juices also falls in the category of RTS beverage. It may be defined as pure juice which is extracted from ripe and mature fruits and contain 100 percent fruit content. The juice is extracted by various methods and contains mainly sugars, acids, vitamins, minerals and other minor components. These are preserved by thermal processing and freezing. The commonly available fruit juices are apple, pineapple, citrus, grapes, pomegranate and mango. The sweetened juices are beverages which possess at least 85 percent juice and 10 percent TSS. The sugar and acids are added to increase the TSS content and also to balance the acid- to-sugar ratio. A wide variety of fruit juices are used for the purpose. Sometime two or more juices are mixed to develop a palatable and refreshing drink with better flavour and balanced nutrition. Such beverages are also called as “fruit punch”. In certain fruits the blending or mixing of juices is done to balance the acidity and minimize the flavor changes. Use of fruit juice concentrate with suitable dilution with water is mostly used on commercial scale to produce uniform quality product. Example: • Very sweet (grape) and very bitter (grapefruit) • Highly acidic (lime, lemon, sour cherry) with bland tasting fruits (pear, apple) • Highly flavoured (guava, banana) with bland & insipid tasting fruits (pear, loquat) The freshly squeezed juices have very short shelf-life; hence they have to be stored at 0-5 0 C to check spoilage. Some of them may have low pH (below 4.5) hence they require thermal processing in the range of 85-95 0 C for a minimal period to ensure commercial sterility. The minimum TSS and acidity for various natural fruit juices has been specified by FSSAI.'"
1455,1616,"'Concept of organic farming Organic farming endorses the concept that the soil, plant, animals and human beings are linked. Therefore, its goal is to create an integrated, environmentally sound, safe and economically sustainable agriculture production system. Soil is a living system linked to an organism with different components. Human interact with these natural components (minerals, organic matter, micro-organisms, animals and plants) to achieve harmony with nature and create a sustainable agricultural production. A key feature of organic farming is the primary dependence on natural resource and those developed locally (green manures, crop residues, farm wastes etc.), rather than external inputs (especially synthetics). The farmer manages self-regulating ecological and biological processes for sustainable and economic production of products. Organic farming systems do not use toxic agrochemical inputs (pesticides, fungicides, herbicides and fertilizers). Instead, they are based on development of biological diversity and the maintenance and replenishment of soil productivity.'"
1456,1617,'• The entire system is based on intimate understanding of nature’s ways. The system does not believe in mining of the soil of its nutrients and do not degrade it any way for today’s needs.'
1457,1732,"'d has been recommended by C.N. Acharya . Trenches of size 6 m to 7.5 m length, .5 m to 2.0 m width and 1.0 m deep are dug. All available litter and refuse is mixed with soil t morning, urine soaked refuse along with ung is collected and placed in the trench. A section of the trench from one end should be taken'"
1458,1314,"'27.3  Nectar Nectar is prepared from the tropical fruits pulp such as mango, litchi, guava, papaya, citrus fruits and pineapple by adding sugar, acid and other ingredients. As per FSSAI specifications nectar should contain TSS not less than 15 o Brix and not less than 20 per cent fruit content, except for pineapple and citrus fruits where fruit content should not be less than 40 percent. Fruit pulp or puree or juice or concentrate may be used as starting material. The acidity of the nectar should not be more than 3.5 per cent as anhydrous citric acid. The maximum permissible limit of preservative in nectar is sorbic acid at 50 ppm. The sorbic acid is added as sodium or potassium salt of sorbic acid. Nectar is also not diluted before consumption. Nectar is also characterized by cloudy appearance and thick mouthfeel. The cloudiness in nectar and other beverages is because of the presence of polysaccharides such as pectin, cellulose, hemicellulose and starch. The loss of cloudiness specially in citrus juices is due to the activity of pectin methyl esterase (PME), which cause deesterification of pectin molecule resulting in settling down of pectin and loss of cloudiness. Therefore, citrus juices or comminutes must be thermally treated to inactive the PME. Sometime'"
1459,1315,"'27.3.1  Flash pasteurization The nectar may be pasteurized in plate type pasteurizer which is provided with heat recovery and cooling unit. Temperature in the range of 85-95 0 C for 15 to 60 seconds is used for most of the products; however it again depends on type of the juice and initial microbial load. The products where both enzyme and microbial inactivation is desired slightly higher temperature i.e. 90-95 0 C for not more than 15 seconds is used. Tubular pasteurizer is preferred for slightly viscous nectars. For aseptic packaging operations, pasteurizer is integrated with aseptic packaging unit either directly or via an aseptic buffer tank.'"
1460,1316,"'27.3.2  In-pack pasteurization In-pack pasteurization is most preferred methods on small scale units. The juice is filled in packs, mainly bottles and immersed in heated water tanks which are held at 80-90 0 C. The pasteurization conditions are 8085 0 C for up to 20 minutes to ensure safety of the product. The treated bottles are air-dried and then labeled. Care must be taken to ensure that pack is sealed properly and product is processed at intended temperature.'"
1461,1317,"'27.3.3  Hot fill operation Hot filling offer a simpler mean of ensuring microbial integrity of the nectars. The bulk product is heated to a pre-determined temperature then filled hot (70-85 0 C) in packs and sealed immediately. In case of glass bottle they should be pre-heated to minimize thermal shock. The packs are inverted for proper mixing of the nectar and held at desired temperature for required time. Finally they are cooled in hydro-cooler to 25 0 C, surface is air-dried and labeled.'"
1462,1618,"'Thus in today’s terminology it is a method of farming system which primarily aims at cultivating the land and raising crops in such a way, as to keep the soil alive and in good health by use of organic wastes (crop, animal and farm wastes, aquatic wastes) and other biological materials along with beneficial microbes (biofertilizers) to release nutrients to crops for increased sustainable production in an eco-friendly pollution free environment.'"
1463,1318,"'27.4  Dilutable Beverages Dilutable beverages are the one which are consumed after mixing with suitable diluents like water, alcoholic drinks or milk.  The process for making such beverages is quite similar to the syrup manufacture meant for carbonated beverages. These products offer a number of advantages including the ability to use different syrup to water ratio, reduction in bulk, utilization of surplus and bland tasting fruits and offer novel innovations in formulations. The various ingredients and their role in manufacturing of dilutable beverages are listed in Table27.1. The process diagram for the manufacture of dilutable beverages is outlined in Figure 27.1.'"
1464,1319,"'1 Fruit Components Added in the form of fruit juice or pulp or comminute (whole fruit preparation), required amount should be more than 25%. For uniformity concentrated fruit juice or pulp or comminute of standard degree brix is used. Source of fruit sugar, acid, pectin, colouring pigments, flavouring compounds and micronutrients. 2 Syrup Carbohydrate syrup is added in various forms like sucrose, invert syrup, glucose syrup or modified syrup. Provide body, impart sweetness; assist in development of flavour, mild preservative effect. Always added after filtration and sterization. 3 Acid Citric acid is most preferred acidulant, other that may be used are malic, lactic and tartaric. Balance acid to sugar ratio, anti-microbial. Impart flavour as well. 4 Preservatives Mainly added to prevent growth of fungi, yeast, lactic acid bacteria. Permitted are sulphur dioxide, benzoic acid and sorbic acid. 5 Flavourings Mostly natural or natural identical flavourings are used. Must improve the flavour of beverages without affecting other properties.'"
1465,1320,"'6 Colourings A permitted food colour that may enhance the aesthetic appeal of the beverage is used. It may include natural, natural identical or synthetic dyes. Maximum permissible limit is 100 ppm for coal tar dyes. 7 Other Additives It may include stabilizers to keep the fruit solids in suspension and improve mouthfeel of the beverage. Acidity regulators, emulsifiers, anti- oxidants and clouding agents are also used to enhance the acceptability of these beverages.'"
1466,1326,"'Juice and juice products represent a very important segment of the total processed fruit industry. Juice products are being marketed as refrigerated, shelf-stable, and frozen, in a variety of packages with increased emphasis on functionality, health attributes, new flavors or blends, and in some cases fortified with vitamins and minerals. High-quality juice operations are dependent upon a source of high-quality raw material.'"
1467,1327,"'Most fruit juices are excellent sources of vitamin C, several are good sources of carotene and many contain moderate amounts of pyridoxine, inositol, folic acid and biotin. Fruit juice is regarded as source of energy due to their rich carbohydrate content. The organic acids present in the fruit juice plays a significant role in the maintenance of the acid-base balance in the body.'"
1468,1386,'About 5-6% of juice is transformed to vapour at 50 o C; there is 80% removal of essential oil plus removal of air. The non-terpenic aromatic fractions are condensed and reintroduced. The oily phase is separated by centrifugation or decantation.'
1469,1321,"'27.4.1  Cordial Fruit juice cordial is a sparkling clear sweetened fruit beverage from which all the pulp and other suspended materials have been completely eliminated. Cordial is prepared by mixing clarified fruit juice, with sugar syrup, acid and other ingredients.  As per FSSAI specification, cordial should contain not less than 25 percent fruit content and the TSS content should not be less than 30° Brix .The acidity of the cordial should not be more than 3.5 per cent as anhydrous citric acid. The maximum permissible limit of preservative in cordial is 350 ppm of sulphur dioxide or 600 ppm of benzoic acid. The citrus juices such as lime and lemon are preferred for making cordial. The cordial are generally consumed by mixing with alcoholic beverages like gin.'"
1470,1322,'The fruit juices are either stored for longer period to remove suspended solids and pectinous materials or it may be treated with commercial enzyme preparations like pectinase to hydrolyze pectin. The clarified juice is used for cordial preparation.'
1471,1323,"'Squash is the product, which is prepared by mixing of calculated quantity of fruit juice or pulp, with sugar, acid and other ingredients.  As per FSSAI specifications, squash should contain not less than 25 per cent fruit content in finished product and the total soluble solids content should not be less than 40° Brix.  The acidity of the squash should not be more than 3.5 per cent as anhydrous citric acid. Mango, orange, lemon, pineapples, grape and litchi are used for making squash commercially. Squash can also be prepared from lemon, bael, guava, pear, apricot, muskmelon, papaya, passion fruit, peach, plum, mulberry, raspberry, strawberry, grapefruit, etc. The maximum permissible limit of preservative in squash is 350 ppm of sulphur dioxide or 600 ppm of benzoic acid. Potassium metabisulphite is not added in dark coloured fruits as it may bleach the anthocyanin pigments. In such beverages sodium benzoate is used.'"
1472,1324,"'Commercially available squash contain 40 to 50 percent sugar and around 1.0 percent acid. They are diluted in the ratio of 1:4 before consumption.  There is another category of dilutable beverage called crush. As per FSSAI guidelines, crush must contain not less than 25 percent fruit content and 55 percent TSS. Mostly, the comminutes of citrus fruits and pineapple are used for crush manufacture.'"
1473,1325,"'Syrup is a type of fruit beverage that contains at least 25 percent fruit juice or pulp and not less than 65 percent TSS. It also contains 1.25-1.5 percent acid and diluted before consumption. The syrups from rose petals, almond, mint, khus, sandal and kewra are quite popular.'"
1474,1619,"'Organic agriculture is viable alternative to conventional agriculture. It protects the soil from erosion, improves natural resource base and sustains production at levels commensurate with carrying capacity of managed agro-ecosystem because of reduced dependence on fertilizers and plant protection chemicals. It minimizes environmental pollution and aids in regeneration of ecosystem.'"
1475,1328,"'The process starts with sound fruit, freshly harvested from the field or taken from refrigerated or frozen storage. Thorough washing is usually necessary to remove dirt and foreign objects and may be followed by a sanitation step to decrease the load of contaminants. Sorting to remove decayed and moldy fruit is necessary to make sure that the final juice will not have a high microbial load, undesirable flavors, or mycotoxin contamination. For most fruits, preparation steps such as pitting and grinding is required prior to juice extraction. Heating and addition of enzymes might also be included before the mash is transferred to the extraction stage. Juice extraction can be performed by pressing or by enzymatic treatment followed by decanting. The extracted juice will then be treated according to the characteristics of the final product.'"
1476,1329,"'For cloudy juices, further clarification might not be necessary or may involve a coarse filtration or a controlled centrifugation to remove large insoluble particles. For clear juices, complete de-pectinization by addition of enzymes, fine filtration, or high speed centrifugation is required to achieve visual clarity. The next step is usually a heat treatment or equivalent non-thermal process to achieve a safe and stable juice and final packaging if single-strength juice is being produced. For a concentrate, the juice is fed to an evaporator to remove water until the desired concentration level is obtained. Other processes used for water removal include reverse osmosis and freeze concentration, which are best suited for heat-sensitive juices. The concentrate is then ready for final processing, packaging, and storage.'"
1477,1330,"'• Extracted fruit juice contains varying amount of suspended solids – broken fruit tissue, seed, skin & various gums, pectic substances and proteins in colloidal suspension. • Coarse particles removed by straining (non-corrodible metallic screens) or sedimentation.'"
1478,1331,"'Juicing process starts with crushing, a step to break down the cell tissue. This may be accomplished using various type of mills viz., hammer mill, grinding disk mill, grating mill, crushers, stoned fruit mill or even turbo extractors.'"
1479,1332,"'In order to maximize juice yield and color-flavour extraction, a hot break process is often used.'"
1480,1333,"'This step might not be used for the production of high quality, single-strength, cloudy and clear juices, where the preservation of the fresh flavor is imperative. Depectinization is designed to reduce the viscosity and slipperiness of the pulp and thus permit the effective use of decanters and presses with proper press aids as needed. It is especially useful in processing mature and stored fruit that results in low juice yield.'"
1481,1620,"'Organic farming is one of several to sustainable agriculture and many of the techniques used (intercropping, crop rotation, ploughing, mulching, integration of crops and livestock etc) are practices under various agricultural systems. What makes organic farming unique is that almost all synthetic inputs are prohibited and soil health improving agronomic practices are mandated.'"
1482,1334,"'juices, where the preservation of the fresh flavor is imperative. Depectinization is designed to reduce the viscosity and slipperiness of the pulp and thus permit the effective use of decanters and presses with proper press aids as needed. It is especially useful in processing mature and stored fruit that results in low juice yield.'"
1483,1335,"'Hydraulic rack and frame press is the most common batch press system used in small scale operations. Other type of extractors include horizontal piston press, bladder press, belt press, screw press or even decanter centrifuge.'"
1484,1336,"'Pure orange juice which is extremely susceptible to the adverse action of the residual air, is subjected, immediately after extraction, to a high vacuum whereby most of the air as well as other gases are removed.'"
1485,1337,"'The use of enzymes in juice industry has contributed in increasing the yield and production of various types of juices. The addition of pectinases aims in particular to degrade the pectic substances, in the cell wall and middle lamella of the cells of plants, aiming to minimise the'"
1486,1341,"'Pectic enzymes are necessary for making high density fruit juice concentrates or purees. If apple juice is concentrated to 72 o Brix without removal of the naturally occurring pectin, a gel will result rather than the desired liquid concentrate. In most cases, juices are depectinized and filtered before concentration, but in others the pectinase is allowed to act while the juice is being concentrated.'"
1487,1342,"'Starch and araban imparts a cloudy appearance called „haze‟, when released into the juice from certain fruits. Hazes due to starch are common in juice from early season apples and can be degraded by amylases.'"
1488,1343,"'Although araban is not a problem in extracted juice, it produces a permanent haze in concentrated juices, where it has limited solubility. Arabinase can be used to hydrolyze araban so that haze does not develop during storage of juice concentrates.'"
1489,1364,"'The Bucher-Guyer Press is a highly automated pressing system used in a batch pressing operation. Generally, this system consists of a rotatable basket or cylinder with a hydraulic ram used for juice expression. Within the cylinder are fabric-covered flexible rubber rods with longitudinal grooves in them, that allow the juice to transport easily to the discharge port.'"
1490,1338,"'Pectinases, cellulases and hemicellulases are used for clarification of fruit juices, juice extraction, improvement of cloud stability of vegetable and fruit juices and nectars, liquefaction and maceration of fruits and vegetables, reduction of cooking time of pulses and improvement of rehydration characteristics of dried vegetables. These enzymes degrade structural polysaccharides that interfere with juice extraction, filtration, clarification and concentration. These enzymes are termed „macerating or mash enzymes‟ that finds application in extraction of juice from citrus fruits and from tropical fruits such as mango, banana and papaya and pineapple. For Apple and Pears, pectic enzymes are used to facilitate pressing or juice extraction, to aid in separation of flocculent precipitate by sedimentation, filtration or centrifugation.'"
1491,1339,"'Combination of pectinolytic enzymes are added to fruit and pressed fruit juice to reduce juice viscosity. Such viscosity reduction makes juice filtration, clarification and concentration more efficient. In concentrated fruit systems, it improves the efficiency of spray drying.'"
1492,1340,"'Pectins are colloidal in nature, making solutions viscous and holding other materials in suspension. Pectinesterase removes methyl groups from the pectin molecules exposing carboxyl groups which in the presence of bi- or multivalent cations, such as calcium, form insoluble salts which can readily be removed. At the same time, polygalacturonase degrades macromolecular pectin, causing reduction in viscosity and destroying the protective colloidal action so that suspended materials will settle out. Extensive use of pectolytic enzymes is made in processing fruit juices. Addition of pectic enzymes to grapes or other fruits during crushing or grinding results in increased yields of juice on pressing. Wine from grapes so treated will usually clear faster when fermentation is complete, and have better color.'"
1493,1621,'Organic farming is the pathway that leads to live in harmony with nature. Organic agriculture is the key to sound development and sustainable environment. It minimizes environmental pollution and the use of non-conventional natural resources (resources other than traditional resources). It conserves soil fertility and soil erosion through implementation of appropriate conservation practices.'
1494,1622,"'In philosophical terms organic farming means “farmi ng in sprits of organic relationship”. In this syst em everything is connected with everything else. Since organic farming means placing farming on integral relationship, we should be well aware about the relationship between the soil, water and plants, between soil-soil microbes and waste products, between the vegetable kingdom and the animal kingdom of which the apex animal is the human being, between agriculture and forestry, between soil, water and atmosphere etc. It is the totality of these relationships that is the bedrock of organic farming.'"
1495,1344,"'Juices extracted from ripe fruit contain a significant amount of pectin. Pectin imparts a cloudy appearance to the juice and results in an appearance and mouth feel that many consumers do not find appealing.  Pectinases are naturally occurring enzymes that act on pectin yielding a crystal clear juice with the appearance, stability, mouth-feel, taste, and texture characteristics preferred by consumers. While pectinases naturally occur in most fruits used to make juice, the manufacturer often adds more to produce clear juice in a reasonable amount of time.'"
1496,1345,"'Most consumers prefer clear fruit juices. The cloud, such as in fresh Cider, is usually material held in suspension by pectin and filtration is difficult. The safest way to accomplish pectin removal without affecting color or flavor is to treat the juice with a pectic enzyme. Juice for jelly manufacture is frequently depectinized since more uniform jelly can be achieved when a standard amount of pectin is added in controlled amounts. The variable quality and quantity of the natural pectin in the juice does not interfere when it is treated with pectinase enzyme.'"
1497,1346,'• Increased juice yield • Improved efficiency of juice filtration'
1498,1347,'Some of the problems that may be faced in preparation of fruit juices are: • Browning of juice due to action of enzyme Poly phenol oxidase inherent in fruit (i.e. Apples).'
1499,1348,"'In order to prepare fruits and vegetable juices at commercial level, several equipments are needed. Some of the important equipments required for processing of specific fruit and vegetables are discussed herein.'"
1500,1349,"'Generally, most pome fruit (e.g. Apple, Pear, Quince) and small stone fruit (e.g. Plum, Olive, Peach, Cherry) can be used for juice extraction. No peeling is needed. Small stone fruit such as apricots and plums might have to be destoned (pitted) depending on the grinding–extraction equipment selection. Cherries, although containing a pit, may be pressed with the pit intact. Breakage of the pit will release benzaldehyde, the familiar aroma of maraschino-type cherries.'"
1501,1350,"'The juicing process starts with the crushing step to break down the cell tissue. Grain sizes of 5 - 8 mm diameter are recommended for presses, while grain sizes of 3 - 5 mm are desirable for decanters.'"
1502,1641,"'There were times when people lived close to nature with access to flora and fauna in healthier and cleaner surroundings. One has to look back at our present metropolitan cities or other large towns before the past fifty years as recorded in history/memories of the present elder generation to see the striking differences in the surroundings in which the people lived there. Land, water and air, the most fundamental resources supporting the human life, have degraded into such an extent that they now constitute a threat to the livelihood of millions of people in the country.'"
1503,1351,"'These are devices used to crush the whole fruit in preparation for pressing. Hammer mills consist of heavy stainless steel bars spinning from a common axis under high-speed rotation. The fruit is disintegrated until it passes out through a screen of a specific size mounted in the bottom of the mill. With firm fruit, a small screen size should be used, and the mash will be of a finer particle size. Mash from firm fruit will press more easily, and the smaller particle size will allow greater yields.'"
1504,1352,"'They offer an alternative method to disintegrate fruit. The fruit was drawn past fixed knives mounted on a rotating cylinder. Control of the grind was accomplished by adjusting the depth of the knives and, thus, the size of the cut from the fruit.'"
1505,1353,"'They offer more flexibility and improved performance. In the Bucher-Guyer unit, the fruit is transported by a feed screw to the grinding area. The screw pressurizes the fruit against a rotating disk equipped with grinding knives in a star pattern, and the milled fruit exits via an adjustable discharge slot. The process can be controlled by adjusting the feeder speed, the rotating speed of the grinding disk, the width of the product discharge slot (up to 10 mm), or by changing the knife size. Better yield is obtained by requisite adjustment corresponding to the fruit ripeness at the time of operation.'"
1506,1354,"'These mills are used in small juice operations to produce uniformly sized fruit pieces. Fruit is fed to a rotating– grating disk with fixed aperture, and the shredded fruit is discharged at the bottom. Fruit must be relatively firm with small seeds or pitted.'"
1507,1363,"'One of the most successful press systems in the fruit juice market is the Bucher horizontal piston press, Switzerland. This press is capable of pressing berries, stone fruit, and vegetables. It operates in batch mode with loads of up to 14 t/filling. Flexible drainage elements covered with a nylon filter cloth carry the expressed juice out to a manifold.'"
1508,1646,"'The national productivity of many of the cereal crops, millets, oilseeds, pulses and horticultural crops continues to be one of the lowest in the world in spite of the green revolution. The fertilizer and pesticide consumption has increased manifold; but this trend has not been reflected in the crop productivity to that extent. The country's farming sector has started showing indications of reversing the rising productivity as against the increasing trend of input use.'"
1509,1355,"'These crushers are used in grape juice processing to remove residual stems, leaves, and petioles from grapes and to perform the initial crush of the fruit. These units are designed around a perforated rotating drum, with holes ~ 2.5 cm in diameter. While traversing the rotating drum, the grapes are caught by the perforated drum and knocked from the stems. Individual grapes are broken open or crushed in the process and dropped through the drum. Stems, leaves, etc. continue on to the center of the drum and are discharged at the end for waste. Grapes are generally put through the crusher in order to gently express the juice and free up the flesh, yet still not break the seeds. Breakage of the seeds releases increased amounts of phenolics, adding to the astringency of the juice.'"
1510,1356,"'Such mills are used for plums and apricots to crush the fruit without breaking the stones to avoid juice flavor changes and storage instability. Hard rubber-lobed wheels rotate simultaneously, forcing the fruit down and separating most of the flesh from the intact stone.'"
1511,1357,"'These are used for extraction of juice and puree from fruits and vegetables. The cold extractor unit has a feeding section with a variable speed screw and a cutting head; a softening section consisting of a stator and rotor (rotopulse); and an extraction area equipped with a rotor with paddles and a perforated cylindrical screen that continuously turns the product by centrifugal force (Figure 13.1). The extractor can be adjusted by changing the feeding speed, the rotor speed, the gap between the rotor and the screen, and the screen size. The fruit can be protected from oxidation by the injection of nitrogen gas or antioxidant solution to the cutting area through built-in openings.'"
1512,1623,"'There are three categories of opinions about the relevance of organic farming for India. The first one simply dismisses it as a fad or craze. The second category, which includes many farmers and scientists, opines that there are merits in the organic farming but we should proceed cautiously considering the national needs and conditions in which Indian agriculture functions. They are fully aware of the environmental problems created by the conventional farming. But many of them believe that yields are lower in organic cultivation during the initial period and also the cost of labour tends to increase therein. The third one is all for organic farming and advocates its adoption wholeheartedly. They think that tomorrow's ecology is more important than today's conventional farm benefits. However, among many a major reservation, the profitability of organic farming vis a vis conventional farming, is the crucial one from the point of view of the Indian farmers, particularly the small and marginal. Organic farming involves management of the agro-eco system as autonomous, based on the capacity of the soil in the given local climatic conditions. In spite of the ridicule poured out on organic farming by many, it has come to stay and is spreading steadily but slowly all over the world. India has been very slow to adopt it but it has made Inroads into our conventional farming system.'"
1513,1654,"'• Extensive grassland such as moorlands, reed land or dry land t heavily manured'"
1514,1655,'Organic certification is based on continuance. The certification programme should only certify production which is likely to be maintained on a long-term basis. Converted land and animals shall not get switched back and forth between organic and conventional management.'
1515,1358,"'In order to maximize juice yield and color-flavor extraction, a hot break process is often used. The most common use is in grape juice processing, but other fruits such as cherries, plums, and berries may also benefit. Increased interest in highly colored juices, rich in phenolic compounds with associated health benefits, is driving the development of better techniques to preserve the functional components while maximizing the extraction. Typically crushed fruit or mash passes through a large bore, tubular heat exchanger where it is heated to 50 to 60 o C. This stage, known as the hot break process, is designed to extract a large amount of color and assist in maximizing the yield. To the hot fruit, a pectolytic enzyme is added, and in case of red grape juice processing, kraft (wood pulp) paper is also added prior to pressing to serve as a press aid.'"
1516,1359,"'The addition of press aid to the mash provides coarseness and channels for the juice to exit. Alternative press aids include rice hulls, bleached kraft-fiber sheets or rolled stock, and ground'"
1517,1360,"'This step might not be used for the production of high quality, single-strength, cloudy and clear juices, where the preservation of the fresh flavor is imperative. Soluble pectin found in fresh juice as a result of the activity of pectolytic enzymes that are located in the fruit cell wall. The soluble pectin is the cause for difficulty in juice extraction due to increased juice viscosity and the lubrication it affords the press cake. Typically, the fruit mash is heated to 45 to 50 o C followed by the addition of pectolytic enzymes. Reaction time can take up to 1 - 2 h.'"
1518,1361,"'De-pectinization is designed to reduce the viscosity and slipperiness of the pulp and thus permit the effective use of decanters and presses with proper press aids. It is especially useful in processing mature and stored fruit that results in low juice yield. Several depectinizing tanks are employed so that a continuous flow may be maintained to the presses or decanters. Treatment of the mash with enzymes is expected to increase the yield, reduce the processing time, and improve the extraction of valued components of the fruit.'"
1519,1362,"'The hydraulic rack and frame press is a very common batch press system found in small juice operations (Figure 13.2). Heavy cotton or nylon cloths are filled with a set amount of mash and then folded to produce what is called a cheese. The individual cheese is stacked and separated by a wooden, stainless steel, or plastic spacer platen. The combined stack is then compressed using a hydraulic ram, during which the juice is expressed. The process delivers good yield but is labor intensive.'"
1520,1624,"'The relevance and need for an eco-friendly alternative farming system arose from the ill effects of the chemical farming practices adopted worldwide during the second half of the last century. The methods of farming evolved and adopted by our forefathers for centuries were less injurious to the environment. People began to think of various alternative farming systems based on the protection of environment which in turn would increase the welfare of the humankind by various ways like clean and healthy foods, an ecology which is conducive to the survival of all the living and non-living things, low use of the non-renewable energy sources, etc. Many systems of farming came out of the efforts of many experts and laymen. However, organic farming is considered to be the best among all of them because of its scientific approach and wider acceptance all over the world.'"
1521,1365,"'The Willmes Press is a commonly used system for grape juice pressing. It is a pneumatic-based system that consists of a perforated, rotatable, horizontal cylinder with an inflatable rubber tube (air bag) in the center. The cylinder is filled with grape mash through a door on the cylinder wall, which is rotated to the top position. After filling, the press is rotated to ensure even filling. During this rotation, the air bag is filled, creating the mash compression action. The bag is then collapsed, and the cylinder is rotated. The rotation and pneumatic compression of the mash is repeated many times with increasing air pressure.'"
1522,1366,"'The continuous belt press is effective for grape and apple juice processing. In belt presses, a layer of mash is pumped onto the belt entering the machine. Press aid may be added for improved yield and reduced suspended solids. The belt is either folded over or another belt is layered on top of the one carrying the mash. A series of pressurized rollers compress the enveloped mash. Expressed juice is caught in drip pans. The cake is discharged from the last pressure roller.'"
1523,1367,"'A typical screw press consists of a reinforced, stainless steel cylindrical screen enclosing a large bore screw with narrow clearance between the screw and the screen (Figure 13.3). Breaker bars are located between the screw intervals in order to disrupt the compressing mash. Back pressure is provided at the end of the chamber and is usually adjustable. Capacities for screw presses with diameters of 30.5 and 41.0 cm are 5,080 and 15,240 kg/h, respectively.'"
1524,1368,"'In addition to sieving technology, the separation of juice from the mash can be performed by sedimentation through increased gravity in a decanter. Centrifugal force is used to accelerate the settling of higher density insoluble particles present in the juice. Enzyme-treated mash is best suited for juicing by decanters, as the reduced viscosity and higher temperatures result in faster and more effective separation. The photograph of such decanter is furnished in Figure 13.4.'"
1525,1376,"'In this system, tubular elements are suspended vertically in a closed tank system. Juice enters from the base of the system and filters through the elements, and the filtrate exits from the top of the system. Wash down and automation of this system are relatively straightforward.'"
1526,1377,"'It is a low-cost system because of the inherent simplicity of its design. It offers an easy cake removal system and can be automated. A modified version of the leaf filter is the horizontal tank vertical leaf filter that accommodates a very large area of filtration surface, up to 2000 ft 2 (180 m 2 ). Filter leaves can easily be removed, inspected, and repaired.'"
1527,1369,"'The separation of liquid and solids is accomplished by means of paddles rotating concentrically within a cylindrical screen. The liquid and desired amount of solids passes through the screen. The balance of the solids (pomace) is discharged through a large non-plugging port. The dryness of the pomace with a given screen can be controlled by paddle speed, pitch, clearance, or feed rate. Production throughput is dependent on the type of product being prepared, screen hole size and open area, paddle speed and pitch. An inlet impellor for breaking or macerating is available as an optional accessory.'"
1528,1370,"'Diverse type of materials viz. apricots, tomatoes, pumpkin, pears, apple, plums, berries, prunes and figs can be satisfactorily reduced to pulp, free of seeds, skins and fiber. Products such as citrus juices, jam, soup, peanut butter, jelly and fruit nectar can be finished to uniform clarification consistency. The picture of such machine is shown in Figure 13.5.'"
1529,1371,"'For clarification of juice, after the enzyme (Pectinase) treatment, the sedimentable particulates are separated by mechanical means. The equipments used for such process are as follows:'"
1530,1372,"'A high-solids stream can be partially clarified using decanters and finishers. Both pieces of equipment operate on the same principle with a spinning central cone, drum, and set of paddles pushing the juice through a screen of some type. The unit is typically mounted horizontally, and throughput is relatively high. Total suspended solids may be reduced to  < 1% during operation, depending upon the characteristics of the feed stream and operating conditions of the separator.'"
1531,1373,'It is used for removal of juice-insoluble solids. A centrifuge places the juice under high gravimetric force induced by centrifugal action. This is effective in producing a juice that is opaque but free of visible solids. Modern centrifuges are highly automated and run continuously with timed solids ejection. Centrifuges with a high force of gravity are capable of producing clear juice under optimized conditions. Centrifuge must be operated in a manner to minimize the introduction of oxygen in the product. Possible remedies include the use of inert gas.'
1532,1374,"'13.7.3.1  Filter press The cost is typically lower than other types of pressure filters. The system can be dismantled easily for inspection and cleaning. Filter cakes can be easily washed from the system once disassembling has progressed. In the filter press, the amount of unfiltered liquid is relatively low once the shutdown process is terminated.'"
1533,1375,"'The cost is typically lower than other types of pressure filters. The system can be dismantled easily for inspection and cleaning. Filter cakes can be easily washed from the system once disassembling has progressed. In the filter press, the amount of unfiltered liquid is relatively low once the shutdown process is terminated.'"
1534,1380,"'Traditionally, the shelf-life stability of juices has been achieved by thermal processing. Low temperature long time (LTLT – 63-65 o C/30 min) and high temperature short time (HTST – 72-90 o C/15-30 sec.) treatments are the most commonly used techniques for juice pasteurization. However, thermal pasteurization tends to reduce the product quality and freshness. Therefore, some non-thermal pasteurization methods have been proposed during the last couple of decades, including high hydrostatic pressure (HHP – pressures up to 1000 MPa with or without heat), pulsed electric field (PEF), etc. These emerging techniques seem to have the potential to provide “fresh-like” and safe fruit juices with prolonged shelf-life.'"
1535,1381,"'Apart from thermal pasteurization, some chemical preservatives are also widely used for the extension of the shelf-life of fruit juices and beverages. Two of the most commonly used preservatives are potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate. However, consumer demand for natural origin, safe and environmental friendly food preservatives has been increasing since 1990s. Natural antimicrobials such as bacteriocins, organic acids, essential oils and phenolic compounds have shown considerable promise for use in some food products. Natural antimicrobials such as bacteriocins, lactoperoxidase , herb leaves and oils, spices, chitozan and organic acids have shown feasibility for use in some food products. Some of them have been considered as Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) additives in foods. Bacteriocins are series of antimicrobial peptides which are readily degraded by proteolytic enzymes in the human body. Among them, nisin is the most commonly used food preservative that has been used to preserve fruit and vegetable juices.'"
1536,1382,"'Fruit are one of the most popular natural food that is highly nutritious and enticing. People are now craving for fruit juices/beverages in „ready-to-drink‟ form. The shelf life of fruit is limited; they tend to decay with progress of ripening. Concentration of fruit juice, freezing, individual quick freezing, osmotic dehydration, dehydration to obtain fruit powders are some to the methods being used to counteract the limited shelf life of fruit. The fruit as slices/chunks/candied or even as juice/pulps/concentrates are used in food industry viz. ice cream, fruit yoghurt, fruit cakes, fruit bread, etc.'"
1537,1383,'Food Safety and Standards Act (FSSAI) has laid down specifications for various types of fruit juice beverages including nectars (Figures 14.1 and 14.2). Table 14.1 FSSAI specifications for various types of fruit beverages.'
1538,1384,"'The extent of heat treatment given to juices is important since it should deactivate the pectinase (pectin methyl esterase). Further heating should be avoided to prevent hydrolysis of pectin and sugar, which may result in cloud loss and gelation. If pectic enzyme is inactivated, it avoids separation of two layers viz., pulpy lower one and clear upper one in extracted juice.'"
1539,1385,"'Single strength lemon juice even when stored under low temperature undergoes significant degradation, depending on the essential oil content. If oxygen is absorbed in juice during processing, it causes decay, ascorbic acid is oxidized. d-limonene is attacked with the formation of terebenthic taste.'"
1540,1656,'All seeds and plant material should be certified organic. Species and varieties cultivated should be adapted to the soil and climatic conditions and be sistant to pests and diseases. In the choice of varieties genetic diversity should be taken into'
1541,1387,"'The scientific name of Sweet Orange is Citrus sinensis . Some varieties of Orange include Sathgudi, Mosambi, Malta; The exotic varieties being Jaffa, Hamlin, Pineapple, Valencia, etc. 14.6.1  BIS Standard : Orange juice shall be obtained by a mechanical process from the endocarp of ripe, sound mandarine or oranges or by reconstituting orange juice. The juice shall have characteristic bitter taste, clean aroma and flavour (free from fermented flavour). The additives permitted include peel oil, orange essence and flavour, sugar, invert sugar and/or liquid glucose. It should be free from preservatives.'"
1542,1388,"'14.6.1  BIS Standard : Orange juice shall be obtained by a mechanical process from the endocarp of ripe, sound mandarine or oranges or by reconstituting orange juice. The juice shall have characteristic bitter taste, clean aroma and flavour (free from fermented flavour). The additives permitted include peel oil, orange essence and flavour, sugar, invert sugar and/or liquid glucose. It should be free from preservatives.'"
1543,1389,'Limonin is the main bitter fraction of „Navel‟ oranges. The non bitter mono-lactone of limonic acid gets rapidly converted to bitter tasting dilactone i.e. limonin at pH of about 3.0. Delayed bitterness is due to chemical change i.e. conversion of nonbitter precursor to bitter compounds by the process of extraction of the juice.'
1544,1390,"'• During preparation of product, excessive extraction of bitter fractions from the rag and pulp should be avoided. • Raise the pH to > 4.0 which can prevent the formation of limonin di lactone.'"
1545,1391,"'Fruit juices are watery mixtures of most unstable volatile compounds. The solid content of most liquid food is 8-16% and is expensive to pack, store for long periods or to transport to distant places. Hence, it is desirable to remove a part or all of the water from such liquids.'"
1546,1392,"'• Provides microbiological stability • Permits economy in packaging, transportation and distribution of the finished product.'"
1547,1393,'The methods used for concentration include the following: 1. Evaporative concentration under vacuum'
1548,1394,'This process is commonly adopted since it is economical method of fruit juice concentration. Use of multiple effect vacuum condensing plant is used for the purpose and use of high vacuum (i.e. 29 inches of Hg column) helps in evaporating water from fruit juice at much lower (i.e. 58-60 o C) than its boiling temperature with steam economy too.'
1549,1395,"'When pulpy or cloudy juice is required to be concentrated, the deposition of burnt layer of organic matter on the hot surface of evaporator causes severe problem. The evaporation rate is retarded and it may become difficult to concentrate such fruit juices in a falling film and plate evaporators. In such cases use evaporators having agitators or use „Serum concentration process‟ where the fruit juice is centrifuged to separate'"
1550,1396,"'Freeze concentration (FC) of fruit juices is a cold, gentle and selective concentration procedure, in which two distinctive steps, viz., ice crystallization and ice separation from the concentrate phase are involved. a) First stage Fruit juice is supercooled below its freezing point to allow water to separate as ice crystals. This uses either (a) Direct contact crystallizer, or (b) Indirect contact crystallizer. b) Second stage'"
1551,1397,"'crystals are separated out at the end of each cycle and the remaining concentrate is fed to the succeeding crystallizing compartments. Here, the ice crystals are separated at different levels of concentration and viscosity.'"
1552,1398,"'In the fruit juice industry, membrane technology is used mainly to clarify the juice by means of ultrafiltration and microfiltration and to concentrate it by means of nanofiltration and reverse osmosis.'"
1553,1444,"'When fruit extracts are deficient in acid, either characteristically or because they are obtained from over-ripe fruit, it is possible to improve their jellying capacity by addition of acids viz., citric, tartaric or malic acids (usually found in fruits); tartaric acid gives best results. Lemon juice may be added, or other fruit juices which are sour can be blended with them.'"
1554,1445,"'For jelly containing 1.0% pectin, the optimum pH and sugar requirement is as follows: Table 17.4 pH of jelly mass based on the sugar content used'"
1555,1446,"'When sugar is added to pectin solution, it destabilizes the pectin-water equilibrium and pectin conglomerates forming a network of fibrils through the jelly. The network of fibrils holds the sugar solution in the interfibrillar spaces.'"
1556,1625,"'The negative effects of modem chemical based farming system were first experienced by those countries, which introduced it initially. So, naturally, it was in those countries organic farming was adopted in relatively large scales. There are very large number of organizations promoting the organic farming movement in European countries, America, Australia and rest of the world. These organizations, for example, the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM) and Greenpeace have studied the problems of the chemical farming methods and compared the benefits accruing to the organic farming with the former. Organic farming movements have since spread to Asia and Africa too.'"
1557,1737,'A.'
1558,1399,"'Initially, the fruit juice is passed through UF system to remove suspended solids. The UF permeate is directed to an RO system to simultaneously concentrate the flavor and aroma compounds, sugars and amino acids for eventual reconstitution to single strength juice. This allows for concentration of orange juice to levels of ~ 42 o Brix. On commercial scale up to 45- 55 o Brix can be achieved.'"
1559,1400,"'Fruits and vegetables are dried to enhance storage stability, minimize packaging requirements and reduce transport weight. Preservation of fruits and vegetables using solar drying techniques can lead to poor quality and product contamination. Energy consumption and quality of dried products are critical parameters in the selection of drying processes. New drying technologies are being considered to have minimal drying time, economy with less nutrition loss; these includes osmotic drying, vacuum drying, freeze drying, superheated steam drying, heat pump drying and spray drying.'"
1560,1401,"'Fruit may be dried as a whole (e.g., grapes, various berries, apricot, plum, etc.), in sliced form (e.g., banana, mango, papaya, kiwi, etc.), in puree form (e.g., mango, apricot, etc.), as leather, or as a powder by spray or drum drying. Depending on the physical form of the fruit (e.g., whole, paste, slices), different types of dryers must be used for drying. The advantages of fruit and vegetable drying are compensated by some negative changes that occur during drying, for example „heat damage‟ of heat-sensitive constituents (vitamins, enzymes, etc.); browning, shrinkage, and „case hardening‟; irreversible loss of ability to rehydrate; loss of volatile constituents; and changes in moisture distribution within the product.'"
1561,1402,"'There are several methods of drying the fruit and vegetables, solar drying being the oldest one. The type of dryers is listed below: • Fluidized bed dryers – includes Vibrofluidized, Pulse fluidized or Spouted bed dryers.'"
1562,1411,"'used with pressures in the range 13.5–270 Pa. Bananas, oranges, strawberries, peaches, plums, tomato, fruit juices and flavors, asparagus, beans, cabbage, cauliflower, celery, mushrooms, onions, peas, parsley and chives are processed by freeze drying. The advantage of freeze drying over other methods of drying is the superior quality of the product. Little or no shrinkage occurs. The dry product has a porous structure and a color almost as fresh as that of the raw material. The only disadvantage of this process is the high equipment and operational cost.'"
1563,1412,"'Especially for low pH fruit juices (like lime, lemon juices) mild pasteurization is sufficient to have the desired shelf life. However, for higher pH fruit juices over and above stringent pasteurization, chemical preservatives (i.e. salts of sorbic acid or benzoic acids) may be used, where permitted by laws. The main purpose is to prevent fermentation from occurring during the refrigerated or even ambient temperature storage.'"
1564,1403,"'Some fruit or vegetable powders are produced from juices, concentrates, or pulps by using a spray drying technique. Dry powders can be directly used as important constituents of dry soups, yogurt, etc. The drying is achieved by spraying of the slurry into an airstream at a temperature of 138°C to 150°C and introducing cold dry air either into the outlet end of the dryer or to the dryer walls to cool them to 38°C– 50°C. The most commonly used atomizers are rotary wheel and single-fluid pressure nozzle. A wide range of fruit and vegetable powders can be dried, agglomerated, and instantized in spray drying units, specially equipped with an internal static fluidized bed, integral filter, or external vibrofluidizer. Bananas, peaches, apricots, and to a lesser extent citrus powders are examples of products dried by such techniques.'"
1565,1404,'Spray drying of soluble fruit powders and convective drying of fruit and vegetables reduces the thermoplasticity of particles and product hygroscopicity. They also eliminate the need for adding stabilizers which may adversely affect the sensory properties of the final product.'
1566,1405,"'Foam mat and foam spray drying are two foam drying methods. Foam mat dried fruit or vegetable powders have fewer heat-induced changes in color and flavor than conventional spray dried or drum dried products. It yields product with lower density than that of a conventional dryer. The product density is about equal to the density of instantized or agglomerated powder. A stable gas-liquid foam is a prerequisite. Glycerol monostearate, solubilized soya protein, and propylene glycol monostearate are the typical additives for the fruit and vegetable foam formulation from juice or pulp. Foam mat drying involves drying a thin layer (0.1–0.5 mm) of the stabilized foam in air at 65°C–70°C for a few minutes, as the foam structure decreases drying time to about one-third. The foam is spread on perforated floor craters as the airstream is forced through the bed. A continuous belt tray dryer or a modified spray dryer can be used.'"
1567,1406,"'Good quality tomato, apple, grape, orange, and pineapple powders can be produced by this technique. Optimal initial concentration of feed solids is in the range of 30% for tomato and 55% for orange.'"
1568,1407,"'Though these methods cannot be employed for fruit juice dehydration, the fruit pieces can be subjected to following methods for dehydration as detailed below:'"
1569,1413,'Sterilization of the fruit juice by In-can (retort) or by Ultra high treatment (UHT) followed by aseptic packaging can help in extending the shelf life for months even under ambient storage conditions.'
1570,1626,'IFOAM was founded in France in 1972. It spearheads and coordinates organic farming efforts the world over by promoting organic agriculture as an environment friendly and sustaining method. It focuses on organic farming by highlighting the minimum pollution and low use of non-renewable natural resources through this method. It has about 600 organizational members spread over about 120 countries including India. IFOAM undertakes a wide range of activities related to organic farming such as exchanging knowledge and thoughts among its members;'
1571,1408,"'Osmotic dehydration is one of the processes used to reduce or avoid detrimental phenomena in fruit and vegetables without a sensorial and nutritional quality loss.Osmotic dehydration, consists of placing fruit pieces in contact with sugar syrup to remove 30-50% of water by weight, before conventional drying methods, that inhibits the action of polyphenol oxidase and prevents loss of volatile flavour constituents during dehydration. The process involves immersion of the fruit and vegetables (reduced to 3-10 mm pieces), in a concentrated solution of sugar syrup and ascorbic acid to effect partial dehydration (from ~ 6-8 to 1.0-1.5 kg moisture/kg dry matter). Most fruits are suitable for osmotic dehydration, except tomatoes and citrus fruits. The technique is currently largely used in the production of semi-candied fruits.'"
1572,1409,"'The factors affecting the osmotic drying process include size and shape, type of osmotic agent, concentration of the osmotic solution, temperature, food to solution ratio, duration, pressure, agitation of the osmotic medium and food pieces, Ca fortification of fruits and vegetables, etc. The osmotic agents used were a saturated glucose or sucrose solution, 60 o Brix glucose or isomerized glucose-fructose syrups, sucrose (70%)-glycerol (65%) 1:1 and ethanol. The temperatures of about 25 -43 o C have been successfully used.'"
1573,1410,"'There are two main stages in the freeze drying process: (a) freezing of the food, when most of the water is converted into ice, and (b) sublimation, when the bulk or all of the ice is transferred into vapor under very low pressure or high vacuum. In some cases, additional final drying, in the same or other equipment, is necessary. Cabinet or tunnel batch-type dryers are typically'"
1574,1425,"'When fruit are heated, the protopectin that has not turned to pectin is partially hydrolyzed or converted to pectin. To increase the amount of pectin extracted, some acid has to be added to the extraction solution and heat has to be applied.'"
1575,1426,"'When fruit are very ripe, other enzymes break up the pectin into pectic acid and alcohol. Pectic acid does not form a gel, except in the presence of added calcium molecules.'"
1576,1427,"'Plant materials are used. Most frequently culled or rejected apples, apple pomace or the pulp (together with peel and core wastes) remaining after apple juice extraction are used. Lemon rejects are also a good source. Extract all pectin substances including protopectin, pectinic acid, pectic acids and pectin related compounds.'"
1577,1738,'FYM consists of two original components such as i) dung (solid portion) and ii) urine (liquid ortion) which are subjected to different losses in different ways. Both the components contain'
1578,1414,"'The fruit are perishable in nature and so are the juices expressed out of them. Preparation of sugar preserves like Jams, Jellies, Marmalades, Conserves, etc. are one means to extend the shelf life of fruit juice at the same time enable the consumers to enjoy the body and texture of a gel – a mouthfeel that is relished by all. The high osmotic pressure of sugar creates conditions that are unfavourable for the growth and reproduction of most species of bacteria, yeasts and molds.'"
1579,1415,"'Food preservation if the process of treating and handling food to stop or greatly slow down spoilage (loss of quality, edibility or nutritive value) caused or accelerated by microorganisms. A sugar concentration of about 60% in finished or processed fruit product generally increases their preservation. Preservation is not only determined by the osmotic pressure of sugar solutions, but also by water activity in the liquid phase, which can be lowered by sugar addition and by evaporation down to 0.848 aw. This value however, does not protect the products from mould and osmophilic yeasts. Maximum saccharose concentration that can be achieved in liquid phase of product is about 67.89%.'"
1580,1416,"'In the case of jellies and preserves, the water is withdrawn from the microorganisms toward the concentrated sugar syrup through osmotic gradient. The microorganisms become dehydrated and incapacitated, and are unable to multiply and bring about food spoilage. In jellies, jams and preserves, a concentrated sugar solution of at least 65% is necessary to perform this function. Since the sugar content naturally present in fruits and their juices is less than 65%, it is essential to add sugar to raise it to this concentration in jellies and preserves.'"
1581,1627,"'representation of the movement in governmental, administrative and policy making forums in the national and international arena; updating of production, processing and trading standards; formulation and coordination of research projects; and holding of international conferences and seminars. IFOAM participates in the activities related to organic farming under the auspices of the United Nations and keeps active contacts with several international NGOs.'"
1582,1628,"'The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations provides support to organic farming in the member countries. It also attempts the harmonization of national organic standards, which is absolutely essential to increase international trade in organic products. The FAO has, in association with the World Health Organization (WHO), evolved the Codex Alimentarius for organic products.'"
1583,1629,"'Organic farming has several advantages over the conventional one apart from the protection of both the environment and human health. Improved soil fertility, better water quality, prevention of soil erosion, generation of rural employment, etc. are some of them.'"
1584,1417,"'They are whole fruits or large pieces of fruit in thick sugar syrup, often slightly jellied. Preserves are made from practically all fruits including peaches, pears, plums, aonla, strawberries, grapes, muscadines, quinces and tomatoes.The fruit for preserving should be in a firm-ripe rather than a soft-ripe stage. By using up to 25% of firm-ripe fruit, the tartness is increased and less pectin is required in the formula. The fruit should be uniform in size or uniform pieces so as to cook evenly. Examples include fig preserve, watermelon rind preserve, etc.'"
1585,1418,"'It is essentially a gel or semi-solid mass containing pulped or whole fruit, made by boiling the fruit pulp with sugar solution. It is made from crushed or macerated (ground) fruit and generally is less firm than jelly.  They may be made from a single fruit or mixture of fruits. It may contain small particles of fruit as against preserves, which may contain whole or large pieces of fruit.'"
1586,1419,"'It is made from fruit juice. A perfect fruit jelly has a clear colour and a flavor characteristic of the fruit used. It is transparent and sparkles, quivers but does not flow when removed from its mould. The jelly should be tender enough to cut easily and is so firm that angles produced retain their shape.'"
1587,1420,"'Conserves are similar to jams with chopped nuts (pecans, walnuts or others) and raisins added for texture and flavour. Conserves are mixtures of two or more fruits usually including citrus fruits. The chief ingredient in specific conserves being figs, peaches, pears, plums, oranges or carrots.'"
1588,1428,"'(a) those with a high methoxyl content (HMP) ~ 11% methoxyl (b) those with low methoxyl content (LMP) HMP is extracted with higher temperature, acidic solutions. Pectins with high methoxyl content forms gels in presence of high sugar and acid concentration. Most commercial pectins are HMP.'"
1589,1429,"'LMP containing pectic acids are extracted with lower temperatures with less acidic solutions, but in presence of other chemical compounds. LMP are pectin derivatives which do not need sugar to gel. If used, they need to react with a calcium salt (dicalcium phosphate), which has to be added during jam making.'"
1590,1447,'The fibrils of pectin become tough in presence of acids. Small amount of acid gives a weak fibrillar structure. Large amount of acid tends to hydrolyze pectin; the fibrils lose elasticity and the jelly becomes syrupy.'
1591,1448,"'Sugar acts as a precipitating agent; the presence of acid helps it. Greater the quantity of acid, lower is the sugar requirement.'"
1592,1421,"'They have the characteristics of jellies and preserves combined. It is a semi-viscous jelly which contains the fruit pulp and may contain the peels suspended evenly throughout the jellied juice. They are made from under ripe fruit, rich in pectin and acid, chiefly citrus fruits – alone or in combination with other fruits. Popular marmalades are combination citrus, orange-peach, orange-pear, ginger-pear, pearpineapple and grape. The pectin and acid contents of the marmalades should be kept slightly higher than what has been recommended for jellies.'"
1593,1422,"'They maybe from under ripe, undersize and off-grade fruit or even from peels, cores and wind-fall fruit. The fruit should be sufficiently ripe (not overripe); mixture of under-ripe and ripe fruits is advantageous. Combining fruits rich in acid with those rich in pectin is less expensive than using acid or commercial pectin to supplement the deficiency. The juices of different fruits may be mixed.'"
1594,1423,"'The preparation is based on the gel making power of pectins which are present naturally in the products or added to them. Fruits that are low in pectin and acid components can be used to make jams and jellies, provided the pectin and acid content is adjusted to levels that make them gel.'"
1595,1424,'Protopectin is a component of the cementing material between plant cell walls; also a part of cell walls themselves. These are most abundant during the immature stage of fruit and are converted to pectin as the fruit matures. The chemical structure of pectin is shown in Figure 17.1.'
1596,1630,"'The concept of quality food has undergone a drastic change over the past few decades. It does give emphasis on the characteristics of the end product, but the process and method of production and transport are now considered equally important. Not only the importers but also the domestic retailers have their own quality specifications or standards, which in many cases are tougher than those of the government regulations. Consumers have become health conscious and are willing to pay for the clean, healthy and natural food. Many developed countries have various support programmes to help organic farming with financial incentives and technical guidance.'"
1597,1631,'The organic food market in the world has grown rapidly in the past decade. International trade in organic foods showed an annual growth rate of about 20-22 % during this period. Many retail chains and supermarkets in advanced countries are accorded with 'green status'to sell organic foods. The organic food processing industry is considered nature friendly and thus encouraged.'
1598,1657,'Species and varieties cultivated should be adapted to the soil and climatic conditions and be sistant to pests and diseases. In the choice of varieties genetic diversity should be taken into'
1599,1430,"'The fresh fruit tissue or separated parts, including the peel and core are heated in 95% alcohol or 0.05N HCl (pH 2.0) for 10-20 min at 70 o C to inactivate pectic enzymes. After the pretreatment, the materials is ground in an electric blender and placed in water. Versene or Na-EDTA is added at 2.0%. The pH is adjusted to 6.0. The mixture is heated for about an hour at 90-95 o C. The slurry formed is rapidly filtered and the pectin is precipitated from the solution using acidified alcohol. The precipitate is centrifuged and repeatedly washed with 70% alcohol. Acetone is used for dehydration and the pectin produced is vacuum-dried. It may also be dried in a hot-air oven at 50 o C for 4 h.'"
1600,1431,"'A pectin solution of maximum strength can be obtained with about 30 min of boiling. When this period is divided into two, each of 15 min period of extraction, maximum amount of pectin can be extracted.'"
1601,1432,"'Successful jelly formation requires correct proportion of sugar, acid and pectin.'"
1602,1433,'Pectin-sugar gel formation occurs as a result of the precipitation of a part of pectin present in solution. Precipitation takes place in such a way so as to develop high binding forces at the surface. These hold the solution of other ingredients with sufficient strength to confer on the whole system the rigidity and texture associated with a jelly.'
1603,1434,"'The addition of sugar is essential to produce an ideal jelly texture, appearance, flavour and yield. The sugar reduces the stability of the system by removing water from the pectin particles and affects the strength of the acidity.'"
1604,1435,'A sugar content of between 60-65% is usually preferable. The proportion of sugar added to extract should be appropriate to pectin concentration; depends on the acid present in the extract.'
1605,1436,"'For sufficient inversion, boil the pectin extract for 10 min at pH 3.0 or for 30 min at pH 3.5 (i.e. boil sugar with 0.05% H 2 SO 4 for 15 min).'"
1606,1442,"'Given a certain proportion for a particular pectin level, the sugar and acidity controls the strength of the jelly formed; the sugar through its dehydration of the pectin particles, and the acid by its own destabilizing action and its effect on the speed at which sugar-pectin equilibrium is attained.'"
1607,1443,'High quality product is associated with a sugar content of ~ 65% and this is related to a pH of 3.4 - 3.1. The rheology of jelly as influenced by the acidity of the system is depicted in Table 17.2.'
1608,1437,"'The following methods can be employed to determine the pectin in fruit juices: 1. Testing amount of pectin by precipitating it with alcohol or methylated spirit. 2. Finding the viscosity of pectin solution using a jelmeter. The temperature of pectin solution should be between 70-100oF. Close the bottom end and fill juice in the tube; allow dripping for 1 min. and close the bottom. The figure (i.e. 11/4, 1, ¾, ½ etchings) nearest (< or >) the level of the juice in the tube of jelmeter is noted. The data shows the cups or parts of cups of sugar to be added to each cup or part of the juice extract. 3. Making actual test jellies from the fruit extract.'"
1609,1438,"'1. Testing amount of pectin by precipitating it with alcohol or methylated spirit. 2. Finding the viscosity of pectin solution using a jelmeter. The temperature of pectin solution should be between 70-100oF. Close the bottom end and fill juice in the tube; allow dripping for 1 min. and close the bottom. The figure (i.e. 11/4, 1, ¾, ½ etchings) nearest (< or >) the level of the juice in the tube of jelmeter is noted. The data shows the cups or parts of cups of sugar to be added to each cup or part of the juice extract. 3. Making actual test jellies from the fruit extract.'"
1610,1439,'Place 1 teaspoon (5 ml) of liquid in a saucer. Allow it to thoroughly cool down. Three teaspoonfuls (15 ml) of alcohol (95%) are added and the mixture is gently shaken and allowed to stand for 3-5 minutes (Table 17.1). Table 17.1 Alcohol test to estimate the'
1611,1440,"'For any given pectin-sugar combination under given conditions of temperature, there is a maximum hydrogenion-concentration or acidity which just permits the completion of jelly formation within the time limit of the system.'"
1612,1441,"'The acid concentration affects the final structure through the alteration of the rate of setting, but does not show an optimum when the setting time is made sufficiently long by diminishing the sugar content.'"
1613,1632,'The need for organic farming in India arises from the un-sustainability of agriculture production and the damage caused to ecology through the conventional farming practices. The present system of agriculture which we call 'conventional' and practiced the world over evolved in the western nations as a product of their socio-economic environment which promoted an over riding quest for accumulation of wealth. This method of farming adopted by other countries is inherently self destructive and unsustainable.'
1614,1658,"'national standards requirements have een met during a conversion period of at least two years before sowing or in the case of ssland, at least three years (thirty-six months) before the first arvest of products. The accredited inspection and certification agency may decide in certain years or more) to extend or reduce the conversion period in the ght of previous status of the land but the period must equal or exceed twelve months.'"
1615,1449,"'Sugar acts as a dehydrating agent which disturbs the equilibrium existing between water and pectin. The negative charge on pectin is reduced with help of hydrogen-ion-concentration. Pectin precipitates and coalesces in the form of a fine network of insoluble fibres, provided sugar is present in sufficient concentration. As the system reaches equilibrium, the jelly strength becomes the maximum.'"
1616,1450,"'Apple pomace and Citrus peel (Lime, lemon and orange) serves as raw material for extraction of pectin .'"
1617,1451,"'High methoxyl (HM) pectins are defined as those with a Degree of Esterification (DE) above 50, while low methoxyl (LM) pectins have a DE of less than 50. LM pectins can be acid or alkali-treated. LM pectins can be either amidated (LMA) or non-amidated (LM).'"
1618,1452,'Protopectin is a component of the cementing material between plant cell walls; also a part of cell walls themselves. These are most abundant during the immature stage of fruit and are converted to pectin as the fruit matures.'
1619,1453,"'When fruit are heated, the protopectin that has not turned to pectin is partially hydrolyzed or converted to pectin. To increase the amount of pectin extracted, some acid has to be added to the extraction solution and heat has to be applied.'"
1620,1454,"'When fruit are very ripe, other enzymes break up the pectin into pectic acid and alcohol. Pectic acid does not form a gel, except in the presence of added calcium molecules.'"
1621,1633,'The present system of agriculture which we call 'conventional' and practiced the world over evolved in the western nations as a product of their socio-economic environment which promoted an over riding quest for accumulation of wealth. This method of farming adopted by other countries is inherently self destructive and unsustainable.'
1622,1634,"'The modern farming is highly perfected by the Americans who dispossessed the natives of their farms right from the early period of the new settlers in US (Wadia, 1996). The large farms appropriated by the immigrants required machines to do the large scale cultural operations. These machines needed large amount of fossil fuels besides forcing the farmers to raise the same crops again and again, in order to utilize these machines to their optimum capacities. The result was the reduction of bio-diversity and labour. The high cost of the machines necessitated high'"
1623,1455,"'Plant materials are used. Most frequently culled or rejected apples, apple pomace or the pulp (together with peel and core wastes) remaining after apple juice extraction are used. Lemon rejects are also a good source. Extract all pectin substances including protopectin, pectinic acid, pectic acids and pectin related compounds.'"
1624,1635,"'profits, which in turn put pressure to raise productivity. Then, only those crops with high productivity were cultivated which needed increased quantities of fertilizers and pesticides. Increasing use of pesticides resulted in the damage to environment and increased resistance of insects to them. Pesticides harmed useful organisms in the soil.'"
1625,1636,"'The monoculture of high yielding seeds required external inputs of chemical fertilizers. The fertilizers also destroy soil organisms. They damage the rhizobia that fix nitrogen and other micro organisms that make phosphates available to plants (Wadia, 1996). The long term effect was reduction of crop yields. The damaged soil was easily eroded by wind and water. The eroding soil needed use of continuously increasing quantities of fertilizers, much of which was washed/leached into surface and underground water sources.'"
1626,1659,"'When organic seed and plant materials are available, p material. When certified organic seed and plant materials are not available, chemically untreated conventional materials shall be used. The use of genetically engineered seeds, pollen, transgene plants or plant m'"
1627,1660,"'The establishment of an organic management system and building of soil fertility requires an interim period, the conversion period. The conversion period may not always be of sufficient duration to improve soil fertility and re- in'"
1628,1661,"'For the calculation of inputs for feeding, the fe o are themselves being reared within the farm unit and such feed may not be sold or otherwise marketed as organic. Feed produced on the farms in accordance with the national standards is to be pref'"
1629,1637,"'The theme of consumer welfare has become central in the economic activities in the developed countries in the world. Sustainable agriculture based on technologies that combine increased production with improved environmental protection has been accepted as absolutely essential for the maximization of the consumer welfare. The consumers are increasingly concerned about the quality of the products they consume and food safety has become a crucial requirement. Safety, quality and hygienic standards are increasingly being made strict. The mad cow disease and the question of genetically modified food production are the recent instances, which made the countries to tighten the laws. Mycotoxin contamination, unacceptable levels of pesticide residues and environment degradation are the problems on which the attention is centred. Keeping the interests of the consumers, the European Union has taken tough measures including criminal prosecution to ensure food safety. Another area to increase the consumer welfare is promotion of the eco-friendly methods in agriculture. No-till, or conservation agriculture, lower input approaches of integrated pest or nutrient management and organic farming are some of them.'"
1630,1638,"'The Indian agriculture switched over to the conventional system of production on the advent of the green revolution in the 1970s. The change was in the national interest which suffered setbacks because of the country's over dependence on the foreign food sources. The national determination was so intense that all the attention was focused on the increase in agriculture production. The agriculture and allied sectors in India provide employment to 65% of the workers and accounts for 30% of the national income. The growth of population and the increase in income will lead to a rise in demand for foodgrains as also for the agricultural raw materials for industry in the future. The area under cultivation, obviously, cannot be increased and the present 140 million hectares will have to meet the future increases in such demands. There is a strong reason for even a decline in the cultivated area because of the urbanization and industrialization, which in turn will exert much pressure on the existing, cropped area.'"
1631,1639,"'Science and technology have helped man to increase agricultural production from the natural resources like land. But the realization that this has been achieved at the cost of the nature and environment, which support the human life itself, is becoming clear. It has been fully evident that the present pattern of economic development, which ignores the ecology and environment, cannot sustain the achievement of man without substantial erosion of the factors that support the life system of all living things on the Earth. The evidence of the ill effects of development is well documented. As said earlier, we in India have to be concerned much more than any other nation'"
1632,1647,"'In India, the development of organic agriculture is receiving increasing attention among farmers, producers, processors, traders, exporters and consumers. Growing consciousness of health hazards due to the possible contamination of farm produce from the use of synthetic chemicals have immensely contributed to the revival of this form of farming during the last ten years. Agro-climatic conditions in India and our agricultural biodiversity are conducive to organic agriculture and hence offer tremendous scope for cultivation of a wide range of organic products. India is now understood to be a potential supplier of organic products to the international market. Presently, India is exporting these products to Europe, US and Japan and volumes are looking up.'"
1633,1648,"'Organic agriculture has grown out of the conscious efforts by inspired people to create the best possible relationship between the earth and men. Since its beginning the sphere surrounding organic agriculture has become considerable more complex. A major challenge today is certainly its entry into the policy making arena, its entry into anonymous global market and the transformation of organic products into commodities. During the last two decades, there has also been a significant sensitization of the global community towards environmental preservation and assuring of food quality. Ardent promoters of organic farming consider that it can meet both these demands and become the mean for complete development of rural areas. After almost a century of development organic agriculture is now being embraced by the mainstream and shows great promise commercially, socially and environmentally. While there is continuum of thought from earlier days to the present, the modern organic movement is radically different from its original form. It now has environmental sustainability at its core in addition to the founders concerns for healthy soil, healthy food and healthy people. To provide a focused and well directed development of organic agriculture and quality products, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India launched the National Programme on Organic Production (NPOP) in the year 2000, which was formally notified in October 2001 under the Foreign Trade & Development Act (FTDR ACT'"
1634,1649,'The important organic production requirements as per national standards for organic production developed by APEDA are reproduced below:'
1635,1650,"'organic management and certification of crops and/or animal · Before products from a farm/project can be certified as husbandry is known as the conversion period. The whole farm, organic, inspection shall be carried out during the'"
1636,1651,'programme shall ensure that the organic and conventional parts of the relevant products and possible sources of pollution (soil and water) shall take place to determine the level of the farm are separate and  inspectable. Before products from  a'
1637,1652,'of the certification programme or from the date of last application and shall not be burnt on th e farmland. The use of polychloride based products such as PVC film is of  unapproved  farm  inputs  provided  it  can  demonstrate  that prohibited.'
1638,1653,"'an /o ps or anim products which cannot be clearly distinguished from each other, will not be allowed. Simultaneous production of conventional, organic, in conversion d r organic cro al'"
1639,1669,"'Organic farming d programme, use of crops and varieties well-adapted to the environment, fertile soi b development should take place in a natural manner. Weeds, pests and diseases should be controlled by a number of preventive cultural techniques which limit their development, e.g. suitable rotations, green manures, a balanced fertilizing programme, early and pre-drilling seedbed preparations, mulching, mechanical control and the disturbance of pest development cycles. The natural enemies of pests and diseases should be protected and encouraged through proper habitat m m pests. An ecological equilibrium should be created to bring about a balance in the pest predator cycle.'"
1640,1670,"'Weeds, pests and diseases should be controlled by a number of preventive cultural techniques which limit their development, e.g. suitable rotations, green manures, a balanced fertilizing programme, early and pre-drilling seedbed preparations, mulching, mechanical control and the disturbance of pest development cycles. The natural enemies of pests and diseases should be protected and encouraged through proper habitat m m pests. An ecological equilibrium should be created to bring about a balance in the pest predator cycle.'"
1641,1671,"'Products used for pest, disease and weed management, prepared at the farm from local plants, animals and micro-organisms, are allowed. If the ecosystem or the quality of organic products is likely to be jeopardised, the Procedure to Evaluate Additional Inputs to Organic Agriculture and other relevant criteria shall be used to judge if the product is acceptable. Branded products must always'"
1642,1681,'00% of the ingredients of agriculture origin shall be certified organic. or the production of enzymes and other micro-biological products the medium shall be'
1643,1682,'1 F composed of organic ingredients. The certification programm'
1644,1683,"'nly take place with water, ethanol, plant and animal oils, vinegar, carbon ioxide, nitrogen or carboxylic acids. These shall be of food grade quality, appropriate for the is not allowed.'"
1645,1684,'P The vital quality of an organic ingredient shall be maintained throughout each step of its processing.'
1646,1685,'Ecologically sound materials should be used for the packaging of organic products. Packaging materials that affect the organic nature of the contents should be avoided. Use of PVC'
1647,1686,"'hen the full standards requirements are fulfilled, products shall be sold as \'produce of organic shall be mentioned on the label. roduct labels should list processing procedures which influence the product properties in a way obvious. Additional product information shall be made available on request. All omponents of additives and processing aids shall be declared. Ingredients or products derived'"
1648,1687,'shall be mentioned on the label. roduct labels should list processing procedures which influence the product properties in a way obvious. Additional product information shall be made available on request. All omponents of additives and processing aids shall be declared. Ingredients or products derived'
1649,1688,'• Where less than 95% but not less than 70% of the ingredients are of certified organic the th organic ingredients\' provided there is a clear statement of the proportion of the organic ingredients. An indication that the'
1650,1689,"'• Where less than 70% of the ingredients are of certified organic origin, the indication that materials is prohibited. Laminates and aluminum should be avoided. Recycling and reusable systems shall be used wherever possible. B'"
1651,1693,'Product integrity should be maintained during storage and tran Organic Products must be protected at all times from co-mingling with non-organic products. Organic products must be protected at all times from contact with materials and substances not permitted for use in organic farming and handling.'
1652,1694,'Organic Products must be protected at all times from co-mingling with non-organic products. Organic products must be protected at all times from contact with materials and substances not permitted for use in organic farming and handling.'
1653,1695,"'T from APEDA or downloaded from their website www.apeda.com . These stringent production requirements have been laid down to help produce the food commodities suitable for export. rganic food market is growing worldwide at a fast pace. Therefore, development of production'"
1654,1696,"'production is one area of agriculture which an convert India's 'Green Revolution' into 'Evergreen Revolution'. However, ti will require O practices in accordance with regional conditions and farmers requirement is need of the hour. India can utilize her economical manpower to produce cost competitive and high quality products for export and for domestic market. Organic c highest level of commitment from every individual and institution engaged directly or indirectly in promotion of organic farming. Who knows we might be looking at another billion dollar industry in the making similar to information technology.\''"
1655,1697,"'Soil is the important source of plant nutrients. Plant nutrients are lost from the soil in different ways. Large quantities are removed from the soil due to harvest of crops. Weeds remove considerable quantities of plant nutrients from the soil. Nutrients are also lost by leaching and erosion. Nitrogen is also lost by volatilization and denitrification. When the crop requirements are higher than the soil supplying power, nutrients are applied. Plant nutrients can viz. dues, bio-fertilizers and and productivity, maintain soil ealth, reduce nutrient losses, improve soil environment and minimize energy consumption, it is necessa'"
1656,1698,"'. A wide range of fungi, bacteria and animals participate in the process of decomposition, mineralization and nutrient immobilization and therefore influence the efficiency of nutrient cycles. be supplied from different sources organic manures, crop resi chemical fertilizers (in natural forms). To increase production h ry to use these sources of nutrients in a combined manner which is called Integrated Nutrient Management (INM). These sources are used combined as per availability and feasibility of application under different conditions.'"
1657,1704,"'The above practices are not unique to biological management but common to farming practice the world over. The use of biological inputs such as N-fixing bacteria, mycorrhiza or soil fauna as a mean of enhancing the endemic biological activitie m selectively feeding the heterotrophic biological populations of soil - a practice of very ancient origin but at times e ms that are involved in processes of significance to soil su physical and chemical environment of the soil.'"
1658,1705,"'Action of microorganism. The biodegradation process is carried out by different groups of heterotrophic micro-organims, bacteria, fungi, actinomycete and protozoa. The role of cellulolytic and lignolytic microorganisms in decomposition of crop wastes and residues is of prime importance. Micro-organism involved in the process derive their energy and carbon requirements from the decomposition of carbonaceous materials and for every 10 parts of carbon, 1 part of N is required for building up in comparatively less when fungi are mor'"
1659,1699,"'Bio-intensive nutrient management: The practice of biological management of soil fertility is the old concept. It is the use of biological resources of the ecosystem, particularly those of the soil itself, for the manipulation of soil fertility. Biological and physicochemical management are essentially based on integrated approach to soil fertility management. According to Sanchez (1994) we should rely on biological processes by adapting germplasm to adverse soil conditions, enhancing soil biological activity and optimizing nutrient cycling to minimize external inputs and maximize the efficiency of their m management will help to restore soil fertility and will solve many problems related to soil management. It is also established that many of the great gains in production made in the green revolution by use of high yielding varieties with high inputs of inorganic fertilizer cannot be maintained indefinitely. Among the causes attributed to yields decline under long term cultivation are changes in soil fertility associated with loss of organic matter and the accompanying decline in soil physical and chemical properties.'"
1660,1700,"'The biological soil fertility management is an ecological approach for sustainable development and is mainly concerned with the maintenance of yield, closely associated with desires to conserve natural resources, including a greater value accorded to maintenance of biodiversity. An increased efficient use of resources, including the need to utilize all available resources within economic limits will be realized in the long term as well as profitable in the short-term too.'"
1661,1701,'S a variety of ways each of which can have an ameliorating effect on the main soil-based constraints to productivity: 1. Symbionts such as rhizobia and mycorrhiza increase the efficiency of nutrient acquisition by plants.'
1662,1702,"'eschewed in modern agriculture. Equally direct but usually unintentional ffects are also achieved by the use of pesticides, which may kill particular group of soil organis fertility. Management techniques ch as tillage and fertilization also influence the activity of the biota indirectly by altering the'"
1663,1706,"'When organic materials are broken down in presence of oxygen, the process is called as aerobic decomposition. Under aerobic conditions, living organisms which utilize oxygen, decompose organic matter and assimilate some of the C, N, P, S and other nutrients for synthesis of their cell protoplasm. Heterotrophs derive energy from the decomposition of organic matter, resulting on production of CO 2 , humic substances and release of available plant nutrients. Carbon serves both as energy source and is also required for cell protoplasm, greater amount of carbon is assimilated than N. Generally about two-thirds of the carbon is required/evolved as CO 2 and the remaining one-third is combined with N in the living cells.'"
1664,1707,"'Aerobic decomposition of organic materials is most common in nature and generally occurs in arable soils and in forest soil surfaces where animal droppings and organic residues are stabilized into humus, with involvement of different groups of microflora. In the aerobic process, there are no nuisance problems such as foul odour associated with it as is produced under anaerobic conditions due to intermediate compounds.'"
1665,1708,"'A great deal of exothermic energy is released during the oxidation of carbon to carbon dioxide. Organic materials in compost heaps or piles under proper insulation generate substantial amount f heat which increase the temperature upto 65-70 o C. However, if the temperature exceeds 65-'"
1666,1712,'As compared to aerobic process where the release of energy is much greater (484-674 K Cal/glucose molecule) only about 26 K Cal of energy per gram of glucose is released. The energy of carbon is in the methane gas and the resultant energy from gober-gas plants in India is utilized for cooking purpose can also be used in running engines. The biochemical reactions that occur in anaerobic decomposition of wastes are as follows: (CH 2 O) x CH 3 COOH CH 3 COOH CH 4 + CO 2 Organic N NH 3 2H 2 S + CO 2 + (CH 2 O) x + S 2 + Light H 2 O Organic P Reduced P'
1667,1714,"'ulky organic manures contain small percentage of nutrients and they are applied in huge anures have several advantages: (1) ey supply plant nutrients including micronutrients, (2) they'"
1668,1715,"'s like structure, water holding capacity etc., (3) they increase the vailability of nutrients, (4) carbon dioxide released during decomposition acts as a CO 2 rasitic nematodes and fungi are controlled to some extent by altering e balance of microorganisms in the soil.'"
1669,2113,"'OPERATOR: Shall mean an individual or a business enterprise practicing organic farming or organic processing. ORGANIC: Refers to a particula st ORGANIC AGRICULTURE: It is a system of farm design and management to create an eco system, which can achieve sustainable productivity without the use of artifici such as chemical fertilizers and pesticides.'"
1670,1709,"'CH 2 O) × + X O 2 --------------× H 2 O + Energy o 70 o C, the microbial activity is decreased due to the thermal kill of microorganisms and the stabilization of organic matter is slow down. Thermophilic organisms develop when the temperature exceeds above 45 o C, and they thrive best in temperature range of 45-65 o C. The major reactions likely to occur under aerobic decomposition system are as follows: Sugars, celluloses, hemicellulosis, Lignins ( Proteins (Organic N) NH 3 NO 2 - NO 3 - Organic S + x O SO 4 - Organic Phosphate (Phytin, Lacithin) H 3 PO 4 Ca(HPO 4 ) 2'"
1671,1710,"'Anaerobic microorganisms break down organic materials by a process of reduction in absence of organic acids, aldehydes and alcohol, etc. Then a group of bacteria convert the rmediate products t than on bo  dioxide and hydrogen. Oxygen is also nae proc s but it source is chemical compounds and not free dissolved ss, the organisms use N, P and other nutrients in developing cell . During this process the decom is not complete and there is less production of carbon dioxide and intermediates, like organic acid will occur in greater amounts. So is the ase of N containing substances such as ammonia. Due to lesser microbial biomass production oxygen. First a special group of acid producing bacteria, facultative heterotrophs degrade matter into fatty inte o me e, amm ia, car n required for the a robic es s oxygen. Like aerobic proce protoplasm position'"
1672,1711,"'c and carbon assimilation, there is greater production of methane. This type of fermentation takes place in gobar-gas plants, marshy soils, in buried organic materials devoid of oxygen or with low oxidation-reduction potential. Intensive reduction of organic matter is also known as a putrefactive process accompanied by foul odours of hydrogen sulphide and of reduced sulphur containing organic compounds such as mercaptans.'"
1673,1716,"'manure contains 0.5 % N, 0.2 % P 2 O 5 and 0.5 percent O. The present method of preparing farmyard manure by the farmers is defective. Urine, ains one % nitrogen and 1.35 percent potassium. Nitrogen present in urine mostly in the form of urea which is subjected to volatilization losses. Even during storage,'"
1674,1717,"'ilch cattle, dry cattle, work cattle, breeding bulls etc. By and large the dung and urine from animals, which assimilates less (little) for their maintenance and production, will 1. Age and condition and individual animal: Growing animals, milch cattle, pregnant or carrying cattle utilize much of the ingredients in the feeds for building up their growing d animal wa nutrients af'"
1675,1718,"'1. Age and condition and individual animal: Growing animals, milch cattle, pregnant or carrying cattle utilize much of the ingredients in the feeds for building up their growing d animal wa nutrients af'"
1676,1719,"'B quantities. Farmyard manure (FYM), compost and green manure are the most important and widely used bulky organic manures. Use of bulky organic m th improve soil physical propertie a fertilizer, and (5) plant pa th'"
1677,1720,"'Farmyard manure refers to the decomposed mixture of dung w acting, bulky organic and however is a low analysis fertilizer, obtained from dung and urine of farm animals mixed with litter and other miscellaneous farm wastes.'"
1678,1721,"'On an average well decomposed farmyard K 2 which is wasted, cont is nutrients are lost due to leaching and volatilization. However, it is practically impossible to avoid losses altogether, but can be reduced by following improved method of preparation of farmyard manure.'"
1679,1722,"'The quality of manure and chemical composition in particular is highly variable depending upon the kind of animal, age and condition of the individual animal, quality and quantity of feed consumed, kind of litter used, collection and storage of manure 1. Kind of animal : The quality of manure depends on the class of manure viz., cattle, horse manure. Within the same class, quality varies according to the kind of animal, such as m'"
1680,1723,"'bodies, milk production and for the development of the embryo [calf]. Old or adult animals kept on light work or no work, utilize little from feeds and as such, most of nitrogen is voided through urine and dung. Eventually, the adult old cattle provide better'"
1681,1724,'1. Quality and quantity of feed consumed: Nutritious and protein rich feeds like oil cakes enriches the nitrogen content to the resulting manure than the bulky feeds like straw and green grass. Animals fed on con'
1682,1725,"'of litter used. Remnants of leguminous hays ( Bhusa ) give richer manure than usual straws. 3. Collection of manure: The method adopted for collection of dung, urine and litter primarily decide the quality of manure as the loss of nutrients particularly nitrogen occurs from the time urine and dung are voided by cattle .The quality of manure depends upon the metho'"
1683,1726,'• Byre system: Cattle are stalled in a shed with a non absorbent floor provided with necessary slope towards the urine drains. The urine that flows into the drains is collected into a covered tank. From where it is periodically removed and sprinkled o stored in a covered pit .The urine which is an important component of FYM can be properly stored (conserved) in this system. The perfect cleanliness and hy conditio'
1684,1727,"'• Dry earth system: The floor of the cattle shed is well rammed and compacted. Layers of fine sand, red earth of loamy soil are spread as an absorbent for urine. The wet portions are properly covered with dry layers or any of the'"
1685,1728,"'groundnut shell, paddy winnowed dust would serve the purpose very well compared to the earth absorbents. This system is popular and extensively adopted in rural parts being cheep, convenient and practicable under the existing rural conditions in India. • Storage of Manure: Method of storage of manure influences the quality of manure to a large extent. During storage the manure undergoes fermentative changes, decomposition which leads to loosing its original structure and shape. There are three me'"
1686,2155,'Fig 11.1 Schematic diagram of movement of moisture in the interstitial spaces of food'
1687,1729,"'A. Pit method (Below ground level): In this method, the manure is stored in a pit with non –absorbent bottom and sides. The pit is provided with a bund at the rim of the pit to prevent the surface run-off of waters during rainy season. The dimensions of the pit can be variable depending on the quantity of dung, urine and litter produced on the farm per day. The losses also occur in this method due to exposure to sun and rain, but it is relatively a better method than the heap method.'"
1688,1730,'A. Heap method (Above the ground level): This is the most common method adopted in Indian villages. Manure is heaped on the ground preferably under the shade of a tree. Ideal procedure is to dump the dung first and to cover it w'
1689,1731,"'further covered with a layer of litter/ash / earth to prevent the loss of moisture and to avoid direct exposure to sun. It is also desirable to put up a small bund around the base of the heap to protect against surface run-off washing out the manurial ingredients. It is beneficial to cover the exposed portion of the heap with Palmyra leaves or any other available material. The maximum losses of nutrients occur in this method of storage, resulting in poor quality manure. Direct exposure to the vagaries of climate such as sunshine and rainfall causes looseness and dryness of manure, which hasten the losses of'"
1690,1739,"') is in the solid portion. To conserve N, P 2 O 5 and K 2 O, it is most ssential that both the parts of cattle manure are properly handled and stored'"
1691,1733,"'A. Covered pit method: Of all the methods described, it is the best method. In this method, the bottom and sides of the pit are made non-absorbent by granite stone lining. The pit is also provided with a bund of 1½ feet height to prevent surface flow of water (Rain water) and a suitable cover by way of roofing with locally available materials like Palmyra or phoenix leaves etc., organic matter and nutrient losses can be effectively controlled in this method of storage in order to obtain better quality manure [FYM: 0.68% N - 0.5% P – 1% K].'"
1692,1734,"'It is practically impossible to check completely the loss of plant nutrients and organic matter during handling and storing of FYM. However, improved methods can be adopted to reduce such loss. Considerably, they are.'"
1693,1735,"'This metho 1 and spread in the shed so as to absorb urine. The nex d up for filling with daily collection. When the section is filled up to a height of 45 cm to 60 cm above the ground level, the top of the heap is made into a dome and plastered with cow dung earth slurry. The process is conti tr plastering.'"
1694,1736,"'If urine is not collected in the bedding, it can be collected along with washings of the cattle shed in a cemented pit from which it is later added to the farmyard manure pit. Chemical preservatives can also be used to reduce losses and enrich farmyard manure. The commonly used chemicals are gypsum and rock phosphate. Gypsum is spread in the cattle shed which absorbs urine and prevents volatilization loss of urea present in the urine and also adds calcium and sulphur. Rock phosphate also acts similarly in reducing losses and also increases phosphorus content.'"
1695,1741,"'By leaching : p N, P 2 O 5 and K 2 O. Approximately, half of nitrogen and potash is in dung and other half in urine. Nearly all the phosphorus (96% e'"
1696,1742,'i. method of preserving the urine in our country. In our country most of the cattle sheds have un- cemented or kachha floor and the urine gets soaked in the soils of kachha floor of the cattle shed and the large quantities of nitrogen are thus lost through the formation of gaseous ammonia as follows.'
1697,1743,'C open space for months together. The m ef'
1698,1744,'ne and dung are decomposed and considerable amount of ammonia is roduced. The ammonia combines with carbonic acid to form ammonium carbonate and ather unstable and gaseous ammonia may be readily liberated and passes to atmosphere as indicated in the following equations.'
1699,1745,'ommonly used preservatives are 1) Gypsum 2) rock phosphate. It is recommended that 450 g to er animal in the cattle shed. Rock phosphate ould be applied in places where animal pass urine. The reaction of gypsum with ammonium'
1700,1746,"'H )  CO  +CaSO  → CaCO  + (NH ) SO leaching loss of nutrients will vary with the surface exposed, the intensity of rain fall and the slope of the surf a'"
1701,1747,'A. (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 + 2H 2 O → 2NH 4 OH + H 2 CO 3 IV. NH 4 OH → NH 3 ↑ + H 2 O'
1702,1748,"'1. Adopt trench method as suggested by C.N. Acharya for handling of dung and urine 1 use of cow dung in gas plant produces a combustible gas, methane used as fuel gas which improved method of handling FYM.'"
1703,1749,"'(N 4 2 3 4 3 4 2 4 With this reaction ammonium carbonate is converted to (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 . As long as manure is in moist, no loss of ammonia will occur but if dried the chemical reaction is reversed and loss of'"
1704,1750,'ammonia may occur. Use of gypsum also prevents the bad smell caused by production of ammonia in the cattle sheds. As such in Indian conditions use of gypsum to decrease N loss does ot offer practical solution. Super phosphate has been extensively used as a manure preservative.'
1705,1751,"'tains 3% N, 1% P 2 O 5 and 2% K 2 O. It is applied to the field in two ays. The sweeping of sheep or goat sheds are placed in pits for decomposition and it is applied'"
1706,1752,"'he excreta of birds ferments very quickly. If left exposed, 50 % of its nitrogen is lost within 30 cane trash, paddy straw, weeds and other plants and other waste is called n Since ordinary superphosphate contains up to 50 to 60 % gypsum besides mono calcium phosphate. The reaction with ammonium carbonate is given below'"
1707,1753,"'cane trash, paddy straw, weeds and other plants and other waste is called n Since ordinary superphosphate contains up to 50 to 60 % gypsum besides mono calcium phosphate. The reaction with ammonium carbonate is given below'"
1708,1754,'2CaSO 4 + Ca (H 2 PO 4 ) + 2(NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 → Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 + 2(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 + 2'
1709,1755,"'Partially rotten farmyard manure has to be applied three to four weeks before sowing while well rotten manure can be applied immediately before sowing. Generally 10 to 20 t/ha is applied, but more than 20 t/ha is applied to fodder grasses and vegetables. In such cases farmyard manure should be applied at least 15 days in advance to avoid immobiliza p loss of nutrients. These losses can be reduced by spreading and in immediately after app'"
1710,1756,"'Vegetable crops like potato, tomato, sweet-potato, carrot, radish, onion etc., respond well to the FYM. The other responsive crops are sugarcane, rice, Napie o in FYM is not available immediately. About 30% of N, 60-70% P and 70% K are available to the first crop.'"
1711,1761,"'arm compost is made by placing farm wastes in trenches of suitable size, say, 4.5 m to 5.0 m to 2.0 m wide and 1.0 m to 2.0 m deep. Farm waste is placed in the trenches layer by yer. Each layer is well moistened by sprinkling cow-dung slurry or water. Trenches are filled'"
1712,1757,"'The dropping of sheep and goats contain higher nutrients than farm yard manure and compost. On an average, the manure con w later to the field. The nutrients present in the urine are wasted in this method. The second method is sheep penning, wherein sheep and goats are allowed to stay overnight in the field and urine and fecal matter is added to the soil which is incorporated to a shallow depth by running blade harrow or cultivator.'"
1713,1758,"'T days. Poultry manure contains higher nitrogen and phosphorus compared to other bulky organic manures. The average nutrient content is 3.03 % N, 2.63 % P 2 O 5 and 1.4 % K 2 O .'"
1714,1759,"'A mass of rotted organic matter made from waste is called compost. The compost made from farm waste like sugar farm compost. The average nutrient content of farm compost is 0.5 % N, 0.15 % P 2 O 5 and 0.5 % value of farm compost can be increased by application of superphosphate or ck phosphate at 10 to 15 kg/t of raw material at the initial stage of filling the compost pit. The'"
1715,1760,"'farm compost. The average nutrient content of farm compost is 0.5 % N, 0.15 % P 2 O 5 and 0.5 % value of farm compost can be increased by application of superphosphate or ck phosphate at 10 to 15 kg/t of raw material at the initial stage of filling the compost pit. The'"
1716,1762,"'its. K 2 O . The nutrient ro compost made from town refuses like street sweepings and dustbin refuse is called town compost. It contains 1.4 % N, 1.00 % P 2 O 5 and 1.4 % K 2 O.'"
1717,1763,"'Compost prepared by traditional method is usually low in nutrients and there is need to improve its quality. Enrichment of compost using low cost N fixing and phosphate solublizing microbes is one of the possible ways of improving nutrient status of the product. It could be achieved by introducing microbial inoculants, which are more efficient th su exacting in their physiological and ecological requirements and it is difficult to meet these requirements under natural conditions. The only alternative is to enhance their inoculums potential in the composting mass. Studies conducted at IARI, New Delhi, showed that inoculation with Azotobacter/Azospirillum and phosphate solubilising culture in the presence of 1% rock h'"
1718,1764,"'1. The organic matter is partially decomposed and converted by microbes. These microbes require proper growth conditions, for their activity i.e moisture content: 50% and 50% aeration of total pore space of the composting material. This is achieved through stacking and occasional turning over. Microbes also need sufficient nitrogen for'"
1719,1765,"'1. Certain additives accelerate the conversion and improve the final product. The materials such as lime, earth, gypsum, rock phosphate act as effective additives. The addition of nitrogen (0.1 to 1 %) is important in case of large C:N ratio of the composting material. Addition of lime (0.3 to 0.5 %), if sufficient lime is not present. The preparation of compost takes 2-3 months. The composition of compost varies with in wide lim'"
1720,1766,"'very day. Municipal omposters, therefore, are \'batch\' composters, while backyard composters tend to be e: 1) the mesophilic phase; 2) the thermophilic phase; 3) the cooling hase; and 4) the curing phase.'"
1721,1777,'he basic raw material straw is spread in layers and sprinkled over with a solution of ammonium n. After about YM and hence called “synthetic YM” he ADCO process was patented and concentrated starters were put in the market with the trade'
1722,1778,'his method was developed by Fowler and Ridge in 1992 at Indian Institute of c) Night soil d) Sewage nd sludge Procedure:'
1723,1779,"'with ixture of cattle dung and urine as decoction. So that every portion of mass comes in contact e) and fermentation takes place evenly. On piling up in a heap of feet or 4 feet height and turning over from time to time, keeping moist with dung and urine at the end of one educed. Further quantity of the material is added onto the eap. About 25% of the new materials should be added at one time and thoroughly mixed with re. If properly carried out, the compost will e ready in 5-6 weeks. Night soil and sewage and sludge are also used as starters in this method. 1. Vermicompost'"
1724,1767,"'the process, when thermophilic microorganisms are very active nd produce a lot of heat. This stage can then continue up to about 70°C (158°F), 30 There is a huge difference between a backyard humanure composter and a municipal composter. Municipal composters handle large batches of organic materials all at once, while backyard composters continuously produce a small amount of organic material e c \'continuous\' composters. When organic material is composted in a batch, four stages of the composting process are apparent. Although the same phases occur during continuous composting, they are not as apparent as they are in a batch, and, in fact, they may be occurring concurrently rather than sequentially.'"
1725,1768,"'Compost bacteria combine carbon with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and energy. Some of the energy is used by the microorganisms for reproduction and growth, the rest is given off as heat. When a pile of organic refuse begins to undergo the composting process, mesophilic bacteria proliferate, raising the temperature of the composting mass up to 44°C (111°F). This is the first stage of the composting process. These mesophilic bacteria can include E. coli and other bacteria from the human intestinal tract, but these soon become increasingly inhibited by the temperature, as the thermophilic bacte 1'"
1726,1769,"'re esistant organic material in compost such as \'lignin\' which comes from wood materials. Like such high temperatures are neither common nor desirable in backyard compost. This heating stage takes place rather quickly and may last only a few days, weeks, or months. It tends to remain localized in the upper portion of a backyard compost bin where the fresh material is being added, whereas in batch compost, the entire composting mass may be thermophilic all at once.'"
1727,1770,"'After the thermophilic heating period, the humanure will appear to have been digested, but the coarser organic material will not. This is when the third stage of composting, the cooling phase, takes place m materials. Fungi and macroorganisms such as earthworms and sowbugs that break the coarser elements down into humus also move back in.'"
1728,1771,"'After the thermophilic stage has been completed, only the readily available nutrients in the organic material have been digested. There's still a lot of food in the pile, and a lot of work to be done by the creatures in the compost. It takes many months to break down some of the mo r humans, trees have evolved with a skin that is resistant to bacterial attack, and in a compost pile those lignins resist breakdown by thermophiles. However, other organisms, such as fungi, can break down lignin, given enough time; since they don't like the heat of thermophilic compost, they simply wait for things to cool down before beginning their job.'"
1729,1772,"'The final stage of the composting process is called the curing, aging, or maturing stage, and it is long and important one. Commercial composting professionals often want to make their'"
1730,1773,"'1. ADCO process (Agricultural Development Company ) a compost as quickly as possible, usually sacrificing the compost's curing time. One municipal compost operator remarked that if he could shorten his compost time to four months, he could make three batches of compost a year instead of only the two he was then making, thereby increasing his output by 50%. Municipal composters see truckloads of compost coming in to their facilities daily, and they want to make sure they don't get inundated with organic material waiting to be composted. Therefore, they feel a need to move their material through the composting process as quickly as possible to make room for the new stuff coming in. Household composters don't have that problem, although there seem to be ple w maturing of the compost is a critically important stage of the compost-making process. And, as in wine-making, an important element to figure into the equation is patience .'"
1731,1774,"'A long curing period (e.g., a year after the thermophilic stage) adds a safety net for pathogen destruction. Many human pathogens only have a limited period of viability in the soil, and the longer they are subjected to the microbiological competition of the compost pile, the more likely they will die a swift death.'"
1732,1775,"'Immature compost can be harmful to plants. Uncured compost can produce phytotoxins (substances toxic to plants), can rob the soil of oxygen and nitrogen, and can contain high levels of organic acids. So relax, sit back, put your feet up, and let your compost reach full maturity before you even think about using it.'"
1733,1776,'The process of composting was first initiated in England during the period of First World War (1914 -1918). The various systems of composting are 1. Activated compost process'
1734,1780,'Agricultural Development Co E Rothamsted Experimen 1. Straw and other'
1735,1781,'T sulphate. Then powdered lime stone is applied as broadcast. Then another straw layer is put o The piling of the layer is continued till a decent heap of convenient height is built up. 3 months of fermentation the resulting material is similar to F F'
1736,1782,"'T Science, Bangalore Materials needed: • Basic raw materials (straw and farm wastes'"
1737,2274,'b) It should be free from other contaminants . The permissible limit for contaminant bacteria is 10 7 /g of product . The procedure for counting  is as per Bergy’s manual of determinative bacteriology .'
1738,1783,"'In this process the basic raw material for composting straw and other farm wastes is treated m with the inoculants (dung + urin 3 decoction, very high temperature attained. When the temperatures begin to drop week, the volume of the material gets r h starters (dung +urine decoction) at intervals as befo b'"
1739,1784,"'This process is developed in India by Howard and Ward at the Indian Institute of is way until the material occupies a height of 3 feet above the ground level. As air can ate only to a depth of 1.5 to 2.0 feet extra aeration has to be provided, which done by means of artificial vents (holes) of 4” diameter pipe for every 4 fee t length of the pit. turning'"
1740,1785,"'is way until the material occupies a height of 3 feet above the ground level. As air can ate only to a depth of 1.5 to 2.0 feet extra aeration has to be provided, which done by means of artificial vents (holes) of 4” diameter pipe for every 4 fee t length of the pit. turning'"
1741,1786,"'Stock the material on the ground after 2 months .So 25 % of additional free nitrogen will 50-60 artloads per year. plant Industry, Indore Materials needed: a) Straw or organic farm wastes as basic raw materials a. Cattle dung as starter (urine, earth and wood ashes)'"
1742,1787,"'A compost pit of dimensions of 30 x 14 x 3 feet with sloping sides (narrow at bottom and at wide surface) is prepared and the raw material is spread in layers of 3” thickness. A mixture of urine, earth, and wood ashes is sprinkled and this is followed by 2” layer of dung. The pit is filled up th conveniently penetr is The pit is watered twice a day i.e., morning and evening with rose can. The material is over 3 times, i.e.,'"
1743,1788,'his process of composting was developed by Dr. C.N.Acharya in 1949. . Basic raw material used: Any organic material'
1744,1789,"'he basic raw material is spread in a pit of 20 x 4 x 3 feet dimensions to a depth of 6 \' layer, gallons of water if the material is dry. Over this FYM or preferably a ixture of dung, urine and litter (un-decomposed) from the cattle shed is placed as a layer of 2\' s of 6”. It is beneficial mix the earth with bone meal or oil cakes, wood ash etc., to improve manurial value of the'"
1745,1790,"'f 2 feet.Then the heap is kept open for one week to facilitate aerobic decomposition. Later the ssures , or leavages (cracks ) that occur in the clay layer , have to be sealed off periodically .The compost the day of preparation .This process is called as erobic and anaerobic decomposition of compost.'"
1746,1791,"'10 kg of fresh cattle dung in 5-10 ters of water is applied. Repeat this process until a heap 2 feet above ground level is formed. ace area of heap is plastered with mud to facilitate semi-aerobic rmentation which would takes place for above 4-6 weeks depending upon the nature of the raw moved to permit aerobic fermentation. If the heap as sunk unevenly which is a sign of defective fermentation, the material is reheaped after T'"
1747,1792,'T moistened with 20-30 m thickness. It is again covered on the top with a layer of earth to a thicknes to compost .The piling of layers is continued till the heap raises above the ground level to a height o heap is plastered with a layer of moist clay for anaerobic fermentation to occur. Fi c will be ready in 4-5 months period starting from a'
1748,1793,'1. The basic raw materials: raw organic matter 1. Starters : Powdered bone meal and cattle dung and water emulsion prepared by mixing Dung in water at 5-10 kg dung in 5-10 litres water.'
1749,1794,"'The basic raw material loosely spread [Pit: 12 x 6 x 3 feet] to a depth of 9\' and water is sprinkled till the entire material is moist. Then about one kg of powdered bone meal is broadcasted uniformly above the layer and above this an emulsion of 5 5- li Then the entire exposed surf fe material. After 4-6 weeks, the mud plaster is re h'"
1750,1795,'ts. Among the soil fauna earthworms have attracted more attention than others because f their importance in agriculture. Earthworm gut is the site of production of genuine humic om the polysaccharide-gum humic acids. About half of the gums creted by earthworm are in form of mucoproteins that help stabilizing pore space distribution. le'
1751,1796,"'this, Eisenia foetida , Perionyx xacavatus , Eudrillus euginiae and Lumbrius rubellus are important. These species can be ultured on organic wastes and dung. The technique of culturing them is called vermiculture and ecomposing residue to make compost is called vermicomposting. About 1000 dult earthworms can convert 5 kg waste into compost per day. The earthworm assimilate 5-10%'"
1752,1797,"'In dry areas where it is difficult to obtain water for watering, the composting can be done with the aid of rain fall. The compost heap is built up as usual before the rains set in. The turnings are given during the rainy period at the end of rains the material will be ready for application. About 400 mm rain fall received in 3-4 months is considered sufficient.'"
1753,1826,"'1. Vermicompost is a rich source of nutrients, vitamins, enzymes, antibiotics and growth ermicompost is higher than traditional composts. It is a valuable soil amendment. 1. Vermicompost horbours certain microbial populations that help in N fixation and P'"
1754,1827,'It can be applied in a F'
1755,1798,"'Soil fauna including protozoa to mammals though not considered major is the important source of nutrien o acids which are distinct fr se The earthworm soil casts are richer in available plant nutrients (nitrate nitrogen, exchangeab Ca, Mg, K and P) and organic matter. The earthworms through their casts and dead tissues supply about 60-90 kg N to the soil. Earthworm eats on fungal mycelia. Earthworms convert farm waste and organic residues into high quality compost. For e c using these for d a of the substrate and rest passes through the alimentary canal and is excreted as cast. Earthworm cast contains nutrients, vitamins, hormones and antibiotics.'"
1756,1799,"'Vermi-compost is a stable fine granular organic matter, when added to clay soil loosens the soil and provides the passage for the entry of air. The mucus associated with the cast being hygroscopic absorbs water and prevents water logging and improves water holding capacity. In the sandy soils where there is the problem of water retention, the young strong mucus coated aggregates of vermicompost hold water for longer life.'"
1757,1800,"'In the vermicompost, some of the secretions of worms and the associated microbes act as growth promoters along with other nutrients. It improves physical, chemical and biological properties of soil in the long run on repeated application. The organic carbon in vermicompost releases the nutrients slowly and steadily into the system and enables the plant to absorb these nutrients. The soil enriched with vermicompost provides additional substances that are not found in chemicals. The multifarious effects of vermicompost influence the grow'"
1758,1801,"'Vermicomposting is a method of making compost, with the use of earthworms, which generally live in soil, eat biomass and excrete it in digested form. This compost is generally called ermicompost or Wormicompost.'"
1759,1802,"'elida of Animal Kingdom. They are long and cylindrical in ape and size having a large number of grooves. There are about 3000 species of earthworms in een ophrodite, two mature earthworms are required to propagate. t the time of egg laying, the clitellum is transformed into hard, girdle like capsule called he veniles and again formation of cocoons takes a period of 50-60 days. Normally, the average'"
1760,1803,'pigeics (surface feeders) are important in vermicomposting. The epigeics such as Eisenia s and Perionyx excavatus is a native one being sed for vermicomposting in India. Epianecic are feeders on leaf litter and soil at upper layers of'
1761,1804,'Vermiculture means scientific method of breeding and raising earthworms in controlled conditions.'
1762,1805,'V can be used in the following areas. 1. For development of arable s'
1763,1806,"'Earthworms belong to phyllum Ann sh the world which are adapted to a range of environment. More than 300 species have b identified in India. Although, herm A cocoon. Shedding of cocoon ranges from 1 to 5, only a few of them survive and hatch. T ju life span of earthworms varies with species ranging from 1 to 10 years.'"
1764,1807,'E foetida and Eudrilus eugeniae are exotic worm u soil. This group such as Lampito mauritii is indegenous and is active in in-situ decomposition of organic wastes and residues in soil.'
1765,1808,"'Both epigeics and epianecics groups of earthworms are slender, shorter in length and red to dark brown in colour. They have high reproduction activity and efficient in recycling of organic materials. Increased attention has been paid to Eisenia foetida and Eudrilus eugeniae which have been found to be potential agent in vermicomposting of wide range of agricultural wastes and can grow at a wide range of temperature varying from 0-40 ◦C. te'"
1766,1809,"'Materials consumed by worms undergo physical breakdown in the gizzard resulting in particles < 2 µ, gi ving thereby an enhanced surface area for microbial processing. This finally ground material is exposed to various enzym es such as protease, lipase, amylase, cellulase and chitinase creted into lumen by the gut wall and associated microbes. These enzymes breakdown'"
1767,1810,"'1. Basic raw material: Any organic material generated in the farm like bhusa, leaf fall etc., of Tetanus virus, lethal to human beings is not advisable to be used as feeding material for earthworms. Paddy husk, merigold and pine needles have'"
1768,1811,'is mostly prepared in either pit or heap method. The dimensions either heap or pit are 10 x 4 x ending on the availability of aterial but not the depth because the earthworms’ activity is confined to 2 feet depth only. First any economic use and is shady and there is no water agnation. The site should also be nearby to water source. 1st layer: bedding material of 1\' thick'
1769,1812,'nd layer: 9\' thick organic residue layer finely chaffed material se complex biomolecules into simple compounds. Only 5-10% of the ingested material is abosrbed into the tissues of worms for their growth and rest is excreted as cast. Mucus secretions of gut wall add to the structural stability of vermicompost.'
1770,1813,"'Horse dung, due to the risk also nto advised to be used as feeding materials for earthworms.'"
1771,1814,'It 2 feet. The length and width can be increased or decreased dep m of all select a site which is not under st with soft leaves 2'
1772,1815,"'Continue the layer up to pile to ground level in the case of pit method and upto 2ʹ in heap or rface bed method. Protect the worms against natural enemies like ants, lizards, snakes, frogs,'"
1773,1816,"'top watering before one week of harvest. Sometimes the worms spread across the pit come in ll in 2 or 3 locations. Heap the compost by moving the balls and place them in a bucket. However, under most instances, top layer has to'"
1774,1817,"'1. Organic materials used for composting should be free from non-degradable materials su toads etc., Maintain proper moisture and temperature by turnings and subsequent staking. At the day of 24th, 4000 worms are introduced in to the pit [1m 2 =2000 worms] without disturbing the pit by regular watering the entire raw material will be turned into the vermicompost in the form of worm excreta. The turnover of the compost is 75% [the total material accommodated in the pit is 1000 kg; the out turn will be 750 kg]'"
1775,1818,"'S close and penetrate each other in the form of ba re be disturbed manually. Earthworms move downward and compost is separated. After collection of compost from top layers, feed material is again replenished and composting process is rescheduled. The material is sieved in 2 mm sieve, the material passed through the sieve is called as vermicompost which is stored in a polythene bags [Note: Vermicomposting is done under thatched roof to protect worms against rain and sun].'"
1776,1819,'In-situ verm followed by application of cowdung (2.5 cm thick layer) and then a layer of available farm waster about 15 cm thick. Irrigation should be done at an interval of 15 days.'
1777,1820,'1. Do not cover vermicompost beds/heaps with plastic sheets because it may trap heat and gases. their population.'
1778,1821,"'irds etc. easures include treating of the site with chlorpyriphos 20 EC at 2 ml/l or 4% neem orms can be packed with moist feed substrate in a container (card board/plastic) 24 eniles and adults because etimes adults do not acclimatize to new environment and may even die. Under such s. The important natual enemies of vermiculture are ants, termites, centipedes, rats, pigs, b Preventive m based insecticide before filling the heap.'"
1779,1822,"'orms can be packed with moist feed substrate in a container (card board/plastic) 24 eniles and adults because etimes adults do not acclimatize to new environment and may even die. Under such s. The important natual enemies of vermiculture are ants, termites, centipedes, rats, pigs, b Preventive m based insecticide before filling the heap.'"
1780,1823,"'Live earthw with provision of aeration. Feed substrate quantity should be roughly 0.5-1.5 g/individual for hours of transportation journey. Culture should contain cocoon, juv som circumstances cocoons are helpful for population build up of earthworm'"
1781,1824,'SN Nutrient Content 1. Organic carbon 9.15 to 17.98 %'
1782,1825,"'any crop at any stage, but it would be more beneficial if mixed in soil fter broadcasting. The rate of application is as ield crops 5-6 t/ha; vegetables 10-12 t/ha; flower plants 100-200 g/sq ft; fruit trees 5-10 kg/tree.'"
1783,1828,'Green un-decomposed plant material used as manure is called green manure. It is obtained in two ays: by growing green manure crops or by collecting green leaf (along with twigs) from plants growing in the field plants sually belonging to leguminous family and incorporating into the soil after sufficient growth. t'
1784,1829,"'utrient content of green manure crops and green leaf manure w grown in wastelands, field bunds and forest. Green manuring is u The plants that are grown for green manure are known as green manure crops. The mos important green manure crops are sunnhemp, dhaincha, pillipesara, clusterbeans and Sesbania rostrata .'"
1785,1830,"'green manure crop. Non-edible oil- cakes Application to the field, green leaves and twigs of trees, shrubs and Castor cake 4.3 1.8 1.3 herbs collected  from  elsewhere  is  known  as green-leaf manuring. Cotton seed cake (un-decorticated) 3.9 1.8 1.6'"
1786,1838,"'Large amounts of agricultural wastes are availabl some industrial purpose or recycle them to replenish soil fertility. Agricultural residues like paddy straw, rice husk, jute/cotton/arhar sticks, wheat straw, groundnut shells, maize straw, sugarcane trash, etc. are left in the fields which create many ecological problems. Perpetuation of diseases and other insect pests is helped by such wastes/residues. For example, cotton sticks left in the field harbour pests to affect the next season cotton crop seriously. Burning of rice husk near rice shellers, in the vicinity of towns, creates'"
1787,1839,'air  pollution.  Burning  of  paddy straw by Crop Total yield Stubble weight Nutrient content (%) farmers in their fields also gives out lot of (Grain + straw) (kg/ha) N P2O5 K 2 O smoke   adding in pollution leading to (kg/ha)'
1788,1850,"'S ion. s not available, 200 kg of surface soil (2 to 10 cm d be c lds where that 'particular leguminous crop is grown l th asted over the field where crop is grown for the first time. Seed Treatment. Depending on the seed rate, the required quantity of jagg and cooled. over the seeds. Then the seeds are thoroughly se eds are then shade dried surface of the eds. Se'"
1789,1851,"'he important fr een algae ( pirillum. Among them, BGA and Azolla can survive only lowland conditions. Small quantity of inoculum of BGA and AzolIa can be obtained from l'"
1790,1852,'everal species of BGA can fix atmospheric N. The most important species are Anabaena and ostoc . The amount of N fixed by blue-green algae ranges from 15 to 45 kg N/ha. Standing grow in a mperature range of 25 to 45°C. Bright sunshine increases the growth rate while rains' and'
1791,1831,"'Forest tree leaves are the main sources for green- leaf manure. Plants Karanj cake 3.9 0.9 1.2 growing in wastelands, field bunds etc., are another source of green- Mahua cake 2.5 0.8 1.2 leaf manure. The important plant species useful for green-leaf manure Safflower cake (un- decorticated) 4.9 1.4 1.2 are neem, mahua, wild indigo, glyricidia, Karanji (Pongamia glabra) Edible oil-cakes calotropis, avise (Sesbania grandiflora), subabul and other shrubs. Coconut cake 3.0 1.9 1.8 Several  advantages  accrue  due  to  the  addition of  green  manures. Cotton seed cake (Decorticated) 6.4 2.9 2.2 Organic matter and nitrogen are added to the soil. Growing deep Groundnut cake 7.3 1.5 1.3 rooted  green-manure  crops  and  their incorporation  facilitates  in Linseed cake 4.9 1.4 1.3 bringing  nutrients  to  the  top  layer  from deeper  layers.  Nutrient Niger cake 4.7 1.8 1.3 availability increases due to production of carbon dioxide and organic Rape seed cake 5.2 1.8 1.2 acids during decomposition. Green manuring improves soil structure, Safflower cake (Decorticated) 7.9 2.2 1.9, increases water-holding capacity and decreases soil loss by erosion. Sesamum cake 6.2 2.0 1.2'"
1792,1832,"'nutr n bulky organic manure. The a fish m t se are also ei us l nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen. are, therefore, relatively slow acting, but they supply available nitrogen Crop residues of differen nt value help lamation of alk Root-knot nematodes can be controlled by green m'"
1793,1833,"'Concentrated organic manures have higher important concentrated organic manures are oilc ient content tha kes, bloodmeal, r organic nitrogen is used by the crops, it is anure e c. The known as organic nitrogen fertilizer. Before th converted through bacterial action into readily hese organic fertilizers able ammoniaca T for a longer period.'"
1794,1834,'The oil-cakes are Blood-meal 10- 12 1-2  1.0 of two types: Meat-meal 10.5 2.5  0.5 Edible oil-cakes which can be safely fed to livestock e.g. Fish-meal 4-10 3-9 0.3- 15'
1795,1835,"'Both edible and non-edible oil-cakes can be used as manures. However, edible oil cakes are fed to cattle and non-edible oil cakes are used as m cially for horticultural present in oil-cakes, after mineralization, a le to crops 7 to 10 days after application. Oilcakes need to be well powde fore applicati or n d tion and qui'"
1796,1836,'od-meal when dried and powdered can converted into meat-meal which is a good source of nitrogen . sed as mea  of dead nimal'
1797,1837,"'The contribution from crop residues is generally ignored. However, crop residues add considerable amount of nutrients and the amount depends on the crop. Finger millet crop residues add about 43 kg N/ha, while rice crop residues add 17 kg N/ha. The addition of phosphorus is 3.7 and estimating the appropriate amount of nu fertilizer application can be reduced.'"
1798,1840,"'source. About 2 00 million tonnes (Mt) of straw is rod nually heat, orghum, maize and pearl millet leave 173 Mt of crop residues (Gaur, 1979). Though bulk of such crop straw is used as cattle feed in India, 51Mt of only particularly in wheat belt. Another 16 garcane tr ot uti plus l of 100 Mt ear for rec ling of nutrients in agriculture and Singh, 1982), which w equivalent to 2.6 Mt of NPK after proper decomposition, and maintenance of proper C:N ratio thro e use lture inth, c weed of 2 2,000 ha i a nuisance and creates serious in normal flow of water transport and human health. Water hyacinth can be used as contribute t 0.17 lent (Gaur and Singh, 1982). Water hyacinth on dry weight basis can ield 370 of b ogas ith average methane content of 69% (Gaur, 1979). 0 p uced an in India. Only rice, w s paddy straw rem ash is n ains unutilized, ly. Su M ia t of su lized proper ch sur farm wastes have an estimated potent (Gaur /y yc ould be ugh th of celluloitic fungal cu inoculation. Water hyac problem an aquat , fish i ,9 s'"
1799,1841,"'Industrial wastes like rice husk, rice bran, bagasse, press mud, cotton dust, oil cakes, slaughter house wastes, faecal matter, marine residues, city garbage, night soil, etc. could also provide NPK equivalent to about 4.72 Mt for increasing agricultural production and, thus, become a vast source of energy after developing a sound system of their use and recycling. A large quantity of about 247 Mt of agricultural byproducts like wood, dung and crop residues are burnt annually in India due to fire needs. This vast source of energy, thus, could not be recycled back into the ecosystem, until an alternative source of energy is provided for home consumption. Biogas technology may help to provide valuable energy source for cooking and would also provide digested slurry as a valuable source of organic manure. Systematic, efficient and safe collection'"
1800,1842,"'and disposal of city garbage like rubbish, dead animals, tanneries wastes, street sweeping, night soil, etc. cou1d be economical, besides, reducing environmental pollution, foul smell and uisance for health hazard. With proper treatment such garbage could be turned to valuable'"
1801,1843,"'houses leave a stinking smell. Similarly, presence of bitter components in non-edible il seeds, wax in sulphitation press mud, tannins in cashew testa and potassium oxalate in rice n compost.'"
1802,1849,"'Rhizobium species suitable for different crops Rhizobium sp Crops R. leguminosarum Peas (Pisum), lathyrus, vicia, lentil (Lens) R. Tripoli Berseem (Trifolium) R. phaseoli Kidney bean (Phaseolus) R. lupine Lupinus. Ornithopus R. japonicum Soybean (Glycine) R. meliloti Melilotus. Lucerne (Medicago), Fenugreek (Trigonella) Cowpea miscellany Cowpea, clusterbean, greengram, blackgram, redgram, groundnul, moth bean, dhaincha, sunnhemp, Glyricidia. Acacia. Prosopis. Dalbergia. Albizzia. Indigofera. Tephrosia. Atylosia. Stylo Separate group Bengal gram (gram)'"
1803,1844,"'Agro-industries generate residues like husk, hull, shell, peel, testa, skin, fibre, bran, linter, stone, seed, cob, prawn, head, frog legs, low grade fish, leather waste, hair, bones, coir dust, saw dust, bamboo dust, etc. which could be recycled or used efficiently through agro-processing centres. In the last three decades, rice and sugarcane residues have increased by 162 and 172 %, respectively. Their disposal problem needs serious rethinking (Vimal, 1981). To some extent these organic residues are used as soil conditioner, animal feed, fuel, thatching and packing materials. These can also be put to new uses for manufacture of various chemicals and specific products (like silica, alcohol, tannins, glue, gelatine, wax, etc), feed, pharmaceuticals (Iycogenin, antibiotics, vitamins, etc.), fertilizers, energy, construction materials, paper pulp, handicraft materials etc. Residues from fruit and vegetable industries, fish and marine industries and slaughter o straw decrease their efficiency without pretreatment.'"
1804,1845,"'Agro-industrial byproducts can be utilized only through the development of secondary and tertiary industries. The operation of this concept can be illustrated with respect to the utilization of the byproducts of sugar and rice factories (Fig. 1) with minimized pollution hazards and sanitary conditions at the mill premises. Adoption of an integrated system utilizing cattle shed wastes, biogas slurry, crop residues, weeds, fallow leaves, etc. can provide gas for milk processing, feed for animals and manure for soil. Efficient utilization of agricultural residues would conserve non-renewable resources, establish secondary and tertiary industries, create employment opportunities, provide economical products, reduce the overall cost of production, minimize environmental pollution, satisfy local needs as well as promote science and technology in the country.'"
1805,1846,"'Atmosphere contains 78 % nitrogen and 0.03 % carbon dioxide. Plants are able to assimilate carbon dioxide through photosynthesis even when carbon dioxide content is less, but most of the plants cannot fix atmospheric nitrogen though it is abundant. Some microorganisms are capable of fixing nitrogen, while some can increase the availability of nitrogen and phosphorus.'"
1806,1847,'Bacteria belonging to the genus Rhizobium are capable of fixing atmospheric N 2 in association with leguminous crops. Different species of Rhizobium are used for treating the leguminous crops (Table). Rhizobium sp enter the roots of host plants and form nodules on the root lant for carbohydrates and water while Rhizobium'
1807,1848,"'to some extent as glutamine. Rhizobium itable for different crops are multiplied on a peat base in laboratories. This inoculum ways and among them, seed treatment is the best. surface. The bacteria depend on the host p supplies N to the host. Nitrogen fixed by the Rhizobium is translocated through xylem vessels of the host plant mainly in the form of aspergine and species su can be applied in three'"
1808,1856,"'S N water of 2 to 10 cm in the field is a prerequisite for the growth of BGA. It can te cloudiness slows growth rate. It grows well in a pH range of 7 to 8 and in soils with high organic matter. BGA inoculum is multiplied in iron trays of 2 m x 2 m x 0.25 m size. These trays are lined with polythene sheet. Each tray is filled with 20 kg of soil and 400 g of superphosphate. B cm is maintained continuously. W is stored for application in the main field. Blue green algae inoculum is applied after transplantation of rice crop in the main field. The inoculum required is 10 kg/ha. For higher nitrogen fixation, 3 to 4 t/ha of farmyard manure and 200 kg/ha of superphosphate are applied.'"
1809,1857,'A occurring in India. It fixes lo it thrives well at low temperature. Normal growth of Azolla occurs in the temperature range of 20 to 30° C. It grows better during monsoon season with frequent rains and cloudiness. Suitable soil pH is 5.5 to 7.0.'
1810,1858,"'Nursery area should be under the shade of trees. Small plots of 4 m x 2 m with bunds of 30 to 40 cm height all around are prepared. The bunds may be lined with polythene sheets to avoid leakage of water from plots. Water is let into the plots and Azolla is applied at 0.1 to 0.5 kg/m 2 . For faster growth of nursery, superphosphate at the rate of 2.5 g/m 2 is applied. Carbofuran granules at 1.2 g/m 2 are applied to control leaf eating caterpillars and other pests. Azolla is applied to the main field as a green manure crop and as a dual crop. As green manure crop, AzolIa is allowed to grow on the flooded fields for 2 to 3 weeks before transplanting. Later water is drained and Azolla is incorporated by ploughing in. As a dual crop, 1,000 to 5,000 kg/ha of Azolla is applied to the soil one week after transplanting. When a thick mat forms, it in crop. For better growth of Azolla, 25 to 50 kg/ha of superphosphate is applied and standing water of 5 to 10 cm is maintained continuously in the rice fields.'"
1811,1859,'Azotobacter chroccum is capable of fixing 20 to 30 kg N/ha. It can be applied by seed ants of these rganisms.'
1812,1860,"'NENTS inoculation, seedling dip or by soil application. The inoculum required is 3 to 5 kg/ha. Application of 5 t/ha of farm yard manure helps in better growth of Azotobacter. Azotobacter can be used for rice, cotton and sugarcane. Azospirillum inoculum is used for sorghum.'"
1813,1861,"'Phosphorus availability and fertilizer phosphorous use efficiency can be increased with mycorrhiza, phosphate solubilizing bacteria and fungi. Mycorrhiza inhabits roots of several crops and solubilises soil phosphates. Inoculation of mycorrhiza increases the pod yield of groundnut. Some microorganisms like Psuedomonas striate. Aspergillus awaneorii and Bacillus polymyxa are capable of solubilising phosphates. The inoculum of these microorganisms is applied to increase the availability of phosphorus.'"
1814,1862,"'Microorganisms that are capable of decomposing organic matter at a faster rate can be used as a fertilizer for quick release of nutrients. Aspergillus , Penicillium , Trichoderma are cellulolytic fungi which break down cellulose of plant material. The natural process of decomposition is accelerated and composting time is reduced by 4 to 6 weeks by the use of inocul o'"
1815,1863,"'Soil is foundation to every field/garden. Every healthy, productive field, yard and garden starts with healthy, productive soil. Preparing the soil properly makes more difference than any other thing you can do. You cannot put on enough nutrients and water to make up for poor soil. Since soils are so different in different areas, it is necessary to know what soil is, what your soil is like and what to add to improve it.'"
1816,1864,"'Soil is made up of four main components: mineral, water, air and organic. MINERAL The   mineral   component   is   non- living material. It is divided by the size of   the particles, into: Sand: Rounded particles 1/12 to 1/500 inch (2.0 to 0.06 mm) in diameter. Silt: Rounded particles1/500to 1/12,500 inch(0.06 to 0.002 mm) in diameter. Clay: Flattened particles less than 1/12,500 inch (0.002 mm) in diameter.'"
1817,1865,"'MINERAL The   mineral   component   is   non- living material. It is divided by the size of   the particles, into: Sand: Rounded particles 1/12 to 1/500 inch (2.0 to 0.06 mm) in diameter. Silt: Rounded particles1/500to 1/12,500 inch(0.06 to 0.002 mm) in diameter. Clay: Flattened particles less than 1/12,500 inch (0.002 mm) in diameter.'"
1818,1866,"'Sand has large spaces between h the particles, which allow air and water to move easily, so sand as good aeration and drainage. Clay packs down with only tiny spaces between particles so'"
1819,1867,"'there is poor aeration and drainage. However, clay has about 100 times the surface area as the me volume of sand. More surface area means that clay will hold more water and more bines the best features f all three: aeration, drainage and storage capacity for water and nutrients. Often, soil particles oge er into cru bs, wh c create'"
1820,1868,'r les d ur d d a le e'
1821,1869,"'elevant measures should be taken to prevent erosion, salination of soil, excessive and improper se of water and the pollution of ground and surface water. water resources shall not be allowed.'"
1822,2275,"'iv) Safety : The product should be  safe to parasitoid, predator , silkworm, honey and other invertebrates. The size  to be tested is 10 times higher than the field dose .'"
1823,2276,'v) Stability : The shelf life of the product under normal warehouse conditions should be 18 months. The product should not  cake or emulsify . The samples should be drawn quarterly intervals for conductivity bioefficacy . LC 50 values should not fall below 1.5.- 2.0 POB/mm 2 by soybean leaf disc method.'
1824,1875,"'Plants grow best when the soil is at field capacity. Frequent watering in controlled amounts on well-drained soil to maintain field capacity has doubled vegetable yields. However, it takes careful monitoring and controlled watering to maintain field capacity so usually soil is watered to ear saturation and the excess is allowed to drain away.'"
1825,1876,'ir in the soil is made of the same gases as the air in the atmosphere. Air doesn’t move as freely gases in parts of the soil. Plant roots eed oxygen to absorb water and nutrients. The lack of oxygen limits how deep roots can grow.'
1826,1877,"'ygen is replenished in the soil when water forces the air out of the soil, then fresh air pulled back into the soil as the water drains away. Large spaces between soil particles and'"
1827,1878,'vailable. Dead organic material provides rich nutrients for the living. also holds the nutrients from applied fertilizers until the plants can use them. Humus sticks the bs so there are bigger spaces for air and water.'
1828,1879,'. Excessive itrogen fertilizer will cause the dead organic matter to decay even faster; so more organic matter ides may harm or kill the living organisms nd damage the soil.'
1829,1880,"'A in the soil so there may be too much or too little of certain n Roots may grow thirty feet deep in well-drained sandy soil, but most roots are in the top foot of clay soil. Ox is crumbs allow soil to breathe better. Deep watering helps the soil breathe much better than frequent, shallow watering.'"
1830,1882,"'Bacteria and fungi extract nutrients from the soil minerals and make them available to plants. Mycorhizae are fungi that are partly in the soil and partly inside plant roots. They can transport a very large amount of nutrients into plant roots. Insects and worms create air passages deep into the soil. The carbon dioxide produced by roots becomes carbonic acid, which breaks down minerals to make nutrients a It soil particles into larger crum'"
1831,1883,"'S testing laboratories can give a detailed and accurate measurement of the soils components. However, these simple tests can reveal much about the soil.'"
1832,1884,"'Dig a hole 18\' deep and wide enough that the soil can be seen. Sand can be seen or felt. Black color indicates high organic matter; gray indicates medium organic matter. Red, tan or blue color dicates little organic matter and high clay. Blue color indicates that there is no oxygen in the'"
1833,1885,"'and conifers. Lawns, roses, lilacs, fruit trees, vegetables and any flowers prefer a soil pH near neutral, 6.5 to 7.0. The majority of plant nutrients are most on is more available as soil is more acid. Soil can be ade less acid by adding lime (calcium carbonate), or more acid by adding sulfur or aluminum'"
1834,1886,"'here are thirteen essential nutrients which plants get from soil. The six that the plants need the leaves to turn yellow. Lack of iron causes the new leaves to be yellow. Nutrient deficiencies will in clay. Therefore, no roots will grow in blue clay. Normally, the organic matter is mainly in the topsoil. Forest soils have a one to four inch thick layer of organic matter on top of mineral soil. Grassland soils have a much thicker layer of organic matter mixed with mineral soil. Wetland soil may have a layer d'"
1835,1887,"'leaves to turn yellow. Lack of iron causes the new leaves to be yellow. Nutrient deficiencies will in clay. Therefore, no roots will grow in blue clay. Normally, the organic matter is mainly in the topsoil. Forest soils have a one to four inch thick layer of organic matter on top of mineral soil. Grassland soils have a much thicker layer of organic matter mixed with mineral soil. Wetland soil may have a layer d'"
1836,1888,"'Fill a glass jar about half full with soil. Fill to the top with water. Shake the jar, but do not swirl. Let stand. Sand will settle in about ten seconds. Silt will settle in two minutes. Clay will take hours to settle. Larger pieces of organic matter will float for awhile. The thickness of the layers indicates the proportions o'"
1837,1889,"'Soil pH is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration. It is tested either with a chemical pH test, or by a pH meter. 7.0 is neutral. 4.0 is very acid. 10.0 is very alkaline. High rainfall and high organic matter produces acid soil. Low rainfall and high lime or sodium produces alkaline soils. Soils naturally have a pH between 4.5 and 5.5 are fine for acid loving plants such as rhododendrons, azaleas, camellias m available at slightly acid to neutral, though ir m sulfate. Aluminum sulfate is especially helpful to produce good blue flowers on hydrangeas. Adding lime produces pink hydrangea flowers. Lime will raise the soil pH in a few weeks or several months depending on how finely ground the lime particles are. Sulfur takes about a year to lower soil pH since bacteria are required to complete the proc'"
1838,1890,"'T most of are called Macronutrients. They are Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium, which are abbreviated N-P-K, Calcium, Magnesium and Sulfur. The other nutrients, which are needed only in trace amounts, are called Micronutrients. They are Iron, Manganese, Boron, Zinc, Copper, Molybdenum and Chlorine.'"
1839,1891,"'Nitrogen encourages leaf growth. Phosphorus encourages roots and flowers. Potassium encourages general vigor. If one of these nutrients isn’t available, then plant growth will be slower or stunted, and leaves will be discolored. For example, lack of nitrogen causes the old'"
1840,1892,"'Soil laboratories will test soils for nutrients as well as pH and organic matter. However, a general commendation is: All soils are short on nitrogen; shallow rooted plants such as lawns and osphorus and potassium; iron and sulfur are often deficient, especially round acid loving plants. Usually, the soil contains enough of the other nutrients, although some'"
1841,1893,"'The nutrients are identical whether they come from organic or synthetic sources, but the source will affect how fast the nutrients are available to plants. Organic fertilizers and specially treated synthetic fertilizers are slow ra'"
1842,1894,"'The ideal soil would have sand, silt, clay and organic matter in about equal amounts. It would also be uniformly mixed to at least twelve inches deep. The subsoil would allow the excess water to drain away. No soil is ideal but soil can be improved with so'"
1843,1895,"'Soil amendments are organic or inorganic matter added to the soil to improve texture, water retention, drainage or aeration. Sandy or rocky soil requires amendments to improve the texture and add water retention properties. Clay soils require the addition of material to improve texture aeration and drainage. Soil amendments come in a variety of sources.'"
1844,1896,"'Organic soil amendmen Organic soil amendments can increase soil health and productivity. Soil health is the foundation for plant health. Soil rich in organic material is an ideal environment for planting; however, soil can become--or naturally be--nutritionally deficient, which reduces the quality and health of plants growing in the soil. To correct soil deficiency, many organic and natural soil treatments, known as \'soil amendments,\' can increase the health of your soil and therefore the health of your garden or lawn.'"
1845,1897,"'Aged Manure Animal waste is an excellent organic amendment for its high concentration of ed, as the high amount of mmonia in fresh manure can actually burn plant roots. Manure as an amendment is safest when the pathogens--'"
1846,1898,"'eat moss is a kind of moss of the Sphagnum genus that grows in very wet areas. It is ideal for both clay soils and sandy soils and is prized as a soil amendment. However, finding'"
1847,1899,'able nutrients necessary for plant growth. Home ompost bins provide the main source of compost for home gardeners. Vegetation added to the bin breaks down into rich friable soil that provides valuable nutrients to the existing soil'
1848,1900,"'l. It increases the ability of the soil to retain water and is ideal for ndy or rocky soil. Peat moss is acidic and will lower the PH of soil. Wood products like wood avings improve soil, but may create a nitrogen deficiency. Microorganisms in the'"
1849,1918,'• Soil consistency and structure provide basis for good tilth. Consistency depends on type and amount of clay and moisture content. Good tilth cannot be got if soils are tilled at'
1850,1901,"'olcanic glass sold for orticultural use, provides an inorganic soil amendment that increases aeration, improves texture nd assists in water retention. Suitable for any type of soil, vermiculite and perlite do not alter nitrates and restoring nutrients. Only aged manure should be us a used to enrich soil in flower gardens as opposed to vegetable gardens because of disease causing infectious germs.'"
1851,1902,'Compost C watermelon rinds--or it ca material. Humus Humus is the term for organic matter of any kind that has reached a level of balance. This means it will not break down any further. Humus offers stability to imbalanced soil and rectifies deficiencies while maintaining its own balance.'
1852,1903,"'M Mulch comes in many different forms, but it is essentially decomposing wood products or byproducts. You can purchase bark mulch or make your own or wood chips or sawdust. Mulch helps soil retain its moisture.'"
1853,1904,'Peat Moss P stabilizing peat moss to purchase that is harvested from its natural environment in a responsible way can be a challenge. Some gardeners choose to avoid peat moss simply because the healing properties it has in thei'
1854,1919,'en wet; on drying the ball collapse into single grains. This is why a sandy soil can be tilled even after a few hour of rain whereas a clayey soil needs'
1855,1920,"'• Accordingly at what stage the soil is to be tilled for good tilth depends on contents of cla (texture), moisture and structure. As the clay conten Plasticity is a physical property of cla adhesion, cohesion consistency and swelling as to the soil to form a ball when wet that does not come back to its original state on drying.'"
1856,1921,'produce a good tilth. As drying increases these lumps and clods becomes very hard and more power is required to break them into finer sizes. Sandy soils are less plastic. They can be made into a ball only wh'
1857,1905,"'Composted organic matter improves the texture of the soil, increases aeration, promotes both water retention and drainage as well as adds valu c compost in the garden. Compost bins provide a convenient area to deposit leaves and plant material from harvests, grass clippings and organic yard debris. Peat moss sold in large compressed bales provides organic matter to soi sa chips and sh soil use nitrogen to decompose the wood and may tie up useable nitrogen for weeks or months. Add a source of nitrogen at the time of application if you intend to cultivate crops on the soil. Composted manure improves the quality of the soil and provides nutrients necessary for plant growth. The addition of manure decreases the need for other fertilizer additives. Vermiculite, a natural balsamic mineral and perlite made from heated amorphous v h a the nutrient content.'"
1858,1906,"'For flower bulbs and root crops, the soil should be double dug to fifteen to eighteen inches deep. Double digging involves digging up the top eight inches of soil and piling it to the side of the hole. Soil amendments are spread in the hole and worked into the lower eight inches. Then amendments are added to the piles of soil as they are shoveled back into the hole.'"
1859,1907,"'Soil should be worked when it is moist but not wet. Wet soil will be packed into hard clods, which are about like rocks. To check the soil for dampness, squeeze a handful of soil into a ball, then push your thumb into the ball. It should crumble, not dent like modeling clay. Dry soil is harder to work and the soil disintegrates into dust. Dust will turn into mud when watered, then dry like brick. Dry soil should be watered well then allowed to soak in for a day before tilling.'"
1860,1908,"'Soil should not be worked into dust. Leaving marble-sized to golf ball-sized clumps will give better aeration and drainage. Besides destroying the structure of soil, over working soil also kills off the mycorhizae which are bene ficial fungi for moving nutrients from soil into roots. Roto-'"
1861,1909,'soil called hydroponic): tilling may be required to incorporate amendments into the soil but more mycorhizae will survive if the soil is loosened with a spading fork. Simply stomp the tines into the soil and tilt back the handle to lift and fracture the soil.'
1862,1922,"'remains standing water on the top). At puddling the particles separate from one another due to presence of water around all particles; there is no structure and cohesion is zero. At puddling bulk density is low; it increases as the soil particles settle. In sandy, sandy-loam, loam and loamy sandy soils settling occur quicker than in fine textured soils. For this reason, the coarse soils need to be planted immediately after puddling. Otherwise, the bed'"
1863,1923,'Tillage operations and timings should be adjusted as to cause the minimum destruction of soil aggregates. The choice and sequence of adaptable crops or crop rotation are other very important considerations. These'
1864,1924,"'C is covered by plant residue after planting to e by wind is the primary concern of at least 1,000 pounds per acre of flat small grain equivalent are on the surface during the critical erosion period. [NRI-92]'"
1865,1910,"'Sharp sand or Mason’s sand creates spaces much better than river sand, which has rou and packs down tighter. Profile Soil Conditioner is even better, since it is porous so it holds both water and nutrients. Compost is made of partially decomposed yard debris, bark dust, sawdust, manure or other organic matter. Fresh organic matter can also be used, but extra nitrogen fertilizer will be needed to help it decompose. Fresh manure may contain too much uric acid, which can burn roots. It is best if manure is aged for at least six months.'"
1866,1911,"'T new lawn or landscape. The amendments should be spread evenly over the area and worked into the soil at least ten inches deep. A spade or spading fork works best for small areas. A roto-tiller handles large areas. For existing beds, the soil can be improved every time something is planted.'"
1867,1912,"'Soil conditions must be made fav harvesting – m ay be annual, biennial or perennial. It begins from sowing of seeds and continues to harvest. Management, a continuous process – may be for less than a month as in the ca se of short duration vegetables, for a few months as in case of annuals – green gram, black gram, rice, wheat, for 2 seasons as in case of sugarcane or for many years – more than one hundred years – as in case of coconut.'"
1868,1913,"'means growi ng the crop from sowing to harvest. For this, tilling the soil is essential (some crops can be grown without tillage, or can be grown in a chemical solution without'"
1869,1914,"'• Tillage is required to make the soil porous, to increase aeration, to incorporate the organic matter, to increase their rate of evaporation and to make it weed free and make it a home e crop to grow.'"
1870,1915,"'• It is easier to get desire tilth in sandy and loamy sand soils of oxisol origin but difficult in clay, clay, clay loam and fine soils of vertisol origin.'"
1871,1916,"'• Unless it is tilled at appropriate moisture it creates more problems than solves for getting a good tilth. If left too the clods will slake and cake. If powdered very finely, after a shower of rain the f particles will seal the pores and permeability will decrease accelerating runoff. The'"
1872,1917,"'• The objective of tillage is to provide a soil condition favourable for growth and development of the crop. If this condition is not satisfactory, it is said the tilth is poor/bad and the soil is not prepared well.'"
1873,2284,"'Introduction : Trichogramma chilonis , T.japonicum has tremendous market  in Bio-control . The raw material for preparation of these bio-control agents is Corcyra eggs. The simple economics for Trichogramma production is carried out.'"
1874,1926,"'•Moldboard Plows (Mouldboard Ploughs) –Gunnel, Share, Shin, Moldboard, Landside, Heel'"
1875,1927,"'•Disk Harrows –Single- m, Offset pring Tooth arrows •Rotary Hoes and'"
1876,1928,"'bine harvesters have recently been introduced, with exponential growth in f wheat in the better endowed rice-wheat growing area of NW ecially, Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh. In these combine harvested he major issue. Farmers generally burn ing as the cheap and easy option for residue management, but burning leads to losses of soil organic matter and nutrients (especially N, P, K, S and environmental pollution (particulates and greenhouse gases) (Singh et al.'"
1877,1929,"'by soil amendments, but there must be some place for the ater to go. Fields/Yards should be graded so surface water drains off. Drainage sensitive plants se maples, daphne and heather should be planted on a mound at least a foot tall or getables are best grown in raised beds, which provide better drainage and warmer'"
1878,1930,"'six inches apart and four inches deep. Root eders can be used around trees and shrubs to create holes eighteen inches deep. These holes allow air and water to quickly penetrate deep into the soil. The holes will stay open much longer if sand or Profile Soil Conditioner is raked into the holes to fill them. acting, Tande •Cultivators'"
1879,1931,"'Drainage and aeration is improved w such as Japane on a slope. Ve soil in the spring for an earlier start. In mostly flat fields/yards, subsurface drainage may have to be provided. Perforated plastic drainpipe can be buried about a foot deep. It is important that drainpipes slope evenly so dirt doesn’t clog up the low spots. Drain pipes can drain into down spouts if allowed by local building codes.'"
1880,2285,"'Cost of terraced building = 40 ‘ x 20’ x 20 ‘= 800 ‘ @ Rs 500/sq .foot = Rs. 4,00,000 Refrigerator 165 lit = Rs 8000/ unit'"
1881,2286,"'Fixed investments includes depreciation , values of machinery , building , taxes, insurance . It costs even when there is no production . Depreciation  of house 1 year period at 1 % Rs 4000/='"
1882,1932,"'In mostly flat fields/yards, subsurface drainage may have to be provided. Perforated plastic drainpipe can be buried about a foot deep. It is important that drainpipes slope evenly so dirt doesn’t clog up the low spots. Drain pipes can drain into down spouts if allowed by local building codes.'"
1883,1933,'Definitions of 'pest' 1. An annoying person or thing; a nuisance.'
1884,1934,"'organ mercurial, hemotherapy, thermotherapy, cultural methods and host resistance are employed. However, no erefore, integrated disease management DM) became imperative for effective disease control. Integrated disease management in rganic farming combines the use of various measures. The usefulness of certain measures pathogen combination. In many crops, preventative measures can ontrol diseases without the need of plant protection products. However, for certain disease 2. An injurious plant or animal, especially one harmful to humans.'"
1885,1935,"'Plant protection (against pests, diseases and weeds) determines the effectiveness of other inputs in crop production. Exclusive reliance on pesticides, fungicides and herbicides resulted in pesticide and herbicide resistance, pest resurgence, residues and environmental pollution. This led to the deve su be understood as an ideal combination of agronomical, biological, chemical, physical and other methods of plant protection against entire complex of pests, diseases and weeds in a specified farming ecosystem, with the object of bringing down their infestation to economically insignificant levels with minimum interference on the activity of natural beneficial organisms. The essence of integrated plant protection concept lies in the h compatible multiple methods use singly or in combination ag w'"
1886,1936,"'For mitigating the loses due to diseases, several methods such as fungicides, c single method is effective in controlling a disease. Th (I o depends on the specific crop- c problems, preventative measures are not sufficient. For example, organic apple production strongly depends on the multiple uses of plant protection products.'"
1887,1937,"'All the cultural methods discussed under IPM hold well for IDM also. Broad based tentative IDM components are being adopted for disease control. However, all these components are not feasible for any specific ecosystem or any specific disease. For many other diseases the role of host resistance, cultural methods and chemical methods are integrated. Solar heat therapy (drying the seed in hot sun after harvest and again before sowing) is a common practice in our agriculture. Among mechanical methods for prevention and against spread of diseases uproot and burn is the age old and the best method so far. It is better to prevent and control vectors'"
1888,1938,"'against spread of diseases. Disease affected plants are to be uprooted and burnt and alternate and collateral host-crops, grasses, stubbles etc. destroyed. Disease can affect any part of a plant. isease may be fungal, bacterial and viral. Viral diseases are more serious than fungal and acterial.'"
1889,1939,"'D divided into strategic preventative measures, tactical preventative measures and control measures. For each crop-pathogen relationship and cropping system such components will contribute to different extent to disease management (Termorshuizen, 2002). The development of integrated disease management systems depends on thorough knowledge of the cropping systems as well as of the pathogen and can only be achieved by interdisciplinary research.'"
1890,1950,"'treated with antagonists can be used as feed and food. P development of FHB epidemics after flowering, the major inoculum sources are infested crop residues and thus field-borne. Reducing the seed-borne fraction of the disease o in any disease prevention since V. inaequalis overwinters on the orchard floor and easily can enter disease– free young trees.'"
1891,1951,"'Sowing time : For c option for disease prevention since weather during flowering cannot be predicted. Also for apple, no effect of planting time on apple scab can be expected.'"
1892,1940,"'PATHOGEN CHARACTERISTICS AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT Host-specificity and mobility are the two main characteristics of pathogens determining the choice of disease management measures (Wijnands et al., 2000). Strictly host-specific m Examples are cyst nematodes of potato or sugar beet. Pathogens which are not host-specific and not mobile can be controlled by the choice and sequence of crops grown in the rotation supported by preventative measures increasing soil suppressiveness and plant health. Examples are the soil borne pathogens Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Rhizoctonia solani . Host-specific pathogens with high mobility such as Phytophthora infestans in potato cannot be controlled by crop rotation.'"
1893,1941,"'Preventative measures are sanitation in a cropping area and the choice of crop structure and planting date in combination with resistant varieties. In many situations also control measures such as applications of plant protection products may be needed to achieve sufficient yield. Also pathogens which are not host-specific but highly mobile cannot be controlled by crop rotation. Disease pr se products may be needed in many cases. Example for a mobile pathogen with a broad host range is Botrytis cinerea causing grey mould in various crops such as beans, peas, strawberries, grapes and many other crops. How differently various measures contribute to disease management in different crop-pathogen relationships will be illustrated by the comparison of two systems. In wheat, various Fusarium spp. can cause Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) leading to a decrease of yield and, more important, the production of mycotoxins in the grain. Fusarium sp have a host range and also can survive saprophytically. Mobility of spores of most sp is low. In apple, Venturia inaequalis can cause apple scab on leaves and fruit resulting in reduced yie and quality of fruit. The pathogen is strictly host-specific and can survive only on apple The mobility of spores is low.'"
1894,1942,'Many measures for preventative disease control have a long-term strategic character. Various aspects of the farm management and the long-term cropping system as well as of the location including the farm neighbourhood have impact on diseases of crops and thus should generally c'
1895,1943,"'Avoidance of pathogen sources in neighbourhood of field and crop rotation in neighbouring field: Since most Fusarium spores travel only a few centimetres, sources in the crop neighbourhood will not cause epidemics. Ascospores of V. inaequalis produced in neighbouring orchards may reach the crop. Abandoned orchards and orchards with high apple scab pressure should not be found in the neighbourhood of an apple orchard.'"
1896,1944,"'Soil structure, soil suppressiveness, biological soil disinfection, and catch crops: These measures are important for managing soil borne diseases but will have no direct effect on the above-ground development of Fusarium spp. and V. inaequalis .'"
1897,1986,"'plants are found to be attractive to predatory birds. The birds feed on their seeds. In or 10th row of cotton. Once the birds are on the field, they prey on cotton bollworms and other insects. • Select a trap crop that is more attractive to the pest than the main crop. Ask for assistance from your local agriculturist.'"
1898,1987,'t. at regular intervals in the fiel'
1899,1945,'Crop rotation : Main inoculum source of FHB are crop residues of preceding diseased crops. The best documented example is the high risk of FHB when wheat is grown after maize. Maize stubble are often colonized by the same Fusarium sp affecting wheat and such Fusarium sp can survive and multiply on maize stubble for several years. Avoiding growth of maize in rotation with wheat will substantially reduce risks of FHB epidemics. Rotation schemes with cereals grown after cereals should generally be avoided. In the perennial apple production crop rotation no issue.'
1900,1946,"'Tactical preventative measures deal with the planning and realization of a certain crop. Typical measures are the choice of variety, seed quality, seeding time and crop structure. Resistant varieties : In wheat, resistance breeding made considerable progress and partly resistant cultivars are used in practice. In apple, partly resistant varieties are a th high investments.'"
1901,1947,"'Removal of crop residues from field : Fusarium sp threaten p feasible, although physical removal especially of maize stubble may have a significant impact on disease development. In apple, removal of fallen leaves as the principle inoculum source of apple scab in spring is an interesting option. Removal of leaves by using specially designed vacuum cleaners has been demonstrated. However, mechanization is difficult, cost intensive and application depends much on orchard circumstances. Biological crop residue treatments : Microbial decomposition of crop residues is a natural process whi A In arable crops, stimulation of resident microbial populations on residues may be achieved by creating a suitable microclimate, e.g. by using mulches.'"
1902,1948,'Healthy seeds and planting material : Seeds of wheat can be infected by Fusarium spp. roducing healthy seeds is important to guarantee the establishment of a vigorous crop. For the'
1903,1952,"'Crop structure : Crop structure affects microclimatic conditions within the canopy and determines the distance pathogen spores have to spread to reach susceptible host tissue. A dense wheat crop will favour pathogen sporulation on the so sp. Depending mainly on splash dispersal during rainfalls, vertical leaf positions may also block spore flights. Ears on taller plants may have a better change to escape infections which may have a moderate effect on FHB. The canopy structure of apple trees is managed to obtain sufficient yield and possibilities to create more open canopies are limited. Spores of V. inaequalis are very much adapted to infect trees and spread from orchards fl m'"
1904,1953,"'Disease control measures are used to control a certain disease of a crop. Physical, chemical or biological control measures may be used. P However, the effect on FHB will be limited.'"
1905,1954,'Natural compounds and biocontrol agents as plant protection products. The control of FHB does not depend on plant protection products since preventativ c o plant protection products such as copper. Environmentally friendly new products are strongly needed.'
1906,1955,"'s about unfavourable conditions for multiplication of pests as well as diseases and weeds. Quiescent stages (pupae) of d to dehydration or to predation by birds and other stages may be mechanically damaged or buried deep in the soil. • 2,4-diacetyl fluoroglucinol for al'"
1907,1956,"'Integrated pest management (IPM), which by definition is a pest management system that, in the context of associated environment and population dynamics, utilizes all the appropriate techniqu Though several parasitoids, predators and pathogens of pests, antagonistic microorganisms were known to be effective for several decades, they were not commercially exploited because of quick knock down effect and easy availability of chemical pesticides instead of biopesticides and IPM. Steadily, there methods in pest control. Cultural and biological methods are the two major componen integrated plant protection.'"
1908,1957,"'Agronomic adjustments, necessary for higher yield, are at th prevention, mass multiplication and spread of pests by modif Sanitation: It includes removal or destruction of breeding refuges and over wintering of pests. Seed material, farm yard manure etc carrying insect eggs or its stages of development should be carefully screened before their use. Destruction of alternat build up.'"
1909,1958,"'Sanitation: It includes removal or destruction of breeding refuges and over wintering of pests. Seed material, farm yard manure etc carrying insect eggs or its stages of development should be carefully screened before their use. Destruction of alternat build up.'"
1910,1959,'Cultivar selection : cultivars with high yield potential and quality without resistance to pests and diseases are the main causes of frequent epidemics and mass multiplication of pests and diseases. A large number of cultivars resistance/tolerance to pest and diseases has been developed to suit different agro-ecosystems. Selection of such cultivars can bring down the losses considerably.'
1911,1960,"'Time of sowing : As weather influences developmental rhythm of plansts as well as growth and survival of pests and diseases, serious setback occurs when the weather conditions are such as to bring about coincidence of susceptible growth stages with highest incidence of pests and iseases. Therefore, adjustment in sowing dates is often resorted to as an agronomic strategy to sses. Maize sown late suffers little borer damage, as by then the egg parasite richogramma is able to keep down the population of the pest. Rice may suffer less from borer'"
1912,1961,'airomones : These are volatile compounds that evoke behavioural response adaptively d minimize the crop lo T attack if planted early (early June). Early maturing cotton cultivars have become popular in Punjab and Haryana as they escape pink bollworm.'
1913,1962,"'Plant population: Plant population per unit area influence crop microclimate. Dense plant canopy leads to high humidity build up congenial for pest and disease multiplication. Keeping the total plant population constant, inter and intra row plant population can be adjusted to minimize'"
1914,1963,'Manures and fertilizers : Excessive nitrogen increases susceptibility of crop to sucking and leaf eating pests. Higher rates of nitrogen application than the recommended rate to hybrids without corresponding increase in phosphorus and potassium is the main factor for heavy pest and disease incidence. Balanced application of NPK he c'
1915,1964,"'Water management: Irrigation can reduce the soil inhabiting pests by suffocation or exposing them to soil surface to be preyed upon by birds. Irrigating potato crop at tuber formation can minimize potato scab. Anthracnose of beans, early blight and charcoal rot of potato can be checked by furrow irrigation than sprinkler irrigation.'"
1916,1965,"'Habitat diversification: Many pests prefer feeding on a particular plant or others. This preference may be exploited to reduce the pest load on crop. Crop rotation, intercropping, traps cropping and strip cropping can bring down the pest load considerably.'"
1917,1966,"'Pheromones : Pheromones are ectohormons secreted by an organism, which elicit behavioural responses from other members/sex of its own spec h commercially available and are used for surveillance, monitoring and control of many Lepidopterous pests such as spotted bollworm, tobacco caterpillar, potato tuber moth, diamond back moth and leaf folder etc.'"
1918,1967,"'F favourable to the receiver. Fairomones are released either by the host plant or by the host insects. While former issued by the pest and natural enemies to locate their habitats, the later is used for prey finding and parasitisation/preying. Fairomones from host plant can be effectively used to mass trap pest species as well as for monitoring. Use of fairomonal compounds to increase the'"
1919,1968,"'ts is gaining recognition ponent of successful IPM. Classical biological control involves deliberate ent of natural enemies in areas where they did not previously occur. In bio-control agents, proper attention needs to be given for'"
1920,1969,"'Biological control basically means, “The utilizatio n of any living organism for the control of insect-pest, diseases and weeds”. This means use of any biotic agents for minimizing the pest population either directly or indirectly. Biological control of insect-pes as an essential com and natural establishm addition to deliberate introduction of conservation and augmentation of natural enemies that already exist in an area. This should be treated as important as many insect predators are much more susceptible to insecticides than the pests they attack. Biological control agents for insect pests are available in nature abundantly and work against crop pests naturally called as Natural Control. The pest management programme where natural enemies of the crop pests form the core component is designated as Bio Intensive Pe'"
1921,1970,"'Parasitoid: These are the insects, either equal or lesser than the size of the host insect (pest) and always require passing at least one stage of their life cycle inside the host system. Due to their high multiplication rates they are of vital importance in the biological control of insect-pests.'"
1922,1971,"'Trichogramma Egg parasite against eggs of gram pod borer, rice stem borer, castor semilooper, cabbage diamond back moth etc. Bracon hebetor Against insect-pest of coconut and sugarcane Brachymeria Against the pupae of several pests of plantation crops. Elasmus Eribor Trichospilus Gonlozus Tetrastichus Chelonus'"
1923,1972,"'ill be consuming several of the insect- Predators: These are those insects, which are generally bigger than the host and feed on several of the pests by predating upon them externally. They w pests during their life cycle and hold a key role in minimizing pest population in field conditions.'"
1924,1973,"'ealy bugs, coccids, scales and mites on citrus, grapevine and guava. edator Chrysopa is ealy bugs and young caterpillars. Chrysoperla sp prey upon several of the soft bodied in ids and e especially in rice ecosystem.'"
1925,2001,"'stem of plant protection, whic cological and plant y ho agriculture. their integration with chemical control methods is strongly felt, as the traditional ethods are simple and economical with least fear of environmental pollution.'"
1926,1974,"'nis of causing diseases in a resu  they lose their appetite, subjected to several physiological disturbances, e ultimate death of the insect. The microorganisms exploited in biological control s ar  broadly classified into a) Insect viruses b) bacteria c) Entomo Pathogenic mo athogenic Nematodes and other organisms like protozoans and Rickettesia era ntagonistic fungi and bacteria are being successfully used in minimizing the inc ence. Nematode pest management by using biotic agents is also one of the ising areas and gaining much desired importance in the current scenario of organic ming.'"
1927,1975,"'ariomorpha sp: These were found effective against insect pests and can effectively incorporated a These predators feed on m Mirid predator Crytorhinus attack brown plant hopper of rice. Insect pr effective on aphids, m sects such as aphids, leaf hoppers etc; ladybird beetle against aph rs against a varied number and types of insects mealy bugs; spid'"
1928,1976,'Microbial orga ms: These are those micro-organims which are capable insects as lt leading to th of insect-pest nto e Fungi d) E P etc. while sev se l a plant disea most prom id'
1929,1977,"'Nuclear poly infected insect loose appetite becomes restless and reaches the apical portion of the plant due to 2 depletion inside the insect system. Later the infected insect will be dying by hanging itse Ef fective against lepidopteran insects in different crops. Ha NPV is used for the management of elicoverpa armigera while Sl NPV is meant for Spodoptera litura . Similarly, castor semilooper s managed by Ach NPV and red hairy caterpillar by Am NPV. Grunulosis viruses (GV) and ytoplasmic viruses (CPV): Extensively used against insect-pests of sugarcane.'"
1930,1978,"'Entomo Pathogenic viruses are highly specific to host insects which make them exceptionally safe to non target organisms and nature. acillus thuringensis: This bacterium is highly effective against several insect-pests belonging to rder Lepidoptera. They cause disease due to which insect turns black and die. etarhizium anisopliae , Beauveria bassiana and Verticillium lecanii are used against important ests like gram pod borer, tobacco caterpillar and sucking pests like thrips, aphids and mealy ugs. The fungi develop hyphae inside insect system resulting in the death of the insect due to echanical congestion. The mode of action makes these organisms to perfectly suit to the needs f organic farming. In certain cases they produce toxins to kill the insect. Heterorhabditi sp and teimernema sp: These nematodes harbor certain bacteria which act as toxins to insect systems.'"
1931,1979,"'est attack that comes from all sides of the field. It works best on pests that are found e farm. Row intercropping is the planting of the trap crop in alternating rows within the main crop. organisms for pest control involves their culture in artificial media and later introduction of larger amounts of inoculums in to the field at appropriate time. Many fungi and bacteria can be handled in this way but insect viruses have the limitation that they have to be raised in living insects. As the biocontrol agents (microbial pathogens) are applied on the targeted pests in much the same way as chemical pesticides, they are often termed as bio-pestic p'"
1932,1980,"'Bacillus thuringensis , a bacterial pathogen infesting a wide range of insect pests, is the most common microbial insecticide in use today. It is used against caterpillars that attack a wide range of crop. Unlike most other chemical insecticides, it can be used on edible products up to the time of harvest. It is selective in action and does not harm parasites, predators or pests. The bacteria come in several commericla formulations such as Dipel, Delfin, Halt, Spicturin, Biolep, BioAsp etc. Another bacterium B popilaleis also commonly available against white grub Popillae japonica and Hototricha sp. Amongst insect pathogenic fungi, commercial preparations of Verticillium lecanii are available for the control of aphids, thrips and white fly under glass house conditions.'"
1933,1981,"'Most commonly used botanicals are neem ( Azadirachta indica ), pungamia ( Pungamia glabra ) and mahua ( Madhuca indica ). Neem seed kernel extract (2 to 5%) has been found effective against several pests including rice cutworm, diamond back moth, rice BPH, rice GLH, tobacco caterpillar, aphids and mites. The pesticidal ingredients of neem formulations belonging to general class of natural products called triterpenes, more specifically, limonides. They act as repellents and also disrupt growth and reproduction in insects. Commonly known limonoids are azadirachtin, meliantriol, salannin, nimbin and nimbidin. The efficiency of vegetable oils in preventing i w Similarly leaf extracts of many plants can inhibit a number of fungal pathogens.'"
1934,1982,"'Trap cropping is the planting of a trap crop to protect the main cash crop from a certain pest or several pests (See Appendix I). The trap crop can be from the same or different family group, than that of the main crop, as long as it is more attractive to the pest. There are two types of planting the trap crops; perimeter trap cropping and row intercropping. Perimeter trap cropping (border trap cropping) is the planting of trap crop completely surrounding the main cash crop. It prevents a p near the borderline of th'"
1935,1983,'Lessens the use of pesticide Lowers the pesticide cost'
1936,1984,'• Make a farm plan. This will guide you on where the trap crops are to be sown or planted. • Learn to know and identify the pests.'
1937,1985,"'• Bird perches are resting places for predatory birds to rest and to look for preys; such as insect pests of cotton, peanuts, and cowpeas. Predatory birds prefer to look for prey in field crops where they have places to res'"
1938,2030,"'ention that organic food is not superior to conventional food in nal food is as healthy as organic food. There are no organic food and they also taste, look and smell exactly same as s.'"
1939,2031,"'cticides, pesticides and preservatives enter our body daily mulated over a period of time making our body an abode rders, heart disease and even cancer. The World nformation on chemical risks in food. In addition to this, odified food has created a fear of hormonal and transgenic contamination. All ht over our dependence on chemical farming.'"
1940,2032,"'lity - Is It Proved? Though the claimed benefits of organic food ave not been proved, people still believe them to be true. Organic food is considered to be far food items and hence has an ever increasing demand.'"
1941,2343,"'Two men are standing in a field of tall, ripe crops. The man on the left is wearing a white tank top and the one on the right is in a white sleeveless shirt with a bag slung over his shoulder. The field extends to the horizon under a hazy sky.'"
1942,2344,"'The image shows a close-up view of a rice paddy field. The rice plants are tall with heavy, grain-filled heads bending over. The color palette is a mix of green and golden hues, indicating ripeness.'"
1943,1988,"'Throughout the world, economic crop production is anagement programme. Weed proble impossible without a well planned weed m persists because of the inability to cope with their great n s. e concept of multiple tactics of weed vation of farmers’ l protection and responsiveness to consumer preference.'"
1944,1989,'h habit and life cycle under different ecosystems and growing o single method of weed management can provide effective weed control. e of one method of weed control creates problems of buildup of weeds that are'
1945,1990,"'become a problem. m reproduction capacity and massive recycling potential. As there are many kinds of weeds with varying germination periods and highly differing lifecycles, weed management requires a integrated approach based on through knowledge of biology and ecology of the specie Integrated weed management (IWM) involves th management, maintenance of weed population below economic injury level and conser environmental quality. A successful IWM strategy has the principle of enhancing profitability, environmenta'"
1946,1991,"'Weeds vary so much in their growt seasons that n Continuous us tolerant to that particular method of weed control. Similarly, shift in weed flora from annual grasses to sedges and appearance of resistant biotypes due to continuous use of some herbicides has been reported. Long term strategy to minimize weed problem is through IWM than with weed control. Major components of IWM include:'"
1947,1992,"'Monitoring of weeds: Systematic monitoring of weeds would help to device effective ways to tackle current emerging problems of shift of grassy weed flora like Echinochaloa sp annual sedges like Cyperus iria , Fimbristilis miliacea and broad leaf weeds Sphenenoclea zeylanica . Similarly appearance of propanil herbicide resistant biotypes of Echinochloa sp in rice has'"
1948,2048,"'• Animal welfare: Animal welfare is an important aspect of producing organic milk , organic meat , organic poultry, and organic fish. People feel happy that the animals are not confined to a miserable caged life while eating organic animal products.'"
1949,2114,'ORGANIC PRODUCTION UNIT: Shall mean a unit / holding or stock farm complying with the rules of NPOP regulations. ORGANICALLY-PRODUCED FE feeding stuffs / feed material produced in accordance with the rules of production laid down in NPOP regulations.'
1950,1993,"'Pl s seeds start emerg ngs are buried or exposed to hot Sun for drying in erennial weeds, ploughing is effective to control emergence whose propagules are formed at re d control in wland rice.'"
1951,1994,'ater management practices are v e for weed control especially in lowland rice. ontinuous land subm pth for rice is very effective against several weeds nd can substitute for we'
1952,1995,'owland rice crop rotation with an upland crop is effective against moisture loving weeds. The opulation of scirpus s with continuous cropping of lowland ce but decline whe ilarly population of celosia rgentina increases d short saturated crops such as groundnut but ecreases considerably when rota illet etc.'
1953,1996,'oughing is usually done at optimum soil moisture content by which time the weed ing. Hence emerging weed seedli p latively shallow position within soil. Intensive puddling is very effective for wee lo'
1954,1997,"'L p ri maritimus and echinochloa increase n rice is rotated with and upland crop. Sim ue to continuous growing of A d ted with tall crops such as sorghum, maize, pearl m'"
1955,1998,"'Bio herbicides: Although herbicides are effective for weed control, there has been increasing concern about their safety for food products, their adverse effect on environment and widespread weed res istance to herbicides. These factors along with rising prohibitive costs'"
1956,1999,"'l approach includes bio control agents such as insects, atodes, fungi and bacteria as well as plant based chemicals that exhibit herbicidal have provided the impetus to develop alternative weed management strategies. In this contest, biological control has an alternative or supplement weed management appears to play a major role in crop production. Biologica nem'"
1957,2055,"'For first-time farm certification, the soil p must adhere to organic standards for this period, often, two to three years. This is known as being in transition . Transitional crops are not considered fully organic'"
1958,2000,'Bioherbicide Bioagent Target weed Crop DeVine Phytophthora palmovora Morrenia odorata Citrus groves Collego Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Aschyynomene virginica Rice Biomal Colletitrichum gloeosporioides Malva pusilla Row crops Biopolaris Bipolaris sorghicola Sorghum halepense Rice and wheat BioChon C hondrostereum purpureum Prunus serotina Forests Emmalocera sp Stem boring moth Echinochloa sp Rice and wheat Tripose Shrimp Echinochloa sp Rice and wheat Uromyces rumicis Plant pathogen Rumex sp Rice and wheat Gastrophysa Beetle Rumex sp Rice and wheat Bactra verutana Shoot boring moth Cyperus rotundus Rice and wheat'
1959,2002,"'seed rate, better the crop can compete with weeds due to its smothering effect on weeds. The present sy h relies heavily on agrochemicals, is no economical viewpoint. It is time to look at traditional more viable from e protection practices as the ld greater promise in the context of sustainable Necessity of m'"
1960,2003,"'The microbial toxins and allelochemicals could be manipulated to produce commercial herbicides. Bioherbicides Collego and Biopolaris are used for controlling grass and broad- leaved weeds in rice. In India, bioherbicides for weed control have not yet developed to the extent of practical application.'"
1961,2004,'Agronomic m are at the same tim preventin ltiplication of weeds.'
1962,2005,"'It involves the r e after oval of successive ration are flushes o eeds before sow op. Weeds that germinat d prepa echanically, man chemically. In mechanical or manual method, soil d d be as sha e.'"
1963,2006,'Closure the spacing or higher the g'
1964,2007,'Nutrient application should be timed to prevent weed proliferation and yet to obtain maximum benefit from the applied nutrient.'
1965,2008,"'Intercropping upland rice with groundnut, soybean, or green gram minimizes weed density leading to yield advantage. A pulse crop is usually broadcast as relay crop into standing rice crop 10-15 days before harvest. As soon as rice crop is harvested the pulse crop cover the field in dry season and suppress the w'"
1966,2009,"'igh yielding cultivars are less competitive against weeds than traditional cultivars. For rainfed reas, heavy tillering varieties of medium st H'"
1967,2010,"'on chemical methods of weed control when integrated with one manual weeding are as ffective as standard rice herbicides at different ecosystems throughout the country. QUALITY CONSIDERATIONS, CERTIFICATION, LABELING AND ACCREDITATION'"
1968,2011,"'issues have ceived a great attention in recent years. The primary concern of food industry is to provide holesome, tasty and safe food to the customers. Never has the safety of our food supply come nder such scrutiny. Regulations are increasingly active to safeguard the food we eat. Coupled ith the international and domestic revolution in quality assurance, consumers are demanding roducts and services with a high degree of safety, consistency of quality and value for money.'"
1969,2012,"'he rapid globalization of market concerns over food safety, the dismantling of traditional vestment and trade barriers and the emergence of private labels is resulting in many changes nd developments in today’s International Food Trade Environment. These events are having an pact on rules and regulations concerning Product quality, Product safety, Environmental, cological, ethical and social issues and regulatory requirements.'"
1970,2013,"'mong many trade and tariff related issues, the Agreements state that “Members shall ensure at their Central Governments standardizing bodies accept and comply with the Code of Good ractice for the Preparation, Adoption and Application of Standards. The obligations shall apply les to protect human, animal and plant life are also embodied in the above Agreements.'"
1971,2014,'This mea nce. The greement also imposes a binding ob s domestic mandatory standard with nternational standards s rriers. Codex standards re identified as the international standards for reference as TO proposal. As er the recommendations of Codex integrate and harmonize the safety stem is by an integrated company wide cluding HACCP (Hazard Analysis Quality considerations'
1972,2015,"'ns we have to adopt quality and food safety systems to demonstrate complia ligation to harmonize it a i uch as ISO, Codex Alimentarius to avoid trade ba mentioned in the W a p and FAO, the best way to Quality System in sy and Critical Control Points, developed in 1960 for US Space Program).'"
1973,2016,"'In this fast changing International Food Trade environment and India being a member of WTO, ead they have to be the players in the future; the old practice. Mental blocks and boundaries have has to emerge, namely the, Food Safety nd Quality.'"
1974,2017,'ACCP (H it has now become imperative that Indian Food Industry take a fresh look at the challenges ah if to be dismantled and a new approach to food business a'
1975,2018,"'rivate Labels, Marks and Brands developed to control the risk of food contamination in the manufacturing/processing of food. It is designated to minimize the risk of food safety hazards. It is not a no risk system. It is based in seven principles:'"
1976,2019,"'We are entering a new era of consumer awareness and concerns. More and more producers, rocessor, manufacturers, retailers and caterers are responding to this and are turning their nsumer perceptions and requirements. This requires the design of roducts and services to meet consumer requirements. It is a major shift from the old commodity and then worrying about finding a market later. The new pproach is about transforming commodities into products known as the value added concept. ead to the increased emergence of private labels, international marks, nd brands that consumers can trust – products that signify a higher degree o f safety, r money. Research into the Food/Agri industry indicates e importance of'"
1977,2020,'•'
1978,2345,'A man is holding a large fish in front of a body of water. He is wearing sunglasses and a cap. The fish has golden and dark scales and is likely a freshwater species.'
1979,2346,"'The image shows a serene mountain landscape with snow-covered peaks in the background. In the foreground, there are two rectangular pools of water, with a small building to the left. A fence runs parallel to the pools, and the sky is clear and blue.'"
1980,2021,'•'
1981,2022,"'uality assurance is the best way of achieving all three. ithout an effective quality management system companies are at risk of producing defective oisoning, damaging public recalls, huge legal osts, loss of public image and market share.'"
1982,2023,"'re, assembly or packing imprinted. p attention to meeting co p mentality of production at all costs a These market forces will l a consistency, predictability and value fo th'"
1983,2024,"'he major issue confronting the global trade in food is the need for stakeholders to agree on safety and quality (HACCP). The number of standards and uidelines for food in the market today is growing exponentially and imposing huge costs and uyers are imposing in house HACCP/QA schemes on ppliers as they or the governments in the countries from which they operate do not understand,'"
1984,2025,"'T standard approaches to food g confusion on the supply chain. Different b su relate to or accept local standards initiatives. As a results of this, internationally recognized standards such as ISO 9000 2'"
1985,2026,'HACCP Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points. A process for managing food safety. A system of prevention. (Codex) SQF 2000 CM Safety Quality Food. A standard designed specifically for the industry to manage food safety and quality based on Codex HACCP and compatible with ISO 9000.'
1986,2027,'Risk will change as consumer perceptions change. ns and more ll change. This is what changes markets.'
1987,2028,"'P Certifications What is tolerated and acceptable today will not necessarily be acceptable in the future. As consumers become better educated, more aware through improved communicatio effluent, their perceptions and buying patterns wi'"
1988,2029,'The answer is- By building quality and safety determine the critical points and the system If your customers ask you to prove that you have an appropriate system in place to ensure'
1989,2033,'t throughout the world to prove/disprove these claims. Recently two ifferent research teams from University of Aberdeen and Institute of Grassland and an conventional Sciences and the University of contains 75% more beta carotene and 50% more Vitamin'
1990,2034,"'The USDA and FDA clearly m any respect. It also mentions that conventio additional nutrients in conventional food product What do Proponents of the Organic Movement Say? Recently, the food we consume h increased amounts of chemical residues due to pesticides and insecticid and you are sure to be hospitalized immediately. However, usage of these chemicals is n limited to farming. Post harvest processing of agricultural produce also involves usa chemicals - in the form of preservative.'"
1991,2035,"'What do Proponents of the Organic Movement Say? Recently, the food we consume h increased amounts of chemical residues due to pesticides and insecticid and you are sure to be hospitalized immediately. However, usage of these chemicals is n limited to farming. Post harvest processing of agricultural produce also involves usa chemicals - in the form of preservative.'"
1992,2036,"'All these chemical fertilizers, inse through the food we eat and get accu for a number of diseases such as skin diso Health Organization provides more i the genetically m this has called for a serious thoug'"
1993,2037,'Research is being carried ou d Environmental Research found that organic milk contains 71% more Omega 3 th milk. Research conducted at the Danish Institute of Agricultural Newcastle has shown that organic milk E than non-organic milk. These path-breaking research findings have firmed the belief of organic ood consumers in their choice.'
1994,2038,"'o, if you prefer to have fewer chemicals in your food, or want something that is better for you and your family, or want som looks of organic, then ask or check if your purchase is certified organic.'"
1995,2039,"'T t a T f not been able to ive strong signals about the superiority of organic food over non organic food. As a result, even'"
1996,2115,"'TION: Shall mean any production where the same unit is growing, a certified organic and a non-certified rganic system. Similarly a situation with “organic” and “in conversion” production of th e same'"
1997,2040,"'ould stop using chemical fertilizers and pesticides and shift to the more sustainable organic studies that prove that there is some pesticide and fertilizer ontamination in non organic food, and there are others which claim that organic food is not'"
1998,2041,"'• Environment safety: As harmful chemicals are not used in organic farming, there is he health benefits of organic food are more perceived than real. However, the public opinion hat organic food is healthier than conventional food is quite strong and is the sole reason for bout 30% growth in the organic food industry since the past 5-6 years.'"
1999,2042,"'here is little scientific evidence to prove that organic food is better in quality than conventional ood. Scientific research conducted so far on various organic food items have g the FDA and the USDA clearly mention that non organic food is as healthy as organic food. However, there are some scientific studies that have proved organic milk and organic tomatoes to be better than the non-organic ones.'"
2000,2043,"'Organic Milk: Recent research conducted on organic milk has shown that it has more anti- oxidants, omega 3, CLA, and vitamins than non organic milk. According to the researchers at the Danish Institute of Agricultural Research, University of Aberdeen, and the Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, organic milk is healthier than non organic milk as organic cows are pasture grazed which results in better quality milk.'"
2001,2044,"'Organic Tomatoes: According D nitrogen-rich chemical fertilizers are not added. This leads to excessive formation of antioxidants such as quercetin (79% higher) and kaempferol (97% higher) in organic tomatoes. As we all know, antioxidants are good for health and help in reducing heart disease'"
2002,2045,"'These studies have increased the hopes of numerous people who strongly believe that mankind sh farming practices. There are many c healthy (they contain harmful bacteria and viruses) because of non usage of strong chemicals. However, none of these studies (showing chemical contamination or presence of bacteria/viruses) do not show any impact on health of individuals.'"
2003,2046,"'• Better health: Since organic food is not prepared using chemical fertilizers and pesticides, it does not contain any traces of these strong chemicals and might not affect the human body.'"
2004,2047,'• Better taste: People strongly believe that organic food tastes better than non organic food . The prominent reason for this belief is that it is produced using organic means of production. Further organic food is often sold locally resulting in availability of fresh produce in the market.'
2005,2135,'Freezing process is divided into two broad categories viz . slow freezing and quick freezing. a. Slow freezing : when thermal arrest time is more than 30 min. b. Quick freezing : Thermal arrest time is less than 30 min.'
2006,2049,"'Organic certification is a certification process for producers of organic food and other organic agricultural products. In general, any business directly involved in food production can be certified, including seed suppliers, farmers, food processors, retailers and restaurants. Requirements vary from country to country, and generally involve fo'"
2007,2050,"'Organic certifi assure quality products approved for use in certified operations. For consumers, \'certified organic\' serves as a product assurance, similar to \'low fat\', \'100% whole wheat\', or \'no artificial preservatives\'.'"
2008,2051,"'Certification is essentially aimed at regulating and facilitating the sale of organic products to consumers. Individual certification bodies have their own service marks, which can act as branding to consumers. Most certification bodies operate organic National government's minimum requirements. Some certification bodies, certify to higher standards.'"
2009,2052,"'To certify a farm, the farmer is typically required to engage in a number of new activities, in r every aspect of farming, including storage, transport and sale.'"
2010,2053,"'which may involve modifying facilities, sourcing and changing suppliers, etc. · Documentation — extensive paperwork is required, detailing farm history and current set-up, and usually including results of soil and water tests.'"
2011,2054,"'· oral interview. Fee — an annual inspection/certification fee (currentl  y starting at $400–$2,000/year, in the US and Canad a, depending on the agency and the size of the operation).'"
2012,2056,"'Certification for operations other than farms is similar. The focus is on ingredients and other inputs, and processing and handling conditions. A transport company would be r il the use and maintenance of its vehicles, storage facilities, containers, and so forth. A ant would have its premises inspected and its suppliers verifi r'"
2013,2057,"'“ Participatory Guarantee Systems are locally focused quality assurance systems. They certify p ers based on active participation of stakeholders and are built al networks and knowledge exchange ” (IFOAM definition, 2008).'"
2014,2058,"'ed the first International patory Guarantee Systems (PGS) represen ec ally adapted to local markets and short supply chains. so p enable the direct participation of producers, consumers and other stakeholders in:'"
2015,2059,"'The organic movement has been a pioneer in the implementation and definition of Participatory Guarantee Systems (PGS). Organic certification started in various parts of the world in the 70s and 80s based on associative systems that were very close to what is now called PGS. Some of these associations are still doing participatory certification today, such as for example Nature & Progrès in France. Even tho become the dominant form alternative certification systems have never ceased to exist.'"
2016,2060,"'Alternative Certification that took place in Torres, Brazil. It is at that workshop that the concept of Organic “Participatory Guarantee Systems” was adopted. At t his event, an international working group on Certification PGS was established, which later became an official Task Force under the umbrella of IFOAM.'"
2017,2076,"'Critics of formal certification also fear an erosion of organic standards. Provided with a legal framework within which to opera to current conventional p that the market is evolving to favor the biggest producers, and this could result in the small organic farmer being squeezed out.'"
2018,2077,"'Manipulation of certification regulations as a way to mislead or outright dupe the public is a very real concern. Some examples are creating exceptions (allowing non-organic inputs to be used ithout loss of certification status) and creative interpretation of standards to meet the letter, but s. For example, a complaint filed with the USDA in February 004 against Bayliss Ranch, a food ingredient producer and its certifying agent, charged that tap'"
2019,2061,"'The Task Force worked on further defining PGS, and established the key elements and key features of PGS in a document entitled “Shared Visions – Sha red Ideals”. Australia Since then, IFOAM has continuously supported the development of PGS in the organic sector. In parallel, other sectors have been looking into the concept to certify various products or processes. Still, IFOAM and the organic movement remain a leader in the concept of PGS at the international level, and are now advocating for their recognition by governments as valid local certification Germany'"
2020,2062,"'In some countries, organic standards are formulated and overseen by the government. The United States, the European Union, Canada and Japan have comprehensive organic legislation, and the term \'organic\' may be used only by certified producers. Being able to put the word \'organic\' on a food product is a valuable marketing advantage in today's consumer market, but does not guarantee Canada the product is legitimately organic. Certification is intended to protect consumers from misuse of the term, and make buying organics easy. However, the organic labeling m certification itself usually requires explanation. In countries without organic laws, governm ade possible by ent non-p ofit organizations and'"
2021,2063,"'as federal g ation Oc  2002. xcepting growers selling comply and submit to a records audi if quest ave to formally apply). Certification is handled by state, non-profit and private agencies that guidelines may or may not exist, while certification is handled by r private companies.'"
2022,2064,"'Internationally, equivalency negotiations are underway, and som place, to harmonize certification between countries, facilitating inte re ments are already in n l l e tr d international certification bodies, including members of the Internation Agriculture Movements (IFOAM) working on harmonization efforts. Wh e re b y do not exist between countries, organic product for export is often cert importing countries, who may establish permanent foreign offices for t ci r s rpose.'"
2023,2065,"'In Japan, the Japanese Agricultural Standard (JAS) was fully implemen This was revised in Novemb ted as law in April, 2001. er 2005 and all JAS certifiers were require  t e re- re'"
2024,2066,"'ood Development Center awards two Standards: A and AA; while e former standard does permit some use of synthetic agricultural chemicals, the latter is more d o b acc dited by the Ministry of Agriculture.'"
2025,2092,'he increase in organic food consumption in India is evident from the fact that many organic supermarket has an organic food store nd every large city in India has numerous organic food stores and restaurants. This is a huge food store in Mumbai was started in 1997.'
2026,2067,"'W bodies of India are accepted by the importing countries.\' In March 2000, the Ministry of Commerce launched NPOP (National Programme for Organic Production) design to establish national standards for organic products which could then be sold under the logo India Organic. For proper implementation of NPOP, NAPP (National Accreditation Policy and Programme) has been formulated, with Accreditation Regulations announced in May 2001. These make it mandatory that all certification bodies whether internal or foreign operating in the b and local trade of organic products. However, currently only the exports of organic products come under government regulations.'"
2027,2068,'Thus an agricultural product can only be exported as an organic product if it is certified by a certification body duly accredited by APEDA. Organic crop p products covered under accreditation.'
2028,2069,"'A trademark – “India Organic” will be granted on th e basis of compliance with the National Standards for Organic Production (NSOP). Communicating the genuineness as well as the origin of the product, this trademark is owned by the Government of India. Only such exporters, manufacturers and processors whose products are duly certified by the accredited inspection and certification agencies, will be granted the license to use of the logo which would be governed by a set of regulations.'"
2029,2070,'The Indian Organic Logo must comprise of the colour specifications listed below: -'
2030,2071,"'Symbolizing the rhythm of cosmic and earth forces represented by the blue and brown waves of lebrates the essence of natu re. These forces work in armony upon the earth’s environment and this rhythm is reinforced and supported by the green ours used have a special significance in the logo concept. The cosmic force blue symbolizes universal purity. Richness of soil, nourished with natural ingredients in'"
2031,2072,"'Organic certification is not without its critics. Some of the staunchest opponents of chemical- based farming and factory farming practices also oppose formal certification. They see it as a way to drive independent organic farmers out of business, and to undermine the quality of rganic food. Other organizations such as the Organic Trade Association work within the organic ommunity to foster awareness of legislative and other related issues, and enable the influence s.'"
2032,2073,"'te, lobbyists can push for amendments and exceptions favorable large-scale production, resulting in \'legally organic\' products produced in ways similar to food. Combined with the fact that organic products are now sold redominantly through high volume distribution channels such as supermarkets, the concern is force and energy, ‘India Organic’ logo ce h plant growth. The col in organic farming, is symbolized by the earth forces in golden brown. The plant in green uses the colour of nature and natural products untouched by chemicals. The blue background is symbolic of earth’s environment that is congenial for life to thrive in and is also free of pollution and harmful chemicals. India Organic etched over the surface authenticates the carrier as “Organic” and also establishes the Indian connection for all the carriers of the mark. Beautifully synthesizing all the e th'"
2033,2074,'o c and participation of organic proponent'
2034,2075,"'Originally, in the 1960s through the 1980s, the organic food industry was composed of mainly small, independent farmers, selling locally. Organic \'certification\' was a matter of trust, based on a direct relationship between farmer and consumer. Critics view regulatory certification as a potential barrier to entry for small producers, by burdening them with increased costs, paperwork, and bureaucracy.'"
2035,2093,"'What do Indian organic food consumers prefer? The pattern of organic food consumption in India is much different than in the developed countries. In India, consumers prefer organic marmalade, organic strawberry, organic tea, organic honey, organic cashew butter a o'"
2036,2094,"'However, the Indian organic food consumer needs educat a labelled as Natural thinking that they are Organic. Further, consumers are not aware of the certification system. Since certification is not compulsory for domestic retail in India, many fake organic products are available in the market.'"
2037,2095,"'ACCREDITATION: Accreditation means Registration by the National Accreditation Body for certifying organic farms, products and processes as per the National Standards for Organic roducts and as per the guidelines of the National Accreditation Policy and Programme for'"
2038,2096,'ogramme. P organic products. ACCREDITED PROGRAMME: Means programme of accrediting Inspection and Certification Agencies which have been accredited by the Accreditation Agency and which have agreed to comp o accredited Inspection and Certification Agencies.'
2039,2078,"', as the products had been actually used only in personal care roducts, over which the department at the time extended no labeling control. The company rketing by removing reference to use of the extracts in food roducts. Several months later, the USDA extended its organic labeling to personal care'"
2040,2079,"'the essential, holistic nature of organic farming. By reducing complex issues and regulations to a w not the intention, of particular rule 2 water had been certified organic, and advertised for use in a variety of water-based body care and food products, in order to label them \'organic\' under US law. Steam-distilled plant extracts, consisting mainly of tap water introduced during the distilling process, were certified organic, and promoted as an organic base that could then be used in a claim of organic content. The case was dismissed by the USDA p subsequently adjusted its ma p products; this complaint has not been refiled.'"
2041,2080,"'In December 2005, the 2006 agricultural appropriations bill was passed with a rider allowing 38 synthetic ingredients to be used in organic foods. Among the ingredients are food colorings, starches, sausage and hot-dog casings, hops, fish oil, chipotle chili pepper, and gelatin. This allowed Anheuser-Busch in 2007 to have its Wild Hop Lager ‘certified organic’ even though hops were gro wn with chemical fertilizers and sprayed with pesticides.\''"
2042,2081,"'The word organic is central to the certification (and organic food marketing) process, and this is also questioned by some. Where organic laws exist, producers cannot use the term legally without certification. To bypass this legal requirement for certification, various alternative certification approaches, using currently undefined terms like \'authentic\' and \'natural\' instead of \'organic\', are emerging. In the US, motivated by the cost and legal requirements of certification (as of Oct. 2002), the private farmer-to-farmer association, Certified Naturally Grown, offers a \'non-'"
2043,2082,"'fers agency for certifying organic farms, roducts and processes as per the guidelines of the National Accreditation Policy and ramme for Organic Product. m'"
2044,2083,"'The act of accrediting or the state of being accredited, especially the granting of approval to an institution of learning by an official review board after the school has met specific requirements. Or'"
2045,2103,"'D number of microorganisms in the environment, to a level that does not compromise food safety and suitability. EVALUATION: Shall be the process of systematic examination of the performance of an Inspection and Certification Agency to mee the National Accreditation Programme.'"
2046,2084,"'Organizations that issue credentials or certify third parties against official standards are themselves formally accredited by accreditation bodies (such as UKAS); hence they are sometimes known as \'accredited certification bodies\'. The accreditation process ensures that their certification practices are acceptable, typically meaning that they are competent to test and certify third pa'"
2047,2085,"'As per the National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP) an accreditation re registration by the accreditation agency for certifying p Prog NPOP programme in context of Indian accreditation scenario, defined the function of accreditation agencies like'"
2048,2086,"'Organic food exports from India are increasing with more farmers shifting to organic farming. With the domestic consumption being low, the prime market for Indian organic food industry lies in the US and Europe. India has now become a leading supplier of organic herbs, organic spices, organic basmati rice, etc.'"
2049,2087,"'bout 20-30% higher than non-organic food products. his is remium for most of the Indian population where the per capita income is merely USD 800. Though the salaries in India are increasing rapidly, the domestic market is not fficient to consume the entire organic food produced in the country. As a result, export of organic food is the prime aim of organic farmers as well as the government.'"
2050,2109,'INPUT MANUFACTURING: Shall mean the manufacturing of organic production or processing inputs.'
2051,2110,"'INPUTS RESTRICTED: Those items that are allowed in organic farming, in a restricted manner, after a careful assessment of contamination risk, natural imbalance and other factors arising out of their use. Farmers should consult the certifying agency.'"
2052,2111,"'IRRADIATION: High energy emissions from substances for the purpose of controlling microbial, pathogens, parasites and pests in food, preserving the food p matter that is present on the label, accompanies the food, or is displayed near the food, including that for the purpose of promoting its sale or disposal.'"
2053,2088,"'APEDA (Agricultural and Processed Food Export Development Authority) coordinates the export of organic food (and other food products) in India. The National Programme for Organic Production in India was initiat standard for the organic food industry in the country. Since these standards have been developed taking into consideration international organic production standards such as CODEX and IFOAM, Indian organic food products are being accepted in the US and European markets. APEDA also provides a list of organic food exporters in India.'"
2054,2089,"'Organic food costs in India are expected to decrease, driving further exports in future. Organic food production costs are higher in the developed countries as organic farming is labour intensive and labour is costly in these countries. However, in a country like India, where labour is abundant and is relatively cheap, organic farming is seen as a good cost effective solution to the increasing costs involved in chemical farming. Currently most of the organic farmers in India are still in the transition phase and hence their costs are still high. As these farmers continue with organic farming, the production costs are expected to reduce, making India as one of the most important producers of organic food.'"
2055,2090,"'ently surveyed about 21,000 regular Internet users 38 countries to find their preference for functional foods – foods that have additional health ood, cluding organic food, was demanded by the consumers.'"
2056,2091,"'he most important reason for buying organic food was the concern for the health of children, ic food. Though organic food is riced over 25 percent more than conventional food in India, many parents are willing to pay this'"
2057,2097,'APPEAL: Shall be the process by which an Inspection and Certification Agency can request reconsideration of a decision taken by the Accreditation Agency or an operator can request reconsideration of a decision by the Certification A A'
2058,2098,"'CERTIFICATE: Would mean a document issued by an accredited agency declaring that the operator is carrying out the activities or the stated products have been produced in accordance with the specified CERTIFICATE OF REGISTRATION: Shall mean the document issued by the Inspection and Certification Agency, declaring that the operator is licensed to use the certificate on specified products. CERTIFICATION: Shall be the procedure by which a written assurance is given by the Certification Agency that a clearly identified m CERTIFICATION MARK: Shall mean certification programme’s sign, symbol or logo which identifies the products as being certified according to the National Standards for Organic Products. CERTIFICATION PROGRAMME: Shall mean the system operated by an Inspection and Certification Agency in accordance with th a'"
2059,2099,"'CERT C certified by that programme or Agency, for the purpose of permitting its own certified operators to trade or process under the programme’s own certification mark, the products which are certified by the other pr'"
2060,2100,"'CHAIN OF CUSTODY: All relevant steps in the production chain including growing, harvesting, processing, handling and related activities detailed in Section 4 of the accreditation criteria that have been inspected and certified, as appropriate. COMPETENT AUTHORITY: Shall mean the official government agency for accreditation.'"
2061,2101,"'roducers, processors and xporters with similar farming and production systems and which are in geographical proximity. would render the product unsuitable for organic certification. CONSULTANCY: Shall mean the advisory service for organic operations, independent from inspection and certification procedures.'"
2062,2102,'CONVENTIONAL: Farming systems dependent on input of artificial fertilizers and/or chemicals production. CONVERSION: The process of changing an agricultural farm from conventional to organic farm. This is also call C certification of crops as organic.'
2063,2104,'GUIDELINES FOR ORGANIC PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING: Stand organic production and processing established by the Accreditation Agencies for specific crop in accordance with the National Standard ards for s s for Organic Products.'
2064,2105,"'tic to producing safe food. Food safety management systems based on HACCP are ternationally recognized as the most effective way to ensure food safety and minimize the risks OMEOPATHY: Homeopathy is a system of medicine based on the principle of “Similia,'"
2065,2106,"'GREDIENT: Shall mean any substance, including a food additive, used in the manufacture in a modified form. PUTS BANNED: Those items, the use of which is prohibited in organic farming.'"
2066,2107,'The Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) system is a science based on systema approach in of food poisoning.'
2067,2108,"'Similibus,Curentur (let likes be treated by likes)” . H prepared through successive dilution of a substance that in larger amounts produces symptoms in healthy subjects similar to those of the disease itself.'"
2068,2116,"'PLANT PROTECTION PRODUCT: S d plants or animals during the production, storage, transport, distribution and processing of food, agricultural commodities, or ani PREPARATION: Shall mean the operations of slaughtering, processing, preserving and packaging of agricultural and animal products and also alterations made to the labeling concerning the pres'"
2069,2117,'PROCESSING AIDS: A substance or material not consumed as a food ingredient by itself but used in the processing of raw m purpose during treatment or processing and which may result in unintentional but unavoidable presence of residues or derivatives in the final product.'
2070,2118,"'QUALITY SYSTEM: Documented procedures, which are established, implemented, and periodically audited to ensure that production, processing, handling, management, certification, accreditation and other systems meet the specified requirements and outcomes by following standardized protocols. RAW MAT'"
2071,2119,"'SANITIZE: To adequately treat the produce or food-contact surfaces by a process that is effective in destroying or substantially reducing the numbers of vegetative cells o o adversely affecting the safety and quality of the product. SPLIT PRODUCTION: Where only part of the farm or processing unit is certified as organic. The remainder of the property can be (a) non-organic, (b) in conversion or (c) organic but not certified. Also see parallel production.'"
2072,2120,'TRANSACTION / IMPORT CERTIFICATE: Document issued by a certification body declaring that the specified lot or consignment of goods is derived from production and / or processing system that has been certified. USE OF GMO AND GMOs DERIVATIV p'
2073,2121,"'VETERINARY DRUG: Means any substance applied or administered to any food-producing animal, such as meat or milk-producing animals, poultry, fish or bees, whether used for therapeutic, prophylactic or diagnostic purposes or for modification of physiological f behaviour.'"
2074,2122,"'Fruits and vegetables are important constituents of our diet and they serve as a vehicle of nutrients like vitamins, minerals, sugars and fiber. However, being harvested from farm or field they are prone to contain dirt, soil, bacterial contamination, extraneous matter making them unfit for direct consumption by consumers. Hence, processing interventions are necessary to make fruits and vegetables free from all the above mentioned materials. Also, their processing is required to increase their shelf life as well as to prepare a number of value added products from them. Fruits and vegetables are processed by various methods like low temperature, thermal treatment, concentration, freezing and irradiation. But prior to subjecting fruits and vegetables to such treatments, all fruits and vegetables undergo some preliminary operations. Each processing method is based on certain principles and each has its own advantages and disadvantages.'"
2075,2123,"'The preliminary processing operations of fruits and vegetables are sorting, grading, washing, peeling, sizing, blanching, etc. The importance of each operation is discussed below.'"
2076,2124,"'Sorting and grading are terms which are frequently used interchangeably in the food processing industry, but strictly speaking they are distinct operations. Sorting is a separation based on a individual physical properties of raw materials such as weight, size, shape, density, photometric property, etc. while grading is classification on the basis of quality incorporating commercial value, end use and official standards. The selection of fruits and vegetables is important from processing point of view for the manufacture a particular end product. The fruit should be ripe, but firm and evenly matured while vegetable should be tender and reasonably free from soil, dirt, etc. They should be free from blemishes, insect damage and malformation. Over ripe fruit is generally infected with microorganisms and would yield a poor quality finished product. After this preliminary sorting, the fruits and vegetables are graded. This is necessary to obtain a pack of uniform quality as regards size, colour, etc. It is done manually or with the help of grading machines.'"
2077,2125,"'The graded fruits and vegetables are washed with water in different ways, such as soaking and subsequent washing in running water or sprayed with water or dry air to remove surface adhering material. A thorough wash is very essential for improved microbiological quality of final product. Vegetables may preferably be soaked in a dilute solution (0.1%) of potassium permanganate or sodium hypochlorite solution to disinfect them. Agitation of the washing'"
2078,2126,"'8.2.3 Size reduction Fruits and vegetables are processed either as whole or into small pieces by size reduction. Size reduction involves peeling, coring and sizing. Peeling is done to remove unwanted or inedible material and to improve the appearance of the final product using a peeler (Fig. 8.1) while coring is done to remove central inedible portion using a corer (Fig. 8.2). There are five main methods of peeling. They are flash peeling (e.g. for root crops), knife peeling (e.g. for citrus fruits), abrasion peeling (e.g. for potato), caustic peeling (e.g. for guava, orange segments) and flame peeling (e.g. onion and garlic). Some of these are given below:'"
2079,2127,"'Some fruits and vegetables, particularly certain varieties of peaches and potatoes, are scalded in steam or boiling water to soften and loosen the skin, which is subsequently removed easily by hand. It usually involves exposing the f for 10-60 seconds where by the skin bursts and retracts facilitating its easy removal by means of pressure sprays. To achieve good results, the fruits and vegetables should be of uniform size and maturity. Using this method, there is practically no loss of flavour and the product is of uniform colour, free from any blemishes.'"
2080,2128,"'Fruits and vegetables such as peaches, apricots, sweet orange, carrots, sweet potatoes, etc. are generally peeled by dipping them in boiling caustic soda or lye solution of 1 to 2 percent strength, for short periods, ranging from 0.5 to 2 minutes depending on the maturity of the fruit or vegetable. The hot lye loosens the skin from the flesh underneath. The peel is then removed easily by hand. Any traces of alkali is removed by washing the fruit or vegetable thoroughly in running cold water or preferably by dipping it for a few seconds in a very weak solution of hydrochloric or citric acid.'"
2081,2129,"'Blanching refers to the mild heat treatment given to fresh produce such as vegetables to inactivate enzymes. Polyphenol Peroxidase (PPO) is most important groups of enzymes causing browning, off-flavour development in fruits and vegetables. PPO cause oxidation of phenolic compound namely Catechin, Gallic acid, Chlorogenic acid and Caffeic acids. Besides PPO certain peroxidase and pectic enzymes are also require inactivation. Pectic enzymes such as Pectin methyl esterase (PME) and Polygalacturonase (PG) are highly meat resistance and if failed to inactivate may lead to loss of cloud in citrus juices and serum separation in fruits and vegetables products, respectively.  Their inactivation is the index of blanching. Blanching also improves colour, flavour and nutritional quality. Usually it is done with boiling water or steam for short periods, followed by cooling. In small scale industries, the fruit or vegetable to be blanched is placed in a wire of perforated basket, which is first dipped in hot water (88- C) for about 2-5 minutes. Microwave treatment is also used for blanching. Blanching requirement varies with different fruit or vegetable and depends upon relative enzyme concentration and maturity of commodity.'"
2082,2130,"'Ripening before processing may be required for certain fruits such as avocado, banana, kiwifruit, mango, nectarine, papaya, peach, pear, plum, melons, etc. that are picked immature. Ethylene treatment can be used to obtain faster and more uniform ripening. The optimum temperature range for ripening is 15- the faster the ripening. Relative humidity should be maintained between 90 and 95% during ripening. About 10 ppm ethylene in enclosed chamber is sufficient to initiate ripening. Ethylene is produced by the reaction between calcium carbide with moisture, mainly those involved in trade of fruits to hasten the ripening process. However, indiscriminate application may pose serious health hazards. Commercially ethephon is used for the pre-harvest ripening of top fruits, soft fruits, tomatoes and coffee. It is also used to facilitate the harvest of fruit and berry crops (by loosening the fruits) and to accelerate post-harvest ripening. It is essentially a plant growth regulator with systemic properties. It penetrates into the tissues and is translocated. It decomposes into ethylene which is the active metabolite.'"
2083,2131,"'Freezing preservation is one of the most beneficial preservation methods. It involves, conversion of liquid content of food into ice crystals, which lowers down water activity and microbial growth is arrested due to cold shock. Pure water is frozen at 0 0 C but since fruits and vegetables contain number of dissolved solids like sugars, acids, they freeze at below 0 0 C.'"
2084,2132,"'During freezing the commodity cools down below their freezing point but don‟t freeze this phenomenon is called as super cooling . It is shown by AB phase of curve (Fig. 10.1). At super cooled storage nuclei formation ( nucleation ) which is the first and most important step in ice- crystal formation in in freezing process. Here the temperature of water will be lower than 0 0 C but it will remain in liquid form. At this stage, further lowering of temperature result in the formation of ice crystals. The second step is called crystal growth stage . The release of heat of crystallization further enhances temperature (BC). Since food molecules contain substantial amount of soSlute hence, a progressive freezing occurs as depicted in Fig. 10.1. Various water molecules gathers around nuclei and due to subsequent addition, crystal growth occurs.'"
2085,2133,"'Nucleation may be either due to chance orientation of molecule or due to induction of nuclei from outside, but in fruits & vegetable mostly chance nucleation occur. In next step, crystal growth around these nuclei occurs and as a result of ice-crystal formation, heat of crystallization is generated, which cause increase in temperature of commodity. This T es is shown by BC lines. So, time taken by freezing curve from initial cooling to E point of curve is known as thermal arrest time . It determines how quick or slow freezing process is. After this point more ice crystal formation takes place and temperature lowers down.'"
2086,2134,"'10.3  Advantages of Freezing • No nutrient loss • Retain freshness of commodity. • Retain colour and flavor constituents. • No microbial contamination. • No respiration, hence longer shelf-life.'"
2087,2136,"'In slow freezing, less number of nuclei is formed and as a result of slow freezing more concentrated solution is left in inter-cellular spaces which causes osmotic effect and liquid comes out from cells. This affects turgidity of cell and they collapse and on thawing cannot regain their original shape. Also, crystals forms are larger in size and pierce the cell membrane, puncture it and damage the cells. Whereas in quick freezing large numbers of nuclei are formed, hence having large numbers of crystals of smaller size evenly distributed within the cell and in the intercellular space. Since process is very quick, hence no concentration effect occur and commodities retain their original shape.'"
2088,2137,'Mode of heat transfer in freezing food product is convection. Following points should be considered while selecting a freezing method: a) Product dimension b) Shape c) Specific heat d) Thickness of pieces e) Freezing rate f) Packaging g) Food product components.'
2089,2138,'This is an oldest method of freezing and utilizes cool air having a temperature of -18 to - as freezing method. Different types of air freezing are: a) Tunnel freezing b) Fluidized bed Freezing c) Air blast freezing'
2090,2139,'Air-blast freezers recirculate air over foods at between - - - 6.0 ms -1 . The high air velocity reduces the thickness of boundary air films. Air flow is either parallel or perpendicular to the food and is ducted to pass evenly over all food pieces.'
2091,2347,'Two individuals are standing in a field of yellow flowering plants. There is a green signboard with white lettering in front of them. The background shows a clear sky and greenery beyond the field.'
2092,2348,"'The image shows an indoor mushroom farm with rows of shelving. Bags of cultivated mushrooms are hanging from the shelves. A person is standing in the aisle, inspecting the mushroom bags.'"
2093,2349,"'The image shows a group of people engaged in rice planting. They are bent over in a paddy field, which is lined with water. Tall trees are visible in the background, indicating a rural setting.'"
2094,2350,"'The image shows a group of people working in a field. They are planting or tending to crops in neat rows. The workers are wearing traditional clothing, suggesting the photo may have been taken in a rural or agricultural setting.'"
2095,2351,'A young person stands behind a tray of green plants. The setting appears to be a greenhouse with a shade net. There are irrigation pipes visible in the background.'
2096,2140,'Packaged or fresh commodities are placed over the surface of plate cooled by refrigerant in a cylindrical scraped – surface heat exchanges. Double plates are specially used in retail storage. Plate freezing is a slow freezing process and packages must be of uniform thickness.'
2097,2141,"'Certain liquids are used as refrigerant which are known as cryogens. Example: Liquid Nitrogen, Liquid NO 2 , Liquid Ammonia, etc.'"
2098,2142,'Freezers of this type use a change of state in the refrigerant (or cryogenic) to absorb heat from the freezing food. The heat provides the latent heat of vaporization or sublimation of the cryogen. The cryogen is in intimate contact with the food and rapidly removes heat from all surfaces to produce high heat transfer coefficients and rapid freezing. The two most common refrigerants are liquid nitrogen and solid carbon dioxide. The main advantages of cryogenic freezing are as follows:'
2099,2143,'• Short freezing time due to high heat transfer • Reduction in flavor loss • Reduction in drip loss • Reduction in oxidative changes • Improved texture of the product • Suitable for freeze sensitive products'
2100,2144,"'The volume of ice is 9% greater than pure water when water is transformed into ice at 0 C, and hence upon freezing there is expansion of foods. However, few exceptions also exist. For example, highly concentrated sucrose solution. The degree of expansion depends upon (a) composition, (b) fraction of water that fails to freeze, and (c) temperature range.'"
2101,2145,'• Moisture High moisture contents in foods produce greater changes in volume. • Cell arrangement in fruits and vegetables Fruits and vegetables have intercellular air spaces which absorb internal increases in volume without large changes in their overall size. • Concentration of solutes High concentrations reduce the freezing point and foods do not freeze or expand at commercial freezing temperatures.'
2102,2146,'• Freezer temperature It determines the amount of ice and hence the degree of expansion. • Temperature range Observed changes depend upon the temperature range to which food product is exposed.'
2103,2147,"'10.6.2  Concentration of non-aqueous system During freezing water freezes first. So nearly all the dissolved substances are therefore concentrated in the diminished quantity of water. So in some manner it is similar to dehydration. Unfrozen phases have changed physico-chemical properties like pH, titrable acidity, ionic strength, viscosity, freezing point, or potential. Dissolved gases will be removed/expelled from the space. Water structure & water-solute interaction may be drastically increased, macromolecules will come together and many detrimental reactions may occur. As freezing progresses, concentration of a particular solute increases and eventually reaches or exceeds their respective saturation concentration crystallization'"
2104,2156,"'1. Liquid movement by capillary force. 2. Diffusion of liquids, caused by concentration gradient.'"
2105,2157,"'3. Diffusion of liquids, which are absorbed in layers at the surfaces of solid components of the food. 4. Water vapour diffusion in air spaces within the food caused by vapour pressure gradients.'"
2106,2148,"'Drying and dehydration of fruits and vegetables is an age old method to preserve these products.  Removal of the water (75-90%) present in fresh commodity results in reduction in the water activity and ultimately resistance against most of the deteriorative agents.  The removal of water is carried out by the application of heat and this heat is usually supplied in the form of solar energy or artificially generated hot air.  Removal of moisture and exposure of heat often results in poor textural attributes, loss in nutritive value (vitamins), discolouration and loss of flavouring components. Although both drying and dehydration are interchangeably used, drying is referred to removal of water to an equilibrium moisture content while dehydration is removal of water to an almost bone dry condition.'"
2107,2149,"'A number of processing steps are carefully designed to check all these adverse effects of drying.  Some of the new technologies have been introduced in recent years to produce a wholesome and nutritive product. Partial dewatering by osmosis and impregnation soaking process before drying saves energy during drying and improves quality of dried product. Osmotic dehydration is gaining popularity, as the dehydrated product is more stable during storage due to low water activity by solute gain and water loss. The low water activity resulted'"
2108,2150,"'in fewer rates of chemical reactions avoiding deterioration of the food. Osmotic dehydration in many cases is employed to increase sugar to acid ratio of acidic fruits, thereby to improve the taste, texture and appearance of dried product. The processing steps involve in drying of fruits and vegetables are summarized here.'"
2109,2151,'11.2  Why Drying of Foods? • Water activity is defined as the ratio of vapour pressure of food to that of the vapour pressure of pure water at a constant temperature. Reduction in water activity (a w ) so control/check over chemical and microbiological changes (deterioration).'
2110,2152,"'Water is present in food as free or/and bound water. Free water is defined as water within a food that behaves as pure water. Unbound water is removed during the constant rate period of drying, when the nature of food does not have a great effect on the drying process.'"
2111,2153,"'Bound water can be defined as water that exhibits a lower vapour pressure, lower mobility and greatly reduced freezing point. So, bound water molecules have different kinetic and thermodynamic properties than ordinary water molecules. The a w as affected by the extent of bound water is given in Table 11.1:'"
2112,2154,"'When hot air is blow over a wet food, heat is transferred to the surface and latent heat of vaporization causes water to evaporate. Water vapours diffuse through a boundary film of air and is carried away by the moving air. This create a region of lower water vapour pressure gradient is established from the moist interior of the food to the dry air. The gradient provides the “'"
2113,2158,'1. Initial warm up period 2. Constant drying rate period'
2114,2159,'In hygroscopic food material more than one falling rate period occurs. In the first period plane of evaporation moves inside the food and water diffuses through the dry solids to the drying air. It ends when plane of evaporation reaches to the centre of food and the partial pressure of water falls below the saturated water vapourpressure. Second falling rate period occurs when the partial pressure of water is below the saturated vapour pressure and the drying is by desorption. Falling rate period is the longest period during drying of food product.'
2115,2160,'There are 4 resistances to heat transfer in drying: 1. Resistance to external heat transfer'
2116,2161,'Drying time is the total time required for removal of water from food material. Drying time during constant rate period is inversely proportional to wet bulb depression while drying rate is directly proportional to wet bulb depression.'
2117,2162,"'where, w i = initial moisture content, w t = moisture content at time t, ρ s = bulk density of solid, L = latent heat of vapour, d = thickness of material, h = surface heat transfer coefficient, T a = dry bulb temperature of hot air, T w = wet bulb temperature of air, (T a -T w ) = Wet bulb depression'"
2118,2163,'The factors that affect drying rate are external and internal factors. The external factors are:'
2119,2168,"'a. Hot Air drying: It includes spray drying, tray drying, fluidized bed drying, etc. In spray drying a fine dispersion of pre-concentrated food (40-60% moisture) is “atomized” to form fine droplets and then sprayed into a co-or counter-current flow of heated air at 150- cabinet fitted with shallow mesh or perforated trays, each of which contains a thin (2-6'"
2120,2352,'The image shows a group of people engaged in rice planting. They are working in a muddy field with a planting machine. The environment is rural with overcast weather and greenery in the background.'
2121,2164,"'During drying as moisture is removed and food material becomes smaller in size. This also affects bulk density (weight per unit volume) of food material. Slow drying results in development of internal stress. These rupture compress and permanently distort the relatively rigid cells, to give the food a shrink / shrivelled appearance. Such food material on rehydration absorbs water more slowly. Gelatinization of starch, denaturation of proteins, and crystallization of cellulose also affect rehydration characteristics.  Rapid drying improves textural characteristics such as wettability, sinkability, dispersibility and solubility.'"
2122,2165,'Formation of impervious layer over the surface of a dried food product characterized by inner soft and outer hard layer resulting in inadequate drying. It always occurs in food products rich in solutes and when initial drying temperature is very high. During the initial high temperature solute particles comes out and deposit at the surface resulting of building up of an impermeable layer which prevents further moisture removal. It can be prevented by using lower drying temperature.'
2123,2166,'Browning refers to change in the colour of food material to light to dark brown colour. This change in colour may occur by any of the three methods given below.'
2124,2167,'• Maillard‟s reaction: it is the reaction between the amino group of proteins and reducing sugars of carbohydrates in presence of heat. This type of browning is most common in dried foods.'
2125,2169,'c. Freeze drying: It is also known as “lyophilization” and is usually used for drying heat sensitive food material by freezing the material and then reducing the surrounding pressure to allow the frozen water to sublimate directly from the solid phase (ice) to gas phase (water vapour).'
2126,2174,"'Osmotic agent must have lower water activity (a w ), good solubility, constant concentration during processing, and it should be cheap.  However, non-toxicity, inertness to food constituent and good sensory attributes is other added attraction, while selecting any osmotic agent.  These are number of compounds available, satisfying above mentioned criteria, like, sucrose, glucose syrups, invert sugar, corn syrups, honey, and humectants such as sorbitol and glycerol. The kind of sugar utilized strongly affects the kinetics of water removal, and by increasing the molecular weight of osmotic substance, larger water removal could be achieved with little uptake of solutes. Low molecular weight substances (glucose, fructose, sorbitol etc.) favour the sugar uptake because of the high velocity of penetration of the molecules so that solid enrichment instead of dehydration is the main effect of the process. Sodium chloride (NaCl) is an excellent osmotic agent for vegetables and other animal derived products, but its use with fruits is restricted because of alteration in taste and bleaching of colour.  Addition of NaCl to osmotic solution increased the driving force for drying owing to the a w lowering capacity of salt.  Synergistic effects between sugar and salt have also been observed. The use of blends comprising two or more solutes seems to be an attractive alternative.'"
2127,2175,"'In any type of food product, many mechanisms can be acting at the same time, the relative contribution of which depends upon the following: 1. Nature of the product'"
2128,2170,"'Osmotic dehydration, also called as dewatering and impregnation soaking (DIS) process, was pioneered by James D. Ponting in 1966. It is a water removal process that involves the soaking of foods – mostly fruits and vegetables in hypertonic salt or sugar or in a combined solution, to reduce the water content while increasing the soluble solid content. Osmotic dehydration is undertaken to reduce the product water activity in minimal processing, which is carried out either at atmospheric pressure or at vacuum conditions. The raw material is placed in concentrated solutions of soluble solids with higher osmotic pressure and lower water activity. Water moves through the selective permeable membrane with much greater ease than in the dissolved substances.'"
2129,2171,"'In osmotic dehydration process, a solid product of high moisture content is immersed in a concentrated solution (mainly of sugar or salt), which initiates three types of counter-current mass transfer. The diagrammatic presentation of osmotic dehydration is given in Fig. 11.3.'"
2130,2172,"'The last two mass transfers occur mainly because of diffusion. This counter current mass flow is due to the water and solute activity gradients across the cell‟s membrane. This process continues till the osmotic potential on two processes reaches equilibrium. In an ideal osmotic solution a semi-permeable membrane would be permeated by the solvent molecules but not by the solute molecules.  In fruits and vegetables, the cell wall membranes are living biological units and selective permeable, which can stretch and expand under the influence of growth and'"
2131,2173,"'turgor pressure generated inside the cells. These cellular membranes, which are composed mainly of parenchymatous cells, freely allow the solvent molecules to pass through, but they also allow, to a lesser degree, the passage of some of the solute molecules. Such membranes are called as differentially permeable, rather than semi-permeable. Osmotic dehydration may result in 40-50% decrease in initial volume, if properly performed.'"
2132,2179,"'11.9.4.1  Checking Checking is an operation in which fruits specially raisins, prunes are dipped for a brief period in hot solution of alkali. This cause removal of waxy layer and it also improve the drying rate.'"
2133,2180,"'Blanching is mild heat treatment given to some fruits and majority of vegetables primarily to inactivate the naturally occurring enzymes. These enzymes belong toperoxidase group like polyphenol peroxidases that catalyze the oxidation of phenolic substances, resulting in production of brown coloured compounds. The cell wall degrading enzymes, catalase (off- flavour), and ascorbic acid oxidase also get inactivated during blanching process. Blanching improves the colour of dried products, it aids to rapid reconstitution of dried product, it also increase drying rate, it also expels dissolved oxygen and it also improve bacteriological quality of the finished product.'"
2134,2176,"'The major cost involve in drying operation is the price of raw material. Hence good quality raw material is of prime importance.  Immature or over mature fruits and vegetables often result in poor quality product.  For example over mature green peas result in less sweet and starchy dried product with poor rehydration characteristics.  Similarly high specific gravity fully mature potatoes with low reducing sugar content are desirable because they are large, mealy and less prone to browning or yellowing during dehydration.'"
2135,2177,"'Before further processing raw materials should be thoroughly washed to remove the adhering dirt, dust and other foreign particles. On commercial scale raw material is dumped in large tanks for some time and then sprayed with a jet of water. Alternatively, it may cleaned in a stream of running water. Water for this purpose must be of potable quality. To remove the traces of pesticides, colouring material commonly used nowadays to impart shining; some of the chemicals like dilute acids may also be added in washing water. Addition of sanitizers like chlorine based compounds is permitted to certain level for washing purpose. These sanitizers improve the microbiological quality of the finished product. 11.9.3  Peeling, trimming and sizing Fruits and vegetables are either dried as whole or undergo size reduction before drying. A number of peeling processes are available on commercial level. Trimming is done to remove unwanted parts. Sizing is done to develop uniform product and it also facilitates subsequent unit operation. Increase in surface area causes faster drying.'"
2136,2178,"'In order to improve the quality of finished product fruits and vegetables they are invariable subjected to many pre-treatments. Some of the pre-treatments are summarized here. 11.9.4.1  Checking Checking is an operation in which fruits specially raisins, prunes are dipped for a brief period in hot solution of alkali. This cause removal of waxy layer and it also improve the drying rate.'"
2137,2181,"'11.9.4.3  Sulphiting Sulphur dioxide and sulphites (usually sodium metasulphite or potassium metabisulphite) are well known antibrowning agents. The sulphur dioxide gas competes withperoxidases for the active sites and prevents the oxidation of phenolic substances. In many products that contain anthocyanin as major pigment, the colour of the product turned blue when exposed to acidic conditions. In such fruits or vegetables sulphur dioxide treatment may prove beneficial. The blanched or checked fruits or vegetables are exposed to fumes of sulphur dioxide by burning sulphur powder in an enclosed chamber. This is most widely used method of sulphuring. However, they can be dipped in solution of some sulphur salt. Proper penetration of sulphur dioxide is important to prevent internal darkening during drying. In fuming process, the sulphur dioxide absorption is faster as compared dipping. However the absorption is more uniform in later.'"
2138,2182,"'Drying of the fruits and vegetables is usually carried out in cabinet dryer. The material is loaded over perforated aluminium trays and dried using hot air. The temperature, velocity and the humidity of the air are important for drying process. It usually varies from commodity to commodity. A lower drying temperature is generally used for fruits, as there may be chances of case hardening.  The temperature varies from 55-80 o C. To create perforation initially temperature is maintained towards higher side and them it is reduced.  Some vegetables those are light, cylindrical or spherical like peas are dried in fluidized bed dryer.  This improves the rehydration characteristic and the nutritive value of the product, as it take lesser time and more uniform drying.'"
2139,2183,'I.'
2140,2184,"'K. Rearing and handling facilities : • In rearing room adequate facility for water supply and  washing should be provided. Rearing room should be isolated and used only for insect culturing. • Movement of personnel should be restricted to minimize contamination. • The laboratory furniture like work table, rearing racks should have non-porous surface to enable the use of disinfectants . • Various cages and containers have been developed for insect rearing . If wooden material is used it should  have a lamination to avoid the growth of fungus.'"
2141,2185,"'• In rearing room adequate facility for water supply and  washing should be provided. Rearing room should be isolated and used only for insect culturing. • Movement of personnel should be restricted to minimize contamination. • The laboratory furniture like work table, rearing racks should have non-porous surface to enable the use of disinfectants . • Various cages and containers have been developed for insect rearing . If wooden material is used it should  have a lamination to avoid the growth of fungus.'"
2142,2186,"'Many disinfectants are available for using in the rearing house. The purpose is to keep all the rearing materials and the room free from contamination of disease producing microorganisms. Formalin, sodium hypochlorite are used as disinfectants. .'"
2143,2187,"'1. Broken cumbu grains 2. Mosquito net (6’x6’x6’) 3. Plastic basins (30 cm dia) 4. Specimen tubes glass (15 x 2.5 cm) 5. Khada cloth , Aspirator (TNAU Model) 6. Yeast tablets 7. Rubber bands and twines 8. Moth’s scale separator 9. Groundnut kernel, sieves and filters (Plastic ) 10. Sulphur- Wettable powder, Streptomycin sulphate (0.05 %) 11. Home milling machine, Vacuum pump 12. Exhaust fan /Ceiling fan 13. Measuring cylinder (10,50, 100 ml) 14. G. I. Mating drum ( 25 x 25 cm ) 15. Formaldehyde 40 % , enamel tray , hand sprayer and hand atomizer 16. Blotting paper, sheets 17. Honey 18. Camel hair brush 19. Vitamin – E capsule 20. Shoe brush 21. Absorbent cotton'"
2144,2188,"'1. Preparation of medium: The rice moth, Corcyra cepahlonica is cultured in broken grains of pearl millet. Heat sterilized broken grains is taken at the rate of 2.5 kg per plastic basin to which groundnut kernel powder is added @ 100 gm /basin and yeast powder @ 5g/basin. To prevent bacterial infection in the food medium streptomycin sulphate @ 0.05 % spray is given at 10—20 ml/basin using a hand-operated sprayer or atomizer. Sulphur WP was added @ 5 g/basin to prevent storage mite.'"
2145,2189,'2. Inoculation of Corcyra eggs : Nucleus culture of Corcyra eggs were added @ 0.5 CC / basin containing 2.5 kg of grain medium. After uniform mixing of the contents of the basin it was covered with khada cloth and secured by twine. The young Corcyra larva that hatch out from the egg in 3-4 days feeds on the medium by constructing webs. The adult Corcyra starts emerging from the medium  from 30-35 days onwards and continues to emerge upto 90 days after inoculation of the eggs due to staggered development of larvae in the medium.'
2146,2190,"'3. Collection of  moths for mating :   The emerged  adult Corcyra moth rest on the inner surface of the cloth cover. They are to be collected in the morning hours using glass specimen tubes (15x 2.5 cm) or a specially designed modified vacuum aspirator (TNAU, model) . The moth collection is effectively done by keeping the basin inside a mosquito- net so that the escape of the moth is prevented.  The adult moths are transferred to a'"
2147,2191,'specially designed mating drum made of G.I sheets with wire mesh at the bottom.  Adult moths  are provided with honey solution (50 %) added with vitamin E ( 1 capsule per 20 ml of 50% honey) to boost the vigour of the adult and to get higher quantity of healthy eggs. The adult food is given by dipping cotton swab and allowed to hang inside the drum with a thread. Daily fresh  moths are collected and allowed  into fresh mating drum which is cleaned and dried under sun.'
2148,2204,"'The GV application multiplies mainly in the cell nucleus and cytoplasm of fat body but in certain cases in epidermis and tracheal matrix also. The inclusion bodies (IB’s) are ellipsoidal and enclose only one or occasionally two virions. The IB’S are also known as capsule/granule. The virions are rod shaped, surrounded by two membranes, outer membrane and the envelope.'"
2149,2205,"'Plastic containers, pruning knife, hand made filter paper, conical flasks Plastic basins muslin cloth, rectified spirit , teepol / sandovit. GV for shoot borer can be multiplied only from the field collected larvae because sofar no artificial or  semi-synthetic diet has been developed to culture this under laboratory conditions Collection of shoot borer affected plants can be done in 40 –90 days old sugarcane crop. The larvae will be collected from plants showing fresh dead hearts.  The collected larvae will be'"
2150,2192,'4. Collection of Corcyra eggs : Corcyra eggs are loosely laid and they are collected through the wire mesh at the bottom on a receiving container with funnel setup on an enamel tray. Eggs are to be collected daily and continuously for 4 days from each drum.. On the fifth day it is to be vacated and cleaned. A sheet of blotting paper is spread on the tray or in  the funnel set up. It retains most of the moths scales and body fragments while the eggs were easily rolled out during cleaning. The eggs are cleaned and separated from the moth’s scales by using a new gadget namely Corcyra moth scales and egg separator developed by TNAU.'
2151,2193,"'5. Cleaning of eggs: The eggs thus obtained are further cleaned with the help of plastic sieves of different meshes . One  CC of Corcyra eggs contains approximately 18,000 eggs . About 100 pairs of Corcyra moth (50 % female) produce 1.5 cc of eggs during their egg laying period of 4 days. From each Corcyra rearing basin an average of 2,500 moths  emerge. Hence from each basin 18-20 CC of eggs are obtained during the period of 90 days . After 90 days the contents of the basin are discarded and the basins are cleaned, washed, disinfected with 2 % formalin solution and dried thoroughly before reusing.'"
2152,2194,'Management : • Get cumbu grains free from stored grains pest • Sterilize grains at 100 0 C for one  hour using hot-air oven • Place a thick paper (file thickness) 12x 12cm and daily after collection of moths remove the paper gently and  tap  so that the adult beetles which congregate at  the bottom surface can be easily killed by transferring them in a small trough containing water mixed  with sticky substance. • Set up a 4 watts UV lamp during  night hours over a yellow pan with water. UV lamp attracts the beetles and destroys them regularly. • Keep trays/basins at random containing 250 g of wheat flour with 5 % brewer’s yeast to act as flour trap @ 1 trap for every 100 rearing trays. • See the flour is cleaned  alternate days and destroy  the grubs and beetles attracted towards it. • Avoid using food grains which have more of bran and husk.'
2153,2195,"'• If khada cloths were used to cover the trays, frequently change the older clothes which are with small holes. • Setup light trap with 60 W bulb over a yellow pan with water. Switch on the light during night hours to attract and kill the parasitoid. In case of severe incidence,  spray 0.1 % malathion over the trays, furnitures, racks and side walls inside the laboratory. • Destroy the culture medium immediately whenever the severe incidence is noticed.'"
2154,2196,"'Mix 5 g wettable sulphur per basin regularly as a prophylactic measure. Dust sulphur over the trays , furnitures, racks if the incidence is severe.  The laboratory should be free from dust and scales'"
2155,2197,"'Bacterial , fungal and NPV are the common microbial pathogens infecting Corcyra. Treating the culture trays with 0.05 % streptomycin sulphate helps to check bacterial contamination. Viral infected trays should be rejected immediately to check the spread.'"
2156,2198,'Accumulation of moths scales leads to breathing problems to persons who are engaged in rearing. It also causes allergic reaction on eyes and skin when exposed repeatedly. Management • Wearing of face mask • Provision of sufficient numbers of exhaust fan in the laboratory'
2157,2199,"'Materials required for Trichogramma rearing 1.  Nucleus parasitised egg cards 2.  Ceiling fan 3.  Fresh Corcyra eggs cards 4.  Polythene bags 5. Drawing boards (Charts ) 6. Gum, brush, sieves 7. UV lamp 8. Honey 9. Air cooler 10. Gemclips 11. Refrigerator 12. Stapler and pins 13. Dissection microscope 14. Glass plate and 15. Hand lens. Preparation of egg cards : The Corcyra eggs collected from the mating drum are cleaned and finally taken in glass petri dishes (15-20 cm dia) . The eggs were sterilized by exposing to UV light (15 W) in a closed chamber for ½ hr duration., so that the embryo may be killed without damaging the egg contents. The UV sterilized eggs were sprinkled on drawing board cards (30 x 20 cm) smeared with thin layer of diluted gum, at 6.0 CC of egg/ card. The card was already drawn with lines to separate  30 rectangles (7 x 2 cm) to accommodate 6.0 CC eggs . The smaller cards cut along the line were used in the field.'"
2158,2200,"'Inoculation of parasitoids : The cards pasted with Corcyra eggs were dried  under fan and taken into polythene bags (45x 30- cm) containing nucleus parasitised cards at  6 : 1 ( fresh eggs to parasitised eggs ) for exposure. The parasitoids emerging from the nucleus parasiotid eggs start  parasitising the fresh Corcyra eggs. After 2 days exposure the cards were kept for another 1-2 days , during which the parasitised cards were then stored in refrigeration at 10 0 C for 21 days. The parasitioids under normal room temperature emerge in 7 days where as they emerge in 2 days after removing from storage for field use. Accordingly the cards were taken to the field in time. Field release : The parasitoids were released in the field as parasitised cards, atleast a day before emergence . It was pinned or stapled or tied on the ventral side of  the leaves in the middle region of the plant. The small rectangular cards were used in the field @ 5 cards /acre for sugar cane and @ 12 cards / acre for cotton. The dose being 1.0 CC and 2.5 CC /acre respectively. The cards were tied in different spots avoiding border rows . For sugarcane 6 releases are to be made at fortnight intervals commencing from 3- 3 ½ months onwards and for cotton crop the parasitoids are released soon after noticing the adult moths of bollworms fling in the field or trapped in pheromone trap or light traps. Two or three releases at fortnightly intervals are needed for cotton.'"
2159,2208,"'Field use : Dosage : 100 LE/acre =  300 virosed larvae / acre / spray Number  of rounds and time interval :  Two rounds i.e., on 35 and 50 days after planting Spray fluid required : 200 l of water / acre Sticker : Teepol / sandovit 0.5 ml/l High volume sprayer Knapsack / Rocker sprayer is preferred for spraying'"
2160,2201,"'Sugarcane is an important commercial crop in India . It is cultivated under diverse  agro-climatic conditions . The crop is damaged by 5 important moth borers . Among these borers the shoot borer, Chilo infuscatellus is an important one and is widely distributed in all cane growing areas in India. The infestation reduces cane production, Parthasarathy et al (1953) observed a loss in weight of the infested clumps varying from 15.8 to 41.7 % A decrease in yield by 10 t /ha has been calculated by Ramachandrachari (1959) Avasthy (1968) correlated  the incidence of shoot borer with cane yield and found 3.5 % loss in yield at every 5 % increase in borer infestation. High temperature , low humidity and scanty rainfall and poor irrigation facilitate high incidence of shoot borer.'"
2161,2202,'The shoot borer infests the crop at the shoot stage killing the young plants till the 4 th month of the crop. The larva bores into the central young shoots and feeding results in drying up of central shoot called “dead-heart”. Fully grown larvae measures 20-25 mm in length  with dark brown head. Body is cylindrical and exhibits a dirty white colour with 5 longitudinal violet stripes.'
2162,2203,"'GV infected sugarcane shoot borer C. infuscatellus was reported from India in 1979. This virus is found widely distributed in the cane growing tracts of Tamil Nadu. The virus infects the host larvae all through the year. The GV persist in the ecosystem and cause high mortality under favourable conditions. The GV is highly pathogenic and all the larval instars are susceptible to infection. The  virus application reduces the dead heart  and  enhances the cane yield. The virus is also able to  tolerate high temperature and it can be stored for 3 or more years without apparent loss in infectivity  The virus is found  harmless to predators, parasites, pollinators and economic insects. In the sugarcane ecosystem  especially  honey bees and silkworms .'"
2163,2206,"'1. Third or fourth instar field collected larvae are suitable for multiplication of the virus. 2. Prepare  a virus suspension  containing 10 7 - 10 8 inclusion bodies /ml (IB’s/ml) of water. 3. Feed the larvae with a drop of virus suspension through a pin head or dip the larvae head into the virus suspension. 4. Rear the virus infested larvae on sugarcane shoot bits @ 3-5 /plastic container (7.7 x 6.4 cm) . The plastic boxes are provided with filter paper for absorption of excess moisture and three pieces of sugarcane shoot bits split open at one end . The shoot bits and filter paper are changed on alternate days. 5. The infected larvae begin to show symptoms in about 5-8 days . The main symptoms are loss of appetite, sluggishness and appearance of milky white colour on the ventral surface. 6. The larvae  start dying from the 8 th day upto 22 days 7. Collect the dead larvae due to virus infection in distilled water and store them in refrigerator at 5 0 C.'"
2164,2207,"'i. Macerate the infected larvae in distilled water . ii. Filter through muslin cloth and remove the grass debris iii. Centrifuge at 500 rpm for 2 minutes and discard the sediment iv. Centrifuge the supernatant to remove the lipid soluble material and other contaminants at 10,000 rpm for 30 minutes v. Discard the supernatant and obtain the suspension. This will be in pellet form. Resuspend the pellet in small volume of distilled water and this gives fairly pure preparation of virus. Storage : Store the virus suspended preferably in distilled water and in amber coloured bottles in a cool dark place . If possible the virus can be stored in a refrigerator at 4-5 0 C.'"
2165,2209,"'The potency of a microbial preparation is generally assessed by counting the particles microscopically/ electronically. In all the methods , the organism should be diluted to a suitable level. A sample of the stock solution is generally diluted serially so that a dilution factor of 10 or its multiplication are obtained.'"
2166,2210,'GV particles are counted  using Petrof- Hauser and Helser counting chambers (depth 0.02 mm). i. The counting chamber should be clean and dry. ii. Introduce only just sufficient quantity of the liquid to fill up the calibrated area in the counting chamber iii. Allow the granulosis virus particles to settle down for 5 minutes after adjusting the magnification iv. Count the particles in about 25 of the 1/400 sq.mm at random. Take  care  to avoid duplication of counts of particles on the lines of calibrations v. Calculate the number of particles per ml of original stock solution as per the example given below.'
2167,2353,"'Rows of green crops in a field with a clear path between them. A yellow signboard with text stands in the field. The sky is overcast, and the environment appears to be a rural farmland.'"
2168,2354,'The image shows a group of people standing in a green field. There is a signboard in front of the group with text on it. The surroundings suggest a rural or agricultural setting.'
2169,2355,'Three men are standing in a field with crops. One man is handing something to another while the third observes. A sign with \'ML-365\' is prominently displayed in the foreground.'
2170,2211,'i. The counting chamber should be clean and dry. ii. Introduce only just sufficient quantity of the liquid to fill up the calibrated area in the counting chamber iii. Allow the granulosis virus particles to settle down for 5 minutes after adjusting the magnification iv. Count the particles in about 25 of the 1/400 sq.mm at random. Take  care  to avoid duplication of counts of particles on the lines of calibrations v. Calculate the number of particles per ml of original stock solution as per the example given below.'
2171,2212,"'Volume of the fluid Standing of each small sq  = 1/400 x 1/50 mm 2 = 1/20000 mm 3 The number of IB ‘s / cubic mm . = 318/ 25 x 20, 000'"
2172,2213,"'= 12.4 x 20,000  x 1000 = 24.8 x 10 7 = 2.48 x 10 8 The number of IB’s /ml of original stock solution = 2.48 x 10 8 x 100'"
2173,2214,"'The  Rhinoceros beetle , Oryctus rhinoceros is one of the serious  pests of coconut , which has wide distribution and persistent occurrence in all coconut growing areas in India. This fungus infects the grubs and adults of Rhinoceros beetle . The adult beetles cause severe damage to coconut palms by feeding on tender fronds and crown resulting in the stunting of trees. The damage due to spathe results in loss of nuts. Young seedlings are sometimes killed outright. Since the insect breeds in the farm yard manure and fallen coconut trees, the control measures have to be directed at the breeding site as well as on the trees. The control measures adopted against grubs and adults in coconut grooves are costly, tedious and have to be repeated. Hence, an easy alternate  method utilising a safe and specific fungus namely, Metarhizium anisopliae (Deuteromycetes : Moniliales ) for the management of coconut  rhinoceros beetle  is aimed .'"
2174,2215,'40 g of carrot bits taken in a 250 ml conical flask & 65 ml of distilled water added Autoclaved at 20 psi for 30 min.'
2175,2216,"'Among the methods tried for inoculation, smearing or spraying of spores of the fungal pathogen on grubs produced 100 per cent mortality due to mycosis. All the instars of grubs of O.rhinoceros are susceptible to fungal infection.'"
2176,2217,"'The first instar grubs are, however, more susceptible. Irrespective of the instars, the loss in weight due to infection by the fungal pathogen increases as the days after incubation progressed.  The time required for the penetration of the fungal pathogen in the final instar host grub is 96 hours. The LC 50 of the fungal pathogen in the final instar'"
2177,2218,"'grub of O.rhinoceros is 416 spores, and LT 50 at 10 6 spores per g of farm yard manure is 21.22.days . The effective inouculum dose for field trial is 34.4 x 10 4 spores per g of farm yard manure. Two to three inoculations of the fungal pathogen at monthly intervals are needed for the manifestation of mortality of the grubs due to mycosis.'"
2178,2219,"'At the dosage of  8x 10 4 spores per g of farm yard manure, the infection prolonged for 49 days culminating in 40 per cent mortality of grubs, thereby enabling the pathogen to persist over a long time. Mycosis of the egg is reported for the first time . Mycosed eggs were olive green , flat, shriveled, scaly and invisible. In mycosed grubs , loss of appetite is often an early behavioural symptom. The infected grubs are inactive and sluggish with decreased irritability to external stimuli. External signs comprise of colour changes, the earliest one observed is greyish white spots. The cadavers are soft and flat with shrunken body wall in certain cases. A profuse live green fungal mat and spores cover the entire body surface except the head capsule. Later, in certain individuals . the body either shrinks and hardens to a small olive green lump or mummified. In other cases, the body becomes brittle and breaks into small pieces even at the slightest disturbance. In adult beetles, the initial visible symptom is the appearance of olive green patch in the pygidial region. The connecting muscles of the neck and legs are the next to show the fungal growth. Due to the destruction of these muscles the head and legs are severed from the body. Slowly the fungus can be seen to spread on the entire surface with profuse growth at the inter segmental portion. The dead beetles are light in weight.'"
2179,2220,"'b) Influence of abiotic and biotic factors of the environments on the pathogenicity of fungus The mortality of the grubs, either inoculated with the fungal pathogen or introduced in the fungus – inoculated farm yard manure takes place when the  moisture regimes of the farm yard manure are from 10-70 per cent ; however , the time taken for 100 per cent mortality varies. The temperature of fresh dung declines from 23.6 to 24 o C in a period of one year. At 37.4 o C temperature only  mycosis starts and develops to an extent of 40 per cent. It is 100 per cent when the temperature decreases to 29 0 C and below. The spores of the fungal  pathogen added to  the farm yard manure survive in the medium only upto two months irrespective of the dosage tried. Addition of host grubs to farm yard manure enable the spores to survive up to one year of observation. The recovery of spores of the fungal pathogen layered over the surface of the farm yard manure column   is maximum from the top most 2.5 cm depth. The fungal spores were found absorbed in the farm yard manure substrata to an extent of 25.5 per cent. Carbaryl and hexa-chloro-cyclohexane inhibit the germination of the viable spores of the fungal pathogen to an extent of 86 and 82 per cent respectively and thus  are found incompatible . However, aldrin, DDT, dieldrin, lindane and toxaphene inhibit the spore germination tro a very low extent ranging from 0.38 – 8.89 per cent only. The streptomycetes and the bacteria of the farm yard manure cause 43.60 and 14.67 per cent inhibition of M. anisopliae respectively.'"
2180,2356,"'The image shows a group of people working in a field. They appear to be engaged in agricultural activities, possibly harvesting or planting. The setting is rural with open skies and vegetation in the background.'"
2181,2221,"'Among the different media , carrot agar medium is the most suitable for culturing of the fungal pathogen. Maximum bio-mass, radial growth and spore production are obtained in this medium at the incubation periods of 25- 30 days. Temperature regimes of 30 o C and 25 o C are ideal for the effective culturing of the fungal pathogen. The thermal death point is 56 o C. The pH levels of 6.5 and 7.0 of the medium are'"
2182,2222,"'suitable for the maximum production of biomass, radial growth and spores of the fungal pathogen. The sporulation and germination of spores of the fungal pathogen commence at 92 per cent RH and increases as the RH increases to 100 per cent. However, the maximum germination is only 60 per cent at 100 per cent RH. The fungus can be sub-cultured in the artificial medium successively four times beyond which the growth, sporulation and mortality of the treated grubs are affected. Hence after every 4 sub-culturing attenuated fungal spores and fungus have to be passed through the host grubs which restore the virulence in them. The hot insect body is the best substrate for storing the spores of the fungal pathogen. The different storage containers tried namely, glass conical flasks, butter paper  bags and gelatin capsules had no influence on viability of spores.'"
2183,2223,"'The effective inoculum dose of the fungal spores fixed earlier was test verified in six randomised , replicated trials with 100 grubs per replication by applying the spore inoculum to the farm yard manure. The results clearly  indicated the effectiveness of M.anisopliae in causing 100 per cent mortality of the grubs of O.rhinoceros at 34.4 x 10 4 spores per g of farm yard manure.'"
2184,2224,"'2. White muscardine fungus : Beaveria bassaiana This fungus infects a wide group of insects including leafhoppers, plant hoppers and caterpillars'"
2185,2225,"'The fungus can be mass multiplied in carrot broth medium  as described under green muscardine fungus. This fungus can be mass cultured in nutrient “Agar Medium” , nutrient broth  “ Potato dextrose Agar Medium ” or an other fungal culture medium.'"
2186,2226,"'Vereticillium lecanii ( Zimmerman ) Vieges (Moniliales , Moniliacae ) V. lecannii is the most common entomofungal pathogen in mandarin  growing areas of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. It is a key  mortality factor not only for Coccus viridis but also for Saissettia coffeae.'"
2187,2227,"'V. lecannii is the most common entomofungal pathogen in mandarin  growing areas of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. It is a key  mortality factor not only for Coccus viridis but also for Saissettia coffeae.'"
2188,2228,"'The pathogen can be cultured on crushed moist sorghum,/rice/maize grains or carrot broth. The  pure culture of the fungus  is maintained on potato dextrose agar medium/ standards maltose agar + 1 % yeast slants in tubes.'"
2189,2229,'After 10 days of suitable growth and sporulation at 26 0 C the fungus is suspended in sterile water + 0.1 % Tween – 80 under aseptic conditions and the conidial load is counted in the suspension (using modified Neauberg’s chamber) and adjusted to 10 6 / ml by adding sterile distilled water .'
2190,2230,'200 gms crushed grains are placed in 0.2 mm thick 250 gms capacity high density polythene bags and 190 ml water is added. The bags are heat sealed and autoclaved at 120 0 C for 45 minutes.'
2191,2231,'After cooling 5 ml fungus spore suspension  is added by cutting open one corner of bag under aseptic conditions (in a laminar flow chamber) . The opened area is released.'
2192,2232,"'Coconut water (40ml) obtained in 375 ml side –wise flat bottles plugged with cotton wool are sterilized in batches of 9-10 bottles in 12 litre pressure cooker for 15 minutes. The bottles inoculated with 1 ml spore suspension with the help of a previously boiled (for 30 min) injection syringe. Before inserting the needle within the sterile bottles for drawing spore suspension for inoculation. The needle of the syringe and the collar region of the bottles are flamed (over candle or glass burner or any lamp). The bottles are incubated resting on flat surface for 20 days or till the surface of the medium is fully covered by the olive green sporulated fungus. The whole culture is crushed thoroughly in a ordinary mixer and used in the field. From a single average sized coconut, 5 to 6 bottles of cultures can be made.'"
2193,2233,"'The fungus is applied in water suspension. The required quantity of spores are mixed with 0.05% sandovit. E. Technique For Mass Production of Spodoptera litura , Nuclear Poly Hedrosis  Virus (Sl NPV )'"
2194,2246,"'-Black cloth, -Khada cloth -Saw dust -0.025 % Sodium hypochlorite -Chick pea / groundnut seedlings -Bleaching powder -Coffee powder -Multivitamin syrup -10 % sucrose -Beaker 500 ml -Measuring cylinder -Egg laying chamber Procedure : 1. Release  10 males and 5 females at 2: 1 ratio in plastic containers and cover with thin black cloth . ( Female require multiple mating to lay fertile eggs ) . 2. To induce the moths to lay more eggs multivitamin syrup 2 drops + 10 % sucrose is given through cotton swabs 3. Daily collect the egg cloth after 3 rd day of copulation . Provide 25- 28 o C , 80- 90 % R.H during egg laying. A female lays 300 –700 eggs 4. Sterilize the egg cloth in 0.025 % sodium hypochlorite for ten seconds and immediately dip the egg cloth in distilled water in 3 different buckets having distilled water one by one  and then dry it in shade. 5. Raise chickpea or groundnut seedlings in a week interval and provide for feeding 6. Place newly hatched larvae on chickpea/groundnut seedlings along with egg cloth for one day or place 3-4 eggs in vials containing artificial diet 7. Pick young larvae and rear on bhendi vegetable individually in  penicillin vials to avoid cannibalism. 8. Daily change diet till pre pupal stage 9. Collect pre –pupae and allow for pupation in plastic container having saw dust 10. Pupae sterilization is done with the help of coffee filter by  dip method 11. Transfer the pupae inside the egg lying chamber by keeping them on a separate petri dish without lid.'"
2195,2247,'Materials required - Blender - Nucleus Ha- NPVsolution - Distilled water - Centrifuge - Beaker - Measuring cylinder - Bengal gram / Bhendi - Haemocytometer - Sticker'
2196,2234,"'The tobacco cutworm , Spodoptera litura attacks cultivated crops like cotton, tobacco, groundnut, tomato, chillies, sunflower and castor. Young larva feeds on the leaves by scraping and causes skeletonisation of leaves. Grownup larvae defoliates the leaves and also damages fruiting parts especially during the day time. The larva is pale greenish with dark markings. It damages the leaves by reducing them to papery structures initially which later becomes reddish brown patches. Then riddled with large irregular holes.'"
2197,2235,'Materials required : - Aluminium tray (50x 50x 4 cm) - Working table - Plastic tub (38 cm dia x 21 cm ht) - Beaker 250 ml - Measuring cylinder - Scissors - Forceps - Water pans - Honey - Virtamin E - Castor leaves - Black cloth - Cotton wool - Neerium leaves - Black chart paper - Cello tape - Rubber band'
2198,2236,'- Collect the adult moths from light traps . Allow 5 pairs inside a  plastic container close with muslin cloth . Provide sugar 10 % solution in a cotton swab as adult feed. . Provide  a castor leaf as an egg laying substrate.'
2199,2237,'-     Insert 4-5 fresh castor leaves along with cotton wool in 150 ml conical flask having water and then place a egg mass on leaves and keep the conical flask inside the plastic jar (16 cm dia x 20 cm ht) covering its mouth with black cloth.'
2200,2238,'- Allow 300 first instar larvae in a conical flask containing castor leaves . If it is second instar allow 200 larvae and if third instar 100 larvae are allowed'
2201,2239,"'- Place a newspaper in the bottom of the plastic tub ( 38 cm dia x 21 cm ht) , keep 10- 15 castor leaves with wet cotton , allow 50 fourth instar larvae and cover with black cloth. Do this till pre – pupal stage.'"
2202,2240,"'- Allow 25 pre –pupae for pupation . For pupation provide sand inside the bucket , when the larvae were 12-15 days old . Within 3-5 days adult will emerge'"
2203,2241,"'- Insert neerium leaves along with cotton wool in conical flask having water and keep it in a plastic jar, allow 10 pairs of adults  and cover  with black cloth, provide diet through cotton swabs.'"
2204,2252,'Counting of POB is done with the help of haemocytometer and a microscope . The concentration of POB is assessed as follows : 1) The POB in 80 randomly selected small sqares of  1/400 m 2 are counted.'
2205,2253,'Problem :- No. of POB/s /25 squares = 100 Therefore No. of POB’s /ml = x/25 x 400 x 100 x 10 x 1000 = 4x / 25 x 10 8'
2206,2242,"'NPV : - In the initial stage of infection, the larvae  show symptoms like cessation of feeding , sluggishness and colour change. In advanced stage, they become flaccid, white fluid exudes from the ruptured skin and larva dies. Some of the diseased larvae found hanging downwards from the plants. The virus consists of polyhedral inclusion bodies inside which the virions or virus rods are embedded. Soon after the entry of the larval gut , the liberated virions pass through midgut cells, enters the haemocoel and infect the nuclei of cells of different parts i.e., fat bodies, brain, gonads etc.,'"
2207,2243,'#NAME?'
2208,2244,"'- Collect 3 rd instar larvae - Prepare 1x 10 8 POB /ml NPV suspension or dilute solution  in plastic tub and add sticking agent. Dry the leaves in shade - Provide this leaves to starved larvae - Repeat twice after 24 hours , 4 days after inoculation , disease symptoms  start to appear and larvae will die within a week - Take 250 ml conical flask, add 150 ml distilled water, 100 diseased larvae in it and tighten the mouth with cotton and  keep the flask for 15 days for putrefication - Blend the solution for homogenization and filter through muslin cloth - Centrifuge the filtrate for 5 minutes at 500 rpm - Collect the supernatant and again centrifuge at 4000 rpm for 30 minutes - Collect sediment with distilled  water and keep  in glass bottle - Store in refrigerator until use - Field Use : Dosage : 450 LE /ha two to three times at 10-15 days interval. Use 0.05 % Teepol as the sticking agent . Use high volume sprayer and spray in the evening hours.'"
2209,2245,"'Identification larva : The larva is green with dark brown grey lines and with dark and pale bands. It shows colour variation  - greenish to brown colour . The larva feeds on the boll by thrusting their heads alone inside. Bolls show irregular , circular bore holes and presence of granular faecal pellets outside the bore-hole.'"
2210,2254,'(Dx X ) / Nx K D – Dilution factor X _ Total number of polyhedral counted N_ No. of small squares counted _ 16x 5 = 80 x 2 = 160 K- volume above one small square in cm 3'
2211,2255,'= 16 x 10 8 = 1.6 x 10 9 but 1 LE = 6 x 10 9 so number of LE in 1.6 x 10 9 =          1.6 x 10 9 --------------- 6x 10 9'
2212,2256,'Bracon brevicornis  ( Braconidae : Hymenoptera) It is a larval parasitoid on Opisina arenosella and Helicoverpa armigera . For rearing Bracon 40 days old Corcyra larvae are used. Bracon  kirkpatrichi is the parasitoid on spotted bollworm in cotton. Bracon greni is parasitised on 2 nd and 4 th instar of pink bollworm.'
2213,2248,'� Prepare  bhendi vegetable for larval feed � Pour 2-3 drops of  Ha NPV suspension in the pencillin vial and feed to the larvae � Repeat the inoculation process twice after 24 hours � Within 4 days disease symptoms appear and larvae die within a week � Take the diseased larvae in distilled water � Keep the flask for 15 days for putrefaction. Filter the solution through muslin cloth � Centrifuge the filtrate   for 5 minutes at 500 rpm � Collect the supernatant and again centrifuge for 30 minutes at 4000 rpm � Collect the sediment with distilled water and keep it in glass  container � Store the pure Ha- NPV in refrigerator until use'
2214,2249,'Spodoptera litura -'
2215,2250,"'Haemocytometer is used for counting POB’s of Spodoptera litura , NPV . Virus suspension is preaprd by adding  0.1 ml in 9.9 ml  of water , which is 100 times dilution.'"
2216,2251,"'One ml of diluted viral suspension is to be released in the “H” shaped constriction without over flowing. Before letting the solution the,  “H “ shaped constriction must be covered with cover slip. Then this should be  focussed under microscope. The number of virus particles in each square is to be counted. The counting can be done in 25 small  squares. There may be viral particles on the lines, the particle on top and left side can be taken for counting. Then the strength of the viral suspension is to be  found using the formula'"
2217,2257,"'Rearing of B.brevicornis Two mated female Bracon aduts are released to each Corcyra larva through the narrow end of the chimney which is closed with anther muslin cloth. After 3-4  hours the parasitised larvae are transferred to container having folder paper. The female Bracon lays about 8- 12 eggs on the ventral side of the larvae and egg hatches about 28-30 hours. The larval period lasts for 3-4 days, pupal period lasts for 2- 8 days. Life cycle is completed in 7-9 days. B. brevicornis is released @ 10 adults / tree.'"
2218,2258,"'Larval rearing : It is to be done in GI round basins (28 cm dia ) at 250 larvae /basin covered with khada cloth . The eggs of Corcyra cephlonica are  given as feeding material for the larvae in the laboratory. For rearing 500 Chrysoperla larvae the total quantity of Corcyra eggs required is 25 CC at the rate of 5.0 CC / feeding for 5 feedings in alternate days. The Chrysoperla larvae pupated into round white coloured silken cocoon  in 10 days. The cocoons are  collected with fine brush and transferred into a one litre plastic containers with wire mesh window for emergence of adults. From the cocoons, pale green colored adults with transparent lace like wings emerge in 9-10 days.'"
2219,2262,"'The adults of any host or parasitoid is very important, since it is at the stage the eggs are laid and the generation is replenished. Adult should  have a good reproductive capacity through out their life span whether it may be host insect or parasitoid or predator. Since their natural food source cannot be provided as such it is essential that an alternative source of adult food is provided to boost their vigour.'"
2220,2259,"'Adult rearing : The adults are collected daily and transferred to pneumatic trough (30 cm x 12 cm ) or GI round troughs. Before allowing the adults , the rearing troughs are wrapped inside with brown sheet which act as egg receiving card. About 250 adults (60 % female ) are  allowed into each trough and covered with white nylon or georgette cloth secured by rubber band. On the cloth outside three bits of foam sponge (2 sq.in) dipped in water are kept. Besides an artificial protein rich diet is provided in semi solid paste form in three spots on the cloth outside. This diet consists of 1 part of yeast powder, one part of fructose, one part of honey and one part of protein. Water is mixed to make it as a paste . The adults feed the food and lay eggs in the brown sheet. The adults are collected daily and allowed into fresh rearing troughs with fresh food. From the old troughs, the brown sheets along with Chrysoperla eggs are removed.'"
2221,2260,'Storage and Destalking of eggs : The brown paper sheets with eggs are stored at  10 0 c in B.O.D incubator or refrigerator for about 21 days . When the eggs are required for culturing or for field release the egg sheet will be  kept at room temperature for a day. The eggs  will turn into brown colour and hatch on the third day. The first instar larvae are either taken for culture tray for recycling or for field release.'
2222,2261,"'Field release of Chrysoperla : The first instar larvae of Chrysoperla are released in cotton, groundnut fields at 50,000 to 1,00,000 /ha for 3-5 times at 10 days intervals to control aphids, white flies, Spodoptera , Helicoverpa , pink boll worms, thrips and mites. The larvae are taken in plastic containers containing a small quantity (1-2 CC) of Corcyra eggs and loose paper strips. The paper strips along with the larvae sticking on them were dropped in the field at random while walking across the fields.'"
2223,2263,'Adult food : The adult moth needs to be provided with honey solution at a concentration of 50 % added with Vit E @ 1 capsule /20 ml of 50 % honey to boost the vigour of the adult and to get greater quantity of healthy eggs .'
2224,2264,'Adult food : - Normally Trichogramma adults are fed with honey in cotton swab which causes entangling of adults in the cotton lint. To avoid this a better adult feeding technique was developed.'
2225,2265,'Method : A thick mylar film sheet with holes of 1 cm apart in dotted lines are made with a sewing machine is cut into small bits (7 x 6 cm) . Honey solution is streaked on the smooth side with a camel brush . This sheet is folded and stapled in such a way that honey surface inside  and the adults suck the honey through the holes from the eruptive surface.'
2226,2266,'3. Predator Chrysoperla carnea : The lab reared adult Chrysoperla is provided with a semi synthetic diet nutrient consisting of Proteinex 1 part Fructose  1 part Honey     1 part Yeast      1 part  and a small quantity of water'
2227,2267,'Method : The nutrient mixture is applied as a streak on the georgette cloth of the adult oviposition cage . The adult feed from inside the cage sucking  through the cloth. Water is also provided through soaked sponge placed over the same georgette cloth cover of the adult oviposition cage.'
2228,2268,'Environment : The optimum condition for the reproduction of Chrysoperla carnea are 20 0 C  temperature ad 80 % RH . Reproduction is maximum in  a day length of 15- 17 hrs depending upon the ambient temperature.'
2229,2269,"'Quality control is a pre requisite for the ultimate success of bio-pesticides . The possible defective manufacture , contamination , poor storage conditions. Impurities , inefficient strains , improper formulation etc., will affect the efficiency of bio-pesticides. So the interest of the farmers is lost  and the net result  the technology development will be futile. Hence the adequate  standards should be established to ensure the quality attributes of the bio –pesticides so that the interest of the framers are safegaurded. The following standards are adapted for the various bio-pesticides.'"
2230,2270,'Package Characteristics : 1. It  should be packed primarily   in  Aluminium or low density polythene container . The cap should be sealed by blister packing . 2. The secondary packing should be either a paper board packing or simply the container itself. 3. The volume of suspension should be 1000 ml'
2231,2271,'1. It  should be packed primarily   in  Aluminium or low density polythene container . The cap should be sealed by blister packing . 2. The secondary packing should be either a paper board packing or simply the container itself. 3. The volume of suspension should be 1000 ml'
2232,2272,"'The POB should be suspended in  sterile  distilled water and it should be 3 x 10 9 POB.Off odour of the content should be kept at the minimum level Bio-efficacy : The mean per cent mortality of second instar larvae of Helicoverpa armigera to a dose of 2 x 10 6 POB /ml by a exposed leaf tip method , should  produce a mortality ranging from 90 – 100  per cent for aqueous solution.'"
2233,2273,"'Bio-efficacy : The mean per cent mortality of second instar larvae of Helicoverpa armigera to a dose of 2 x 10 6 POB /ml by a exposed leaf tip method , should  produce a mortality ranging from 90 – 100  per cent for aqueous solution.'"
2234,2277,"'Tier I Test :- 1. Package characteristic:     As in the Ha NPV 2.Weight of formulation   :             ‘’ 3.Content of POB :                         ‘’ 4.Bio-efficacy test :     Type methodology as in Helicoverpa NPV . Instead of chickpea , castor leaves are used/. The test dose is 4 x 10 6 POB/ ml 5.The results of the bio-  assay against 2 nd instar should give a mortality of 90-100 per cent in 5- 7 days at the test dose  of 4 x 10 6 POB/ml .'"
2235,2278,'Tier II Tests : As in case of Ha NPV  WP formulation. The bio-efficacy test in Tier II should be conducted by castor ; leaf disc method against 2 nd instar. The Lc 50 should fall within a range of 3.0 – 4.0 POB/mm 2 .'
2236,2279,"'Tier I Test : 1.The total No. of  eggs / CC for Corcyra by volume should range from 16,000 – 18,000 2. Sampling method to be adopted – Random Size of the card including area for label and   other details = 20 x 30 cmm = 600 cm 2 No. of Grids = 30 Area of each grid = 7 x 2 cm = 14 cm 2 Total No. of eggs / cm 2 to be accommodated = 96,000 – 1,08,000 Mean number of egg / cm 2 of the card in the grid area excluding area for labeling = 200 – 250 Number of counts/ card of size 20 x 30 cm to be taken No. of parasitised eggs = 12 • 3-4 days old parasitised egg card has to be selected for examination • count the number of eggs and eggs  parasitised in an area  by 1 cm 2 • Per card of size 20 x 30 cm count randomly in 12 positions • Repeat the process for three different cards of same age • Express the per cent parasitisation . The result should fall in range of 85-90 per cent.'"
2237,2287,'Refrigerator @ 10 % depreciation Rs 720/= UV lamp box @ 20 % Rs 240/= Exhaust fan @ 5 % depreciation Rs 405 Table and chair @ 3 % Rs 36/= Iron stand @ 5 % ( 20 yr life period ) Rs 2160 /= Iron netted doors @ 2 % Rs 65.50 Depreciation for trays  (15 yrs ) Rs 2700/= Glass wares  50 % Rs. 60/='
2238,2288,'Khada cloth 2.25 sq.ft /basin  @ Re1/basin Rs 900/= Specimen tube 20 tubes @ Rs 4/= /tube Rs 80/= east tablets 1 kg Rs 80/= 4.5 kg / yr Rs 1440/= Rubber band  /twine Rs 30/= Groundnut kernel powder @ 100 g .bed Rs 3600/='
2239,2280,"'2. Sampling method to be adopted – Random Size of the card including area for label and   other details = 20 x 30 cmm = 600 cm 2 No. of Grids = 30 Area of each grid = 7 x 2 cm = 14 cm 2 Total No. of eggs / cm 2 to be accommodated = 96,000 – 1,08,000 Mean number of egg / cm 2 of the card in the grid area excluding area for labeling = 200 – 250 Number of counts/ card of size 20 x 30 cm to be taken No. of parasitised eggs = 12 • 3-4 days old parasitised egg card has to be selected for examination • count the number of eggs and eggs  parasitised in an area  by 1 cm 2 • Per card of size 20 x 30 cm count randomly in 12 positions • Repeat the process for three different cards of same age • Express the per cent parasitisation . The result should fall in range of 85-90 per cent.'"
2240,2281,'Per cent adult emergence : • Cut egg card with a surface area of 1 cm 2 in the above • Put the cards individually in 25 ml screw cap vials and label. • Watch out for adult emergence • Work out the per cent adult emergence from the parasitised eggs'
2241,2282,'sex ratio :  The sex ratio  should be 1 :1 to 1 : 5 (male : female) . Select at random card with an area of 1 cm 2 in triplicate after emergence of adult. Anesthetize with co 2 and characterize the sex as male or female . Express the  results as ratio.'
2242,2283,'Parasitism potential :- Allow the parasitoids from the sampled colony at the ratio 1 : 6 to a fresh batch of eggs and watch out for the parasite potential. The results should yield a parasitic potential of 85-95 % .'
2243,2290,'Absorbent cotton Rs 30 x 4 Rs 120 /= Chart paper 5400 charts Rs 1.50 . chart Rs 8900/= Mylar film strips @ Rs 8/ sheet Rs. 8/= Gem clips / box Rs 5/= Plastic cover (100 gauge ) 2400 sheets Rs 648/= Stapler pin box @ Rs 5/box Rs 40/= Other miscellaneous cost Rs 3000/='
2244,2291,"'Electricity charges For exhaust fan 402 units Rs 704 Other electric charges Rs 1004 x 12 Rs 12,048 Telephone charges Rs 300 / 2 months Rs 1800/= Transport charges @ Rs 50 / day 1500 x 12 Rs 18000'"
2245,2292,"'Income :- Corcyra egg production is about 15 CC / basin  900 x 15 x 4 = Rs 10/= Total income from parasitised egg Rs 5400 x 10  = 5,40,000'"
2246,2293,"'Disposal of cumbu @ 1000 /tonne = Rs 8000 Capital investment Rs 5,41, 925 Fixed cost Rs 23,946.50 Interest on fixed capital @ 14 % annum = 56, 479/= Total variable cost Rs 1,56,848'"
2247,2294,"'Inference: Hence it is clear that setting up  Bio - control agents production centre is profitable . The BCR is 2.3 and net profit is Rs 3,10, 727 / per annum.'"
2248,2295,"'Today we practice the modern tecnologies , but these technologies have serious repercussions . The chemicals based agriculture diverted the environments mostly unhealthy. Serious environment hazards like pollution , bio-magnification , increased rsidues of pesticides , pests developing tolerance to a spectrum of insecticides etc., cropped up. Conventional methods as a result had to give way to integrated approach . Our search for other means has yielded valuable resources. Viz., the insect pathogenic viruses. To-day , they are used widely on a variety of crops in IPM approach.'"
2249,2296,"'Rice : Release of 1 lakh of parasitsed eggs of Trichogramma japonicum against stemborer and T.chilonis against laffolder 1 lakh/ha at weekly intervals starting from the appearance of 2-5 moths in light trap or around 30 days after planting whichever is early six to eight releases may be made at weekly intervals depending upon the availability of host eggs in the field. Cut the parasitised “Tricho cards “ into equal bits and release the parasitoids by stapling individual cardbits in to the leaves in the middle region of each sub-plot of 125 sq. m area every week.  Collect one egg mass/ subplot  at weekly intervals , starting from 30 th to 50 th DAT and again from 80 th to 110 th DAT . Collect the egg masses on the observation dates , bring them to laboratory, record all the emerged parasitoids and work out per cent parasitism due to different parasitoids .'"
2250,2297,'Cotton : Release of T. chilonis @ 1 lakh / ha / release starting form  70 th day after sowing at weekly intervals or based on the moths caught in the light traps or pheromone traps . So that Trichogramma release will help to synchornise the egg stage of the pest and the parasitoid to lay eggs. The number of release 8-10 may be decided based on the moths activity / intensity of damage by the bollworms. Collect the 125 eggs / ha at 10 days interval and observe the parasitism .'
2251,2298,'Pulses :    Place 1 lakh egg parasitoids of T. chilonis / ha by stapling egg card bits on the lower side of the leaf at 50 % of the crop flowers or the first moth is  trapped in the pheromone trap. Impose the treatment in the evening or morning hours and repeat the treatment 5 times at 10 days interval. Record the number of eggs and parasitised eggs by examiming the eggs collected at each count and work out the per cent parasitism.'
2252,2299,"'Sugarcane : Six releases of  2.5 C C of parasitised eggs of T. chilonis at 15 days interval starting from 4 th month after planting or early , depending upon the availability of eggs of internode borer or after  the appearance of the pest is to be made. After  each release , the  egg cards of the host insect at 10 spots containing 100 eggs / card and retrieve after 2 days  Bring the parasitised card with host eggs to the laboratory and record the per cent parasitism by T. chilonis .'"
2253,2300,'Helicoverpa armigera : The application of NPV depends on the crop and the stage of the crop. With low crop canopy the dose administered is less. When the pest occurs in as a foliage feeder the dose required is also less on crops like cotton the pest preferentially feeds on the fruiting parts. Under such situations higher dosages are needed. To protect the virus from unfavourable conditions numerous adjuvants are advocated . The steps involved are :'
2254,2301,'Crop Recommendation Chickpea    NPV 250 LE /ha + crude sugar 2.5 kg /ha Pigeon pea  NPV 250 LE /ha + crude sugar 2.5 kg /ha Groundnut  NPV 250 LE /ha + crude sugar 2.5 kg /ha Sunflower  NPV 250 LE /ha + crude sugar 2.5 kg /ha Cotton NPV 500 LE /ha + NSKE 10 % + Glycerol + egg white + ranipal + teepol 1 %'
2255,2302,'Spodoptera litura NPV :- Unlike Helicoverpa here 250 LE /ha is applied  along with 2.5 kg of crude sugar . The application technique is similar to that of the H.armigera .'
2256,2357,"'```mermaid\ngraph TD\n  A[BAGASSE] -->|PITH (BRIQUETTES)| B[FACTORY FOR FUEL NEED]\n  A -->|FIBRE| C[PAPER MILL FOR PAPER & PULP]\n  A -->|ASH| D[ASH PRODUCTS]\n  A -->|MOLASSES| E[SUGAR MILL BYPRODUCTS]\n  E -->|ALCOHOL, CHEMICALS| F[ALCOHOL, CHEMICALS]\n  E -->|WAX| G[WAX]\n  E -->|SULPHATION| H[MANURE]\n  E -->|CARBONATION| I[BUILDING MATERIALS]\n  J[RICE HUSK] -->|ENERGY PELLETING, PARBOILING, MILLING BRAN OIL EXTRACTION| K[RICE MILL BYPRODUCTS]\n  J -->|ASH (PRODUCTS)| L[ASH PRODUCTS]\n  J -->|SILICA| M[SODIUM SILICATE, GLASS & CERAMICS, SILICA GEL]\n  N[RICE BRAN] -->|BRAN OIL (PRODUCTS)| O[BRAN OIL PRODUCTS]\n  N -->|PHOSPHATIDES| P[PHOSPHATIDES]\n  N -->|DEOILED BRAN| Q[ANIMAL FEED-FACTORY]\n```'"
2257,2358,"'The image contains four different certification seals or logos, each representing some form of organic or environmental certification. The first logo at the top includes a leaf and a checkmark. The second logo has a green hexagon shape with the word \'BIO\' in the center. The third logo features a graphic of a hand holding soil with a plant growing from it. The fourth logo at the bottom includes a red maple leaf in the center with a green circular border.'"
2258,2359,"'RBI/2017-18/4 FIDD.CO.FSD.BC.No.7/05.05.010/2017-18                                                                  July 3, 2017 The Chairman / Managing Director /Chief Executive Officer All Scheduled Commercial Banks (including Small Finance Banks and excluding RRBs) Madam/Sir,'"
2259,2400,'4. Protect against harmful insects during storage. So that the legumes do not get spoiled during storage.'
2260,1001,'# / Table of Contents 3Cr. No. Part - Kharif / Rabi Foodgrains4. Improved Rice Cultivation 02. . Improved cultivation of hybrid paddy 293. Improved cultivation of wheat 334. . Advanced Barley Cultivation 55. Advanced Sugarcane Cultivation 7 Kharif / Rabi Pulses 6. Advanced Tur Cultivation 757. Improved Cultivation of Moong 88. . Advanced Cultivation of Urdh 869. Advanced Cultivation of Lobia 9040. Advanced Cultivation of Gram 9244. Improved pea cultivation 9842. . Improved lentil cultivation 403 Kharif / Rabi oilseeds 43. Improved groundnut cultivation 40744. Improved Soybean Cultivation 44445. Advanced Sesame Cultivation 44546. Improved cultivation of Toria 44747. Improved cultivation of Mustard 42048. Improved cultivation of Linseed 42549. Improved cultivation of safflower 429 Kharif / Rabi / Zaid crops 20. Improved cultivation of Kharif Maize 43424. . Advanced cultivation of millets 43822. . Advanced cultivation of sorghum 44223. Advanced Snake Farming 44624. . Advanced cultivation of Ragi (Maduva) 44925. . Advanced Crop Cultivation of Paddy 45326. Advanced Cultivation of Cotton 45627. Advanced Cultivation of Moong 46528 in Zayed. Advanced Cultivation of Urd in Zayed 47029. Advanced cultivation of sunflower in Zayed 473'
2261,1003,'66.67.68.69.70.74.72.73.74.75.76.77.78.79.80.84.82.83.84.85.86.8.88.89.90.94.92.विषयभाग-2 (Innovative) Advanced Dragon Fruit Cultivation Apple Ber Advanced Strawberry Cultivation Pineapple Cultivation Vegetable Cultivation Black Rice Cultivation Name Paddy Modern Cultivation Wheat Cultivation Cultivation Kadaknath Kukkut Farming Commercial Quail Farming Fish Farming by Recirculation Aquaculture System (RAS) Forestry Co-operation: Natural Medicine Repository Shishimsagaun * 3 Bocciucalyptospolar Jatropha Cultivation Integrated Pesticide Management (IPM) Crop Residue Management Improvement'
2262,1033,"'Kharif / Kharif / Rabi Foodgrains Rice is one of the three important food crops of the world. It is the staple food of 2. 7 billion people. It is cultivated on about 450 million hectares in the world and 435 million hectares in Asia. Paddy is cultivated on about 44 million hectares in India and about 5. 9 million hectares in Uttar Pradesh under various conditions: irrigated, non-irrigated, inundated, non-irrigated, and flood-prone areas. There is a need to emphasize on the development of high-yielding hybrid varieties of rice for different conditions, namely, suitable irrigated and heterogeneous conditions. The first hybrid development programme started in China in 4964. Hybrid paddy is being cultivated in more than of area. Details of major hybrids are given in the table below. Hybrid paddy is cultivated in the same way as normal varieties. Trials have shown that hybrids yield 40-42 kuntal \'hectares\' more than normal varieties because they have a higher number of hairs and reticulate granules per plant and are suitable for heterogeneous conditions. It is known that hybrids are developed by the combination of male and female of two species with different genetic traits, in which the seed of the first generation is used as the new variety, because the first generation has a unique ooze capacity, which is able to give a higher yield than the best common varieties. Note that in the next generation, due to the disintegration of their combined qualities, the ooze capacity is greatly increased and the yield is reduced. As a result, hybrid seed farmers have to buy every year. Table 4: Major Hybrids and Properties of Paddy: S. Average yield of hybrid / period (day) Kuntal \'H.No. Developed year 4. KRH-2 (996) 30-35 74.002. . Pant hybrid paddy-4 (997) 445-20 68.003. . Narendra hybrid paddy-2 (998) 425-30 64.504. .PHB-7] (997) 430-35 78.605. Pro Agro-6204 (2000) Arise 425-30 64.806. Pro Agro-6444 (200) Arise 35-40 64.07. Saava-427 440-445 50.008. .PAC 835,837 420-30 65.009. . Pusa RH-0 (200) + 420-25 43.5040. Ganga * 425-30 56.40 29'"
2263,2410,"'* Yes. . \' 5. . \' #क0षि07 |! 1]. . \' . \' . \' 5! Maize is the second most important crop grown after wheat in Uttar Pradesh by natural means. It is a multi-purpose crop. Because it is a major component of human and animal diets, it is also important from an industrial point of view. Corn is rich in carbohydrates, proteins, and vitamins. Maize is a good source of energy for the body. Maize is rich in minerals essential for the body such as phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, zinc, copper, iron, etc. Maize can be grown in the state in all three seasons, Kharif (June to July), Rabi (October to November) and Zaid (February to March). About 2. 00 lakh hectares have been cultivated in the state in the year 2022. During which about 45 lakh metric tons of maize has been produced. For land selection-natural farming, special care should be taken as to how much organic carbon is in the soil of the land where natural farming is being done in the first year, that is, the soil whose organic carbon is more than 0. 3 should be used for natural farming in the first year. Otherwise, the crop yield decreases. Fossil percentage should be taken care of while adopting natural farming.'"
2264,1002,'30.34.32.33.34.35.36.37.36.39.40.44.42.43.44.45.46.47.48.49.50.54.52.53.54.55.56.57.58.59.60.64.62.63.64.65. 5. (4) Cultivation of Vegetables and Fruit Cultivation Advanced Cultivation of Mango Cultivation Advanced Cultivation of Brinjal Cultivation Advanced Cultivation of Cauliflower Cultivation Advanced Cultivation of Cabbage / Leaf Cauliflower Cultivation Advanced Cultivation of Pea Cultivation Advanced Technique and Processing of Pulses Cultivation Advanced Cultivation of Mango Cultivation Advanced Cultivation of Apricot Cultivation Advanced Cultivation of Vegetables Cultivation Advanced Cultivation of Medicinal Crops and Flowers World Aroma Advanced Cultivation Advanced Cultivation of Mustard Cultivation Advanced Cultivation Advanced Cultivation of Sericulture 7748048248548949 | 4934959749920 | 205207209240244243243245247248220224Shah230234235237243246253264264266268270273'
2265,1011,"'Kharif / Kharif Kharif / Rabi foodgrains 6F890. Usar paddy-Usar paddy-Usar paddy-CSR-0Narendra-2008CSR-30CSR-30CSR-36CSR-43CSR-3Usar paddy-3. Usar paddy-Narendra Usar paddy-2Narendra paddy-3CSR-0CSR-0Narendra Usar dhan-2008Narendra Usar dhan-2009Narendra Usar dhan-2009Narendra Usar dhan-2009Usar dhan-2009. CSR-0Narendra Uradhan-2008Narendra Uradhan-2008Narendra Uradhan-2009C. SR-36CSR-43CSR-3CSR-0Usar Paddy-2,3Narendra Usar Paddy-2008Narendra Usar Paddy-2009Usar Paddy-Usar Paddy. CSR-0. Narendra User Paddy-2Narendra User CSR-2008Narendra User Narendra User Paddy-2008Narendra User Paddy-2009Narendra User Paddy-2009MahsooriMahsooriSona. - Mahsuri Mahsuri Jal Lahari Jal Lahari-NDR-8002NDR-8002Narendra Narayani Narendra Jalpushpanrendra Mayankasvarna Sub. . All the gold. . (Suitable for water logging for less than 75 days) Chakia-59 Chakia-59 > Jalpriya Jalpriyajal Nidhi Jal Nidhi Rajal Magan Jal Magandhukar Madhukar - Flood Barrier Flood Barrier Swarna Sub-. All the gold. 07'"
2266,1071,"'Kharif / Kharif Kharif / Rabi foodgrains 2. Dry sugarcane leaves should be cut and separated 3. Under Integrated Pest Management, 40 cards of Trichogramma ceylonis per hectare. At an interval of 45 days at the rate of 4. One of the following insecticides should be used for chemical control. 5. Monocrotophos 36% SL2L. It is per. 800-4000 li. It should be dissolved in water and sprayed. Or 6. Chlorpyrifos 20% e.c. 4. 5 L. / Hey. 800-4000 li. Spraying should be done by dissolving in water. Or 7. Carbofuran 3% cg 30 kg. / Hey. should be covered at the rate of Rs. Gurdaspur pest: The infestation of this pest occurs from July to October. The caterpillar enters the second or third bud from the top and starts making a spiral cut inside like a spring. The buds become hollow from inside and get separated by setting strong wind blows. Prevention: 4. Infected plants should be cut and destroyed in the gregarious stage from July to October. 2. Teeth should be removed from the field after harvesting and burnt. 3. Trichogramma ceylonis parasites 50000 / ha. Transplantation at the rate of is found to reduce the pest infestation. 6. Black stick: The adult insects are black in colour and are most active on sugarcane stalks during the summer season (April to June). The infested crop appears yellow from a distance. Care should be taken while spraying. Prevent: Take any one of the following insecticides 625 on an infested crop in summer. Dissolve in water and sprinkle one or two - 4. Chlorpyrifos 4. 5 l. / Hey. 800-4000 li. Sprinkling should be done by dissolving in water. Or 2. Quinalphas 45 l. \'Hey. 800-4000 li. It should be dissolved in water and sprayed. Pyrilla: This insect is light brown in color with a length of 40 - 42 mm. It is long. Its tip is long and beak-like. Its young and young suck the juice from the sugarcane leaf and cause damage. Prevention: 4. Egg clusters should be removed and destroyed. 67'"
2267,2384,'Coconut yield and benefits: Natural farming of coconuts yields 43-44 quintals / hectare in the first year and about in the second year. 8-20 quintals / hectare and the third year yields about 20% more of the second year's output. While about 30-40 quintals of dry fodder is available. Benefits: Regular consumption of 0 kodo provides relief from blood pressure and heart diseases. 0 kodo helps in relieving harmful symptoms apart from maintaining abdominal moisture. 0 lecithin present in it increases the blood circulation in the veins. The 0 cod contains a good amount of phytochemicals such as phytic acid. Which reduces the chances of cancer growth. Harvest and Harvest: The crop should be harvested by the end of October. The crop must be harvested from the ground. Then it should be bundled for a week and left to dry.'
2268,1075,"'Kharif / Kharif Kharif / Rabi food grains2. Increases soil fertility, water holding capacity and aeration. 3. Different nutrients become available and are easily absorbed by the plants. 4. Use of chemical fertilizers / pesticides reduces atmospheric pollution. 56 There is an increase in yield. Organic materials based on agriculture are recycled. The use and importance of biofertilizers in the sugarcane crop As a result of the inclusion of improved varieties in sugarcane cultivation and intensive cultivation, adequate amounts of different nutrients are required to nourish the crops, which are supplied by the farmers only through chemical fertilizers. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers adversely affects the physical and chemical properties of the soil. At the same time, due to the ever-increasing price of chemical fertilizers, farmers are not able to use nutrients according to the demand of the crops, which also affects the crop yield. Nitrogen-supplementing biofertilizers (nitrogen fixation bacteria) 4. Azotobacter 2. Azospirillum 3. About 78% of nitrogen is available in the atmosphere but cannot be absorbed directly by plants due to its unavailability. Nitrogen fixation is done by bacteria by converting atmospheric nitrogen into nitrate, which is easily absorbed by plants. Phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB): Plants use only 40-45% of the amount of phosphorus given to the crop in the first year. Even in the second year, only 8-40 percent is used. The rest settles in the soil. Phosphatosalubilizing bacteria solubilize the unavailable phosphorus and convert it to the available state, which is easily absorbed by the plants. Thus, its use increases the phosphorus availability by 20 to 25%. The major phosphorus solvent bacteria are as follows - 4. Bacillus megaterium 2. Pseudomonas striata 3. Bacillus polymixa 4. Aspergillus evamori. Method of application of biofertilizers: Sugarcane: After 45 days of sowing, biofertilizer nitrogen fixation / phosphate solubilizing at 5. 0 kg. / Hey. at the rate of 400 kg. The cow dung or compost should be mixed with manure and scattered in rows of sugarcane to make a soft dough. Moisture in the field is very important when using biofertilizers. Precautions: 4. The biofertilizer should be kept in a dry cool place away from sunlight. 2. The biofertilizer should be used before the last validity date as per the recommended quantity.'"
2269,1004,'Subject No. No. 93. Biofertilizers 36094. Organic Farming 36495. Coarse Crops 36596. Food Processing and Value Addition 37397. Farmer Producer Organizations (70) 37698. Improving Farm Machinery 38499. Ten Sources of Diesel Savings in Tractors 388400. Low-Cost Farming Techniques 394404. Hydroponic Farming 393402. Nanofertilizers 396403. Composting with Parthenium (Carrot Grass) 399404. List of Prohibited and Prohibited Chemicals 402405. Percentage of Major Chemical Fertilizers and their Coefficients 404406.'
2270,1017,"'Kharif / Kharif Kharif / Rabi Foodgrains Institute Name Notification No. & Dated4566 (E) - 05.44.20052547 (E) - 29.40.200844. Vallabh Basmati Sardar Vallabhbhai & Technology 2487 (E) - 27.08.2009विश्वविद्यालय, Modipurampusa Basmati 6 (Pusa 4404 Rice Institute, New Delhi 733 (E) - 04.04.2040पंजाब Basmati Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana Basmati CSR 30 Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal after amendment, Haryana Basmati Dhan 40-9 Hindu University, Varanasi, 4669) Basmati 24 (IET 49493). Sardar Vallabhbhai Agriculture & Technology 2847 (E) - < ID'"
2271,1005,"'Advanced cultivation of Kharif / Kharif Kharif / Rabi foodgrains Paddy is the major crop of the state in Kharif. It is the largest area sown / sown and has great potential to increase productivity |यह. To achieve higher rice yields, the following factors must be taken into consideration: |2. Select the recommended varieties of paddy according to local conditions such as regional climate, soil, irrigation facilities, water logging, and suitability for sowing and transplanting. |मृदा Sow pure, certified and researched seeds |मृदा On a trial basis, timely and recommended quantities of balanced fertilizers, organic manure, and green manure. Make good use of the available irrigation potential by timely sowing / transplanting. The number of plants per unit area should be ensured. |कीट Disease and weed control should be done. |कम The ratio of fertilizers should be kept 2: 4: 4 even in the case of fertilizer availability. |4 Preparation of the field should be done by ploughing 2 - 3 after ploughing the land. At the same time, the farm should be made strong so that rainwater can be stored in the field for a long time. If green manure is being taken then phosphorus should be used along with its sowing. Irrigate the field a week before sowing / transplanting paddy so that weeds grow. Volume per hectare 60-75 kg. Mix rotten cow dung manure, sprinkle with lukewarm water and leave it in shade for 8-0 days, then add it to the fields at the time of last mowing to protect them from pests such as termites, white weeds, nematodes, root bugs, cutworms, etc. Volume per hectare 60-75 kg. After sprinkling light water mixed with cow dung manure and keeping it in shade for 8-40 days, the land should be tilled at the last ploughing before sowing. P749AF #े 3. Rice cultivation in the region is done by direct sowing and transplanting in non-irrigated and irrigated conditions. The recommended varieties of paddy for different climatic zones and conditions of the state are mentioned in Table-4. The qualities and characteristics of the main varieties are also listed in Table-2. 04'"
2272,2396,"'2. Spray 3 - 4 litres of Agni Shastra mixed with 250 litres of water per hectare to prevent termite infestation. 3. Use 3 - 7 litres of Dashaparni ak in 250 litres of water with 4 - 5 litres of Agni Shastra and 4 - 5 litres of Brahmastra to control sap-sucking insects (honey bee, thistles, and whitefly).'"
2273,2462,"'(ii)  Term loan component :  1st Year : Cost of   1 +1  Dairy Unit  :  ₹ 1,00,000  : Purchase of Tractor  :  ₹ 6,00,000  Total term loan amount                                        ….(B)   ₹ 7,00,000  Maximum Permissible Limit /   :  Kisan Credit Card Limit (A) +(B)  ₹ 11,09,000    Drawing Limit will be reduced every year based on repayment schedule of the term loan(s) availed and withdrawals will be allowed up to the drawing limit.'"
2274,1006,"'......................................... food grains. Table - Different climates, regions, conditions, and geographical regions of Uttar Pradesh Bhawar and Terai Western Plains Central Western Region Plains Saharanpur, Bijnor Ganga, Bijnor of Jamuna Doab, Moradabad, Situation Rampur, Moradabad District Saharanpur Rampur, Bareilly, Pilibhit, Bareilly Muzaffarnagar, Meerut Shahjahanpur, Badaun, Lakhimpur, Ghaziabad, Bulandshahr Jyotiba Phule Nagar Baghpat, Gautam Buddha Nagar 2 3 4 54. Unirrigated stage * Early maturing * Straight sowing Govinda, Govinda, Govinda Dry sowing Narendra-8 Narendra-8 Narendra-97 Narendra-97 + Planting Govinda, Govinda, Govinda GovindaNarendra-80 Dry sowing Govinda, Govinda-80 Dry sowing Dry sowing Dry sowing Dry sowing Malaviya Paddy-2 (HUR-3022) 2. Irrigated stage + Early maturing day Narendra-8 Narendra-48 Narendra-8 02'"
2275,2507,"'NABARD also provides support to the POs to access markets for their produce. Some of these activities are as below:  a. Credit and/or grant support for setting up of marketing infrastructure facilities for sale  of produce.  b. Support for marketing through rural haat and rural mart which had already been  established through NABARD support.  c. NABARD may facilitate tie-ups with buyers for Producers Organization's produce. d. Through existing schemes of National Horticulture Mission and Ministry of Agriculture,  NABARD may support creation of infrastructure wherever possible.'"
2276,2508,"'NABARD provides incentives for the POPI for taking care of the PO within the overall ceiling of 20% grant support to the PO. The incentive scheme is as below:  a. Max 5% of loan amount for POs up to 5 years old  b. Max 2.5% of loan amount for POs more than 5 years old c. The incentive is given 10% in advance, 70% linked to timely repayment of instalments  and rest 20% at the end subject to satisfactory repayment.'"
2277,2463,"'1.  Land holding : 1 acre      2.  Crops grown : Paddy (Scale of finance plus crop insurance per acre : ₹ 11,000)      3.  There is no change in Cropping Pattern for 5 years      4.  Allied Activities to be financed - One Non-Descript Milch Animal ( Unit Cost Rs : 15,000)'"
2278,1007,"'The recommended cultivars of paddy for Kharif / Kharif / Rabi food grain conditions are Southern Western Central Plains Bundelkhand North Eastern Eastern Plains Vindhyas Arid Zone Plains Zone Uttar Mandal Lucknow, Kanpur Jhansi and Gonda, Bahraich Barabanki, Ayodhya. All the Prayagraj Mandal of Mirzapur Chitrakoot Dham Basti, Deoria, Sultanpur, Pratapgarh, Prayagraj Janpad (except Pratapgarh Ko... Mandal Gorakhpur, Jaunpur, Azamgarh, Sonbhadra), Riddarthnagar, Ballia, Ghazipur, Chandauli Kemhrajganj, Varanasi, Chandauli Plateau Bhagkushinagar, Mau, Ambedkar Nagar, Balrampur, Sant Ravidas Nagar Shravasti, Sant Kabir Nagar. Govind Govind Govind Narendra-97 Narendra-97 Narendra-97 Narendra-97 Narendra-8 Narendra-448 Narendra-97 Govind Govind Barani Deep Barani Deep Barani Deepanendra Lalmati Narendra Lalmati Narendra Lalmati Dry Emperor Govind Govind Narendra-8 Narendra-48 Narendra-48 Dry Emperor Dry Emperor Govind Govind Govind, Ashwini Narendra-97 Narendra-97 Lalmati Narendra Lalmati Narendra Lalmati Dry Emperor. Dry Emperor Dry Emperor Barani Deep Barani Deep Barani IR-50 IR-50 Narendra-48 Narendra-80 Narendra-80 03'"
2279,1012,"'....................................... food grains. Table-2: Characteristics of Major Cultivars Species Notification The ripening yield. The duration of (a) of paddy rice rice is per decimal point. Varieties Percentage Early-ripening variety - 5.5.88 85-90 45-50 Minimum-monthly 65-70448 Long-white variety - 6.3.87 440-20. 50-60 Thus. Tadaiv 65-7080 Narendra -. 400-405. 40-45 Small. Monthly 70Narendra-2 4 40-45. 40-45 Monthly 70Labhamanhar- 449-22. 48-50 Monthly 704044.42.-43.44.45.46.47.लम्बा Safednarendra- 45.44.92 85-90 40-45 Tadaiv Tadaiv 7097Pant Dhan-4. 96 445-422. 50-60 Minimum Minimum 70-7242 Long White Lantern 20.9.06 95-00 40-45 Tadaiv - IR-50. - 405-440. 45-50 Tadaiva Tadaiva-ratna - 420-425. 40-45 Tadaiva. Tadaiv - Dry Emperor 6.2.070 405-0. 40-45 Tadaiv White - Narend Lalmati 27.8.09 405-440 30-35 Fine Light Yucchota Lalmalviya Paddy-2 440-445. 50-55 Yes. Tadev- (H. UR-3022) 2005 Malaviya 27.44.44. 435-440. 50-55 Small Aromatherapy -- 947 Medium (H. UR-947) CO-54 405-440. 60-65 Thick 69Shiats Ghan-5 420-425. 40-50 long 65.7सी. SR-6 420-425. 60-70 Resistance to moderate diseases _ _ _ characteristic of rice - for non-irrigated food area. Jhonka disease Eastern U.P. Resistant to irrigated deciduous light-affected grasslands Suitable for blast-resistant fungi 8 Moderately resistant to weeds in non-irrigated upland areas Suitable for fungi-Resistant to scorch, brown spot disease and large fungi Moderately resistant to blight Blast sheath Blightbacterial leaf Blightblast resistant to brown plant hopper and bacterial leaf Blight for grassland 08'"
2280,1022,"'..................................... food grains. 5. Soldier insect Hispa & 472 9 > > 9 (Evbanka pestana Bedakahara Phudakabhura Phudakasapheda Phudaka44. Gandhi bug42. Soldier insect 4. Termites: It is a social insect and lives in colonies. In a colony, about 90% of workers, 2-3% of soldiers, a queen and a king are there. Workers are yellowish white without wings. They eat the growing seeds, roots of plants and cause damage. 2. Root Stem: The stem of this insect is white like that of boiled rice. The stems stay in the center of the root and cause harm, as a result of which the plant turns yellow. 3. Narai insect (Gal mij): The borer of this insect affects the main stem inside the cow dung and forms an onion stem-shaped structure, which is called silver shoot or onion shoot. Such infested plants do not produce bali. 4. Leaf wrap insect: The borer of this insect is initially yellow in colour and later turns green, which feeds on the leaves by bending them lengthwise and scraping the green portion from inside. 5. Hispa: The girders of this insect eat the green part by making a tunnel in the leaves, which forms a blister-like formation on the leaves. Adult insects eat the green part of the leaves by scraping it |6. Bunka insect: The trunks of this insect make a shell by cutting the leaves parallel to its body and staying inside it eat the green part by scraping it by sticking to other leaves. 7. Stem borer: The female of this insect lays eggs in groups on the leaves. The eggs hatch and penetrate the stems, damaging the main shoot, which shows white scales when they hatch, and white scales when they hatch. 8. Green shoots: The adults of this insect are green in colour and have black dots on both sides of the upper wings. Both the young and adult leaves of this insect cause harm by sucking the sap from the leaves, due to which the infested leaves first turn yellow and later dark brown and start drying from the tip down. 9. Brown shoots: The adults of this insect are brown with brown wings and the young are brown without wings. Both the young and the adults of this insect suck the sap from the leaves and buds and start drying, which is also called 'hopper burn', so that at the beginning of the outbreak, the plants are 40. White-backed shoots: The adults of this insect are brown and yellow-bodied with blackness. They have a white stripe on the wing joint. Infants are wingless white with white and black spots on the abdomen. Both young and adult leaves of this insect wither. They suck the sap between the anthers, causing the plant yellow44.Gandhi bug: Infants and adults of this insect are long-legged brown with a characteristic odor, which harms the milk produced in the grains during lactation. The affected grains do not produce rice. 48'"
2281,1009,"'Kharif / Kharif Kharif / Rabi Foodgrains Manaharendra-80Pant Paddy-2IR-50Narendra Lalmati Shushuk Samratbarani Deep. Krantipant Paddy-4 Pant Paddy-0Sarju-52Narendra-359Narendra Paddy-20 342-4 Narendra Paddy-2026Narendra Paddy-2064Narendra Paddy-2065Pusa-44Ta-3Basmati-370PusaBasmatiBallabhBasmati22MalviyaSungam-405MalviyaSungam-43NarendraSungammanarendra-80Pant Paddy-2IR-50Saket-4Sushk SamratbaraniDeepsarju-52Pant Paddy-4Sitapant Paddy-4, Pant Paddy-40Narendra-359, Krantinarendra Paddy-342-. Narendra Paddy - 2026Narendra Paddy - 264Narendra Paddy - 2065To-23Mahasurisambha Mansuri MTU - 00. Swarnata - 3To-8Pusa Basmati -. Pusa Basmati. Pusa Basmati - Haryana Basmati Pusa सुगन्धित-4.5. Valalabh Basmati 22 Malviya Aroma 405 Malviya Aroma 4 - 3 Narendra Aroma Malviya Aroma 405 Malviya Aroma 4 - 3 Narendra Aroma 90 T Narendra-97 Narendra-48 Narendra-48IR-36 Narendra-97 Narendra-97 Narendra-80Pant Paddy-42Pant Paddy-42Pant Paddy-42I. R-50 IR-50 IR-50 Narendra Lalmati Narendra Lalmati Lalmati Dry Emperor Barani Deep Barani Deep Barani Deepsarju-52 Sarju-52 Sarju- 52 Sarju- 52 Sita Sitapant Dhaghan-4 Pannat Ghadhan-4 Pannat Dhan-44 Narendra-349 Narendra Dhan-2026 Narendra Dhan-2064 Narendra Dhan-2065 NDR-8002Ta-28 Mahasurinrendra Mayankrendra Narayanpanendra Jalpushswarna Sub 4ta-3Pusa Basmati-] Basmati-370 Vallabh Basmati 22 Malviya Sugandh 405 . Narendra paddy-342-Narendra paddy-2026Narendra paddy-2064Narendra paddy-2065Tata-23MahasuriSwarnata-3Pusa Basmati. Basmati3702. Vallabh Basmati 22 Malviya Aroma 405 Malviya Aroma 4 - 3 Narendra Aroma 05'"
2282,1008,'......................................... food grains. 2 3 4 5 Narendra-97 Narendra-97 Narendra-97 Dry Emperor Dry Emperor Malaviya Paddy-2 Malaviya Paddy-2 Malaviya Paddy-2 * Medium-term (. 20-40 days) * Late ripening (more than 40 days) Manaharpusa-69Narendra-80Panta paddy-42Panta paddy-40Panta paddy-4Sarju-52Narendra-359Pusa-44Narendra paddy-2064Narendra paddy-342. Narendra Paddy-2026 T-3 Pusa Basmati- Haryana - Basmati. Pusa Fragrance-4 & 5 Vallabh Basmati 22 Malviya Fragrance-405 Malviya Fragrance-43 Malviya Basmati 40-9 (HU-R-3022) Manharanendra-80Panta Paddy-2Narendra LalmatiShuska SamratbaraniDeeppanta Paddy-04Panta Paddy-40Sarju-52Pusa-44Narendra Paddy-2064Narendra Paddy-20 32-4 Narendra Paddy-2026NDR-8002No-23Pusa Basmati-3. Haryana - Basmati. Tarawadi Basmati Basmati. Vallabh Basmati 22 Malviya Fragrance 405 Malviya Fragrance 4 - 3 Malviya Basmati 40-9 Malviya Fragrance - - (HUR - 3022) Manharanendra - 80Punt Paddy - 42Narendra Lalmati Shushk Samratbarani Deeppunt Paddy - 0Punt Paddy - 4Sarju - 52Narendra - 359Pusa - 44Narendra Paddy - 2064Narendra Paddy - 342Narendra Paddy - 2026Ta3 Basmati - 370Pusa Basmati -. Haryana - Basmati. Vallabh basmati 22 Malviya aroma 405 Malviya aroma 4 - 3 Malviya basmati 40-9 Malviya aroma -. 04'
2283,1013,'Kharif / Kharif Kharif / Rabi foodgrains to 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 (b) Moderately late ripening rendra-359. 2.9.94 30-35. 60-65 Long medium. 72 Bacteria are particularly resistant to medium dandruff in all large white scorched stones. Pant paddy-4 9.4.85. 425-30 50-60 Thin rice. .70 Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory. 47.8.93 425-30 55-60 Rice. Tadaiv. 70 Jhonka U.P. Barrier West Central Plains Area Barrier Suitable for Jhulsa Plantation 4. Sita - 430-355 45-50. Medium White - - 5. Sarju - 52 44. 82. 430-385. 50-60 Long medium. 70 Bacteria - Scorch6. MalviyaGHAN-36 9.9.97 430-35. 45-56 Thin White 65.70 Bacterial Eastern Small Thin Leaf Blight For U.P. Dana Barrier For Green Fungus Medium7. Narendra Paddy Barrier-2064 27.8.099_ 475-20 50-55. Medium White 50.55 - Entire U.P. Long8. Narendra Paddy-3] 42-. . 27.8.099 425-30 50-55. Medium White 55.60 - Tadev9. Narendra Dhan-2065 - 420-25. . 50.55 Long White 70. 5. Medium Tadevmota Avrodhi 40. Malviya Paddy -. 20-425. 55-60 Thin white barrier Tadev44. Shiats paddy-. 425-428 45-65. long-grain 66. 7 Batteries whole U.P. leaf blightspot and medium resistance to sheath blight42. Sheets paddy-2 425-428._ 45-65 long-grain 65. 0 whole U.P. 43. Sheets paddy-4 430-435 48-52 medium-grain 65. 0 whole U.P. (s) late-ripening variety4. Mahsuri 43.4.89 440-450. 30-40 Medium white. 70 Moderately obstructive 30-40 occurs even in semi-medium deep water2. Samba mahsuri 455 60 Small white. 70 Bouni Patla3. Shiats Dhan-3 430-438. 46-50 Monthly Month 64. 5. < / ID1 >'
2284,1016,"'........................................ food grains. So 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 90. Gold sub-4 27.8.029 45-50 35-40 Small white 75 -- Thin. Narendra Narayani 2009 435-40 45-50 Long-Long Thick, 7 Bacteria 7-07-8 Thick-Sweet-Eating Scorch, Leaf Scorch Inhibitor 4/20 in Flood Day 2008 5.0. 2009 & Stem & Saw Gourer Avro2. Narendra Jalapushpa 2009 40-45 45-50 Tall, 70. 5 Stem Worker, 40-57-8 \'£Thick Edible Leaf Wrap Flood2008. 5. 0. Sweet Leaf Scorcher Avro4, / 20. 20093. Narendra Mayank 2009. 40-45 48-52 Long thin 72. 2 leaf scorch, 0-27-8 thin naan hai dhabba, बाढ़2008-9.0. Basmati tha scorch inhibitor 4/20. 2009 and other notified species of Stemborabasmati: No. Species Name Institute Name Notification No. and dated Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 4045- 24.09.969364 (E) - 30.06.4973राइस Farm, Kala Shah Kaku 786- 02.02.4976 (now in Pakistan) 364 (E) - 30.06.4973टाइप 3 (Dehraduni Basmati) Rice Research Station, Nagina, Uttar Pradesh Basmati 4 (Bauni Basmati) [Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 645 (E) - 06.44.4989चावल Directorate of Research, Rajendra Nagar, 645 (E) - 06.44.4989हैदराबाद, Telangana Haryana Basmati. CCSHAU, Rice Research Station, Kaul 793 (E) - 22.44.994जनपद-कैथल, Haryana State Sugandha Rice Research Station, Banswara, Rajasthan 408 (E) - 04.05.4995तराओरी Basmati (HBC 49, / |सीसीएसएचएयू, Rice Research Station, Kaul 4 (E) - 04.04.4996करनाल Local) District - Kaithal, Haryana Basmati Rice Research Station, RS Pura, Jammu 04.04.4996पंजाब Agricultural University, Ludhiana42. |संशोधित Pusa Basmati. Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 4478 (E) - 20.07.2007 (Pusa 4460) 42'"
2285,1018,"'........................................ food grains. 3. Pure and Certified Seeds: Certified seeds give higher yield and farmers can carefully use their own produce (except hybrids) as the next seed. Re-certified sowing after the third year |4. Balanced use of fertilizers and method: It is advisable to use fertilizers only on the basis of soil testing. If the soil is not tested for any reason, fertilizers should be used as follows: High-yielding varieties: Fertilizer quantity: kg. / Hey. (a) Quick ripening Nitrogen Phosphorus Potash 420 60 60 Method of application: Use the entire amount of phosphorus and potash before planting and one-third amount of nitrogen after 7 days of planting, one-third amount at the time of hatching and one-third amount at the stage of seedling formation by topdressing. Nitrogen Phosphorus Potash) Medium late ripening method 450 60 60C) Aromatic Paddy (Dwarf) method 420 60 60 (2) Native species: Fertilizer quantity-Kg. / Hey. Nitrogen phosphorus potash a) Cold ripening 60 30 30 b) Medium late ripening 60 30 30 c) Aromatic rice 60 30 30 Method of application: One week after sowing, apply one-third of the nitrogen and the entire amount of phosphorus and potash before sowing and the remaining amount of nitrogen evenly twice at the time of blossoming and at the initial stage of seedling formation. Do not apply fertilizer after grain formation. Sowing: (a) High-yielding varieties: Fertilizer amount: kg. / Hey. Nitrogen phosphorus potash 400-420 50-60 50-60 Method of application: Put one-fourth of the nitrogen and the entire amount of phosphorus and potash in the bud under the seed, two-fourths of the remaining nitrogen at the time of hatching and the remaining one-fourth at the initial stage of bud formation. (b) Native species: Quantity of fertilizer: kg. \'Hey. Nitrogen phosphorus potash 60 30 30 Method of application: Tadvayu 44'"
2286,1086,"'..................................................... pulses. 20. Ta 2IPM - 409-4. _ 2020 (Heera) Meha 2005 (I. P.M. - 99-25) Pusa Vishal 200] H. UM-6 2006 (Malaviya Janakalyani). Malaviya Jyothi 999 (H. UM-) TMV-37 2005T. The BM-37 (t. M. - 99.37) Malaviya 2003 Jan Chetna (H. UM-42) IPM-2-3 2009I. P.M. 2 - 4 20 | 4K. M-2244 (Sweta) 2009K. M-295 (Swati) 20. 2 IPM - 205-7. _ 206 (Virat) I. PM - 40-3._ 206 (Shikha) Kanika 2048 (I. PM - 302-2) 3 dark and medium-grained shiny 65-8060-6560 - 6555-6065-7060 - 6560-6265-7062 - 6560-6265-7052 - 5560-7065-726 -76 7mm. YMV. High resistance to whole U.P. sarcospora leafspot, resistance to leaf crinkle and leaf curl disease, श्रिप्स42-52-44-424-62-42-440.040 -] 2-48-00 - 24-42. Thyme All U.P. Thyme All U.P. Thyme All U.P. Thyme All U.P. Thyme All U.P. Thyme All U.P. Thyme All U.P. Thyme All U.P. Yellow Mosaic, Powdery Mildupilla Mosaic, Whole U.P. Powdery Mildew High Barrier Peela Mosaic, Whole U.P. Priscospora Leafspot High Barrier 82'"
2287,1023,"'42.है Kharif / Kharif Kharif / Rabi Food Soldier Insect: The trunks of this insect are brown in color, which remain stuck between the forts or in the cracks of the ground during the day. The trunks come out of the holes or crevices in the evening and climb up the plants and cut the earrings into small pieces and drop them down. Level of economic damage: Cr. Insect नाम4.जघ is a pest of 7 species. नाम4.जघ Insect wrap नाम4.जघ is a pest of 7 species. Weekly monitoring of crop should be done. Economic damage level 5% Infected plants 5% Silver soot 2% Freshly infested leaves 2% Infected leaves or 2% Adult freshly infested leaves 5% Dead cow dung 5% Insects 5% Insects 5% Insects 5% Insects 5% Insects 5% Insects 5% Insects 5% Insects 5% Insects 5% Insects 5% Insects 5% Insects 5% Insects 5% Insects 5% Insects 5% Insects 5% Insects 5% Insects 5% Insects 5% Insects 5% Insects 5% Insects 5% Insects 5% Insects 5% Infected plants 5% Silver soot 2% Freshly infested leaves 2% Inseeds 2% Dead cow dung 2% Inseeds 5% Inseeds 1% Insects 3% Inseeds 4% Inseeds 2 Pests 2 Pests 4 Pests 5 Pests 5 Pests 5 Pests 5 Pests 4 Pests 1 Pests 2 Pests 2 Pests 2 P Only a balanced amount of fertilizers should be used |जल There should be a proper drainage system. In areas with brown fungus and armyworm infestation, transplantation should be done by leaving one row after 20 rows. Both ends of the field with good drainage. By passing fast over the plants by holding the rope, the hooks of the insect fall into the water, which flows with the water when the water is drawn from the field. 5 pheromone traps per ha) should be used for predicting and controlling the stem borer insect.'"
2288,2361,'Land selection: Light or loamy sandy soil is suitable for millet. The drainage of the land needs to be good and the soil in which natural farming is to be done for the first time should be tested.'
2289,2362,"'Sowing Time and Temperature: As soon as the rains begin, millet should be sown by the second week of July. The millet plant needs a temperature of 25 ° C to germinate and 30 to 3 ° C to grow. Its plants give good yield even at 40 ° C. Millet sowing method: In natural farming method, sowing millet on ridge is considered the best method. Sowing on the bed reduces the quantity of seed and saves up to 70% of water. And when the drain is irrigated, the roots of the crop grown on the bed move towards the water in search of moisture, which makes the roots more developed and the plant stronger. And if it rains and the field is waterlogged, there is less chance of damage to the crop grown on the beds. Seed rate: The natural cultivation of millets requires 5 kg / ha of certified seed. Seed treatment: Millet seeds are sown by treating them with \'Beejamrut,\' which protects the seeds from soil-borne diseases. Treating the seed leads to better germination and higher yield as a crop. Nutrient management: Prior to sowing for nutrient availability.'"
2290,2363,"'5 - 2 tons of hectare solid biomass should be mined and put in the field. At the same time, 4 - 5 times 7 - 8 litres of Jeevamrut is mixed with 600 litres of water in the standing crop and used. Soil treatment: To protect the millet crop from soil-borne diseases, jeevamrut, a decoction of cow dung, is added to the soil. Irrigation: In the natural farming of millets, moisture is required in the field at the time of crop germination and grain filling. If not, irrigation should be done.'"
2291,1024,"'..................................... food grains. Introduction of neem husk into the field before sowing at the rate of 0.00 per hectare leads to gradual reduction in termite infestation. Beauveria bassiana 2.45% 2.5 kg of biopesticide. per he0 60-75 kg. All soil-borne pests, including termites, are controlled by mixing cow dung manure with a light sprinkling of water and keeping it in shade for 8-40 days and then adding it to the last ploughed surface before sowing. If the pest infestation has crossed the economic damage level, the following insecticides should be used: 4. Chlorpyrifos 20% E.C. 2.5 L / ha should be used with irrigation water to control termites and root rot. For root rot control, Phorate 40 G 40 kg. 3 - 5 cm. Stagnant water spraying can also be done. 2. For insect control, one of the following chemicals should be sprayed per hectolitre of water - + * Carbofuran 3g 20 kg. per he0 3 - 5 cm. In still water * Fipronil 0. 3 g 20 kg. 3 - 5 cm. In still water. * Chlorpyrifos 20% EC0 4. 25 litres |3. For the control of green, brown, and white-backed blisters, one of the following chemicals should be sprayed per litre of water: * Acetamiprid 20% SP400 g / ha0 500-600 litres. * Carbofuran 3g 20 kg. 3 - 5 cm. In still water. * Pfifepronil 0. 3 g 20 kg 3 - 5 cm. In still water. * Imidacloprid 47. 8% SL425 ml. * Phosphamidon 40% SL875 ml. * Chthiamethoxam 25% WAG400 g. * Chlorpyriphus 20% EC450 l. * Quinalphos 25% EC450 l. * Azadirectin 0. 45% EC0250 l. |तना For the control of fungal, leaf-wrapping, fungal, and hispa pests, one of the following chemicals should be sprayed per hectare / litre of water - * Bifenth Dissolve in 500 l of water and spray. * Carbofuran 3g 20 kg. 3 - 5 cm. In still water. * Kartap Hydrochloride 4g 48 kg. 3 - 5 cm. in stagnant water. * Chlorpyrifos 20% EC0 4.5 litres. * Caunalphos 25% EC0 4.5 litres. 20'"
2292,1029,"'Integrated pest management in kharif / kharif / rabi foodgrains crop (a) Crop operations: 4. Deep ploughing with summer soil rotation and ploughing destroys various stages of pests in the soil such as eggs, caterpillars, caterpillars and adults, and also kills and eats insects. In addition, soil-borne diseases such as weeds, root rot, damping-off, collar rot, etc. are also destroyed by sunlight. Similarly, the seeds of weeds are buried deep in the soil, greatly reducing the accumulation of weeds. Healthy and disease-resistant species should be sown, transplanted |बीज Treatment should be timely sown / transplanted as well as crop rotation should be adopted |नर्सरी Plants from time to time should be sown / transplanted on raised beds |पौधों Plants and line to line should be kept at the required distance |उर्वरकों The recommended quantity of seeds should be used |खेत Plants should be weed-free and hygienic |जल Proper drainage should be provided |कटाई Remains of soil |फसलों should be destroyed |यांत्रिक Control: The tops of seedlings should be cut and transplanted |खेतों Eggs and twigs should be kept as far as possible. Word percher should be used as much as possible in the field. |पत्ती Wrapping To control the pest, twisting the top of the crop with plum bushes opens the leaves, causing the trunks to fall off. Biological control: The predators present in the field such as spiders, water voles, mirid voles, dragonflies, meadow grasshoppers, etc. and parasites such as Trichogramma (bio agents) pests should be protected |2. Parasitic pests should be grown in the laboratory and released in the fields |3. Enemies and friends 2: 43) The proportion of pests should be maintained |4. Biopesticides should be used as per requirement. & A9 is 9AF7 > > Plat3- + & A is 9AF7 > > Pad- + 25'"
2293,1032,"'_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. * Avoid the use of excessive amounts of nitrogen. * Follow a back-to-back process of soaking and drying the fields (to reduce humidity) instead of permanently watering the field. * Continuous spraying of Pseudomonas fluorescens with 5 gm per litre water solution after 5 days of transplanting |पुष्पावस्था till maturity stage: * Continuous monitoring of the field. * Destroy diseased plants at harvest time to reduce their impact on the next crop. * When necessary, perform a protective spray of one of the following fungicides while the crop is growing: List of recommended fungicides Only waiting period per hectare Active element organization of water. By final spraying (grams) (g / ml). Volume (liters). Percentage to harvest (days) Copper hydroxide 77% 200 g 750. . The name of the fungicide is 7. 7 + Tabuconazole 47.% w /. Flupyrum 40 +. 550 g. 500 22 Tabuconazole 40 picozysterbin 7. 05% + propiconazole% SC Tabuconazole 50% + trifloxynosterbin 25W G28'"
2294,1034,"'........................................ food grains. The hybrid / period (day) average yield is \'Kuntal.\' No. Developed Year 44. Narendra User Hybrid Paddy-3 (2004) 430-35 54.5242. Sahyadri-4 (2008) 43-448 57.0043. HRI-57 (2009) 430-35 65.4044. .DRRH-3 425-30 60.7045. US-32 25-30 60.7046. VSR-202 30-35 65.0047. RH-53 425-30 65.0048. Arise Prima 426-30 65.009. US. - 32 (200) 425-30 57.5020. Arise 6644 Gold (205) 430-35 60.702. 27p 63 (203) 432-35 60.6722. . shp.3 (202) 425-30 80.9023. . Indam 200-0 | 7 425-30 75.00संकर Inhibitors of disease and pest resistance between species. R.H. - BlastD. RRH-] BLAST-K. RH-2 Blast, Sheath Rat-Sahyadri-Bacterial Leaf BlightNarendra hybrid paddy-2 Blast Bacterial Leaf Blight, Sheath RatP. HB-74 - Bacterial Leaf Blight, Blastproegro-6204 Arise Blast Brown Plant Hopperproegro-6444 Arise Blast BLB. Sheath Ratpusa RH-0 NblastR. H-204 8B. L. B., Brown Plant Hopperb. PH, WBPH 30'"
2295,1025,"'Kharif / Kharif Kharif / Rabi foodgrains5. For control of weevils and armyworms, one of the following chemicals should be sprayed per hectare: Malathion 5% dust 20-25 kg. Fenvalerate 0.04% dust 20-25 kg. MYTHY CONCLUSIONS 4. Syphilis: This disease is more common in nurseries due to iron deficiency. The new leaves turn white like paper. 2. Khaira disease: This disease is caused by a deficiency of zinc. 3. Sheath Blight: In this disease, irregularly shaped spots form on the leaf sheath, the edge of which is dark brown and the centre is light in colour. 4. Jhanka disease: In this disease, eye-shaped spots are formed on the leaves, which are ash-coloured in the middle and dark brown on the edges. 6. Bacterial scorch: In this disease, the leaves start drying up from the tip or edge. The dried edges become irregular and crooked. 7. Bacterial stripe scabies: In this disease, long stripes of dark colour form between the veins on the leaves. 8. False tendonitis: In this disease, some of the hair follicles turn into a yellowish powder, which later turns black. Measures of control: 4. Seed treatment: (0) For the control of bacterial scabies and bacterial scabies, streptomycin sulphate 90% + tetracycline hydrochloride 40% in the quantity of 4.0 gm per 25 kg. Seeding should be done at the seed rate. (2) For the control of frost disease, 2.5 grams of thiorm 75% WS0 or 2 grams of carbendazim 50% WP0 per kg should be used. Sowing should be done by sowing seeds at the rate of seeds. 2'"
2296,2512,"'a) A society which has as its object the promotion of economic interests of its members  in accordance with cooperative principles can be registered as a Society  b) Similarly, a society established with the object of facilitating operation of such a  society can also be registered under the Act  c) A registered society can be member of another society, but liability of such other  society must be limited, unless State Government directs otherwise'"
2297,1027,"'Kharif / Kharif Kharif / Rabi foodgrains 4. About 75% of WP02 kg. . Zineb 75% WP0.2 kg06. Carbendazim 42% + Mancozeb 63% WP0.750 g7. Isoprothiolone 40% EC750 ml / ha08. Kasugamycin 3% mL 4. 5 L per litre Brown spot: To control this, one of the following chemicals should be sprayed per litre of water - 4. . Ediphenphos 50% EC0 500 ml02. . IKOZEB 75% WP0. 2 kg03. ZINEB 75% WP0. 2 kg04. Zirum 80% WP0 2. 0 kg05. Thiophenate methyl 70% WP0.4 kg Bacterial scorch and bacterial scorch: For its control, 5 gm streptomycin sulphate 90% + tetracycline hydrochloride Ride 40% should be mixed with 500 gm copper oxychloride 50% WP0 and sprayed per litre of water. False tendon: For its control, one of the following chemicals should be sprayed per litre of water per litre of water - 4. Carbendazim 50% WP02. Copper hydroxide 77% WP0 Major weeds: 500 ग्राम2.0 kg. Sakari leaves - Saanwa, Saanwaki, Booti, Makara, Kanji, Bilua Kanja, etc. 2. Broad leaves - Mirchi Booti, Phool Booti, Paan Patti, Bon Jhalokia, Bambholi, Gharila, Dadmari, Sathiya, Kusal, etc. Measures for control: Weed control by crop operations: Weed control by crop operations should include deep ploughing with heat-reversing plough, crop rotation, use of green manure, mulching, etc. Chemical method: Under this, various weedicides are used in the recommended quantity after sowing / transplanting the crop, which is comparatively less expensive 4. For weed control in nursery, Pratilachlor 30. 7% is more beneficial and beneficial 5 - 7 kg at the rate of EC0 500 ml per acre. It should be mixed with sand and used within 2-3 days of nursery.'"
2298,1030,"'_ Rrif / Rekhagyan | Food grains. (d) Chemical Control: 4. Pesticide chemicals should be used as a last resort for pest and disease control. Safe and recommended chemicals should be used in prescribed quantities at appropriate times. Precautions must be taken while using chemicals. 4. Weedicides to be used as per recommendations Harvesting: Paddy crop should be harvested at 950% maturity. Harvesting: The crop should not be left in the field for more than a couple of days. Dry it well in the light sun and store it. Monthly important work points in the crop of |धान. Put nursery of Pant-4, Sarju-52, IR-36, Narendra 359, etc. 4 grams of streptomycin sulphate for seed treatment of |धान 45 liters. 25 kg by dissolving in water. Soak the seeds in water for 42 hours and dry them and sow them in the nursery Spraying of zinc sulphate and urea for early maturation of aromatic species Spraying of ferrous sulphate Tathyuria for white disease Application of recommended fertilizer at the time of sowing |रोपाई and planting of weed control |धान with butachlor within a week of sowing Plantation of 50 plants per square meter and 2-3 plants on each hill and butachlor for weed control |ऊसर Area User Paddy-4, User Paddy-2, Jaya and Saket-4 The row to row distance is 45 cm. And the distance from the plant to the plant is 40 cm. And plant 4 - 5 saplings at one place. 5 kg for control of chikungunya in paddy. Zinc sulphate and 20 kg. Urea or 2.5 kg. For quenching lime, it is 800 liters of water. . Monocrotophos 36 SL (750 ml) for the prevention of hives in paddy. l.) 500-600 per litre of water. Spraying |धान Irrigation at flowering stage |धान Irrigation at lactation stage |धान Zinc manganese carbamate or germ 80% 2 kg. It is per. Monocrotophos should be used at a rate of |धान per 4 litres per 800 litres of water dissolved for the control of leaf and plant droppings. Nitrogen top dressing at flag leaf stage in spraying |धान contains carbofuron 3% Cg or 2% powder of phenthoate 25-30 kg for soldier pest control. Malathion 5% powder for odour pest control in |धान 25-30 kg. It is per. Cover it up. 26'"
2299,1028,"'..................................... food grains. In case of direct sowing, Pratilachlor 30. 7% E.C. 4. 25 litres should be sprayed with Flatfan Nozzle within 2-3 days of sowing or Bispiribac Sodium Diem 40% S.C. 0. 20 litres should be sprayed with Flatfan Nozzle within 3-5 days of sowing by dissolving it in 500 litres of water in moist condition at the rate of 0% / ha. (5) Bispiribac Sodium 40% SC0.20 litres The recommended dose of one of the following chemicals per 500 litres of water for the control of broadleaf weeds under moist conditions should be sprayed with flatfan nozzle on the day after sowing: (3) Metalsulfuron methyl 20% WP0 20 gm (2) Ethoxy sulfuron 45% WDG0 400 gm (3) 2,4-D ethyl ester 38% EC0 2.5 litres Paddy crop is also affected by rodents. Measures to control rats: Field monitoring and zinc phosphide 80% should be used to control them, and the weekly control program is done collectively as follows: Day 1 - Monitor the field and stop as many rat burrows as you can, using wooden sticks for identification. The second day - go to the farm and monitor the bills, remove the boulders from the place where the bills are closed, leave the boulders where the bills are open. In the open bill, mix one gram of mustard oil and 48 grams of roasted grains with poison. Day 3: Re-monitor the bill and put the unpoisoned feed back into the bill. Day 4 - 4 grams of zinc phosphide 80% to 4 grams of mustard oil and 48 grams of roasted grains should be used. Day 5 - Monitor bills and bury dead rats in the ground |छठा Day 4. Close the bill again and repeat this weekly routine the next day if the bill opens. 2. A 40 gm dose of bromodiolone 0.005 should be kept in each live bill. The rats die after eating 3 - 4 servings of this drug. 24'"
2300,1036,"'........................................ food grains. Harvesting should be done after 30-35 days. The seeds should be removed from the field. Suitable packaging for hybrid rice seed production can be avoided. Before harvesting unwanted plants: For hybrid seed production, the following cropping practices are necessary for good and healthy seed production, using 20 to 25 quintals / ha. Hybrid seeds can be easily produced - seed rate 'A' line or female: 45 kg. \'Hey. 'B 'or' R Line 'or Male race: 5 kg. \'Hey. Nursery Biral Nursery 20 gm / sq. Meter Seed Sufficiency Ratio 2B: 8A for Male Seed Production2R: 40A for Hybrid Seed Production Plant Number / Hill or 2 Plant / Hill Female Plant2 to 3 Plant / Hill Male Plant: Male 8 30 cm. Male: Female 8 20 cm. Female: Female 8 5 cm. Plant: Plant 8 5 cm. or 0 cmGa-3 (gibberellic acid) 60 to 90 gm. / Hey. In 500 liters of water, apply 5% -0% fertilizer twice |पूरक Irrigation operations 4 to 5 times at the time of pollen grains release (supplementary pollination) 30 minutes at the flowering period Removal of unwanted plants Mature seeds (production) 20 Cevitative stage - morphologic and size of plants Flowering stage - keeping in mind the qualities of the leaves depending on the physiological characteristics of the plants. or state - the properties of the granules and per 25 kuntal / ha. Precautions / Highlights: In order to take full advantage of the genetic potential of hybrid rice varieties, new seed should be applied every year as the seeds obtained from hybrid rice crop give relatively less yield in the second year and there is variation in height, maturity and grains in the second year crop while the first crop of hybrid rice has sufficient homogeneity. Since the quality of hybrid paddy is essential. I'm only 45-48 kg for farming. Seeds \'Hey. is used. So nursery management is 32.'"
2301,1038,"'......................................... food grains. Time of Un-irrigated Paddy: Time of irrigated Paddy: From K-8027, K-8962, K-9465, K-9354, K-9644 for remaining area till 25th November. BW-343, UP-2338, K-9006, K-907, K-307, HD- 2687.यू .P-2382, PDW-233, PDW-25, WH-896, HI-838., PBW-502. - 8962, K-9465, Malaviya-533, K-935, HD-2888 |पी from 1st week of November to 25th November. BW-343, UP-2338, WH-542, K-907, K-9006HP-73, NW-042, UP-2382, HUW-468, PBW-443, HD 2733, HD 2888, K-307 (Centenary) Delayed sowing up to 25th December |मालवीय -234, K-7903, UP-2338, K-962, K-9533, HD-2643, HP-744, N. - 8962, K-9465, HDR-77, K-935, KRL-4, KRL-9, K-8434NW-067, KRL-20 and KRL-236. Bundelkhand region districts: Jhansi, Jalaun, Hamirpur, Mahoba, Lalitpur, Banda, Chitrakoot |बुवाई Time: Unirrigated condition: Sowing time: Irrigated condition |सी 2nd fortnight of October. -306, Sujatha K-8962, K-9465, K-935, HW-2004 Arnage (9-30 -), Lok-HD-2888 Time to sow (November to 25 November) D. L. 803-3, RAJ-555, HI-8384, HI-8498, K-907, UP-2338, WH-47, GW-273, GW-322, PBW-343, HD-2733 34'"
2302,1039,"'Kharif / Kharif Kharif / Rabi Foodgrain Sowing Time: Late sowing (upto 25th December) HI-784, Malviya-234, HP-633, DL- 788-2, UP-2425, K-962, K-9533, GW-73, K-7903, K-9423, HUW-507. North-Eastern Plain Districts: Bahraich, Sravasti, Balrampur, Gonda, Siddharthnagar, Basti, Sant Kabir Nagar, Maharajganj, Gorakhpur, Kushinagar, DeoriaBuvai Time: 2nd fortnight of October Timings of D-2733, HD 2824, PBW-343, PBW-443, UP-2338, K-0307, PBW-502, CBW-38, Raj 420, DBW-39, NW-5054, HD-2967 |बुवाई Delayed sowing (till 25th December) Irrigated status: DBW-4, Malviya-234, HP-633, HP-744, NW-04NW-2036 Time of sowing - 542, K-9006, HP-73, NW-4042, UP-2382, K-907, HUW-468, PBW-343, K-307 Irrigation conditions from second fortnight of November to first fortnight of December: UP-2338, HP-73, Malviya-468, PBW-373, Malviya-234, HD-2643, HP-744, NW-044, UP-2425, K-9423,'"
2303,1040,"'........................................ food grains. The major characteristics of wheat varieties, S.No. Varieties Notification Productivity Date of ripening Plant Diseases / Year A / c. Period Day Height cm. Blocked. 5th and 6th. H. Cr: Unirrigated state: 4. Maghar (K. -8027) 34.07.89 30-35. 440-445. 405-740. Kanduva and Jhulsa Avarodhi2. Indra (K. - 8962) 04.04.96 25-35. 90-440 440-4203. 9465) 45.05.98 28-35. 90-440 90-4004. K-9644 2000 35-40. 405-40 95-4405. 9354) 2004 30-35. 445-420 95-4406. HDR-77 45.05.90 25-35. 405-445 90-957. . HD-2888 2005 30-35. 420-425. _ 400-440. Ratua Avrodhi 8. Pusa Bhit 323 (H. D. 3237) 2049 48. 445 Not yellow and brown rust resistant and good adhesive quality |9. Pusa Wheat 4642 (H. D. 4642) 2048 37. 6 425 N. Yellow and brown rust resistant and temperate. 40. K. 4397 2048 30. 4 425 - High quality chapatis resistant to brown rust and leaf blight. 44. AAIW-40 2048 45-50. 420-425 Not resistant to leaf rust, leaf blight and lodging and saturating. High temperature tolerant42. .WH 4442 2045 48. 4 450-456 Not tolerant of yellow and brown rust and drought and lodging. 43. DBW 440 2045 39. 0 440-434 Not brown and black rust and Karnal anti-bunt |44. . NW 4048 (Narendra wheat 4048) 2044 48. 3 423 Not resistant to all rusts under normal conditions |45. K-402 (Mahi) 2043 43.4 420-425 Ga Temperature tolerant. 46. M.P.-3288 (J. W 3288). 2044 23.2 424N (non-logging species) Leaf and blackrust resistant |47. WH 4080 2044 30.8 454N Leaf rust, leaf blight and flaxmeat resistant |48. MP-3473 (J. W-373) 2009 25. 77 428 High resistance to rust. Lajing Sahishnu. 49. Raj-4420 2009 47. 0 449 No stem rust inhibitor, chapati maker |20. .H-UB---669 2048 25-30 430 Not all rust and leaf rust inhibitors. 36'"
2304,2445,"'In case such revisions require the card limit itself to be enhanced (4th or 5th year), the same may be done and the farmer be so advised.   iii. For term loans, installments may be allowed to be withdrawn based on the nature of investment and repayment schedule drawn as per the economic life of the proposed investments. It is to be ensured that at any point of time the total liability should be **within the drawing limit of the concerned year**.  iv. Wherever the card limit / liability so arrived warrants additional security, the banks may take suitable collateral as per their policy.'"
2305,1042,"'......................................... food grains. Cross, species... notification productivity of the ripening plant. Date / Year of Rogue / He. Duration day height cm. Inhibitivity 4. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 724. . PBW-660 2046 35. 3 434-72 Not yellow and brown rust resistant, well-trimmed |25. RAI-4238 2046 45. 5 444 Not a good chapatti |26. . UP-Sh84 2046 44. 2 420-430 No yellow, brown rust barrier and leafblight medium barrier27. HI 8737 (Pusa Anmol) 2045 53. 425 N. Black and brown rust and Karnal bunt resistant. 28. DBW 407 2045 44. 3 94-430 Not brown rust resistant and heat tolerant. 29. NW 5054 2044 47. 0 430 Not resistant to brown rust and foliar blight |30. HD 3086 (Pusa Gautami) 2044 54. 6443 Not yellow and brown rust resistant |34. MP 3336 (J. W-3336). 2043 44. 7 407 N. Black and leaf rust tolerant bread maker. 32. W. 4405 2043 54. 5 442 N. Yellow rust, leaf blight and powdery mildew resistant and heat tolerant |33. HI 8743 (Pusa Mangal) 2043 52. 3 422 N. Durum, regional disease resistant |34. PPW-644 2042 34.4 No strip and leaf rust and leaf blight inhibitors. Chapatisable35. DPW 624-50 2044 444 No yellow and leaf rust inhibitors (PBW 624 and DBW-50) 36. W HD-943 2044 48. 0 444 No durum species, yellow rust inhibitors, high protein. Pasta-formable |37. . K. 402 203 55-60. 420-25 85-88. Ratua, Jhalsa Barrage38. DBW-39 200 44.6 42-25 80-05. Anti-leaf and strip rust and leaf blight. Biscuit and Chapati Maker. 39. HD 2967 2044 50. 443 90-95. Rust Blocker |40. PBW-502 2004 45-60. . 26-34 80-90. -4]. .. NW-5054 30.07.204 55-60. 422-24 00-05 Rust and scorch inhibitor |42. HD-3043 2042 42.80 43 85-90. Leaf and strip rust inhibitor, flattenable |43. . DBW-90 2044 [5.0.244 (E)]. 42.80 42 76-05 Strip and leaf rust inhibitor and tapasahishnu. 44. Pusa wheat-62 (H. I-62) 208 35-40. 420-25 - Yellow and rust resistant |45. Karan Narendra (d. BW-222) 2020 64.30 443-striped leaf rust inhibitor |46. Pusa Wheat-3249 (H. D-3249) 2020 48-50 420-25 - Leaf blight and brown rust inhibitor high 4 जिंक-42.5 ppm. 38'"
2306,2518,'a. Registrar can hold an enquiry or direct some person authorised by him to hold enquiry  in following circumstances:  i) Of his own motion ii) Request of the Collector iii) Application by majority of Committee Members of society or iv) At least one-third of members of society  b. All officers and members shall furnish necessary information to the Registrar or to a  person authorised by him'
2307,2517,"' A registered society can give loans only to its members; however, it can give loan to  another registered society with permission of the Registrar   A society with unlimited liability cannot lend money on security of movable property  without sanction of the Registrar   State Government by issuing a general order, can prohibit or restrict lending of money  on mortgage of immovable property by any registered society or class of registered society'"
2308,2524,"'a. registered under amended Companies Act, 1956, b. the terms of section 465 of the Companies Act, 2013, the provisions of the Part  IX A of the Companies Act, 1956 shall be applicable mutatis *mutandis* to a producer company      c. the objects of producer company shall confirm to the activities included in  581B of the Companies Act, 1956'"
2309,2525,"'a. In a producer company, only primary producers or producer organisations can become  members  b. Membership is acquired by purchase of shares in a Producer Company c. A Producer Company can act only through its members d. Members create the company e. Members can also wind up the company f. Members act through their General Meetings'"
2310,1043,"'There is Kharif / Kharif Kharif / Rabi food grains cross, varieties... notification productivity is reaching maturity. Date / Year of Rogue / He. Period Day Height Cm Inhibitivity4.2.3.4.5.6.747.Pbw-ZN2047.5.74 90-00 Yellow and brown rust inhibitors, high (H. PBW-04) Zinc and iron (bio-fortified variety - iron 40 ppm, जिंक40.6 ppm). 48. W-B. - 02 2047 54. 6 420-25 - Yellow and brown rust resistant, high in zinc and iron (bio-fortified variety - zinc 42 ppm, iron 40m). 49. PBW-723 2077 49. 2 426-34 80-90. Yellow and brown rust resistant. (Advanced PBW-343) Irrigated stage (for delayed sowing) 4. DBW-4 2002 40-45. . 08-28 70-952. HUW-234 44-05-88 35-45. 40-20 85-903. HI-563 20. 4 37. 6 40-45 85-90. Leaf rust and leaf blight inhibitors, chapatis, bread and biscuitable varieties, high iron zinc and copper |4. . Sonali HP-633 04-4-92 35-40. 45-20 45-205. HD-2643 (Ganga) 49-06-97 35-45 420-30 85-956. .K-962 2005 40-45. 0-45 90-957. .K-9533 2005 40-45. 05-40 85-908. .HP-744 09-09-9 35-45. 420-30 85-959. Narendra Wheat-04 5-05-98 35-45. 0 - 5 85-00. Ratua and scabies inhibitors |40. K-9423 2005 35-45. 85-00 85-9044. K-7903 2004 30-40. . 85-00 85-9042. . Narendra wheat-2036 2002 40-45. 0-5 80-85. Ratua inhibitor. 43. UP 2425 06-05-99 40-45. 420-2 90-954. . HW-2045 2002 40-45. 445-20 95-00. Ratua Jhulsa Virodhi |5. Narendra Wheat-4076 2002 40-45. 0-5 80-90. 6. PBW-373 997 35-45. 420-35 85-9047. DBW-6 2006 40-45. 420-2 85-908. AAIW-06 2044 35-40. 0 - 5 05-0. Leaf rust inhibitor | 39'"
2311,2415,"'Spray till then. Harvest - High-yielding varieties ripen quickly while the plant remains green. When the grains have less than 30% moisture, the corns should be broken up. Dry the maize after plucking it from the plants, and remove the grains when there is up to 45% moisture. Use the remaining stems as fodder for the animals. Storage - Store the grains obtained after harvesting and threshing by drying them well in the sun. If the grains are to be used for seed, keep the moisture content of the grains at 42%. The grains should be placed in bamboo or tin drums for feeding.'"
2312,2414,"'Maize Diseases and Prevention - 4. Downy mildew - The disease appears two to three weeks after planting. 2. Leaf rust - Long boat-shaped brown spots form on the leaves, the disease spreads from the lower leaves to the upper leaves. 3. Stem rot: The low-lying bolls of the plants initiate disease transmission and lead to decomposition and the rotten parts of the plants give off a foul odour. The leaves of the plants turn yellow and dry up, and the shoots fall off. Prevention - For the control of natural farming diseases of maize, spray Dashaparni Arka and Agni Shastra by mixing 7 to 8 liters in 250 liters of water. If the outbreak of these diseases is seen to be less, spray 4 to 2 times. If the outbreak of diseases is very high, spray one day.'"
2313,2416,'Yield - The yield of maize by natural method increases by 55 to 60 quintals / hectare in the first year and 65 to 70 quintals / hectare in the second year and by 20 percent from the second year in the third year. Go Cashew F'
2314,2589,"'a. Tax exemption extended to societies may apply to public Trusts only to the extent the  Income Tax department accepts their activities as being charitable.  b. As a charitable institutional form, a Trust, in essence, is inappropriate for for-profit,  financially sustainable organisations like POs;  c. No system of equity investment or ownership, thereby, making it less attractive for  commercial investors;  d. Commercial investors generally regard the investments in such entities risky, primarily  on account of their lack of professionalism and managerial practices, and are, therefore, reluctant to commit large volumes of funds to Trusts;  e. In accordance with Section 45S of the RBI Act, 1934, no unincorporated bodies are  allowed to accept deposits from the public. Organisations registered under the Societies Registration Act and the Trust Act are considered unincorporated bodies. Therefore, according to the law, they are not allowed to collect savings from general public.'"
2315,1044,"'........................................ food grains. Crs, species... notification productivity is ripe. The date / year of illness. Period day height cm. Inhibitivity 4. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 749. HD-3059 (Pusa pasta) 203 39. 5 457 93. Rust-resistant, heat-tolerant, high-protein bread, biscuits, chapatis |20. HD-2985 (Pusa Basant) 2044 35-40. . 405-0 Particle type inhibitor |2. PBW-7] 2043 40-45. 400-00 - Top Barrier. 22. PBW-752 2049 49. 7 420 - Yellow and brown rust inhibitor (Bio-fortified species - Protein 42.4%) 23. PBW-757 2049 36. 7 404 - Yellow and brown rust inhibitor (Bio-fortified species - Zinc 42. 3 PPa). 24. DBW-473 2048 47. 22 422 - Yellow and brown rust resistant and heat tolerant, high in protein and iron. (Bio-fortified species - Protein 42.5प्रतिशत, Iron 40. 7 ppm). 25. AAIW-9 2048 40-45. 440-445 - Resistant to leaf rust, leaf blight and lodging and saturating. High temperature tolerant. 26. HD 3448 (Pusa Vatsala) 2045 44. 7 409-420 - High resistance to yellow and brown rust |27. . WH 4424 2045 42. 7 423 - Yellow and brown rust resistant and temperate. 28. DBW 74 2044 42. 749 - Inhibitory and temperature tolerant to regional diseases, high protein |29. . DBW-88 2044 54. 2 443 - Yellow, brown rust inhibitor |30. HD-2985 (Pusa Basanta) 2044 37. 7 405-440 - Leaf rust and foliar blight inhibitor, biscuit and chapatti worthy34. HP-4203 2009 44.2 440 - Antimicrobial and High Protein |32. PBW-590 2009 42.2 424 - Heat Tolerant, Leaf Rust Resistant, High Protein, Chapatisable |33. Pusa Wheat-444 (HP-444) D. - 2932) 2008 42. 0 409 - Black and brown rust resistant, high iron zinc. For chapatisable |ऊसरीली land 4. . KRL-4 5-05-90 30-45. 30-45 90-002. . KRL-9 2000 40-45. 30-45 90-003. K-8434 (Prasad) 200. 45-50 435-40 90-954. .NW-067 25.8.2005 45-50. 425-30 90-95 Ratua inhibitor. 5. KRL-20 2042 33-45. 42-25 65-70 Ratua Avrodhi6. KRL-23 20. 32.5 447-25 60-72 Ratua inhibitor (rust) 7. HUW-669 (Malaviya 669) 2048 24. 432 - inhibitor for all rust and leaf blight |8. .W-442 2045 48. 4 450-456 - Tolerant to yellow and brown rust and dry ash ploughing. 9. KRL-283 2048 20-30. . 428-443 -. Obstacles to Leaf Blight, Karnal Bunt and Hill Bunt. 40'"
2316,1045,"'Kharif / Kharif Kharif / Rabi food grains To get a higher yield of wheat, it is necessary to pay attention to the following points: -. For field preparation, plough first with a cultivator and then use a rotavator 'harrow'. Organic fertilizers must be used. As much as possible, half of the nutrients should be provided by organic fertilizers. The species should be selected according to regional compatibility and seasonality. Pure and certified seeds should be sown after seed treatment. Balanced amounts of fertilizers should be used at the right time and in the right manner based on soil testing. Irrigation at critical stages (crown root stage and flowering stage) should be done in a timely manner and in adequate quantity. Outbreaks of wheatgrass (Phalaris minor) and wild oats should be controlled in time. & 4S HA # (4? (A) Other activities should be completed on time based on the recommendation |0. Seeds must be replaced after the third year.. Gerotillage and raised bed method should be used. 2. Special care should be taken to prevent pests and diseases. Intensive methods: In case of irrigated sowing: About 97% of the total wheat area in the state is irrigated but assured or assured irrigation is available in a small area. Hence, the sowing of wheat is often delayed. We have to decide in advance which variety of paddy to choose in kharif and which variety of wheat to sow in rabi. To get a good yield of wheat, it is necessary to sow paddy in time, so that the field is empty for wheat in October. Another thing to be noted is that puddling or leva in paddy causes the soil to harden. In heavy soils, it is advisable to sow wheat by first ploughing with a soil-reversing plough and then ploughing the soil twice with a disc harrow. Paddy stalks are cut into small pieces using disc harrows. To decompose them quickly, 45-20 kg. Nitrogen (as urea) per se. When preparing the field, it must be given at the first ploughing. The field is fully prepared in a single ploughing by a tractor-driven rotavator. |बुवाई: Wheat must be sown on time and at sufficient moisture. Late-maturing varieties must be sown on time, otherwise the yield decreases. As sowing is delayed, the rate of decline in wheat yields increases. Wheat yields increase from 3 to 4 kg / ha when sown from December onwards. And 4 to 5 k.g. / ha when sown in January. The rate per week decreases. Sowing wheat with a seed drill can save fertilizer and seed. 4'"
2317,2591,"'Section 8 Companies are those companies which are formed for the sole purpose of promoting commerce, art, science, religion, charity or any other useful object.   a. These types of companies can be either public company or private company having a  limited liability.   b. Profits earned by these companies can only be applied for promoting its objects and  cannot be distributed as dividend among its members.  c. These companies can be formed with or without share capital.  In case they are formed  without capital, the necessary funds for carrying the business are brought in the form of donations, subscriptions from members and general public.'"
2318,1050,"'......................................... food grains. Control measures: For control of wheat (Phalaris minor) and wild oats, the recommended amount of any one of the following weedicides should be sprayed with Conagyl-4. (b) -3- 500-600 litres of water per hectare after the day of sowing 20-25 flatfan A-C-G-PH-Hi. The water content for sulphosulfuron should not exceed 300 litres - isoproteuron 75% W.P. of 4. 25 kg. per he0. Sulfosulfurone 75% W-G. 33 g (2. 5 units) per liter of hephinoxaprop-p ethyl 0% EC. Clodinafoprosaergil 45% WC. For the control of broad-leaf weeds Bathua, Senji, Krishnaneel, Hirankhuri, Chatri-Matri, Akra-Akari, Wild Carrot, Gajri, Onion, Kharatua, Satyanashi, etc., 400 gm / ha of PP should be sprayed with the recommended amount of one of the following herbicide chemicals: - After 1 day of sowing per ha of 500-600 litre of water, Flatfan Nozzle should be sprayed with 625 gm / ha of 80% Na-2-4D Sodium Salt |ख -2-4D Methyl Amine Salt 4.25 litres of 58% SL. For simultaneous control of both 20gm / ha and broadleaf weeds, the recommended amount of one of the following herbicides should be dissolved in 300 litres of water and sprayed with a flatfan nozzle per hectare. 33 g (2. 5 units) of P. After the 20-25 day of sowing, |मैट्रीब्यूजिन 70% of W.P. 250 gm / ha of 20-25 day after sowing |सल्फोसल्फ्यूरॉन 75% + Met sulphosulfuron methyl 5% W-G. 40 grams (2.5 units) of Clodinophap 45% WP + Metalsulfurane 4% WP for weed control in wheat crop 20-25 days after sowing. 400 gm of P. was obtained at the rate of 42.50 per hectare. The major pest is termites: they are a social pest and live in colonies. About 90% of the workers in a colony damage 2-3% of the crops. There are thirty soldiers, a queen, and a king. The workers are yellowish white with no wings. Zoe guzia weevil: This insect is greyish-brown in colour and lives in holes and crevices in dry land. This insect harms growing plants by cutting them from the ground surface. Honeybees: Green baby and adult honeybees cause harm by sucking sap from leaves and green buds. Honeybees secrete honey on which black fungus grows, hampering photosynthesis. 46'"
2319,2590,'a. Detail of all members or Trustees of the Trust with their address and PAN b. Certified true copies of the Trust's Registration Certificate c. Certified true copies of Laws & by-laws of the Trust d. Copy of income tax registration certificate e. Audited Balance Sheet and Income & Expenditure account with Audit Report of last 3  years  f. The original copy of Trust Deed evidencing the creation of the Trust'
2320,1048,"'........................................ food grains. Irrigation: a. C - In case of assured irrigation: Generally: irrigation of light land should be done at lower stages to get maximum yield in dwarf wheat. At these stages, scarcity of water has a huge adverse effect on the yield, but light irrigation - 1st irrigation: Crown root - on the day after sowing (crown root stage) 2nd irrigation: on the day of sowing (when the stone comes out) 3rd irrigation: on the day of sowing (when long joints or knots are formed) 4th irrigation: on the day of sowing (flowering stage) 5th irrigation: on the day of sowing (lactation stage) 6th irrigation: on the day of sowing (lactation stage) + * First irrigation on 20-25 day after sowing. + * Second irrigation 30 days after first. * Third irrigation 30 days after second. + * Fourth irrigation on 20-25 day after third In case of limited irrigation facility: If only three irrigation facilities are available, do so at the root stage, pre-harvest and milk stage. If only two irrigations are available, do so at the crown and flowering stage. If only one irrigation is available, do it at the root stage. In the irrigation of ID1, pay attention to the following 3 things: * Before sowing, level the field well and give a slight slope in one direction, so that water can be distributed throughout the farm. * After sowing, divide the field into beds or beds of the required size according to the soil and the means of irrigation. This helps in the simultaneous distribution of water. Irrigation is light (about 6 cm) if there is assured irrigation facility in light land. water) and in the case of loamy and heavy soils and irrigation means, the irrigation is somewhat deep (about 8 cm per irrigation). Water) Do |नोट: The first irrigation in the fallow land should be done on the 28-30 day after sowing and the rest of the irrigation should be done lightly and quickly so that the soil does not dry out. In the case of irrigated and delayed sowing: Wheat is sown after the early paddy, millet, potato, sugarcane kernel and early ripening pigeon pea, but the yield of these areas can also be greatly increased by the low technology developed in agricultural research - 44.'"
2321,1049,"'Kharif / Kharif Kharif / Rabi Foodgrains * For backward sowing, select the varieties as per regional suitability as described earlier. In case of delay, sow the cumin seeds through a tillage machine |बीज at the rate of 425 kg. Be sure to apply fertilizer (80:40:30) per hectare and in a balanced amount. Soak |बीज in water overnight for 24 hours and sow it on proper soil moisture. |पिछेती Wheat requires irrigation sooner than usual. Topdressing should be done on the day after the first irrigation. Subsequent irrigation should be done at intervals of 5-20 days. Water should be available to the crop in sufficient quantities from the time of harvest until the lactation. Lack of water during this period has a significant adverse effect on yield. Light irrigation should be done. Other crop practices should be adopted like irrigated wheat |असिंचित or wheat cultivation in the fallow stage: about 3% of wheat in the state. Experiments have shown that the cultivation of rye, barley, and chickpea is more profitable than wheat in the rainy season, so sow wheat in October at the proper moisture content. However, if there is sufficient rainfall in October or November, the following special techniques can be used to cultivate wheat. Field Preparation and Moisture Conservation: Prepare the field for the last monsoon rains by proper water conservation. Unirrigated areas do not require much tillage, otherwise there is a danger of moisture flight, in such areas moisture can be adequately conserved by ploughing in the evening and tilling in the morning of the next day. Sowing: Sow the recommended species from the second fortnight of October to the first fortnight of November at the appropriate soil moisture |बीज Rate and row spacing: Use seeds 00 kg. It is per. Do it at the rate of 23 cm and place the seeds in the buds. Sow at a distance of 4 to 5 cm from the seed. Do not have more than of soil. Fertilizer quantity and method of application: 40 kg for perennial wheat cultivation. Nitrogen, 30 kg. Phosphate and 30 kg. It is per potash. Use at the rate of. At the time of sowing this entire amount of fertilizer should be mixed with 2-3 cm of seed in the buds. The bottom should be laid by a barber or a cobbler or a furry drill. 5-20 kg if it rains before the bali comes out. / Hey. The use of nitrogen will be beneficial if there is precipitation, then 2% urea should be sprayed. Crop Protection Management in Wheat: (a) Major Weeds: 4. Curry leaves: Wheat (Phalaris minor) and wild oats |2. Broad leaves: Bathua, Senji, Krishnaneel, Hirankhuri, Chatri-Matri, Akra-Akari, Wild Carrot, Onion, Kharatua, Satyanashi, etc. + $$+ $+ 9 $+ * 45'"
2322,2366,"'Jowar is mainly cultivated in Jhansi, Hamirpur, Jalaun, Banda, Fatehpur, Prayagraj, Farrukhabad, Mathura, and Hardoi districts of the state. Sorghum is cultivated in about 2 lakh hectares in the state. Field preparation: Sandy loam or land with good drainage system is suitable for sorghum cultivation. Sorghum is also cultivated in moderately heavy lands in the Bundelkhand region. The preparation of the field requires only a tillage under the natural farming method. Sowing Time: It is advisable to sow jowar within the time frame from the last week of June to the first week of July. Seed rate: Natural sorghum cultivation requires 44 kg / ha of certified seeds. Seed treatment - Before sowing sorghum seeds should be treated with seed nectar.'"
2323,2367,"'Nutrient management: For nutrient availability, use of two tonnes hectare of solid biomass is essential at the time of sowing and in the standing crop, 600 litres hectare of biomass is used 3-4 times. Advanced Sorghum Varieties - Bundela, CASB47 Soil Treatment: Spray Jeevamrut, Dashaparni and Agni Astra to protect the sorghum crop from soil-borne diseases. Firearm spray protects against insects such as termites, rootworms, etc. Distance between leaves and plants - Sorghum should be sown at a distance of 45 cm behind the plough. Distance from plant to plant. The 2-20 must be 0 cm.'"
2324,2594,"'For registration of Section 8 Company, the following conditions must be fulfilled:-  a. Minimum 2 Shareholders (for Private Limited Co.) and 7 Shareholders (for Public  Limited Co.)  b. Minimum 2 Directors (for Private Limited Co.) and 3 Directors (for Public Limited Co.)  c. DIN (Director Identification Number) is required for every director. d. At least one Director of the PO should obtain Digital Signature. e. Memorandum of Association f. Articles of Association'"
2325,1058,"'......................................... food grains. Seed quantity: Irrigated / Unirrigated: .00 kg. It is per. . Post sowing:. 265 kg. It is per. . Method of sowing: Sow 23 cm in stalks behind the seed plough. at a distance of 5 - 6 cm. Sow deep. In unirrigated condition, sow 6 - 8 cm. Deepen to provide sufficient moisture for deposition |उर्वरक: It is advisable to use fertilizers based on soil testing. In non-irrigated condition: 40 kg per hectare. Nitrogen, 20 kg. Phosphate and 20 kg. Put potash in seed pots at the time of sowing |ब - from irrigated time to sowing stage: 30 kg / ha. Nitrogen and 30 kg. Phosphate and 20 kg. At the time of sowing potash is put under the seed in the buds and later 30 kg. Topdressing on nitrogen first irrigation. In light soils 20-30 kg. , / He. Sulphur should be used at the rate of 40 quintals per quintal for good yield. Use rotten cow dung manure at the rate of. Use 25% extra nitrogen for malt species |स - in case of late and late sowing: Pr. 30 kg. Nitrogen and 20 kg. At the time of sowing phosphate is put in the rhizomes under the seeds and later 30 kg. Use after first irrigation as nitrogen topdressing. In wastelands 20-25 kg. It is per. Use zinc sulphate. Irrigation: Two irrigations: The first one should be done at the time of hatching 30-35 days after sowing and the second at the time of milking. If a single irrigation is available, it should be done at the time of hatching. Barley cultivation for malt requires an additional irrigation. Three irrigation initiatives in fallow land should be done at the time of hatching, when the second bale forms, and when the third grain falls. Protection: (a) Major pests: * Termites - like wheat * Gujiyavil - like wheat * Measures for the control of fennel-wheat: 4. Chlorpyrifos 3 ml of 20% EC for the control of termites before sowing. or thiamethoxam 30% FS3 ml. per kg. Seeds should be filtered at the seed rate |ब्यूवेरिया Basiana. 2.50 kg of 5% biopesticide. It is per. 60-75 kg. By spraying light water mixed with cow dung manure and keeping it in shade for 8-0 days and then mixing it in the soil at the last ploughing before sowing, land-borne pests including termites can be controlled. Chlorpyrifos 20% EC2.5 L for control of termites / gujiya in crop. It is per. Rates of |माहूँ should be used with irrigation water |माहूँ Dimethoate 30% EC or Oxidametan-Methyl 25% ECK0L for pest control. per hectare or Thiomethoxam 25% Wg, 500 gm. Dissolved in 750 litres of water and sprayed 54'"
2326,1053,"'Kharif / Kharif Kharif / Rabi foodgrains 2. Fertilizers made of Bromodiolone 0.005 percent. A quantity of 0 gm should be kept in each live bill. The rat dies of this medicine after eating 3 - 4 times. Point: Store the grain in metal containers or cells or rooms as per convenience. However, a metal box is best for storage. Clean the closet and room before storing. Sprinkle Malathion 50% solution (: 400) at the rate of 3 litres per 400 sq.m. on the walls and floor. Apply polythene on the lid of the container and coat it with soil to make it airtight. * Use only pure and certified treated seeds by selecting the recommended variety for the region. * Use a balanced amount of fertilizers based on soil testing. Be sure to use the proper amount of fertilizer when planting. * Irrigate as recommended, making full use of irrigation potential. * If zinc has not been used in the previous crop or at the time of sowing, zinc sulfate should be used in the standing crop as recommended. * Topical use of chemicals for weed control is recommended. Timely control of diseases and pests through regular pest and disease surveys |एकीकृत Management: * Pre-sown crop residues should be collected and composted. * If possible, kill queen termites by digging up termites. * Neem blight in termite infested areas is 0 ° C / ha. Use should be at the rate of. * Always use good cow dung manure in termite infested fields. * Chlorpyrifos 20EC4 was found in termite infested areas. per kg. Sow after seed treatment at the rate of. * Timely sowing reduces the use of pests such as pigeon pea etc. * Use fertilizers only on the basis of soil testing. Excessive use of nitrogenous fertilizers is likely to increase the incidence of pest infestation. * Protect the natural enemies of pests. * In case of termite infestation in standing crops, use chlorpyrifos 20 EC at the rate of 2 - 3 litres per hectare with irrigation water or mixed with sand. * 2 kg of Beauveria bassiana. The volume is 20 kg. Mix it with cow dung manure and keep it under shade for 0 days and put it in the dustbin while sowing.'"
2327,1066,"'......................................... food grains. Germination is low, peak germination is low, and stem germination is moderate. 96-99 m Ton \'he. Sugarcane Sugar Percentage - (Pol% Ken) for November (44.42), January (42.62) and March (4.49) floodplains. 9530 (to 4084 / / 86 \'to. 422 / 85): Sugarcane straight, medium thick, long, light yellow green and hard. Pith is present in sugarcane. Solid, brittle, malleable cane and good in yield. Paddy is good. Sugarcane does not fall. Medium disease resistance to ear, tendon and macular diseases. 65-78 Mt. Percentage of sugar in the upajar - Percentage of sugar in the sugarcane - Co. S 96436 Jalpari (B. No. 49, \'62498): Sugarcane straight, medium thick, light yellow green, best in January (44.03) and March (6. 68) 42.75 percent (at the age of twelve months). Ton. \'Hey. November (44.64) January (6. 84) and March (47.64) 42.70 Percentage (at twelve-month stage) Cultivation of sugarcane scientifically, long and hard. Autumn - Mid September to October |बसंतकाल - Eastern Region - Mid January to February. - Central Region -. February to March. -. Western Region - Major species accepted in mid-February to mid-April |प्रदेश: 4. Early ripening: Co. 8436, 88230, 95255, 96268, Ko. S. 95436, 98234, 00235, 04235 & Co. J. 64 |2. Mid-late ripening: Co. 767, 8432, 88246, 9230, 92263, 94257, 96275, 96269, 97264, 97264, 99259, Co. S. 92423, 95422, 95427, 96436, U.P. 22, 39, 9530, 0097, Co. Pt., 84242 |3. For late sowing: Co. 767, 88230, 94257, 95255, Co. S. 92423 and U. P. 39 |4. for limited agricultural means: Co. 767, 8826, 94257, 95255 |5. for limited irrigation: Co. 767, 88246, 96275, Co. Sec.92423 & U.P.39.62'"
2328,1059,"'Kharif / Kharif Kharif / Rabi food grains should be used. Azadirectin (neem oil) 0.5% EC2.5 L. The rate per hectare can also be used. Major diseases: 4. Enveloped tendon: In this disease, the hair follicles are replaced by black powder which is covered by a strong membrane and bursts during crushing to adhere to the healthy seeds. 2. Leaf stripe disease: In this disease, yellow stripes form in the leaf veins, which later turn deep brown, on which numerous spores (spores) of the fungus are formed. 3. Leaf spot disease: elliptical brown spots form on the leaves, which later spread all over the leaf. 4. Unexposed tendon: Like wheat |5. Gerui disease: Like wheat. Measures of control: 4. Seed treatment: * Carbendazim 2 gm of 50% w.p. or carboxin 2 gm of 75% w.p. for control of encapsulated tendon, exposed tendon leaf stripe disease and leaf spot diseases. Sowing should be done by seed treatment at the seed rate. * For the control of uncovered tendon and other seed borne diseases as well as early land borne diseases, carboxin 37: 1% + thiorm 37. 5% of DS / WS should be used at 3. 0 g / kg. Sowing should be done by seed treatment at the rate of |2. Soil treatment: * Biopesticide Trichoderma viridi 4% WPT for control of soil borne and seed borne diseases. or Trichoderma harzianum 2% w-p. of 2.5 kg. It is per. 60-75 kg. Rubbed cow dung mixed with manure and kept in shade for 8-0 days and mixed with soil at the last ploughing before sowing helps in the management of diseases like exposed tendon, recurrent tendon, etc. 3. Foliage treatment: 2. Kg of germs 80% WP for control of ochre and leaf spot disease and leaf spot disease. Or I would say 75 wp. of 2 kg. Or about 75 percent of the W-P. of 2 kg. It is per. Propiconazole 500 ml of 25% E.C. should be sprayed after dissolving it in 750 litres of water. It is per. Water should be dissolved in 750 litres of water and sprayed. (c) Major weeds: * Sakri leaf-wheat (Phalaris minor) and wild oats. * Measures of broad-leaf-bathua, senji, krishnanil, hirankhuri, chatri-matri, akara, wild-carrot, gajri, pyaaji, khartua, satyanashi, etc. |नियंत्रण: 4. For the control of wheat (Phalaris minor) and wild oats, take the recommended amount of any one of the following herbicide chemicals 500-600. Dissolve in water. Flatfan 55 after 20-25 day of sowing'"
2329,1067,"'Kharif / Kharif Kharif / Rabi foodgrains 6. For alkaline land: Ksh 767,92263 |7. For irrigation: U P 9530 and Ksh. Sec. 96436 |बीज Sugarcane Selection and Quantity: Pure. Choose seeds from a field (nursery) that is disease- and pest-free and has plenty of manure and water. Sugarcane has a relatively good upper 4 / 3 concentration. According to the thickness of the sugarcane, 50-60 kuntal (about 37. 5 thousand three-eyed or 56.00 thousand two-eyed wheels per hectare) seeds are required. Late sowing requires one and a half times the above. Seed treatment: A quantity of 280 gm or 560 gm or 442 gm of Baviston per hectare should be treated by immersing sugarcane stalks in a solution of 442 litres of water for treatment of termites and shoot borer control. Treatment: Chlorpyrifos gamma BHC 20% EC solution 4. 5 litres of water or Phorate 40g or Phenvalerate 0. 4% dust 25 kg for termites control. / Hey. The wheels should be covered with a veil. Row to Row Distance: Autumn Sowing. 90 cm. Spring sowing. 90 cm. Late sowing. Pedal distance from 60 cm: per 20 cm. A wheel of two eyes should be inserted at a distance of |खाद in the amount of 450-480 kg of nitrogen. / Hey. Phosphorus - 60-80 kg. / Hey. Potash not 20-40 kg. / Hey. Zinc sulphate - 25 kg. / Hey. Application Time: 4 / 3rd of the total amount of nitrogenous fertilizer and 60 to 80 kg. Phosphorus and 20-40 kg. Potash is the element per se. The remaining two-thirds of the nitrogen should be applied in two equal parts before June (interval). Zinc sulphate should be applied near the plants at the time of field preparation or when the oats arrive after the first irrigation |सिंचाई: 4 - 5 in the eastern region, 5 - 6 in the central region and 7 - 8 in the western region (after two irrigation rains). Mulching: From the point of view of providing moisture and air to the roots of sugarcane plants and weed control, it is beneficial to do one mulching with a spoon / shovel / cultivator after every irrigation in summer. 63'"
2330,2368,"'Irrigation: It is very important to have moisture in the field at the time of sowing and grain filling in the sorghum crop. An irrigation should be done if the moisture content is low, otherwise the yield is adversely affected. Nutrient Management - 4.जीवामृत: Jowar crop (409) is sprayed with Jeevamrut to supply nutrients. Spraying of 200 litres / hectare of biomass should be done 3 - 4 times at the stage of crop diversification. The first spraying should be done after 4 weeks and the second spraying 24 days after the first spraying. The third spraying should be done 24 days after the second spraying. The fourth spray should be done 24 days after the third spray.'"
2331,1063,"'Kharif / Kharif Kharif / Rabi food grains. 85-402 m. Ton \'he. Percentage of sugar in juice. November (46.25) January (8. 66) March (8. 86) Sugarcane percentage-. . \' On 30th (at the age of 40 months). 95436 CE Kushi (945 CE). 62498) The cane is straight, medium thick, light yellow and solid. Wheat, barley, millet, and sugarcane are good in yield. Fast-growing and good forage and sugarcane does not fall. Cotton, moderately susceptible to disease. Paddy is anti-inflammatory and resistant to various diseases. 75-80 m. Ton. \'Hey. Percentage of sugar in juice. November (6. 58), December (47.29) Sugar percentage in sugarcane -. 3. 00 (at the age of 40 months) K.S. 96268 Mithas (Co. 4458. \' 62498): Sugarcane straight, medium thick, soft and solid. Composite, dense, malleable cane and high in yield. Fast growing and good yield and no fall. Medium disease resistance to canker, scarlet disease. Sprouts sprouting, stems sprouting, root rotting. 84-99 m. Ton. \'Hey. Percentage of sugar in juice. November (46.65), December (47.42) January (47.75) Sugar percentage in sugarcane -. . \' 3. 64 (at the age of 40 months) K.S. 98234 Mithas (Co. 7927 CE. \' 775): Sugarcane is straight, moderately thick, moderately soft and solid. Solid, porous, malleable cane and high in yield. Sugarcane does not fall with good growth. Average yield 76-90 m. Ton \'he. The sugar content in the juice was found to be 45.78 and 46.92 in November and January respectively. At the ten-month stage, the sugar content of sugarcane was found to be 43.47. J. 064. \' 87268): Sugarcane is straight, moderately thin, moderately hard and solid. Solid, porous, malleable sugarcane and yield is good. Sugarcane does not fall apart with good growth. Medium disease resistance to earworms, ulcers and varicose diseases. Yield: 83-85 mt / ha. Percentage of sugar in juice. November (47.75), January (48.22) March (49.02) Sugar percentage in sugarcane -. November ((2.60), December (43.80), January (43.92), February (44.02) from 04235 Rapti (Co. 8449 A.D. \' 62498) Sugarcane is straight, moderately thick, moderately soft and solid. Solid, porous, malleable cane and yield is good. Sugarcane does not fall apart with good growth. Medium disease resistance to earworms, boils and dysentery |उपज 83-88 m. Ton \'he. November (47.84), January (48.44) March (49.22) November (42.65), December (43.90), January (43.95), February (43.23) Sugar percentage in juice Sugar percentage in sugarcane 59%'"
2332,1054,"'_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. Improved methods of wheat cultivation by zero tillage in the state: Wheat cultivation by zero tillage method has been found to be beneficial in the paddy wheat crop cycle of the state, especially where wheat sowing is delayed. In this method, wheat is sown by a special machine (zero tillage machine) without preparing the field. Method: 4. 47 Advantages: 9A # 72? 7: 4 Note When sowing with the zero tillage method, the following should be kept in mind: There should be sufficient moisture in the field at the time of sowing. If necessary, the paddy should be irrigated a week before harvesting. The paddy should be sown immediately after harvesting |बीज at the rate of 25 kg. It is per. One should use |दानेदार fertilizers (NPK) |पहली for irrigation, sowing. It should be done after 5 days. Herbicide chemicals should be used for weed control |भूमि should be flat. This method has been found to have the following advantages: Cost reduction in wheat cultivation (about Rs. ). Sowing wheat 770 days early allows for a reasonable number of |पौधों increases in yield and better use of fertilizer. The lack of water in the first irrigation does not hinder crop growth; the main weed of |गेहूँ, wheatgrass, is reduced in infestation. Land along the lowland canal and brick kiln land can be sown in time with this machine. The crop residue should not be burnt after harvesting the wheat crop. 50'"
2333,1055,"'Kharif / Kharif Kharif / Rabi foodgrains. Barley cultivation is more profitable than wheat under irrigated and non-irrigated conditions with limited means of irrigation and fertilizers. To get good yield from barley cultivation in irrigated, non-irrigated, delayed and fallow land, the following points should be kept in mind: - Field preparation: The field should be prepared by ploughing 2 - 3 times with indigenous plough or disc harrow / rotavator. Time: From 20 October to 40 November. Time: From 25 November to 3 December in all areas. Cultivated varieties of Barley: S.No. Species Notification. Specific details of the ripening of the product (Ms. / duration / year hectare) (in days) 4. Six striped species with peels Plain area 4. Light 08.0.974 25-28 420-25 Irrigated condition for late sowing (a. 572 / 40) (Delayed) Conduit and Stripe Rust Blocker. Suitable for plain area. 2. Azad 4.0.982 28-32 40-45 Unirrigated and fallow (K-25) land, reed and stripe rust proof, suitable for fodder and grain, for plain area. 3. K-4. 29.05.982 30-32 420-25 Blue comb and stripe barrier suitable for non-irrigated condition fodder and grain. |4 for plain area. 5.05.998 30-35 40-45 suitable for non-irrigated condition (K-560) barrier for all diseases |5 for entire Uttar Pradesh. 02.02.200 40-42 405-2 barrier for major diseases of barley (K-409) for irrigated condition for entire Uttar Pradesh. 6. Jagratha- 42-45 425-30 In irrigated condition, Kandua and (K-287) Stripe barrier of |उ .P. is for plain area.'"
2334,2369,"'Achhadaan: In the natural farming of sorghum, after jivamgrit and ghanjivamrut, achhadaan is done in the field. Except for the crop, the remaining space is covered with stubble. This increases the organic carbon of the soil, and also preserves moisture. Crop Protection, Pests and Diseases: For the prevention of pests and diseases spray Neemastra, Brahmastra, Agniastra, Fungicide, Dashaparni, etc. Whenever any pest appears in the sorghum crop, spray 8 litres of Brahmastra and 8 litres of Agniastra mixed in 500 litres of water.'"
2335,2370,"'Harvesting of Sorghum: Sorghum plants are ready for harvest after 440 days. Harvest the plants when the leaves on the plants begin to appear dry. Its crop can be harvested two to three times. Sorghum plants are harvested from near the surface of the land. After harvesting, the shoots are removed, and they are properly dried. Sorghum yield and benefits: Natural cultivation of sorghum yields 45-8 quintal / hectare in the first year and about 24-25 quintal / hectare in the second year and about 20% more yield of the second year in the third year.'"
2336,2371,"'Sanwa occupies an important place among the coarse cereals grown in the non-irrigated areas of Sanwa by natural technology. They require less water than other crops. A mild humid and warm climate is best for it. It has many uses for animals. Its green fodder is very fond of animals. It contains more nutrients than rice. And the protein found in it has the highest digestibility (up to 40 percent). Field Soil and Preparation: Generally, this crop is sown in less fertile soil. For this, sandy loam and loamy soil with adequate nutrient content are suitable. With the onset of the monsoon, tilling of the field is essential. So that the amount of nutrient in the farm is conserved. The preparation of the field requires only one tillage under the natural farming method. Cultivation of species: Only pure seeds of non-degradable species should be sown to get good yield. Among the varieties of Sanwa found in Uttar Pradesh, the main ones are: 2 / -97,. ? / - 00, \' 4-148,. ? / - 54 and UPT0-8'"
2337,2372,"'Sowing Time: In the natural farming of Sanwa, sowing is done from the last week of June to the first week of July. Seed Rate: Certified seed 8-40 kg / ha is required for natural teak cultivation. Seed treatment: Before sowing the seeds, the seeds should be treated with seed nectar.'"
2338,1056,"'........................................ food grains. Co. No.0 and Species NDB 445 (Narendra barley-7) Lakhan (K. 226) Manjula (K. 329) R., S.-6 NDB-473D WRB-37K-055 (Prakhar) R. D-2907RD-2899DWRB-23RD-2794RD-2849BH-959DWRB-0BH-946Mahamana-43B. H-946D WRB-92 Notification Date / Year 20] 424.07.98504.05.499720.02.97092 (E. ) 2.2.0492 (E. ) 2.2.04937 (E) 4.9.0203.04.200002.02.200] SO 42 (E) 4.2.052048204820482048204720620620520520442044204420] 3 Productivity (Q. 1 / hectare) 30-3530-3228 -30 30-4030-3535-4542.4942-4735.543649.3029.9050.9049.9049.2054.943.205.9649.8पकने duration (in days) 25-428425-3040 - 4520-2540-4540 - 4540-4540-4520 - 2545-422445-2043 - 5432244543048-2443 | 0943225-3046.] 2 | 43043 | Special DescriptionFull Profit Conduit and Anti-Stripe for Unirrigated Condition for U.P. and U.S. Soil |पछेती Blue Conduit for Sowing. |सिंचित for all U.S. plains, Conduit and Stripe for Unirrigated and Late Sowing |बुन्देलखण्ड for Partial Blocking of U.S. Soil |समस्याग्रस्त For salt blockers and feeds, |स्ट्रिप for rust blockers and malts. |2 25 4 Gentrug |2 Dirrat 8. 32 32 3 32 3 [Dappled, reddish 5. Yellow for rust inhibitors and malts. for the feed. for the mallet. 52.'"
2339,2373,"'Nutrient management: 4. Jeevamrut: In Sanwa Kifsal (409), Jeevamrut is sprayed to supply nutrients. 600 litres / hectare of biomass should be sprayed 3 - 4 times at the stage of crop diversification. Har. One spray at an interval of 5 days alters the growth stage of the crops. 2. Ghanajeevamrut - Before sowing, 45-2 tonnes of \'Ghanajeevamrut\' should be mined and put in the field for nutrient availability. 3. Covering: In Sanwa Naturals, after Jeevamrut and Ghanjeevamrut, the field is covered with stubble except for the crop, which increases the organic carbon of the soil, and also preserves moisture. Natural cover for organic mulch such as grass clippings is made from leaves, paddy, millet, maize, barley, and wheat stubble. Crop Protection and Pests and Diseases - 0 Kandava: Rather, it is a fungal disease in which the entire crop is covered with a black powdery substance. This makes the diseased plant taller than other plants. Prevention - Neemastra, Brahmastra should be sprayed thrice a week by making a decoction for its prevention.'"
2340,1061,"'Kharif / Kharif Kharif / Rabi Foodgrains Improved cultivation of sugarcane Sugarcane is a major cash crop in our country with about 3 million hectares under cultivation every year. The average yield of sugarcane in the country is 65. 4 tonnes per hectare, which is far below the production capacity. Uttar Pradesh में49.38 cultivates sugarcane in an area of one lakh hectares, with an average yield of 58. 7 tonnes per hectare. In the subtropical zone, sugarcane is mostly grown in alluvial soil with sufficient water retention capacity. In these zones, sugarcane is grown in climatic conditions such as hot and dry and moist and cold. The optimal time for sugarcane growth is only from July to October. Sugarcane is generally cultivated in sandy loam land with 42-45 percentage of soil moisture |उत्तर approved for different districts of the state. 8436 CE, Co. 88230 CE, Co. 767 B.C.E. 8432 CE, Ko, Sha. Productive District Co., S.A. 95255, Ko. 97264 CE, Co. 96275 CE. 96268 CE. S. 03234, U.P. 97204, K.S. 98259, Ko. 09453 (UP). 054285), Ko. [99259, Co. S. 0434, UP. 0009, to. 98234, Co. 0822, [Ko. 08279, Ko. Sha. _ 08276, Ko. S. 95422, Ko. 0238, K.S. 42232, Kos. 44453, Co. 0448, Co. 9804, Ko. 05244, K.S. 09232, Kosse. 43234 CE, Co. 43235 CE. 3452, Ksh 44233, Ksh. Western Region Meerut Meerut Meerut, Ghaziabad, Hapur, [All Regions Approved] All Regions Approved Varieties Bulandshahr, Baghpat. Go to |किस्मों as well as to. On 44257 CE. Saharanpur. Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar, [64 on Th Co. Sha., Co. SH 96269, UP. 39, B Ko. Pant. Shamli 03254, Ko. Lakh 9709, Ko. [84242, K.S. 0250, Ko. H. 449, Ko. 05009, Ko. Lakh. [Ko. Pant 97222, Ko. J. 20493, Ko. 24, K.H. 428, Ko. Lakh 09204, Lakh 44206, Ko. 09022, to. 2029 Approved for Lucknow, Lakhimpur, |सभी Regions [All Regions Approved for Varieties include Sitapur, Hardoi, Rae Bareli, |किस्मों as well as Koshas, Koshas, etc. 54257, Kanpur, Kanpus-dehat, |64, Ko. to 0025, Ko. L.K. SH 96269, UP. 39, Ko. Pant. Farrukhabad, Unnao. 9709, Ko. 023, Co. [84242, Co. H 449, Co. Pant 97222, Bareilly, Pilibhit, 05009, Ko. Lakh 44203J. 20493, Ko. 0424, K.H. Shahjahanpur, Badaun, Aligarh, 28. Lakh. 09204, Ko. Lakh. Etah, Mathura. 44206, Ko. 09022, to. 42029 Bareilly Moradabad. Moradabad, Sambhal, Amroha, Rampur and Bijnor. 37.'"
2341,1065,"'Kharif / Kharif Kharif / Rabi foodgrains to 95422 Rasbhari (b. O. 94. \' 453 CE) Sugarcane is straight, moderately thick, moderately soft and solid. Good in coagulation, toughness, malleable cane, and yield. Sugarcane does not fall apart as well as good. Medium disease resistance to ear disease. Yield -. 86-95 m. Ton \'he. Percentage of sugar in juice. November ((5. 72), January (7. 49) March ((7. 65) Sugarcane percentage-. . \' 3. 74 per cent (in the twelve-month stage) K.S. 96275 Sweety (Ko. 8449 A.D. \' 62498): Sugarcane is straight, moderately thin, soft, long and solid. Good in coagulation, toughness, malleable cane and yield. Sugarcane does not fall apart as well as good in terms of yield. Since the pods are somewhat long, it is beneficial to use 2 eyelashes at the time of sowing. Medium disease resistance to ear, tendon, ulcer and discoloration diseases. Yield -. 89-98 m. Ton. \'Hey. . Percentage of sugar in juice. November (45.44), January (46.67) March (8. 26) Sugarcane percentage-. January (2. 98) and March (4. 30) K.S. 97264 (70 A. G. C.): Sugarcane straight, medium thick, medium hard, solid and non-falling. 98-409 m. Ton \'he. Percentage of sugar in juice. In November ((4. 28), January (47.46) and March (7. 60), the sugar percentage in sugarcane is -. January ((2.90) March (3.46) UP. 0097 HEART (Sec. 4444, / / 94 \'to. 4854 / / 94): Sugarcane is straight, moderately thick, soft, long and solid. Solid, porous, malleable and sugarcane yield is good. Paddy is also the best. Sugarcane requires cane bonding because of its high weight and length. Medium disease resistance to ear, tendon, ulcer, and variegated diseases. Yield -. 92-400 m. Ton. \'Hey. Percentage of sugar in juice. Sugar percentage in November (45.00), January (47.22) and March (8. 80) sugarcane. January (2.80) March (4.47) CE 96269 Shah Jahan (viz. No.408 / / 94. \' 4448): Sugarcane straight, medium thick, medium soft and solid. 90-93 m. Ton \'he. Percentage of sugar in juice. Sugar percentage in November (44.78), January (46.49) and March ((7.53) sugarcane. January (44.72), February (42.74) and March ((3.72) CE. 99259 (Ashoka) - Paternity - Co. 767 G. C.: Sugarcane straight, medium thick, soft and solid. Solid, strong, malleable cane and yielding good. Paddy also good |गन्ना Tendency to fall. Tying and mulching beneficial. Prophylactic against ear, tendon, ulcers and discoloration. 64'"
2342,2374,"'0 Ratua / Gerui: It is a fungal disease. Brown / black patches are seen on the affected leaves which affects the leaves in making food (photosynthesis) thereby affecting the yield. Prevention: Neemastra, a fungicide, should be sprayed on standing crops to prevent this. Stem fly: is the major pest of samba causing loss in yield. The insect's caterpillars reach down into the midgut and cut it, affecting the yield. Prevention - Dashaparni, Agni Shastra should be sprayed to prevent this.'"
2343,2375,"'Pruning of Saanwa: In case of ripening of saanwa plants, pruning should be done from the root of the plants. It should be cut into bales and left to dry in the field for a week. Saanwa yield: Natural farming of saanwa yields 9 - 0 quintals / hectare in the first year and about in the second year. 2.5 quintals / hectare and the third year will yield about 20% more of the second year's production. About 20-25 quintals / hectare of dry fodder is obtained. Storage: Before storage, sun-dry the seed pods well and reduce the moisture content of the pods by 0-42%. After drying, the seeds should be packed in a bag and kept in a place where rain water cannot go and there is no infestation of rats, etc. Kodo occupies an important place among the coarse cereals grown in the unirrigated areas of Kodo by natural techniques. The kodo plant can be easily grown in the kharif season. Areas with 400-500 millimetre annual rainfall are found to be suitable for this crop. In the state it is cultivated in Sonbhadra, Lalitpur, Chitrakoot, Bahraich, Sitapur, Lakhimpur Kheri and Barabanki districts.'"
2344,2376,"'Kodo is given as a substitute for rice for patients suffering from diabetes. The quality of its straw is substandard. About 0. 02 lakh hectare has been produced in the state in the year 2022. Species Harvesting: To get good yield, only pure seed of those degraded species should be sown. But there are some varieties that people grow for animal fodder. Kodo species are available in Uttar Pradesh such as Jawahar Kutki-2, CO-2, Jawahar Kodo-76.'"
2345,2377,'Land selection: Light or loamy sandy soil is suitable for kodo. The drainage of the land needs to be good and the soil in which natural farming is to be done for the first time should be tested.'
2346,2378,"'Sowing Time and Temperature: The seeds should be sown from mid-June to the end of July as soon as the rains begin. Sowing at the end of July does not increase the incidence of stem fly insect disease in the crop. The kodo plant needs a temperature of 25 ° C to germinate and 30-35 ° C to grow. Even at 40 ° C, its plants give good yields. Kodo sowing method: In natural farming method, planting Kodo on ridge is considered to be the best method. By sowing on the bed, the quantity of seed is less and 70% of water is saved. And when the drain is irrigated, the roots of the crop grown on the bed move towards the water in search of moisture, which makes the roots more developed and the plant stronger. And if it rains and the field is waterlogged, there is less chance of damage to the crop grown on the beds. Seed Rate: Kodo's natural requires 45-6 kg / ha of certified seed. Seed treatment: Kodo seeds are sown by treating them with \'Beejamrutha,\' which protects the seeds from soil-borne diseases.'"
2347,1064,"'......................................... food grains. The middle and late ripening varieties are known as M. 8432 (c. S. 6847 \'to. 4448): Sugarcane is straight, moderately thick, moderately hard and solid. Solid, compact, malleable and good in yield. Sugarcane does not fall apart with good growth. Medium disease resistant and resistant to various diseases. Low incidence of sprouting and stem borer and moderate incidence of apex borer were found. The yield. 66-88 m. Ton \'he. Percentage of sugar in juice. November (45.54), January (46.42) March (8. 88) Sugarcane percentage-. 3. 30 per cent (at the age of twelve months) to 94257 CE (b. O. 94. \' 62498): Sugarcane is straight, long, light yellow, medium thick, medium soft and solid. Gathering, fine, malleable cane and good yield are also good. Fibre content is low. Medium disease resistance to ear, scarlet, acne and macular diseases. Sprouts and shoots are less prone to pests and stems are more prone to pests. 84-404 m. Ton \'he. Percentage of sugar in juice. November (43.44), January (5.64), March (7.54) Sugarcane percentage-. . \' 2. 80% (in the twelve-month stage) to 92423 Rajbhog (b. O. 94. \' 453): Sugarcane straight, medium thick, light yellow green with fine pores in the middle. The tendency of sugarcane to swell. Ear disease to moderate disease resistance. Wrist disease resistance. Descriptive to moderate disease receptor |उपज -. 80-448 m. Ton \'he. Percentage of sugar in juice. November (3. 45), January (45.75) March (48.48) Sugarcane percentage-. . \' 3. 0 per cent (at the twelve-month stage) to. 84242 (Co. 4448. \' 775): Sugarcane straight, medium thick, solid and greenish white but exposed portion greenish yellow, with purple spots at some places. Coagulation, deformation, malleable cane and yield moderate. Stem medium. Tendency to fall on growing. Medium disease receptive to ear disease. Yield-. 64-69 m. Ton \'he. Percentage of sugar in juice. January (5.64) March (7.54) Sugarcane percentage-. . \' 2.95% (in the twelve-month stage) were found in 97264 CE Chapala (Co. 4458 \'K.S. 540) Sugarcane is straight, moderately thick, moderately soft and solid. Solid, porous, malleable cane and yield is excellent. Sugarcane does not fall apart and has good growth along with good yield. Medium disease resistance to ear, tendon, and bladder diseases |उपज 89-404 mm. Ton \'he. Sugar percentage in juice November (44.34), January (5. 99) March (48.52) Sugar percentage in sugarcane -. . \' 3.2% (at the age of twelve months) 60'"
2348,2379,"'Seed treatment leads to better germination and higher yield as a crop. Soil treatment: Spraying of Jeevamrutha, Dasaparni Arka medicine should be done to protect the crop from soil borne diseases. Like - Kandwa. Irrigation: In the natural farming of kodo, moisture is essential in the field when the crop is coming out and filling the grain. If not, irrigation should be done.'"
2349,2380,"'Nutrient Management - 4. Jeevamrut: - Jaggery crop is sprayed with Jeevamrut to replenish the nutrients. 7 - 8 litres of Jeevamrut should be sprayed in 600 litres / hectare of water. Spraying of Jeevamrut should be done 4-5 times at an interval of 45 days in Kodo crop. Spraying once every 45 days alters the growth stage of the crops and as the organic carbon of the field increases, the amount of jeevamrut and ghanjeevamrut should be reduced.'"
2350,2381,"'2. Ghanajeevamrut - Before sowing, 45-2 tonnes / hectare of Ghanajeevamrut should be mined and put in the field for nutrient availability.'"
2351,2382,"'3. Achchadan (Mulving): In the natural farming of Kodo, after Jeevamruth and Ghanajeevamruth, Achchadan is done in the field. This increases the organic carbon of the soil. And doing good farming in the field also gives relief from the serious problem of weeds. Crop Protection, Pests and Diseases: Cultivation through natural farming practices improves the health of the land thereby reducing diseases on the crop. Kandava: In this disease, fungal spores like black powder fill the crop. At first the spores are covered by a pale yellow membrane which later ruptures and the spores hatch and spread. This makes the diseased plant taller than other plants. Prevention - Seed treatment is its prevention. For its prevention, spraying of ammunitions, fire arms, fungicides, decongestants, etc., is done.'"
2352,2383,"'2. Ratua / Gerui: It is a fungal disease. Brown / black patches are seen on the affected leaves which affects the leaves in making food (photosynthesis) thereby affecting the yield. Prevention: Neemastra, a fungicide, should be sprayed on standing crops to prevent it.'"
2353,1068,"'......................................... food grains. Soil Laying: Binding of sugarcane: The sugarcane roots should be covered with light soil at the end of June and sufficient soil at the end of July. The first binding should be about 450 cm. The second strand at the end of July at a height of about 50 cm above the first strand. In August above, followed by two rows of three thanas together (scissor binding) as required, should be done in August-September. Harvesting: Depending on the age of the crop, maturity, variety of sugarcane and time of sowing, the crop should be harvested from November to April. Crop selection: A good, pure, disease-free and pest-free sugarcane crop is good for the crop. Other Crop Harvesting and Traction Activities: As per the recommendation, the crop should be harvested from February to March from the surface of the land, pruned with a sharp-edged tool, dry leaves burnt or evenly spread, irrigated and felled, and mulched with a native plough yacultivator |नत्रजन: 480 kg. Half the amount of nitrogen per hectare should be given after post-harvest irrigation of the crop and the remaining nitrogen should be given in the starting lines of the field. / Hey. Twice spraying with chlorpyrifos 20EC insecticide is beneficial. Intercropping with sugarcane: Intercropping with sugarcane should be done by choosing short-ripening crops that are suited to the region's climatic conditions, availability of agricultural inputs, and local demands, without increasing competition, and whose shade does not adversely affect the sugarcane crop. |प्रमुख Intercropping: a) Autumn-pea (legumes), potato, clove, mustard, onion, lentil, coriander, garlic, radish, cabbage, turnip, etc. |ख) Spring-Urdu, moong, lady's finger, and cowpea (for fodder and green manure). Important points to be kept in mind in sugarcane cultivation: 4.23.4 Fertilizers should be supplied in time as per the separate recommendation for intercrops. Irrigation and nitrogen topdressing should be done in sugarcane as soon as possible after intercrop cutting. Gap filling should be done in vacant places with pre-sprouted sugarcane pads. |जल In the event of stagnation, immediate drainage should be provided.'"
2354,1073,"'Kharif / Kharif Kharif / Rabi foodgrains Production and use of organic manure: Due to continuous use of chemical fertilizers, the soil condition and fertility of the soil deteriorates, hence the use of organic manures is now absolutely necessary. The use of organic manures considerably improves the physical condition of the soil, water retention and aeration, thereby preserving the fertility of the soil for a longer period of time. In the modern era, due to mechanization of agriculture, even rural areas lack cow dung manure. Hence, manure which is available at cheaper rates from sugar mills and is more nutritious than cow dung manure. Mud should not be used directly in the field as it is acidic and does not contain nutrients in the available state, and there is a high possibility of termite infestation. Therefore, it should be decomposed by scientific methods before being used in the field. The following two methods have been developed to make suitable manure from the soil: 4. By use of bacterial culture (TK). 2. Vermi culture method (by Quechua). 4. By use of bacterial culture (vaccine). It consists of two methods: a) Deep pit: 4. 4 m deep, 5. 5 to 2 m wide, \'40 to 45 m long (as required). 2. In this pit, 45 cm of organic matter such as dry sugarcane leaves, hay, garbage, household waste, etc. Thick folds should be laid |3 .500 liters of water + 400 kg. Cow dung and 4. 0 kg. The bacterial culture solution should be sprayed at the rate of one ton per layer. 80 kg by laying a thick fold. Urea 40.00 kg. Single superphosphate should be applied at the rate of one tonne. 5. When the pit is filled after three to four layers, the pit should be covered with a mixture of cow dung, soil and dirt on top. One foot of free space should be left on one side for ventilation along the length of the pit. 6. The first and second rotation of the dead material should be done at an interval of 45 days and the third rotation at an interval of 4 months. Thus, suitable compost is prepared in about 90420 days. b) Heap Method: Under this method, three to four heaps of different organic matter should be placed as mentioned above, 4 m high, 4.5मीटर wide and 40 to 45 m long as required. The heap should be sprayed with water to maintain proper moisture and the heap should be turned periodically as mentioned above. 69'"
2355,1070,"'..................................... food grains. Prevention: 4. Proper irrigation system |2. Use of one of the following insecticides at the time of sowing - + + Chlorpyrifos 20% solution 4. 5 l. / Hey. A solution of Co 800-4000 in litres of water was sprayed by Hazare on the wheels. Carbofuran 308 Cg 20-25 kg. / Hey. At the time of sowing at the rate of, at the time of transplanting the bulbs should be put on top of the wheels. After deposition, a 400-kilometre-long gap is formed between the two rows of cane. Dry leaf / hay. laying at the rate of. Note: Termite control is achieved by using the above-mentioned insecticides at the time of sowing. Therefore, the use of a separate insecticide is not required for termite control. 3. Peak borer: This insect is found from March to September and is the major of all sugarcane pests. In northern India, this insect causes the most damage. Identification of the affected plant: 4. Found dead |गोभ2. Found dead |3 on the central tip of a leaf on the side of the brow. 4. Found dead on the side of the brow. Shrubs: 4. . Finding round holes on the leaves of the March side |रद Finding of Syrah (Bunchy top) |र्च To collect and destroy the egg clusters from May. 2. Affecting or destroying them from March to May. Cutting out the plants from thin scabs with larva pupae and use in fodder 3. Transplantation of tricho card at fifteen days interval from March to July. 4. Carbofuran 3% granulated 30 kg from the last week of June to the first week of July. It is per. At the rate of 4. Stem caterpillar should be used near the roots of the plants in the condition of proper moisture. This insect enters the sugarcane stems by making holes in them and eats the pulp inside the pods which leads to yield. The sugar content decreases. Sugarcane appears red when torn and also contains insect-derived substances. Pores are also visible in places. Prevention: 4. The field affected by the disease should be completely destroyed by burning the leaves and shoots after harvesting and deep ploughing of the field.'"
2356,1069,"'Kharif / Kharif Kharif / Rabi food grains5. Disease free 40 cm sugarcane leaves after completion of storage for moisture conservation and weed control. Thick folds should be laid between the rows. Irrigation in parallel channels has been found to be beneficial in case of limited irrigation means. 7. Remove pest infested plants from the field in April-May for control of rodent pests and 30 kg in the last week of June to first week of July in case there is sufficient moisture in the field. / Hey. Pour carbofuran3g into sugarcane lines at a rate of |8. A 5 to 40% alkaline spray of urea has been found to be beneficial in flooded areas. 9. Irrigation must be done in the absence of rain for 20 days in a year. Key pests of |गन्ना Identification and prevention measures 4. Termites: Termites can be found at any stage of the crop from sowing to harvesting. Termites also cut the root of cut ends of the wheels, the tips of the wheels, the root of the shoots and the sugarcane and fill the cut place with soil. Prevention: While sowing, the sugarcane trays should be covered with any one of the following insecticides: 4. The field should be ploughed deeply before sowing. Raw cow dung should not be used in the farm. Remains of |फसलों should be destroyed. Neem kali is 40 Kuntal per quintal. Pre-sowing mixtures at the rate of 1% reduce the incidence of termites in the field. Beauveria bassiana 4. 45% 2.5 kg. It is per. 60-75 kg. Termite control is achieved by spraying light water mixed with cow dung manure and putting it in shade for 8-40 days and then adding it to the soil at the last ploughing before sowing. should be covered at the rate of Rs. 7. In case of outbreak in standing crop, one of the following insecticides should be used with irrigation water. 8. Imidacloprid 47. 8 SL 350 ml. or Chlorpyrifos 20% EC 2.5 L. It is per. should be used at the rate of. In addition, the infestation of termites can also be reduced by proper irrigation of the affected field. 2. Germination: It is the major pest affecting sugarcane stalks and the incidence of this pest is high in the summer months (March to June). Identification of plants: 4. Detection of dry dung (carcass) |2. Dry dandruff coming out easily on pulling. The affected dandruff smells like vinegar. Chafki 79 65'"
2357,1072,"'..................................... food grains. 79 A. # * The crop environment should provide protection to Epiricania melanoleuca, a parasite of the Pyrilla pest. Sufficient parasite presence leads to autoimmunity of the pest. For chemical control, one of the following insecticides should be used. * Dry sugarcane leaves should be cut and separated. * Cuqunalfas is 25% EC2. It is per. 800-4000 li. It should be dissolved in water and sprayed. or chlorpyrifos 20% e.c. 4. 5 L. / Hey. 800-4000 li. Spraying should be done by dissolving in water |नाइट्रोजन should not be used much. Proper water management should be done in the farm |एकीकृत Under pest management there are 40 card copies of Trichogramma ceylonis. Use at 45-day intervals.: If its parasite Ipiricania milanoleuca (nymphs and adults) and egg parasite Tretasticus pyrilii appear in a pyrilla-infested field, no insecticides should be used. In such a situation, irrigation should be properly arranged to increase the parasitization and Ipirikenia milanoleuca cacoon should also be transplanted. Mulch worm: This insect is a harmful sucking insect of sugarcane leaves. Its babies are light yellow in color which stick to sugarcane leaves in a short time. The color of the immobile members is first brown like ash which gradually turns black. Like fish scales, these insects stick to sugarcane leaves. Prevention: 4. After harvesting sugarcane, dry leaves should be spread in the field and burnt. 2. Seeds should not be distributed under any circumstances from the affected areas to the unaffected areas. 5. Before sowing in affected areas, all sugarcane pieces should be soaked in 0. 4 per cent malathion solution after dipping and rubbing the cloth. Grasshopper: Its nymphs and adults damage sugarcane leaves by biting them from June to September. Prevention: 4. Pruning of sheep and cleaning of weeds in the month of May |2. Phenvalerate 0. 4% dust 25 kg. / Hey. It should be curbed. 68'"
2358,2531,"'The IT Act provides for the Controller of Certifying Authorities (CCA) to license and regulate the working of Certifying Authorities. The Certifying Authorities (CAs) issue Digital Signature Certificates for electronic authentication of users. At present the following organisations are authorized as Certifying Authorities under CCA, Government of India.  a. NIC (For Government Departments / Undertakings only) (http://nicca.nic.in) b. (n)Code Solutions CA(GNFC) (www.ncodesolutions.com) c. Safescript (www.safescrypt.com) d. TCS (www.tcs-ca.tcs.co.in)   e. MTNL (www.mtnltrustline.com) f. Customs & Central Exercise (www.icert.gov.in) g. e-Mudhra (www.e-mudhra.com) h. IDRBT'"
2359,1074,"'......................................... food grains. 2. Vermi culture method (by earthworms): The soil is decomposed by earthworms in two stages - Stage I: Under this stage, dry sugarcane leaves, bagasse, garbage, domestic waste, pressmead, etc. are allowed to decompose in pits as in the bacterial culture method. After the decomposition of about 50% of the said organic matter (45 to 50 days), the said material should be taken out and used for decomposition by earthworm in the second stage. A high brick paved platform with semi-decomposed material obtained from |प्रथम stage (0.5m high, 4.0m wide, 40-45m long as required) should be placed on the said pile. Earthworms should be released at a rate of per ton. Spraying should maintain the moisture content in the heap to 60% and the temperature to 30 ° C. The days completely decompose the said organic matter. Thus vermicompost is prepared. After watering, irrigation of the heap is stopped for three-four days to collect earthworm compost. When the moisture content of the top is reduced, the vermicompost is removed from the top and the earthworms present in it are removed by 2 mm. It is sieved through a sieve and collected for reuse. Method of application: The compost manure thus prepared should be used in the pits at the rate of 50 k.g. / ha while sowing sugarcane. Identification of vermi-compost: 4. The colour of the compost becomes dark black-brown. 2. Smells like mud. 3. Compost has a fine-grained structure |4. Often insoluble in water. |वर्मी Does not attract flies. 0.6 to 4.60%फास्फोरस -. 3.44 to 2.20%पोटाश -. 0.4 to 0.57%कैल्शियम oxide −. 0.44%मैगनीशियम Oxide-. Advantages of using organic fertilizer: Up to 25 percent of water used for irrigation can be saved. 70'"
2360,1076,"'......................................... food grains. 3. Bio-fertilizers should not be used with chemical fertilizers and pesticide chemicals. The treated seed should be sown immediately. 4. Yield increases by 40-45%. Nitrogen and phosphorus are saved by about 20-25 percent. 3. The fertility level and productivity of the land are increased. 4. Its use increases the disease resistance of the plants. 5. The number and activity of soil bacteria present in the soil increases. 6. Soil and environment are not polluted. Major Diseases of Sugarcane and their Preventive Measures: Among the causes of loss of productivity of different varieties of sugarcane in U.P., major diseases in sugarcane are of importance. The description of major diseases and their preventive measures are as follows: Timing of the causative agent of the disease Name of the main symptom of the disease Canna pathogandua disease Colitotraicum From July to the end of the harvest, in the initial stage, the third and fourth leaves of the agola begin to dry up from the edge and the thick vein between the leaves begins to have red or brown spots. Later, the entire fire is slowly extinguished. And sometimes it breaks down. There are dark red or brown stripes near the knots. When scraped from the middle of the cane, the |गूदा appears mottled red, with white spots along the thickness]. Sniffing produces a vinegar-like |गंध. As the cane dries, clusters of |वैसे cane spores form. White or brown coloured fungi develop in the gum pith. Astilago sitemini April-May-October and the leaves of the patient plants become thin and long. The leaves of the agola become small, thin bracts that attach to the agola at a uniform distance, giving the appearance of an agola. From the tip of the anther emerges the black |का whip, which is covered by a white thin membrane that can range in length from a few cm, to about a meter. All of the eyes of the cane are immature, and the whip also emerges. 72'"
2361,1079,"'Kharif / Rabi Kharif / Rabi Pulses Advanced Cultivation of Pulses In Uttar Pradesh, pigeon pea ranks second after chickpea in pulse crops, it is grown singly and in combination with other crops. Jowar, bajra, urad and cotton are the major crops sown along with arhar. The productivity of our state is higher than the national average. This can be further increased by adopting intensive methods. 4. Field selection: Sandy loam and loamy soil are good for arhar crop. Proper drainage and sloping fields are best for pigeon pea. It cannot be successfully cultivated in saline and alkaline soils. Field preparation: After the first ploughing of the field with soil turning plough, 2 - 3 ploughing should be done with native plough. After ploughing, the field should be prepared by putting rails |3. Land treatment: Trichoderma harzianum 2% WP to protect the crop from soil borne diseases. of 2.5 kg. Volume per hectare 60-75 kg. Mix rotten cow dung with rotten manure, sprinkle with lukewarm water and leave in shade for 8â €\'0 days, then add it to the fields at the time of last ploughing to protect them from pests such as termites, white weeds, nematodes, rootworms, cutworms, etc. 2.5 kg of biopesticide. Volume per hectare 60-75 kg. After spraying light water mixed with rotten manure of cow dung and keeping it in shade for 8-0 days, it should be mixed with the soil at the last ploughing before sowing |उन्‍नतशील species: The description of the species of pigeon pea is as follows: Sl. Suitable for planting species. Maturity. Yield Suitable area and characteristics. The time period (c. / Hey. ) (in days) a. Early varieties 4. |पारस First week of June. 430-440 48-20 This variety can be harvested in the western regions of Uttar Pradesh. UPAS 420 1st week of June. 430-435 46-20 Wheat can be sown in the entire UP (plains) in November. 43. |पूसा 992 June 1st week. 450-460 6-20 |उकठा Antidepressants4. 24 April 1st week. 460-470 46-20 [Suitable for entire U.P. |तथा First week of June b. Late ripening varieties (260-275 days) complete U.P. Child prophylaxis. 6. |अमर 260-270 25-30 [Entire U.P. Banjha Prophylactic Mixed Cultivation. Narendra Arhar-4 260-270 25-30 [All U.P. Barren Barrier and Upholstery Barrier. Azad 260-270 25-30 reported to him. 40. |पी. DA-44 1st of September. 225-240 48-20 |34. 250-2970 25-30. 250-2970. 250-2970. 25-30. |34. |34. |34. 250-2970. 250-2970. 25-30. 250-2970. 250-2970. 250-2970. 250-2970. (ML-642. |मालवीय Miracle July 230-250 30-32 (Barren barrier. (MAL-43) 25'"
2362,2597,"'Physical documents are signed manually. Similarly, electronic documents, for example eforms, are required to be signed digitally using a Digital Signature Certificate. Documents required for getting Digital Signature or Digital Signature Certificate are as follows:-  a. Self-attested PAN Card of Director b. Self-attested address proof of Director c. One colour photo'"
2363,1083,"'Kharif / Rabi Kharif / Rabi pulses Integrated pest management: * Deep ploughing of the field should be done in summer. * Sowing should be done in the first week from mid-June to July on the ridges. * The proper distance between the plants should be 5 525 cm. ). * High-yielding varieties of sorghum should be sown along with pigeon pea. * When flowering and fruiting, bird perch are perennials. It should be applied at the rate of. * One hundred and five percent neem seeds + 4 percent soap solution should be sprayed 2-3 times a week at the time of flowering and fruiting. * At the time of flowering and fruiting, inspections should be carried out at the same time every week. * Five scents for monitoring and management of chickpea fungal pest 20-25 scents / hay. Male adult insects should be attracted and killed every morning at a rate of. Older septa should remain unchanged at 44 days. * 5 - 5 adult moths of chickpea pods average 2 - 3 days per fledgling or 3 to 3 eggs or 2 - 3 fledglings or one full-grown fledgling per plant, or 5% of inflamed pods are HNPV 250-300 rod-equivalent / ha. Spraying should be done in the evening at the rate of. 4 gmtpal / l in solution. The rate of must be mixed. * The worm cells of legumes found among the dry leaves fallen on the ground should be destroyed. * Dimethoate 30 EC4 L if 5% of the pods are infected with the pigeon pea or there is an infestation of honeybees or pod suckers. Or imidacloprid 47. 8 SL 200 ml. Or acetamiprid 20 WP is 450 grams per. Spraying should be done at the rate of. * Bt 5% WP4. 5 kg if 5% of infested pods are found from other legumes. इन्डाक्साकार्ब44.5 SC 400 found. , Cunelphus 25 CE. 4. 50 Li. , Fenvalerate 20 EC 750 ml. , Cypermeshrin 40 EC 750 ml. Or decamestrin 2.8 EC 450 ml. This is the copy. or chlorantraniliprole 48.5% SC0 450ml / he0 or ethion 50% EC4.45L. / Hey. or palubendamide 39.35% SC 400ml. / Hey. 500-700 li. Spraying should be done by dissolving it in water. (b) Disease: Ulcerative disease of pigeon pea: It is spread by a fungus called Fusarium. It prevents the transmission of water and food to the plants, causing the leaves to turn yellow and dry up and the plant dries up. It causes the roots to rot and become dark in colour and on removing the bark, dark streaks are found from the root to the height of the trunk. Treatment: 4. Pigeon pea should not be grown for 3 to 4 years in a field where the incidence of pigeon pea disease is high. 3. Mix Theram and Carbendazim in a ratio of 2: 4 to give 3 gm per kg. Seed should be treated |4. Trichoderma 4 gm and 4 gm Carboxyn \'Carbendazim seed can be treated to cure the disease. 2.5 kg. 60-65 kg of Trichoderma. The cow dung should be mixed with manure and mixed in the soil at the same rate after a week at the time of ploughing the field.'"
2364,2598,"'Memorandum of Association is a Charter document by which a company is registered. It contains the name of the company, state in which registered office of the company is situated, objects of the Company, authorised capital and capital subscribed by the shareholders of the Company.'"
2365,2599,'Article of Association is the bye laws for the internal management of a company and defines the relationship between members and directors.'
2366,1084,"'... _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ The disease is spread by mites. Treatment: 4. There is no effective chemical treatment yet |2. Old and self-grown plants of pigeon pea should be destroyed near the field where pigeon pea is sown |3. Disease-resistant species such as amber or azad should be selected. Nematode: Deep heat tillage is essential for the prevention of nematode-borne disease. 50 kg. It is per nibali. Use at the rate of. Integrated pest management in short duration pigeon pea crop: 4. For birds to roost in the pigeon pea field, plant 40 'T' shaped bamboo shoots per hectare |2. After 45 days of first spraying, 500 LE of HNPV is obtained. Spraying should be done according to |3. After 40 to 45 days of second spraying, 5% of Nimboli extract should be sprayed as per requirement. Integrated pest management in medium and long duration pigeon pea crop: 4. When 100% of the plants have flowered and the pods have started to form. At that time, मोनोक्रोटोफास0.04 percent solution should be sprayed |2. Dimethoate 0.03% solution should be sprayed 45 days after the first spraying |3. 5% extract of nimboli or any effective insecticide of neem should be sprayed as per requirement after 40-45 days of second spraying.'"
2367,1080,"'..... _ _ _ kharif / ri pulses pulses. Suitable for sowing! Maturity Appropriate Areas and Characteristics IKA-23 7 JAL [_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. Water-resistant July 430-435 | 48-20. Drought resistant. 4. Sowing time: Late-ripening varieties that are ready in about 270 days should be sown in July. Early-ripening varieties should be sown by mid-June in irrigated areas, so that the crop is ready for harvest by the end of November and wheat can be sown in the first fortnight of December. To get a higher yield, emphasis has been given in Zaid to sow Ta-24 variety as a co-crop with summer moong in the first fortnight of April (except in the Terai in the plains of the state). The benefits are: (a) (c) Good yield is obtained by sowing on the ridges. 5. Seed treatment: First one kg. Treat the seeds with a mixture of 2 grams of Therum and 1 gram of Carbondazim or 4 grams of Trichoderma + 4 grams of Carboxin Carbondazim. Before sowing, treat each seed with a specific Rhizobium culture of pigeon pea. One packet contains 40 kg. One packet of rhizobium culture should be dissolved in clean water to make 40 kg. Sprinkle over the seed and mix with a light hand so that a light layer forms over the seed. Sow this seed immediately. Strong sunlight is likely to kill the culture bacteria. In fields where pigeon pea is being sown for the first time after a long time, culture must be used |6. Seed quantity and sowing method: Sowing should be done in the bushes behind the plough. Seed quantity and sowing distance should be as follows, depending on the variety and season. The 20-25 day after sowing, the distance of the plant should be determined by planting dense plants. Sowing pigeon pea on a ridge or raised bed can control the problem of weeds and waterlogging. Pair rows 60: 420 cm. By intercropping, you can get more profit on sowing. Line to Line | Plant to Plant Distance | Distance 1st fortnight of June |__60_ |अप्रैल 1st fortnight 42-45 75 20 Mid-June 20-25 50 45 Weeks 1st week 45-20 | _ 60 | 1st week of July 20 45-20 |__60_ | 20Th |नरेन्द्र Arhar - 2nd July Baja and Ukhta block all over U.P. The timing of sowing the variety came to Ta-24 (for pure crop) Ta-24 (with moong in April) Pu PAS-20 (for pure crop). CPL-54 Narendra-4 Malviya-43 (Miracle) Malviya Vikas, Narendra Arhar-2, Pusa Bahar-976'"
2368,1091,"'44.है Kharif / Rabi / Rabi Pulses Seed Treatment: Seeds. Gram Carbendazim or 2. 00 grams Therum per kg. 40 kg from a packet of Rhizobium culture of Urd after filtering at the rate of Rs. Seeds should be treated. The treatment should be done according to the method given under pigeon pea cultivation. Seed quantity: 42-45 kg of different species. Use per hectare. Sowing: The distance from the |कूंड़ hump to the 30-45 cm should be sown in the hump behind the plough. Dense plants should be removed in the third week after sowing and plant at a distance of 40 cm. Tax should be paid |उर्वरक: 40 to 45 kg. Nitrogen and 40 kg. Phosphorus and 20 kg. Sulphur 200 kg. Gypsum should be added to the bushes at the rate of per hectare. Spraying a 2% urea solution during grain formation increases the yield. Irrigation: In the absence of rainfall, an irrigation should be carried out, especially during the time of pod formation |निराई - Weeding and weed control: Naffluorelin 45 EC of herbicide (pre-sowing, Metolachlor 50 EC (in two days of sowing) Chlorimuran 25 EC in two days of sowing) (effective control of grasses broadleaf and weeds) Finoxaprop-p-ethyl 9 .3% EC Quizalophop-p-terfluoryl 4 .4 EC after 4 days of sowing) (only weeds of the grass family) The volume was found to be 900 to 4000 litres per एकड़2.25 litre. 2. 00 litres 800 ml. 30 - 40 mil. 2 - 5 got. Methi total 800-4000 found. 325-400 found. 750-4000 found. 300-400 found. 750-000 found. 500-600 found. The nature of the adult insect is pale yellow with black spots on the upper and lower wings. Its eyes and fringes are black. Full-grown trunks 40-45 mm. The body is long, black on both sides and dirty yellow in the middle. Their entire body is covered with dense hairs. Insect buds initially eat the leaves of the plant by scraping them in a bunch. In case of overgrowth, all the leaves except the stem of the plant are eaten. When the buds grow large, they spread over the entire area and damage the crop. Red-haired caterpillar: Identification and nature of damage: The adult insect is white winged with black spots, the edge of the upper wing and the entire abdomen is red. The snout is 25 mm. It has long, thick red hair. These trunks initially scrape and eat the leaves of the plants in the swarm. In case of overgrowth, they eat all the leaves except the stem of the plant. The trunks spread all over the area when they grow up, damaging the crop. 67'"
2369,2360,"'The area under millets in the state is about 9.8 lakh hectares as of 2022. About 50 lakh metric tonnes of produce is being obtained from millet cultivation in the state. It is successful in low rainfall. It can be successfully cultivated in areas with 40-50 cm annual rainfall. Millets are widely grown as human food and fodder. In the state, millet is cultivated in the Bundelkhand region, Agra, Bareilly, and Kanpur divisions. Cultivation of species: Only pure seeds of non-degradable species should be sown to get good yield. But there are some varieties that people grow for animal fodder. Major millet varieties available in Uttar Pradesh are Pusa Composite-704, Dhan-Shakti, Pusa Composite-443.'"
2370,2364,"'Jeevamrut: Jeevamrut is sprayed to replenish the nutrients in the millet crop. 7 - 8 litres of Jeevamrut should be sprayed in 600 litres / hectare of water. Spraying of Jeevamrut in millet crop should be done 4-5 times at an interval of 45 days. Spraying once every 5 days alters the growth stage of the crops and as the organic carbon of the field increases, the amount of jeevamrut and ghanjeevamrut should be reduced. Achhadaan: In the natural farming of millet, after jeevamrut and ghanjeevamrut, achhadaan is done in the field, except for the crop, the remaining space is covered with stubble, which increases the organic carbon of the land. Crop Protection, Pests and Diseases: Cultivation through natural farming practices improves the health of the land thereby reducing diseases on the crop. Neemastra, Brahmastra, Agniastra, fungicide, Dashaparni medicine, etc. are sprayed under natural farming if any pests and diseases are seen on the crop. Whenever a pest appears in the millet crop, spray 8 litres of Brahmastra and 8 litres of Agni Shastra mixed in 500 litres / hectare of water.'"
2371,2365,'Millet yield and benefits: Natural millet cultivation yields 5 quintals / hectare in the first year and around in the second year. 8 quintals / hectare and the third year yields 20% more of the second year's produce. While up to about 70 quintals of dry fodder is obtained. Storage: Dry the millet grains well in the sun and store them in gunny bags in a moisture-free place when the moisture content of the grains is 8 to 40 percent.'
2372,2620,"'a. Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) is a process control system designed  to identify and prevent microbial and other hazards in food production.  It includes steps designed to prevent problems before they occur and to correct deviations as soon as they are detected.  Such preventive control system with documentation and verification are  widely recognized by scientific authorities and international organizations as the most effective approach available for producing safe food.  b. HACCP involves a system approach to identification of hazard, assessment of chances of  occurrence of hazards during each phase, raw material procurement, manufacturing, distribution, usage of food products, and in defining the measures for hazard control.  In doing so, the many drawbacks prevalent in the inspection approach are prevented and HACCP overcomes shortcomings of reliance only on microbial testing.  c. HACCP enables the producers, processors, distributors, exporters, etc., of food products  to utilize technical resources efficiently and in a cost effective manner in assuring food safety.  Food inspection too would be more systematic and therefore hassle-free.  It would no doubt involve deployment of some additional finances initially but this would be more than compensated in the long run through consistently better quality and hence better prices and returns.'"
2373,2385,"'Storage: After harvesting and threshing, the seed should be well dried in the sun. When the moisture content is 40-42% at the time of seed storage, store the grains in sacks in a moisture-free place. Calcium content is highest in madua (ragi). Bones become stronger when they are used. Ragi is an excellent food for children and adults. Proteins, fats, and carbohydrates are abundant in these crops, and vitamins such as thiamine, rivoflavin, niacin, and amino acids are abundant. which are necessary for physical activities. And are especially beneficial for baby food. Soil preparation - Good soil with good microbes is required after harvesting the pre-crop crop. Soil is a primary factor in obtaining a good yield of madua. Under natural farming method only one tillage is required. It can be cultivated in less fertile soil. At the time of sowing, 40-5 quintals / hectare of ganajeevamrut should be used to ensure the availability of nutrients. The soil pH value for its cultivation should be between 5.55-8.8. Species Cultivation and Treatment - Seed selection should be based on soil type. Use certified seeds whenever possible.'"
2374,2386,"'If the farmer uses his own seed, then before sowing clean the seed, treat it with seed nectar and sow it. Ragi can be sown in two ways like seed sowing, seedling method. There are varieties of Mahua (Ragi) in the state. For example: A-404, HR 0-374, PR 0-202'"
2375,2387,"'The sowing time and seed rate - The sowing time of the Madua (Ragi) crop should be advanced from mid-June to the end of June. Seeds 40-2 kg / ha are required for direct sowing of madua and 8-40 kg / ha by sapling method. It can also be grown in the Zaid season. Crop Protection, Pests and Diseases - Cultivation through natural farming practices improves the health of the land thereby reducing diseases on the crop.'"
2376,2536,'a. CoC is issued by the RoC as a conclusive proof of formation of a Producer Company. b. Producer Company is effective and comes into existence from the date mentioned in the  Certificate of Registration granted by the RoC.'
2377,2548,'The tenure of a director appointed by AGM is minimum one year and a maximum of 5 years.'
2378,2388,"'4. Scorch - Ragi (Madua) crops are prone to fungal scorch disease at any stage from the seedling stage to the grain formation stage. Eye-like or similar spots form in the leaves of infected plants. Which are grey in the middle and yellow-brown on the sides. In an ideal environment, these spots intermingle and scorch the leaves. Earwigs also have fungal infections on their necks and fingers. The cervix and whole or half of the body is black. This causes the sand to break off and fall from the contour. Due to which the amount of yield is affected. 2. Brown spot disease: This fungal disease can occur in all stages of the plant. In the initial stage, these spots intermingle and dry the leaves prematurely. Due to the infection on the hairs and grains, the grains do not develop properly, the grains shrink, which reduces the yield. Prevention - Fungus-caused rashes and brown spots are major diseases of ragi (madua). When the crop starts showing symptoms of the disease, 7 litres of sour buttermilk mixed with 300 litres of water is sprayed and on the spread of the disease, Brahmastra is also used along with sour buttermilk.'"
2379,2389,"'Its untimely death prevents loss of yield. Insect-4. Stem borer - The adult insect is a moth. While the larva penetrates the stem. and damage to crops. The insect infestation causes \'dead heart\' symptoms on the plant. 2. Earworms - The insect infest the earworms. The brown weeping caterpillars damage the earworms of the ragi (madua). This causes the earworms to become smaller and smaller. Prevention: By natural method and for prevention of insect bites and caterpillars spray the crop by mixing 6 - 7 litres of firewood in 400 litres of water, and in case of high incidence, 200 litres of water is sprayed with 8-40 litres of decoction. Harvesting - Harvesting of Ragi depends on its varieties. The crop is usually ready for harvest in about 440 to 420 days. Cut the ragi earrings with a sickle, pile them up and dry them in the sun for 4 days. Dry well. Rinse well after drying. Yield and profit - The average yield from the ragi crop is up to 25 quintals / hectare. But cultivating madua (ragi) by natural means yields about 45 to 48 \'hectares\' in the first year.'"
2380,2390,'The second year will yield 25-28 quintals / hectare and the third year will yield about 20% of the second year's production.'
2381,2397,"'4. Spray 3 - 4 liters of Brahmastra mixed with 250 liters of water for control of leaf tunneling pest. Prevention of diseases - Groundnut is mainly infested with tick, collar, and stem bollworm and rosette disease. For the prevention of tikka, 8 to 40 liters of dasaparni extract are washed and sprayed in 500 liters of water and in case of rosette virus disease, 3 to 4 liters of brahmastra mixed with 250 liters of water are sprayed on the crop. Digging and storage - When the leaves of the plants turn yellow and the tannin inside the pods is discolored and the seed shell is colored, then dig on the light moisture of the field. And pluck the fruits from the plants. And should be carefully dried after digging to maintain proper storage and germination capacity. The moisture content of pre-cooked grains should not exceed 8 to 40 per cent.'"
2382,2398,'To maintain germination ability - 4. Remove groundnuts from the ground only when there is adequate moisture.'
2383,2399,"'2.After plucking the groundnut from the ground, turn the plant upside down and make small bunches and always keep the pods on the sunny side. 3. Fully dried beans should be stored in a well-ventilated place.'"
2384,2391,"'Groundnut is an oilseed crop. Its vegetation is tropical. Hence, it is cultivated during Kharif and Zaid. Groundnut is grown in large area in the state especially in the districts of Jhansi, Hardoi, Sitapur, Lakhimpur Kheri, Unnao, Bahraich, Bareilly, Badaun, Etah, Farukhabad, Moradabad and Saharanpur. Groundnut is being cultivated in about 95 thousand hectares in the state. It protects the land from erosion by wind and rain. Peanut kernels are used to extract large amounts of oil. The protein content in peanuts is found to be over 25%. The fruits are produced underground. Soil suitable for groundnut cultivation - Light yellow loamy soil is required for a good groundnut crop. There should be proper arrangement of water in the land for its cultivation. It should not be grown in waterlogged and clayey soil. The land with 7. 5 PH gives good yield for its cultivation. Its plants grow well in heat and light. And it requires 600 to 4,300 mm of rainfall. Sowing Time and Seed Rate - Groundnut sowing usually coincides with the onset of monsoon. Sowing takes place between 45 June and 45 July in the state.'"
2385,2392,"'The amount of seed of non-spreading varieties 80-85 kg / hectare and the amount of seed of spreading varieties 70-80 kg should be used when natural farming is done. Advanced varieties - Chitra (M.A 0-40), Kaushal (G 0-20), Prakash (C.S.M.G 0-884), Amber (C.S.M.G 0-84-4), T.G 0-37 A. Seed treatment - Seed treatment is a prerequisite in groundnut cultivation. For this, seeds are spread over a tarpaulin, sprinkled with bijamrut and mixed well. After spraying the seed nectar is kept in shade for 6-7 hours. Seed treatment protects the crop from soil-borne disease. Treating the seed is good for germination. and higher-than-normal yields. Irrigation - Groundnut is a rain-fed crop. Therefore, it does not require any special irrigation. Groundnut crop requires irrigation at four growth stages, namely, early vegetative growth, flowering, pegging, and pod formation. Hence, excess water should be drained out of the field. Otherwise, the growth and yield of the crop is reduced. Nutrient Management - 4. Jeevamrut: - Groundnut crop is sprayed with Jeevamrut for nutrient replenishment. 7 - 8 litres of Jeevamrut should be sprayed in 600 litres / hectare of water.'"
2386,2393,"'Spraying of Jeevamrut in groundnut crop should be done 4-5 times at an interval of 45 days. A spray every 45 days alters the growth stage of the crops and as the organic carbon of the field increases, the amount of jeevamrut and ghanjeevamrut should be reduced.'"
2387,2394,"'2. Ghanajeevamrut - Before sowing, 45-2 tonnes of \'Ghanajeevamrut\' should be mined and put in the field for nutrient availability. 3. Covering: Covering is an important part of groundnut cultivation under natural farming. Its adoption reduces weed growth, reduces temperature fluctuations, and promotes soil productivity, and the loss of water evaporation at the soil surface necessitates the use of mulching primarily. For covering, mainly straw, sugarcane waste, banana leaf pieces or grass clippings and wood pieces are used.'"
2388,2395,"'4. White lotus, rosemary, groundnut civet and termites are prominent. For the problem of white spots, spray 5-7 litres of neem oil per hectare by dissolving it in 250 litres of water.'"
2389,2401,"'Yields: Natural method yields about 48 to 20 quintals / hectare in the first year. Normal production in the second year is 22 to 25 quintals / hectare and yields 20% more than in the third year. Organic carbon present in the soil decreases or increases crop yield when done naturally. Paddy cultivation in Uttar Pradesh is one of the major crops of the Kharif season. Which is being done in an area of about 60 lakh hectares in the state. \'Health is directly related to a healthy diet. In the changing environment, various chemicals are being used on crops and due to this, they are having an adverse effect on human health. The residues of these chemicals remain in the crop products. and adversely affect human health through the food chain. Which causes various types of diseases. Human health and nature's health can be saved through organic / natural farming. Organic / natural foods - Foods that do not contain chemicals are called organic foods. No kind of pesticides or chemical fertilizers or enhancers are used while producing this type of food, thus the cultivation is known as organic / natural farming. 4.'"
2390,2402,"'In this type of farming, synthetic or synthetic chemical pesticides should be used.'"
2391,2403,"'2. To maintain soil fertility in a natural way, cover crops or crop residues and compost manure should be used.'"
2392,2404,"'3. Biological control of pests, diseases and weeds should be carried out like beneficial insects are used for pest control and mulch is used for weed control. Soil selection - Organic / natural farming requires well-drained soil. The soil plays a primary role in getting good yield of paddy. For its good yield, loamy or clayey soil with more water holding capacity and better fertility is considered best. Seed Rate: Paddy seed rate 30-40 kg / ha is required for organic / natural farming. Sowing Time: The best time to sow paddy is from June 45 to June 30. Higher yields require temperatures 20-975 ° C. Advanced varieties of paddy in Uttar Pradesh include Pusha Vasmati, Punjab Vasmati-, Panat Dhan-28, 24, 26, Kala Namak, Moti Gold, Kala Namak Kiran, Kala Namak-40, Pusha Sugandh-4, Sarju-52, CR Paddy-340, Rajendra Mansari, Rajendra Shweta, etc.'"
2393,2413,"'It prevents the soil from drying out in summer and acts as a hot and cold insulator by preventing the soil from freezing in winter. Heavy rains prevent soil erosion. Because the soil is not directly exposed to water. Pests and Prevention of Maize - 4. Spotted stem borer insect of maize: This insect affects all parts of the plant except the root, its damage dwarfs the plant and the plant does not produce seeds. It is identified by a foul odour in the lower part of the plant. 2. Pink stem borer moth - The larvae of this insect damage the central part of the stem. Dead hearts (dry stems) form from the middle of the stem. Prevention - Use pest resistant varieties in 0 maize. Sow in 0 maize after the first monsoon rains. Sprinkle 6 to 7 litres of Dashparni Aak and Agni Astra in 250 litres of water to prevent this.'"
2394,2405,"'Seed treatment - Paddy seeds are mixed well by spraying seeds, then they are sown by drying in shade. Seed purification with bijamrit results in better seed germination percentage of paddy. Preparation of land - Before sowing paddy, green manure is grown in the form of Dhencha, Sunai, Moong and Urad, before it starts bearing fruits, it is ploughed and mixed in the soil in the form of green manure. Before ploughing, 45-20 quintal / hectare Ghanajeevamrut is evenly sprinkled and mixed in the middle. In organic / natural farming, along with green manure, the residue of the previous crop should also be mixed well in the field as these ingredients increase the number of microbes in the field. These residues and green manure provide food for the bacteria. and nourishes them. Sowing Method: To sow paddy in a natural way, it is necessary to level the field, then plough them lightly when they become soft enough and sow the paddy directly in rows with a seed drill. Water management - Organic / natural methods do not require continuous watering of the field for good growth and yield of paddy. There should be constant moisture in the paddy field.'"
2395,2406,"'This saves about 70 per cent of water wasted on irrigation. Use of Jeevamrut - In natural farming, 500 litres of Jeevamrut per hectare per irrigation is required to be given. If the crop colour and plant growth are good, the amount of Jeevamrut should be reduced. Jeevamrut should be sprayed 2 - 3 times a month.'"
2396,2407,"'Weed control - In organic / natural farming, weeds are controlled by workers. Disease control - Among the main diseases of paddy are white spot disease, dandruff, sheath blight, blister disease, brown spot, bacterial scorch, bacteremia, false tendon, etc. For the control of which spraying Neemastra, Brahmastra prepared by natural method at an interval of 4 days is beneficial. Pest Management - In paddy cultivation, it is beneficial to spray Dashaparni, Agni Shastra prepared by natural method at an interval of 4 days mainly for the prevention of termites, root sundas, naraikits, hispa, leaf wrap insect, bunka insect, stem borer, green myrobalan, white-backed myrobalan, rhinoceros, soldier bug, etc. in the pests. Organic / Natural Harvesting of Paddy - By adopting organic natural farming of paddy, up to 35-40 quintal / hectare yield can be obtained from traditional varieties under suitable conditions. The production done by the above method gets 27-30% more market price than the normal produce in case of organic certification and also gets good quality free of toxins. Storage - Storage of crop obtained from organic / natural farming reduces pest infestation. Paddy should be well-dried and stored in the sun.'"
2397,2408,'The moisture content in the grains should be less than 42 per cent at the time of storage. Ana. . Gone. '.'
2398,2409,'. \' . \' 4.'
2399,2411,"'Field preparation - Land with good drainage is suitable for the cultivation of maize by natural methods. After the first drop of water, 45 to 2 tons of solid waste should be dumped in June to prepare the field. Soil pH of 7. 8 and organic carbon content of more than 6% is considered suitable for maize crop. Advanced varieties - The varieties of maize are divided into four categories on the basis of duration. 4. Fast-ripening maize (75 days), 2. Fast-ripening maize (85 days), 3. Medium-ripening maize (95 days), 4. Late-ripening maize (95 days), such as Jawahar maize-8, Vivek-47, Jawahar maize-42, Amar, Azad lotus, Jawahar maize-246, HM-40, HM-44, Ganga-4. Seed rate: Cultivation by natural method requires 20 to 22 kg per hectare of seed and green fodder requires 35 to 40 kg per hectare. The quantity of seed also varies according to the small or large grains in the maize seed. Seed treatment - Before sowing maize seeds, seeds should be treated thoroughly with seed nectar and the treated seeds should be kept in a shady place for 6-8 hours. Only after that sow the seeds. So that soil-borne diseases do not impair seed germination.'"
2400,2412,"'Nutrient management - Jeevamrutha - Spraying of Jeevamrutha is done to supply nutrients to the maize crop. 600 litres / hectare of biomass should be sprayed 4 - 5 times at the stage of crop diversification. A spray every 15 days is good for the growth of crops. Ghanajeevamrut - Tons of Ghanajeevamrut should be ground and put in the field before sowing for nutrient availability. Irrigation - Maize crops require 400 to 600 mm of water throughout their duration. The proper time for watering is at the time of flowering and filling of the grains. Maize cultivation can also use mulching to eliminate water loss, which keeps the soil moist and allows rain to replenish the soil's water needs. Other crops can also be sown along with the maize crop, which can bring more benefits to the farmer brothers. Intercrops such as urad, moong, soybean, sesame, beans, and vegetables can also be grown. Covering - If we use coverings by natural methods then farmer brothers get more yield. And the organic carbon of the soil is increased and also controlled by weeds. Mulching keeps insects away from plants because mulching prevents direct light, thereby controlling pest infestation.'"
2401,2541,"'c. An office bearer is a person who is selected / appointed to look after the dayto-day affairs of the Producer Company.  d. The office bearers include Chief Executive officer (CEO), Accountant, godown  keeper, etc.    e. The company pays salaries to all the office bearers.'"
2402,2543,'a. Approve Budget and adopt Annual Accounts of the Company b. Approve the quantum of withheld price c. Approve the patronage bonus d. Authorize the issue of bonus shares e. Appoint an auditor f. Declare a dividend and decide on the distribution of patronage g. Amend the MoA and AoA h. Specify the conditions and limits of loans that may be given by the Board to  any Director  i. Approve any act or any other matter that is specifically reserved in the  articles for decision for members'
2403,2542,'a. By subscribing to the MoA. b. By an agreement in writing to become a member and with an entry in the  register.'
2404,2417,"'Pigeon pea is grown in about 20% of the area of Uttar Pradesh and is mainly grown in Fatehpur Kanpur, Hamirpur, Jalaun and Pratapgarh. Pigeonpea is one of the major pulse crops, which is rich in protein. Importance of natural pigeon pea - Pigeon pea obtained from natural farming is nutrient-dense and toxin-free, which is proven to be helpful in reducing many diseases and their symptoms. Other benefits of pigeon pea obtained from natural farming are as follows: - 4. Helps in weight loss - Natural pigeon pea is rich in fibre along with other essential nutrients. Eating a diet rich in fibre keeps the stomach full for a longer period of time. Overeating can be helpful in reducing the habit. Thus this process of fiber is helpful in reducing weight. 2. Prevention of heart disease: The antioxidant enzyme Phe present in natural tur dal helps in reducing heart disease by reducing the effect of radicals. 3. Boost Immunity - Consuming natural tur dal helps in keeping the body healthy and away from diseases and helps in improving the body's immune system and ability to fight diseases. 4.'"
2405,2418,"'Prevention of Diabetes: Pigeonpea helps in reducing oxidative stress as it is rich in antioxidant properties that reduce the risk of developing diabetes. Land selection: Fossil-rich sandy loam and loam soils are good for pigeon pea crop. Good drainage and gently sloping fields are best for pigeon pea cultivation. Soil preparation - At the time of sowing pigeon pea, there should be sufficient moisture in the soil, first ploughing is done with soil turning plough, then adding Ghanajeevamrut at the rate of 40-5 quintal per hectare, 2 ploughs are done with a retarder and ridge / mend is made by machine. Soil purification - To protect the pigeon pea crop from soil-borne diseases and pests, jeevamrut, dasaparni and agni astra are sprayed and mixed in the soil. Advanced varieties - The selection of varieties is very important for the cultivation of pigeon pea, the major species grown in Uttar Pradesh. 74-2023, 777/5-120,? # 7-297, Rajeshwari, Prusha Arhar-6, Rajendra Arhar-4, Narendra Arhar-2, Panat Arhar-6 and. 9 / - is 206 etc. Sowing Time: The best time to sow pigeon pea in Uttar Pradesh is from the last week of June to the first week of July.'"
2406,2419,"'Seed rate - 12 to 45 kg seed is required for a hectare. Seed treatment - In seed treatment of pigeon pea, spread the seed on a tarpaulin, etc. and sprinkle seed nectar on it so that the dispersed seed is soaked. At the time of seed treatment keep in mind that after spraying the seed nectar do not rub the seeds with hands, but spread the fingers of both the hands and slowly lift these seeds up and down, then dry it in the shade near the sun. After drying for about 4 days, sow the seeds in the field. Sowing Method: Sowing pigeon pea on ridge or ridges can help control pests, waterlogging, and make mulching easier. The row-to-row distance should be 60 cm and the plant-to-plant distance 20 cm, so that ventilation is good and weed control can also be done easily. Covering - Covering in pigeon pea crop is done by straw or crop residue, which covers the residue / pus leaving the sown crop. This increases the amount of organic carbon in the crop and draws water from the atmosphere to provide moisture to the plants along with the formation of cover.'"
2407,2420,"'Weed control - In natural farming, weed control can be done by manual removal and mulching. Irrigation management - Pigeon pea crop is sown in unirrigated condition, so irrigation should be done in the absence of rain for a long time and at the time of pre-flowering stage and grain formation and as per the requirement of the crop. The Ridge and Karo method of irrigation requires less water. Use of Jeevamruth - On cultivating pigeon pea in a natural way, the first spray of Jeevamruth should be done at the time of crop growth and the second spray should be done before the plants become legumes. Pest / Disease Control: In pigeon pea crop, the main pests include leaf-litter pests, pigeon pea borer, blue butterfly, honey bee, etc. For disease control, spray indigenous insecticides manufactured under natural farming such as Neemastra, Brahmastra, Agniastra, Dashaparni, etc. Harvesting and pruning should be done when the pods on organic pigeon pea plants are up to 80% ripe and turn brown. When the plant is completely dry on the day after harvesting, the wood is beaten to separate the pods from the pigeon pea plant.'"
2408,2421,"'After this, using sticks or bullocks, the grains of pigeon pea are taken out, cleaned in the air, dried in the sun for a week and stored. Up-graded varieties of arhar yield about 45-20 Kuntal arhar grains, 50-60 Kuntal wood and 40-45 Kuntal husk.'"
2409,2428,"'Seed treatment - In the natural farming of mung bean, seed treatment is very important, for this after spreading seeds on a tarpaulin, sprinkling seed nectar on it, moving it up and down with fingers, mixing it well, then drying it in the shade near the sun for 4 days and sowing it the next day. Seed Rate - Natural farming requires 40-42 kg / ha of seed for kharif row sowing. In which the distance from row to row is kept 45 cm and the distance from plant to plant is kept 40 cm. Advanced varieties - Varsha (/ 2 | (44-9), Kanika (/ / 302-2), Panat Moong 8 / 9, Virata (/) ?. 2/440-3), M.H. 0-424, P.D.M. 0-439, S.M.L. 0-4425, Arun (052338), S.M.L. 0-832, M.H. 0-348, I.P.M 0-2-3, Swetha, Prisha-4374'"
2410,2422,"'In Kharif, Urd is grown in almost all the districts. It is a short-lived crop that matures in 60-65 days. Urad grains contain 60% carbohydrates, 24% protein, and 4. 3% fat. Its quality is very good in natural farming, which is very beneficial for human health. Urd kelav - Urd ki daal obtained from natural farming is a diuretic, energizer, food enhancer, expectorant, germ enhancer, weight gainer, reduces the fury of leprosy, beneficial in urinary problems and suitable for those who work hard. Its use is also beneficial in piles, shortness of breath. Soil selection: For natural farming, soil with good microbial content is selected. Light sandy, loamy soil is considered suitable for urad. It should have a pH value between 65 and 7.8. Sowing Time - Sowing in the Kharif season should be done in the last week of June to the first week of July. The line-to-line distance should be 30 cm and plant-to-plant distance 40 cm.'"
2411,2423,"'Field preparation - For the sowing of urad, the soil should be ploughed with a plough once. Two ploughing should be done with native plough after rain. In the crop of urad, 40-5 kunjiwamrit is sown by spreading it in the field, tilling it and mixing it in the soil. Seed Rate - In natural farming, 42-45 kg seed is sufficient for sowing Urad in Kharif season. Seed purification - It is extremely beneficial to purify the seeds of urad by spreading them on a tarpaulin and using natural seed nectar. Seed distillation with bejamrut results in a higher percentage of germination than normal. Advanced varieties of Urdu in Uttar Pradesh include: Azad Urdu-3, PU 0-40, PU 0-34, IPU 0-43-4, Pratap Urdu-4, Shekhar-2, Balalabh Urdu-4, Indra Urdu-4, IPU 0-2-43, Azad-2, Pant Urdu-9, IPU 0-40-26, Shekhar-3 / Shikha-3, Pant Urdu-8, PU 0-40, Kota Urdu-4.'"
2412,2434,"'Crop Protection, Pests and Diseases: Cultivation through organic farming practices improves the health of the land thereby reducing diseases on the crop. Disease: 4. Phyllody - This disease is caused by mycoplasma. In this disease the flower of the plant turns like a leaf. The carrier of the disease is the insect \'Fudka.\' Prevention - Neemastra, Brahmastra, is performed for the prevention of this pest. 2. Phytophthora scabies: In this disease the shoots and leaves of the plant are scabbed. Prevention - Neemastra, Brahmastra should be sprayed to prevent this disease in natural farming.'"
2413,2424,"'Covering - In the natural farming of urad, cover crops like crop stubble, grass and straw are spread in bunds to cover the empty space. Thus, organic carbon provides moisture to plants along with growth and regeneration. Irrigation Management - Generally, Kharif crops do not require irrigation. If there is a lack of rain, an irrigation must be done while the pods are forming. Weed control - In natural farming, weeds grow and are removed by hand. Use of Jeevamrut - When farming urad in a natural way, the first spray of Jeevamrut is done at the initial stage of the crop and the second spray is done at the time of fruiting. Pest Management - In kharif season, spraying of Dashparni Arak and Agni Shastra prepared by natural method at an interval of one day is beneficial in insect control for prevention of bollworm, red bollworm, legume sucking insect, whitefly, legume sucking insect, legume bollworm (blue butterfly), moth etc. pests of Bihar. Disease control - Neemastra and Brahmastra prepared by natural method should be sprayed at the interval of one day for the prevention of yellow discoloration disease, leaf spot disease of urad, etc. in urad crop.'"
2414,2425,"'Harvesting and threshing - When the fruits of urad are 70-80 percent ripe, it is harvested by hand, then after drying for 3 - 4 days, the seeds are separated from the plant by beating with a stick or driving a bullock cart or driving a sresar.'"
2415,2426,"'In kharif, moong is generally sown in all the districts of the state. Moong grains contain protein 24-25 percent, carbohydrates 56 percent, and 4. 3 percent fat. Importance of Moong obtained through natural farming techniques - Moong dal is a good source of fibre and protein, its consumption affects the hunger hormone. Which controls the appetite. Moong has the following benefits from natural farming. Rich in antioxidant properties - Moong dal contains some flavonoids, which are rich in antioxidant properties, these properties help in relieving oxidative stress. 2. Help in relieving heat stroke - Excessive heat, dehydration leads to car heat stroke, mung beans contain components called vitexin and isovitex. Which reduces the risk of heatstroke. 3. Beneficial in lowering cholesterol: Moong dal has the effect of reducing hypocholesterolemia i.e. cholesterol. 4. Blood Pressure Control: Moong has antihypertensive properties, which control blood pressure. 5. Beneficial in Pregnancy: Supplements the requirement of plenty of folate-rich foods for pregnant women. Moong obtained from natural farming is rich in properties and free from toxins, which is beneficial for human health.'"
2416,2427,"'Soil - Moong is the most suitable soil for kharif crops, it can also be cultivated in loamy soil and sandy soil, which has a pH value of 7.0-75. Sowing Time: The best time to sow groundnut in kharif is between the second fortnight of June and the first fortnight of July. Field preparation - For the kharif crop of moong, tilling should be done with a soil turning plough and 2-3 ploughs should be ploughed with a native plough as soon as the rains begin. Ghanajivamrita. The 0-45 should be added to the soil at the rate of 0 / ha.'"
2417,2435,"'Insects: 4. Leaf-and-fruit sundaes: Its sundaes feed on tender leaves and pods and form webs. 2. Jasid: Caras sucks the leaves and leaves dry up and fall when the pest becomes more aggressive. Prevention - In natural farming, Dashaparni extract, Agni Shastra should be sprayed to prevent them.'"
2418,2429,"'Covering - Covering crops in mung bean covers the empty space by spreading the residues obtained from crops such as stalks, gasses and pollen in the husk, which increases the amount of organic carbon in the crop and along with the back formation of the cover, draws water from the atmosphere and gives it to the plants as moisture. Irrigation Management - Generally, Kharif crops do not require irrigation. If there is a lack of rain, an irrigation must be done while the pods are forming. Weed control - In natural farming, weeds grow and are removed by hand. Application of Jeevamrut - When mung beans are grown in a natural way, the first spraying of Jeevamrut is done at the initial stage of the crop and the second spraying is done at the time of fruiting. Pest management - In kharif, there is an infestation of pests like termites, scorpions, mongoose, whitefly, green oil, leaf beetle, legume borer, and succulent, etc. in mung bean crops, for the control of which spraying of decoction and firewood should be done at an interval of one day.'"
2419,2430,"'Disease control - For the control of yellow vein mosaic, stem rust disease, jaundice, sarcospora leaf spot and kinkel virus disease, etc. spray Neemastra and Brahmastra at an interval of one day. Harvesting and threshing - When 70-80 percent of the pods are ripe, the crop is harvested from the husk and brought to the barn in bundles. After drying for 3 - 4 days, the seeds are separated from the plant and cleaned by beating with a stick or riding a bullock cart or driving a mule. Yield - The yield of mung bean obtained from natural farming is 40-42 Ku0 / ha, it is completely chemical-free, so it fetches a higher market price. Storage: Natural / organic crops are less prone to pest infestation, so store them in sun-dried steel containers or earthen pots.'"
2420,2436,"'Sesame production: Natural farming of sesame yields 6 - 7 \'hectare\' in the first year and about 8 - 9 \'hectare\' in the second year and about 20% more of the second year's production in the third year. Benefits: 0 sesame seeds contain monounsaturated fatty acids that reduce cholesterol from the body. It is also very beneficial for heart diseases. 0 Some of the ingredients and vitamins found in sesame seeds are helpful in reducing stress and depression. 0 Sesame seeds contain a variety of salts such as calcium, iron, magnesium, zinc, and selenium that help the heart muscle work actively. Harvest and storage: Harvest when the plant's pods begin to turn yellow and the pods begin to fall off. After harvesting, the crop is tied in bales and planted in the field.'"
2421,2444,"'The banks may fix the quantum of credit for term and working capital limit for agricultural and allied activities, etc., based on the unit cost of the asset/s proposed to be acquired by the farmer, the allied activities already being undertaken on the farm, the bank's judgment on repayment capacity vis-a-vis total loan burden devolving on the farmer, including existing loan obligations.  The long term loan limit should be based on the proposed investment(s) during the five year period and the bank's perception on the repaying capacity of the farmer.      5.1.5  Maximum Permissible Limit  The short term loan limit arrived for the 5th year plus the estimated long term  loan requirement will be the Maximum Permissible Limit (MPL) and is to be treated as the Kisan Credit Card limit.      5.1.6  Fixation of Sub-limits   i. Short term loans and term loans are governed by different interest rates. At present, short term crop loans upto ₹ 3 lakh are covered under Interest Subvention Scheme/Prompt Repayment Incentive scheme of the Government  of India2. Further, repayment schedule and norms are different for short term  and term loans. Hence, in order to have operational and accounting convenience, the card limit is to be bifurcated into separate sub-limits for short term cash credit limit cum savings account and *term loans*.  ii. *Drawing limit* for short term cash credit should be fixed based on the  cropping pattern. The amount(s) for crop production, repair and maintenance of farm assets and consumption may be allowed to be drawn as per the convenience of the farmer. In case the revision of scale of finance for any year by the district level technical committee exceeds the notional hike of 10% contemplated while fixing the five year limit, a revised drawable limit may be fixed in consultation with the farmer.'"
2422,2431,"'In the state, til is mainly cultivated as pure and mixed in the districts of Bundelkhand, Mirzapur, Fatehpur, Prayagraj, Agra, Mainpuri, etc. In the plains, it is sown with jowar, bajra and arhar. Cultivation of species: Only pure seeds of non-degradable species should be sown to get good yield. The state has species of sesame such as - TK0G 0-308 (6 - 7K0 / is?) Seeds, 48-50 per cent oil), JT 0-44 (5-7 kg / ha seeds, 46-50 per cent oil), Jawahar Til-306 (7-9 kg / ha? Seed, 52-55 percent oil;) Land selection: Sesame requires well-drained soil for good yields. And the soil in which natural farming is to be done for the first time should be tested. Sowing Time and Temperature: Sesame seeds should be sown from mid-June to the end of July, just after the onset of the monsoon. Sesame cultivation requires high temperatures; hot winds reduce the oil content in sesame if the temperature goes above 40 ° C. Similarly, sesame crops are damaged if the temperature drops below 5 ° C. Sesame seed sowing method: In natural farming method sowing sesame seeds on ridge is considered to be the best method.'"
2423,2432,"'Sowing on the bed reduces the quantity of seed and saves up to 70% of water. And when the drain is irrigated, the roots of the crop grown on the bed move towards the water in search of moisture, which makes the roots more developed and the plant stronger. And if it rains and the field is waterlogged, there is less chance of damage to the crop grown on the beds. Seed Rate and Treatment: In natural farming, use 4-5 kg of clean and healthy seeds for an area of one hectare. Sesame seeds are sown by treating them with \'Beejamrutha,\' which protects the seeds from soil-borne diseases. Treating the seed leads to better germination and higher yield as a crop. Soil treatment: The sesame crop should be sprayed with jeevamrut, a decongestant, to protect it from soil-borne diseases.'"
2424,2433,"'Irrigation: Sesame crops are susceptible to waterlogging, so ensure proper drainage in the field. Sesame plants should be irrigated (in case of drought) during flowering and grain filling of the pods to get a good yield from the crop. Nutrient Management - Jeevamrut: - Sesame crop is sprayed with Jeevamrut for nutrient replenishment. 7 - 8 litres of Jeevamrut should be sprayed in 600 litres / hectare of water. The sesame crop should be sprayed with Jeevamrut 4-5 times at an interval of 5 days. Spraying once every 15 days alters the growth stage of the crops and as the organic carbon of the field increases, the amount of jeevamrut and ghanjeevamrut should be reduced. Ghanajeevamrut - Tons of \'Ghanajeevamrut\' should be mined and put in the field before sowing for nutrient availability. Achhadaan: In the natural farming of sesame, after Jeevamrut and Ghanajeevamrut, Achhadaan is done in the field, except for the crop, the rest of the vacant place is covered with stubble. This increases the organic carbon of the soil. And doing good farming in the field also gives relief from the serious problem of weeds.'"
2425,2443,"'5.1.1  The short term limit to be arrived for the first year (For cultivating single crop in a year):  Scale of finance for the crop (as decided by District Level Technical Committee) x Extent of area cultivated + 10% of limit towards postharvest/household/ consumption requirements + 20% of limit towards repairs and maintenance expenses of farm assets + crop insurance and/or  accident insurance including PAIS, health insurance & asset insurance.      5.1.2  Limit for second & subsequent year      First year limit for crop cultivation purpose arrived at as above plus 10% of the limit towards cost escalation / increase in scale of finance for every successive year (2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th year) and estimated term loan component for the  tenure of Kisan Credit Card, i.e., five years. (**Illustration I**)      5.1.3  For cultivating more than one crop in a year   The limit is to be fixed as above depending upon the crops cultivated as per proposed cropping pattern for the first year plus an additional 10% of the limit towards cost escalation / increase in scale of finance for every successive year (2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th year). It is assumed that the farmer adopts the same cropping pattern for the succeeding four years. In case the cropping pattern adopted by the farmer is changed in the subsequent year, the limit may be reworked. (**Illustration I**)      5.1.4  Term loan for investment  The term loan for investment is to be made towards land development, minor irrigation, purchase of farm equipment and allied agricultural activities.'"
2426,2440,'The Kisan Credit Card scheme aims at providing adequate and timely credit support from the banking system under a single window with flexible and simplified procedure to the farmers for their cultivation and other needs as indicated below:    a.  To meet the short term credit requirements for cultivation of crops;    b.  Post-harvest expenses;    c.  Produce marketing loan;    d.  Consumption requirements of farmer household;    e.  Working capital for maintenance of farm assets and activities allied to agriculture;       f.    Investment credit requirement for agriculture and allied activities.        Note: The aggregate of components '**a' to 'e'** above will form the short term credit limit  portion and the aggregate of components under 'f' will form the long term credit limit  portion.'
2427,2550,"'If a regular director is out of the State in which the meetings are held, for a period of 3 months or more, another person can be appointed as director in his place, who is called an alternate director.  The tenure of the alternate director must be not less than 3 months.  The moment the original director returns, the alternate Director ceases to be the Director.'"
2428,2441,"'i.  Farmers - individual/joint borrowers who are owner cultivators;    ii.  Tenant farmers, oral lessees & share croppers;    iii.  Self Help Groups (SHGs) or Joint Liability Groups (JLGs) of farmers including tenant farmers, share croppers etc.'"
2429,2551,"'Generally the Directors are reimbursed the cash expenditure incurred by them for attending the board meetings like expenditure on travel, lodging and food.  However, if any Director, spends more time for the company, provisions may be made for providing fixed allowances like communication allowance, fixed daily allowance etc.'"
2430,2439,"'The Kisan Credit Card Scheme detailed in the ensuing paragraphs is to be implemented by Commercial Banks, RRBs, Small Finance Banks and Cooperatives.'"
2431,2442,'The credit limit under the Kisan Credit Card may be fixed as under :'
2432,2453,"'12.1 Security will be applicable as per RBI guidelines prescribed from time to time. 12.2 Security requirement may be as under :  i. Hypothecation of crops:  For KCC limit upto ₹ 1.00 lakh banks are to waive margin/security requirements. ii. With tie-up for recovery: Banks may consider sanctioning loans on hypothecation of crops up to card limit of ₹ 3.00 lakh without insisting on collateral security. iii. Collateral security: Collateral security may be obtained at the discretion of Bank for loan limits above ₹ 1.00 lakh in case of non-tie-up and above ₹ 3.00 lakh in case of tie-up advances. iv. In states where banks have the facility of on-line creation of charge on the land records, the same shall be ensured.'"
2433,2552,"'Only individuals can be directors of a company.  No educational qualification or minimum holding of shares is required.  Hence any individual can become a Director as per Section 465(1) of Companies Act, 2013.'"
2434,2447,"'6.1  The short term component of the KCC limit is in the nature of revolving cash credit  facility. There should be no restriction in number of debits and credits. The drawing limit for the current season/year could be allowed to be drawn using any of the following delivery channels.      i.  operation through branch;      ii.  operation using cheque facility;      iii.  withdrawal through ATM /debit cards      iv.  operation through Business Correspondents and 'banking outlet/part-time  banking outlet'3      v.  operation through PoS available in Sugar Mills/Contract farming companies, etc., especially for tie-up advances;      vi.  operations through PoS available with input dealers;      vii.  Mobile based transfer transactions at agricultural input dealers and mandies.  Note : (v), (vi) & (vii) to be introduced as early as possible so as to reduce transaction costs of both the bank as well as the farmer.  6.2  The long term loan for investment purposes may be drawn as per installment fixed.'"
2435,2553,'a. The shareholder directors of the company can be removed before the tenure by passing  an ordinary resolution at a general body meeting.  b. The Director ceases his post on completion of the tenure which ranges from 1 to 5 years.'
2436,2449,"'i.  Banks may determine the validity period of KCC and its periodic review.    ii.  The review may result in continuation of the facility, enhancement of limit or cancellation of the limit/withdrawal of the facility depending upon increase in cropping area/pattern and performance of the borrower.    iii.  When the bank has granted extension and/or re-schedule the period of repayment on account of natural calamities affecting the farmer, the period for reckoning the status of operations as satisfactory or otherwise would get extended together with the extended amount of limit. When the proposed extension is beyond one crop season, the aggregate of debits for which extension is granted is to be transferred to a separate term loan account with stipulation for repayment in installments.'"
2437,2451,"'10.1 The repayment period may be fixed by banks as per the anticipated harvesting and  marketing period for the crops for which the loan has been granted.  10.2 The term loan component will be normally repayable within a period of 5 years  depending on the type of activity/investment as per the existing guidelines applicable for investment credit.  10.3 Financing banks may, at their discretion, provide longer repayment period for term loan  depending on the type of investment.'"
2438,2454,"'Uniformity to be adopted in respect of following:  13.1 The applicable interest subvention /incentive for prompt repayment4 as advised by  Government of India and/or State Governments. The bankers will give adequate publicity of the facility so that maximum farmers may benefit from the scheme.  13.2  Besides the mandatory crop insurance, the KCC holder should have the option to avail  the benefit of any type of asset insurance, accident insurance (including PAIS), health insurance (wherever product is available) and have premium paid through his/her KCC account. Premium has to be borne by the farmer/bank according to the terms of the scheme. Farmer beneficiaries should be made aware of the insurance cover available  and their consent (except in case of crop insurance, it being mandatory) is to be obtained, at the application stage itself.    13.3 A one-time documentation5 at the first time of availment of KCC loan and thereafter  simple declaration (about crops grown/proposed) by farmer from the second year onwards.'"
2439,2469,"'Provide Mobile banking functionality for KCC Cards / Accounts as well along with Interbank Mobile Payment Service (IMPS of NPCI) capability to allow customers to use this interoperable IMPS for funds transfer between banks and also to do merchant payment transactions as additional capability for purchases of agricultural inputs.    This mobile banking should ideally be on Unstructured Supplementary Data (USSD) platform for wider and safer acceptance. However, the banks can also offer this on other fully encrypted modes (application based or SMS based) to make use of the recent relaxation on transaction limits. Banks can also offer unencrypted mobile banking subject to RBI  regulations on transaction limits.    It is necessary that Mobile based transaction platforms enabling transactions in the KCC use  easy to use SMS based solution with authentication thru' MPIN. Such solutions also need to be enabled on IVR in local language to ensure transparency and security. Such mobile based payment systems should be encouraged by all the banks by creating awareness and by doing proper customer education.    With the existing infrastructure available with banks, all KCC holders should be provided with any one or a combination of the following types of cards :      *  Debit cards (magnetic stripe card with PIN) enabling farmers to operate the limit through all banks ATMs / Micro ATMs      *  Debit Cards with magnetic stripe and biometric authentication.      *  Smart cards for doing transactions through PoS machines held by Business Correspondents, input dealers, traders and Mandies.      *  EMV compliant chip cards with magnetic stripe and pin with ISO IIN.'"
2440,2452,'To be decided by banks.'
2441,2450,'The rate of interest will be as stipulated in DBR Master Directions on Interest Rate on Advances.'
2442,2456,"'A.  Land holding : 2 acres      B.  Cropping Pattern  Paddy - 1 acre (Scale of finance plus crop insurance per acre : ₹.11000)  Sugarcane - 1 acre (Scale of finance plus crop insurance per acre : ₹.22,000)      C.  Investment / Allied Activities  i  Establishment of 1+1 Dairy Unit in 1st Year () (Unit Cost : ₹ 20,000 per animal)  ii  Replacement of Pump set in 3rd year (Unit Cost : ₹.30,000)    2.  (i)  Crop loan Component  :  ₹.33,000  Cost of cultivation of 1 acre of Paddy and 1acre of Sugarcane (11,000+22,000)  :  ₹. 3,300  Add : 10% towards post-harvest / household expense / consumption Add : 20% towards farm maintenance  :  ₹. 6,600  Total Crop Loan limit for 1st year  :  ₹. 42,900  Loan Limit for 2nd year      :  ₹. 4,300  Add : 10% of the limit towards cost escalation / increase in scale of finance (10% of 42900 i.e 4300)  ₹. 47,200    Loan Limit for 3rd year  :      ₹. 4,700  Add : 10% of the limit towards cost escalation / increase in scale of finance (10% of 47,200 i.e., 4,700)  ₹. 51,900    :    Loan Limit for 4th year  :      ₹. 5,200  Add : 10% of the limit towards cost escalation / increase in scale of finance (10% of 51,900 i.e 5,200)  ₹. 57,100    :    Loan Limit for 5th year  :      ₹. 5,700  Add : 10% of the limit towards cost escalation / increase in scale of finance (10% of 57100 i.e 5700)  ₹. 62,800  Say ….(A) :  ₹. 63,000     :'"
2443,2470,"'   In addition, the banks having a call centre / Inter active Voice Response (IVR), may provide SMS based mobile banking with a call back facility from bank for mobile PIN (MPIN) verification through IVR, thus making a secured SMS based mobile banking facility available to card holders.'"
2444,2458,'Note: Drawing Limit will be reduced every year based on repayment schedule  of the term loan(s) availed and withdrawals will be allowed up to the drawing limit.'
2445,2455,"'14.1 The extant prudential norms on income recognition, asset-classification and  provisioning6 will apply for loans granted under the KCC Scheme.    14.2 Charging of interest is to be done uniformly as is applicable to agricultural advances.  15 Processing fee, inspection charges and other charges may be decided by banks. 16 Other conditions while implementing the revised guidelines of KCC Scheme :    16.1 In case the farmer applies for loan against the warehouse receipt of his produce, the  banks would consider such requests as per the established procedure and guidelines. However, when such loans are sanctioned, these should be linked with the crop loan account, if any, and the crop loan outstanding in the account could be settled at the stage of disbursal of the pledge loan, if the farmer so desires.    16.2 The National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) will design the KCC card to be  adopted by all the banks with their branding. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….'"
2446,2457,"'|                                                                     |     |\n|---------------------------------------------------------------------|-----|\n| (ii)                                                                |     |\n| Term loan component :                                               |     |\n|                                                                     |     |\n|                                                                     |     |\n| 1st Year : Cost of 1+1 Dairy Unit                                   | :   |\n|                                                                     |     |\n| 3rd Year : Replacement of Pumpset :                                 | :   |\n|                                                                     |     |\n| Total term loan amount                                        ….(B) |     |\n| :                                                                   |     |\n| ₹. 70,000                                                           |     |\n|                                                                     |     |\n| :                                                                   |     |\n| ₹. 1,33,000                                                         |     |\n|                                                                     |     |\n| Maximum Permissible Limit /                                         |     |\n| Kisan Credit Card Limit (A) +(B)                                    |     |\n|                                                                     |     |\n|                                                                     |     |\n| :                                                                   |     |\n| Rs. 1.33 lakh                                                       |     |\n|                                                                     |     |\n|                                                                     |     |'"
2447,2460,"'|                                                     |            |\n|-----------------------------------------------------|------------|\n| (i)                                                 |            |\n| Crop loan Component                                 |            |\n|                                                     |            |\n| :                                                   | ₹ 2,15,000 |\n|                                                     |            |\n| Cost of cultivation of 5 acres of Paddy, 5 Acres of |            |\n| Groundnut and 5 acres of Sugarcane                  |            |\n| :                                                   | ₹ 21,500   |\n| consumption                                         |            |\n| Add : 20% towards farm maintenance                  | :          |\n| Total Crop Loan limit for 1st year                  |            |\n|                                                     |            |\n| :                                                   |            |\n| ₹ 2,79,500                                          |            |\n| Loan Limit for 2nd year                             |            |\n|                                                     |            |\n|                                                     |            |\n|                                                     |            |\n| :                                                   | ₹ 27,950   |\n| in scale of finance (10% of 2,79,500 i.e., 27,950)  |            |\n|                                                     |            |\n| :                                                   |            |\n| ₹ 3,07,450                                          |            |'"
2448,2459,"'1.  Assumptions :    2.  Land Holding : 10 acres    3.  Cropping Pattern :      Paddy - 5 acres (Scale of finance plus crop insurance per acre ₹.11,000) Followed by Groundnut - 5 acres (Scale of finance plus crop insurance per acre ₹.10,000) Sugarcane - 5 acres (Scale of finance plus crop insurance per acre ₹.22,000)    4.  Investment / Allied Activities :      i.  Establishment  1+1 Dairy Unit in 1st Year (Unit cost : ₹.50,000)      ii.  Purchase of Tractor in 1st Year (Unit Cost : ₹.6,00,000)    2.  Assessment of Card Limit'"
2449,2461,"'Loan Limit for 3rd year      :  ₹ 30,750  Add : 10% of the limit towards cost escalation / increase  in scale of finance (10% of 3,07,450 i.e., 30,750)    :  ₹ 3,38,200  Loan Limit for 4th year      :  ₹ 33,800  Add : 10% of the limit towards cost escalation / increase in scale of finance (10% of 338200 i.e., 33,800)    :  ₹ 3,72,000  Loan Limit for 5th year      :  ₹ 37,200  Add : 10% of the limit towards cost escalation / increase in scale of finance (10% of 3,72,000 i.e., 37,200)    :  ₹ 4,09,200  :  ₹ 4,09,000'"
2450,2546,"'d. By completely transferring his/her shares e. By forfeiting his/her shares f. By a valid surrender g. By death h. By the company selling his shares in exercise of its right under its Articles of  Association  i. By order of a court or any other competent authority attaching and selling the shares,  in satisfaction of a decree or claim  j. By the official assignee disclaiming his shares, on his adjudication as an insolvent k. By rescission of contract of membership, on the grounds of misrepresentation or  mistake'"
2451,2466,"'The beneficiaries under the scheme will be issued with a Smart card / Debit card (Biometric smart card compatible for use in the ATMs / Hand held Swipe Machines and capable of storing adequate information on farmers identity, assets, land holdings and credit profile etc). All KCC holders should be provided with any one or a combination of the following types of cards :'"
2452,2490,"'A primary producer can become member of a PO by submitting an application and a nominal membership fee. Some POs also charge annual membership renewal fee. Although primary producers obtain membership of PO voluntarily, the promoting institution should make efforts to bring all producers into the PO, especially the small producers. 1.18  Who is a primary producer?   Any person engaged in any activity connected with or related to any primary produce will be treated as producer. Primary produce means the produce of farmers from agriculture and allied activities or produce of persons engaged in handloom, handicrafts and other cottage industries, including any by-product and product resulting from ancillary activities thereof. Primary produce also includes any activity intended to increase the production or quality of aforementioned products or activities. Persons engaged in agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry, fishery, sericulture, apiary, handloom, handicrafts, etc., can become members of appropriate PO. Persons engaged in collection of minor forest produce are also eligible for membership of PO although they gather these from forests and strictly are not producers. 1.19  Can a person become member of more than one PO?   Family is the unit of production in rural areas. Benefits from the PO will accrue to members in proportion to the volume/value of produce given to the PO. Therefore, one person from a family can provide the whole produce of the family to the PO and get the same amount of benefit as multiple members providing the same volume/value. If however there are two different POs in the vicinity, each for a different type of produce, say vegetables and milk, one person can become member of both these POs, if the family produces both milk and vegetables.'"
2453,2468,'The following delivery channels shall be put in place to start with so that the Kisan Credit Card is used by the farmers to effectively transact their operations in their KCC account.    1.  Withdrawal through ATMs / Micro ATM    2.  Withdrawal through BCs using smart cards.    3.  PoS machine through input dealers    4.  Mobile Banking with IMPS capabilities / IVR    5.  Aadhaar enabled Cards.'
2454,2467,"'A magnetic stripe card with PIN (Personal Identification Number) with an ISO IIN (International Standards Organization International Identification Number) to enable access to all banks ATMs and micro ATMs    In cases where the Banks would want to utilize the centralized biometric authentication infrastructure of the UIDAI (Aadhaar authentication), debit cards with magnetic stripe and PIN with ISO IIN with biometric authentication of UIDAI can be provided.    Debit Cards with magnetic stripe and only biometric authentication can also be provided depending on customer base of the bank. Till such time, UIDAI becomes widespread, if the banks want to get started without inter-operability using their existing centralized bio metric infrastructure, banks may do so.    Banks may choose to issue EMV (Europay, MasterCard and VISA, a global standard for interoperation of integrated circuit cards) and RUPAY compliant chip cards with magnetic stripe and pin with ISO IIN.    Further, the biometric authentication and smart cards may follow the common open standards prescribed by IDRBT and IBA. This will enable them to transact seamlessly with input dealers as also enable them to have the sales proceeds credited to their accounts when they sell their output at mandies, procurement centers, etc.'"
2455,2472,"'\'The issue of profitability of small holding based agriculture has assumed importance in view of increasing proportion of small and marginal farmers in the country. I propose to supplement NABARD's Producers' organization development fund for Producer's development and upliftment called PRODUCE with a sum of Rs 200 crore which will be utilized for building 2,000 producers organizations across the country over the next two years.\' Shri Arun Jaitley, Hon'ble Union Finance Minister, Govt. of India'"
2456,2473,"'Promote sustainable and equitable  agriculture and rural prosperity through  effective credit support, related services,    institution development and other           innovative initiatives.'"
2457,2474,"'and Rural Development National Bank for Agriculture Mumbai  2015 Title                               :                                  Farmer Producer Organisations - Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)   Written and Published by                               :                                  Farm Sector Policy Department & Farm Sector                                   Development Department, NABARD Head Office, Mumbai  Date of Publishing                               :                                  March 2015 Design & Printing                               :                                  M/s Image Impression Contact                               :                                  Plot No C-24, 'G' Block, Bandra Kurla Complex,                                  Bandra East, Mumbai - 400051. India.                                  Tel: +91 22 26539843                                  Website: www.nabard.org, www.youtube.com/nabardonline    © 2015 National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development Unless otherwise stated in this document, no part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means without the written authorization from NABARD. FOREWORD National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) sincerely acknowledges the efforts of Shri K K Gupta, former Director, Bankers Institute of Rural Development (BIRD) Lucknow and his team of Faculty Members who have made significant contribution in bringing out this Manual on Farmer Producer Organizations. Special thanks are due to Faculty Members of BIRD viz. Shri D.  Nageswara Rao (Coordinator), Shri U.D. Shirsalkar, Shri Jaideep Srivastava, Shri R.K. Srivastava, Shri Maheshwar Sahoo, Shri G.S. Rawat and Shri K.I. Shariff, for collating information from different sources and organizing various chapters in a sequential manner. They have taken due care in drafting and editing the contents in a user friendly way. Shri Sunil Chawla, Joint Director, Dr. K.C. Sharma, Shri Niraj Kumar Verma and Shri KL Vinaya, Faculty Members of BIRD have also given their help in proof reading and improving the contents of the manual. The access to the material and information from earlier manuals and resources on the subject developed, *inter alia*, by Department of Agriculture and Cooperation (DAC) in Ministry of Agriculture, Govt.'"
2458,2475,"'of India,  Small Farmers Agribusiness Consortium  (SFAC) as also Dr. Amar KJR Nayak, Professor of Management & Centre Director, National Centre for Sustainable Community Systems, Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration, Mussoorie and Action for Social Advancement (ASA), Bhopal, is sincerely acknowledged.   Conceptualization and development of manual would not have been possible without the continued encouragement, support and guidance of Dr. Harsh Kumar Bhanwala, Chairman NABARD, Shri R Amalorpavanathan and Shri H R Dave, Deputy Managing Directors of NABARD. Also, the initiatives taken and efforts put in by Dr. P Radhakrishnan, Chief General Manager, Dr. A R Khan and Shri Sanjay Kumar Dora, Deputy General Managers in coordinating with BIRD and other organizations/ departments in bringing out this manual, are greatly acknowledged. Dr. B G Mukhopadhyay Chief General Manager Farm Sector Development Department NABARD Head Office, Mumbai     The Objective of this Manual is to act as a guide to Producer Organisation Promoting Institutions (POPIs) in Promoting and Capacity Building of Producer Organisations (POs) and help POs towards better Management and Business Development.'"
2459,2558,"'a. As indicated in AoA, the qualifications, experience and the terms and conditions  of service of the Chief Executive shall be such as may be determined by the Board.  b. The Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of a Producer Company shall be a full time  employee of the company.  c. The CEO shall be appointed by the Board of Directors of the company amongst  persons other than members.  d. The CEO shall be ex-officio director of the Board and such director shall not retire  by rotation.'"
2460,2479,"'The ownership of the PO is with its members. It is an organization of the producers, by the producers and for the producers. One or more institutions and/or individuals may have promoted the PO by way of assisting in mobilization, registration, business planning and operations. However, ownership control is always with members and management is through the representatives of the members.'"
2461,2478,'It is formed by a group of producers for either farm or non-farm activities. b. It is a registered body and a legal entity. c. Producers are shareholders in the organization. d. It deals with business activities related to the primary produce/product. e. It works for the benefit of the member producers. f. A part of the profit is shared amongst the producers. g. Rest of the surplus is added to its owned funds for business expansion.'
2462,2483,"'| PARAMETER                               | COOPERATIVE SOCIETY   |              |\n|-----------------------------------------|-----------------------|--------------|\n| Registration  Cooperative Societies Act | Indian Companies Act  |              |\n| Objectives                              | Single object         | Multi-object |\n| Restricted, discretionary               | Entire Union of India | Area of      |\n| Operation                               |                       |              |'"
2463,2482,"'Institutions registered as cooperative societies and producer companies have legal provisions for sharing of profit earned by the PO by way of dividend. Other legal forms do not explicitly provide for profit sharing. However, the PO can offer better price for the produce it procures from the members, thus, benefiting the latter. Similarly, it can procure inputs/raw material in bulk and sell to members with low margin. Such activities are permissible for POs under all legal forms. A comparative chart of important features of Cooperative Society and Producer Company is given below:  Key differences between Producer Companies and Cooperative Societies'"
2464,2486,"'| PARAMETER               | SECTION 8 COMPANY   |                        | SOCIETY               |                        |\n|-------------------------|---------------------|------------------------|-----------------------|------------------------|\n| Objectives              |                     | Non-profit activities  | Charitable, Literary, |                        |\n| Scientific, etc.        |                     |                        |                       |                        |\n| Charitable, Socially    |                     |                        |                       |                        |\n| beneficial              |                     |                        |                       |                        |\n| Statute / Law           |                     | Indian Companies Act,  |                       |                        |\n| 1956                    |                     |                        |                       |                        |\n| Societies Registration  |                     |                        |                       |                        |\n| Act 1860                |                     |                        |                       |                        |\n| Indian Trust Act, 1882  |                     |                        |                       |                        |\n| or Bombay Public        |                     |                        |                       |                        |\n| Trusts Act              |                     |                        |                       |                        |\n| Alternation of          |                     |                        |                       |                        |\n| objects                 |                     |                        |                       |                        |\n| Complex legal procedure | Simple procedure    | Normally only Settlor  |                       |                        |\n| can modify              |                     |                        |                       |                        |\n| Simple and easy         | Simple and easy     | Formation              |                       | Complex procedure, 3-6 |\n| months                  |                     |                        |                       |                        |\n| Management              |                     | Formalities of Company |                       |                        |\n| law have to be observed |                     |                        |                       |                        |\n| Few restrictions        |                     |                        |                       |                        |\n| imposed under the Act   |                     |                        |                       |                        |\n| Very few restrictions   |                     |                        |                       |                        |\n| imposed under the Act   |                     |                        |                       |                        |\n| PARAMETER               | SECTION 8 COMPANY   |                   | SOCIETY              |\n|-------------------------|---------------------|-------------------|----------------------|\n| No provisions laid      |                     |                   |                      |\n| down                    |                     |                   |                      |\n| Meetings                |                     | To be held as per |                      |\n| provisions of law which |                     |                   |                      |\n| are quite extensive.    |                     |                   |                      |\n| Annual meeting as per   |                     |                   |                      |\n| law and Rules of the    |                     |                   |                      |\n| society                 |                     |                   |                      |\n| Very negligible         | Penalties           |                   | Various offences and |\n| lapses attract severe   |                     |                   |                      |\n| penalties.              |                     |                   |                      |\n| Few offences and        |                     |                   |                      |\n| penalties have been     |                     |                   |                      |\n| prescribed              |                     |                   |                      |\n| Legal Status            |                     | Full legal status | Legal status with    |\n| certain limitations     |                     |                   |                      |\n| Legal status with       |                     |                   |                      |\n| limitations             |                     |                   |                      |\n| Exhaustive but mature   | Very limited        | Nominal           | Statutory            |\n| Regulation              |                     |                   |                      |\n| Not applicable          | Removal of          |                   |                      |\n| members                 |                     |                   |                      |\n| Not possible without    |                     |                   |                      |\n| consent                 |                     |                   |                      |\n| Possible without        |                     |                   |                      |\n| consent                 |                     |                   |                      |\n| Very difficult          | Possible            | Possible          | Dissolution or       |\n| takeover by state       |                     |                   |                      |'"
2465,2485,'Yes. Institutions can be built for promoting common interests of members/producers. The limitation is that surplus generated by such a PO cannot be divided among members by way of dividend etc. The PO can re-invest the surplus to grow the business. Comparison of PO registered under different Acts governing non-profit institutions is given below: Comparative Chart for Non-Profit Legal Forms'
2466,2487,"'It is preferable for the PO to work as a legal entity. Only such an entity can enter into legally valid contracts including mobilization of funds from other institutions. There are specific Acts under which the PO could be registered. It is also possible for a PO to migrate from one legal form to another. While choosing a legal form, the following factors may be kept in view:  a. Primary producers should benefit from the surplus generated by the PO. b. Process of Registration should not be too demanding in terms of time and  resources.  c. The legal form needs to fit into its business needs, organizational priorities, social  capital and management capacity.'"
2467,2559,"'a. Small Farmers' Agribusiness Consortium (SFAC): This organization provides  facilities to the agriculturists in the following manner:  i. It links the agriculturist with the banks which in turn provide the requisite  financial assistance.  ii. It provides training to the farmers on the various aspects of their activities  viz., use of various technologies, selection of the appropriate fertilizers, etc.  b. The various Non-Governmental Organizations which have promoted the  Producer Companies  are:'"
2468,2495,"'POs that are formed primarily in response to external initiative often struggle to develop into sustainable businesses. Therefore, the members should be actively involved from the very beginning. The facilitating agency should facilitate a process that results in producers taking the initiative to set up the PO and let the members drive the process. Activities like awareness creation, identification of potential members should precede the actual formation formalities.'"
2469,2493,"'| Particulars                | Item of expenditure                | Amount                                 |\n|----------------------------|------------------------------------|----------------------------------------|\n| (Rs.)                      |                                    |                                        |\n| Application for Name of PC | Fees                               | 500                                    |\n| Digital signature          | Fees                               | 2600                                   |\n| 1500                       | Stamp duty                         | Memorandum of Association and Articles |\n| of Association             |                                    |                                        |\n| Registration/Filing fees   | MoA, AoA, Form-1, Form-18, Form-32 | 17200                                  |\n| Consultancy charges        | 10000                              | Fees of Chartered Accountant or        |\n| Company Secretary          |                                    |                                        |\n| Stamps cancellation        |                                    | 300                                    |\n| Affidavit expenses         | Fees of Notary                     | 500                                    |\n|                            | 5000                               | Share transfer fees and                |\n| processing                 |                                    |                                        |\n| Miscellaneous expenses     |                                    | 2000                                   |\n| Total                      |                                    | 39600                                  |'"
2470,2496,"'a. It is desirable to have a Farmer Producer Organisation (FPO) for farmers having their  lands in contiguous micro-watersheds to address the issues relating to sustainability.  b. The productive land under an FPO may be around 4000 ha.  c. The PO may cover generally one or two contiguous Gram Panchayats for ease of  management.   d. The number of farmer producers that need to be covered may be around 700 to 1000. e. The cost of managing a Producer Organisation of the above nature may be around Rs.  2 lakh per month or Rs. 24 lakh per annum.  f. The total value of the produce of the farmers/non-farmers handled by the Producer  Organisation may be around Rs. 2.5 crore, assuming that approximately 10% of the total turnover of the PO may be reasonably spent towards cost of management.   g. Further, the markets selected for the Producer Organisation for selling their produce  may be within 200 KM to make their marketing activities viable.'"
2471,2497,"'a. A Farmers Producer Organisation is to be designed in such a way to cover all the lands  that fall in one or two micro watersheds.  b. The sustainability of the farmers of the micro watersheds is already in existence with  various types of productive activities of the farmers to take care of risk factors, like variations in the market prices of various produce, continuity of income etc. which include sustainable agricultural practices.    c. The secret to sustainability of a PO depends on comprehensive engagement of the PO  with their members throughout the year.  d. The design variables for a PO are mainly size, scope, technology, ownership of  resources, management and purpose.  These variables need to be aligned to meet the sustainability requirements indicated in the earlier two points.    e. The size of the PO should be small to be able to be managed by the local talent  available in the area of the PO.  f. The scope of the PO should be defined in such a way that there shall be good number  of crops to be grown to maintain the soil health, support for allied activities like dairy, nutritional security of the local people and to mitigate risk.  g. The technology adopted by the PO should be such that majority of the local people or  members of the families of the PO should be able to adopt to it and work with it with minimal training, effectively.  h. The management of the PO should take into account the incubation of the local youth  in such a way that in a few years' time, say in 3-7 years, local youth should be able to take over and manage the PO effectively.  i.'"
2472,2498,"'The purpose of the PO at all times must be to serve the larger needs of the community  and the ownership of the PO always should rest with all its members.  1.30 What should be the minimum and maximum number of members in a PO? The minimum number of membership depends on the legal form of the PO. For example, 10 or more primary producers can incorporate a Producer Company under Section 581(C) of Indian Companies Act 1956 (same provisions are retained in the 2013 Act). There is no restriction on the maximum number of membership. Generally, the PO will require certain minimum scale of operation to remain in business. This operation scale/volume is known as break-even level. Studies have shown that a PO will require about 700 to 1000 active producers as members for sustainable operation. 1.31 Who can become a Producer Organisation Promoting Institution (POPI)? An NGO, a bank branch, a Government Department, a Cooperative Society or any Association or Federation can become a POPI. Basically, the POPI needs to be a legal entity so that it can enter into legally valid contracts with other institutions including the PO which they seek to promote. Support is available for POPIs from SFAC and NABARD for meeting part of the recurring cost incurred for promotion of the PO based on individual project considerations. Details are available in the website of NABARD, SFAC and Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India.'"
2473,2502,"'a. **Vision and Mission**:  The vision and mission of the PO is very important for the Board  Directors as well as other staff.  Creating value to the members by solving existing problems in the value chain, marketing and reasonable share of price realisation in the rupee spent by the consumer on the members' produce, should be the focus.  All other activities / services should be to engage the members comprehensively throughout the year and to reduce their expenditures and increase their welfare.  b. **Good Governance**:  Governance which is responsible, transparent and keeping the  interest of the members of the PO above all the considerations is a must for the success of a PO.  Various aspects of good governance to be covered.  c. **Sustainability**: Another most important aspect to be covered in the training is that the  PO should not venture into unsustainable ventures which may create short term profits and harm the long term interests / welfare of the community.  d. **Networking**: The success of a PO depends on the networking and continuous  interactions with various stakeholders.  The BODs and staff should have the understanding and importance of networking to obtain maximum benefits to their members under convergence mode.  e. **Social Capital**: The training should concentrate on making the PO relevant to the  members at all times, which creates social capital and trust.   f. **Statutory Requirements**: The BoD and staff should have an understanding of the  constitution of the PO, statutory provisions under which it is formed, various other requirements under the statute and compliance thereof.  g. **Business Planning**: The training should cover aspects of business planning to maximise  benefits as well as to reduce the business risks.'"
2474,2500,"'| Sr. no.                       | Activity                    | Grant or Credit          | Duration                       |\n|-------------------------------|-----------------------------|--------------------------|--------------------------------|\n|                              |                             |                          |                                |\n|                               |                             |                          |                                |\n| Meetings                      |                             |                          |                                |\n|                              |                             |                          |                                |\n|                               |                             |                          |                                |\n| Exposure Visits               |                             |                          |                                |\n| Grant                         | 1 month                     | 3                        | Training and capacity building |\n| of members on running the     |                             |                          |                                |\n| POs                           |                             |                          |                                |\n| Grant                         | 1-2 months                  | 4                        | Formalizing management         |\n| structure and registration of |                             |                          |                                |\n| PO                            |                             |                          |                                |\n| 5                             | Engagement of Professionals |                          |                                |\n| and preparation of business   |                             |                          |                                |\n| plan                          |                             |                          |                                |\n| Salary expenses of            |                             |                          |                                |\n| professionals/ and            |                             |                          |                                |\n| consultancy charges for       |                             |                          |                                |\n| preparation of business       |                             |                          |                                |\n| plan                          |                             |                          |                                |\n| Grant  - salary               |                             |                          |                                |\n| expenses on                   |                             |                          |                                |\n| tapering basis                |                             |                          |                                |\n| for 3 years                   |                             |                          |                                |\n| One time                      |                             |                          |                                |\n| consultancy                   |                             |                          |                                |\n| charges for                   |                             |                          |                                |\n| preparation of                |                             |                          |                                |\n| business plan                 |                             |                          |                                |\n| Credit support                |                             | 6                        | Production activity by         |\n| members                       |                             |                          |                                |\n| Credit support                |                             | 7                        | Primary processing - grading   |\n| sorting and storage           |                             |                          |                                |\n| Credit support                |                             | 8                        | Separate storage structure is  |\n| required                      |                             |                          |                                |\n|                               | 9                           | Separate quality control |                                |\n| structure is required         |                             |                          |                                |\n| Grant cum                     |                             |                          |                                |\n| credit support                |                             |                          |                                |\n| Grant                         | For first two - three years | 10                       | Market survey, exhibition,     |\n| grant                         |                             |                          |                                |\n| 11                            | New technology adoption     | Grant                    | As and when required           |\n| (Subject to certain limit)    |                             |                          |                                |\n|                              |                             |                          |                                |\n|                               |                             |                          |                                |\n| Visits                        |                             |                          |                                |\n|                              |                             |                          |                                |\n|                               |                             |                          |                                |\n| Machines                      |                             |                          |                                |\n| Grant                         | As and when required        |                          |                                |\n| (Subject to certain limit)    |                             |                          |                                |\n| 12                            | Exports - expenses for      |                          |                                |\n| completing necessary          |                             |                          |                                |\n| formalities                   |                             |                          |                                |'"
2475,2501,"'Immediately after incorporation, a PO has to procure PAN number from the Income Tax Department and TIN number from the Commercial Tax Department to carry out business. Also, the company has to register itself for Service Tax from Commercial Tax Department and VAT from Excise department. Currently, all FPOs are not eligible for tax exemption on par with cooperatives.  The Producer Companies are taxable on par with the Private Limited Companies and Public Limited Companies.  However, the following are some of the various tax incentives available to the Producer Companies:  a. The Income derived by a Producer Company through agricultural activities as defined  in Income Tax Act, 1961 as amended from time to time, is treated as agricultural income and is exempted from taxation.  b. The Government of India has vide the Finance Act, 2012, reduced the customs duty  on the import of agricultural equipment and their parts which would benefit the Producer Companies engaged in agricultural activities to a great extent.  c. Producer Companies engaged in the business of growing and manufacturing tea or  coffee or rubber are eligible for deduction in respect of deposit of any amount with a Nationalised Bank or any other bank in accordance with scheme as approved between the Company and the respective Board.'"
2476,2503,"' The aspects like DPR preparation, Balance Sheet Analysis, simple financial ratios for profitability, ratios that are seen by banks for financing, need to be covered.  h. **Financial Management**: The training also should cover management of the finances  like maintenance of books of account, Management Information System, share capital, borrowings, savings, loans, cash flow, funds flow, receivables management, payables management, investments etc.  i. **Monitoring**: The BOD module should have various aspects of monitoring to ensure  that the business goals are achieved and the business is carried out in a professional manner.'"
2477,2504,"'Mainly two types of support is available to the POs from the Small Farmers Agribusiness Consortium (SFAC). Details are available at www.sfacindia.com.  a. SFAC operates a Credit Guarantee Fund to mitigate credit risks of financial institutions  which lend to the Farmers Producer Companies (registered as Producer Company under Part IX-A of Companies Act) without collateral. This helps the FPCs (one form of PO) to access credit from mainstream financial institutions for establishing and operating businesses.  b. SFAC provides matching equity grant up to Rs. 10 lakh to the FPCs to enhance  borrowing power, and thus enables the entities to access bank finance.'"
2478,2505,"'NABARD provides financial support to the POs only through project mode through two financial products. A fund titled \'Producers Organisation Development Fund\' has been created by NABARD towards this end. Details are available at www.nabard.org (Financing and Supporting Producer Organisations).  a. Lending to POs for contribution towards share capital on matching basis (1:1 ratio) to  enable the PO to access higher credit from banks. This is a loan without collateral which will have to be repaid by the PO after specified time. The maximum amount of such assistance is Rs. 25 lakh per PO with a cap of Rs. 25,000 per member.   b. Credit support against collateral security for business operations. Also, credit support  without collateral security for business operations to FPCs which are eligible under Credit Guarantee scheme of SFAC. The credit product can be customised as per requirement of the business. In general, credit support is available for business activities and creation of assets like building, machinery, equipment, specially designed vehicles for transportation etc. and/or working capital requirements including administrative and other recurring costs connected with the project as  composite loan. Capital expenditures like purchase of land, vehicles for general transportation & personal use, etc., will not be considered for support.'"
2479,2506,"'NABARD also provides technical, managerial and financial support for hand-holding, capacity building and market intervention efforts of the PO. Such support is available in the form of grant, loans, or a combination of the two based on the need of the situation, and is available only to those POs which avail credit from NABARD. Capacity building support will not be given in isolation in general. It would essentially be a part of the overall project having loan component. Grant, if any, will be maximum 20% of the loan amount. Capacity building should broadly cover any activity relating to functioning of a producer organization. Some such activities are given below:  a. Skill development in order to enable members to improve production/productivity b. Business planning c. Technological extension through classroom training d. Exposure visits, agricultural university tie ups, expert meetings, etc. e. Any other capacity building initiative which directly benefits the P.O.  f. NABARD through its  Farm Sector Promotion Fund (FSPF) is providing financial  assistance to various institutions including Farmers clubs for:  i.  facilitating adoption of appropriate technologies by the agriculturists through the provision of training cum exposure visits, organizing for demonstrations on the use of the various technologies  ii.  organizing financial credit counselling  iii.  providing support for financial literacy  iv.  Dissemination of appropriate technologies to the various people in need thereof  v.  Promotion of Producer Organisation'"
2480,2510,"'Producer Organisations can also be formed and registered as a Cooperative Society under the following Acts:  a) Cooperative Societies' Act of Individual State b) Autonomous Cooperative Societies' Act existing in many States (minimal State  intervention)  c) Multi State Cooperative Societies' Act, which is a Central Act'"
2481,2509,"'Government of India provides budgetary support to SFAC for its Equity Grant and Credit Guarantee Fund Scheme for the Farmer Producer Company. For creation of storage and other agricultural marketing infrastructure under the Integrated Scheme for Agricultural Marketing (Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India), FPOs are eligible to get higher subsidies. Details are available at www.agmarknet.nic.in. CAPART, Ministry of Rural Development also operates schemes through which support for some activities can be obtained by the PO. Details are available at www.capart.nic.in. Training institutions supported by the Ministry or Rural Development, Government of India (www. rural.nic.in) also impart skill and capacity building training which can be made use of by the PO for its members.'"
2482,2511,"'a) The Cooperative Society can be established for purpose/s of credit, production or  distribution  b) Unlimited society is not the best form of cooperation for agricultural commodities.   However, such societies do exist and are working in several States.  Unlimited society can distribute profits with the permission of State Government'"
2483,2516,"'a) A registered cooperative society is a body corporate with perpetual succession and  common seal (just like a company)  b) It can hold property, enter in to contracts, institute and defend suit and other legal  proceedings, and  c) Do all things necessary for the purpose of its constitution'"
2484,2514,"'a) If liability of members is not limited by shares, each member shall have one vote  irrespective of amount of her / his interest in the capital  b) If liability of members of a registered society is limited by shares, each member will  have as many votes as may be prescribed by the bye laws  c) If a registered society has invested in shares of other registered society, it can vote by  appointing a proxy  d) A member of a registered society shall not exercise his rights as member, unless he  has made payment to the society in respect of membership or has acquired interest in society, as may be prescribed by rules or bye-laws'"
2485,2515,"'a) Each society will be managed by a Committee or the Governing Body b) Officers of a society include a Chairman, Secretary, Treasurer, Members of Committee  or other persons empowered under rules or bye-laws to give directions in regard to business of society'"
2486,2519,"'a) Registrar, after inspection or inquiry, or on application received from 75% of members  of society, may cancel the registration of society, if in his opinion, the society should be dissolved  b) Any member can appeal against the order of the Registrar within two months to the  State Government or other revenue authority authorised by the State Government  c) If no appeal is filed within two months, the order of dissolution shall become effective d) If appeal is filed, the order will become effective only after it is confirmed by appellate  authority'"
2487,2522,"'depending upon the requirements of members. The earning will be from the rental of these equipment.  c) **Agro-processing centre:**   a. Primary Processing: Sorting, grading unit, waxing/ polishing unit, pre-cooling  chambers, etc.  b. Secondary Processing: Value addition to produce e.g. Mini rice mill, atta chaki,  horticulture produce processing etc.  d) **Agri -information centre :**  a. Testing lab for soil & water, creating panel of experts for providing services on  payment basis, knowledge dissemination centre, arrange training to farmers. The testing lab & expert guidance will be available to farmers at a cost.  e) **Agri Transportation & Marketing Facilities :**  a. Procurement of produce, direct market linkage after aggregation and/ or  processing, setting up of rural mart etc. The PACS, which are either in the area of marketing or intend to undertake this activity, may create this channel to facilitate the farmers in marketing.'"
2488,2520,'The provisions of Companies Act are not applicable to a registered cooperative society'
2489,2529,"'a. Obtain Digital Signature of the Nominated Director, who will be affixing DSC on all the  documents to be submitted to RoC online, on behalf of the company.  b. Chose maximum 4 names for the Producer Company in order of preference. c. Apply for the name availability in Form - INC1. d. Once name is available, a letter is received from RoC indicating it.  The documents to  be submitted to ROC thereafter are:  e. Articles of Association (AoA). f. Memorandum of Association (MoA). g. Form No. INC-22 for Registered Office. h. Form No. DIR-12 for Directors' Appointment. i. Apply on-line for Directors Identification Number (DIN) for the proposed Directors. j. INC-7 - Affidavits by subscribers to Memorandum of Association to be filed, in case, if  they have signed in Hindi.  k. Power of Attorney in favour of a consultant to authorize him to make necessary  changes in MoA and AoA as required by the RoC.  l. Submit the documents to RoC for Incorporation of Producer Company. m. Obtain Certificate of Commencement in INC-21'"
2490,2528,"'Prepare a draft Memorandum of Association (MoA).  Hire the services of a  consultant to get the AoA and MOA drafted, if necessary.  d. Call first informal meeting of the shareholders to approve  i. Articles of Association   ii. Memorandum of Association  iii. Selection of Promoter  iv. Authorized capital and cost of each share  m. Collect the capital and savings also if possible.'"
2491,2527,"'a. Identify a cluster where the PO can be formed. b. Conduct Baseline and Feasibility Studies to ensure that a viable PO can formed in the  cluster.  Plan for business activities that are possible to improve the incomes.  c. Meet the villagers (primary producers) and introduce the concept of Producer  Company to them.  d. Explore the need for a Producer Company (PC) with the primary producers.  The  primary producers should understand the benefits and feel the need for it.  e. Take the interested primary producers on an exposure visit to a functioning Producer  Company and enable meaningful interaction among them.  f. Create a critical group of primary producers, who are very enthusiastic about the idea  of Producer Company and empower them further with the concept and details and benefits of a producer company.   g. Use the critical group for canvassing among other eligible members about the need,  urgency and benefits of a Producer Company.  h. Allow enough time to the prospective primary Producer Company members to  understand the idea. Make frequent visits to them and clarify all their doubts. The objective should be that the prospective members have right understanding, and willing to participate and work together for their mutual benefit.  It may take typically 3 to 6 month time for this kind of social mobilisation.  i. Have focused group meeting and motivate eligible members to become shareholders. j. Hold a meeting with the prospective shareholders and discuss objectives and possible  business ideas for the company.  k. Revise the business plan for the company taking into account the views of the  prospective members.  l. Once the primary producers are willing to form a Producer Company and are ready to  contribute to the share capital  a. Identify Promoter Directors. b. Prepare a draft Articles of Association (AoA). c.'"
2492,2533,"'a. MoA is a document that indicates what activities the company can undertake. b. MoA needs to be prepared carefully to cover all the activities planned for the present and  future of the Producer Company in a broad manner.  c. MoA should be prepared and printed on both sides of the paper. d. It is to be subscribed/signed by the requisite number of subscribers/promoters in his/her  own hand along with details like father's name, occupation, address and the number of shares subscribed for, by them.  e. MoA needs to be dated after the date of stamping of the Articles of Association (AoA).'"
2493,2534,"'a. AoA is a document that specifies the rules for a company's operations.   b. It defines the company's purpose and lays out how tasks are to be accomplished within  the organization.  c. It includes the process for appointing Directors and how financial records are handled. d. AoA should be prepared and printed on both sides of the paper. e. It is to be subscribed/signed by the requisite number of subscribers/promoters in his/her  own hand along with details like father's name, occupation, address and the number of shares subscribed for.'"
2494,2540,'a. Board of Directors are elected by the members. b. BoD may act collectively only through meetings.'
2495,2538,"'a. It is estimated that it may cost Rs. 40,000/- approximately. b. It depends on the fee charged by CA, Company Secretary and Authorized Agents etc.'"
2496,2539,"'a. Initially the promoters of the company will bear the cost of registration of the  company.  b. The promoters are generally the Producer Organisation Promoting Institution (POPI)  or the initial directors.  3.18  Whether Producer Company reimburses the cost of registration to the promoters?  The cost of registration may be reimbursed to the promoters duly approved by its general body in its first meeting with a resolution passed to that effect.  3.19  Who will run a Producer Company? The company is run / governed by members/shareholders, Board of Directors and Office bearers.'"
2497,2545,"'a. In case of Producer Company comprising only of individual members or combination  of individual members and producer institutions, then the voting rights shall be based on one vote per member.  b. In case of Producer Company consisting only of producer institutions, then the voting  rights shall be based on the participation in the business of the Producer Company in the previous year.  c. The Producer Company can restrict the voting rights to only its active members  provided it is authorized by its Articles of Association.'"
2498,2544,"'a. to transfer one's shares b. to vote on resolutions at meetings of the Company c. to requisition an extraordinary general meeting of the Company or to make a  joint requisitions  d. to receive notice of a general meeting; to attend and speak in a general  meeting  e. to move amendments to resolutions proposed at meetings f. in case the member is a corporate body, to appoint a representative to  attend and vote at general meetings on its behalf  g. to require the company to circulate its resolutions  h. to enjoy the profits of the company in the form of dividends i. to elect directors and to participate in the management of the company  through them  j. to apply to the Company Law Board in case of oppression  k. to apply to the Company Law Board in case of mismanagement l. to apply to the court for winding up of the company m. to share the surplus on winding up n. to have a share certificate issued to him/her in respect of his/her shares'"
2499,2557,"'The functions of a CEO include the following:  a. Do administrative acts of routine nature including managing the day-to-day affairs of the  Company;  b. operate bank accounts or authorize any person, subject to the general or special approval  of the Board;   c. make arrangements for safe custody of cash and other assets of the Company; d. sign business related documents as may be 'authorized by the Board' for and on behalf of  the Producer Company;  e. maintain proper books of account, prepare annual accounts, place the audited accounts  before the Board and in the Annual General Meeting of the Members;  f. furnish the members with periodic information to appraise them of the operation and  functions of the Company;  g. make appointments to posts in accordance with the powers delegated to him by the  Board;  h. assist the Board in the formation of goals, objectives, strategies, plans and policies; i. advise the Board with respect to legal and regulatory matters concerning the proposed  and ongoing activities and take necessary action in respect thereof;  j. exercise the powers as may be necessary in the ordinary course of business; k. discharge such other functions, and exercise such other powers, as may be delegated by  the Board;  l. to provide timely information to the Members and Board of Directors for scheduled  company meetings or emergency or short notice meetings.'"
2500,2555,"'a. A director or an officer who fails to provide information to a member or a person, for  whom he is required to provide information about the Producer Company, the Director is liable for imprisonment for a term extending to 6 months and with a fine equivalent to 5% of turnover of the company in the previous year  b. If there is a failure for convening an Annual General Meeting or other general meetings,  the Director shall be punishable with a fine extended up to Rs. 1 lakh.  In case the default continues, an additional fine extended up to Rs. 10,000/- per day.'"
2501,2556,'a. A full time CEO is appointed by the Board of Directors as per AoA b. The CEO is to be other than a member c. The CEO is accountable to both the Board of Directors and members'
2502,2561,"'a. In addition to the above organizations, Action for Social Advancement (ASA) has  assisted in the establishment of sixteen Producer Companies in Madhya Pradesh and Bihar.  b. Of the number of the Producer Companies formed, there are Producer Companies  which have been successful viz., India Organic Farmers Producer Company Limited, Vanilla India Producer Company Limited, Rangsutra Craft Duniya Producer Company Limited, Masuta Producer Company Limited, ESAF Swasraya Producer Company Limited, etc.'"
2503,2562,"'a. A Producer Company is a hybrid between a Private Limited Company and a  Cooperative Society, thus enjoying the benefits of professional management of a Private Limited Company as well as mutual benefits derived from a Cooperative Society.  b. Ownership and membership of a Producer Company is held only by \'primary  producers\' or \'Producer Institution/s\' and member's equity cannot be traded. Hence, nobody can take over the company or deprive the primary producers of their organisation.  c. The clauses of Private Limited Company shall be applicable to the producer companies  except the clauses specified in Producer Company Act from 581-A to 581-ZL which make it different from a normal private or limited company (refer the Producer Company Act for details). This enables a professional framework for a Producer Company.  d. The liability of the members is limited to the unpaid amount of the shares held by  them.  Hence, the private assets of the members are safe from company losses.  e. The minimum paid-up Capital being Rs. 1 Lakh and minimum authorized capital being  Rs.5 lakh for a PC, it easy to mobilise the small amount.   f. Minimum number of producers required to form a PC is 10 while there is no limit for  maximum number of members and the membership can be increased as per feasibility and need. This helps even 10 individuals start a Producer Company which is easy.  g. There cannot be any government or private equity stake in the Producer Companies,  which implies that PC cannot become a public or deemed public limited company. Hence, any Government or other corporate threat is non-existent in professional functioning of the company.  h. The area of operation for a PC is the entire country giving flexibility to expand and do  business in a free and professional manner.'"
2504,2570,"'Memorandum of Association is the charter of the society. It describes the objects of society's existence and its operations.  4.7 What does Memorandum of association of a society contain?     The memorandum of association shall contain the following things:  a. the name of the society; b. the object of the society; c. the names, addresses, and occupations of the governors, council, directors,  committee, or other governing body to whom, by the rules of the society, the management of its affairs is entrusted.    A copy of the rules and regulations of the society, certified to be a correct copy by not less than three of the members of the governing body, shall be filed with the memorandum of association. 4.8 What is the purpose of rules and regulation of the society? The rules and regulations are framed to guide the members of the governing body and to regulate the functions of the society and its internal management. 4.9 What does the rules and regulations of a society contain? The rules and regulations generally contain-  a. The conditions of admission of members. b. The liability of members for fines, forfeitures under certain circumstances; c.  The termination of membership by resignation or expulsion or upon death;  d. The appointment and removal of trustees and their powers; e. The appointment and removal of the members on the governing body f.  The requirement as to notice, quorum etc., for holding meetings and passing  resolutions;  g.  The investment of funds, keeping of accounts and for audit of accounts;  h. The manner of altering the objects and rules; i.  The matters to be provided in bye-laws;  j.  The dissolution of society and the manner of utilizing the property upon dissolution  k.'"
2505,2560,"'| Promoting Organization          |     |\n|---------------------------------|-----|\n| Company                         |     |\n| Activity of the Producer        |     |\n| Company                         |     |\n| Masuta Producer                 |     |\n| Company Limited                 |     |\n| Professional Assistance         |     |\n| for Development                 |     |\n| Action  (PRADAN)                |     |\n| Reeling and spinning tussar     |     |\n| yarn from tropical tussar       |     |\n| cocoons.                        |     |\n| Indian Farmers                  |     |\n| Movement (Infarm)               |     |\n| Vanilla India Producer          |     |\n| Company Limited                 |     |\n| Promoting vanilla               |     |\n| production;   Production and    |     |\n| marketing of the best and       |     |\n| choicest vanilla beans and      |     |\n| extracts; processing vanilla as |     |\n| per international standards.    |     |\n| Evangelical Social Action       |     |\n| Forum (ESAF)                    |     |\n| ESAF Swasraya Producers         |     |\n| Company Limited (ESPCL)         |     |\n| Empowering small rural          |     |\n| producers of Handicrafts,       |     |\n| Herbal Products, Agri-Food,     |     |\n| Dairy and Meat Products,        |     |\n| capacity building, production,  |     |\n| value addition, quality         |     |\n| assurance and marketing.        |     |\n| Stall-fed goat rearing by small |     |\n| farmers                         |     |\n| Panchakroshi                    |     |\n| Pashusamvardhan                 |     |\n| Producer Company                |     |\n| Limited                         |     |\n| Maharashtra Goat and            |     |\n| Sheep Research                  |     |\n| Development Institute           |     |\n| (MGSRD) and Nimbalkar           |     |\n| Agricultural Research           |     |\n| Institute (NARI)                |     |'"
2506,2571,' Such other matters as may be thought expedient with reference to the nature and  objects of the society.'
2507,2566,"'As per Societies Registration Act, 1860, a society can be formed by minimum seven persons eligible to enter into contract. Individuals (excluding minors but including foreigners), partnership firms, companies and registered societies are eligible to form a society.'"
2508,2568,"'The certificate issued by the Registrar of Societies or any other competent authority is valid for a particular period and then it is to be renewed. For example, registration of society is valid for a period of 5 years in UP.'"
2509,2567,"'The society can be registered for any of the following purposes:   a. Grant of charitable assistance b. Creation of military orphan fund c. Promotion of literature, science and fine arts, etc. d. Some states like Delhi and Gujarat also allow welfare and other purposes as eligible  purpose.'"
2510,2580,"'There are two types of Trusts namely public trust and private trust. Private Trusts are generally formed for charitable or religious purpose, and are not intended to do commercial activities. A public charitable Trust is one, which benefits the public at large, or some considerable portion of it. While, the income from private Trusts is available to specified beneficiaries and not to the public at large.'"
2511,2569,'A society for its inception requires following documents:   a. Memorandum of Association b. Rules and Regulations'
2512,2564,"'Note:  Please refer to the Companies Act 1956 and Companies Act 2013 and also the notifications, thereof.'"
2513,2565,"'A society may be defined as a company or association of persons (generally unincorporated) united together by mutual consent to deliberate, determine and act jointly for some common purpose.'"
2514,2572,"'The bye-laws of the society are subsidiary to the rules and regulations and usually provide for:  a. The business hours of the society  b. The activities of the society in furtherance of its objects; c. The matters relating to enrolment of members, their removal, rights, applications and  privileges,  d. The manner in which the society shall transact its business; e. The mode of custody, application and investment of the funds of the society and the  extent and conditions of such investment;  f.  The arrangements for day-to-day transactions, the expenditure to be incurred  therefor, the staff to be employed and condition of services of such employees;  g. The conduct of the general meetings and the procedure therefor; h. Such other matters incidental to the organization and working of the society and the  management of its business, as may be deemed necessary.'"
2515,2574,'a. Upon resigning and acceptance of his resignation b. Upon death c. On non - payment of dues ( period as prescribed in different state Acts)'
2516,2576,'a. Cash Book b. General Ledger   It also has to finalise its annual accounts and get it audited from a Chartered Accountant.'
2517,2578,"'In simple words, it is a transfer of property by the owner to another for the benefit of a third person along with or without himself or a declaration by the owner, to hold the property not for himself but for another or another and himself.'"
2518,2577,'POs can be registered as a charitable trust.'
2519,2579,"'A person who creates a Trust is called a settlor, the person to whom the property is transferred on trust is called a trustee and the person for whose benefit the property is transferred is called the beneficiary.'"
2520,2575,'a. Donations b. Gifts c. Grants d. Loans'
2521,2573,'a. is 21 years of age on the date of admission; b. subscribes to the aims and objects of the Society;  c. has deposited the membership fee as prescribed in the Bye-laws of the  Society; and  d. is not an insolvent or of unsound mind'
2522,2582,"'a. The application for registration should be made to the official having jurisdiction  over the region in which the Trust is sought to be registered.   b. The application form should be submitted, together with a copy of the Trust deed.  Two other documents which should be submitted at the time of making an application for registration are affidavit and consent letter.'"
2523,2581,"'In general, Trusts may register for one or more of the following purposes:  a. Relief of poverty or distress b. Education c. Medical relief d. Provision of facilities for recreation or other leisure-time occupation (including  assistance for such provision), if the facilities are provided in the interest of social welfare and public benefit  e. The advancement of any other object of general public utility, excluding purposes  which relate exclusively to religious teaching or worship.  5.6 What laws in India govern Public Charitable Trusts? No national law (except the broad principles of the India Trusts Act 1882, which governs private Trusts) governs public charitable Trusts in India, although many states (particularly Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh) have Public Trusts Acts.'"
2524,2587,"'The income of a PO registered as Trust is not exempted from the income tax, as it is not a charitable purpose.'"
2525,2588,'a. Simple process of registration. b. Simple record-keeping and even simpler regulations. c. Low possibility of interference by regulator.  d. Exemption from tax due to charitable nature of operations.'
2526,2584,'a. Donations b. Gifts c. Grants   d. Loans'
2527,2585,'a. Cash Book b. General Ledger   It also has to finalise its annual accounts and get it audited from a Chartered Accountant.'
2528,2586,"'Section 11(4A) of the Income Tax Act, 1961 has been amended with effect from 1-4-1992. Accordingly, if the income from business is incidental to the attainment of the objects of the non-profit organisation and separate books of account are maintained by such an organisation in respect of such business, the profit is not considered for taxation. In other words, the profit is fully exempt from tax. Income from a business undertaking which is itself held under Trust for charitable purpose [under section 11(1) (a)] is also exempt. Further, an'"
2529,2593,"'The followings are the disadvantages of Section 8 Company:-  a. Profits cannot be distributed as dividends to members and it will be applied for  promoting its objects only.   b. Alteration in the objects clause of the Company requires prior approval of Central  Government.   c. In comparison to Society and Trust, registration of Section 8 Company and complying  with other terms & conditions are costly.  Also, if there is any breach of law, a Section 8 Company has to bear penalties and fines.    d. Section 8 Companies also fall under the definition of Company under Income tax.  Therefore, same rate of tax is applicable to Section 8 Companies which is applicable to the normal profit making company.   e. Generally, complete closure or winding of Section 8 Companies takes around 1-2 years  and involves compliance of various formalities. Moreover, in certain cases, it requires the approval from the High Court.'"
2530,2592,"'Section 8 Company is preferred as compared to Trust, society because of following reasons:  a. Section 8 Company has uniform law across the country. b. Section 8 Companies are also preferred, as compared to others, in foreign funding  because of stringent disclosure norms and regulatory provisions under Companies Act, 1956 and Foreign Contribution Regulation Act.    c. The Central and State Governments recognised Section 8 Company in various Schemes  implemented by them.   d. A wide range of activities can be taken up. e. Exempted from using the word Private Limited or Limited f. Members/Owners easily transfer ownership in shares and interest by the manner  provided by the Article of Association.   g. The continuation of an incorporated Section 8 Company is unaffected by the death of  any of its owner(s) or the transfer of its shares to a new entity/person'"
2531,2596,"'Any individual who intends to become a Director of a company shall have Director Identification Number (DIN) which is mandatory for e-filing of forms and documents with the Registrar of Companies and PAN cannot be used as an alternative to DIN. DIN is also mandatory for directors of Indian companies who are not citizens of India. But, DIN is not mandatory for directors of foreign company having branch offices in India. Further, only a single DIN is required for an individual, irrespective of the number of directorship held by him/her. Documents and information required for getting DIN (Director Identification Number) of Director:-  a. Self-attested PAN Card of Director b. Self-attested address proof of Director  c. Affidavit d. Self-attested colour photo of Director e. e-mail id of Director f. Mobile No. of Director  g. Educational qualification of Director h. Current occupation of Director'"
2532,2595,"'For Grant of License the following documents are also required:-  a. Three Copies of Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association b. Three Copies of list of names, descriptions, addresses of promoters/directors c. Three Copies of Statement showing estimates of future income and expenditure d. Three Copies of Statement giving in brief description of work done or proposed to be  carried out after incorporation  e. Three Copies of Statement specifying the grounds on which the application is made f. Declarations by all the directors of the company as per the prescribed proforma g. Declaration by Chartered Accountant or advocate of Supreme Court or of a High Court,  an attorney or pleader entitled to appear before High Court or a Company Secretary that the Memorandum & Articles of Association have been drawn up in accordance with the provisions of the Act.  h. Documentary Evidence in support of addresses of promoters i. All due diligence documents shall be notarized/attested by a gazetted officer or  CA/CS/CWA'"
2533,2604,"'a. Business Processes: Aggregation, segregation and logistics b. Productivity: Man, material, money, input and output c. Warehousing: Space, costs and logistics d. Processing : Own  vs. out-source     e. Products: Whole foods to  processed foods and to derivatives f. Risk mitigation    7.4 What is a business plan? Business plan is a succinct document that specifies the components of a strategy with regard to the business mission, external and internal environments and problems identified in earlier analysis. A business plan is not written each time a modification to a strategy is made. It should be written when a new venture is developed or a major new initiative is launched. Sincere contemplation is needed about the business concept, the business opportunity, the competitive landscape, the essential elements for success, and the people who will be involved. The exercise will often lead to more questions, and these new questions must be properly researched to gain deep insight into the issues and challenges that lie ahead. In short, the business plan must contain answers to the questions  \'Who/What/Where/When/Why/How/How Much\'. 7.5 What is business planning? The business planning process starts with Generation of Business Ideas, followed by Opportunities & Threats Analysis leading to Identification of suitable Business Opportunities. Once Business Opportunity is identified, a Marketing Plan is prepared. The final part of the process deals with the Financial Plan.'"
2534,2603,"'7.2 What is value chain intervention?  The PO may choose to undertake any one or more than one activity of the value chain. In the example above, the PO may manufacture/procure concentrate feed and supply it to the farmers. It can purchase milch cattle in bulk from outside the state for the members. It can establish Bulk Milk Chilling Unit or Milk Processing Plant. It can purchase refrigerated vans for transport of milk and milk products.  It can establish milk parlours to sell milk and milk products to the end-consumers. Any such activity will be a value chain intervention. The key is to choose the intervention where the value-addition (and therefore the margin) is high, and which can be effectively managed by the PO keeping in view competition in the market.'"
2535,2614,"'The FSSAI has enacted regulations in 2011 covering licensing, food product standards, packaging, and labelling and food additives. The details of these regulations may be accessed from their website www.fssai.govin. Some of these regulations are listed below:  a. FSS (Licensing and Registration of Food Business) Regulation, 2011 b. FSS (Packaging and Labelling) Regulation, 2011 c. FSS (Food Product Standards and Food Additives) Regulation, 2011 d. FSS (Contaminants, Toxins and Residues) Regulation, 2011 e. FSS (Prohibition and Restriction on Sales) Regulation, 2011'"
2536,2608,"'a. The overall market b. Changes in the market c. Market segments, their attractiveness, profitability d. Target market and customers e. Description of customers  f.  Competitors - Direct and indirect   7.14 How do you choose a marketing strategy? After choosing the market segment that the PO wishes to target and having carried out the SWOT analysis, the suitable marketing strategy should be chosen. The choice depends on a variety of factors including the image that the PO wants to project about the product and the organization, its sales objectives like whether it wants rapid penetration or is content with slow penetration of the market etc. The PO may choose one or more combinations of strategy, but needs to strategically plan a right mix of the 4 Ps (Product, Price, Place & Promotion - called the Marketing Mix) to develop an appropriate marketing strategy. 7.15 What is Operations Plan? Operations is the work (activity) of the business. It is transforming of the raw materials into products to be sold to the customer. The operations plan gives an overview of the flow of the daily activities of the business and the strategies that support them. The main purpose of the operations plan section is to show that the business is focused on the critical operating factors that will make it successful. It should contain the critical success factors affecting how the business creates value for the stakeholders of the business, and the breakeven point. 7.16 What is break-even point? It is that volume of operation of the business at which unit sales equals operating costs. The breakeven point determines how many units of the product must be sold to break even, to cover the cost of production. It is the point at which the business will have no profit, no loss.'"
2537,2615,"'AGMARK is a certification mark employed on agricultural products in India, assuring that they conform to a set of standards approved by the Directorate of Marketing and Inspection, an agency of the Government of India. The present AGMARK standards cover quality guidelines for 205 different commodities spanning a variety of Pulses, Cereals, Essential Oils, Vegetable Oils, Fruits & Vegetables, and semi-processed products like Vermicelli.'"
2538,2610,"'a. The idea can be a solution to a problem experienced by primary producers. For  instance, collective sale of agricultural produce to the bigger market will reduce the role of middlemen and ensure better price to producers. Collective purchase of agricultural inputs like seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, etc., and selling them to the producers reduces per unit cost while ensuring quality of the inputs.  b. It can be for use of new technology or material to meet a widely felt need. An idea of  creating an agro service center for hiring tractor, power-tiller, transplanter, harvester, thresher etc., on rental basis to the small farmers can reduce cost of production besides increasing productivity. Similarly, establishing a Bulk Milk Chilling Unit for milk producers can be a good business idea.  c. It can be for establishing an Agri-Clinic for providing fee-based extension services.   7.20 How do you identify business opportunities and threats? Once a few business ideas are generated, each idea must be critically evaluated with respect to the external business environment for identifying the business opportunity and threats. Every idea must be evaluated to know whether it is worth pursuing. The opportunities and threats of each ideas are analysed in terms of the following attributes:  a. Size of the market  b. Its stability i.e., the demand for the product long term or purely temporary? c. The extent to which the market is dissatisfied with the existing solution d. Level of competition, high, medium or low e. Price and quality sensitivity of the market  f.  Barriers to entry/exit  g. Changes in government's policies such as subsidy, availability of low cost funds, etc.  7.21 How do you identify the risks and provide safeguards? Identification of risks and possible safeguards is an integral part of the Opportunity/Threat analysis.'"
2539,2616,"'The testing done by AGMARK laboratories include chemical analysis, microbiological analysis, pesticide residue, and aflatoxin analysis on whole spices, ground spices, ghee, butter, vegetable oils, mustard oil, honey, food-grains (wheat), wheat products (atta, suji, and maida), gram flour, soybean seed, bengal gram, ginger, oil cake, essential oil, oils and fats, animal casings, meat and food products.'"
2540,2612,"'    7.22 What support is available from government departments for market linkage? Many State Governments have schemes for preferential procurement of produce from POs. For example, procurement of certified seeds through POs has been implemented by the Government of Chhattisgarh. The facilitating agency should be able to get the relevant information from the respective Governments. 7.23 What support is available from corporates for market linkage? The corporates need continuous supply of desired quality produce for processing and value addition. Therefore, they prefer to enter into contract with few producer organisations who will meet their requirement. Usually the following mechanisms are adopted:  a. Retail chains tie up with POs for procurement. b. Corporates extend dealership for farm machinery and inputs to POs. c. Corporates provide primary processing machinery to PO with buy-back arrangement  for the produce'"
2541,2613,"'The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has been established under Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 which consolidates various acts & orders that have hitherto handled food related issues in various Ministries and Departments. FSSAI has been created for laying down science based standards for articles of food and to regulate their manufacture, storage, distribution, sale and import to ensure availability of safe and wholesome food for human consumption. It has been mandated to perform the following functions:  a. Framing of Regulations to lay down the Standards and guidelines in relation to articles  of food and specifying appropriate system of enforcing various standards thus notified.  b. Laying down mechanisms and guidelines for accreditation of certification bodies  engaged in certification of food safety management system for food businesses.  c. Laying down procedure and guidelines for accreditation of laboratories and  notification of the accredited laboratories.  d. To provide scientific advice and technical support to Central Government and State  Governments in the matters of framing the policy and rules in areas which have a direct or indirect bearing of food safety and nutrition.  e. Collect and collate data regarding food consumption, incidence and prevalence of  biological risk, contaminants in food, and residue of various contaminants in foods products, identification of emerging risks and introduction of rapid alert system.  f. Creating an information network across the country so that the public, consumers,  Panchayats, etc., receive rapid, reliable and objective information about food safety and issues of concern.  g. Provide training programmes for persons who are involved or intend to get involved  in food businesses.  h. Contribute to the development of international technical standards for food, sanitary  and phytosanitary standards.  i. Promote general awareness about food safety and food standards.'"
2542,2618,"'Packaged food products sold in India are required to be labelled with a mandatory mark in order to be distinguished between vegetarian and non-vegetarian. The symbol is in effect following the Food safety and standards (packaging *and labelling) act of 2006*, and got a mandatory status after the framing of the respective regulations (Food safety and standards (packaging and labelling) regulation in 2011.  According to the law, vegetarian food should be identified by a green symbol and non-vegetarian food with a brown symbol.'"
2543,2621,"'Central Food Technological Research Institute(CFTRI), Mysore (A constituent laboratory of Council of Scientific and Industrial research, New Delhi) came into existence during 1950 with the great vision of its founders, and a network of inspiring as well as dedicated scientists who had a fascination to pursue in-depth research and development in the areas of food science and technology.  CFTRI is an ISO 9001:2008 and ISO 14001:2004 organisation and accredited by National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL) for chemical and biological testing of samples.'"
2544,2622,"'The PO will require some technology-based equipment or plant & machinery to run its business and organisation. At an elementary level where the PO is engaged only in aggregating the produce without any primary processing, it would still require computer systems and printers to manage its inventory, generate receipts and for office administration.  For scientific storage and handling of the produce, it may require scientific godowns, safety equipment etc. While acquiring technology, the following factors should be considered:  a. Life-cycle of technology- The life-cycle of computer systems is about three years while  that of grader/separator may be 10 years. For short life-cycle technology, it is desirable to go for the latest version.   b. Cost - The latest technology is invariably more expensive.  Therefore, it is desirable to  look for appropriate technology which is reasonably priced.  c. Competition - If other players in the market use the latest technology to produce  better products, the PO needs to go for better or the same technology to meet market competition. A less attractive product will not sell in the market.  d. Source - The reputation and experience of the supplier institution is also a key  consideration while acquiring technology. Untested technology and new technology firms entail additional risk. The technology may not work optimally. The firm may not be able to provide support say three to five years after acquisition.'"
2545,2626,"'Corporates can support the POs financially and technologically through CSR initiatives. The following activities can be taken up:  a. Training and capacity building of producers in better technology b. Providing support for common infrastructure c. Bulk supply of agricultural inputs to POs d. Providing support for acquiring technology, plant and machinery e. Establishing quality control and testing labs to meet market specifications f. Bulk purchase of produce of the POs for further processing g. Marketing the produce in collaboration with the PO'"
2546,2625,"'These institutions can act as technology guide as twinning partner for the POs. While some public sector institutions may provide their service free or on nominal cost, private technology companies would require to be adequately compensated. In general, the twinning partner can provide the following services:  a. Evaluate available technologies and suggest the most appropriate technology b. Design the specifications for technology procurement c. Evaluate technology vendors and their technical and financial bids/quotations d. Train staff of the PO to use the technology e. Depute own technical personnel to the PO for initial period to provide hands-on  training to the operating staff of PO  f. Train staff of PO to undertake repair and maintenance periodically g. Assist the PO to access local, national and international markets h. Advice on solutions to specific problems being faced by the PO'"
2547,2631,"'c. In case of consolidation/division, the Members must be issued new certificates in lieu  of the existing share certificates, by making appropriate entries in the register of members. Whereas, in cancellation of shares, a notice to the Registrar of Companies in Form No. 5, along with the fees as prescribed in Schedule X to the Act.'"
2548,2632,"'a. The Company may diminish the amount of its authorised or nominal (but not issued)  capital by cancelling shares which have not been issued or agreed to be issued, if its Articles authorise such cancellation.   b. The diminution may be affected and it must be given to the Registrar within 30 days  thereafter in Form No. 5.   c. It must be noted that the resolution does affect the Company from subsequently  increasing its nominal capital by passing an ordinary resolution in general meeting.   d. In case of diminution, the cancelled shares that have never been issued or allotted to  anyone are extinguished.'"
2549,2630,"'a. For the consolidation/division/cancellation of shares, at first, it should be considered  and approved by the Board in its meeting. In the same meeting the date/time for the general meeting and the notice of the meeting containing the necessary resolutions and explanatory statements may also be finalised and approved.   b. At the general meeting:'"
2550,2628,"'a. While finalizing the cost of share and the number of shares per member, the paying  capacity of the economically deprived shareholders should also be considered.  b. There is no bar on the number of shares per member in the company Act. c. It is suggested to have equal number of shares among the members to maintain a  balance in the power structure of the PC.   d. The norms for distribution of share should be mentioned in the Articles of  Association.  e. The eligible community members may apply through a membership application form  (specified in the Act.) to the BoD. The General Body (GB) is the final authority to approve or reject the membership application.  f. The shareholders finalize the authorized capital of the company and the cost of each  share.   g. Transfer of Share capital is limited to members on par value in a PC h. The amount collected through shareholders could be used for registration fees and  other processing related expenditures like fees for Company secretary, stationary, travel etc. In the books of accounts it can be shown as loan taken from the share capital. Once the company mobilises resources through business it can be repaid.  i. Minimum number of producers required to form a PC is 10, while there is no limit for  maximum number of members and it can be increased as per feasibility and need.   j. There cannot be any government or private equity stake in the producer companies,  which implies that PC cannot become a public or deemed public limited company'"
2551,2635,"'Any Producer Company, either by itself or together with its subsidiaries, may invest,  by way of subscription, purchase or otherwise, shares in any other company, other than a Producer Company, for an amount not exceeding thirty per cent of the aggregate of its paid-up capital and free reserves. However, with the prior approval of the Central Government by passing special resolution, a Producer Company can invest even in excess of 30% of the aggregate of its paid up capital and free reserves.   d. All investments by a Producer Company may be made if such investments are  consistent with the objectives of the Producer Company.   e. The Producer Company, at its registered office, shall maintain a register containing  particulars of all the investments, showing the names of the companies in which shares have been acquired, number and value of shares; the date of acquisition; and the manner and price at which any of the shares have been subsequently disposed of. It shall be open to inspection by any Member.'"
2552,2636,"'a. Every Producer Company shall maintain a general reserve in every financial year, in  addition to any reserve maintained by it, as may be specified in articles.   b. In a case where the Producer Company does not have sufficient funds in any financial  year for transfer to maintain the reserves as may be specified in articles, the contribution to the reserve shall be shared amongst the members in proportion to their patronage in the business of that company in that year.'"
2553,2437,"'The Reserve Bank of India has issued guidelines on Kisan Credit Card (KCC) scheme from time to time. This Master Circular consolidates the relevant guidelines issued by the Bank on Kisan Credit Card scheme upto June 30, 2017 as listed in the Appendix. 2. The Master Circular has been placed on the RBI website http://www.rbi.org.in. Yours faithfully    (Ajay Kumar Misra) Chief General Manager Encl: As above'"
2554,2634,"'a. **Credit facility**, to any member, in connection with the business of the Company, for a  period not exceeding six months.   b. **Loans and advances**, against security specified in articles to any Member, repayable  within a period exceeding three months but not exceeding seven years from the date of disbursement of such loans or advances.     8.10 Whether a registered society can give loan to its members? A registered society can give loans only to its members. However, it can give loan to another registered society with permission of the Registrar. [Section 29(1)]. A society with unlimited liability cannot lend money on security of movable property without sanction of the Registrar. [Section 29(2)]. State Government, by issuing a general or special order, can prohibit or restrict lending of money on mortgage of immovable property by any registered society or class of registered society.    8.11 Whether a Producer Company can invest in Other Companies? The general reserves of any Producer Company should be invested to secure the highest returns available from approved securities, fixed deposits, units and bonds issued by the Government or co-operative or scheduled bank or in any other prescribed mode.   a. A Producer Company may acquire the shares of another Producer Company. b. By passing a special resolution, it can also subscribe to the share capital, or enter into  any agreement or other arrangement, whether by way of formation of its subsidiary company, joint venture or in any other manner with anybody corporate, for the purpose of promoting the objectives of the Producer Company.   c.'"
2555,2438,"'The Kisan Credit Card (KCC) scheme was introduced in 1998 for issue of Kisan Credit Cards to farmers on the basis of their holdings for uniform adoption by the banks so that farmers may use them to readily purchase agriculture inputs such as seeds, fertilizers, pesticides etc. and draw cash for their production needs. The scheme was further extended for the investment credit requirement of farmers viz. allied and non-farm activities in the year 2004. The scheme was further revisited in 2012 by a working Group under the Chairmanship of Shri T. M. Bhasin, CMD, Indian Bank with a view to simplify the scheme and facilitate issue of Electronic Kisan Credit Cards. The scheme provides broad guidelines to banks for operationalizing the KCC scheme. Implementing banks will have the discretion to adopt the same to suit institution/location specific requirements.'"
2556,2446,"'A flexible limit of ₹ 10, 000 to ₹ 50, 000 may be provided (as Flexi KCC) based on the land holding and crops grown including post-harvest warehouse storage related credit needs and other farm expenses, consumption needs, etc., plus small term loan investment(s) like purchase of farm equipment(s), establishing mini dairy/backyard poultry as per assessment of the Branch Manager without relating it to the value of land. The composite KCC limit is to be fixed for a period of five years on this basis.      Wherever higher limit is required due to change in cropping pattern and / or scale of finance, the limit may be arrived at as per the estimation indicated at para 4.1   (**Illustration II**)'"
2557,3028,"'_____________ , a body corporate, society, partnership firm, Association, Non-Governmental Organisations/Trust/etc  established/ incorporated registered by/under __________ Act  and having its headquarters at ________________________ hereinafter referred to as Resource Supporting Agency \'RSA\' (which expression shall, unless repugnant to the context or meaning thereof, include its successors and assigns).'"
2558,2448,"'All new KCC must be issued as smart card cum debit card as laid down in Part II of the Annex. Further, at the time of renewal of existing KCC; farmers must be issued smart card cum debit card.  The short term credit limit and the term loan limit are two distinct components of the aggregate KCC limit bearing different rates of interest and repayment periods. Until a composite card could be issued with appropriate software to separately account transactions in the sub limits, two separate electronic cards may be issued for all new/renewed cards.'"
2559,2464,"'|                                                        |                                               |\n|--------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|\n| (i)                                                    |                                               |\n| Crop loan Component                                    |                                               |\n|                                                        |                                               |\n|                                                        |                                               |\n| (Cost of cultivation for 1 acre of Paddy)              | :                                             |\n| :                                                      | ₹ 1,100                                       |\n| consumption                                            |                                               |\n| :                                                      | ₹ 2,200                                       |\n| Add : 20% towards farm maintenance                     |                                               |\n|                                                        |                                               |\n| Total Crop Loan limit for 1st year            ….(A1)   |                                               |\n|                                                        |                                               |\n| :                                                      |                                               |\n| ₹ 14,300                                               |                                               |\n|                                                        |                                               |\n|                                                        |                                               |\n| (ii)                                                   |                                               |\n| Term Loan Component                                    |                                               |\n|                                                        |                                               |\n|                                                        |                                               |\n| Cost of One Milch Animal                               |                                               |\n| ….(B)                                                  |                                               |\n|                                                        | :                                             |\n| 1st Year Composite KCC Limit :         (A1) + (B)      |                                               |\n|                                                        |                                               |\n| :                                                      |                                               |\n| ₹                                                      |                                               |\n|                                                        |                                               |\n| 29,300                                                 |                                               |\n| 2nd Year :                                             |                                               |\n|                                                        |                                               |\n|                                                        |                                               |\n| Crop loan component :                                  |                                               |\n|                                                        |                                               |\n|                                                        |                                               |\n| :                                                      | ₹ 15,730                                      |\n| escalation / increase in scale of finance [14,300+(10% |                                               |\n| of 14300 = 1430)]                                      |                                               |\n| ….(A2)                                                 |                                               |\n|                                                        |                                               |\n| :                                                      |                                               |\n| ₹ 30,730                                               | 2nd Year Composite KCC Limit : A2+B (15730 +  |\n| 15000)                                                 |                                               |\n|                                                        |                                               |\n| 3rd Year :                                             |                                               |\n|                                                        |                                               |\n|                                                        |                                               |\n| Crop loan component :                                  |                                               |\n|                                                        |                                               |\n|                                                        |                                               |\n| :                                                      | ₹ 17,300                                      |\n| escalation / increase in scale of finance [15,730+(10% |                                               |\n| of 15730 = 1570)]                                      |                                               |\n| ….(A3)                                                 |                                               |\n|                                                        |                                               |\n| :                                                      |                                               |\n| ₹ 32,300                                               | 3rd Year Composite KCC Limit : A3+B (17,300 + |\n| 15,000)                                                |                                               |\n|                                                        |                                               |\n| 4th Year :                                             |                                               |\n|                                                        |                                               |\n|                                                        |                                               |\n| Crop loan component :                                  |                                               |\n|                                                        |                                               |\n|                                                        |                                               |\n| :                                                      | ₹ 19,030                                      |\n| escalation / increase in scale of finance [17,300+(10% |                                               |'"
2560,2465,"'₹ 34,030  of 17300 = 1730)]                                              **….(A4)**  4th Year Composite KCC Limit : A4+B (19,030 +  15,000) 5th Year :      Crop loan component :      :  ₹ 20,930  A4 plus 10% of crop loan limit (A4) towards cost escalation / increase in scale of finance [19,030+(10%  of 19,03 0 = 1,900)]                                           **….(A5)**    ₹35,930  5th Year Composite KCC Limit : A5+B (20,930 + 15,000)  Maximum Permissible Limit /       :  Rs.36,000  Composite KCC Limi Say  Note: All the above costs estimated are illustrative in nature. The recommended scale of finance / unit costs may be taken into account while finalising the credit limit.'"
2561,2477,"'A Producer Organisation (PO) is a legal entity formed by primary producers, viz. farmers, milk producers, fishermen, weavers, rural artisans, craftsmen. A PO can be a producer company, a cooperative society or any other legal form which provides for sharing of profits/benefits among the members. In some forms like producer companies, institutions of primary producers can also become member of PO. 1.2  What is the need for PO?  The main aim of PO is to ensure better income for the producers through an organization of their own.  Small producers do not have the volume individually (both inputs and produce) to get the benefit of economies of scale. Besides, in agricultural marketing, there is a long chain of intermediaries who very often work non-transparently leading to the situation where the producer receives only a small part of the value that the ultimate consumer pays. Through aggregation, the primary producers can avail the benefit of economies of scale. They will also have better bargaining power vis-à-vis the bulk buyers of produce and bulk suppliers of inputs. 1.3  What is a \'Farmers Producer Organisation\' (FPO)?  It is one type of PO where the members are farmers. Small Farmers' Agribusiness Consortium (SFAC) is providing support for promotion of FPOs. PO is a generic name for an organization of producers of any produce, e.g., agricultural, non-farm products, artisan products, etc. 1.4  Can there be a PO for non-farmers?  Yes. The PO is an organization of the primary producers. If the produce in question is a nonfarm item (for example, handloom or handicraft), then the PO will be that of non-farmers. The objective of the PO is to ensure better income realization to its members (who are producers) through aggregation and, if feasible, value addition. 1.5  What are the essential features of a PO?  a.'"
2562,2471,'| SL                         | Circular No.                         | Date       | Subject            |\n|----------------------------|--------------------------------------|------------|--------------------|\n| 1                          | RPCD.No.PLFS.BC.20/05.05.09/98-99    | 05.08.1998 | Kisan Credit Card  |\n| 2                          | RPCD.PLNFS.No.BC.99/05.05.09/99-2000 | 06.06.2000 | Kisan Credit Card  |\n| Scheme - Modification      |                                      |            |                    |\n| 3                          | RPCD.No.PLFS.BC./63/05.05.09/2000-01 | 03.03.2001 | Kisan Credit Cards |\n| 4                          | RPCD.PLFS.BC.No./64/05.05.09/2001-12 |            | 28.02.2002         |\n| 5                          | RPCD.Plan.BC.No 87/04.09.01/2003-04  |            | 18.05.2004         |\n| - Agricultural Loans -     |                                      |            |                    |\n| Waiver of Margin /         |                                      |            |                    |\n| Security Requirements      |                                      |            |                    |\n| 6                          | RPCD.PLFS.BC.No.38/05.05.09/2004-05  |            | 04.10.2004         |\n| loans for agriculture &    |                                      |            |                    |\n| llied activities under KCC |                                      |            |                    |\n| 7                          | RPCD.PLFS.BC.No. 85/05.04.02/2009-10 |            | 18.06.2010         |\n| - Agricultural Loans -     |                                      |            |                    |\n| Waiver of Margin /         |                                      |            |                    |\n| Security Requirements      |                                      |            |                    |\n| 8                          | RPCD.FSD.BC.No. 77/05.05.09/2011-12  |            | 11.05.2012         |\n| Card Scheme                |                                      |            |                    |\n| 9                          | RPCD. FSD.BC.No.23/05.05.09/2012-13  |            | 07.08.2012         |\n| Card Scheme                |                                      |            |                    |\n| 10                         | FIDD.FSD.BC.No.18/05.05.010/2016-17  |            | 13.10.2016         |\n| Card Scheme                |                                      |            |                    |\n|                            |                                      |            |                    |'
2563,2476,"'| Chapters      | Particulars                                                | Page No.    |\n|---------------|------------------------------------------------------------|-------------|\n| 1             | Concept of Producer Organisation                           | 1           |\n| 2             | Producer Organisation Registered as Cooperative Society    | 15          |\n| 3             | Producer Organisation Registered as Producer Company       | 19          |\n| 4             | Producer Organisation Registered as Non-Profit Society     | 33          |\n| 5             | Producer Organisation Registered as Trust                  | 36          |\n| 6             | Producer Organisation Registered as Section 8 Company      | 39          |\n| 7             | Business Planning                                          | 42          |\n| 8             | Financial Management                                       | 55          |\n| 9             | Funding Arrangement                                        | 60          |\n| 10            | Monitoring by the PO, POPI and Funding Agencies            | 80          |\n| Attachment    |                                                            |             |\n| 1             | Producer Company Act provisions                            |             |\n| 2             | PRODUCE Fund Operational Guidelines                        | 106         |\n| 3             | SFAC Circular on Promoting / supporting Producer Companies | 114         |\n| 4             | Case Study on Bilaspur Model of PO                         | 125         |\n| 5             | Indicative Framework of the process of forming a PO        | 131         |\n| 6             | References                                                 | 138         |\n| 7             | Memorandum of Agreement between NABARD and POPI            | 139         |\n| 8             | Memorandum of Understanding between NABARD and RSA         | 143         |\n| 9             |                                                            |             |\n| Abbreviations |                                                            |             |\n|               |                                                            |             |\n| 146           |                                                            |             |\n|               |                                                            |             |\n|               |                                                            |             |\n|               |                                                            |             |\n|               |                                                            |             |\n|               |                                                            |             |\n|               |                                                            |             |\n|               |                                                            |             |\n|               |                                                            |             |\n|               |                                                            |             |\n|               |                                                            |             |\n|               |                                                            |             |\n|               |                                                            |             |'"
2564,3036,"'With a view to provide income support to all landholding farmers' families in the country, having cultivable land, the Central Government has implemented a Central Sector Scheme, namely, **\'Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN)\'**.'"
2565,3037,"'The scheme aims to supplement the financial needs of all landholding farmers' families in procuring various inputs to ensure proper crop health and appropriate yields, commensurate with the anticipated farm income as well as for domestic needs. Under the Scheme an amount of Rs.6000/- per year is released by the Central Government online directly into the bank accounts of the eligible farmers under Direct Benefit Transfer mode, subject to certain exclusions. 3.  Definition of farmer's family    A landholder farmer's family is defined as \'a family comprising of husband, wife and minor children who owns cultivable land as per land records of the concerned State/UT\'.  The existing land-ownership system will be used for identification of beneficiaries for calculation of benefit. 4  Exclusions 4.1  The following categories of beneficiaries of higher economic status shall not be  eligible for benefit under the scheme: (a)  All Institutional Land holders; and   (b)  Farmer families in which one or more of its members belong to following categories :  i) Former and present holders of constitutional posts    ii) Former and present Ministers / State Ministers and former / present  Members of  Lok Sabha / Rajya Sabha / State Legislative Assemblies / State Legislative Councils, former and present Mayors of Municipal Corporations, former and present Chairpersons of District Panchayats.  iii) All serving or retired officers and employees of Central / State Government  Ministries / Offices / Departments and their field units, Central or State PSEs and Attached offices / Autonomous Institutions under Government as well as regular  employees of the Local Bodies (Excluding Multi Tasking Staff / Class IV / Group D employees)    iv) All superannuated / retired pensioners whose monthly pension is Rs.10,000/- or  more *(Excluding Multi Tasking Staff / Class IV / Group D employees)*  v) All Persons who paid Income Tax in last assessment year.'"
2566,2480,"'Any individual or institution can promote a PO. Individual persons or institutions may promote PO using their own resources out of goodwill or with the noble objective of socioeconomic development of producers. If, however, the facilitating agency wishes to seek financial and other support, then they have to meet the requirements of the donor/financing agency. 1.8  Who provides support for promotion of PO?  NABARD, SFAC, Government Departments, Corporates and Domestic & International Aid Agencies provide financial and/or technical support to the Producer Organisation Promoting Institution (POPI) for promotion and hand-holding of the PO. Each agency has its own criteria for selecting the project/promoting institution to support. 1.9  Can an NGO promote PO?'"
2567,2481,"'Producer Organisation can be registered under any of the following legal provisions:  a. Cooperative Societies Act/ Autonomous or Mutually Aided Cooperative Societies Act  of the respective State  b. Multi-State Cooperative Society Act, 2002 c. Producer Company under Section 581(C) of Indian Companies Act, 1956, as amended  in 2013  d. Section 25 Company of Indian Companies Act, 1956, as amended as Section 8 in 2013 e. Societies registered under Society Registration Act, 1860 f. Public Trusts registered under Indian Trusts Act, 1882'"
2568,2484,"'| PARAMETER                                | COOPERATIVE SOCIETY                 |                                        |\n|------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------|----------------------------------------|\n| Membership  Individuals and cooperatives | Any individual, group, association, |                                        |\n| producer of goods or services            |                                     |                                        |\n| Share                                    | Non tradable                        | Not tradable but transferable; limited |\n| to members at par value                  |                                     |                                        |\n| Profit                                   |                                     |                                        |\n| sharing                                  |                                     |                                        |\n| Limited dividends on shares              | Commensurate with volume of         |                                        |\n| business                                 |                                     |                                        |\n| Voting rights  One member, one vote, but |                                     |                                        |\n| Government and Registrar of              |                                     |                                        |\n| Cooperatives hold veto power             |                                     |                                        |\n| One member, one vote. Members not        |                                     |                                        |\n| having transactions with the             |                                     |                                        |\n| company cannot vote                      |                                     |                                        |\n| Government                               |                                     |                                        |\n| control                                  |                                     |                                        |\n| Highly patronized to the extent of       |                                     |                                        |\n| interference                             |                                     |                                        |\n| Minimal, limited to statutory            |                                     |                                        |\n| requirements                             |                                     |                                        |\n| Extent of                                |                                     |                                        |\n| Autonomy                                 |                                     |                                        |\n| Limited in \'real world scenario\'         | Fully autonomous, self-ruled within |                                        |\n| the provisions of Act                    |                                     |                                        |\n| Reserves                                 | Created if there are profits        | Mandatory to create every year         |\n| Borrowing                                |                                     |                                        |\n| power                                    |                                     |                                        |\n| Restricted as per bye-law. Any           |                                     |                                        |\n| amendment to bye-law needs to            |                                     |                                        |\n| be approved by the Registrar and         |                                     |                                        |\n| time consuming.                          |                                     |                                        |\n| Borrowing limit fixed by Special         |                                     |                                        |\n| Resolution in general meeting.           |                                     |                                        |\n| Companies have more freedom to           |                                     |                                        |\n| raise borrowing power.                   |                                     |                                        |\n| Transaction based                        | Producers and corporate entity can  |                                        |\n| together float a producer company.       |                                     |                                        |\n|                                          |                                     |                                        |\n| Relationship                             |                                     |                                        |\n| with other                               |                                     |                                        |\n| corporate /                              |                                     |                                        |\n| business                                 |                                     |                                        |\n| houses /                                 |                                     |                                        |\n| NGOs                                     |                                     |                                        |\n|                                          |                                     |                                        |'"
2569,2499,"'The primary responsibility of the POPI is to see that the PO reaches sustainable level of business and the staff of the PO acquire technical and managerial capability to run the business successfully when the POPI withdraws its support. The principal role of the POPI is, therefore, to build the capabilities of the Staff and Management of the PO through training and continuous hand-holding. The broad responsibilities of a POPI are indicated below:  a. Cluster identification b. Diagnostic and Feasibility Studies c. Business Planning d. Mobilisation of Producers and Registration/Incorporation of PO  e. Resource Mobilisation f. Development of Management Systems and Procedures g. Business Operations h. Assessment and Audit   1.33 What critical interventions could be covered under Grant and credit support for POPIs? Activities involved in promoting and running a PO by POPI  Sr. no.   Activity   Grant or Credit   Duration   Grant   1 month   1  Survey of area for identification of existing economic activity and social groups which can serve as primary blocks for PO  Grant   3-4 months   2  Interaction and awareness creation about PO    Exploratory interactions'"
2570,3049,'The following farmer attributes need to be entered in the Portal:'
2571,3050,"'State, District, Sub-District/Block, Village, Farmer Name, Type of Identity - Aadhaar Number and in case Aadhaar not available, Aadhaar enrollment number with any other ID proof like Voter ID etc, Gender, Category, IFSC Code, Bank Account Number.'"
2572,2488,"'The primary producers have skill and expertise in producing. However, they generally need support for marketing of what they produce. The PO will basically bridge this gap. The PO will take over the responsibility of any one or more activities in the value chain of the produce right from procurement of raw material to delivery of the final product at the ultimate consumers' doorstep. In brief, the PO could undertake the following activities:  a. Procurement of inputs b. Disseminating market information c. Dissemination of technology and innovations d. Facilitating finance for inputs e. Aggregation and storage of produce f. Primary processing like drying, cleaning and grading g. Brand building, Packaging, Labeling and Standardization h. Quality control i. Marketing to institutional buyers j. Participation in commodity exchanges k. Export'"
2573,2489,"'A PO will support the members in getting more income by undertaking any/many/all of the activities listed under point 1.14 above. By aggregating the demand for inputs, the PO can buy in bulk, thus procuring at cheaper price compared to individual purchase. Besides, by transporting in bulk, cost of transportation is reduced. Thus reducing the overall cost of production. Similarly, the PO may aggregate the produce of all members and market in bulk, thus, fetching better price per unit of produce. The PO can also provide market information to the producers to enable them hold on to their produce till the market price become favourable. All these interventions will result in more income to the primary producers. 1.16  What are other benefits for the members of a PO (other than better income)?  A PO is a collective of farmers (and non-farmers) who are the primary producers of a product (an agricultural produce or a manufactured product). It, therefore, can work as a platform to facilitate better access to government services, like PDS, MNREGA, Scholarships and Pensions, etc. It can liaison with the Government Departments for convergence of programmes, like drinking water, sanitation, health and hygiene. 1.17  Who can become member of a PO?  PO is an organization of the producers, specifically the primary producers. All primary producers residing in the relevant geography, and producing the same or similar produce, for which the PO has been formed, can become member of the PO. Membership is voluntary. The procedure for obtaining PO membership depends on the bye-laws of the PO. The founder-members are those who were there at the time of formation of the PO. Other members join the PO later. However, all members enjoy equal rights.'"
2574,2491,"'Each PO will have an elected Board of Management / Board of Directors as per the bye-laws. The Board can engage professionals to manage its affairs. In the initial years, professional and managerial assistance is usually extended by the POPI. As the leaders of the PO gain experience, they should take over the affairs of the PO completely. 1.21  Can a PO engage professionals to manage its business?  All legal forms provide for engaging professional and other employees by the PO. Such persons should be paid out of the income of the PO. As far as possible, the income should come from value addition to the produce and not from price paid to members. If members get price less than the market, they will gradually move away from the PO. The professionals and other employees should be paid at par with the prevailing market to ensure that they remain for long with the PO. Compensation will also depend upon the business plan, ensuring a positive surplus. 1.22  Can a PO procure produce from non-members?  The objective of the PO is to ensure better income to the member-producers through aggregation and value addition. Therefore, procurement from non-members is usually not undertaken. However, market exigencies at times may necessitate such procurement. There should be provision in the by-laws of a PO to enable procurement from non-members during such exigencies. 1.23  Can a PO sell the produce in the commodity exchanges?  Yes, it can. The PO can aggregate the produce of its members, and sell it using the commodity exchanges. The produce needs to meet the quality standards specified by the commodity exchanges, and be stored scientifically in approved warehouses. The PO can become a member of the Commodity Exchanges to do trading directly, or else it can sell through the exchange-approved brokers.'"
2575,2872,"'a. Projected balance sheet, Profit & loss, fund / cash flow statements for the next  five years (covering the repayment period)  b. Break Even Point (BEP that means no profit no loss) c. Calculation of Internal Rate of Return (IRR) on the basis of projected profitability d. Calculation of Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR) e. Details of assumptions made to prepare projected financials  f.  Sensitivity Analysis - It is done to check the profitability if any projected targets not achieved  g. Year-wise Budget for capacity utilization'"
2576,2492,"'1.24  Can a PO export the produce of its members?  Yes, it can. For exporting agricultural produce, all the members will have to follow Good Agricultural Practices (GAP). There are also other specific quality parameters that the importing countries impose for different produce which need to be complied with. For non-farm produce (handloom, handicrafts etc.), there are other quality specifications and other stipulations against using child labour, etc. 1.25  How much expenses will be incurred for registration of a PO?  Expenditure towards registration fee, stamp duty, preparation of documents and facilitation charges etc., will depend on the legal structure of the PO. In general, establishment of a producer company is more expensive than other legal forms. The estimated cost of incorporating a producer company is given below:'"
2577,2494,"'Aggregating producers into collectives is one of the best mechanism to improve access of small producers to investment, technology and market.  The facilitating agency should however keep the following factors in view:   a. Types of small scale producers in the target area, volume of production, socioeconomic status, marketing arrangement  b. Sufficient demand in the existing market to absorb  the additional production without  significantly affecting the prices  c. Willingness of producers to invest and adopt new technology, if identified, to increase  productivity or quality of produce  d. Challenges in the market chain and market environment e. Vulnerability of the market to shocks, trends and seasonality  f. Previous experience of collective action (of any kind) in the community g. Key commodities, processed products or semi-finished goods demanded by major  retailers or processing companies in the surrounding areas/districts  h. Support from Government Departments, NGOs, specialist support agencies and  private companies  for enterprise development  i. Incentives for members (also disincentives) for joining the PO    Keeping in view the sustainability of a Producer Organisation, a flow chart of activities along with timeline, verifiable indicators and risk factors is provided at Attachment-5.'"
2578,2882,"'Health and Family Planning: How many respondents reported to have vaccination  such as, polio, BCG, tetanus, etc.  What is the percentage of deliveries in houses/ local village level, government hospitals and private hospitals?    The extent of awareness and acceptance of family planning among sample households.'"
2579,2883,"'Increase in the efficiency of irrigation water due to installation of water conservation systems or due to adoption of techniques or due to awareness, improvement in water use efficiency, usage of organic fertilizers or decreased use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides to improve the quality of soil, quality of ground water, plantation of trees or usage of renewable energy sources etc.  How many farmers/producers are adopting these techniques? How many farmers/producers were involved in awareness programmes related to sustainable development of agriculture?'"
2580,2513,"'a) A society can be formed with at least 10 members of age above 18 b) If object of the society is creation of funds to be lent to its members, all the members  must be residing in the same town, village or group of villages or all members should be of same tribe, class, caste or occupation, unless Registrar otherwise directs  c) The provision of minimum 10 members or residing in same town / village, etc. is not  applicable, if a registered society is a member of another society  d) The last word in the name of society should be 'Limited', if the society is registered  with limited liability  e) Registrar is empowered to decide whether a person is agriculturist or non-agriculturist  or whether she / he is resident of the same town / village, etc. and his decision would be final'"
2581,2521,"'PACS, being a registered cooperative society, has been providing credit and other services to its members. It has been observed that PACS are generally meeting the credit requirements of its members. However, there is a need to provide other services to the farmers and hence, PACS should be developed as a unit to meet all their needs. PACS are generally providing the following facilities to the members:  i.  Input facilities in form of cash or kind component to members  ii.  Agriculture implements on hiring basis  iii.  Storage facility  PACS can play an important role in providing these facilities to the farmers.  In order to enable PACS to provide more services to its members and generate income, an initiative was taken to develop PACS as multi service centres.  Some of the PACS are also assisting farmers in marketing of their produce. Thus, PACS can provide both backward and forward linkages to its members, thereby acting as a PO, in order to promote efficient crop production practices for its members on one hand and opportunities for better price realisation of their produce, on the other.  Following facilities can be taken up by PACS acting as a PO to the farmers:  a) **Agro-Storage centre:**  a. Upgradation of the existing storage facility or construction of new godown  along with sorting/ grading unit as per Negotiable Warehouse Receipt System. This will enable them to issue warehouse receipts. Based on these receipts, the farmers can get loan against the crop stored and can cultivate the next crop. Thus, the farmers will be facilitated to get better price by holding the crops without affecting the fund flow position.  b) **Agro-service Centre:**  a. Purchase of hi-tech agri-implements like power tiller, land leveller, rotary  slasher, movers, seed driller, multi crop planter, paddy transplanter, sprayers, combine harvester etc.'"
2582,2532,"'a. Ministry of Company Affairs (MCA) maintains the details of all the Directors of  all the companies with a unique Identification Number which is called Director Identification Number (DIN).  b. Every director needs to have a DIN form MCA.  DIN form is available on the  website of MCA.  Before formation of the PC all the Directors / Chairman should have DIN.  c. If any Director got a DIN, the same need not be obtained afresh. d. MCA on online application provides DIN at a cost of Rs. 1000/- against identity  proof.  For identity only PAN Card, Voter ID Card, Passport or Driving License number is accepted.   3.9 How the company is named?  a. Every Producer Company name should be unique. b. Every Producer Company name should end with \'Producer Company Limited\' which  indicates its status as Producer Company.  c. The Producer Company may be named in such a way that it inspires the entire  membership and creates a sense of ownership for its members and is to be indicative of the objectives of the company.  d. It is a better idea not to use the name of the Producer Organization Promoting Institution  (POPI) directly or indirectly in the Producer Company name.  Using POPI name will not help in creating ownership in the minds of the members.  e. Apply for the name online to MCA in e-form INC-1. f. A fee of Rs. 1000/- is to be paid along with e-from INC-1. g. Digital Signature of the applicant for the name is to be attached. h. If the name is not available, RoC will inform about the same.  This necessitates submission  of fresh set of names in the same application.'"
2583,2523,"'PACS can either use their own sources or avail credit facilities from StCB or CCB. In such a case, the grant support from PODF is not available. CCB or RRB can avail of refinance facilities as per the usual terms & conditions. Regional Office will keep a track of the facilities being developed at PACS level and monitor the same at regular interval.  In cases where loan is from the StCB or DCCB, or own resources are being used and financial support from NABARD is not being taken, NABARD could guide in project formulation, if necessary, so as to enable best utilisation of funds.  Financial support to PACS acting as a MSC / PO is also available through Producer Organisation Development Fund (PODF) of NABARD.   ***'"
2584,2526,'a. The minimum Authorized Capital of Producer Company is Rs.5 lakh. b. The Authorized Capital of the company can be more than Rs. 5 lakh as indicated in the  Memorandum of Association.  c. The authorized share capital should be sufficient for carrying out the objects  mentioned in the memorandum.  d. The authorized share capital should be realistic.  e. The minimum paid up capital for Producer Company is Rs. 1 Lakh.'
2585,2530,"'Pass port etc.  The certificates serve as a proof of identity of a person for a particular purpose.  DSCs are used by the people for filing various important documents on-line.   b. All documents need to be signed digitally and submitted online to the RoC as per MCA21  e-Governance programme and in accordance with Information Technology Act 2000.  c. Digital Signature Certificate (DSC) is to be obtained for signing documents of the PC for  submission online by the authorized person of the PC.  d. Form for obtaining Digital Signature Certificate (DSC) is available from the Certifying  Agencies of Certifying Authorities.  e. After filling the form, it is to be submitted to Certifying Authorities.   f. The DSCs are issued with one or two year validity normally and can be renewed thereafter. g. There are three classes of DSCs namely Class 1, Class 2 and Class 3.  Class -2 DSC need to  be used by an individual for filing various forms for Producer Company or to file an Income Tax Return.  h. The cost of obtaining Class -2 (DSC) is market driven and depends on the Certification  Agency and it costs Rs. 1000/- for one year and Rs. 1200/- for two years, as quoted by M/s Varacity an agent of M/s Safescript and (n)Code Solutions which are Certifying Authorities.'"
2586,2843,"'9.1 What are the different financial requirements of a producer company/organisation? Any business will have financial requirement to start the business and run the business. The capital requirement will depend on the nature and volume of business which would vary from case to case. The cost will include both fixed and running cost.     9.2 What is fixed cost?   a. Fixed cost is the expenditure which will normally be a one-time expenditure. The  expenses on minimum office setup with furniture, fixtures and other equipment like computer, printer, Almirahs, Internet/ telephone connections are fixed cost.  b. Normally the PCs are engaged in the activities of procurement, aggregation and  grading of raw produce before sale. In such cases, Infrastructure like warehouse, weighing machine, graders/ sorters, etc. will be required for any PC, which is also a fixed cost. These infrastructure can be purchased or can be taken on rent depending upon the situation.'"
2587,2886,'A sample house hold format is given here. This is only an indicative format prepared keeping in view Farmers' Producer Organization. This would serve as a guide and separate formats need to be developed depending upon the requirement for other projects.'
2588,2887,'HH code:  Name:    Caste: OC/BC/SC/ST  Village/ Habitation  H .NO        Resident in the village / Non-resident'
2589,2535,"'incorporation of a Producer Company?  a. Copy of the letter of RoC confirming the availability of name. b. MoA and AoA duly stamped and signed. c. Form INC-22 indicating the Registered Office of the company with full address. d. Form DIR-12 in duplicate with details about the directors of the company. e. Form INC-7 on stamp paper declaring compliance with all and incidental matters  regarding formation of companies.  f. Consent of each of the Directors along with form DIR-12. g.  An affidavit indicating that MoA is fully understood by the subscribers/signees, if they  sign in Hindi.  h. Power of Attorney to the agent who is dealing with the RoC to make corrections in MoA  and AoA, if necessary, to the satisfaction of the RoC.'"
2590,2537,"'a. On incorporation and from the date mentioned in the Certificate of Commencement  (CoC), the company becomes a person in the eyes of law.  b. It has perpetual succession, meaning members may come and go, but it will go on until it  is wound up by following the process of law.  c.  It has a common seal, which is affixed on all the documents executed on behalf of the  company in the presence of a director and signed by the authorized signatory or signatories.  d. It is empowered to hold the properties in its own name and has its own right. e. It can enter into contracts in its own name. f. It can sue others and can be sued by others. g. In simple terms it has contractual capacity in the eyes of law just like any other person  who has contractual capacity.'"
2591,2547,"'the Producer Company.  b. It should not act on the areas reserved for General Body. c. It should not exercise executive powers.    3.29 What are the matters, which the Board generally deals with?  a. Determination of the dividend payable; b. Determination of the quantum of withheld price and recommended patronage to be  approved at General Body Meeting;  c. Admission of new members; d. Pursue and formulate the organizational policy, objectives, establish long term and  annual objectives, and approve corporate strategies and financial plans;  e. Appointment of Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and other officers, as may be specified in  the AoA. Control CEO and other officers by exercising superintendence and direction;  f. To sanction any loan or advance to members, who are not directors or their relatives, in  the course of its business;  g. Ensure proper books are maintained; h. Acquire or dispose property of the company in the day-to-day affairs of the business; i.  Investment of the funds in the day to day business;  j. Ensure annual accounts are placed before the Annual General Meeting (AGM) with the  auditor's report. 3.30  Who appoints the Board of Directors?  a. The names of the first Board of Directors are indicated in the MoA b. The AGM elects the directors in the first meeting and thereafter whenever required'"
2592,2549,'a. Any person who is having expert knowledge in running the Producer Company can be  co-opted by the Board as an expert director.  b. Expert directors will not have right to vote in the election of Chairman.  c. Expert directors should not exceed one fifth of the total number of directors. d. Expert director can become a Chairman.'
2593,2554,"'a. Any Director can resign from his post by giving intimation to the company in a manner  indicated in the AoA.  b. If AoA do not indicate any procedure for resignation, then a Director can resign by giving  reasonable notice. The resignation is deemed as accepted the moment the notice is given.  c. In case of Chief Executive Officer or Managing Director or whole-time Director, mere  notice of resignation will not be deemed as resignation.  Their resignation will be governed by the terms and conditions of the appointment.  In this case acceptance of the resignation is required to get relieved of their duties.'"
2594,2563,"'a. A Producer Company is to be registered as per the Part IXA of Indian Companies Act  1956, Reference Section 465(1) of the Companies Act 2013. It is a must to register the company and non-registered entities are not given the benefit of the Act.  b. Registration of a Producer Company is a bit difficult, generally requiring the services  of a consultant.  c. The registration of a Producer Company is a sometimes time consuming process. d. The members cannot transfer their shares freely. e. Getting a professional CEO at an affordable cost is little difficult.  f. The Producer Company should follow the statutory provisions of Indian Companies  Act and should comply with the mandatory prescriptions of the Act without fail which is little difficult for the illiterate members to understand.'"
2595,2583,"'The main instrument of any public charitable Trust is the Trust deed, wherein the aims and objects and mode of management (of the Trust) should be enshrined. In every Trust deed, the minimum and maximum number of Trustees has to be specified. The Trust deed should clearly spell out the aims and objects of the Trust, how the Trust should be managed, how other Trustees may be appointed or removed, etc. The Trust deed should be signed by both the settlor/s and Trustee/s in the presence of two witnesses. The Trust deed should be executed on non-judicial stamp paper, the value of which would depend on the valuation of the Trust property. 5.9 How many Trustees are required? A Trust needs a minimum of two Trustees; there is no upper limit to the number of Trustees. The Board of Management comprises of the Trustees.'"
2596,2600,"'Registered office is the principal place of business and is used for all official communication of the company. The registered office does not have to be necessarily owned by the company, it may be in a rented premises. Also, a company can change its registered office any time after following specific procedures as mentioned in the Companies Act, 1956 within the same state or in a different state from the state in which it was originally registered.'"
2597,2601,"'If a Section 8 Company gets registered under section 12A and 80G of Income Tax Act, it enjoys the following benefits:-  a. Registration under Section 12A of Income Tax Act:- Income of Section 8 Company is  exempt if it is registered under Section 12A of Income Tax Act. This is a one-time registration.   b. Registration under Section 80G of Income Tax Act: Donors can claim tax deductions  for donations to the Producer Organisation, if it is registered under Section 80G of Income Tax Act. This needs to be renewed after expiry of the validity period. Note:  Please refer to the Companies Act 1956 and Companies Act 2013 and also the notifications, thereof.'"
2598,2602,"'7.1 What is the concept of value chain development?  Value chain comprises all the activities at different yet interlinked stages that add value to a particular product through the different phases of production, including procurement of raw materials and other inputs. Usually, there are many actors along the value chain for producing, transforming/processing and bringing goods and services to end-consumers through a series of sequential activities. When the produce originates from agriculture, we call it an agricultural value chain. Let us take the case of milk. For producing milk, the farmer requires milch cattle, feed and fodder and shed for the cattle. After milking (once/twice a day), the milk is taken to the collection centre where the volume, fat and SNF contents are measured. From the collection centre, milk is transported to the Bulk Milk Chilling Unit, where the milk is filtered and chilled to keep it fresh. From there, it goes to Milk Processing Plant, where bacteria is de-activated through pasteurization, and different types of milk and milk products are made. Liquid milk (whole milk, toned milk, vitamin-A fortified milk) is made into packets and sent to wholesalers. The retailers get milk packets from the wholesalers and sell to the consumers through milk booth and/or through door delivery. Processed milk products like butter, curd, cheese, ghee etc., also reach the end-consumers from the processing facility thorough the same channel. The whole chain from purchasing of milch cattle to delivery of milk packets to consumers is the value chain for milk. Though value is added at each stage, major addition takes place through Milk Chilling, Pasteurisation and Processing. All the persons/agencies undertaking one or more activities in this chain are called the actors in the value chain.'"
2599,2605,"'7.6 Why should a PO prepare a business plan? Every business irrespective of size needs planning. Business planning is essential for growth and sustainability. It provides broad ideas to meet the expected and unexpected opportunities and obstacles the future holds. In case of a PO, it is all the more essential since most of the members will be acting as businessmen for the first time. A business plan helps the PO in the following ways:  a. It helps in examining viability of the venture in a particular market. b. It provides guidance to the PO for organising and planning activities. c. It serves as an important tool in accessing finance/funding. If the financier is  comfortable with the business plan, the PO will be asked to prepare a Detailed Project Report (DPR).'"
2600,2606,"'a. Executive summary    b. Business Description c. Industry/Sector analysis d. Marketing plan e. Operations plan  f. Financial plan    7.8 What is included in an executive summary? The executive summary is an abstract containing the important points of the business plan. Its purpose is to communicate the plan in a convincing way to important audiences, such as potential investors, so they will read further. It may be the only chapter of the business plan a reader uses to make a quick decision on the proposal. As such, it should fulfill the reader's (financier's) expectations. It is prepared after the total plan has been written. The executive summary should describe the following:  a. The industry and market environment in which the opportunity will develop and  flourish   b. The special and unique business opportunity—the problem the product or service will  be solving   c. The strategies for success—what differentiates the product or service from the  competitors' products  d. The financial potential—the anticipated risk and reward of the business e. The management team—the people who will achieve the results   f.  The resources or capital being requested—a clear statement to your readers about what you hope to gain from them, whether it is capital or other resources    7.9 What is included in a Business Description? The business description explains the business concept by giving a brief yet informative picture of the history, the basic nature, and the purpose of the business, including business objectives and why the business will be successful. The purposes of the business description are to:  a. Express clearly  understanding of the business concept   b. Share enthusiasm for the venture   c. Meet the expectations of the reader by providing a realistic picture of the business  venture    7.10 What is Industry Analysis?'"
2601,2607,"'Understanding the industry, the competition, and the market in which the business will operate is fundamental to the business plan. The analysis will help in identification of a real opportunity that solves a real problem of the members. The result of the analysis will:   a. Provide thorough understanding of the business environment   b. Guide in developing an effective marketing plan c. Persuade the readers of business plan of the realistic potential of the venture d. What special technology, innovation, new perspective, or unique concept will the  business offer to the customer?   7.11 What is Marketing Plan? The marketing plan describes how the product will be sold, how the business will motivate the customer to buy. The purpose of developing and including the marketing plan in the business plan is twofold:   a. The process of designing a coherent marketing plan, that is an integral part of the  overall business plan, will help the business to test ideas, explore options, and determine effective strategies for success.   b. The result of a well-conceived and coherent marketing plan will convince the business  plan reader about the competence of the business.'"
2602,2609,"'   7.17 What is Financial Plan? The financial plan translates all the other parts of the business - the opportunity, the operating plan, the marketing plan, the management team—into anticipated financial results. It contains the current status and the future projection of financial performance of the business. The financial plan represents the best estimates of the risks involved, and the return on investment. Three financial areas are generally discussed in the financial plan:  a. Capital requirement and financing pattern b. Financial projections including cash flow statement c. Financial returns (Return on Investment, Internal Rate of Return, Net Present Value)   7.18 What is a 'Budget'? A budget is a forecast of all cash sources and deployments. Budgets help to determine how much money one has or can access, where to use it, and whether the financial targets will be achieved. It shows the flow of money into, through and out of the business. The three basic elements of a budget are:  a. Sales revenue b. Costs c. Profits'"
2603,2844,"'9.3 What is Term loan? Long term loans, required to meet the fixed cost, like buying machinery or setting up infrastructure.    9.4  What is running or working capital requirement? The cost required by a PC its day to business is called 'running cost' or working capital requirement. The working capital of any business unit is calculated based on the following criteria:   a. Procurement of Raw material, storage cost, processing, transportation, insurance, etc. b. Management and administration cost for day to day activity, which may include Staff  salary, (Manager/CEO, Production Officer,  Accountant, Marketing officer, etc.) travel, rent, electricity, water, telecommunication, Phone /Fax, Stationary, Cleaning, Meeting Expenses of BoD /GB, License fee, Insurance & Other statutory fee and Other Miscellaneous Expenses  c. Training and capacity building of BoDs and PC functionaries:  Training on subjects, like  provisions in the Act, rules and regulations, statutory compliances, roles and responsibilities of BoD and General body, banking operations, and also by exposure visits to the successful PCs'"
2604,2611,"'The goal is not to eliminate risk altogether (an impossible proposition) but to identify them and assess whether they can be managed or minimised through operational resilience. If the risks or threats seem unmanageable then one may discard the business idea all together. Even after starting the business, the risks continue to remain in the business environment, internally and externally both. Hence, it is important to develop risk assessment mechanism and risk mitigation strategy. There are five key steps in the development of this strategy.  a. The first step is to identify and map the processes/factors that would have the biggest  impact on earnings, if disrupted. For example, bad monsoon will severely affect crop production in rain-fed areas thus reducing earning of the PO considerably.  b. The second step is to identify critical infrastructure —including processes,  relationships, people, regulations, plant, and equipment—that supports the PO's ability to generate earnings. For example, if there is break-down in the Bulk Milk Chilling Unit, the whole stock of milk will be spoilt and go waste, besides adversely affecting the supply chain.   c. The third step is to identify the main vulnerabilities. Vulnerability is inability to cope  with the adverse effects of an event or risk. For example, storage, processing and trading of commodities can come under new regulation, imposing conditions, which the PO may find difficult to comply with, at short notice.   d. The fourth step is to identify the weakest links, the elements on which all the others  depend. For example, if there is a single buyer for all produces, this is the weakest link.   e. The last step is to develop planned response to mitigate the risks. For example, the  enterprise may build redundancies in some critical infrastructure like a spare refrigerated van for ferrying chilled milk.'"
2605,2617,"'India Organic is a certification mark for organically produced food products manufactured in India.  The certification mark certifies that an organic food product conforms to the National Standards for Organic Products established in 2000.  a. Those standards ensure that the product or the raw materials used in the product were  grown through organic farming, without the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, or induced hormones. The certification is issued by testing centres accredited by the Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) under the National Program for Organic Production of the Government of India.   b. Even though the standards are in effect since 2000, the certification scheme and hence  the certification mark came into existence in 2002.'"
2606,2619,"'The Bureau of Indian Standards, empowered through an Act of the Indian Parliament, known as the **Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986,** operates a product certification scheme by which it grants licences to manufacturers covering practically every industrial discipline from Agriculture to Textiles to Electronics. The certification allows the licensees to use the popular ISI **Mark**, which has become synonymous with Quality products for the Indian and neighbouring markets over the last more than 55 years. The Bureau's predecessor, the Indian Standards Institution began operating the product certification Scheme in 1955.'"
2607,2871,''
2608,2925,"'581-O. NUMBER OF DIRECTORS Every Producer Company shall have at least five and not more than fifteen directors: Provided that in the case of an inter-State co-operative society incorporated as a Producer Company, such company may have more than fifteen directors for a period of one year from the date of its incorporation as a Producer Company.    581P. APPOINTMENT OF DIRECTORS  (1) Save as provided in section 581N, the Members who sign the memorandum and the  articles may designate therein the Board of directors (not less than five) who shall govern the affairs of the Producer Company until the directors are elected in accordance with the provisions of this section.  (2) The election of directors shall be conducted within a period of ninety days of the registration of the Producer *Company*:  Provided that in the case of an inter-State co-operative society which has been registered as a Producer Company under sub-section (4) of section 581J in which at least five directors [including the directors continuing in office under sub-section (1) of section 581N] hold office as such on the date of registration of such company, the provisions of this sub-section shall have effect as if for the words \'ninety days\', the words \'three hundred and sixty five days\' had been substituted.  (3) Every person shall hold office of a director for a period not less than one year but not  exceeding five years as may be specified in the articles.  (4) Every director, who retires in accordance with the articles, shall be eligible for reappointment as a director. (5) Save as provided in sub-section (2), the directors of the Board shall be elected or appointed  by the Members in the annual general meeting.'"
2609,2623,"'Many ICAR institutions, State Agriculture Universities and KVKs help the POs to acquire appropriate technology. For food processing, CFTRI, Mysore is an important source of technology. CSIR institutions are also resource centres of many industrial technologies. In addition, industry associations, commodity boards, government departments are also great sources of technology advisory. The PO may explore as many sources as possible before finalising the technology and the vendor. Advanced planning, scheduling, and group buying (purchasing all related equipment together in one lot) will result in cost reduction and a more efficient business operation. Just-in-time delivery, negotiated bulk pricing, and end-of-life renewal clauses are all essential in technology procurement.'"
2610,2624,"'Many research institutions and technology suppliers can provide twinning arrangement to the PO. Under such arrangement, professional service will be rendered by the research institution through continuous deployment of its professionals to build the technical and managerial capacity by providing hand-holding support to the staff of PO. The duties and responsibilities of the research institution may include:  a. Building up the capacity of staff b. Designing and implementing suitable management system c. Developing capacity to provide technical service and consultancy d. Designing and preparing courses and curricula for building capacity e. Conducting applied research to address specific problems f. Bridging the gap between PO's performance and national benchmarks'"
2611,2627,"'| Website                  | # Name of the Scheme          | General Nature     |\n|--------------------------|-------------------------------|--------------------|\n| of Subsidy               |                               |                    |\n| Eligible Persons /       |                               |                    |\n| Institutions             |                               |                    |\n| 1 Construction of Rural  | Agricoop.nic.in               |                    |\n| Godowns                  |                               |                    |\n| Credit linked Back       |                               |                    |\n| ended (25 to             |                               |                    |\n| 33.33%)                  |                               |                    |\n| Individuals, Groups      |                               |                    |\n| of Individuals           |                               |                    |\n| Registered FPOs,         |                               |                    |\n| Partnership/             |                               |                    |\n| proprietorship           |                               |                    |\n| concerns /               |                               |                    |\n| Corporates. SHGs/        |                               |                    |\n| NGOs, Autonomous         |                               |                    |\n| Government Bodies        |                               |                    |\n| 2 Development/Strengthe  | -                             |                    |\n|                          |                               |                    |\n| Do-                      | Agricoop.nic.in               | Credit linked Back |\n| ended                    | ning of Agri. Marketing       |                    |\n| Infrastructure, Grading  |                               |                    |\n| and Standardisation      |                               |                    |\n| 3 Agri Clinic and Agri   |                               |                    |\n| Business Centres         |                               |                    |\n| www.                     |                               |                    |\n| Agriclinics. net         |                               |                    |\n| Credit linked Back       |                               |                    |\n| ended (36 to             |                               |                    |\n| 44%)                     |                               |                    |\n| Agriculture graduate     |                               |                    |\n| and others ( refer       |                               |                    |\n| guidelines)              |                               |                    |\n| 4 Dairy Entrepreneurship | dahd.nic.in                   |                    |\n| Dev Scheme (DEDS)        |                               |                    |\n| Credit linked Back       |                               |                    |\n| ended (25 to             |                               |                    |\n| 33.33%)                  |                               |                    |\n| Individual               |                               |                    |\n| producers can            |                               |                    |\n| utilize the              |                               |                    |\n| scheme.                  |                               |                    |\n| farmers, individual      |                               |                    |\n| entrepreneurs and        |                               |                    |\n| groups of                |                               |                    |\n| unorganized and          |                               |                    |\n| organized sector.        |                               |                    |\n| Group of organized       |                               |                    |\n| sector, includes self-   |                               |                    |\n| help groups, dairy       |                               |                    |\n| cooperative              |                               |                    |\n| societies, Milk          |                               |                    |\n| unions, milk             |                               |                    |\n| federation               |                               |                    |\n| 5                        | National Horticulture Mission | nhm.nic.in         |\n| Website               | # Name of the Scheme    | General Nature            |\n|-----------------------|-------------------------|---------------------------|\n| of Subsidy            |                         |                           |\n| Eligible Persons /    |                         |                           |\n| Institutions          |                         |                           |\n| Individuals           |                         |                           |\n| ended Maximum         |                         |                           |\n| 50 %                  |                         |                           |\n|                       |                         | Nursery                   |\n| Maximum 50 %   (      |                         |                           |\n| credit linkage not    |                         |                           |\n| necessary)            |                         |                           |\n| Cooperative           |                         |                           |\n| societies/ registered |                         |                           |\n| societies / Trusts    |                         |                           |\n| and incorporated      |                         |                           |\n| Companies             |                         |                           |\n|                       |                         | Vegetable seed            |\n| production            |                         |                           |\n| Individuals - max. 5  |                         |                           |\n| ha                    |                         |                           |\n| Credit linked Back    |                         |                           |\n| ended Maximum         |                         |                           |\n| 50 %                  |                         |                           |\n|                       |                         | Vegetable seed            |\n| production            |                         |                           |\n| Back ended            |                         |                           |\n| Maximum 50 %   (      |                         |                           |\n| credit linkage not    |                         |                           |\n| necessary)            |                         |                           |\n| Cooperative           |                         |                           |\n| societies/ registered |                         |                           |\n| societies / Trusts    |                         |                           |\n| and incorporated      |                         |                           |\n| Companies             |                         |                           |\n|                       |                         |                           |\n| gardens               |                         |                           |\n|                       |                         | Fruits ( perennial )      |\n| ended Maximum         |                         |                           |\n| 75 %                  |                         |                           |\n| Individuals - Max 4   |                         |                           |\n| ha- subject to terms  |                         |                           |\n| and conditions        |                         |                           |\n|                       |                         | Fruits ( non- perennial ) |\n| ended Maximum         |                         |                           |\n| 50 %                  |                         |                           |\n| Individuals - Max 4   |                         |                           |\n| ha- subject to terms  |                         |                           |\n| and conditions        |                         |                           |\n|                       | Subject to              |                           |\n| prescribed cost       |                         |                           |\n| norms                 |                         |                           |\n|                       | Cut Flowers             | 25% for OF                |\n| 40% for SF/MF in      |                         |                           |\n| general areas and     |                         |                           |\n| 50% for NER/          |                         |                           |\n| Himalayan states      |                         |                           |\n|                       |                         | Spices and aromatic       |\n| plants                |                         |                           |\n| Subject to            |                         |                           |\n| prescribed cost       |                         |                           |\n| norms                 |                         |                           |\n| 40% for farmers       |                         |                           |\n| in General areas,     |                         |                           |\n| 50% for NER/          |                         |                           |\n| Himalayan states      |                         |                           |\n| 6                     | Food Processing         |                           |\n|                       |                         | Cold Chain - Non          |\n| horticulture          |                         |                           |\n| Grant in aid /        |                         |                           |\n| interest subsidy      |                         |                           |\n| Individuals or        |                         |                           |\n| groups of             |                         |                           |\n| entrepreneurs,        |                         |                           |\n| organizations such    |                         |                           |\n| as Govt./ PSUs/ Joint |                         |                           |\n| Ventures/NGOs/        |                         |                           |\n| Cooperatives/         |                         |                           |\n| SHG's/ Private        |                         |                           |\n| Sector Companies      |                         |                           |\n| and Corporations      |                         |                           |\n| # Name of the Scheme    | General Nature     |\n|-------------------------|--------------------|\n| of Subsidy              |                    |\n| Grant in aid            |                    |\n| 50 % to 75%             |                    |\n|                         | Primary Processing |\n| centre -                |                    |\n| The Scheme is           |                    |\n| applicable to both      |                    |\n| horticulture and non-   |                    |\n| horticulture produce    |                    |\n| such as: fruits,        |                    |\n| vegetables, grains&     |                    |\n| pulses, dairy products, |                    |\n| meat, poultry and fish  |                    |\n| etc.                    |                    |\n| Credit linked back      |                    |\n| ended grants-in-        |                    |\n| aid @ 50% of the        |                    |\n| cost of  New            |                    |\n| Reefer Vehicle(s)/      |                    |\n| Mobile pre-             |                    |\n| cooling van(s)  up      |                    |\n| to a maximum of         |                    |\n| Rs. 50.00 lakh          |                    |\n|                         | Reefer Vehicles-   |\n| for purchase of         |                    |\n| standalone reefer       |                    |\n| vehicle/s and mobile    |                    |\n| pre-cooling van/s       |                    |\n| (reefer unit and reefer |                    |\n| cabinet permanently     |                    |\n| mounted on the vehicle) |                    |\n| for transporting both   |                    |\n| Horticultural and Non-  |                    |\n| Horticultural produce   |                    |\n|                         |                    |\n|                         |                    |\n| Website               | Eligible Persons /    |\n|-----------------------|-----------------------|\n| Institutions          |                       |\n|                       | individual            |\n| entrepreneurs/        |                       |\n| farmers, group of     |                       |\n| entrepreneur/         |                       |\n| farmers,              |                       |\n| associations, co-     |                       |\n| operative societies,  |                       |\n| self-help groups,     |                       |\n| non-government        |                       |\n| organizations         |                       |\n|                       | individual            |\n| entrepreneurs,        |                       |\n| Partnership firms,    |                       |\n| Registered Societies, |                       |\n| Co-operatives,        |                       |\n| NGOs, SHGs,           |                       |\n| Companies and         |                       |\n| Corporations          |                       |'"
2612,2629,"'a. The authorised capital could be increased keeping in view the requirements of the  Company, by creation of new shares by passing an ordinary resolution in general meeting. The resolution cannot compel the existing shareholders to take the additional shares.   b. The alteration does not affect the company's issued capital. c. The Articles of Association of the company should confer this power, if not it should  be suitably amended.  d. The changes will cost registration fee and notice of increase in share capital should  be filed in Form No. 5 within 30 days of passing resolution for increasing the share capital along with the filing fee.   e. Amendment should be noted in every copy of Memorandum and Articles.'"
2613,2633,"'a. Any Producer Company may, upon recommendation of the Board and passing of  resolution in the general meeting, issue bonus shares by capitalization of amounts from general reserves in proportion to the shares held by the Members on the date of the issue of such shares.   b. Proposed Bonus Shares should be well within the authorised capital of the Company. c. If not, necessary steps should be taken to increase the authorised capital, by amending  the capital clause of the Memorandum of Association.   d. A resolution should be passed in the general meeting duly convened and filed with the  Registrar within 30 days together with requisite documents and fees.   e. Where the Company has availed of any loan facility from term lending institutions,  prior permission is to be obtained from the institution as per the term lending agreement.   f. Form 2 should be filed with the Registrar within 30 days also with requisite fees.'"
2614,2837,"'a. Each Company, has to maintain 'books of account' for all the transactions. b. Chief Executive Officer (CEO), every Director of the company (in absence of CEO), and  every officer and other employee and agent of the company is responsible for keeping of 'Books of Accounts'.  c.  Proper 'books of account' of Producer Company should be kept at its registered office  with respect to:   i.  all sums of money received and expended by the Producer Company and the matters in respect of which the receipts and expenditure take place;  ii.  all sales and purchase of goods by the Producer Company; the instruments of liability executed by or on behalf of the Producer Company;  iii.  the assets and liabilities of the Producer Company;  d. in case of a Producer Company engaged in production, processing and manufacturing,  the particulars relating to utilization of materials or labour or other items of costs.'"
2615,2838,"'a. All the vouchers should be approved by the authorised official. b. There are 3 types of vouchers to be maintained viz.; (1) Cash Voucher for cash  transaction, (2) Bank Voucher for bank transaction and (3) Journal Voucher for internal adjustments.   c. Vouchers should be serially numbered along with the ongoing financial year and filed  in a sequential order along with supporting documents.   d. Separate files should be maintained for Cash, Bank and Journal vouchers.     8.15 Whether it is necessary to prepare Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss account? Yes. Each Producer Company/organisation should prepare a balance-sheet and profit and loss account (along with needed annexure) of each financial year, which will be laid before the shareholders at the AGM of the company.  a.  The balance sheet and 'profit and loss' account should be signed by two Directors (on  behalf of BoD) and CEO of the company.   b. Every producer company has to file its Directors' Report, the audited balance sheet  and profit and loss account along with the proceedings and the annual return with the Registrar within 60 days from the day on which the balance sheet and profit and loss account were laid before the members at the annual general meeting.'"
2616,2839,"'Company's bank account;   b. The cash payment against any purchase of goods or services in any circumstances shall  be limited to Rs. 500/- (Rs. Five Hundred Only).   c. All payments above Rs. 500/- (Rs. Five Hundred Only) shall be paid by cheque only. In  case of non-acceptance of cheque by any institution or individual, cash payment only with the approval of a committee comprising of 3 directors.   d. Purchase of all consumable goods and services for use by the Company for its business  operations or managing its affairs up to Rs. 5000/- (Rs. Five Thousand Only) following stipulated purchase procedure.     B. Advance from the Company   a. The work advance may be taken from the office by staff for the following purpose:    Travel expenses and Daily Allowance(s);    Procurement of official item(s);  Any other purpose(s).   b. Scrutinise advance account of staff by concerned employee to ensure that previous  outstanding balance(s) has been cleared;   c. Ensure proper approval of departmental head on the payment voucher or  application for advance, before fresh advance is given to any staff.'"
2617,2840,"'a. Before request for advance is granted, ensure that the proposed expense is within  the limits of Plan & Budget for the relevant year;   b. Ensure that purpose of work advance is mentioned on the voucher; c. Also ensure that advance should be sanctioned only when the previous drawings  are settled and it is urgent.   d. Ensure that accounts are settled within 15 days or immediately after the work is  completed whichever is earlier.     8.17 Whether it is compulsory to get the Audit of accounts? It is compulsory to conduct Internal Audit in the case of Producer Company/Organisation. Internal audit of its accounts should be carried out, at such interval and in such manner as may be specified in its Articles of Association, by a chartered accountant.     8.18 What are the Statutory Financial Compliance to be submitted by a producer company? Electronic filing is mandatory. As a part of Annual Filing, companies incorporated under the Companies Act, 1956 are required to file the following documents along with the e-Forms to the Registrar of Companies (RoC):'"
2618,2841,'Document   e-Form'
2619,2842,'| 1                                       | Balance-Sheet     | Form 23AC to be filed by all companies                  |\n|-----------------------------------------|-------------------|---------------------------------------------------------|\n| Form 23ACA to be filed by all companies | 2                 | Profit & Loss                                           |\n| Account                                 |                   |                                                         |\n| 3                                       | Annual Return     | Form 20B to be filed by companies having share capital  |\n| 4                                       | Annual Return     | Form 21A to be filed by companies without share capital |\n|                                         |                   |                                                         |\n|                                         |                   |                                                         |'
2620,2845,"'It is a short term loan, required for running existing operations of the Producer Organization; which can be used for buying raw materials (for example, seed, fertilizer, etc., in case of farm sector and leather, thread, etc., in case of non-farm sector, depending on the type of unit) or building inventories. Working capital loan may be a part of a composite loan (term loan + working capital) or separate limit. There are different methods of working out the working capital limit. Normally banks provide 20% of the annual turnover as working capital loan.'"
2621,2846,"'The quantum of working capital requirement depends on various unit specific internal factors, like, operating efficiency, technology employed and the level of quality control and external factors, like, demand and supply gap, nature of activity, availability of production inputs (raw material, labour, power & fuel), and availability of credit, etc. Thus, the working capital would depend on the prevailing conditions, level and type of business. It may change with time. The banks, therefore, review and reassess the working capital requirements of borrowing enterprises on a regular basis. There are several methods to assess the working capital requirement used by Banks. The methods like Cash Budget System, Turnover Method, Maximum Permissible Bank Finance (MPBF) System, and Net Owned Funds System, depending on the type of activity, are used by financial institutions. A. Cash Budgeting Method: Cash budgeting is done for a year, with month to month cash flows being taken up for analysis. Information required (to be called for from the borrower) is as follows:  i. Balance sheet for the previous financial year (In case of existing PO)  ii. Projected balance sheet for the budget year iii. Projected profit and loss account for the budget year iv. Estimate of monthly sales and purchases  v. Estimate of monthly expenses and incomes other than from purchases and sales (the table below gives some of the heads of inflows and outflows) vi. Seasonality factors in the business, if any From this information, the cash flow is computed as follows.'"
2622,2847,"'Cash inflow: Opening cash/bank balance (+) amount of receivables at the beginning of the month (+) sales (–) amount of receivables at the close of the month Cash Outflow: Payments made for raw materials/consumables (opening trade credits (+) purchases (-) trade credits at the end of the month); payment made to fixed asset suppliers; payment of interest; Payment of tax; payment towards other expenses such as labour, utilities, etc.; closing cash balance  Particulars / Months  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10  11  12  S No 1  Opening cash balance  2  Receipts - sales  3  Collection of receivables   4  Miscellaneous receipts  A Cash inflow (1 TO 4)  1  Payments for raw material  2  Payment for consumables  3  Payment to creditors  4  Payment for fixed assets   5  Taxes, interest and Labour payments  6  Other payments  7  Closing cash balance  B Cash outflow (1 to7)  Difference between cash Out flow and inflow (B- A)'"
2623,2848,"'The difference between inflow and outflows of cash would clearly indicate period when the business is short of cash and to what extent it requires funding. There would be variations in the cash deficit from month to month. The peak level of cash deficit would be the outer limit of working capital requirements. A two track working capital limit, one at the base level taking care of the normal requirements over the year and another additional limit to take care of increased seasonal demands, is worked out. B. Projected Annual Turnover (PAT): The working capital credit limits provided by lending banks is at a minimum level of 20% of the Projected Annual Turnover (PAT). This norm is applicable in case of units (new as well as existing), village and tiny units with aggregate fund based 'working capital credit limits up to Rs.5 Crore from the banking system. The term PAT is with Gross Sales and not Net Sales.   a. The lending norms presuppose that the working capital requirements of a unit  may be considered as 25% of the value of output or PAT. Banks normally  provide 4/5th  or 80% of this amount, the residual portion to be brought in by  the promoter by way of margin from long term sources. The working capital credit limits provided by banks is at a minimum level of 20% of the projected annual turnover.   b. The total working capital requirements of a unit, pegged at 25% of PAT,  assumes an average working capital cycle of 3 months. In reality though, different units with different activities have different working capital cycle patterns at levels higher and lower than the average cycle of 3 months.'"
2624,2849,"' It is therefore, necessary that the permissible level of bank credit is also assessed by using other methods of appraisal as applicable in each case along with the PAT based appraisal of credit requirements for units.'"
2625,2850,"'a. Limits and sub-limits b. Security: Primary & collateral  c. Margin requirement d. Rate of Interest e. Commission and other fee f. Drawing power g. Submission of Stock statement and Financial Statements h. Stock Audit i. Insurance j. Repayment Terms: Working Capital Loans are short term loans and are generally  payable in 12 months period, from the date of disbursement/sanction, depending upon the operating cycle. The borrowers are sanctioned a limit for meeting their operating expenses and are free to draw and repay as many times as required, within the sanctioned limit and within 12 months period.   k. Types of Documents/ agreements to be signed  i.  Loan agreement  ii.  Hypothecation agreement (term loan / working capital)  iii.  Mortgage (equitable / registered )  iv.  Demand Promissory Note (DPN)   v.  Deed of guarantee (personal / bank / govt. guarantee)'"
2626,2851,"'A term loan is a loan granted for the purpose of acquisition of capital assets, such as construction of factory buildings, purchase of machinery, modernization, rationalization of plant and is repayable from out of the future earnings of the enterprise, in phases/instalments, as per a pre-arranged schedule. Term Loans is sanctioned for a fixed term, normally for a period of more than 3 years, depending upon the cash flow generation from the business enterprise and economic life of the assets created. The term loan is only one of the source to meet the total Project Cost. The total project cost is assessed on the basis of expenses to be incurred for the following purpose;  i.  Land   ii.  Factory building/shed/godowns/administrative building   iii.  Machinery  iv.  Furniture and Fixtures  v.  Technical knowhow / research & development   vi.  Pre-operative & contingencies  vii.  Margin Money for working capital'"
2627,2852,"'The broad terms of financing Term Loan are as under:  a. Margins and sources of margins b. Disbursements in phases   c. Security: Primary & collateral and Guarantee d. Rate of Interest e. Commission and other fee f. Insurance  g. Repayment: Term loan is repayable in instalments (monthly, quarterly, half yearly or  yearly or depending on the harvest seasons, mainly for crops and horticulture schemes), depending upon the activity supported and the cash flow generation from the project and economic life of the asset created.  h. Types of Documents/ agreements  i.  Loan agreement  ii.  Hypothecation agreement (term loan / working capital)  iii.  mortgage (equitable / registered )  iv.  DPN  v.  Deed of guarantee (personal / bank / govt. guarantee)  The following details would also be required to be made available for sanction of loan.   **Land:** The business may be on existing land or on a leased land. Normally banks do not  fund for purchase of land and the cost of land has to be borne by the Organization and the amount may be treated as Margin for the project.   **Factory building/Shed/Godowns/Administrative**: Plan, approved by the appropriate  authority, for construction of the Factory Building/Shed/Godowns/Administrative Building. The estimate for construction of the above structure shall be from the Chartered Engineer/Architect along with time frame for construction in different phases. Clearances from different regulators.   **Machinery:** Quotations for purchase of requisite machinery with details of capacity of  each of the machinery (including DG Sets & Electricity Poles & connection charges), the post sales services and the taxes and landing costs, if any, cost of erection/ grounding the machinery.   **Furniture:** Quotations for purchase of requisite furniture.  **Technical Knowhow / Research & Development:** A copy of the Agreements entered  into and the total cost involved shall be provided by the potential Borrower.'"
2628,2853,'  **Pre-Operative & Contingencies**: Details of these costs'
2629,2854,"'a. **Own Resources:** The reserve and surpluses of previous years are the source for  personal financing. However, in case of a new PC this opportunity will not be there.  b. **Suppliers' Credit and Advance Payment from Buyers:** Suppliers' Credit can be  obtained from credit companies or from potential buyers and sellers. The producers who sell their products to the PO, can sell on credit. PO can get part payment in advance from prospective buyers. It can get agriculture inputs from the Agro dealers on the conditions of payment after sales. But mostly this type of finance is not available for start-up businesses or a new venture.  c. **Equity**: In case of a PC the equity comes from the members and no external financier  can participate in the equity investment.   d. **Grant support:** The PC being a small holders' organization may seek capital support  and other assistance from the Government under certain government schemes. Two  major initiatives to support Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs) (i) support to the equity base of FPOs by providing matching equity grants, and (ii) setting up of a Credit Guarantee Fund to provide cover to banks which advance loans to FPOs without collateral has been announced by GoI. The Schemes will be implemented by Small Farmers' Agribusiness Consortium (SFAC). Details are given in Appendix ii. Funding may also be available from the Department of Rural Development and Panchayats, Ministries of Agriculture and Cooperation or Horticulture or Food Processing GoI and or state Governments under various schemes like National and State Horticulture Mission, Small Agribusiness Consortium. World Bank, bilateral/ multilateral donor agencies and corporates under CSR may be other possible source of funds/grants from Producer organisations. The POs will have to develop a financially viable business plans for the purpose    e.'"
2630,2855,"'**Debt financing:** This is the most preferred way of financing a new business. Here it is  a direct obligation to pay the interest on the money lent by the financier. The biggest advantage is that the financier does not have control over the business as opposed to equity financing. The important point to be noted in this is the rate of interest charged. However, it is not easy to raise debt financing for a producers company without collateral and margin.'"
2631,2856,"'The banks provide Short Term loan to meet working capital requirements and Medium to Long Term Loan for acquisition of capital assets (Term Loan) for any business. A composite loan to take care of both short and long term financial requirements loan is also sanctioned by Banks. The finance will depend on the nature and volume of business which would vary from case to case. The FPOs will have to approach the bank with a financially viable business plan/Detailed Project Report. The banks will generally require the following information/ data for sanction of loan;  a. A business plan and Detailed Project Report (DPR) as a formal application for availing  the credit support  b. Margin money contribution c. Details of project management (Executive team and Board of Directors with  qualification and experience) of PO  d. Details of dedicated team for execution and monitoring of the project e. Details of proposed business plan f. Financial requirements for executing the business plan g. Last 3 years audited financial statements (Balance Sheet & P/L statement) with notes  on accounts & annexure. In case the PO is to be formed or in case it is less than three years old the projected financial statements may be submitted  h. Details of earlier/ current loans/ grants if any (sanction letters) availed from other  Banks/ FIs/ Dev. Agencies/ Individuals  i. Details of security / collaterals to be offered j. Copies  of  Registrations  (Certificate  of  Incorporation/Commencement  of  business/Society Registration/FCRA/Trust Deeds etc.) & MA/AAs  k. Copies of PAN/TAN/Sales Tax Registration l. Copies of approvals for reliefs in Taxation (I-T & Sales Tax) m. Copies of agreements, if any, entered into for Lease / Confirmed Orders n. Details of Associate companies (with audited financials for 3 years)    9.12 What is Detailed Project Report (DPR)?'"
2632,2857,"'A DPR is a formal application for availing the credit support from any funding agency. It should provide details about the organization, Business plan, Marketing Plan, Operation and Management Plan, Financial projections and financial requirements. Although there would be some NGOs and Producer Organizations that are experienced in preparing DPRs, typically a Producer Organization would require assistance in preparation of the DPR through experts/ professional, which may involve some cost.     9.13 Is any support available for preparation of DPR?  SFAC provides Project development Facility (PDF) for Equity Grant and Credit Guarantee Fund Scheme for the preparation of Equity Grant Application and Detailed Project Reports (DPR) through empanelled consultants/institutions. SFAC will cover the full cost of preparation of DPR. This facility will be available for FPC only. FPC desirous of assistance may approach the nearest empanelled consultant or SFAC directly. In addition to three broad categories of support (i.e. credit support, capacity building & market linkage) under PODF, NABARD provides grant support for preparation of DPR up to 0.5% of the project cost or Rs. 1.0 lakh whichever is lower, subject to the fact that the project is sanctioned by NABARD. The grant assistance would be within the overall cap of 20% of the loan amount.    9.14 If Banks do not provide credit facility, what are the options available for POs? A newly formed PO does not have enough share capital, reserves and credentials for doing successful business, therefore mobilizing funds from banks is difficult in the initial phase. With all the costs included, the PO may face huge financial burden from the beginning and the idea of setting up PO may not even take off.  To overcome the problem, the POs may adopt the following business model in the initial years before they generate reserves and establish credentials.  a.'"
2633,2858,"'Choose those activities in the initial years which require very less capital or no capital  and which are risk free.   b. Take Dealership of seeds and fertilizers from the companies and work as commission  agents. POs can earn good margin and a business relationship with those companies which resulted in getting credit limit in the subsequent years.   c. Dealership from various companies for various agriculture implements like water  pump sets, mechanized plough, etc., which they can sell to their members at a reasonable price and earn commission.   d. Procurement of agriculture produce. The POs identified the prospective buyers and  arranged buy back guarantee from them. Sell was organized at the farm gate level, therefore no transportation and storage cost were involved at the PO level. PO ensured a transparent transaction between the buyers and sellers (members and nonmembers both) and by doing so they earned some margin from the buyers.   e. Many POs took the advantage of GoI scheme, which provide 80% of the value of  produce as loan against pledge of Warehouse Receipts (WHR) without collateral.    The successful demonstration of such business would build their credentials among the members and other stakeholders. Further, Demonstration of fair trade practices is very important for the PO. These small activities give POs the opportunity to demonstrate such practices. Both the members and the trade and industry with whom PO does the business appreciate such fair practices and it builds reputation for the PO.     9.15 Provide a Sample Format for Preparation of a DPR? The project report is an essential building block for completion of a project. Hence, it must be prepared carefully and with sufficient details to ensure appraisal, approval and finally funding.'"
2634,2859,"'Points to be covered in the Project Report are provided below: Executive Summary Executive summary is an important and necessary part of a project report. It includes all the details which will become part of a detailed project report but in summary form. It covers:  a. Details of the borrower/ company background, shareholding pattern, existing bankers  etc.  b. Details of management team c. Sector background and rationale for project d. Project description and scope e. Location  f.  Layout of Factory / plant  g. Plant and Machinery h. Technological arrangement  i.  Proposed capacity  j.  Product mix  k. Raw material requirement, storage and handling  l.  Present and Future demand of end product  m. Pollution Control equipment's n. Power and water supply o. Capital Costing including margin for one cycle of working capital p. Other subsidiary requirements and ancillary facilities like marketing, etc. q. Capacity building assessment r. Project phasing and timelines s. Project operation and maintenance planning t. Project financial viability and sustainability including u. Detailed business plan, with investment and operating cost estimates'"
2635,2860,'1. Introduction  a. Brief background of company/organisation b. Background of entrepreneurs c. shareholding pattern d. Location details of the project'
2636,2861,"'Details of management team (Executive team and board of directors with qualification and experience)  3. Sector background and rationale for project 4. Project description and scope  a. Site description  a. Location & Title of land b. Meteorological data c. Connectivity through road, train, air, etc. d. Proximity of raw material sources and other vital facilities e. Reason to choose the site'"
2637,2929,"' (3) All the powers specified in sub-sections (1) and (2) shall be exercised by the Board, by means of resolution passed at its meeting on behalf of the Producer Company.  Explanation. - For the removal of doubts, it is hereby declared that a director or a group of directors, who do not constitute the Board, shall not exercise any of the powers exercisable by it.    581S. MATTERS TO BE TRANSACTED AT GENERAL MEETING (1) The Board of directors of a Producer Company shall exercise the following powers on behalf of that company, and it shall do so only by means of resolutions passed at the annual general meeting of its Members, namely:- (a) approval of budget and adoption of annual accounts of the Producer Company;  (b) *approval of patronage bonus;* (c) *issue of bonus shares;* (d) *declaration of limited return and decision on the distribution of patronage;* (e) *specify the conditions and limits of loans that may be given by the Board to any director;* and (f) approval of any transaction of the nature as is to be reserved in the articles for approval by the Members.    581T. LIABILITY OF DIRECTORS  (1) When the directors vote for a resolution, or approve by any other means, anything done in contravention of the provisions of this Act or any other law for the time being in force or articles, they shall be jointly and severally liable to make good any loss or damage suffered by the Producer Company.'"
2638,2930,"' (2) Without prejudice to the provisions contained in sub-section (1), the Producer Company shall have the right to recover from its director -  (a) where such director has made any profit as a result of the contravention specified in sub-section (1)*, an amount equal to the profit so made;*  (b) where the Producer Company incurred a loss or damage as a result of the contravention specified in sub- section (1)*, an amount equal to that loss or damage;*  (3) The liability imposed under this section shall be in addition to and not in derogation of a liability imposed on a director under this Act or any other law for the time being in force.    581U. COMMITTEE OF DIRECTORS  (1) The Board may constitute such number of committees as it may deem fit for the  purpose of assisting the Board in the efficient discharge of its functions:  Provided that the Board shall not delegate any of its powers or assign the powers of  the Chief Executive, to any committee.  (2) A committee constituted under sub-section (1) may, with the approval of the Board, coopt such number of persons as it deems fit as members of the committee:  Provided that the Chief Executive appointed under section 581W or a director of the  Producer Company shall be a member of such committee.  (3) Every such committee shall function under the general superintendence, direction and  control of the Board, for such duration, and in such manner as the Board may direct.  (4) The fee and allowances to be paid to the members of the committee shall be such as may be determined by the *Board.* (5) The minutes of each meeting of the committee shall be placed before the Board at its next meeting.    581V.'"
2639,2862,"'This part of the project report will include the complete layout, structure and various facilities to cater with the production. This part must cover the layout map.  c. Technological considerations  a. Technology generally used by other similar companies to produce the end product  b. Merits and demerits of various technologies used c. Technology proposed to be used in the project with reasons d. Details of complete process cycle with process chart  e. Product Mix  a. What is the service or End product proposed b. Proposed production and Manufacturing process  d. Raw Material  Details of raw material, Procurement plan for raw materials/ inputs etc., Physical Requirements, Availability in the market e. Receipt, Storage & Handling of raw material  a. Handling system, Feed system  b. Storage arrangements (capacity): At the godowns - At the plant c. Transportation arrangements    f. Application of end product  a. Whether it will be used in own plant  b. Target market: Domestic or Export c. Industry details, where it is used  g. Environmental aspects  a. Whether all environmental clearance certificates required for the specific industry  has been taken and details of the same  b. Arrangements to avoid pollution from the government specified limits  h. Waterpower and auxiliary services  Requirement, availability, Arrangement through government or private sources, Alternative arrangements  i. Quality Control  Sampling, Laboratory setup including R & D  j. Supplementary facilities  a. Repairs and Maintenance facilities b. Ventilation and air conditioning system c. Instrumentation & telecommunication d. Automation and Computer Control  e. Safety and fire protection arrangement f. Hydrant System'"
2640,2863,"'This part of project report covers complete market analysis of your end product. It also covers the marketing strategy which the organization is going to adopt in future, to sell its products;  a. in present b. in future'"
2641,2864,"'l. Pollution control  Arrangements to avoid: Air Pollution, water Pollution, Noise Pollution, Arrangements for  effluent disposal, if any.'"
2642,2865,"'a. Manpower Requirement: Senior Management, Technical staff, Marketing Staff,  Maintenance Staff, Production staff, Quality Control Staff  b. Cost Involved  c. Training arrangement d. Employee welfare arrangements'"
2643,2866,'a. Each construction phase b. Erection of plant and machinery  c. Commencement of commercial production'
2644,2867,''
2645,2868,"'| 1    | Land                                       | Amt.    |\n|------|--------------------------------------------|---------|\n| a    | Cost of land                               |         |\n| b    | Cost of site development                   |         |\n| 2    | Building                                   |         |\n| a    | construction cost, Internal designing cost |         |\n| 3    | Plant and Machinery                        |         |\n| a    | Cost of purchase                           |         |\n| b    | Erection and Commissioning charges         |         |\n| c    | Technical Know how                         |         |\n| 4    | Other cost                                 |         |\n| a    | Furniture and Fixtures                     |         |\n| b    | Office Equipment                           |         |\n| c    | Vehicles and Mobile equipment's            |         |\n| 5    | Pre-operative expenditure                  |         |\n| a    | Interest during construction               |         |\n| b    | contingencies, etc.                        |         |\n| c    | Margin for working capital                 |         |'"
2646,2869,''
2647,2870,'| a    | Existing                       |     |\n|------|--------------------------------|-----|\n| b    | Proposed                       |     |\n| 2    | Borrowed Funds                 |     |\n| a    | Existing                       |     |\n| b    | Proposed                       |     |\n| 3    | Grant & Subsidies Contribution |     |\n| a    | Existing                       |     |\n| b    | Proposed                       |     |'
2648,2873,"'a. Detailed Project Report along with application for loan/ grant required in Duplicate b. List of movable/immovable Assets of the organisation/promoters c. List of tangible unencumbered security offered as collaterals. In case of landed  property, copy of Sale Deed along with extract of latest Land record  d. Income Tax and Wealth Tax details of last three years, with copies of Assessment  / Return if applicable  e. Certificate of reliefs given under statute. (IT, Sales Tax, etc.)  f.  Copies of sanction letters from other institutions, Government Agencies, Overseas Agencies sanctioning loan, grant or other support services relating to the activity  g. Provisional Registration Certificate from the concerned authority viz., Registrar of  companies, Registrar of Cooperative Societies, District Industries Centre, etc.  h. Certificate of Incorporation from competent legal authority. In case of corporates,  certificate of commencement of business issued by Registrar of Companies  i.  Memorandum & Articles of Association/ Bye laws of Society  j.  Permission/license from Competent Authority (for Textile, Foods & Drugs, Forest, etc.)  k. Certified copy of sale deed along with extract of latest Land record in respect of  land. (The land should be in the name of company/ society whichever applicable) OR  l.  If rented premises, Rent Agreement for a minimum of eight years or covering the entire loan period  m. Three quotations in respect of each item of plant and machinery and raw material,  proposed to be purchased  n. Import, Export Licenses (IEM) o. Details of power requirement and tie-up with State Electricity Board  p. Permission from Water & Pollution Control Board q. Approved Building plan from Competent Authority with cost estimates from the  Architect'"
2649,2874,"'The expected indicators of impact vary from project to project. However, the indicators have to be set before the project is implemented and based on the indicators the project impact has to be monitored. Log frame analysis may be used in the DPR to assess the economic and social changes in the project area.  In the log frame methodology, the impact of the project is defined at the beginning of the project in the form of project objectives. Based on these objectives, the impact, the outcomes, out puts and the input are identified. The details are as under:-  Impact - Desired Impact indicated in the project objectives. Actual impact is based on the analysis of outcomes. Outcomes - Analysis of the data- measure the increase or decrease in the values of parameters. Outputs- Post projects survey data: Collect data for the selected parameters as done in base line survey after implementation of the project so as to compare the changes. Inputs -   Base line Survey- select parameters to assess impact and accordingly collect, base line data.'"
2650,2875,'The broad objectives of the project will set parameters of impact. Impact should match and fulfil the objectives of the project. The following broad parameters could be considered for assessing the impact:  a. Farmer's/producer's income b. Agriculture and rural development c. Migration d. Market e. Quality of Life f. Environmental g. Women development with specific reference to gender issues'
2651,2876,"'The impact of the project is directly related to the improvement of the individual producer's post period income when compared to the pre-project period.  The increase in income could be 'direct income' and 'indirect income'. Direct income is derived from increase in productivity and production. Indirect income is derived through timely availability of inputs and marketing arrangements at the door step of the farmer. This could be assessed in terms of person days and income could be assessed.   The indirect income could be added to direct income and the total income could be compared with the pre-project income. Total income from the project per producer per annum may be compared with the baseline income. Producer-wise data need to be collected in the house hold format. Analysis could be carried out  by collecting data by land holding size and compare the same and gap in the income levels could be assessed. Further, this data also may give leads to how the project helped small producers.'"
2652,2877,"'a. How much the individual producer saved, where he/she has saved and quantum of  amount saved, needs to be assessed?  b. Investment could be in purchase of land, cattle, agriculture implements, construction  of wells, construction of house, purchase of jewelry, marriage and education of children etc. Changes in these need to be assessed.  c. Whether the farmers/producers have availed any loans from banks or any other  source because of the increased bargaining power. Is there any decrease in credit from banks in view of loans from PO? Such aspects may be seen.'"
2653,2888,'| Name Male/    | Card No    | S.    |\n|---------------|------------|-------|\n| No.           |            |       |\n| Educa-        |            |       |\n| tion*         |            |       |\n| Dis-          |            |       |\n| ability       |            |       |\n| Occupa-       |            |       |\n| tion*         |            |       |\n| Female        |            |       |\n| MNREG         |            |       |\n| S Card        |            |       |\n| Yes/ No       |            |       |\n| Age           | Relation   |       |\n| with          |            |       |\n| Family        |            |       |\n| head          |            |       |\n|               |            |       |\n|               |            |       |'
2654,2889,'a. Land details:   Others  TOTAL  Assigned land  Leased in  Leased out  Land (acres)  Source of irrigation  Own (as per pass book)  Rain fed  Irrigated  Fallow  Horticulture  Waste land   Water Resources:  Source  Area Under Irrigation   Season  No of days of water availability  Bore wells (No.)  Dug Wells (No.)  Crops:  Pulses Others  Total    Paddy  Maize  Cotton  Jowar  Ground nut  Area in ha  Yield in qtl  Income in Rs  Selling place  Agriculture Implements: (put a tick)  Plough    Tractor    Weeder    Sprayers    Bullock cart    Sprayer    Others    Others'
2655,2878,"'The agriculture related impact could be on productivity, production, increase in cultivated area, increase in irrigated area and cropping intensity. For example, in FPO initiative, farmer/producer wise data on increased yield, production, cultivated area, irrigated area and cropping intensity may be seen. Further, investment in land levelling, creation of water resources, etc., will give how much additional area has been brought under the cultivation. This speaks about the quality of land which is developed due to the development of wasteland in the project area. Due to trainings and capacity building of the farmers/producers, there may be improvements in quality of the produce at the production, harvesting and storage level. The benefit from the improved quality on the price of the commodity could be assessed.   a. Further, is there any development in rural economy in the form of establishment of  micro enterprises, creation of more jobs etc., could be established from the number of new industries and number of people employed in these areas. Data related to trainings, like no of trainings, no of people trained, type of skill development trainings provided also could be assessed and the impact of trainings on the package of practices can be analyzed.'"
2656,2879,"'In the project areas, generally it is observed that there is reduction in migration and in some cases there is reverse migration. The level of reduction in migration and the extent of reverse migration need to be assessed. For this the level of migration has to be assessed under pre and post project situation.'"
2657,2880,'The PO may be able to have better say in the Market/Mandi management.  The PO may transact in produce which is in tune with the market demand in terms of both quality and quantity. The PO gets better price for their produce and rejects may be reduced.'
2658,2881,"'Implementation of projects brings changes in the quality of life like improvement in the food security, changes in the consumption pattern, housing, health & hygiene, education of children etc,. Study and analysis of data related to these aspects is essential to assess the living standard of the people of the project area.   a. Food security: The 'food insecurity' is an important aspect. The assessment of scarcity  of food in pre and post project period gives an indication of the impact on the food security and quality of food intake.   b. Improved consumption basket: Under developmental projects, it is observed that  there is a relative reduction in the percentage of food expenditure and rise in the nonfood consumption items and other items showed improvement in the quality of life of producers in the post period scenario. There will be changes in the pattern of consumption like consumption of a variety of vegetables milk, milk products, poultry, meat, fruits etc., which will definitely indicate changes towards a better living.  c. Housing condition and sanitation facility: Housing is the first step in indicating better  quality of life and sanitation is also associated with it.  Assessment of immovable assets viz., house and sanitation facilities, during pre and post project gives an indication on the housing conditions and health improvements.  d. Adequate Safe Drinking Water: Safe drinking water is a key to healthy life of the family  and also a relief to women as fetching water from long distance is one of the curses for them.  Study of source of drinking water in each producer's house and the project impact on the development of infrastructure in the project area gives an idea of the changes brought by the project.   e.'"
2659,2884,"'The women development related impact on account of their participation in the project needs to be examined in detail with reference to specific gender issues. The issues related to their social status, responsibility, roles in decision making, participation in family activities as well as their own development of capability and economic independence needs to be assessed. These may be assessed in the following ways:  a. What is the percentage of women participating in the project/programme? b. How many women are there in the village level, federation and PO level institutions?  How the project helped in gender equity?  c. How many women are participating in SHG programme? d. Education of girl child i.e. any increase in the admission of female children in schools? e. How many women adopted family planning measures?  f. In decision making with regard to the use of their income, how many of them took  decision on their own, how many consulted family and in how many cases there was no consultation?'"
2660,2885,"'Is there any impact of the project with qualitative changes leading towards positive development environment with participation of the poor farmers/producers?  Any decrease/stop in consumption of alcohol and other addictions? How the project brought unity among the farmer's/producers for collective marketing, procuring of inputs? Improvement in these aspects may be assessed in the following ways:  a. What is the percentage of families which could work on their own? b. How many desire to shoulder the responsibilities in village development? c. How many endorsed the women participation in development? d. How many endorsed the view of positive socio-cultural change in their society? e. How many beneficiaries accepted the positive role and help of PO in development  of village community?  f. How many beneficiaries accepted that the present project will help their children  for better education?  g. How many respondents' actively participating in the working of PO/Federation/  cluster/village level committee?'"
2661,2890,"'| Agriculture                                | Wage labour Livestock    | Migrant    | Job               |\n|--------------------------------------------|--------------------------|------------|-------------------|\n| Skilled  work/                             |                          |            |                   |\n| Income                                     |                          |            |                   |\n| Generating                                 |                          |            |                   |\n| activity                                   |                          |            |                   |\n| Income % Income                            | % Income                 | % Income   | % Income % Income |\n|                                            |                          |            |                   |\n| Total family income (In Rupees per annum): |                          |            |                   |\n| Less than                                  |                          |            |                   |\n| 30,000                                     |                          |            |                   |\n| >30000 to                                  |                          |            |                   |\n| <50000                                     |                          |            |                   |\n| >50000 to                                  |                          |            |                   |\n| <100000                                    |                          |            |                   |\n| >100000 to                                 |                          |            |                   |\n| <2000000                                   |                          |            |                   |\n| >200000 to                                 |                          |            |                   |\n| <300000                                    |                          |            |                   |\n| >300000 to                                 |                          |            |                   |\n| >500000                                    |                          |            |                   |\n|                                            |                          |            |                   |\n| Loans:                                     |                          |            |                   |\n| Purpose for which taken                    | Remarks                  | Loans from | Loan              |\n| amount                                     |                          |            |                   |\n| Interest                                   |                          |            |                   |\n| rate                                       |                          |            |                   |\n| Bank                                       |                          |            |                   |\n| SHG                                        |                          |            |                   |\n| Private persons                            |                          |            |                   |\n|                                            |                          |            |                   |\n| indebtedness                               |                          |            |                   |\n|                                            |                          |            |                   |\n| Thrift                                     |                          |            |                   |\n| Membership in Groups                       |                          |            |                   |\n| Yes                                        | No                       |            |                   |\n|                                            |                          |            |                   |\n| Membership                                 |                          |            |                   |\n| in SHG                                     |                          |            |                   |\n| Name of                                    |                          |            |                   |\n| the group                                  |                          |            |                   |\n| 1                                          |                          |            |                   |\n|                                            | Name of the              |            |                   |\n| SHG                                        |                          |            |                   |\n|                                            |                          |            |                   |\n| Yes                                        | No                       |            |                   |\n| Name of                                    |                          |            |                   |\n| the group                                  |                          |            |                   |\n| 2                                          |                          |            |                   |\n| Saving                                     |                          |            |                   |\n| money                                      |                          |            |                   |\n|                                            |                          |            |                   |\n|                                            |                          |            |                   |\n|                                            |                          |            |                   |\n|                                            |                          |            |                   |\n|                                            |                          |            |                   |\n|                                            |                          |            |                   |'"
2662,2891,'| Name           | No                        | Small             | Big    |\n|----------------|---------------------------|-------------------|--------|\n| Bulls          |                           |                   |        |\n| Cows           |                           |                   |        |\n| Buffaloes      |                           |                   |        |\n| Sheep          |                           |                   |        |\n| Goat           |                           |                   |        |\n| Poultry        |                           |                   |        |\n|                |                           |                   |        |\n| Scarcity:      |                           |                   |        |\n| Item           | How many months in a year | Purchasing? (Y/N) |        |\n| Food grains    |                           |                   |        |\n| Wage  work     |                           |                   |        |\n| Fodder         |                           |                   |        |\n| Firewood       |                           |                   |        |\n| others         |                           |                   |        |\n|                |                           |                   |        |\n| Assets:        |                           |                   |        |\n| Asset          | Type of Asset             | Value (Rs)        |        |\n| House          | Kutcha / Pacca            |                   |        |\n|                |                           | Drinking water    |        |\n| source         |                           |                   |        |\n|                |                           | Bicycle / Two     |        |\n| Wheeler / Four |                           |                   |        |\n| wheeler        |                           |                   |        |\n| Refrigerator   |                           |                   |        |\n| TV             |                           |                   |        |\n| Others         |                           |                   |        |\n|                |                           |                   |        |\n|                |                           |                   |        |'
2663,2892,"'Typically the Project Execution plan includes the following elements:    a. Project Objectives and Priorities b. Critical Analysis   c. Organisation, Roles and Responsibilities d. Project Strategy, Implementation, Supervision and Monitoring'"
2664,2893,"'Project particulars, including the sponsor's name, the project name and reference and details of the business approvals.    a. **Project Objectives:** The important project objectives which will be addressed by  implementing the project.  b. **Budget and programme:** Project components and the costing. Component wise cost  and the total cost of the project.   c. **Funding source**: How the budgeted amount will be met? It includes the sources of  funds and the quantum of funds required from each source.    d. **Approvals and consents:**  The clearances from Pollution Control Boards may be  required. Similarly licence to carry out the business may be required.'"
2665,2894,"'The perceived threats or constraints have to identified and specified in critical analysis. With any project, there will be critical issues, risk and uncertainties which could threaten the project. How these risks would be addressed? A suitable institutional monitoring mechanism has to be placed to assess the risks and take remedial measures from time to time.'"
2666,2895,"'The project should specify the names, addresses, telephone, fax, etc., details of all departments /sections involved in the project, including stakeholders.  Names and responsibilities of other key personnel within each department. The roles, responsibilities, accountabilities, delegated financial authority for design, procurement, construction, commissioning and handover should be defined. To execute the plan effectively the PO should constitute Project Execution Team headed by a Project Manager who will be the in-charge for project planning and execution. Project Execution Team - It is the unit which is responsible for the complete execution, operation, maintenance, finance, and monitoring of the project. It is responsible for the implementation of the project and work allocation to various departments like execution, finance and monitoring. The Project Execution Team headed by a Project Manager will be supported by the following three units: Design and Execution Unit: Procurement of works, milestones and reconciliation with design programme, tendering procedures and procurement programme.  Safety and Environment, Progress Reporting, Definition of standards, Quality Management, Site Controls and Inspections,   Defects Rectification.  Commissioning, Operation and Maintenance. Set time lines for the implementation of the project. Machinery procurement installation, operation and maintenance. Cost Consultant- CA and Auditors:  Financial and cost & expenditure control. Costing, tendering, taxes, Insurances, risk assessment and developing control mechanisms and fund management. Monitoring Team - Monitoring the implementation of the project and also the outcomes / impact of the projects from time to time and reporting to the system for information and necessary action.'"
2667,2896,"'Monitoring can be defined as a systematic collection and analysis of information of an ongoing project. It is aimed at improving the efficiency and effectiveness of the project implementation so as to derive maximum benefits for the producers/PO. 10.2  What is efficiency?  Efficiency speaks about whether the output in terms of benefits exceed the expenditure. It is the ratio of output and input. Funding agency will monitor how efficient the POPI and PO has been in implementing the project. Similarly, the PO will monitor the same at the farmers 'producers' level. Certain parameters like the amount spent per farmer vis-a-vis the increase in income could be one indicator of efficiency. Higher the increase in income for the same amount spent, higher is the efficiency. 10.3  What is effectiveness?   Effectiveness is a measure of the extent to which the project achieved the specific objectives it set.   For example, if the objective of a project is to increase the income levels of all the farmers 'producers' engaged with the PO, we have to measure the extent of increase in income.  Similarly, if one of the objective is to increase the volume of the produce, we shall measure the extent of increase.   These assessments will indicate how effective the program has been. Higher the increase in income levels, higher would be the effectiveness of the project. 10.4  Who will monitor the Project?   The project is to be monitored by the PO, POPI and funding agency. 10.5 What is to be monitored by the PO? The PO has to satisfy itself that it is able to function in a sound manner for meeting the expectations of all the stakeholders. It also needs to monitor work execution at the producer level.'"
2668,2897,"'The PO has to prepare a work schedule/time line in consultation with the POPI for procurement of inputs, execution of works, marketing of produce. Accordingly, at each stage, review and monitoring has to be done by the PO. The PO has to evolve suitable formats for collecting data for the purpose of review and monitoring. 10.6 What is to be monitored by the POPI? The POPI has to monitor the work of the PO as well as ground level achievements. It has to assess the extent of progress of the work from time to time and if required suggest suitable measures. It has to arrange to design specific formats and provide to the PO. The PO will collect data in the specified formats and submit to the POPI and to funding agency.  Besides the progress, the POPI should also monitor staff availability for the project, data on individual producer, cost involved, availability of inputs, volume of produce, income, verification of the books of the PO etc., and submit detailed report to the funding agency on the agreed intervals, say monthly, bi-monthly or quarterly. 10.7  What is to be monitored by the Funding Agency: The funding agency has to evolve suitable formats for the submission of returns by PO/POPI. The funding agency has to monitor the targets vis-a-vis achievements, quality of implementation, participation of members and adequacy of training programmes. Monitoring enables the funding agency to determine whether the resources available are adequate and capacity of the human resources to implement the project is adequate.  Monitoring could be at desk level (office) or field level. 10.8  What is desk monitoring? Desk monitoring includes internal review of the project by the project funding agency.'"
2669,2898,"'It is difficult for the funding agency or the POPI to conduct field visits at frequent intervals, hence based on the returns submitted by the agency, desk review of the progress could be done. The findings could be discussed in a forum where POs and POPIs can participate. Based on the discussions, bottlenecks in the implementation could be identified, discussed and remedial measures initiated. The POPI will undertake review based on both the reports submitted by the PO and its own staff involved in the field. The review may involve the participation of PO at agreed intervals, so as to improve the implementation of the project. At every level, i.e., at the level of funding agency, POPI and PO, suitable formats for submission of data and suitable templates for presentations need to be evolved. The returns to be submitted by the PO should include:  a. Business projections/ assumptions submitted in proposal and comparison with  actual progress  b. Disbursements - Targets and achievements c. Repayments - Dues  and their repayment and overdue amount d. Operations of Designated Account; and Up-to-date correspondence with borrower e. Stock statements, annual report, latest balance sheet and P&L statements (If the  review is after annual closing)  f. Any pending compliance with terms and conditions  After obtaining the returns POPI and funding agency should:    a. Review progress b. Identify problems in planning and/or implementation c. If required make adjustments in release of funds to producers organization   10.9   Whether the desk level monitoring gives any 'Early Warning Signals'? What are they? One of the objectives of desk monitoring is to identify the 'Early Warning Signals'.'"
2670,2899,"'There could be deviation in the implementation plan, violation of terms and conditions, shortfall in achievement, overdue amounts at the level of PO, operation of designated accounts, inadequacy of suitable  field staff, reduced participation of PO or POPI or the producers, which are to be closely monitored and if required, an immediate field level monitoring needs to be taken up.    10.10 What is Field Level Monitoring? Field level monitoring involves collection of actual data at the field level. It involves collection of 'elaborate' data from the field level by interacting with the farmers/producers and other stake holders. Specific proforma on the pattern of the format suggested in Chapter 9 could be evolved for collection of data or depending upon the requirement suitable proforma need to be designed for collection of data. Often, field level monitoring data on the following aspects is also important as these factors provide leads to the success or failure of the project:  a. Availability of inputs to members - timeliness b. Technical support available to members - targeted Vs. actual frequency c. Storage and processing arrangement - planned Vs. achievement  d. Marketing tie-up - planned benefits Vs. actual benefits e. Targeted Productivity / Income growth Vs. Actual achievements f. Members views regarding the services provided by PO and its efficacy   10.11 How to Plan Monitoring of Projects? Monitoring should be a part of planning process.  It is desirable to frame monitoring parameters in the beginning of planning process itself. These parameters should be in line with the objectives of the project. Therefore, the funding agency, POPI and the PO have to begin gathering information about performance in relation to targets from the beginning itself.  In fact, the first information gathering should take place when the project is planned. 10.12  What indicators can we suggest?'"
2671,2900,"'Indicators are measurable or tangible signs that the project or the PO has to achieve.  For example, some indicators are increase in productivity, production, income at the level of producers, improvement in the economy of the area leading to establishment of micro enterprises, increase in employment opportunities, community empowerment in terms of arresting migration, improvement in health and hygiene, infrastructure, women participation, women empowerment etc.  Through the indicators one can ask and answer questions such as: Who? - Who are befitting from the project? How many? - Number of people benefitted. How much? - What is the extent of benefit? Some examples of Indicators could be as follows: Please note that these are illustrative and are related to agriculture projects - they may or may not suit the needs of other Non-farm based projects. Economic Development Indicators  a.  Average size of land holding  b.  Average size of irrigated area  c.  Major crops with area and yield  d.  Items of investment  e.  Market price of the produce   f.  Marketing facility  g.  Rural Connectivity- connectivity with marketing centers  h.  Power availability in hours per day  i.  Average annual household income  j.  Increase in the income level  k.  New micro enterprises / Small businesses  l.  Increase in number of people employed  m. Average weekly/monthly wages n.  Employment / Unemployment, by age group, occupation, season and gender  o.  Default rates on loans  p.  Percentage of people below the poverty line'"
2672,2901,"'a.  Particpation of women in the project, federations/ PO  b.  Infant mortality rates  c.  Literacy rates, by age and gender  d.  Retention rate in school   e.  School completion rates   f.  Number and causes of farmer's/producer's suicides  g.  Housing, Drinking Water, Sanitation and Dwellings with electricity  h.  Number of homeless'"
2673,2902,"'a.  Number of Producers actively particpating in the project  b.  Attendance in the meetings  c.  Attendence in the trainings  d.  No of SHGs /  SHGs linked to credit  e.  Primary Agri-Co-operative Society, Other cooperatives, like weavers, fishermen, SC and ST Cooperative Societies, Other institutions available in the project area  f.  Structure of different insitutions  g.  Participation rate in elections, by age and gender  h.  Participation in public meetings, by age and gender  10.13 How to develop indicators? Indicators are developed based on the objectives / impact assessment of the project. For example, in an agriculture based project, the following might be the objectives:  a. To improve the producer's income b. To develop the area under agriculture c. To arrest migration d. To improve marketing facilities e. To bring change in the quality of lives of the people f. To create awareness on sustainability of natural resources g. To improve the participation of women in the developmental process to address  gender issues  h. To bring awareness on  savings, investment and credit availability i. To bring awareness on social situation (housing, health, education etc.)  j. To improve the organizational situation (local governance, community participation  in the projects, women participation, etc.)  k. To improve Infrastructure facilities like storage, marketing and input availability'"
2674,2903,"' Increase in income due to increase in productivity  Saving on transportation  Savings of own labour in human days on account of village level delivery of inputs,  collective marketing etc.   Similarly, there are indirect benefits like    Immediate realization of sale proceeds  Easy availability of credit    These benefits need to be assessed and calculated in terms of money. Finally, the incremental income will determine the success or otherwise of the intervention of the PO. The incremental income can be determined as shown below:  Before PO's intervention  Yield/ha Total  Total income  S No  Name of farmer's/producer's  Crop  Price/ qtl  Cropped Area (ha)  Yield (quintals)   Qtl= Quintal; ha = hectare; After PO's intervention  S No  Crop  Yield /ha  Price / qtl  Total income  Cropped Area (ha)  Total Yield (quintals)  Name of farmer's / producer' s  Net Increm ental Income  Any other Income / Dividen d / Bonus'"
2675,2904,"'a.  Explain the project objectives, as a monitoring system needs to cover them.  b.  Generate a list of **indicators** for each of the objectives.  c.  Clarify what variables need to be linked.    d.  Clarify what information the project or Producers organization is already collecting and what more needs to be collected.'"
2676,2905,'| Step 2:                                                              |\n|----------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| secondary sources.  The workshop may also help to know what is to be |'
2677,2906,"'monitored.  The indicators of efficiency, effectiveness and impact need to be prioritised.  Step 3:  Decide how the data will be collected. Whether it will be collected manually or on the computers. Accordingly develop suitable formats.  These format models should be amenable to analysis.  Step 4:  Decide how often the data are required to be analyzed, whether season wise or yearly. Crop wise, varieties wise and analyze the information - this means putting it together and trying to answer the questions which are important to the success of the project.  Step 5:  Collect, analyze and report.'"
2678,2907,"'a.  Through a survey; or  b.  Through Focused Group Discussion  Determine key indicators for the monitoring process- Develop formats Secondary Data - The returns submitted by the PO, data available from the Government Departments and also published data from other projects. 10.16  What are the methods of sampling? There are 3 sampling techniques: random sampling, stratified sampling and cluster sampling Random sampling:  Sampling of households on random basis Stratified sampling:  The producers are categorized into different strata like big, medium and small.  Data are collected from each strata in a specified proportion  i.e., say,  every fifth producer's household data from the big producers, every third producer's house hold data from small producers  every second house hold data  from the very small producers' category Cluster sampling: In this case, data of only those producers households will be collected who are in the cluster for a specified period 10.17 How to analyze the data? Analysis is the process of turning the detailed data into an understanding of patterns, trends and interpretations. The step by step process involved in monitoring analysis is enumerated below:'"
2679,2908,"'CHAPTER I: PRODUCER COMPANIES  581A. Definitions    CHAPTER II: INCORPORATION OF PRODUCER COMPANIES AND OTHER MATTERS  581B. Objects of Producer Company 581C. Formation of Producer Company and its registration 581D. Membership and voting rights of Members of Producer Company 581E. Benefits to Members 581F. Memorandum of Producer Company 581G. Articles of association 581H. Amendment of memorandum 581-I. Amendment of articles 581J. Option to inter-State co-operative societies to become Producer Companies 581K. Effect of incorporation of Producer Company 581L. Vesting of undertaking in Producer Company 581M. Concession, etc., to be deemed to have been granted to Producer Company 581N. Provisions in respect of officers and other employees of inter-State co-operative society    CHAPTER III: MANAGEMENT OF PRODUCER COMPANY  581O. Number of directors 581P. Appointment of directors 581Q. Vacation of office by directors 581R. Powers and functions of Board 581S. Matters to be transacted at general meeting 581T. Liability of directors 581U. Committee of directors 581V. Meetings of Board and quorum 581W. Chief Executive and his function 581X. Secretary of Producer Company 581Y. Quorum 581Z. Voting rights    CHAPTER IV: GENERAL MEETINGS  581ZA. Annual general meetings    CHAPTER V: SHARE CAPITAL AND MEMBERS RIGHTS  581ZB. Share capital 581ZC. Special user rights 581ZD. Transferability of shares and attendant rights CHAPTER VI: FINANCE, ACCOUNTS AND AUDIT  581ZE. Books of account 581ZF. Internal audit 581ZG. Duties of auditor under this Part 581ZH. Donations or subscription by Producer Company 581ZI. General and other reserves 581ZJ. Issue of bonus shares    CHAPTER VII: LOANS TO MEMBERS AND INVESTMENTS  581ZK. Loan, etc., to members 581ZL. Investment in other companies, formation of subsidiaries, etc.'"
2680,2909,"'the Producer Company as may be required by the articles;  (b) \'Chief Executive\' means an individual appointed as such under sub-section (1) of section 581W; (c) \'limited return\' means the maximum dividend as may be specified by the articles; (d) \'Member\' means a person or Producer institution (whether incorporated or not) admitted as a Member of a Producer Company and who retains the qualifications necessary for continuance as such; (e) \'inter-State co-operative society\' means a multi-State co-operative society as defined in  clause (k) of section 3 of the Multi-State Co-operative Societies Act, 1984 (*51 of 1984*) and includes any co-operative society registered under any other law for the time being in force, which has, subsequent to its formation, extended any of its objects to more than one State by enlisting the participation of persons or by extending any of its activities outside the State, whether directly or indirectly or through an institution of which it is a constituent;  (f) \'mutual assistance principles\' means the principles set out in sub-section (2) of section 581G; (g) \'officer\' includes any director or Chief Executive or Secretary or any person in accordance  with whose directions or instructions part or whole of the business of the Producer Company is carried on;  (h) \'patronage\' means the use of services offered by the Producer Company to its  Members by participation in its business activities;  (i)  \'patronage bonus\' means payments made by a Producer Company out of its surplus  income to the Members in proportion to their respective patronage; (j) \'primary produce\' means -  (i) produce of farmers, arising from agriculture (including animal husbandry, horticulture,  floriculture, pisciculture, viticulture, forestry, forest products, re-vegetation, bee raising  and farming plantation products), or from any other primary activity or service which promotes the interest of the farmers or consumers; or  (ii) *produce of persons engaged in handloom, handicraft and other cottage industries*; (iii) any product resulting from any of the above activities, including by-products of such products; (iv) any product resulting from an ancillary activity that would assist or promote any of the  aforesaid activities or anything ancillary thereto;  (v) any activity which is intended to increase the production of anything referred to in subclauses (i) to (iv) *or improve the quality thereof;*  (k) \'producer\' means any person engaged in any activity connected with or relatable to any primary produce;  (l) \'Producer Company\' means a body corporate having objects or activities specified in section 581B and registered as Producer Company under this Act;  (m) \'Producer institution\' means a Producer Company or any other institution having only producer or producers or Producer Company or Producer Companies as its member whether incorporated or not having any of the objects referred to in section 581B and which agrees to make use of the services of the Producer Company or Producer Companies as provided in its articles.'"
2681,2910,' (n) \'withheld price\' means part of the price due and payable for goods supplied by any Member to the Producer Company; and as withheld by the Producer Company for payment on a subsequent date.'
2682,2911,"'581B. OBJECTS OF PRODUCER COMPANY (1) The objects of the Producer Company shall relate to all or any of the following matters, namely:-  (a) production, harvesting, procurement, grading, pooling, handling, marketing, selling,  export of primary produce of the Members or import of goods or services for their benefit:  Provided that the Producer Company may carry on any of the activities specified in this  clause either by itself or through other institution;  (b) processing including preserving, drying, distilling, brewing, vinting, canning and packaging of produce of its *Members*; (c) manufacture, sale or supply of machinery, equipment or consumables mainly to its Members; (d) providing education on the mutual assistance principles to its Members and others; (e) rendering technical services, consultancy services, training, research and development  and all other activities for the promotion of the interests of its Members;  (f) generation, transmission and distribution of power, revitalisation of land and water  resources, their use, conservation and communications relatable to primary produce; (g) *insurance of producers or their primary produce;*  (h) *promoting techniques of mutuality and mutual assistance;* (i)  welfare measures or facilities for the benefit of Members as may be decided by the Board; (j)  *any other activity, ancillary or incidental to any of the activities referred to in clauses* (a) to  (i) or other activities which may promote the principles of mutuality and mutual assistance amongst the Members in any other manner; (k) financing of procurement,  processing, marketing or other activities specified in clauses (a) to (j) which include extending of credit facilities or any other financial services to its Members.  (2) Every Producer Company shall deal primarily with the produce of its active Members for carrying out any of its objects specified in this section.    581C.'"
2683,2912,"'FORMATION OF PRODUCER COMPANY AND ITS REGISTRATION  (1)  Any ten or more individuals, each of them being a producer or any two or more Producer institutions, or a combination of ten or more individuals and Producer institutions, desirous of forming a Producer Company having its objects specified in section 581B and otherwise complying with the requirements of this Part and the provisions of this Act in respect of registration, may form an incorporated Company as a Producer Company under this Act.  (2) If the Registrar is satisfied that all the requirements of this Act have been complied with in respect of registration and matters precedent and incidental thereto, he shall, within thirty days of the receipt of the documents required for registration, register the memorandum, the articles and other documents, if any, and issue a certificate of incorporation under this Act.  (3) A Producer Company so formed shall have the liability of its Members limited by the memorandum to the amount, if any, unpaid on the shares respectively held by them and be termed a company limited by shares.  (4) The Producer Company may reimburse to its promoters all other direct costs associated with the promotion and registration of the company including registration, legal fees, printing of a memorandum and articles and the payment thereof shall be subject to the approval at its first general meeting of the Members.  (5) On registration under sub-section (1), the Producer Company shall become a body corporate as if it is a private limited company to which the provisions contained in this Part apply, without, however, any limit to the number of Members thereof, and the Producer Company shall not, under any circumstance, whatsoever, become or be deemed to become a public limited company under this Act.    581D.'"
2684,2913,"'MEMBERSHIP AND VOTING RIGHTS OF MEMBERS OF PRODUCER COMPANY (1) (a) In a case where the membership consists solely of individual members, the voting rights shall be based on a single vote for every Member, irrespective of his shareholding or patronage of the Producer Company.  (b) In a case where the membership consists of Producer institutions only, the voting rights of such Producer institutions shall be determined on the basis of their participation in the business of the Producer Company in the previous year, as may be specified by articles:  Provided that during the first year of registration of a Producer Company, the voting rights shall be determined on the basis of the shareholding by such Producer institutions.  (c) In a case where the membership consists of individuals and Producer institutions, the voting rights shall be computed on the basis of a single vote for every Member.  (2) The articles of any Producer Company may provide for the conditions, subject to which a Member may continue to retain his membership, and the manner in which voting rights shall be exercised by the Members.  (3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (7) or sub-section(2), any Producer Company may, if so authorised by its articles, restrict the voting rights to active Members, in any special or general meeting.  (4) No person, who has any business interest which is in conflict with business of the Producer Company, shall become a Member of that Company.  (5) A Member, who acquires any business interest which is in conflict with the business of the Producer Company, shall cease to be a Member of that Company and be removed as a Member in accordance with articles.     581E.'"
2685,2914,"'BENEFITS TO MEMBERS  (1) Subject to provisions made in articles, every Member shall initially receive only such  value for the produce or products pooled and supplied as the Board of Producer Company may determine, and the withheld price may be disbursed later in cash or in kind or by allotment of equity shares, in proportion to the produce supplied to the Producer Company during the financial year to such extent and in such manner and subject to such conditions as may be decided by the Board.  (2) *Every Member shall, on the share capital contributed, receive only a limited return*:  Provided that every such Member may be allotted bonus shares in accordance with the provisions contained in section *581ZJ.*  (3) The surplus if any, remaining after making provision for payment of limited return and reserves referred to in section 581ZI, may be disbursed as patronage bonus, amongst the Members, in proportion to their participation in the business of the Producer Company, either in cash or by way of allotment of equity shares, or both, as may be decided by the Members at the general meeting.    581F.'"
2686,2915,"'MEMORANDUM OF PRODUCER COMPANY The memorandum of association of every Producer Company shall state:-  (a) the name of the company with \'Producer Company Limited\' as the last words of the name of such Company; (b) the State in which the registered office of the Producer Company is to situate; (c) the main objects of the Producer Company shall be one or more of the objects specified in section 581B; (d) the names and addresses of the persons who have subscribed to the memorandum; (e) the amount of share capital with which the Producer Company is to be registered and  division thereof into shares of a fixed amount;  (f) the names, addresses and occupations of the subscribers being producers, who shall act  as the first directors in accordance with sub-section (2) *of section 581J;* (g) that the liability of its members is limited;  (h) *opposite to the subscriber's name the number of shares each subscriber takes:*   Provided *that no subscriber shall take less than one share;*  (i)  in case the objects of the Producer Company are not confined to one State, the States to whose territories the objects extend.    581G.'"
2687,2916,"'ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION (1) There shall be presented, for registration to the Registrar of the State to which the registered office of the Producer Company is, stated by the memorandum of association, to be situate:-  (a) *memorandum of the Producer Company;* (b) *its articles duly signed by the subscribers to the memorandum.*  (2) *The articles shall contain the following mutual assistance principles, namely*:-  (a) the membership shall be voluntary and available, to all eligible persons who, can participate or avail of the facilities or services of the Producer Company, and are willing to accept the duties of membership;  (b) each Member shall, save as otherwise provided in this Part, have only a single vote irrespective of the share holding;  (c) the Producer Company shall be administered by a Board consisting of persons elected or appointed as directors in the manner consistent with the provisions of this Part and the Board shall be accountable to the Members; (d) save as provided in this Part, there shall be limited return on share capital;  (e) the surplus arising out of the operations of the Producer Company shall be distributed in an equitable manner by:  (i) *providing for the development of the business of the Producer Company;* (ii) providing for common facilities; and  (iii)distributing amongst the Members, as may be admissible in proportion to their  respective participation in the business;  (f) provision shall be made for the education of Members, employees and others, on the principles of mutuality and techniques of mutual assistance;  (g) the Producer Company shall actively co-operate with other Producer Companies (and other organisations following similar principles) at local, national or international level so as to best serve the interest of their Members and the communities it purports to serve.'"
2688,2917,"' (3) *Without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing provisions of sub-sections* (1) and  (2)*, the articles shall contain the following provisions, namely*:-  (a) the qualifications for membership, the conditions for continuance or cancellation of  membership and the terms, conditions and procedure for transfer of shares;  (b) *the manner of ascertaining the patronage and voting right based on patronage*; (c) *subject to the provisions contained in sub-section* (1) of section 581N, the manner of  constitution of the Board, its powers and duties, the minimum and maximum number of directors, manner of election and appointment of directors and retirement by rotation, qualifications for being elected or continuance as such and the terms of office of the said directors, their powers and duties, conditions for election or co-option of directors, method of removal of directors and the filling up of vacancies on the Board, and the manner and the terms of appointment of the Chief Executive;  (d) the election of the Chairman, term of office of directors and the Chairman, manner of  voting at the general or special meetings of Members, procedure for voting, by directors at meetings of the Board, powers of the Chairman and the circumstances under which the Chairman may exercise a casting vote;  (e) the circumstances under which, and the manner in which, the withheld price is to be determined and distributed; (f) the manner of disbursement of patronage bonus in cash or by issue of equity shares, or both;  (g) the contribution to be shared and related matters referred to in subsection (2) of section 581ZI; (h) the matters relating to issue of bonus shares out of general reserves as set out in section 581ZJ;  (i)  *the basis and manner of allotment of equity shares of the Producer Company* in lieu of  the whole or part of the sale proceeds of produce or products supplied by the Members;  (j)  the amount of reserves, sources from which funds may be raised, limitation on raising  of funds, restriction on the use of such funds and the extent of debt that may be contracted and the conditions thereof;  (k) the credit, loans or advances which may be granted to a Member and the conditions for the grant of the same; (l)  the right of any Member to obtain information relating to general business of the company; (m) the basis and manner of distribution and disposal of funds available after meeting  liabilities in the event of dissolution or liquidation of the Producer Company;  (n) the authorisation for division, amalgamation, merger, creation of subsidiaries and the  entering into joint ventures and other matters connected therewith;  (o) laying of the memorandum and articles of the Producer Company before a special  general meeting to be held within ninety days of its registration;  (p) any other provision, which the Members may, by special resolution recommend to be included in articles.'"
2689,2918,"'   581H. AMENDMENT OF MEMORANDUM  (1) A Producer Company shall not alter the conditions contained in its memorandum except in the cases, by the mode and to the extent for which express provision is made in this Act.  (2) A Producer Company may, by special resolution, not inconsistent with section 581B, alter its objects specified in its memorandum.  (3) A copy of the amended memorandum, together with a copy of the special resolution duly certified by two directors, shall be filed with the Registrar within thirty days from the date of adoption of any resolution referred to in sub-section  (2) Provided that in the case of transfer of the registered office of a Producer Company from the jurisdiction of one Registrar to another, certified copies of the special resolution certified by two directors shall be filed with both the Registrars within thirty days, and each Registrar shall record the same, and thereupon the Registrar from whose jurisdiction the office is transferred, shall forthwith forward to the other Registrar all documents relating to the Producer Company.  (4) The alteration of the provisions of memorandum relating to the change of the place of its registered office from one State to another shall not take effect unless it is confirmed by the  1*Company Law Board on petition.*    581-I. AMENDMENT OF ARTICLES  (1) Any amendment of the articles shall be proposed by not less than two-third of the  elected directors or by not less than one-third of the Members of the Producer Company, and adopted by the Members by a special *resolution.*   (2)  A copy of the amended articles together with the copy of the special resolution, both  duly certified by two directors, shall be filed with the Registrar within thirty days from the date of its adoption.                                                                581J.'"
2690,2931,"'MEETINGS OF BOARD AND QUORUM  (1) A meeting of the Board shall be held not less than once in every three months and at least four such meetings shall be held in every year.  (2) Notice of every meeting of the Board of directors shall be given in writing to every director for the time being in India, and at his usual address in India to every other director.  (3) The Chief Executive shall give notice as aforesaid not less than seven days prior to the date of the meeting of the Board and if he fails to do so, he shall be punishable with fine which may extend to one thousand rupees: Provided that a meeting of the Board may be called at shorter notice and the reasons thereof shall be recorded in writing by the Board.  (4) The quorum for a meeting of the Board shall be one-third of the total strength of directors, subject to a minimum of three.  (5) Save as provided in the articles, directors including the co-opted director, may be paid such fees and allowances for attendance at the meetings of the Board, as may be decided by the Members in the general meeting.    581W. CHIEF EXECUTIVE AND HIS FUNCTIONS  (1) Every Producer Company shall have a full time Chief Executive, by whatever name called, to be appointed by the Board from amongst persons other than Members. (2) The Chief Executive shall be ex officio director of the Board and such director shall not retire by rotation. (3) Save as otherwise provided in articles, the qualifications, experience and the terms and conditions of service of the Chief Executive shall be such as may be determined by the Board.'"
2691,3061,"'1.1  To provide holistic and broad based supportive ecosystem to form new 10,000  FPOs to facilitate development of vibrant and sustainable income oriented farming and for overall socio-economic development and wellbeing of agrarian communities.   1.2  To enhance productivity through efficient, cost-effective and sustainable resource  use and realize higher returns through better liquidity and market linkages for their produce and become sustainable through collective action.  1.3  To provide handholding and support to new FPOs up to 5 years from the year of  creation in all aspects of management of FPO, inputs, production, processing  and value addition, market linkages, credit linkages and use of technology etc.  1.4 To provide effective capacity building to FPOs to develop agricultureentrepreneurship skills to become economically viable and self-sustaining beyond the period of support from government.'"
2692,2919,"'OPTION TO INTER-STATE CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES TO BECOME PRODUCER COMPANIES  (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1) of section 581C, any inter-State  co-operative society with objects not confined to one State may make an application to the Registrar for registration as Producer Company under this Part.  (2) Every application under sub-section (1) *shall be accompanied by -* (a) a copy of the special resolution, of not less than two-third of total members of inter-State  co-operative society, for its incorporation as a Producer Company under this Act;  (b) *a statement showing -* (i) names and addresses or the occupation of the directors and Chief Executive, if any, by  whatever name called, of such co-operative; and  (ii) *list of members of such inter-State co-operative society;* (c) a statement indicating that the inter-State co-operative society is engaged in any one or more of the objects specified in section 58IB;  (d) a declaration by two or more directors of the inter-State co-operative society certifying that particulars given in clauses (a) to (c) *are correct.*  (3) When an inter-State co-operative society is registered as a Producer Company, the words \'Producer *Company*  Limited\' shall form part of its name with any word or expression to show its identity preceding it.  (4) On compliance with the requirements of sub-sections (1) to (3), the Registrar shall, within a period of thirty days of the receipt of application, certify under his hand that the inter-State co-operative society applying for registration is registered and thereby incorporated as a Producer Company under this Part.'"
2693,2920,"' (5) A co-operative society formed by producers, by Federation or Union of co-operative societies of producers or co-operatives of producers, registered under any law for the time being in force which has extended its objects outside the State, either directly or through a union or federation of co-operatives of which it is a constituent, as the case may be, and any Federation or Unions of such co-operatives, which has so extended any of its objects or activities outside the State, shall be eligible to make an application under sub-section (1) and to obtain registration as a Producer Company under this Part.  (6) The inter-State co-operative society shall, upon registration under sub-section (1), stand transformed into a Producer Company, and there-after shall be governed by the provisions of this Part to the exclusion of the law by which it was earlier governed, save insofar as anything done or omitted to be done before its registration as a Producer Company, and notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force, no person shall have any claim against the co-operative institution or the company by reason of such conversion or transformation.  (7) Upon registration as a Producer Company, the Registrar of Companies who registers the company shall forthwith intimate the Registrar with whom the erstwhile inter-State co-operative society was earlier registered for appropriate deletion of the society from its register.    581K. EFFECT OF INCORPORATION OF PRODUCER COMPANY Every shareholder of the inter-State co-operative society immediately before the date of registration of Producer Company (hereafter referred to as the transformation date) shall be deemed to be registered on and from that date as a shareholder of the Producer Company to the extent of the face value of the shares held by such shareholder.    581L.'"
2694,2921,"'VESTING OF UNDERTAKING IN PRODUCER COMPANY  (1) All properties and assets, movable and immovable, of, or belonging to, the inter-State cooperative society as on the transformation date, shall vest in the Producer Company.  (2) All the rights, debts, liabilities, interests, privileges and obligations of the inter-State cooperative society as on the transformation date shall stand transferred to, and be the rights, debts, liabilities, interests, privileges and obligations of, the Producer Company.  (3) Without prejudice to the provisions contained in sub-section (2), all debts, liabilities and obligations incurred, all contracts entered into and all matters and things engaged to be done by, with or for, the society as on the transformation date for or in connection with their purposes, shall be deemed to have been incurred, entered into, or engaged to be done by, with or for, the Producer Company.  (4) All sums of money due to the inter-State co-operative society immediately before the transformation date, shall be deemed to be due to the Producer Company.  (5) Every organisation, which was being managed immediately before the transformation date by the inter-State co-operative society shall be managed by the Producer Company for such period, to such extent and in such manner as the circumstances may require.  (6) Every organisation which was getting financial, managerial or technical assistance from the inter-State co- operative society, immediately before the transformation date, may continue to be given financial, managerial or technical assistance, as the case may be, by the Producer Company, for such period, to such extent and in such manner as that company may deem fit.  (7) The amount representing the capital of the erstwhile inter-State co-operative society shall form part of the capital of the Producer Company.'"
2695,2937,"' (10) In the case where a Producer Company is formed by Producer institutions, such institutions shall be represented in the general body through the Chairman or the Chief Executive thereof who shall be competent to act on its behalf: Provided that a Producer institution shall not be represented if such institution makes a default or failure referred to in clauses (d) to (f) of sub-section (1) *of section 581Q.*'"
2696,2938,"'581ZB. SHARE CAPITAL  (1) *The share capital of a Producer Company shall consist of equity shares only.* (2) The shares held by a Member in a Producer Company, shall as far as may be, be in  proportion to the patronage of that company.    581ZC. SPECIAL USER RIGHTS  (1) The producers, who are active Members may, if so provided in the articles, have special rights and the Producer Company may issue appropriate instruments to them in respect of such special rights. (2) The instruments of the Producer Company issued under sub-section (1) shall, after obtaining approval of the Board in that behalf, be transferable to any other active Member of that Producer Company. Explanation. - For the purposes of this section, the expression \'special right\' means any right relating to supply of additional produce by the active Member or any other right relating to his produce which may be conferred upon him by the Board.    581ZD. TRANSFERABILITY OF SHARES AND ATTENDANT RIGHTS  (1) Save as otherwise provided in sub-sections (2) to (4), the shares of a Member of a Producer  Company shall not be transferable.  (2) A Member of a Producer Company may, after obtaining the previous approval of the  Board, transfer the whole or part of his shares along with any special rights, to an active Member at par value.  (3) Every Member shall, within three months of his becoming a Member in the Producer  Company, nominate, in the manner specified in articles, a person to whom his shares in the Producer Company shall vest in the event of his death.'"
2697,2922,"' (8) Any reference to the inter-State co-operative society in any law other than this Act or in any contract or other instrument, shall be deemed to be reference to the Producer Company.  (9) If, on the transformation date, there is pending any suit, arbitration, appeal or other legal proceeding of whatever nature by or against the inter-State co-operative society, the same shall not abate, be discontinued or be in any way prejudicially affected by reason of the incorporation of the Producer Company under section 581C or transformation of the inter-State co-operative society as a Producer Company under section 581J, as the case may be, but the suit, arbitration, appeal or other proceeding, may be continued, prosecuted and enforced by or against the Producer Company in the same manner and to the same extent as it would have, or may have been continued, prosecuted and enforced by or against the inter-State co-operative society as if the provisions contained in this Part had not come into force.    581M. CONCESSION, ETC., TO BE DEEMED TO HAVE BEEN GRANTED TO PRODUCER COMPANY With effect from the transformation date, all fiscal and other concessions, licences, benefits, privileges and exemptions granted to the inter-State co-operative society in connection with the affairs and business of the inter-State cooperative society under any law for the time being in force shall be deemed to have been granted to the Producer Company.'"
2698,2923,"'(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in section 581-O, all the directors in the inter-State co-operative society before the incorporation of the Producer Company shall continue in office for a period of one year from the transformation date and in accordance with the provisions of this Act.  (2) Every officer or other employee of the inter-State co-operative society (except a director of the Board, Chairman or Managing Director) serving in its employment immediately before the transformation date shall, insofar as such officer or other employee is employed in connection with the inter-State co-operative society which has vested in the Producer Company by virtue of this Act, become, as from the transformation date, an officer or, as the case may be, other employee of the Producer Company and shall hold his office or service therein by the same tenure, at the same remuneration, upon the same terms and conditions, with the same obligations and with the same rights and privileges as to leave, leave travel concession, welfare scheme, medical benefit scheme, insurance, provident fund, other funds, retirement, voluntary retirement, gratuity and other benefits as he would have held under the erstwhile inter-State cooperative society if its undertaking had not vested in the Producer Company and shall continue to do so as an officer or, as the case may be, other employee of the Producer Company.  (3) Where an officer or other employee of the inter-State co-operative society opts under subsection (2) not to be in employment or service of the Producer Company, such officer or other employee shall be deemed to have resigned.'"
2699,2924,"'(4) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 or in any other law for the time being in force, the transfer of the services of any officer or other employee of the inter-State co-operative society to the Producer Company shall not entitle such officer or other employee to any compensation under this Act or under any other law for the time being in force and no such claim shall be entertained by any court, tribunal or other authority. (5) The officers and other employees who have retired before the transformation date from the service of the interstate co-operative society and are entitled to any benefits, rights or privileges, shall be entitled to receive the same benefits, rights or privileges from the Producer Company. (6) The trusts of the provident fund or the gratuity fund of the inter-State cooperative society and any other bodies created for the welfare of officers or employees shall continue to discharge functions in the Producer Company as was being done hitherto in the inter-State co-operative society and any tax exemption granted to the provident fund or the gratuity fund would continue to be applied to the Producer Company.  (7) Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act or in any other law for the time being in force or in the regulations of the inter-State co-operative society, no director of the Board, Chairman, Managing Director or any other person entitled to manage the whole or substantial part of the business and affairs of the inter-State co-operative society shall be entitled to any compensation against the inter-State co-operative society or the Producer Company for the loss of office or for the premature termination of any contract of management entered into by him with the inter-State cooperative society.'"
2700,2994,"'1.4 With active support of the District Agriculture Department, the federations were involved in establishing field demonstration plots for cultivation of paddy (300 ha), chana (500 ha) and green gram (500 ha). Similarly, the agriculture department also encouraged the federations to establish retail outlets for selling inputs like seeds, pesticides and fertilizers by providing them with retail licenses.'"
2701,2995,'1.5   The various events that occurred in the transformation of farmer clubs could be depicted in a graphic as under:'
2702,2926,"' (6) The Board may co-opt one or more expert directors or an additional director not  exceeding one-fifth of the total number of directors or appoint any other person as additional director for such period as the Board may deem fit: Provided that the expert directors shall not have the right to vote in the election of the Chairman but shall be eligible to be elected as Chairman, if so provided by its articles: Provided further that the maximum period, for which the expert director or the additional director holds office, shall not exceed such period as may be specified in the articles.    581Q.'"
2703,2927,"'VACATION OF OFFICE BY DIRECTORS (1) *The office of the director of a Producer Company shall become vacant if-*  (a) he is convicted by a Court of any offence involving moral turpitude and sentenced in  respect thereof to imprisonment for not less than six months;  (b) the Producer Company, in which he is a director, has made a default in repayment of  any advances or loans taken from any company or institution or any other person and such default continues for ninety days;  (c) he has made a default in repayment of any advances or loans taken from the Producer  Company in which he is a director;  (d) *the Producer Company, in which he is a director -*  (i)  has not filed the annual accounts and annual return for any continuous three financial years commencing on or after the 1st day of April, 2002; or  (ii) has failed to, repay its deposit or withheld price or patronage bonus or interest thereon on due date, or pay dividend and such failure continues for one year or more;  (e) default is made in holding election for the office of director, in the Producer Company in which he is a director, in accordance with the provisions of this Act and articles;  (f) the annual general meeting or extraordinary general meeting of the Producer Company, in which he is a director, is not called in accordance with the provisions of this Act except due to natural calamity or such other reason. (2) The provisions of sub-section (1) shall, as far as may be, apply to the director of a Producer institution which is a member of a Producer Company. 581R.'"
2704,2928,"'POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF BOARD  (1) Subject to the provisions of this Act and articles, the Board of directors of a Producer Company shall exercise all such powers and to do all such acts and things, as that company is authorised so to do.  (2) In particular and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing powers, such powers may include all or any of the following matters, namely:-  (a) *determination of the dividend payable*; (b) determination of the quantum of withheld price and recommend patronage to be approved at general meeting; (c) *admission of new Members*; (d) pursue and formulate the organisational policy, objectives, establish specific long-term  and annual objectives, and approve corporate strategies and financial plans;  (e) appointment of a Chief Executive and such other officers of the Producer Company, as  may be specified in the articles;  (f) exercise superintendence, direction and control over Chief Executive and other officers appointed by it; (g) cause proper books of account to be maintained; prepare annual accounts to be placed before the annual general meeting with the auditor's report and the replies on qualifications, if any, made by the auditors;   (h) acquisition or disposal of property of the Producer Company in its ordinary course of business;  (i) investment of the funds of the Producer Company in the ordinary course of its business; (j) sanction any loan or advance, in connection with the business activities of the Producer  Company to any Member, not being a director or his relative;  (k) take such other measures or do such other acts as may be required in the discharge of its  functions or exercise of its powers.'"
2705,2932,"'(4) The Chief Executive shall be entrusted with substantial powers of management as the Board may determine. (5) Without prejudice to the generality of sub-section (4), the Chief Executive may exercise  the powers and discharge the functions, namely:-  (a) do administrative acts of a routine nature including managing the day-to-day affairs of the Producer Company; (b) operate bank accounts or authorise any person, subject to the general or special approval of the Board in this behalf, to operate the bank account;  (c) *make arrangements for safe custody of cash and other assets of the Producer Company;* (d) sign such documents as may be authorised by the Board, for and on behalf of the company; (e) maintain proper books of account; prepare annual accounts and audit thereof; place the  audited accounts before the Board and in the annual general meeting of the Members;  (f) furnish Members with periodic information to appraise them of the operation and functions of the Producer Company; (g) make appointments to posts in accordance with the powers dele-gated to him by the Board; (h) *assist the Board in the formulation of goals, objectives, strategies, plans and policies;*  i)  advise the Board with respect to legal and regulatory matters concerning the proposed  and ongoing activities and take necessary action in respect thereof;  (j)  *exercise the powers as may be necessary in the ordinary course of business;* (k) discharge such other functions, and exercise such other powers, as may be delegated by the Board.  (6) The Chief Executive shall manage the affairs of the Producer Company under the general superintendence, direction and control of the Board and be accountable for the performance of the Producer Company.'"
2706,2933,"' (1) Every Producer Company having an average annual turnover exceeding five crore rupees in each of three consecutive financial years shall have a whole-time secretary.  (2) No individual shall be appointed as whole-time secretary unless he possesses membership of the Institute of Company Secretaries of India constituted under the Company Secretaries Act, 1980. (3) If a Producer Company fails to comply with the provisions of sub-section (1), the company and every officer of the company who is in default, shall be punishable with fine which may extend to five hundred rupees for every day during which the default continues:  Provided that in any proceedings against a person in respect of an offence under this subsection, it shall be a defence to prove that all reasonable efforts to comply with the provisions of sub-section (1) were taken or that the financial position of the company was such that it was beyond its capacity to engage a whole-time secretary.    581Y. QUORUM Unless the articles require a larger number, one-fourth of the total membership shall constitute the quorum at a general meeting.  581Z. VOTING RIGHTS Save as otherwise provided in sub-sections (1) and (3) of section 58ID, every Member shall have one vote and in the case of equality of votes, the Chairman or the person presiding shall have a casting vote except in the case of election of the Chairman.'"
2707,2942,"'581ZK. LOAN, ETC., TO MEMBERS The Board may, subject to the provisions made in articles, provide financial assistance to the Members of the Producer Company by way of -  (a) credit facility, to any Member, in connection with the business of the Producer  Company, for a period not exceeding six months;  (b)  loans and advances, against security specified in articles to any Member, repayable  within a period exceeding three months but not exceeding seven years from the date of disbursement of such loan or advances: Provided that any loan or advance to any director or his relative shall be granted only after the approval by the Members in general meeting.    581ZL. INVESTMENT IN OTHER COMPANIES, FORMATION OF SUBSIDIARIES, ETC  (1) The general reserves of any Producer Company shall be invested to secure the highest  returns available from approved securities, fixed deposits, units, bonds issued by the Government or co-operative or scheduled bank or in such other mode as may be prescribed.  (2) Any Producer Company may, for promotion of its objectives acquire the shares of another Producer Company. (3) Any Producer Company may subscribe to the share capital of, or enter into any  agreement or other arrangement, whether by way of formation of its subsidiary company, joint venture or in any other manner with any body corporate, for the purpose of promoting the objects of the Producer Company by special resolution in this behalf.'"
2708,2934,"'general meeting, as its annual general meeting and shall specify the meeting as such in the notices calling it, and not more than fifteen months shall elapse between the date of one annual general meeting of a Producer Company and that of the next:  Provided that the Registrar may, for any special reason, permit extension of the time for holding any annual general meeting (not being the first annual general meeting) by a period not exceeding three months.  (2) A Producer Company shall hold its first annual general meeting within a period of ninety  days from the date of its incorporation.  (3) The Members shall adopt the articles of the Producer Company and appoint directors  of its Board in the annual general meeting.'"
2709,2935,"' (4) The notice calling the annual general meeting shall be accompanied by the following documents, namely:- (a) *the agenda of the annual general meeting*; (b) the minutes of the previous annual general meeting or the extraordinary general meeting; (c) the names of candidates for election, if any, to the office of director including a statement  of qualifications in respect of each candidate;  (d) the audited balance-sheet and profit and loss accounts of the Producer Company and its  subsidiary, if any, together with a report of the Board of directors of such Company with respect to -  (i)   *the state of affairs of the Producer Company;* (ii)  *the amount proposed to be carried to reserve;* (iii) *the amount to be paid as limited return on share capital*; (iv) *the amount proposed to be disbursed as patronage bonus*; (v)  the material changes and commitments, if any, affecting the financial position of the  Producer Company and its subsidiary, which have occurred in between the date of the annual accounts of the Producer Company to which the balance sheet relates and the date of the report of the Board;  (vi) any other matter of importance relating to energy conservation, environmental  protection, expenditure or earnings in foreign exchanges;  (vii) *any other matter which is required to be, or may be, specified by the Board;* (e) *the text of the draft resolution for appointment of auditors;* (f) the text of any draft resolution proposing amendment to the memorandum or articles to  be considered at the general meeting, along with the recommendations of the Board.'"
2710,2936,"' (4) The Board of directors shall, on the requisition made in writing, duly signed and setting out the matters for the consideration, made by one-third of the Members entitled to vote in any general meeting, proceed to call an extraordinary general meeting in accordance with the provisions contained in sections 169 to 186 of this Act.  (5) Every annual general meeting shall be called, for a time during business hours, on a day that is not a public holiday and shall be held at the registered office of the Producer Company or at some other place within the city, town or village in which the registered office of the Company is situate.  (6) A general meeting of the Producer Company shall be called by giving not less than fourteen days prior notice in writing.  (7) The notice of the general meeting indicating the date, time and place of the meeting shall be sent to every Member and auditor of the Producer Company.  (8) Unless the articles of the Producer Company provide for a larger number, one-fourth of the total number of members of the Producer Company shall be the quorum for its annual general meeting.  (9) The proceedings of every annual general meeting along with the Directors' Report, the audited balance sheet and the profit and loss account shall be filed with the Registrar within sixty days of the date on which the annual general meeting is held, with an annual return along with the filing fees as applicable under the Act.'"
2711,2939,"' (4) The nominee shall, on the death of the Member, become entitled to all the rights in the shares of the Producer Company and the Board of that Company shall transfer the shares of the deceased Member to his nominee: Provided that in a case where such nominee is not a producer, the Board shall direct the surrender of shares together with special rights, if any, to the Producer Company at par value or such other value as may be determined by the Board. (5) *Where the Board of a Producer Company is satisfied that* - (a) *any Member has ceased to be a primary producer;* or (b) any Member has failed to retain his qualifications to be a Member as specified in articles, the Board shall direct the surrender of shares together with special rights, if any, to the Producer Company at par value or such other value as may be determined by the Board:  Provided that the Board shall not direct such surrender of shares unless the Member has been served with a written notice and given an opportunity of being heard.'"
2712,2940,"'581ZE. BOOKS OF ACCOUNT (1) Every Producer Company shall keep at its registered office proper books of account with respect to -  (a) all sums of money received and expended by the Producer Company and the matters  in respect of which the receipts and expenditure take place;  (b) *all sales and purchase of goods by the Producer Company;* (c) *the instruments of liability executed by or on behalf of the Producer Company;* (d) *the assets and liabilities of the Producer Company;* (e) in case of a Producer Company engaged in production, processing and manufacturing,  the particulars relating to utilisation of materials or labour or other items of costs.  (2) The balance sheet and profit and loss accounts of the Producer Company shall be prepared, as far as may be, in accordance with the provisions contained in section 211.    581ZF. INTERNAL AUDIT Every Producer Company shall have internal audit of its accounts carried out, at such interval and in such manner as may be specified in articles, by a chartered accountant as defined in clause (b) of sub-section (1) of section 2 of the Institute of Chartered Accountants Act, 1949 (*38 of 1949*).    581ZG. DUTIES OF AUDITOR UNDER THIS PART Without prejudice to the provisions contained in section 227, the auditor shall report on the following additional matters relating to the Producer Company, namely:-  (a) *the amount of debts due along with particulars of bad debts if any:* (b) *the verification of cash balance and securities;* (c) *the details of assets and liabilities;* (d) *all transactions which appear to be contrary to the provisions of this Part;* (e) *the loans given by the Producer Company to the directors;* (f) *the donations or subscriptions given by the Producer Company;* (g) *any other matter as may be considered necessary by the auditor.*    581ZH.'"
2713,2941,"'DONATIONS OR SUBSCRIPTION BY PRODUCER COMPANY A Producer Company may, by special resolution, make donation or subscription to any institution or individual for the purposes of -  (a) promoting the social and economic welfare of Producer Members or producers or general public; or (b) *promoting the mutual assistance principles:* Provided that the aggregate amount of all such donation and subscription in any financial year shall not exceed three per cent of the net profit of the Producer Company in the financial year immediately preceding the financial year in which the donation or subscription was made: Provided further that no Producer Company shall make directly or indirectly to any political party or for any political purpose to any person any contribution or subscription or make available any facilities including personnel or material.    581ZI. GENERAL AND OTHER RESERVES  (1) Every Producer Company shall maintain a general reserve in every financial year, in addition to any reserve maintained by it as may be specified in articles.  (2) In a case where the Producer Company does not have sufficient funds in any financial year for transfer to maintain the reserves as may be specified in articles, the contribution to the reserve shall be shared amongst the Members in proportion to their patronage in the business of that company in that year.    581ZJ. ISSUE OF BONUS SHARES Any Producer Company may, upon recommendation of the Board and passing of resolution in the general meeting, issue bonus shares by capitalisation of amounts from general reserves referred to in section 581ZI in proportion to the shares held by the Members on the date of the issue of such shares.'"
2714,2956,"'The FPOs will be required to be suitably organized into business entity and registered under the relevant statute of Law. The cost of establishing appropriate management, registration fee (as a legal entity) including compliance to all legal formalities, etc., will be provided under the Fund subject to a maximum of Rs 30,000 per FPO/FPC.  6.2.3.4 Training to Board of Directors of FPO Board of Directors of the FPO will be required to be sensitized at least once in a year for three consecutive years covering areas like functioning of FPOs, organizational structure, business operation and management, market linkages, legal aspects of FPO, regulatory compliance, good governance practices, transparency & accountability, vision building, leadership development, communication skills and MIS. Three training programmes i.e. one programme every year for three years will be organised by the POPI with a total grant support of Rs.75,000/-.'"
2715,2957,"'The day to day operation and management of the business of FPO is the responsibility of its Chief Executive Officer under the guidance of the Board of FPO. The Chief Executive Officer of the FPO will be trained during the initial two years for which a grant support of Rs.20,000 will be provided to POPI @ Rs. 10,000 per programme for two programmes.'"
2716,2943,"' (4) Any Producer Company, either by itself or together with its subsidiaries, may invest,  by way of subscription, purchase or otherwise, shares in any other company, other than a Producer Company, specified under sub-section (2), or subscription of capital under subsection (3), for an amount not exceeding thirty per cent of the aggregate of its paid-up capital and free reserves: Provided that a Producer Company may, by special resolution passed in its general meeting and with prior approval of the Central Government, invest in excess of the limits specified in this section.  (5) All investments by a Producer Company may be made if such investments are consistent with the objects of the Producer Company. (6) The Board of a Producer Company may, with the previous approval of Members by a  special resolution, dispose of any of its investments referred to in sub-sections (3) *and* (4).  (7) Every Producer Company shall maintain a register containing particulars of all the  investments, showing the names of the companies in which shares have been acquired, number and value of shares; the date of acquisition; and the manner and price at which any of the shares have been subsequently disposed of.  (8) The register referred to in sub-section (7) shall be kept at the registered office of the  Producer Company and the same shall be open to inspection by any Member who may take extracts therefrom.'"
2717,2944,"'     Attachment  2: PRODUCE Fund Operational Guidelines NB.FSPD/ 619  /FSPD- Policy/2014-15    dated 15 January 2015 FSPD-Circular No.               dated 15 January 2015 The Chief General Manager /Officer-in-Charge All Regional Offices/Sub-offices and Training Establishments NABARD Dear Sir Scheme for promotion of Farmer Producer Organizations:   Operational Guidelines Hon'ble Union Finance Minister while presenting Union Budget for 2014-15, has announced setting up of \'Producers Organization Development and Upliftment Corpus (PRODUCE) Fund of Rs. 200 crore in NABARD to be utilized for the building and promotion of 2000 Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) in next two years. This initiative will address the initial requirements of the emerging Farmer Producer Organizations which, in turn, will provide new business opportunities for financing institutions, to support them with credit. 2.     The operational guidelines for promotion of Farmer Producer Organizations by using the PRODUCE Fund is given as **Annexure-I**. It has been decided to initiate works relating to promotion of Farmer Producer Organization as per the above operational guidelines by using the funds available under Producer Organization Development Fund (PODF), WDF (Rs.10 crore) and TDF (Rs.5 crore). The above mentioned funds available under WDF and TDF are to be utilized strictly for promotion of FPOs in the command area of watershed and wadi projects respectively. 3.  Grant assistance to POPIs/FPOs for undertaking various promotional interventions may be sanctioned by the CGM/OIC of the RO based on the recommendations of PSC constituted at RO for the purpose. The item-wise outlay indicated in **Appendix-I** are the maximum eligible amount. Therefore, while considering the proposal of POPIs, utmost care may be taken to assess the actual financial needs in individual cases without compromising on the effectiveness of the FPO. The grant amount sanctioned may be released by the ROs as per the schedule indicated in **Appendix-II**. 4.'"
2718,2970,"'a. An Equity Grant Sanction Committee (EGSC) will evaluate the applications. SFAC,  shall have full authority to decide on the applications and its decision in this regard shall be final.  b. Sanction will be conveyed to the FPC through a Sanction Letter issued within 7  working days of the decision of the EGSC,'"
2719,2971,"'i.  On receipt of the Equity Grant amount, the FPC shall allot additional shares to its shareholder members equivalent in value to the amount of the Grant received by it, on the basis specified in the Scheme within the 45 day time-line and communicate the details to SFAC.  ii.  The maximum grant per category of shareholder is as follows: a. Individual Shareholder - Rs. 1000.00 b. Group of Individual Shareholders (e.g. SHG, Farmer Interest Group, JLG of Farmers) –Number of Members multiplied by Rs. 1,000.00, subject to a maximum of Rs. 20,000.00 c. Institutional Shareholders (Farmer Producer Companies) - Rs. 1, 00,000.00  iii.  SFAC shall be authorised to examine the accounts and supporting documents at any time during the period of its Agreement with FPC. The recipient agrees to provide all relevant information or explanations that SFAC may reasonably request.   iv.  The FPC shall enter into an Agreement with SFAC before the Equity Grant can be disbursed.  v.  The criteria for calculation of Equity Grant (rounded off to the Share Unit Value (subject to point (iii)) to each shareholder member of the FPC (as per authenticated copy of the Shareholders Register maintained by the Producers Company as per the applicable provisions of the relevant Act) is as follows:  a) Allocation of shares shall be on matching/ pro-rata basis of the shareholders' current shareholding, subject to the maximum specified above and ensuring that each shareholder member receives minimum one equity share.'"
2720,2945,"'   For the purpose of reporting the physical progress in formation of FPOs under our scheme, the date of submitting application for registration may be construed as the date of FPO formation. In case of existing farmers organizations which have evolved as FPO without financial assistance from any agency and already registered in some legal form, these FPOs may also be considered under our scheme for extending promotional grant assistance to ensure their upliftment as sustainable business enterprise. However, in such cases ROs have to exercise due diligence to ensure their credibility, potential and future prospects to be able to function as business entity. 5.    The contents of the circular may be brought to the notice of all concerned. (Dr. B G Mukhopadhyay) Chief General Manager Encls: As above'"
2721,2946,"'The broad objective of the Fund is to build, promote and nurture Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) by way of extending the required financial & non-financial support during the nascent/ formative stage. It is critical to support FPOs in terms of awareness creation, capacity building, technical support, professional management, market access, regulatory requirements, etc. and provide handholding support for a minimum period of 3 years and the same is met as grant under the Fund. The requirement of the FPOs for their business has to be met out of their own funds, equity, credit, profit generated, etc.'"
2722,2947,"'An Organization will be called a Farmer Producer Organization, if    it is formed by a group of primary producers     it is a registered body and a legal entity    producers are primary shareholders in the organization    it deals with business activities related to the primary produce/product/ related inputs    it works for the benefit of the member producers    portions of profit are shared amongst the producers and the balance goes to the share capital or reserves.    It has minimum shareholding members numbering 50 at the time of registration. However, the  shareholding membership will have to be increased over a period of 3 years to a sustainable level.'"
2723,2948,"'The guiding principles for assistance under the Fund will be broadly as indicated below:  i.  The FPO registered under any statute / legal form  will be supported  ii.  The FPO will act for the benefit of the producers  iii.  There is active community participation (ownership/ management/ empowerment)  iv.  Activities of FPO to be eligible for support under the Fund may fall within the domain of agriculture / activities allied to agriculture including dairy, poultry, fisheries, etc. and cover the entire value chain.  v.  The support under the scheme will broadly cover the cost towards promotion of FPOs including capacity building, business planning, registration, MIS development, market linkages and linkage to value chain, administrative expenses of promoting agency, deliberations/ interaction meets, documentation, research, publicity, monitoring of progress and such other items of expenditure required for promotion of FPOs.   vi.  There is integrated approach in implementation of projects(need-based and flexible, convergence with other schemes / programmes)'"
2724,2949,"'i.  Identification of potential FPOs among successful Watershed Development projects, Wadi Projects and their Federations.  ii.  Identification of natural clusters of farmers groups to facilitate formation of FPOs  iii.  Close involvement of stakeholders such as NGOs, Banks, Govt. line departments, commodity Boards, Corporations, Corporate, functional Universities, cooperatives, Federations, Trade bodies, etc. for identification, promotion, nurturing, development, capacity building, evaluation etc. of FPOs  iv.  Development of Best Practices, Pilot Projects and Success Stories for wider publicity and field level replication  v.  Adoption of mission mode with periodic qualitative and quantitative milestones with  timelines  vi.  Wide publicity to the FPO Scheme through print, electronic media and  adopting other Mass Communication Strategies  vii.  Conventional/non-conventional publicity and awareness creation methods  viii.  Launching of pilot projects, action research projects, experimental projects, field trials etc. to learn and understand various models of FPOs and successful strategies for wider replication'"
2725,2950,"'NABARD RO will identify one state level Resource Support Agencies (RSAs) having adequate experience in successful promotion of FPOs. An agreement between NABARD, RO and the RSAs will be executed for implementing the scheme in the State.'"
2726,2951,"'The Resource Support Agencies will be involved in organising capacity building of the Producer Organization Promoting Institutions (POPIs), providing necessary training and handholding support to POPIs for undertaking the promotion of FPOs in the State. Also, the RSAs will be required to guide/ oversee the overall implementation of the scheme and facilitate value addition, marketing, storage and other services required by the FPOs. The RSAs identified should have the technical expertise and field experience to provide the above mentioned services to the POPIs.'"
2727,2952,"'NABARD RO will identify in consultation with RSAs required number of POPIs in the state based on the following minimum eligibility criteria.  i.  Registered under the relevant Acts as legal entities  ii.  Minimum 3 years audited balance sheets/ P&L accounts  iii.  Good track record/relevant experience in the field of implementing NABARD programmes  iv.  It has requisite dedicated and professionally competent staff and adequate infrastructure facilities for carrying out the developmental works  v.  It has not been blacklisted by any funding Agency/Banks/ Govt./ Other Agency  vi.  It has no negative net worth and no default to any financial institution  vii.  It has adequate expertise in organising technical help  viii.  It has demonstrated the facilitating of businesses or large scale livelihood activities with market linkage  6.2.1 Role of Producer Organization Promoting Institutions (POPIs): The POPI will identify potential FPOs from successful Watershed Development projects, Wadi Projects and their Federations, existing Farmers Clubs, Farmers' Cooperatives, Self Help Groups, Joint Liability Groups, Rythu Mitra Groups, Farmers Interest Groups or their federations, etc. As far as possible VWC, Wadi clusters, Self Help Groups, Joint Liability Groups, Rythu Mitra Groups, Farmers Interest Groups, etc., financed by a bank branch may be considered for federating under one FPO. Thereafter, the POPI will focus on awareness creation among farmers and motivate them to form FPOs. The POPI will thereafter undertake training need assessments (TNAs) of the producers and also assess infrastructure requirements, market intervention and other support facilities/ linkages necessary for the success of FPOs. This will be followed by designing and organising capacity building programmes, preparation of business development plan for the FPOs, establishment and registration under appropriate Act, facilitation in credit and market linkage.'"
2728,2953,"'The POPIs will have to develop organization chart, business plans, nurture the POs and provide handholding support towards maturity for a minimum period of 3 years. These Agencies could be Non-Governmental Organizations, Trusts, Corporates, State Govt. Departments, NABARD-promoted subsidiaries, KVK, Big Farmer Producer Companies, Farmers Federations, Commodity Board/ Federations/ Exchanges, Co-op Milk Unions and other experienced Institutions meeting the eligibility criteria prescribed. 6.2.3. Assistance Available to POPIs Taking into consideration various efforts required for creation of awareness, organization and capacity building and other requirements of FPOs, the POPIs will be eligible for grant support to undertake the following activities. A MOU in this regard will be entered into between the RO and POPIs.'"
2729,2954,"'A base line survey may be undertaken by the POPI and the farmers around a particular cluster, commodity, market, processing, storage unit, etc. may be mobilized into FPOs in consultation with State Govt. Departments, NABARD, Commodity Boards, etc. Existing Farmer Clubs, SHGs, JLGs, Village Watershed Committees, Wadi Clusters, etc., could be considered for organizing them into FPOs. To cover the initial expenses on such awareness/ mobilization activities, a maximum budget of Rs.30000/ per FPO will be provided.'"
2730,2955,"'Training/ capacity building/ skill development interventions including conduct of exposure visits for the member farmers will be undertaken by the POPIs in the areas of farm production, input/ output management, productivity enhancement, process improvement, agribusiness operation/management, book keeping, regulatory compliance, internal organizational structure, good governance, etc. For this, the POPIs will be adopting the module developed by XIMB/ other agencies with suitable modification to suit the local requirements. Two trainings each year during the first three years will be organized by the POPI with a total grant support of Rs 75,000.'"
2731,2958,"'This will include the expenses towards compensation for one local resource person and other administrative expenses to be incurred by the POPI including handholding support. A total of Rs.1,50,000 @ Rs.50,000 per year for three years will be provided. 6.2.3.7 Other Expenditure-Preparation of DPR, MIS and conduct of Audit, etc. The POPI will be required to facilitate preparation of a 3 year sustainable business plan by the FPO, development of a proper MIS and reporting system and system of book keeping,  preparation of annual balance-sheet and profit & loss account of the FPO and ensuring their timely audit. The Business plan will be prepared through a participatory process and may, among other things, include items like input needs assessment, creation of small infrastructure for value addition, market linkages, market intelligence, interface with buyers (market facilitation & aggregation); cost estimate for each activity, means of finance, implementing strategy and monitoring of progress. The POPI will be sanctioned a grant assistance of Rs.50,000/- for the above activities. 7.0 Assistance Available to Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) The promotional support to Farmer Producer Organizations out of the PRODUCE Fund will be extended for the following activities:'"
2732,2959,"'The Board of FPO will appoint a Chief Executive Officer (CEO) on a full term basis for running its day to day business. NABARD will provide grant assistance to the FPO towards meeting the compensation of CEO for three years on a tapering basis. Grant assistance towards compensation of the CEO will be Rs.1,20,000/- during the first year @ Rs.10,000 per month and Rs.84,000 (i.e. 70% of the first year grant) and Rs.72,000, (i.e. 60% of the first year grant) during 2nd and 3rd years respectively.  In addition, grant support @ Rs.50,000 per year for three years will be provided towards meeting the office expenses including purchase of small furniture and payment of electricity, postage, etc.'"
2733,2960,"'With a view to enabling the FPOs during their formative stage to access market for their produce and for facilitating primary processing/value addition/aggregation to improve marketability of the farm produce, a one-time revolving fund assistance of  Rs.50,000/ will be made available. 7.3 Capacity Building of POPI The capacity building programme of POPIs will be organised by the RSA/Expert Agency identified by the RO. The overall capacity building programme of POPIs will be coordinated by RSA/RO. The details of item-wise maximum support available to POPIs &FPOs under the Fund, are enclosed as Appendix-I.'"
2734,2961,"'At National Level, an Advisory Committee  will be constituted consisting of 15-20 members / experts from reputed academic institutions / NGOs / representatives of GOI, State Govt, SFAC, Corporates, Value Chain Players and Banks. Similarly State Level Consultative Committee will be constituted with 7-10 members consisting of CGM NABRD, SLBC Convenor, Director Agriculture, Director Horticulture, Resource Support Agency/POPI, Banks, etc.'"
2735,2962,"'The progress in the utilization of Fund and promotion of FPOs will be monitored by the Board of Directors of NABARD which has representation from the Govt. of India, State Govt., RBI. In addition, Project Monitoring Units will be set up by NABARD to monitor the progress at the field level with the help of State Level Resource agencies/ PMUs. The overall physical and financial progress will be monitored and mapped by developing a suitable software with the help of Consulting Organisation. 10.0 State-wise Physical Allocation: Based on the number of existing Farmer Clubs, commodity clusters, watershed development projects, Wadi projects, farmer collectives formed under other promotional schemes of NABARD, initiatives of various State Govt./SFAC in promoting FPOs and our own assessment of the available potential, Statewise physical allocation has been made. The details of the same are presented in Appendix-II.'"
2736,2963,'11.1. Banks may be encouraged to extend need based financial assistance to FPOs. ROs may organise meets at the State /District level to create awareness and to promote the scheme among all the stakeholders.'
2737,2964,"'| S No Eligible Activity for Support           | Maximum amount of assistance per PO                              |\n|----------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| (Rs. lakh)                                   |                                                                  |\n| Yr 1                                         | Yr 2                                                             |\n| I                                            | Support to Producer Organizations(POs)                           |\n| 1                                            | Salary expenses of CEO @                                         |\n| 0.50                                         | 0.50                                                             |\n| postage, electricity, etc.                   |                                                                  |\n| 0.50                                         | -                                                                |\n| processing / value addition/ aggregation to  |                                                                  |\n| improve marketability                        |                                                                  |\n| 4                                            | Establishment / Registration ( New FPOs only)                    |\n|                                              | Sub-total for PO (I)                                             |\n| II                                           | Support to PO Promoting Institutions (POPIs) on behalf of one PO |\n| 1                                            | Mobilizing of Farmers (New FPOs only)                            |\n| 0.25                                         | 0.25                                                             |\n| two  trainings & exposure visits for farmers |                                                                  |\n| 0.25                                         | 0.25                                                             |\n| year                                         |                                                                  |\n| 0.10                                         | 0.10                                                             |\n| two years                                    |                                                                  |\n| 5                                            | Salary of POPI Resource person                                   |\n| 6                                            | Other expenses - MIS, audit, DPR, etc. (LS)                      |\n| 7                                            | Sub-total for POPI for promoting one PO (II)                     |\n| 8                                            | Total (I+II)                                                     |'"
2738,2965,"'| Timelines                              | Deliverables                                        | Release Amount         | Instal          |\n|----------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------|------------------------|-----------------|\n| ment                                   |                                                     |                        |                 |\n| I                                      | Approval of concept note & signing of MOU with POPI | 25% of Ist year's cost |                 |\n| II                                     | 3 months from                                       |                        |                 |\n| signing MOU                            |                                                     |                        |                 |\n| 25% of Ist year's cost &               |                                                     |                        |                 |\n| satisfactory                           | utilization                                         | of                     |                 |\n| earlier release                        |                                                     |                        |                 |\n| Cluster identified, baseline done,     |                                                     |                        |                 |\n| farmers data base computerized &       |                                                     |                        |                 |\n| awareness meeting and exposure visit   |                                                     |                        |                 |\n| conducted                              |                                                     |                        |                 |\n| III                                    | 6 months from                                       |                        |                 |\n| signing MOU                            |                                                     |                        |                 |\n| 25% of Ist year's cost &               |                                                     |                        |                 |\n| satisfactory                           | utilization                                         | of                     |                 |\n| Constitution of BOD, training of BOD,  |                                                     |                        |                 |\n| completions of statutory processes &   |                                                     |                        |                 |\n| application for registration           | .                                                   | earlier release        |                 |\n| IV                                     | 12 months from                                      |                        |                 |\n| signing MOU                            |                                                     |                        |                 |\n| CEO appointed, training of CEO,        |                                                     |                        |                 |\n| Business plan & MIS prepared           |                                                     |                        |                 |\n| Balance of Ist year's cost &           |                                                     |                        |                 |\n| satisfactory                           | utilization                                         | of                     |                 |\n| earlier release                        |                                                     |                        |                 |\n| V                                      | 18 months from                                      |                        |                 |\n| signing MOU                            |                                                     |                        |                 |\n| 50% of 2                               |                                                     |                        |                 |\n| nd                                     |                                                     |                        |                 |\n| year's cost &                          |                                                     |                        |                 |\n| satisfactory                           | utilization                                         | of                     |                 |\n| earlier release                        |                                                     |                        |                 |\n| Applied for licenses for input, access |                                                     |                        |                 |\n| to credit as per plan, buyer-seller    |                                                     |                        |                 |\n| meet, list of shareholders prepared    |                                                     |                        |                 |\n| with crop details, annual report       |                                                     |                        |                 |\n| finalized.                             |                                                     |                        |                 |\n| VI                                     | 24 months from                                      |                        |                 |\n| signing MOU                            |                                                     |                        |                 |\n| Balance of 2                           |                                                     |                        |                 |\n| nd                                     |                                                     |                        |                 |\n| year's cost &                          |                                                     |                        |                 |\n| satisfactory                           | utilization                                         | of                     |                 |\n| Aggregation of produce, creation of    |                                                     |                        |                 |\n| basic infrastructure, market linkage,  |                                                     |                        |                 |\n| training of CEO/BOD & farmers          | earlier release                                     |                        |                 |\n| Equity                                 | mobilization,                                       | statutory              | VII             |\n| signing MOU                            | compliances,                                        | implementation         | of              |\n| 50% of 3                               |                                                     |                        |                 |\n| rd                                     |                                                     |                        |                 |\n| year's cost &                          |                                                     |                        |                 |\n| satisfactory                           | utilization                                         | of                     |                 |\n| business                               | plan,                                               | institutionalizing     | earlier release |\n| market linkage & credit access.        |                                                     |                        |                 |\n| VIII                                   | 36 months from                                      |                        |                 |\n| signing MOU                            |                                                     |                        |                 |\n| Balance of 3                           |                                                     |                        |                 |\n| rd                                     |                                                     |                        |                 |\n| year's cost &                          |                                                     |                        |                 |\n| satisfactory                           | utilization                                         | of                     |                 |\n| Approvals of FPO activities, business  |                                                     |                        |                 |\n| expansion, Audit & preparation of B/S, |                                                     |                        |                 |\n| P/L a/c, PC Report                     | earlier release                                     |                        |                 |\n|                                        |                                                     |                        |                 |\n|                                        |                                                     |                        |                 |\n|                                        |                                                     |                        |                 |\n|                                        |                                                     |                        |                 |\n|                                        |                                                     |                        |                 |\n|                                        |                                                     |                        |                 |\n|                                        |                                                     |                        |                 |\n|                                        |                                                     |                        |                 |'"
2739,2966,"'a. A duly registered FPC {(Farmer Producer Companies (FPC) means a company of  Farmer Producer Members as defined in section IXA of the Indian Companies Act, 1956 (including any amendments thereto or re-enactment thereof) and incorporated with the Registrar of Companies (RoC)}.   b. It has raised equity from its Members as laid down in its Articles of Association/ Bye  laws.  c. The number of its Individual Shareholders is not lower than 50. d. Its paid up equity does not exceed Rs.30 Lakh. e. Minimum 33% of its shareholders are small, marginal and landless tenant farmers as  defined by the Agriculture Census, by the Ministry of Agriculture, GoI.  f. Maximum shareholding by any one member other than an institutional member is  not more than 5% and institutional member is not more than 10% of total equity of the FPC.  g. It has a duly elected Board of Directors (BoD) with a minimum of five members, with  adequate representation from member farmers and minimum one woman member.  h. It has a duly constituted Management Committee responsible for the business of the  FPC.  i. It has a business plan and budget for next 18 months that is based on a sustainable,  revenue model as may be determined by the Implementing Agency.  j. The FPC has an Account with a \'Bank\'. k. It has a Statement of Accounts audited by a Chartered Accountant (CA) for at least  one full financial year.  6. What is Equity Grant Fund? The Equity Grant Fund enables eligible FPCs to receive a grant equivalent in amount to the equity contribution of their shareholder members in the FPC. It enhances the overall capital base of the FPC.'"
2740,2967,"'The Scheme shall address new and emerging FPCs, which have paid up capital not exceeding Rs. 30 lakh as on the date of application.'"
2741,2968,"' Shareholder List and Share Capital contribution by each member verified and  certified by a Chartered Accountant (CA) prior to submission.   Resolution of the FPC Board/Governing Council to seek Equity Grant for members.  Consent of shareholders, stating name of shareholder, gender, number of shares  held,   face value of shares, land holding, signifying consent for SFAC to directly transfer the  equity Grant sanctioned to the FPC on their behalf, to FPC Bank account, against the consideration of additional shares of equivalent value to be issued to them by FPC and on exit- transfer of the shares as per rules.   Audited Financial Statements of FPC for a minimum 1 year /for all years of existence  of the FPC if formed less than three years prior to application/ for the last 3 years for FPCs in existence for 3 years or more, verified and certified by a Chartered Accountant (CA) prior to submission.   Photocopy of Bank Account Statement for last six months authenticated by the  Branch Manager of the \'Bank\'.   Business Plan of FPC and budget for next 18 months.  Names, photographs, and identity proof (any one from among ration card, Aadhaar  card, election identification card, passport) of Representatives/ Directors authorised by the Board for executing and signing all documents under the Scheme.   Each page of the Application Form and accompanying documents shall be signed by  a minimum of two Board Member /Authorised Representatives of the FPC.'"
2742,2969,"'The Implementing Agency shall undertake a due diligence process to establish the credibility, sustainability and viability of the FPC through Desk Appraisal on the basis of documents received and a Field Visit to the FPC and its Promoter Organisation, before taking a decision. The important aspect looked into are: a) Governance; b) Business and Business Plan Viability; c) Management Capability; d) Financials.'"
2743,2972,"'b) If the Grant sanctioned to the FPC is not sufficient to ensure a minimum one share to all its shareholder members, allocation of grant shall be based on the shareholders' current landholding, starting with shareholder with the least land holding / the smallest producer in case of allied activities/ or by transparent draw of lots where such identification is not possible.  vi.  The FPC shall be allowed to draw the Equity Grant in a maximum of two tranches (within a period of 2 years of the first application) subject to the cap of Rs. 10.00 lakh per FPC, provided and to the extent that it is able to raise additional Member Equity to qualify for an additional matching grant within the overall ceiling of Rs. 10.00 lakh. The request for the second tranche shall be treated as a fresh application and the full process of due diligence shall be repeated.  vii.  In the event that a shareholder, who receives additional shares issued by the FPC against Equity Grant sanctioned by the Implementing Agency, exits the FPC at any point after receiving the shares, the additional shares received by him/her in lieu of the Equity Grant and standing in his/her name must be transferred to another shareholder or new shareholder within 90 days of his/her exiting the FPC, through an  open and transparent draw of lots. In such cases, the original shareholder cannot receive the value of the additional shares transferred to other/ new members. 13. What is the procedure for Disbursement of sanctioned amount?  After accepting the terms of sanction, the FPC shall enter into Agreement with SFAC, and  SFAC shall transfer sanctioned funds to the FPC Account.'"
2744,2973,"'In case of any transgression or noncompliance by the FPC of the Terms and Conditions of the Agreement, SFAC shall have the right to recall the Equity Grant amount: a) Failure to issue additional shares to members against the Equity Grant within 45 days b) Closure/Dissolution of FPC within three years of the receipt of the Equity Grant. c) Instances of misuse / misappropriation of the Equity Grant (viz. use of funds for activity other than mentioned in Memorandum of Association/Articles of Association/ Business plan of the FPC) of the Equity Grant'"
2745,2974,"'The Agreement between SFAC and the FPC is governed and construed according to the laws of India. Controversies and claims arising out of/ relating to this Agreement, or the breach thereof, shall be settled through Legal process or Arbitration at Delhi. The parties shall endeavour to mobilise all efforts and to enter into discussions in order to find a mutually acceptable settlement by direct negotiation before taking any legal action.'"
2746,2975,"'1. What is the Objectives of the Credit Guarantee Fund? The objective of the Fund is providing a Credit Guarantee Cover to ELI to enable them to provide collateral free credit to FPCs by minimising their lending risks in respect of loans not exceeding Rs. 100.00 lakhs. 2. What is Tenure of Guarantee Cover? The maximum period of Guarantee Cover from the Guarantee start-up shall run through the agreed tenure of the term credit, and where working capital facilities alone are extended and/or continuing working capital arrangements granted along with the Term Loan, for a period of 5 years or block of 5 years and/or loan / working capital credit or other facilities' termination date, whichever is earlier or such period as may be specified by the SFAC; 3. Who is the Implementing Agency? The scheme shall be operated by Small Farmers Agri Business Consortium (SFAC) through lending institutions. The decision of SFAC shall be final in regard to the interpretation of any of the provisions of the Scheme or of any directions or instructions or clarifications given in connection therewith. 4. What is Eligibility Criteria for FPC for coverage under the scheme? An ELI can avail Credit Guarantee for the following FPC:  i.   It is a duly registered FPC as defined in Section 3{(Farmer Producer Companies (FPC) means a company of Farmer Producer Members as defined in section IXA of the Indian Companies Act, 1956 (including any amendments thereto or re-enactment thereof) and incorporated with the Registrar of Companies (RoC)}.   ii.  It has raised equity from its Members as laid down in its Articles of Association/ Bye laws.  iii.  The number of its individual shareholders shall not be lower than 500  iv.   Minimum 33% of its shareholders are small, marginal and landless tenant farmers  v.'"
2747,2976,' Maximum shareholding by any one member other than an Institutional member is not more than 5% of total equity of the FPC.  vi.  It has a duly elected/nominated Board with a minimum of five Members and having adequate representation from farmers and minimum one woman member.  vii.  It has a duly elected Management Committee.  viii.  It has a business plan and budget for 18 months.  ix.  The Bank ELI has extended / sanctioned within six months of the date of application for the Guarantee or /in principle agreed in writing / has expressed willingness in writing to sanction Term Loan/ Working Capital/ Composite Credit Facility without any collateral security or third party guarantee including personal guarantee of Board Members.'
2748,2977,"'a. Credit Facility extended without any collateral security and/or third party  guarantees.  b. Credit facilities (Fund based and/or Non fund based) already sanctioned / extended  within six months from the date of the application for the Guarantee Cover or intended to be extended singly or jointly by one or more than one Eligible Lending Institution(s) to a single eligible FPC borrower by way of term loan and/or working capital/composite credit facilities.  c. The ELI can extend credit without any limit; however, the Guarantee Cover shall be  limited to the maximum guarantee cover specified under the Scheme.'"
2749,2982,"'a. In addition to onetime Guarantee Fee, an Annual Service Fee of 0.25% per annum or  such other rate or limit as may be decided from time to time per loan account shall be charged from ELIs to keep the Guarantee of SFAC live.  b. The decision of passing on the incidence of Guarantee Fee and Annual Service Fee to  the Borrower is left to the discretion of the ELI.  c.  The Annual Service Fee shall be paid by ELI to SFAC by the 31 May each year. The fee  for the last year shall be paid on pro rata basis for the period till the date of expiry of guarantee.  d. In the event of non-payment of Annual Service Fee by the due date, the Guarantee  under the Scheme shall cease to be available to the ELI unless SFAC agrees for continuance of Guarantee and the ELI pays penal interest on the Annual Service Fee due at a rate of Interest of 1% higher than the Rate of Interest at which the Credit Facility has been sanctioned by the ELI to the Borrower or as specified by SFAC from time to time, for the period of delay. The Guarantee shall stand restored on receipt of such payment and shall be deemed to have been in continuance without break.  e. Provided further that in the event of non-payment of Annual Service Fee within the  stipulated time or such extended time as may be requested for by the ELI and allowed on such terms that may be agreed to by SFAC, liability of SFAC to guarantee such credit facility shall lapse in respect of the credit facility against which the annual sample fee is due and not paid.  f.'"
2750,3010,"'Champion As the sustainable community enterprise system (Producer Organization) takes root in the community, the external champion needs to gradually withdraw from Year 5 and completely by Year 7. The external institutional champion shall animate the cooperative movement in the community during the first 2 years and then gradually replace itself with the local facilitators of the PO'"
2751,2978,"'a. Credit facility sanctioned against collateral security and/ or third party guarantee. b. Any credit facility in respect of which risks are additionally covered under any scheme  operated/administered by RBI/or by the Government/or by any general insurer or any other person or association of persons carrying on the business of insurance, guarantee or indemnity.  c. Any credit facility, which does not conform to, or is in any way inconsistent with, the  provisions of any law, or with any directives or instructions issued by the Central Government or the Reserve Bank of India, which is, for the time being, in force.  d.  Any credit facility granted to any borrower, who has himself availed of any other  credit facility covered under this scheme or under the schemes mentioned in clause (i), (ii) and (iii) above at any point in time.  e. Any credit facility that is overdue for repayment/NPA taken over by the ELI from any  other lender or any other default converted into a credit facility.  f.  Any credit facility which is overdue for repayment. g. Any credit facility which has been rescheduled or restructured on becoming overdue.'"
2752,2979,"'a.  ELI shall be eligible to seek Guarantee Cover for a credit facility sanctioned in  respect of a single FPC borrower for a maximum 2 times over a period of 5 years.  b.  Maximum Guarantee Cover shall be restricted to the extent of 85% of the eligible  sanctioned credit facility or up to Rs. 85 Lakh, whichever is lower.  c. In case of default, claims shall be settled up to 85% of the amount in default subject  to maximum cover as specified above. Other charges such as penal interest, commitment charge, service charge, or any other levies/ expenses, or any costs whatsoever debited to the account of FPC by the ELI other than the contracted interest shall not qualify for Guarantee Cover.  d. The Cover shall only be granted after the ELI enters into an agreement with SFAC,  and shall be granted in accordance with the Terms and Conditions from time to time.   9. What is procedure for Application for Guarantee Cover? The ELI shall be required to apply to SFAC for Guarantee Cover in the specified form only (Annexure 3) for credit proposals sanctioned by them during any quarter prior to expiry of the following quarter viz., application w.r.t. credit facility sanctioned in April–June Quarter must be submitted in the ensuing quarter, i.e. July-September to qualify for consideration under the Scheme. 10. What is procedure for Sanction? SFAC shall  a. Scrutinize the proposal as per the Terms and Conditions of the Scheme.  b. Inspect or call for copies of the Books of Account and other records (including any  Book of Instructions or Manual or Circulars covering general instructions regarding Conduct of Advances) of the Lending Institution or of the Borrower from the Lending Institution.  c.'"
2753,2980,'Inspection shall be carried out through the officers of SFAC or any other agency  appointed by SFAC.  d. The Investment and Claims Settlement Committee (I&CSC) shall sanction the  Guarantee Cover.  e. The ELI shall enter into an Agreement with SFAC (Bank Branch Manager level)'
2754,2981,"'a. The Fee payable to SFAC by the ELI is a onetime Guarantee Fee calculated @ 0.85%  of the sanctioned Credit Facility, subject to a maximum of Rs. 85,000/- (Rs. Eighty Five Thousand only).  b. The Fee shall be paid upfront to SFAC by ELI for each loan account. The payment is to  be made within 30 days from date of approval of the Guarantee or such date as is specified by SFAC.'"
2755,2983,"'Provided further that, SFAC may consider renewal of Guarantee Cover for such credit  facility upon such terms and conditions as it may decide.  g. In the event of any error or discrepancy being found in the computation of the  amounts or in the calculation of the Guarantee Fee / Annual Service Fee, or any shortfall in payment by the ELI, if subsequently identified, such deficiency/ shortfall shall be paid by the Eligible Lending Institution to SFAC. Any amount found to have been paid in excess by the ELI to SFAC shall be refunded by SFAC. In the event of any representation made by the lending institution in this regard, SFAC shall take a decision based on the available information with it and the clarifications received from the lending institution, and its decision shall be final and binding on the lending institution.  h.  The Guarantee Fee and/or Annual Service Fee once paid to SFAC are non-refundable  except where Guarantee Cover for which Guarantee Fee is paid has not been approved. 13. What is responsibilities of Lending Institutions under the Scheme?  a. Appraise each loan proposal for selecting commercially viable projects. ELI's  Appraisal Note shall accompany the Application for Guarantee Cover under the Scheme.  b. Carry out processing, legal work and documentation for sanction of the loan in  accordance with the requirements of the ELI and the terms and conditions of SFAC.  c. Furnish such statements, information, documents, receipts, certificates etc. as  SFAC may require in connection with any credit facility under this Scheme.  d. Certify that /be deemed to have affirmed that the contents of such documents,  receipts, certificates and other written documents are true, provided that no claim shall be rejected and no liability shall attach to the lending institution or any officer thereof for anything done in good faith.'"
2756,2984,"' e. Monitor the Borrower account and maintain records of periodical monitoring  and actions initiated on observations, if any.  f. Safeguard the Primary Securities taken over by it, if any, from the Borrower in  respect of the credit facility in good and enforceable condition.  g. Ensure that the Guarantee Claim in respect of the credit facility to the FPC  Borrower is lodged with SFAC in the form and manner and within such time as may be specified by SFAC in this behalf. Further, there shall not be any delay on its part to notify SFAC of the default in the Borrower's Account, as a result of which delay, SFAC shall face higher Guarantee Claims.  h. The payment of Guarantee Claim by SFAC to the lending institution does not in  any way absolve the lending institution of the responsibility of recovering the entire outstanding amount of the credit from the borrower. The lending institution shall exercise all necessary precaution and take recourse to all measures to recover from the borrower the entire amount of credit facility that is owed to it by the borrower and safeguarding the interest of SFAC as it shall exercise in the normal course if no guarantee had been furnished by SFAC.  i. The lending institution shall be bound to comply with such directions as SFAC  may deem fit to issue from time to time, for facilitating recoveries of the guaranteed account, or safeguarding its interest as a guarantor.  j. The lending institution shall, in particular, refrain from any act either before or  subsequent to invocation of guarantee, which may adversely affect the interest of SFAC as the guarantor.  k.'"
2757,3014,"'National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development, is a body corporate established under an Act of Parliament, viz. the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development Act, 1981 and having its Head Office at C-24, G Block, Bandra-Kurla Complex, Bandra (East), Mumbai: 400 051  hereinafter referred to as \'**NABARD**\' (which expression shall, unless repugnant to the context or meaning thereof, include its successors and assigns).'"
2758,3015,"'_____________ , a body corporate, society, partnership firm, Association, Non-Governmental Organisations/Trust/ etc.,  established/ incorporated/registered by/under __________ Act  and having its Registered Office/ headquarter at ________________________________________  hereinafter referred to as **Producer Organization Promoting Institution or ___________** \'  (which expression shall, unless repugnant to the context or meaning thereof, include its successors and assigns). (NABARD and Producer Organization Promoting Institution or ___________ hereinafter collectively referred as \'the parties\')'"
2759,2985,"'The lending institution shall be bound under the Scheme to intimate in advance  to SFAC its intention to enter into any compromise or arrangement, which may have effect of discharge or waiver of primary security.  l. The lending institution shall also ensure through an Agreement with the  Borrower that the borrower shall not create any charge on the assets held as primary security for the credit facilities covered by the Guarantee with itself, or in favour of any other creditor(s) without seeking prior permission of SFAC.  m. Further, the lending institution shall secure for SFAC or its appointed agency,  through a stipulation in an Agreement with the Borrower or otherwise, the right to list the defaulted Borrowers' names and particulars on the Website of SFAC.'"
2760,2986,"'a. The Claim is forwarded to SFAC through the Zonal Office / authorised office/ person  of the ELI as communicated to SFAC.  b. The Guarantee in respect of the concerned Credit Facility is in force at the time of  account turning NPA.  c. The amount due and payable to the ELI in respect of the Credit Facility has not been  paid by the Borrower and the dues have been classified by the lending institution as NPA.  d. The Guarantee shall be effective  i.  If the SFAC and ELI are convinced that the FPC has suffered genuine business losses, which may include crop/ asset losses by the members, and the gravity and impact of such losses is assessed jointly or by independent assessment or by the ELI as may be mutually agreed between SFAC and ELI on a case by case basis, and the FPC is not in a position to repay dues under any circumstances including restructuring/rephasing/ rescheduling the loan.  ii.  For such amounts as may be written off or interest waived from the credit facility by the ELI with intimation to SFAC as a result of the business failure of the FPC in all other cases  iii.  Only when proceedings for recovery have been initiated by the ELI. The responsibility of recovery of the dues, including takeover of assets, sale of assets etc. shall rest with the ELI.'"
2761,2987,"'a. Only such Claim as is submitted by the ELI within a maximum period of one year  from date of NPA or as specified by SFAC from time to time, shall be considered by SFAC.  b. On receiving a claim, the I&CSC shall review in detail the reasons for the Default. The  Committee reserves the right to reject any proposal where the Guidelines have not been strictly followed or if any misrepresentation or concealment of facts is found leading to undue favour to the concerned FPC.  c. SFAC shall honour 75 per cent of the Guaranteed Amount in Default subject to a  maximum of 75 per cent of the guaranteed cap amount, on submission of claim by the ELI where appropriate action for recovery has been initiated. The balance 25 per cent of the default or guaranteed cap amount, as the case may be, shall be paid on conclusion of recovery proceedings by ELI.  d. SFAC shall pay claims found in order and complete in all respects, within 90 days.  e. The outstanding dues of the FPC to ELI shall be reduced to the extent of the claim  amount settled by SFAC.  f.  The ELI shall continue to make efforts to realise the balance amount due from the g. defaulting FPC even after settlement of the Guarantee. h. SFAC has the right to claim from the ELI any amount that is realised by the ELI from  the defaulting FPC even after settlement of the guarantee amount.  i. Any amount realized by the ELI from the FPC shall be shared in the ratio of 85%:15%  between SFAC & ELI.'"
2762,2990,"'a. The Guarantee in respect of the Credit Facility extended by an ELI to an FPC under  the Scheme shall be deemed to be terminated, if the liabilities of a borrower to the lending institution on account of any eligible Credit Facility guaranteed under this Scheme are transferred or assigned to any other borrower without the consent of SFAC which shall be sought by the ELI or the Borrower in writing stating the reasons for the transfer/assignment and if the conditions as to the eligibility of the borrower and the amount of the facility and any other terms and conditions, if any, subject to which the credit facility can be guaranteed under the Scheme are not satisfied after the said transfer or assignment, from the date of the said transfer or assignment.  b. The liability of SFAC in respect of any Credit Facilities granted to a Borrower by a  lending institution under the Scheme shall be limited to the liability of the Borrower to the lending institution as on the date on which the Borrower becomes ineligible for being granted any Credit  c. Facilities under the Scheme, by reason of cessation of his activity or his activity / his  undertaking ceasing to come within the definition of a FPC unit, subject, however, to the limits on the liability of SFAC fixed under this Scheme.'"
2763,2988,"'Such payment shall be made as and when any such amount is realised subject to the relaxation that any payments below the sum of Rs.1 Lakh may be made on a quarterly basis on or before the last day of the quarter.  j. Once the Claim is paid, SFAC shall be deemed to have been discharged from all its  liabilities on account of the Guarantee in force in respect of the Credit Facility concerned.  k. The ELI shall be liable to refund the Claim released by SFAC together with the penal  interest at a rate which shall be 1% higher than the rate of interest at which the Credit Facility was sanctioned by it, for the period for which the Claim has been  released, if recalled by SFAC for any reason whatsoever. Erroneous/duplicate payment of claim by SFAC shall not be construed as recall. However, any duplicate claim by the ELI and the settlement there against by SFAC shall be recalled and SFAC reserves the right to recall the entire payment released to the ELI against the Credit Facility under reference.'"
2764,2989,"'a. Details of efforts for recovery, realization and such other information as may be  demanded by SFAC from time to time shall be furnished to SFAC by the ELI.  b. On its own behalf and on behalf of SFAC, the lending institution shall hold lien on  assets created out of the Credit Facility extended by the ELI to the Borrower.  c. The responsibility for the recovery of dues including takeover of assets, sale of  assets, etc., shall rest with the lending institution.  d. Payments made by a borrower towards any one or more of several distinct and  separate debts owed to the lending institution, shall be deemed to have been appropriated by the lending institution to the debt covered by the guarantee and in respect of which a claim has been preferred and paid, irrespective of the manner of appropriation indicated by such borrower or the manner in which such payments are actually appropriated.'"
2765,2991,'a. SFAC will provide financial support to Farmer Producer Companies (FPCs) for the  preparation of Equity Grant Application and Detailed Project Reports (DPR) through  empanelled consultants/institutions. SFAC will cover the full cost of preparation of DPR.  b. The FPC can approach the nearest empanelled consultant or SFAC directly. The  consultant will approach SFAC for prior approval before preparation of bankable DPR.  c. Cost of Application or DPR preparation shall be paid directly to the empanelled  consultant.'
2766,2992,"'1.1 Chhattisgarh is among the few states in India that have recorded impressive growth in agriculture in recent years. Development of farmers own institutions catering to their various needs, has kept pace with the agricultural growth. As on 30 September 2014, the state had 3,679 farmers clubs (FCs). There were eight federations of farmer clubs in the state, five in Mahasamund, two in Bilaspur and one in Mungeli district. In Bilaspur and Mungeli districts (the study area), 300 FCs were formed, of which 201 were active. Majority of the farmer clubs (129 clubs) were formed by the Regional Rural Bank (Gramin Bank). Other promoting institutions include Chhattisgarh Agricon Samiti (30), CARMDAKSH (12), SBI (12), ARDB (8) and IFFDC (5). While all the clubs were active in the initial three years, many slipped into dormancy through inaction and non-availability of hand-holding support. These clubs did not have any vision or roadmap for the future. 1.2 The Chhattisgarh RO and DDM Bilaspur were keen to make the farmer clubs a sustainable entity and felt the need to federate the clubs to a higher tier so as to make the entire farmer clubs programme sustainable and the organization a viable model. With this in view, the farmer clubs were federated into four farmer club federations and were registered under 'Chhattisgarh Society Registrikaran Adhiniyam, 1973' in the year 2012.'"
2767,2993,"'1.3 To promote financial literacy among the farmers and school children, NABARD Chhattisgarh RO engaged the Farmers Club Federations and provided financial assistance. Initially 10 awareness programmes and 20 quiz programmes were sanctioned for Bilaspur and Mungeli districts and organized by the Farmer Club Federations (FCF). As the federations and farmer clubs are village level bodies and have local presence and acceptance, they could mobilize children and their parents in good numbers. Looking at the encouraging results, the RO sanctioned more awareness and quiz programmes at different times thereafter. This provided much needed scope for interaction between the DDM, Farmer Federations, bank officials and the Government officials which paved way for making the federations financially sustainable entities.'"
2768,2996,"'1.6 Due to greater acceptability of the federations in the villages, State Bank of India (SBI) approved opening of Kiosks under BC model through federations to achieve financial inclusion. As on September 2014, 16 kiosks were working through three farmer club federations. SBI was in the process of establishing 14 more Kiosks at other village centres in the next one year in the district. The Kiosks were attached to the nearest branch and worked under the guidance of the concerned Branch Manager. The Branch Manager supervises and monitors the work of the Kiosks (BC). 1.7 At present, the Kiosks are mainly involved in providing banking services like, opening of savings bank accounts, recurring deposit accounts, acceptance of deposits and payment towards withdrawal. The kiosks are also dispensing old age pensions, student scholarships, MNREGA payments and other social sector payments, routed by the Government. The present monthly income (Rs. 8000 to Rs. 14,000) of the Kiosk is mainly from banking services. The expenditure involved was salary to the operator, rent of the premises, interest on the initial investment etc., which is about Rs. 8000 to Rs. 10,000 (Salary of the operator-Rs.4000 to Rs. 5000, Premises rent-about Rs. 2000 to Rs. 3000).'"
2769,2997,"'1.8 Many of the leaders of the Farmer Club Federations (FCFs) got registered individually with Agriculture Department as seed farmers. The FCFs realized that there may be some business sense in establishing their own seed processing facility. This would be a step forward in the seed value chain, besides serving the needs of its famer members. 1.9 This breakthrough came in the form of 'Kisaan Beej' a 'Producer Organization' formed by a group of farmers from Arpanchal Farmers Club Federation. The PO was registered under 'Chhattisgarh Autonomous Cooperative Act, 1999', which allows the farmer groups to work as a business entity and earn profits. The PO is anchoring the programme of producing and marketing of certified seeds of paddy (five varieties), wheat, soybean, mustard, gram, arhar, mung and horse garm (tiwda). 1.10 During 2013-14, 39 members of the PO were registered with the Seed Certifying Authority of the State Govt. to produce certified seed (25 farmers in 153 ha. during Khariff and 14 farmers in 106 ha. during Rabi). The total production of certified seed by these members during the year was 656 MT in Khariff and 394 MT in Rabi. Total seed produced by these farmers were procured by the PO at a cost of Rs. 73.32 lakh. Subsidy is provided to seed farmers to encourage them to sell the seed to seed procurement institutions (and not in the mandis). Similarly, to encourage farmers to use certified seeds, the Government provides subsidy to seed processing institutions so that quality seed can be made available to farmers at a reasonable rate. For the year 2014-15, the PO has a programme to procure certified seed of about 2700 MT from its members. It has so far contracted seed-growing farmers for 380 ha. paddy for Khariff and 195 ha. paddy for Rabi.'"
2770,2998,"'1.11 The PO has established infrastructure facilities for cleaning, grading, packaging, certification and storage of certified seed. The seed is sold through the outlets of farmer federations, set up adjoining the BC Kiosks. The PO has found a niche market for its services among the farmers. The PO could capture the seed market to the extent of 30%. Still there exists large scope for expansion for the PO in the district.'"
2771,2999,"'| S No                                    |                                           |\n|-----------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------|\n| Particulars                             |                                           |\n| Baigababa & Arpanchal                   |                                           |\n| Krishak Mahasangh                       |                                           |\n| Maa Narmada                             |                                           |\n| Krishak                                 |                                           |\n| Mahasangh                               |                                           |\n| Jai Mitan                               |                                           |\n| Krishak                                 |                                           |\n| Mahasangh                               |                                           |\n| 1                                       |                                           |\n| Kiosks Visited                          |                                           |\n| during the study.                       |                                           |\n| Kenda                                   | Kota                                      |\n| No of Accounts                          | SB a/c - 3500                             |\n| RD -           25                       |                                           |\n| SBa/c - 5300                            |                                           |\n| RD - 98                                 |                                           |\n| SB a/cs -     2956                      |                                           |\n| RD- a/cs -     105                      |                                           |\n| 2                                       |                                           |\n| SB a/cs -                               |                                           |\n| 4038                                    |                                           |\n| RD a/cs -                               |                                           |\n| 148                                     |                                           |\n| 3                                       |                                           |\n| Deposits/day                            | Rs 30,000 to                              |\n| 40,000                                  |                                           |\n| Rs.60,000 to                            |                                           |\n| 70,000                                  |                                           |\n| Rs 75,000 to                            |                                           |\n| 80,000                                  |                                           |\n| Rs 45,000                               |                                           |\n| to 50,000                               |                                           |\n| 4                                       |                                           |\n| Withdrawals/                            |                                           |\n| day                                     |                                           |\n| Rs 50000 to                             |                                           |\n| 60000                                   |                                           |\n| Rs 55,000 to                            |                                           |\n| 70000                                   |                                           |\n| Rs 70,000  to                           |                                           |\n| 85,000                                  |                                           |\n| Rs 40,000                               |                                           |\n| to 50,000                               |                                           |\n| 5                                       |                                           |\n| Charges                                 | Withdrawal - Rs 0.85 for  each withdrawal |\n| Deposit -  Rs 1.00 - for each deposit   |                                           |\n| Opening of R D account -  Rs 20         |                                           |\n| Opening of SB account -    Rs 20        |                                           |\n| Schemes where                           |                                           |\n| money is routed                         |                                           |\n| through Kiosk                           |                                           |\n| 6                                       |                                           |\n| 1. Indira Gandhi Vishesh Vridha Pension |                                           |\n| 2. Vriddha Pension                      |                                           |\n| 3. Vidhwa Pension                       |                                           |\n| 4. Samajik Suraksha Pension             |                                           |\n| 5. Sukhad Sahara                        |                                           |\n| 6. MNREGS                               |                                           |\n| 7. Scholarships                         |                                           |\n| Other Business                          |                                           |\n| activities of the                       |                                           |\n| Kiosk                                   |                                           |\n| Sale of Seeds                           |                                           |\n| not yet                                 |                                           |\n| started;                                |                                           |\n| Sale of Seeds                           |                                           |\n| not yet                                 |                                           |\n| started;                                |                                           |\n| 1. Seeds - Sold                         |                                           |\n| 5207 bags at a                          |                                           |\n| cost of                                 |                                           |\n| Rs.23,98,330;                           |                                           |\n| 1. Seeds -                              |                                           |\n| Sold 800                                |                                           |\n| bags at a                               |                                           |\n| cost of                                 |                                           |\n| Rs.3,68,500;                            |                                           |\n| 7                                       |                                           |\n| Planning to start                       |                                           |\n| fertilizer and                          |                                           |\n| pesticide sales.                        |                                           |\n| Planning to                             |                                           |\n| start seed,                             |                                           |\n| fertilizer and                          |                                           |\n| pesticide                               |                                           |\n| sales.                                  |                                           |\n| Planning to                             |                                           |\n| start seed,                             |                                           |\n| fertilizer and                          |                                           |\n| pesticide                               |                                           |\n| sales.                                  |                                           |\n| Planning to                             |                                           |\n| start                                   |                                           |\n| fertilizer,                             |                                           |\n| general                                 |                                           |\n| shop &                                  |                                           |\n| pesticide                               |                                           |\n| sales.                                  |                                           |\n| 8                                       | Nil                                       |\n| Commission                              |                                           |\n| Received from                           |                                           |\n| seeds sale                              |                                           |\n| 9                                       | Rs. 8,000                                 |\n| Average Monthly                         |                                           |\n| income from                             |                                           |\n| Banking Services                        |                                           |'"
2772,3000,"'1.12 As the farmers need an assurance from the PO for procurement of seeds and similarly the PO also has to have assured supply of seeds, PO provides advance to the farmers for inputs and consumption. NABARD provided financial assistance of Rs.1.943 crore (Rs. 1.85 crore as loan & Rs.9.43 lakh as grant) on 23 Sep 2013 to support the PO for on-lending to farmers. The loan assistance was for procurement of seeds, creation of infrastructure for cleaning, grading, packaging and storage, holding costs till seed is sold. The grant support was extended for capacity building and training, etc. As at the end of May 2014, loan amount of Rs. 1.74 crore was disbursed. Discussions with the office bearers of PO revealed that they plan to seek higher sanctions from NABARD for the enhanced business programme during 2014-15.'"
2773,3019,"'The POPI will identify potential groups/ farmer clusters such as successful watersheds, wadi projects and their Federations, Farmers Clubs, Farmers' Cooperatives, Self Help Groups, Joint Liability Groups, Farmers Interest Groups or their federations, etc. and define appropriate geographies to form FPOs. As far as possible the interest groups which have already been financed by a bank branch, may be considered for federating into one FPO. Thereafter, the POPI will focus on social mobilisation, awareness creation and motivating them to form FPO. A baseline survey will be conducted by POPI for bench marking, Training Need Assessment of the producers, assessing infrastructure requirements, market intervention and other support facilities/linkages necessary for the success of FPO. This will be followed by designing and organising capacity building programmes, preparation of business development plan for the FPOs, establishment and registration under appropriate Act, facilitation in credit and market linkages and extending hand-holding support towards maturity for a minimum period of 03 years.'"
2774,3020,"'perform such activities as mentioned in the Annexure to the Operational Guidelines.   ii.     POPI will mobilize at least 50 farmer membership under each FPO initially required for  economy of scale as envisaged in the proposal for formation/ registration of Farmer Producers Organizations (FPOs). POPI will facilitate gradually increasing the membership over 3 years period to an optimal size (say, 500-1000 members) required for sustaining the business of FPO.  iii.    POPI will select blocks and villages for FPO promotion in consultation with the local  administration, State Govt., NABARD Regional Office and RSA.  iv.     POPI will ensure that the FPO promotion work is undertaken within the broad objectives/  framework of the operational guidelines issued by NABARD/ process guidelines issued by the Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India.   v.     POPI will deploy experienced and qualified manpower for the said task, which may be  supervised and guided by a dedicated staff of POPI.  vi.     All staff engaged during the project period will be contracted by POPI and will not have any  claim whatsoever on NABARD.  vii.     POPI will ensure timely completion of all the activities with required quality deliverables  within the overall approved budget for each intervention. Where the assistance received from NABARD has not been utilized for the purposes, for which it was sanctioned/released and no satisfactory explanation is forthcoming, NABARD will recall the entire amount of grant at once along with applicable interest rate from the date of non-utilisation /misutilisation till the date of payment.  viii.     POPI will ensure that detailed stage-wise completion report is submitted along with each  release request.  ix.    Financial assistance will be released to FPO or POPI as it may relate, after completion of  each stage of activity as indicated in Annexures to NABARD Sanction Letter No.__________ dated _______________  x.'"
2775,3001,"'1.13   The Certification Agency, Dept. of Agriculture, Government of Chhattisgarh (GoCG), registers the farmers cultivating seeds. The farmers have to submit application to the department with land documents and register themselves by paying fee of Rs. 300 per ha. The farmers clubs, federation and PO help the farmers in registration. The Department provides foundation seed to the farmers and also conducts field monitoring of the plots from time to time to ensure scrupulous adherence to package of practices for producing seed. Representatives of the certifying agency visit the field at least three times during a crop cycle; at the time of planting, at the flowering stage and at the time of harvest. This ensures that good quality seeds are produced.'"
2776,3002,"'1.14 After approval and certification, the PO packages the seed in 30 kg. bags, duly sealed. The seed is being marketed under the brand name \'Kisan Beej\'. The PO has the option to sell the certified seed directly to the farmers, Agriculture Department, PACS or Seed Corporation. In case the seed is not approved, it is sent to PACS for Government procurement, where the PO gets the amount as per the MSP. If the seed is approved, farmers get Rs. 2,090 per quintal (consisting of Rs. 1,310 MSP plus Rs. 450 production charges and Rs. 330 as bonus) for seed cultivation. Seed production subsidy and bonus to the farmers is routed through the PO. Similarly, for handling seed, the PO gets Government subsidy of Rs. 740 per quintal of seed (Rs. 50 for production, Rs. 500 for processing and distribution and Rs. 190 for storage). The expenditure involved by the PO was Rs.100 for transportation, Rs.450 for cleaning, grading, packaging and storage and interest on loan Rs.90, thus, the total was Rs. 650 per quintal. The net profit per quintal was Rs. 90 for the PO which is available for administration and other overheads. 1.15 The PO was using the Kiosks opened by the farmer federations as outlet points for selling seed. A commission of 4% was given by the PO to the federations on the sales. Transportation charges are presently borne by the PO. For the farmer federations which are operating Kiosks, it was an additional source of income, making kiosks financial viable. The PO is providing certified seeds to the farmers of farmer clubs at their door step and extending the much needed banking services to them.'"
2777,3003,"'1.16 The model of the PO with federations and farmer clubs at the ground level with Kiosks/outlets for inputs and services can be considered as sustainable for the following reasons:  a.  It is a farmer organization from top to bottom, providing essential services to the farming community. Hence, the acceptance level in the farming community is high.   b.  With renewed focus on financial inclusion, farmer clubs can act as BCs of banks, facilitated through their federations. This will ensure that farmers get both banking services and agricultural inputs and related information at one place.   c.  Production, processing and consumption of certified seed is carried out to meet the requirement of the farmers, creating readymade market locally.  The benefits to the farmers include timely availability of high quality seed at a reasonable cost.   d.  The State Government is channelizing its payments/subsidies under 7-8 schemes through these kiosks making them more popular among the farmers.   e.  The operating margin at the PO level is quite satisfactory. In its first year, it has surpassed the break-even level, even earning a little surplus. The State Government supported the farmers for cultivating seed and the PO for processing the seed. The demand for quality seed is more than what the farmers could produce at present.  Therefore, there is scope for growth. There is potential for the activity to become viable, even without subsidy.  f.  For the State Government, there is a farmer organization which is able to take care of the input needs of the farmers. State Government can converge some of its agricultural schemes through the PO/ farmer federation and reach the unreached. Agricultural extension services can be provided using this institutional arrangement at a lower cost to a large number of farmers.'"
2778,3004,"'| #                                         | Activities                       |\n|-------------------------------------------|----------------------------------|\n| 1                                         | Identify the Community/Cluster & |\n| undertake Baseline Survey                 |                                  |\n| Identify the cluster of villages /        |                                  |\n| community/ GP. Seek optimal size of       |                                  |\n| farmer/producer members for greater       |                                  |\n| participation with optimal geographic     |                                  |\n| base for technical and commercial         |                                  |\n| viability.                                |                                  |\n| Baseline Survey                           | : Producer-Family                |\n| Mapping and Village Resource Mapping      |                                  |\n| (Mapping of local farming, collection,    |                                  |\n| Quality Assurance practices, etc.). Map   |                                  |\n| the local institutions in the cluster.    |                                  |\n| 2                                         | Convergence of Basic Services:   |\n| Converge basic social and community       |                                  |\n| health services of the government with    |                                  |\n| the poor and needy in the selected        |                                  |\n| cluster/GP.                               |                                  |\n| 3                                         | Develop Local Organizational and |\n| Institutional Structures                  |                                  |\n| Seek membership/ownership by the          |                                  |\n| farmer/producer members.                  |                                  |\n| Identify potential local people for       |                                  |\n| professional on-the-job training for      |                                  |\n| operating the Producer Organization.      |                                  |\n| Identify the Facilitators, Directors, and |                                  |\n| volunteers and initiate, form and         |                                  |\n| register the Producer Organization as a   |                                  |\n| Producer Cooperative or as a Producer     |                                  |\n| Company.                                  |                                  |\n| Develop the terms of reference for        |                                  |\n| their engagements.                        |                                  |\n| 4                                         | Build Trust, Cooperation, and    |\n| Community Spirit by organizing of         |                                  |\n| people at the Village level & Cluster     |                                  |\n| Level.                                    |                                  |\n| Identify people as social glue that can   |                                  |\n| develop the communitarian feelings        |                                  |\n| among the people in the community.        |                                  |\n|     |     |     |     |     |     |     |\n|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|\n|     |     |     |     |     |     |     |\n|     |     |     |     |     |     |     |'"
2779,3005,"'Identify village volunteers, potential community leaders, retired teachers, etc. for deeper engagements. Build awareness on the virtues of communitarian spirit for sustainability of the community. Share the idea of community identity and togetherness to solve the common problems of the community like community health, education, agricultural production, marketing, common resources or external resources. Share all issues and develop plans for the community through participation. Gradually build trust and cooperation among the small farmers/producers in the villages and the whole cluster/community. Share the idea of forming a single institutional platform at the cluster level or the CES for resolving the various production, value addition, marketing issues and for better net income realization for the labour of the producers. Create a platform for dialogue between different social groups and interest groups in the cluster/GP/community.  5  Facilitate Community Health and Primary Education Develop a network of midwives in every village and link them through the PO to a network of doctors for consultation and advice. Converge with local government support for a mobile van, paying fuel expenses to cater to the health needs of the community. Network with doctors and pharmaceutical companies for medicine. Develop a holistic healthcare facility for the community. Identify qualified youth at village level to guide and teach children after school time in respective villages. Offer services for adult education through professionals of PO.'"
2780,3006,"'Meeting hall & Drying yards for the farmers/producers at the village level. Village level facility for tutorials for children and for community health, improved cattle, kitchen gardens, fodder growth. Make the following provisions at the cluster/GP level: Small Office with basic record keeping facility. Storage facility of agricultural produce. Basic transport (1 pick-up van, 2 motor cycles, 2 cycles) Facility for local value addition. Small Nursery & Seed Bank  7  Develop Sustainable Market Networks Begin with marketing of the surplus produce. Select a mix of produce and not one produce. The selection will be based on economical volume and shelf life of the produce. Discover the price, intermediaries and the final set of buyers. Set up retail outlets in nearby towns and a marketing setup in the district/ state capital. Create organized marketing platforms at the village and local weekly haats. Develop a calendar for sales through various exhibitions organized by the state departments and district administration.'"
2781,3007,"'| 8                                       |\n|-----------------------------------------|\n| Seek working capital from the           |\n| government with lower rate of interest. |\n| Seek capital from the open market,      |\n| banks, etc.                             |'"
2782,3008,"'9  Provide Micro-credit Security and Community Banking Services Provide credit for emergencies arising out of sickness, education, etc. Provide production credit for agricultural and allied activities. Provide limited credit as consumption credit for children's wedding, festival, etc. Develop a community banking service. On behalf of the community, the PO can transact with the formal banking system.  10 Create and Support Local Retail to  cater for Local Consumption Needs Identify a family/SHG from each village to put up a village retail shop; wherever necessary. Provide financial credit to set up a retail shop in each village in the cluster, if necessary. Arrange for bulk supplies of items to the retail outlets established in the villages.  11 Develop Local Value Addition for:  Agricultural produce Horticultural produce Livestock/fisheries Forest produce Local art and craft products.  12 Introduce the System of Integrated  Agriculture Integrated agricultural system adopting low-cost agricultural practices. Train farmers about on-farm inputs. Enhance farm biomass generation. Identify successful local farmers to train them to be the trainers/experts to the community of producers.  13 Integrate Farm Activities with Other  Economic Activities Integrate farm activities with the various non-farm and allied activities in the community to realize maximum value for the labor put in by the marginal & small producers.  14 Converge Resources from the State  and Central Government schemes for an integrated and holistic development Converge livelihood schemes like NRLM, IAP and MGNREGS at the cluster level and PO. Converge health and education    programmes like NRHM and SSA to the PO. Improve the natural resources like forest, soil and water of the community by converging forest and watershed development at the cluster level and PO. Activate joint forest management practices and stop forest burning and excessive felling of trees.'"
2783,3009,"'Converge the rural infrastructure such as road, bridges, electricity, public transport and telecommunication services at the cluster level. Activities of the various extension services of the government, PDS, horticulture, livestock, etc. can be converged at the PO for a cluster (GP).'"
2784,3011,"'| #                                     | Activities               |\n|---------------------------------------|--------------------------|\n| Verification of                       |                          |\n| Activities                            |                          |\n| 1                                     |                          |\n| Identify the Community/Cluster &      |                          |\n| Undertake Baseline Survey             |                          |\n| Survey Records like                   |                          |\n| questionnaires etc.                   |                          |\n| 2                                     |                          |\n| Convergence of Basic Services         | Arrangements made for    |\n| basic services                        |                          |\n| 3                                     |                          |\n| Develop Local Organizational and      |                          |\n| Institutional Structures              |                          |\n| How many people are                   |                          |\n| Involved in various                   |                          |\n| activities                            |                          |\n| Availability of a                     |                          |\n| platform for community                |                          |\n| interactions                          |                          |\n| 4                                     |                          |\n| Build Trust, Cooperation, and         |                          |\n| Community Spirit by organizing of     |                          |\n| people at the Village level & Cluster |                          |\n| Level.                                |                          |\n| 5                                     |                          |\n| Facilitate Community Health and       |                          |\n| Primary Education                     |                          |\n| How many doctors,                     |                          |\n| midwives, health                      |                          |\n| workers are available                 |                          |\n| for service?  How many                |                          |\n| children are going to                 |                          |\n| primary school?                       |                          |\n| 6                                     |                          |\n| Build Physical Infrastructure         | Available infrastructure |\n| like small office, drying             |                          |\n| yard etc.                             |                          |\n| 7                                     |                          |\n| Develop Sustainable Market            |                          |\n| Networks                              |                          |\n| Contact persons /                     |                          |\n| markets with their                    |                          |\n| addresses and phone                   |                          |\n| numbers                               |                          |\n| 8                                     |                          |\n| Tie-up for Working Capital            | Name of the Financing    |\n| agency and sanction                   |                          |\n| letter for working                    |                          |\n| capital                               |                          |\n| 9                                     |                          |\n| Provide Micro-credit Security and     |                          |\n| Community Banking Services            |                          |\n| Amount of saving                      |                          |\n| collected and micro                   |                          |\n| credit provided with                  |                          |\n| number of members                     |                          |\n| 10                                    |                          |\n| Create and Support Local Retail to    |                          |\n| cater for Local Consumption Needs     |                          |\n| How many retail shops                 |                          |\n| are operating in the                  |                          |\n| area?                                 |                          |\n| 11                                    |                          |\n| Develop Local Value Addition for:     |                          |\n| Agricultural produce                  |                          |\n| Horticultural produce                 |                          |\n| Livestock/fisheries                   |                          |\n| Forest produce                        |                          |\n| Local art and craft products          |                          |\n| No. of activities taken up            |                          |\n| for value addition and                |                          |\n| how many people are                   |                          |\n| involved and how much                 |                          |\n| benefit is garnered by                |                          |\n| the members.                          |                          |\n| 12                                    |                          |\n| Introduce the System of Integrated    |                          |\n| Agriculture                           |                          |\n| Number of farmer                      |                          |\n| members Implementing                  |                          |\n| integrated agriculture.               |                          |\n| 13                                    |                          |\n| Integrate Farm Activities with        |                          |\n| Other Economic Activities             |                          |\n| Activities that are                   |                          |\n| integrated, people                    |                          |\n| involved in and benefits              |                          |\n| derived by them                       |                          |'"
2785,3012,"'Risk Factors  Unrealistic assumptions in baseline survey Quality of service Non participation from local people Lack of trust among various people in the community  Non availability of health and education services Lack of capital and Govt. Support Non-availability of suitable market conditions Delays in getting working capital or non-availability  Lack of communitarian spirit  and willingness to save Lack of local entrepreneurs or capital for them Lack of understanding or trust on the market information to proceed for value addition Lack of understanding and trust on the integrated farming Lack of market or confidence for other economic activities  14 Converge Resources from the State  and Central Government schemes for an integrated and holistic development  How many schemes are converged, additional benefits derived and names of the members  who derived the  benefits  15 Withdrawal Process of the External  Champion  Development of local youth to take over PO functions  FPO Promotion and Development Process as indicated in the Policy and Process Guidelines for Farmer Producer Organisations published by Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, GoI is provided below.  Lack of networking skills / abilities to convince various Govt. departments / developmental agencies  Unwillingness of the external champion to withdraw or overdependence of PO on the POPI  Attachment 6 - References    1. Manual for Producer Company, Volume I & II, ASA 2. Implementing Community Enterprise System for Sustainability of Agricultural  Communities - A Manual by Dr. Amar KJR Nayak  3. Road Map for Farmer Producer Organisations for NABARD by Dr. Venkatesh Tagat 4. Operational Guidelines of Equity Grant and Credit Guarantee Fund Scheme for  Farmer Producer Organisation - SFAC, New Delhi  5. Manual for Producer Organisation Development Fund, NABARD'"
2786,3013,'THIS MEMORANDUM OF AGREEMENT entered into on this the ___ day of ____ 2015.'
2787,3016,"'1.  NABARD, under Section 38 of NABARD Act, 1981, is authorised, inter-alias,  to provide facilities for training, dissemination of information and the promotion of research including  undertaking of studies, researches, techno-economic and other surveys in the field of rural banking, agriculture and rural development and to  provide financial assistance to any person engaged in agriculture and rural development activities. 2.  NABARD, with an objective of building and promotion of Farmer Producer Organisations had issued Operational Guidelines for implementation of \'Scheme for Promotion of Farmer Producer Organisations\' (hereinafter referred to \'**Operational guidelines**\'). A copy of the guidelines is annexed as Annexure I herewith and to be read as part and parcel of this Agreement. 3.   ___________, is a ______ (company/society/partnership firm/ ___) registered under  _________ Act and identified as \'**Resource Support Agency**\' for capacity building and overall development of Farmers Producer Organizations (FPOs) 4.   ___________, is a ______ (company/society/partnership firm/ ___) registered under _________ Act is an institution engaged in promotion of farmer producer organisations and satisfy the eligibility conditions of \'Operational Guidelines\' for being a \'Producer Organization Promoting Institution\'. 5.  \'____________\', vide its application dated _____ approached NABARD seeking  financial assistance for formation and nurturing of __ number of FPOs in ___ number of Districts in the State of _____. 6. NABARD in consultation with RSA has, vide its Sanction Letter No ______ dated ______  (hereinafter referred to as \'**Sanction Letter**\'), identified ________________ as the Producer Organization Promoting Institution or POPI for the work of Promotion and nurturing of Farmers Producer Organizations (FPOs) for implementing the project for the following identified activities/  areas in the State of _________;'"
2788,3017,'| Name of District              | Area/ Block     | Major Activity    | Sr.    |\n|-------------------------------|-----------------|-------------------|--------|\n| No                            |                 |                   |        |\n| No. of  FPOs to be formed and |                 |                   |        |\n| promoted /promoted            |                 |                   |        |\n|                               |                 |                   |        |\n| Cluster                       |                 |                   |        |\n|                               |                 |                   |        |\n|                               |                 |                   |        |\n|                               |                 |                   |        |'
2789,3018,'A copy of the Sanction Letter is annexed as Annexure II herewith and to be read as part and parcel of this Agreement. 7.   The parties have decided to deduce the terms and conditions for grant of financial assistance being these presents: -'
2790,3021,"'    POPI will be required to submit a Utilization Certificate as per Annexure II, in respect of  funds released earlier, for processing of release proposal from second instalment onwards.  xi.     POPI will maintain detailed account of expenditure of all approved items in respect of each  FPO separately and retain all original vouchers and receipts for verification by NABARD and RSA.  xii.     POPI shall submit monthly progress report to NABARD Regional Office before 5th of the  succeeding month as per **Annexure III**  xiii.     POPI shall constitute a \'Project Monitoring Committee (PMC) consisting of  representative  of POPI, RSA, DDM **of** NABARD, Lead District Manager, ATMA, Agriculture department  and a Board member of FPO(to be promoted). The PMC shall meet quarterly to review the progress, guide the project execution and make recommendation for release of grant to POPI/FPO.   xiv.     POPI will submit all such information and data as required for the periodic monitoring of  the project by NABARD/its representatives. POPI shall not publish the reports/research findings/results without a written permission from NABARD. Further, NABARD shall have the right to use the same for its internal use, training, publicity, etc., after duly acknowledging the source(s).  xv.     POPI may undertake to document its experience during the course of implementation of  the project and submit to NABARD Regional Office for information/record.  xvi.     The assistance of NABARD shall be duly acknowledged by displaying suitable sign board  containing **\'Project supported under NABARD assistance\'** at the FPO Office and also while organising training programmes and printing of publicity/documentation material in respect of the project.  xvii.     POPI shall not sub-contract the work assigned to it to any other institution/entity.  xviii.     In the event of POPI availing assistance from any other agency for any activity of the same  project, NABARD's assistance will be reduced to that extent.'"
2791,3022,"'Further, prior permission from NABARD is to be obtained for the same.  xix.     POPI shall ensure registration of FPO in the relevant Act within 6 months from the date of  sanction of grant assistance.  xx.     POPI shall explore convergence of interventions with the existing scheme of State/ Central  Govt./ other stakeholders and bring required synergy through effective coordination.  xxi.     POPI shall have to comply with any specific term and condition that NABARD may  prescribe apart from those stated above, as may be considered necessary.'"
2792,3023,"'i.The overall cost of the project is Rs. ____________( Rupees  ______ only) for the promotion  and nurturing of _____ (no.) of FPOs. NABARD will release funds within the overall sanction as per the pattern of fund release and deliverables as agreed to (ref Annexure I & III of Sanction Letter).  ii. NABARD will monitor the progress through specific returns. It will have exclusive right to  inspect books of accounts of POPI/FPO and seek any information/ clarification relating to the status and progress of the FPO covered under the sanction.  iii. NABARD through RSA will facilitate capacity building/ training of POPI to the extent  considered necessary.  iv. NABARD reserves the right to terminate this agreement at any stage if, the performance of  POPI fails to meet the key indicators of progress as listed above or in the event of financial irregularity / breach of trust.     v. NABARD reserves its right to recall the grant in case of non-compliance of any of the terms  and conditions of sanction or this agreement or operational guidelines.  vi. NABARD reserves its right to recall the financial assistance:  (a)  If it appears to NABARD that false or misleading information in any material particulars was given in the application for the financial assistance; Or   (b)   If the financial assistance is not utilized or mutualised for any purposes other than for which the financial assistance is granted.   (c)   If the _________/POPI has failed to comply with any of the terms of contract or arrangement with NABARD in the matter of loan or other financial assistance, including grants; Or   (d)   If for any reasons, it is necessary so to do, to protect the interests of the   NABARD.  8.  This Memorandum of Agreement (MoA) will become effective immediately on the date of its signing.  9.'"
2793,3024,"' The parties shall use their best efforts to settle amicably all disputes arising out of or in connection with the MoA, or in respect of any defined legal relationship associated therewith or derived there-from. If the dispute has not resolved amicably within fifteen days (15 days) after one Party has served written notice on the other Party requesting the commencement of such discussions, either party may in writing demand that the dispute be finally settled by the arbitration in accordance with Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996. The sole arbitrator shall be appointed by NABARD in case of dispute raised by NABARD, from the panel of three persons nominated by POPI. Similarly, the sole arbitrator shall be appointed by POPI if dispute is raised by POPI  from the panel of three persons nominated by NABARD. The language of the Arbitration shall be English and the arbitrator shall be fluent in English. The arbitrator should be person of repute and integrity and place of arbitration shall be Mumbai.\'   10.  NABARD shall have the right to enter into similar agreements with any other POPI/Institution.  11.   Any notice required to be given under this Agreement shall be served on the party at their respective address given below by hand delivery or by registered post :  For NABARD  For  POPI  In witness thereof the parties hereto have signed this MoA on the date, month and year first above mentioned against their respective signatures.'"
2794,3025,'| Witness                                                                 |\n|-------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| 1.                                                                   1. |\n| 2.                                                                      |\n| 2.                                                                      |\n|                                                                         |'
2795,3026,'THIS MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING entered into on this the ___ day of ____ 2015.'
2796,3027,"'National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development, is a body corporate established under an Act of Parliament, viz. the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development Act, 1981 and having its Head Office at C-24, G Block, Bandra-Kurla Complex, Bandra (East), Mumbai : 400 051  hereinafter referred to as \'**NABARD**\' (which expression shall, unless repugnant to the context or meaning thereof, include its successors and assigns).'"
2797,3029,"'1.  NABARD, under Section 38 of NABARD Act, 1981, is authorised, inter-alias,  to provide facilities for training, dissemination of information and the promotion of research including, undertaking of studies, researches, techno-economic and other surveys in the field of rural banking, agriculture and rural development and to  provide financial assistance to any person engaged in agriculture and rural development activities. 2.  NABARD, with an objective of building and promotion of Farmer Producer Organisation had issued Operational Guidelines for implementation of \'Scheme for Promotion of Farmer Producer Organisations\' (hereinafter referred to \'**Operational guidelines**\'). A copy of the guidelines is annexed as Annexure I herewith and to be read as part and parcel of this Agreement. 3.     ___________, is a ______ (company/society/partnership firm/ ___) registered under _________ Act is an institution engaged in promotion of farmer producer organisations. 4.   \'____________\', vide its application dated _____ approached NABARD seeking applying to select it as a \'**Resource Support Agency**\' for a lumpsum consideration of Rs. _______(Rupees  _________only).  5.   NABARD has, on being found __________ suitable, identified __________ as Resource Supporting Agency or RSA for organizing and implementing capacity building of POPIs and supervising overall development of Farmers Producer Organizations (FPOs)   6.  The parties have decided to deduce the terms and conditions as indicated below:-'"
2798,3030,"'i.  Soon after executing MoU, the RSA will be required to submit detailed activity-wise action plan for the calendar year to NABARD, RO indicating, inter alia the number of training/capacity building programmes to be conducted for POPI, FPOs etc. nature and duration of training and other support activities required for successful implementation of the scheme.  ii.  The Resource Support Agency will be designing and organising capacity building of the Producer Organization Promoting Institutions (POPIs), providing necessary training and handholding support to POPIs for undertaking the promotion of FPOs in the State. RSA jointly with POPI will arrange for training and capacity building of FPO Directors, Lead Farmers and CEO of FPO as per requirement.  iii.  The RSAs will be required to guide/ oversee the overall implementation of the scheme and assist POPI / FPOs in value addition, market linkage, accessing storage facilities and other support services required by the FPOs for effective value chain development.   iv.  RSA will work under the overall supervision and guidance of NABARD and organize various training programmes on a group approach, as per the guidelines. Each training/capacity building programme to be organized by RSA shall require prior approval of NABARD for extending financial support.'"
2799,3031,"'i.  NABARD will monitor the progress through specific returns. It will have exclusive right  to inspect books of accounts of RSA and seek any information/ clarification relating to  the status and progress.    ii.  NABARD reserves the right to terminate this MoU at any stage if, the performance of RSA fails to meet the minimum requirement or in the event of financial irregularity /  breach of trust.       iii.  NABARD reserves its right to recall the financial assistance: (a)    If it appears to NABARD that false or misleading information in any material particulars was given in the application for the financial assistance; Or (b)    If the financial assistance is not utilized or mis-utilized for any purposes other than for which the financial assistance is granted.   (c)    If the _______/RSA has failed to comply with any of the terms of MoU with NABARD in the matter of financial assistance, including grants; Or   (d)  If for any reasons, it is necessary so to do, to protect the interests of NABARD.  7. This Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) will become effective immediately on the date  of its signing.  8. The parties shall use their best efforts to settle amicably all disputes arising out of or in  connection with the MoU, or in respect of any defined legal relationship associated therewith or derived there-from. If dispute is not resolved, the same shall be resolved by consultation. If the dispute has not resolved through consultations within fifteen days (15 days) after one Party has served written notice on the other Party requesting the  commencement of such discussions, either party may in writing demand that the dispute be finally settled by the arbitration in accordance with Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996.'"
2800,3032,"'The sole arbitrator shall be appointed by NABARD in case of dispute raised by NABARD, from the panel of three persons nominated by RSA. Similarly, the sole arbitrator shall be appointed by RSA if dispute is raised by RSA from the panel of three persons nominated by NABARD. The language of the Arbitration shall be English and the arbitrator shall be fluent in English. The arbitrator should be person of repute and integrity and place of arbitration shall be Mumbai.\'   9. NABARD shall have the right to enter into similar MoU/agreements with any other  RSA/Institution.  10. Any notice required to be given under this MoU/Agreement shall be served on the party at  their respective address given below by hand delivery or by registered post :'"
2801,3033,"'For NABARD  For  RSA  In witness thereof the parties hereto have signed this MoU on the date, month and year first above mentioned against their respective signatures.  Witness                                                                Witness  1.                                                                  1. 2.                                                              2.  Attachment 7 - Abbreviations  Abbreviation **Full Form of the Abbreviation** AA  Articles of Association  AGM  Annual General Meeting  AoA  Articles of Association  APEDA  Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority  ARDB  Agricultural Rural Development Bank  ASA  Action for Social Advancement  BC  Business Correspondent  BEP  Break Even Point  BIRD  Bankers Institute of Rural Development  BIS  Bureau of Indian Standards  BoD  Board of Directors  CA  Chartered Accountant  CEO  Chief Executive Officer  CFTRI  Central Food Technological Research Institute  CGF  Credit Guarantee Fund  CoB  Commencement of Business  CoC  Certificate of Commencement  CoI  Certificate of Incorporation  DDM  District Development Manager  DEDS  Dairy Entrepreneur Development Scheme  DIN  Director Identification Number  DPR  Detailed Project Report  DSC  Digital Signature Certificate  DSCR  Debt-Service Coverage Ratio  EGCGFS  Equity Grant and Credit Guarantee Fund Scheme  EGSC  Equity Grant Sanction Committee  ELI  Eligible Lending Institution  FC   Farmers' Club   FCF  Farmers' Club Federation  FCRA  Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act 2010  FIG  Farmer Interest Group  FPC  Farmers Producer Company  FPO  Farmer Producer Organisation  FPO Mark  Fruit Products Order Mark  FS  Farm Sector  FSPF  Farm Sector Promotion Fund  FSS Act  Food Safety Standards Act'"
2802,3034,'| Abbreviation   |                                                                       |\n|----------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| FSSAI          | Food Safety and Standards Authority of India                          |\n| FY             | Financial Year                                                        |\n| GAP            | Good Agricultural Practices                                           |\n| GB             | General Body                                                          |\n| GP             | Gram Panchayat                                                        |\n| ha             | hectare                                                               |\n| HACCP          | Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point                                |\n| I&CSC          | Investment and Claims Settlement Committee                            |\n| IAP            | Integrated Action Plan                                                |\n| ICAR           | Indian Council of Agricultural Research                               |\n| IEM            | Industrial Entrepreneurs' Memorandum                                  |\n| IFFDC          | Indian Farm Forestry Development Co-operative Ltd.                    |\n| IRR            | Internal Rate of Return                                               |\n| IT             | Income Tax                                                            |\n| IUCN           | International Union for Conservation of Nature                        |\n| JLG            | Joint Liability Group                                                 |\n| KVK            | Krishi Vigyan Kendra                                                  |\n| MA             | Memorandum of Association                                             |\n| MCA            | Ministry of Company Affairs                                           |\n| MGNREGS        | Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme             |\n| MoA            | Memorandum of Association                                             |\n| MSC            | Multi Service Centre                                                  |\n| MSP            | Minimum Support Price                                                 |\n| MT             | Metric Ton                                                            |\n| NABARD         | National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development                   |\n| NABL           | National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories |\n| NCDC           | National Cooperative Development Corporation                          |\n| NEDFi          | The North Eastern Development Finance Corporation Ltd                 |\n| NFS            | Non Farm Sector                                                       |\n| NGO            | Non-Governmental Organizations                                        |\n| NHM            | National Horticulture Mission                                         |\n| NPA            | Non-Performing Asset                                                  |\n| NRHM           | National Rural Health Mission                                         |\n| NRLM           | National Rural Livelihood Mission                                     |\n| OFS            | Off Farm Sector                                                       |\n| P&L A/c        | Profit and Loss Account                                               |\n| PACS           | Primary Agricultural Credit Societies                                 |\n| PAN            | Permanent Account Number                                              |\n| PAT            | Projected Annual Turnover                                             |\n| Abbreviation   |                                             |\n|----------------|---------------------------------------------|\n| PC             | Producer Company                            |\n| PO             | Producer Organization                       |\n| POPI           | Producer Organization Promoting Institution |\n| PSU            | Public Sector Undertaking                   |\n| Qtl            | Quintal                                     |\n| R&D            | Research and Development                    |\n| RBI            | Reserve Bank of India                       |\n| RO             | Regional Office                             |\n| RoC            | Registrar of Companies                      |\n| SBI            | State Bank of India                         |\n| SFAC           | Small Farmers' Agribusiness Consortium      |\n| SHG            | Self Help Group                             |\n| SSA            | Sarva Siksha Abhiyan                        |\n| TAN            | Tax Deduction Account Number                |\n| VWDC           | Village Watershed Development Committee     |\n|                |                                             |\n|                |                                             |'
2803,3035,"'National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development Plot No. C-24, 'G' Block, Bandra-Kurla Complex, Bandra (E), Mumbai - 400051                     www.nabard.org                Follow us on:        /nabardonline'"
2804,3038,"'   vi) Professionals like Doctors, Engineers, Lawyers, Chartered Accountants, and  Architects registered with Professional bodies and carrying out profession by undertaking practices.   (c) In case of new beneficiaries being uploaded on the PM-KISAN Portal, all land holding farmers' families who are Non-resident Indians (NRIs) in terms of the provisions of the Income Tax Act, 1961 shall be excluded from any benefit under the Scheme. 4.2  For the purpose of exclusion State / UT Governments can certify the eligibility of the beneficiaries based on self declaration by the beneficiaries. In case beneficiary is not available / does not reside in the village, State / UT Governments may consider certification based on the declaration by other adult member of his / her family. In case of incorrect self declaration, beneficiary shall be liable for recovery of transferred financial benefit and other penal actions as per law.'"
2805,3039,"'5.1  The benefit shall be paid to only those farmers' families whose names are entered into the land records. Exception has, however, been made for North-East States and Jharkhand in this regard. 5.2  The cut-off date for determination of eligibility of beneficiaries under the scheme shall be 01.02.2019 and no changes thereafter shall be considered for eligibility of benefit under the scheme for next 5 years. However, this date is not applicable when transfer of ownership of cultivable land takes place on account of succession due to death. 5.3  Benefit will be allowed in those cases where transfer of ownership of cultivable land takes place on account of succession due to death of the landowner. However, those eligible farmers whose names have been entered in the land record after 01.12.2018 till 01.02.2019 shall be eligible for the benefits from the date of entry of land rights in the land records. In such cases where, transfer of ownership of cultivable land has happened due to any reason which could be purchase, succession, will, gift, etc., between 01.12.2018 and 31.01.2019, the installment pertaining to the 4-monthly period / trimester December, 2018 - March, 2019 during the financial year (2018-19) shall be proportionate amount from date of transfer till 31.03.2019 with respect to the 4 months period. 5.3.1 In cases where the land records have not been updated for rights accruing due to succession on account of the death of land owners before 01.12.2018, such updation of land records may be done by the States in a time bound manner.  The successors    whose names are entered in land records for rights accrued as aforementioned shall be eligible subject to fulfilment of other conditions of the Scheme and the exclusion clauses.'"
2806,3040,"' 5.3.2 Clause 5.3 of the Operational Guidelines, which provides for proportionate amount of financial benefit under the scheme to be transferred in the bank accounts of the beneficiaries in cases involving transfer of ownership between 01.12.2018 to 31.01.2019, shall remain applicable to the cases of succession as well which is clear from the wording of the said clause. 5.3.3 Subsequent to 01.02.2019, there could be change in ownership due to the following reasons:-   i)  Transfer of ownership due to inheritance resulting out of death of the land  owner.  In such cases the family of the successors would be entitled to the  benefits, if otherwise eligible as per scheme guidelines.  ii)  In cases of cultivable land transferred to other persons through Sale Deed,  Partition Deed, Gift Deed, etc., the transferee will not be eligible under the Scheme as he / she was not the land owner as on 01.02.2019.  However, in such cases even the transferor of the land will become ineligible if the family of the transferor does not have any cultivable land subsequent to such a transfer.   5.3.4 The State Governments have to put in place the administrative mechanism based on their existing land revenue administrative regime to take care of formulations. There should be clear cut responsibility entrusted to the officials responsible for undertaking mutation of land records.   i)  In case of correction of land record for recording land ownership accrued  due to inheritance before 01.12.2018 then the eligibility of the family under the scheme shall be properly determined as per the conditions of the scheme. The procedure for determining the eligibility as per the exclusion clauses shall remain as prescribed.'"
2807,3041,"' ii)  In case of transfer of land ownership due to inheritance, reassessing the  eligibility of the family under PM-KISAN -  If the family is no longer eligible, then the same have to be updated in the PM-KISAN portal so that the benefits can be discontinued subsequently.  In case of family of the deceased land owner is still eligible (where spouse or the minor children are having cultivable land and eligible as per guidelines), the details of the new beneficiary alongwith other details with the fresh self-declarations have to be provided to the concerned authorities for inclusion / modifications so that the benefit to the survivors of the family can continue.  iii)  Subsequent to inheritance if the families of the inheritors also become  freshly eligible under PM-Kisan then all the details of the freshly eligible families have to be incorporated in the database so that benefits start accruing to such families from the date when inheritance became operational.  iv)  In case of transfer of cultivable land for reasons other than death after  01.02.2019, the officials have to reassess the eligibility of the transferor  and decide whether the benefits have to be stopped or not and intimate the authorities so that the PM-KISAN portal can be updated.  Transferees  are not entitled for any benefits under PM-KISAN in such cases.   5.4  The beneficiaries, whose names are uploaded on PM-Kisan Portal by the State /  UT Government in a particular 4-month period / trimester, shall be entitled to receive benefit for that trimester and for further installments pertaining to the subsequent trimesters for that financial year. 5.5  In some of the North Eastern States, the land ownership rights are community based and it might not be possible to assess the quantum of land holder farmers.'"
2808,3042,"'In such States an alternate implementation mechanism for eligibility of the farmers will be developed and approved by the Committee of Union Ministers of Ministry of Development of North East Region (DoNER), the Ministry of Rural Development (Department of Land Resources), the Union Agriculture Minister and the concerned State Chief Ministers or their Ministerial representatives, based on the proposal by the concerned North Eastern States. 5.5.1 For identification of *bona fide* beneficiary under PM-Kisan Scheme in Manipur, the following proposal of Government of Manipur was considered and approved by the Committee: \'The certificate issued by the Village authority, namely, the Chairman/Chief, authorizing any tribal family to cultivate a piece of land, may be accepted. Such certification of village Chairman/Chief shall be authenticated by the concerned sub-divisional officers. All the exclusions under the Operational Guidelines will be applicable.\' 5.5.2 For identification of *bona fide* beneficiary under PM-Kisan Scheme in Nagaland, the following procedure was approved by the Committee:  1) In case of community owned cultivable land in the state of Nagaland which is  under permanent cultivation, for identification of beneficiaries under PM-KISAN, the certificate issued by the village council/authority/village chieftan  regarding land holding, duly verified by the administrative head of the circle/sub-division and countersigned by the Deputy Commissioner of the District shall suffice subject to  the exclusions under the operational guidelines.'"
2809,3051,"'Father name, Address, Mobile Number, Date of Birth/Age, Farm-Size in Hectare, Survey Number, Khasra Number     Optional attributes such as Mobile number can be utilized for SMS alerts. Other optional attributes may be used for purpose of future requirement.  However, these attributes are not essential for purpose of transfer of money. These attributes are illustrated on PM-KISAN Portal http://pmkisan.gov.in as follows  9.4  There are 3 ways through which a State / UT can onboard on the PM Kisan Portal:  (a)  If a State / UT has village / district wise list of farmers, they may upload the same in a pre-defined format and with the help of local NIC State Unit.   (b)  Some existing data of farmers is already available on the PM-Kisan Portal  which will be visible on selection of States / Districts / Village. States / UTs which do not have their own list may use this village-wise list of farmers as provided on the portal and edit the same to finalize the farmers' list. For this the correction window shall be available at PM-Kisan portal for authorized users of District and Block officials.    (c)  If States / UTs want to make fresh entry of a farmer, provision is there for  registration of these farmers in a defined and standardized format.  9.5   Databases of Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY), Soil Health Cards, Socio Economic and Caste Census (SECC) can also be utilized for this purpose. State/UT wise status of number of farmer records shall be available at **http://pmkisan.gov.in**. 9.6   Records preparation process through PM-KISAN Portal:'"
2810,3060,"'Government of India Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers' Welfare Department of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers' Welfare   Sl. No.  ITEMS  Page   1  Aims and Objectives of the Scheme  1  2  Farmer Producer Organization(FPO)  1  3  Broad Services and Activities to be undertaken by FPOs    1  4  ryS yget rtS Formation of FPO and Identification of Cluster  2  Area  5  National Project Management Agency (NPMA)  5  6  Implementing Agencies  7  7  Cluster- Based Business Organizations (CBBOs)  9  8  Budgetary Provisions  14  9  FPO Formation & Incubation Cost  including CBBOs  Cost  15  and Cost of Monitoring & Data Management/MIS Portal including Cost of NPMA  10  FPO Management Cost  16  11  Provision for Equity Grant  17  12   Credit Guarantee Facility  22  13  Training and Capacity Building for  Promotion of FPOs       29  14  Implementation  & Monitoring Mechanism  31  15  Evaluation of the Scheme  36  16  Integrated Portal  37      17  Miscellaneous  37  18  Annexure I to II  40'"
2811,3043,"'   2) In case of cultivable land in the State of Nagaland which is categorised as Jhum  land as per definition under Section–2(7) of the Nagaland Jhum Land Act, 1970 and which is owned by the community/clan/village council/village chieftan, the identification of beneficiaries under PM-Kisan scheme, shall be on the basis of certification of land holding by the village council/chief/head of the village, duly verified by the administrative head of the circle/sub division and countersigned by the Deputy Commissioner of the District. Provided that the name of the beneficiary is included in the state of Nagaland's Agriculture Census of 2015-16. This proviso shall not be applicable in cases of succession and family partition.  The list of such beneficiaries shall be subject to the exclusions under the operational guidelines.  5.6  For identification of *bona fide* beneficiary under PM-Kisan Scheme in Jharkhand, the following proposal of Government of Jharkhand was considered and approved by the Committee: \'The farmer will be asked to submit 'Vanshavali (Lineage)' linked to the entry of land record comprising his \\ her ancestor's name giving a chart of successor. This lineage chart shall be submitted before the Gram Sabha for calling objections. After approval of the Gram Sabha, the village level \\ circle level revenue officials will verify and authenticate the Vanshawali and possession of holding. This authenticated list of farmers after due verification of succession chart shall be countersigned by the District level revenue authority. Farmers' names, subject to the exclusion criterion after following the aforementioned process, shall be uploaded on the PM-Kisan portal along with other required details for this disbursement of benefit under the scheme.\''"
2812,3044,"'6.1  The States shall prepare database of eligible beneficiary land holder farmer families in the villages capturing the Name, Age, Gender, Category (SC/ST), Aadhaar Number, Bank Account Number and the Mobile Number of the beneficiaries. Responsibility of identifying the land holder farmer family eligible for benefit under the scheme shall be of the State / UT Government. In case of beneficiaries in States of Assam, Meghalaya, J&K where Aadhaar number has not been issued to most of the citizens, Aadhaar number shall be collected for those beneficiaries where it is available and for others alternate prescribed documents such as Driving Licence, Voters' ID Card, NREGA Job Card, or any other identification documents issued by Central / State / UT Governments or their authorities, etc. can be collected for identity verification purposes. These three States have been exempted from the requirement of Aadhaar number till 31.3.2021. In the meantime these States will complete Aadhaar enrolment. States / UTs shall ensure that there is no duplication of the payment transferred to eligible families. Speedy reconciliation in case of wrong / incomplete bank details of the beneficiary should be ensured. 6.2   For the purpose of exclusion States have to take a self-declaration from the beneficiaries as detailed in par 4.2 above. In the said self-declaration taken by the States / UT Governments an undertaking should also be included wherein the consent of the beneficiaries should be taken for using the Aadhaar number for verification of his eligibility for the scheme with the concerned agencies.'"
2813,3045,"' This consent of the beneficiary should be \'to agree that the department responsible for implementation of the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi Yojana in Union Government or the State Government / Union Territory Administration can use the beneficiary Aadhaar number and other information provided in the declaration to verify the eligibility of the beneficiary for scheme as per extant scheme guidelines with the concerned agencies\'. 6.3  The existing land-ownership system in the concerned State / UT will be used for identification of beneficiaries. Accordingly, it is of utmost importance that the land records are clear and updated. Further, State / UT Governments would also expedite    the progress of digitization of the land records and linking the same with Aadhaar as well as bank details of the beneficiaries. 6.4  The lists of eligible beneficiaries would be published at the village level. Farmers'  families who are eligible but have been excluded should be provided an opportunity to represent their case.'"
2814,3046,"'7.1  There will be stratified review / monitoring mechanism at National, State and District Level. At the National level, the Review Committee will be headed by Cabinet Secretary. The States shall notify the State and District Level Review / Monitoring Committee. 7.2  The States shall also notify State and District Level Grievance Redressal Monitoring Committees for looking into all the grievances related to implementation of the scheme. Any grievances or complaints which are received should be disposed off on merit preferably within two weeks time. 8.  Setting up of Project Monitoring Unit (PMU) 8.1  A Project Monitoring Unit (PMU) at Central level will be set up in the Department of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers Welfare (DAC&FW) in the form of a Society registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860. This PMU shall be tasked with the responsibility of overall monitoring of the scheme and shall be headed by Chief Executive Officer (CEO). PMU shall also undertake publicity campaign (Information, Education and Communication-IEC). 8.2  Each State / UT Government will designate a Nodal Department for implementation of the scheme and coordinating with Central Government with regard to implementation of Income Support Scheme. 8.3  On the lines of PMU at central level, States / UTs may consider setting up dedicated Project Monitoring Units at State / UT Level. 0.125% for the amount of installments transferred to beneficiaries can be transferred by Central Government to State / UT Government to cover the expenditure on their PMUs, if established and for meeting other related administrative expenses including cost to be incurred for procurement of stationary, field verification, filling of prescribed formats, their certification and its uploading as well as incentive for field functionaries, publicity, etc.'"
2815,3047,'States / UTs will furnish the details of the account to which Administrative Charges are credited by the Central Government. The administrative charges payable to the States / UTs will be provided by Government of India based on the volume of work and the number of beneficiaries.'
2816,3048,"'Union Territory. The details of farmers are being maintained by the States / UTs either in electronic form or in manual register. To make integrated platform available in the country to assist in benefit transfer, a platform named **PM-Kisan Portal** available at URL (**http://pmkisan.gov.in**) has been be launched for uploading the farmers' details at a single web-portal in a uniform structure. 9.2  The PM-Kisan Portal has been created with the following objectives -  i)  To provide verified and single source of truth on farmers' details at the portal.  ii)  Timely assistance to the farmers in farm operation  iii)  A unified e-platform for transferring of cash benefits into farmer's bank account  through Public Financial Management System (PFMS) integration.  iv)  Location wise availability of benefited farmers' list.  v)  Ease of monitoring across the country on fund transaction details.'"
2817,3052,"'1. State-admin and District-admin need to be identified for creation of login  credentials or approval of login credentials in case of self-registration by District and Block / Tehsil / Taluka officials.    DISTRICT ADMIN  DISTRICT ADMIN  DISTRICT ADMIN    BLOCK USER  BLOCK USER  BLOCK USER  BLOCK USER  BLOCK USER  BLOCK USER  BLOCK USER  BLOCK USER  BLOCK USER  2. Farmers list as available on the portal shall be available at Block / Tehsil /  Taluka level official's login.  3. Search facility will also be available to get details on Farmers by Name,  Aadhaar Number or Mobile Number in case PM-KISAN Portal data is being used. Facility to add new farmers' details shall be available, if details are not found in the list.    4. The verified list shall be e-signed by the District level or block / tehsil / taluka  level officials as the case may be. The exclusion categories specified in scheme guidelines also need to be taken care before e-signing the verified farmers list.  5. The States Nodal Officer shall submit a district wise e-Signed list of farmers to  the Program Division of DAC&FW through PM-Kisan Portal.'"
2818,3053,"'10.1 The financial benefit of Rs.6000/- per year is to be released to the eligible farmers in three installments of Rs.2000/- each every 4-month / trimester, i.e. April-July, August-November and December-March. 10.2 The Scheme is being implemented through an Aadhaar linked electronic data base containing details of all members of the families of the farmers whose names appear in the land records. For transfer of the financial benefits to the eligible farmers, Aadhaar number shall be collected for all beneficiaries, since payment of all installments pertaining to the trimester December, 2019 - March, 2020 onwards shall be done only on the basis of Aadhaar seeded data base. However, exemption has been to the States of Assam, Meghalaya and Jammu & Kashmir from the requirement of Aadhaar number and Aadhaar seeded database under the scheme till 31.3.2021. In the meantime these States will complete Aadhaar enrolment so that subsequent installments are released on the basis of Aadhaar seeded data only. States / UTs shall ensure that there is no duplication of the payment transferred to eligible families. 10.3 The funds pertaining to income support benefit as well as administrative charges shall be released from Government of India to the States' designated account / mechanism.  The benefit shall be transferred by Government of India to the beneficiaries through a mechanism wherein district wise beneficiaries' lists shall be certified and uploaded by the States / UTs and the funds will be electronically transferred via State Notional Account [similar to Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MNREGS)] to the beneficiaries' bank accounts on the basis of their account numbers and IFSC codes. However, where the states verify that Aadhaar linked accounts are not the loan accounts of beneficiaries, the Aadhaar linked payment system can be adopted.'"
2819,3054,"'However, from the December, 2019 - March, 2020 trimester onwards the States shall have to ensure Aadhaar linked bank accounts of the beneficiaries, except in case of Assam, Meghalaya and Jammu & Kashmir, which have been given exemption till the 31st March, 2021. For ease of implementation the States may consider assigning the job of sponsoring bank for the scheme to the same bank being used by concerned State for MGNREGS. 10.4 The funds pertaining to income support benefit as well as administrative charges shall be released from Government of India to the State designated account /  mechanism. Detailed modalities for transfer of funds are as under: (a)  The amount due to the beneficiaries under the scheme is to be paid directly into their bank accounts through the mechanism of Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT). The amount will flow to the accounts of the beneficiaries held in destination banks, through the accredited bank of DAC&FW and sponsoring banks of the States /UTs, using PFMS portal. The destination bank can be a Schedule Bank, Post office, Rural Bank, Cooperative Bank or any other Financial Institution.      (b)  The important steps to be taken by State / UT Governments and the Union Government for timely payment into the beneficiary account are listed below:'"
2820,3055,"'i.  State / UT Governments are to identify the beneficiaries and upload the  beneficiary details on the web portal of the scheme.     ii.  Correctness of beneficiary details is to be ensured by State / UT Governments.  Further, speedy reconciliation in case of wrong / incomplete bank details of the beneficiary should be ensured.    iii.  For facilitating payment, Fund Transfer Order (FTO) for the total amount in a  batch of beneficiaries is to be signed by State / UT on the web portal of the scheme.  iv.  State / UT Governments are also required to identify a bank in each State / UT  and designate it as sponsoring bank for this scheme. States may consider designating the same bank for use for MNRGES for sponsoring bank for this schemes.  v.  The bank to be designated as sponsoring bank is to have well developed IT  system with the capabilities of integration with web portal of the scheme and PFMS.    vi.  Details of sponsoring bank along with IFSC code and bank account number in  which funds are to be transferred are to be provided to the Department.     vii.  States / UT Governments are to authorise the sponsoring bank to directly  transmit the amount received under the scheme to destination banks having  beneficiary account.    viii.  The sponsoring bank is to transmit the funds to destination bank soon after the  same are received by it.'"
2821,3056,"'I.  The Programme Division in the DAC&FW is to issue Sanction Order on the basis  of FTOs received from States / UTs.  II.  The beneficiary account is to be credited periodically after the issuance of the  Sanction Order.  III.  Beneficiary would be intimated about credit of amount to his account by Short  Messaging Service (SMS).   IV.  The confirmation of credit to the beneficiary account would be received back by  the DAC&FW on the day next to the day of credit to the beneficiary account.  V.  Failed / unsuccessful transactions would be reported back by the banking system  to the DAC&FW, on the day next to the day of reporting of the successful transactions, along with amount involved.  VI.  Details of failed transactions would be made available to States / UTs for further  verification of beneficiary details and reprocessing.  10.5 The beneficiary lists would be displayed at Panchayats to ensure greater transparency and information. Further, States / UTs would notify the sanction of benefit to the beneficiary through system generated SMS.  In cases of complaints / grievances emanating subsequent to publication of beneficiary list, the same should be addressed and remedial action taken expeditiously. Efforts should be undertaken by State / UT Governments to ensure checking for around 5% of the beneficiary for the eligibility during the year. 11.  Validity of the list of beneficiaries'"
2822,3057,"'The list of beneficiaries identified by States / UTs shall be valid for one year. However, States / UTs can upload names of eligible beneficiaries who have been identified subsequently. States / UTs should also implement a mechanism to ensure revision of the name of the beneficiary in case of mutation /changes in the land record after uploading list on the portal for updation of the eligible beneficiary details for such lands as per above para 5.3.  *******'"
2823,3058,'lR;eso t;rs'
2824,3059,"'Government of India Department of Agriculture, Co-operation & Farmers' Welfare Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers' Welfare'"
2825,3062,"'FPO is a generic name, which means and includes farmer- producers'  organization incorporated/ registered either under Part IXA of Companies Act or under Co-operative Societies Act of the concerned States and  formed for the purpose of leveraging collectives through economies of scale in production and marketing of agricultural and allied sector.  However, FPOs registered under Cooperative Societies Act of the State (including Mutually Aided or Self-reliant Cooperative Societies Act by whatever name it is called) for the purpose of this  Scheme, is to be insulated from all kinds of interference including in election process and day today management through suitable provisioning in their Memorandum of Association and Bye-laws with a view to encourage healthy growth and development of FPO.'"
2826,3063,"'The FPOs may provide and undertake following relevant major services and activities for their development as may be necessary:-   (i)  Supply quality production inputs like seed, fertilizer, pesticides and such other inputs at reasonably lower wholesale rates.  (ii)  Make available need based production and post-production machinery and equipment like cultivator, tiller, sprinkler set, combine harvester and such other machinery and equipment on custom hiring basis for members to reduce the per  unit production cost.  (iii)  Make available value addition like cleaning, assaying, sorting, grading, packing  and also farm level processing facilities at user charge basis on reasonably cheaper rate. Storage and transportation facilities may also be made available.  (iv) Undertake higher income generating activities like seed production, bee keeping,  mushroom cultivation etc.  (v)   Undertake aggregation of smaller lots of farmer-members' produce; add value to make them more marketable.  (vi) Facilitate market information about the produce for judicious decision in  production and marketing.  (vii) Facilitate logistics services such as storage, transportation, loading/un-loading  etc. on shared cost basis.   (viii)  Market the aggregated produce with better negotiation strength to the buyers  and in the marketing channels offering better and remunerative prices.     A Business Plan Linked   development in both medium and long-term'"
2827,3064,"'4.1 Formation and promotion of FPO is based on Produce Cluster Area, which is  broadly defined as:  \'Produce Cluster aerA\' for purpose of FPO formation and management herein means a geographical area wherein agricultural and allied produce such as ltSytlthytS h produce of similar or of almost similar nature is grown / cultivated;  therefore, an FPO can be formed for leveraging economies of scale in production and marketing. This will also cover Organic Produce and Natural Farming.   4.2 Produce cluster area is to be identified with the input of District Level Monitoring    Committee (D-MC), State Level Consultative Committee (SLCC), other Ministries/Departments of Government of India and the States as well as with recommendations of Implementing Agencies with input from Cluster- Based Business Organization (CBBO) and suggestions of relevant Government of India Organizations.      4.3 CBBOs will undertake Feasibility Study in assigned clusters which will include the  following:  (i) **Diagnostic study including Baseline survey** to find out produce and socio- cultural similarity, existing gap and potential activity, interventions in terms of infrastructure, services, etc. required in the value chain of agricultural and horticultural produce including post-harvest management and marketing. Baseline survey should also identify current situation of farming, small, marginal and landless farmers for aggregation, to identify minimum geographical area for potential interventions etc.   (ii) **Prospective Business Plan** in order to establish a fit case for formation of an  economically sustainable FPO.  4.4 FPO with a minimum farmer-members' size of 300 shall be eligible under the  scheme in plains, while in North-Eastern and Hilly areas* (including such other  areas of UTs), size of 100 shall be eligible.'"
2828,3065,"'Farmer-members cohesively located with almost same interest are to be mobilized to form a group of 15-20 Members, calling the group as   Farmer Interest Group (FIG) or Self Help Group (SHG), Farmers Club (FC), Joint Liability Group (JLG) , Rythu Mitra Group. Such 20 or more groups from a produce cluster area or a village/ cluster of neighboring villages based on certain commonalities are to be put together to form an FPO with a minimum farmer-members size of 300 to be eligible under this scheme in plains while in Hilly and North Eastern regions, 7-8 are to be put together to form an FPO with a minimum farmer-members size of 100. It may provide special focus to include small, marginal and women farmers/women SHGs, SC/ST farmers and other economically weaker categories etc. as members to make FPOs more effective and inclusive.    * - Hilly area means area at a height of 1000 metre or above MSL    4.5 However, efforts will be made to achieve   an average membership size of 500  farmers in plain areas and 200 farmers in Hilly and North-Eastern regions to make them sizable for economic sustainability and profitability. Based on experience/ need, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare (DAC&FW) may revise the minimum membership norm per FPO, with the approval of Union Agriculture Minister.  Efforts will be made to form on an average two FPOs in at least each of potential 5,000 blocks out of existing about 7,000 blocks. However, efforts will be made to cover all blocks in the country. 4.6 The FPOs can federate at district level and State level based on their need of  processing, branding and marketing of produce/trading of commodities, which are essential for scaling up for survivability and growth in an era of competition.'"
2829,3066,"' Based on their need, success and product, they can federate at the National level also to promote packaging/branding and domestic/international trading of quality produce. Such Federation may avail advisory of National Project Management Agency (NPMA) as well as will be eligible for Credit Guarantee facility under the Scheme to strengthen their activities relating to setting up of infrastructure and supply chain for value addition and marketing.    4.7 While adopting cluster-based approach for produce or produce mix, formation of  FPOs will also focus on \'One District One Product\' approach for development of product specialization, in case the focused agriculture produce has been declared for that district, whereby FPOs will be encouraged for promoting processing,  branding, marketing and export of the product for better value realization. There may be more than one cluster for one product in one district and a cluster also may  extend beyond a district. However, to be an FPO economically sustainable and  diversify risk & enhance returns, the FPO will also have additional product and service mix; so that there are enough activities and engagements with the members throughout the year. Furthermore, FPOs can federate at district level, State level & National level for the product identified as per their requirement of processing,  branding and marketing.     4.8 Concerted efforts will be made to prioritize formation of FPOs in aspirational  districts through intense awareness programmes and making FPOs economically sustainable through adequate support, handholding, training & skill development. However, intensive efforts will be made to form & promote at least 15% of the  total targeted 10,000 FPOs (i.e. 1,500 FPOs) in next 5 years in aspirational districts with at least one FPO in each block of aspirational districts of the country for their development.'"
2830,3067,"'In order to promote the forest and minor forest produce by the tribal communities, intensive efforts will be made by the implementing agencies to prioritize formation and promotion of FPOs in the notified tribal areas in the country.  The benefits of quality input, technology, credit and value addition and processing as well as better market access should reach the tribal community and North-East Region through the Scheme in co-operation with Tribal Affairs Ministry, DONER and North Eastern Council (NEC).      4.9 Existing FPOs will also be allowed to avail relevant benefits, if not earlier availed  in any scheme of Government of India,   such as Credit Guarantee Fund and advisory services from National Project Management Agency (NPMA)  under the  Scheme.  The FPOs which are already registered but have not been provided funds under any other schemes and have not yet started operation will also be covered under the Scheme.'"
2831,3079,"'  l) Facilitating traceability, compliance and global market connectivity. m) Review and monitoring of the field team during implementation as per  desired outcomes.  n) Assist in communication and dissemination of information to farmers by way  of market and crop advisory.  o) Progress report on all specified target activities to be submitted periodically  to the NPMA.  p) Ensuring programme/project targets are met.  q) Assist in compliance issues of FPO including their capacity building in the  subject.  r) Assist NPMA and Implementing Agency in data collection and generating  MIS reports/information in the required data sheets.  s) Assist Implementing Agency and NPMA in rating of FPOs as may be  necessary.  t) Assist in federating FPOs when necessary for business growth and  expansion.  u) Assist FPO in proper financial management and utilization of fund and  accounting and timely submission of returns and certificates.  v) Any other activity related to implementation, management and monitoring of  the project.  w) An advisory body consisting of various stakeholders including state  government representative, NGOs, RIs, KVKs or any other support institutions will provide active guidance over project implementation.'"
2832,3111,"'i. The one time Guarantee Fee if chargeable by NABARD or NCDC, as the case  may be, will be payable by the ELI for Credit Guarantee Cover (CGC) under the Scheme, which will be maximum up to @ 0.75% of the credit facility up to and including Rs. 1.00 crore project loan and up to @ 0.85% of credit facility above Rs. 1.00 crore and up to Rs. 2.00 crore project loan sanctioned by the ELIs. The ELI shall pay the Guarantee Fee upfront to NABARD or NCDC, as the case may be, within 30 days from the date of issue of sanction letter for CGC, failing which the Guarantee will be liable to  become void unless and until its continuance  is specifically  approved by  NABARD or NCDC, as the case may be.   ii. The Guarantee Fee once paid by the lending institution to NABARD or NCDC, as  the case may be, is non-refundable except where Guarantee Cover for which  Guarantee Fee is paid has not been approved.    12.11  Responsibilities of Lending Institutions under the Scheme prior to recommending  proposals for the consideration of NABARD or NCDC, as the case may be, the ELI shall:   i.  Appraise each loan proposal for selecting commercially viable projects. ELI's  Appraisal Note shall accompany the Application for Guarantee Cover under the Scheme.  ii.  Carry out processing, legal work and documentation for sanction of the loan   in accordance with the requirements of the ELI and the terms and conditions of NABARD or NCDC, as the case may be.   iii.  Furnish such statements, information, documents, receipts, certificates etc. as NABARD or NCDC, as the case may be, may require in connection with any  credit facility under this Scheme.  iv.'"
2833,3068,"'5.1 At national level, a National Project Management Agency (NPMA) will be set up  by SFAC through transparent manner for providing overall project guidance, data maintenance through integrated portal and information management and monitoring. The NPMA will be equipped with the technical team with five categories of specialisation in Agriculture / Horticulture, Marketing and  Processing, Incubation Service Provider, IT/MIS and Law & Accounting to provide overall guidance at all India level.'"
2834,3069,"'The NPMA will be expected to provide hand holding support and mentoring support to CBBOs, and need to have extensive experience in performing strategic roles, preferably in the agricultural domain at the national and state level. SFAC may, while formulating the criteria for selection of NPMA, take into account the appropriate qualifications and experience of requisite experts, relevant experience of organization/entity in guiding both companies and cooperative organizations as reasonably required for discharge of role envisaged for NPMA under the Scheme including the minimum net worth for suitability. The strength and experience may include strategic inputs around organizational  management, processing, value addition, marketing & market linkage in agriculture/horticulture, accounting & auditing, compliance issues, ICT & MIS experience, incubation services and providing project management support to central and state governments, transaction and post transaction management support, and qualification of experts proposed for the work. The period of engagement of NPMA is to be decided suitably.'"
2835,3070,"'The role of the NPMA shall*, inter alia,* include those given as under-    Drawing contours of the program including structuring of clusters:-  NPMA would start the assignment by chalking out program with detailed SOPs for each stakeholder in the value chain. Identification of target value chains required would be steppingstone for development of the road map. Once the value chains are established, it defines clusters to be chosen for FPO formation. Here, NPMA would draft out detailed SOP for CBBO for further action. Value chain analysis would also identify both forward/backward linkage mechanism.     Transaction Advisory for selection of CBBOs:-  NPMA would provide Transaction Advisory services to Implementing Agencies  (those who seek their support) for selection of CBBOs. After preparation of action plan for project execution, NPMA may assist Implementation Agencies in carrying out transaction for engagement of CBBOs for said clusters. Alternately, Implementing Agencies may carry out the selection process on their own. Such step requires delineating detailed scope, team requirement with relevant qualifications & experience.    Post transaction support for effective project/programme implementation:-  After selecting CBBOs as per the requirements, NPMA will be responsible to support SFAC, NCDC & NABARD and other Implementing Agencies including State nominated Implementing Agencies in effective implementation and monitoring of the project execution.  Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) based monitoring of CBBOs would be conducted regularly by NPMA. NPMA in turn will appraise N-PMAFSC regarding the performance of CBBOs, formation of FPOs, handholding support provided by CBBOs etc. through detailed MIS submitted on monthly basis for which ICT based MIS Integrated Portal will also be developed. Further, NPMA may also handhold CBBOs in effective delivery of the project.'"
2836,3071,"'NPMA should work in tandem with CBBOs and Professional Agencies, if any, and ensure that adequate support is extended to States of North-East and hilly  regions to offset deficiency in specialized manpower and expertise available in such areas including even extending support directly to FPOs/Federation of FPOs for their promotion wherever required. It will assist DAC&FW in formation and promotion of FPOs in the State(s) where there are unavailability of experts. It will also provide suitable professional advisory to existing FPOs who approach for advice. It may also provide professional advisory to new FPOs being promoted by Value Chain Organisations under the Scheme when required.   Assist in structured interface with stakeholders like Ministries, Financial  Institutions, Training and Research & Development Institutions:-  (i) NPMA is desired to bring in specific capabilities into the system. NPMA may  also act as extended arm with specific output to N-PMAFSC while interacting with various stakeholders like Central/State Departments, Financial Institutions,  Training, Research & Development Institutions or such forum at large. NPMA would help N-PMAFSC to structure the approach, create outreach materials, organize and structure discussions & partnerships etc.   (ii) To function as National level data repository and will maintain the integrated  portal, serving as national platform for FPOs, which will not only cater to meet the data needs(MIS), but will also a function as digital platform for maintaining  membership, activities, business growth and annual accounts of FPOs. It will provide requisite data and analysis to DAC&FW, N-PMAFSC and DMI as may be required from time to time.   Support in formulation of programme & policy directions:-   N-PMAFSC will create knowledge for FPO formation and bring out programmatic  & policy suggestions/ directions. NPMA will assist in formulation of such  suggestions, churned out from the project's learning; which has capability of  adding value to agri-business overall.'"
2837,3072,"'   Policy orientation and related advocacy at National and State level:-  NPMA will assist in facilitating and identifying National and State level institutes in the field of Agribusiness. There is need to partner with such stakeholders for effective project implementation. NPMA shall assist in linking/undertaking MoUs with these institutions for long term engagement and development of FPOs. Also, NPMA will assist in such advocacy among stakeholders.'"
2838,3112,"' Certify that /be deemed to have affirmed that the contents of such documents, receipts, certificates and other written documents are true, provided that no claim shall be rejected and no liability shall attach to the lending institution or  any officer thereof for anything done in good faith.   v.  Monitor the Borrower -account and maintain records of periodical monitoring and actions initiated on observations, if any.   vi.  Ensure that the Guarantee Claim in respect of the credit facility to the FPO Borrower is lodged with NABARD or NCDC, as the case may be,  in the form  and manner and within such time as may be specified by NABARD or NCDC, as the case may be,  in this behalf. Further, there shall not be any delay on its part to notify NABARD or NCDC, as the case may be,  of the default in the  Borrower's Account, as a result of which delay, NABARD or NCDC, as the case  may be,  shall face higher Guarantee Claims.   vii.  The payment of Guarantee Claim by NABARD or NCDC, as the case may be, to the lending institution does not in any way absolve the lending institution of the responsibility of recovering the entire outstanding amount of the credit from the borrower. The lending institution shall exercise all necessary precaution and take recourse to all measures to recover from the borrower the entire amount of credit facility that is owed to it by the borrower and safeguarding the interest of NABARD or NCDC, as the case may be, as it shall exercise in the normal course if no guarantee had been furnished by NABARD or NCDC, as the case  may be.  viii.'"
2839,3073,"'6.1 In order to form and promote FPOs in uniform and effective manner so as to  achieve the target of formation of 10,000 new FPOs in  5 years and to make the FPOs economically sustainable, tltyt hht    three Implementing Agencies, namely,  SFAC, NCDC and NABARD, shall be responsible to form and promote FPOs. 6.1.1 SFAC will form and promote those FPOs to be incorporated under Part IX A of Companies Act.  6.1.2 NCDC will form and promote those FPOs to be registered under any Cooperative Societies Act of the States.             6.1.3 NABARD will form and promote those FPOs which are registered either  under Part IX A of Companies Act or registered under any Co-operative Societies Act of States.  6.2 In addition to afore-stated three implementing agencies, if any State/Union  Territory is desirous to have its own implementing agency, State/UT may  approach DAC & FW with details about the State/UT, its agency, activities and experience of the agency etc., and DAC & FW will consider the proposal on experiences and existing manpower required for formation and promotion of FPOs in the region.    6.3 DAC&FW may, in due course, identify and assign other additional Implementing  Agencies to cover various sectors and geographical locations to form 10,000  FPOs as per the need of the programme.    6.4 The Initial Implementing Agencies as well as the State level or any other  Implementing Agencies approved by DAC&FW shall also be supported.      6.5 Year-wise indicative target for Implementing Agencies- Considering the  Implementing Agencies' existence in the States/Regions/Districts/Produce Clusters, their human resource and also their area of specialization, targets are to be tentatively allocated by Project Management Advisory and Fund Sanctioning Committee (N-PMAFSC) in consultation with the Implementing Agencies. In such case, the targets may be interchangeable on requirement  basis.'"
2840,3074,"'(i) Implementing Agencies will closely and cohesively work with CBBOs to  ensure that CBBOs perform their activities to make FPOs economically sustainable.  (ii) Implementing Agencies will also monitor CBBOs to ensure regular  data entry  on integrated portal with respect to details of respective FPOs.  (iii) Implementing Agencies can operate through their MIS portal till Integrated  Portal is put in place to ensure uniformity of database on FPO. Once national level Integrated Portal managed through National Project Management Agency (NPMA) is put in place, Implementing Agencies will have to ensure interoperability with Integrated Portal to ensure smooth data transfer and operate in coordination with Integrated Portal design and requirement.  (iv) NABARD and NCDC will maintain and manage Credit Guarantee Fund  (CGF) as per the established procedure.  (v) Implementing Agencies in consultation with DAC&FW will formulate rating  tools for FPOs to assess them in terms of level of activity, economic viability and sustainability, etc.  The rating of the FPOs can be used as an instrument to promote FPOs.  (vi) Implementing Agencies will prepare Annual Action Plan and submit to  DAC&FW in advance for consideration of Project Management Advisory and  Fund Sanctioning Committee (N-PMAFSC) along with prescribed Utilization Certificate.  (vii) As assigned by DAC&FW/N-PMAFSC, Implementing Agency will coordinate  with concerned Value-Chain Organization(s) regarding stages of formation and promotion of FPOs by those organizations along with FPO management  cost & utilization of previous amount along with documentary proof from time to time as well as requirement of Equity Grant for channelizing their claim to  N-PMAFSC for payment.'"
2841,3075,"' (viii) Other Implementing agencies may create with prior approval of DAC&FW, if  and when required, their monitoring and data management units for FPOs to manage the growing volume of FPOs and their activities but will coordinate with NPMA to provide all requisite input, as national level data repository.'"
2842,3119,"'The decision of NABARD or NCDC, as the case may be, shall be final in regard to the interpretation of any of the provisions of the Scheme or of any directions or instructions or clarifications given in connection therewith. While taking any such decisions, NABARD or NCDC, as case may be, will hold prior consultation with DAC&FW.'"
2843,3120,"'Disputes, if any, arising out of the Agreement shall be resolved through mutual consultation, failing which, subject to the relevant agreement, Arbitration in accordance with the provisions of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 and it's up to date amendments shall be resorted to.'"
2844,3076,"'7.1 Implementing Agencies will set up Cluster- Based Business Organizations  (CBBOs) at the State/Cluster level to form and promote FPOs as per their  requirements; however, targets for produce clusters, full or part of the State or  region will be allocated by Project Management Advisory and Fund Sanctioning Committee (N-PMAFSC). The Implementing Agencies will apply due diligence to  ensure that professionally competent CBBOs are transparently engaged & have  experience in promotion and professional supports to FPOs.  a) In a State, based on geography, produce clusters, cropping pattern, etc.,  there may be one or more than one CBBO. Even one CBBO may serve more than one State as per requirement. However, CBBOs should be given work according to available human resources with them, their past turnover and work experience etc.  b) The CBBOs should be going concern with professional experience and  exposure in formation of FPOs in agriculture and allied sector and providing handholding support to them.  c) The CBBOs should be supported with five categories of specialists from the  domain of (i) Crop husbandry; (ii) Agri. marketing / Value addition and processing; (iii) Social mobilization; (iv) Law & Accounts; and (v) IT/MIS in agriculture & agriculture marketing. The CBBOs with requisite number of other technical and supporting staff to be housed/operated from their own offices in respective States or from offices of respective Implementing Agencies, which have selected them.'"
2845,3077,"'a) The professional organization to be identified to function as CBBOs will  be selected following a transparent method and the organization may be required to demonstrate such technical strength as is reasonably required  for discharging its role envisaged under the Scheme.   b) A Committee under Chairmanship of MD, SFAC with representatives of  Chairman, NABARD and MD, NCDC will consider and recommend the criteria for eligibility and qualification and other minimum requirements to select the CBBOs. The Committee may consider minimum requisite qualification and experience of requisite experts of CBBO, area of expertise & minimum experience as well as net worth of organization to be selected as CBBO. Finalization of criteria for selection will be with approval of DAC&FW.  c) Implementing agencies, if required, may seek the support of NPMA for  assistance in the selection process.  d) Each Implementing Agency will then draw up the list of empaneled  CBBOs for engagement by them in any cluster as may be necessary.  e) The initial engagement of CBBOs will be for a period of maximum three  years for the purpose of formation of new FPOs (for which they will continue handholding for entire relevant five years for each concerned FPO as provided in the Scheme).In case the performance of the CBBO is found satisfactory by Implementing Agency, their term may be extended appropriately.   f) Implementing Agency will review the performance of CBBOs from time to  time for their continuation or otherwise to ensure that CBBOs perform efficiently in formation and promotion of FPOs  g) Interested State and Central Government Agriculture Universities  and  KVKs promoting FPOs may be empanelled as CBBOs as may be relevant in consultation with N-PMAFSC on nomination basis.  h) Subordinate and attached organisations of DAC&FW may be co-opted on  operational need based in consultation with N-PMAFSC on nomination  basis.'"
2846,3078,"'a) Assist in the implementation of the programme as suggested by the NPMA  and as per Scheme guidelines.  b) Assist Implementing Agency in cluster identification. c) Assist in community mobilization - baseline survey, cluster finalization, value  chain study, formation of groups and FPO and assist in their periodic meetings. They may seek the assistance of Local Bodies, wherever feasible  in identification of proper produce cluster and mobilization of members.  d) Registration of FPOs and Training of BODs on roles, responsibilities,  management and also capital/ equity mobilization.  e) Training and capacity buildings of FPOs/farmer groups- Training needs  identification, develop training modules, conduct basic training workshops and exposure visits.  f) Encourage and promote social cohesiveness amongst members of FPOs. g) Preparation and execution of Business Plans for long-term sustainability of  FPO- Business plan preparation (for different incubation services), acquiring land, mobilizing equity capital  and implementation of Business Plan while assisting in input management, adoption of proper and good agricultural practices through knowledge sharing, aggregation of produce,  quality management, assaying, processing, packaging, supply chain development  and marketing and market linkages with buyers/processors/exporters, trading, export etc as may be necessary  to ensure long-term sustainability of FPOs.  h) Assist in regular interface with stakeholders like various Government  Departments, Financial Institutions, Training, Research and Development Institutions at the cluster level.  i) Assist FPO in availing Equity Grant and Credit Guarantee Facility as per  need and growth.  j) Incubation/handholding services for sustainability - Provide support and  monitoring in terms of incubation activities; capacity building of BODs and FPO management for sustainability. The incubation/handholding services include ensuring input, market linkages, preparing and implementing related business plans.   k) Facilitate establishment of necessary common pool production, marketing  and processing infrastructure facility by the FPO, as may be necessary, to  develop the business for long-term viability.'"
2847,3080,'a) Payment will be made to the CBBOs by Implementing Agencies. The  Implementing Agencies after applying the due diligence will satisfy themselves with the performance of the CBBOs as per criteria laid down below at clause (c )  before  submitting the proposal  to the DAC&FW. The Project Management Advisory and Fund Sanctioning   Committee (N- PMAFSC) will consider the proposal for release to Implementing Agencies.  b) Payment shall be released after receiving the utilization certificate of the  previously released amount.  c) Following indicative criteria/guidelines are provided for guidance of'
2848,3081,"'(i) In the first six months of a FPO project, performance of the CBBOs will  be assessed based on baseline survey, report submitted and aggregation activities undertaken for FPO formation.  (ii) In the period from six months to one year, performance of the CBBOs  will be assessed based on (a) No. of FPOs formed in allocated  aspirational districts in different blocks, if any (b) number of farmers mobilized to become the members of FPOs with minimum membership of 300 in case of plain areas and 100 members in case of North-Eastern and  Hilly areas (including such other areas of UTs)  as per prescribed minimum number; (c) Registration of FPOs; and (d)  formulation of Business Plan for FPOs.  (iii) In the second year, performance will be based on  (a) first equity grant  availed by the FPOs;(b) statutory clearances obtained to carry out business activities; (c) minimum 50% of business activities executed as per business plan; (d) number of preliminary awareness programmes for member/BoDs and exposure visits of FPOs are undertaken; (e) first tranche of Equity Grant availed by FPOs, if any; (f) first tranche of Credit Guarantee Facility availed by FPOs, if any; (g) Institutional Training provided to CEOs/BoDs; and (h) registration of FPOs in e-NAM or other electronic platform undertaken and trading activity thereon taken place.'"
2849,3082,"' (iv) In third and fourth year, performance of the CBBOs will be assessed  based on - (a) issuing Share Certificates to each member in third  year, if any; (b) audited Financial Statements for FPOs for second year and third year in due time and filing as required; (c) MoU and vendor registration as per Business Plan with Marketing Agencies/Institutional Buyers; (d) trading/uploading of produce in e-NAM/other sources, if any; (e) second tranche equity grant  to FPOs, if any; and (f) second tranche of credit guarantee facility, if any .    (v) In the fifth year, performance of the CBBOs will be assessed based on  (a) audited Statements of accounts of FPO and filing it; (b) 100% of agri-business plan executed and value chain developed;  (c) revenue model showing financial growth in last 3 consecutive  years; (d) detailed project completion Report; and (e) third tranche of credit guarantee facility if any.'"
2850,3083,"'8.1 The scheme on formation and promotion of 10,000 FPOs is to be implemented till  2023-24 with budgetary support of Rs. 4496.00 crore. Since financial support  excepting management cost is to be extended for five years, therefore, FPOs formed  will be required to be financially supported  till 2027-28, with the additional committed liability for period from 2024-25 till 2027-28 of Rs. 2369.00  crore say Rs. 2370.00 crore. Thus, the total budgetary requirement up to 2027-28 would be Rs. 6866.00 crore. The budget requirement is to be met from overall allocations of DAC&FW.'"
2851,3084,"'8.2.1   DAC&FW will make the advance release to the Implementing Agencies (IAs) on  six monthly basis based on recommendation of N-PMAFSC, Annual Action Plan (AAP) of IAs and the due utilization certificate submitted to meet out the expenses for engaging NPMA, FPO formation & incubation cost to CBBO and also meeting out the cost of FPO management cost direct to concerned FPOs account on recommendation of concerned CBBO and Equity Grant etc. for effective and timely implementation of the programme. The Implementing Agencies will develop the payment schedule based on their various stages and component of payment involved. The Implementing Agencies will raise the demand to DAC&FW for release of payment. The Implementing Agencies will submit utilization certificate of last payment released as per GFR for releasing the next payment to them. In case of training, NABARD and NCDC will submit to N- PMAFSC the training schedule for a year with tentative expenditure for training  through specialised training institutes organised through their respective nodal training Institute. DAC&FW will make due payment to NABARD and NCDC for training through specialised Institutions based on the demand raised by NABARD and NCDC respectively and utilisation certificate will be submitted to DAC&FW by both as due. Further, as regards DAC&FW's share towards Credit Guarantee Fund (CGF) to be maintained and managed by NABARD and NCDC, the DAC&FW will provide its matching share to NABARD and NCDC, as the case  may be,  which in turn will submit detailed status of utilization to DAC&FW before raising the further demand for next installment of CGF.'"
2852,3085,"'computed @ 3% of estimated annual expenditure in the form of supervision charges to meet the expenses incurred in discharge of their duties and responsibilities; while additional amount computed @ 2% will be given to them  based on their performance assessment.  The supervision amount will be released in two instalments and second instalment may be released after assessment of performance. This amount shall not include expenditure towards Credit Guarantee Scheme & Equity Grant. However, NABARD, as consented, will not charge any supervision charges for activities undertaken towards formation and promotion of FPOs under the Scheme. The expenditure on this  account of supervision charges will be met from the budget of this Scheme.                  The performance assessment will be done on quarterly or half yearly basis by  N-PMAFSC, as deems fit. The N-PMAFSC will recommend to DAC&FW for  consideration of release of additional amount @ up to 2%. The performance assessment criteria may be as under- (i) During the first four quarter , number of FPOs registered will be basis for  assessment of performance.  (ii) For the remaining period after one year, there may be criteria like  (a)  activeness of FPO exhibited by their activities; (b) adoption and execution of business development plan; and such other criteria as decided by N- PMAFSC.  (iii) Sustainability of FPOs formed.'"
2853,3086,"'9.1 The Formation and Incubation cost of CBBO, limited to maximum of  Rs. 25  lakh / FPO  of support or actual  which is lesser, is to be provided for five years from the year of formation. It includes cost towards undertaking baseline survey, mobilization of farmers, organizing awareness programmes and conducting exposure visits, professional hand holdings, incubation, cost of engaging CBBOs and other overheads etc. There is also a provision for cost of NPMA towards   manpower, establishment, travel and advisory and  maintaining MIS portal. This also includes a provision towards cost for development of appropriate overall ICT based MIS web portal for the Scheme.'"
2854,3087,"'10.1 Under the scheme, financial support to Farmer Producer Organization (FPO)      @ up to maximum of Rs. 18 lakh / FPO or actual, whichever is lesser is to be provided during three years from the year of formation. The financial support is not meant for reimbursing the entire administrative and management cost of FPO but it is to provide the financial support to the FPOs to the extent provided  to  make them sustainable and economically viable. Hence, the fourth year onwards of formation, the FPO has to manage their financial support from their own business activities. The indicative financial support broadly covers (i) the support for salary of its CEO/Manager (maximum up to Rs.25000/month) and Accountant (maximum up to Rs. 10000/month); (ii) one time registration cost(one time up to  maximum Rs. 40000 or actual whichever is lower); (iii) office rent (maximum up to Rs. 48,000/year); (iv) utility charges (electricity and telephone charges of office of FPO maximum up to Rs. 12000/year); (v) one-time cost for minor equipment (including furniture and fixture maximum up to Rs. 20,000); (vi) travel and meeting cost (maximum up to Rs.18,000/year); and (vii) misc. (cleaning, stationery etc. maximum up to Rs. 12,000/year). Any expenditure of operations, management, working capital requirement and infrastructure development etc., over and above this, will be met by the FPOs from their financial resources.  10.2 FPO being organization of farmers, it does not become feasible for FPO itself to  professionally administer its activities and day to day business, therefore, FPO requires some professionally equipped Manager/CEO to administer its activities and day to day business with a sole objective to make FPO economically sustainable and farmers' benefiting agri-enterprise. Not only for business  development but the value of professional is immense in democratizing the FPOs and strengthening its governing system.'"
2855,3088,"'To substantiate the fact, the most successful example is of dairy co-operative in India where professional managers have contributed immensely to make it a success. There are other so many examples which prove the absolute requirement of professional managers. The number of professional staff could depend on geographical spread of business operation, diversity of activities and volume of business. However, an FPO should have minimum a CEO/Manager and an Accountant. Accountant is required in FPO to look after its day to day accounting work. Based on requirement, FPO can engage other staff also.   10.3 The CEO/Manager is to be appointed by the executive body of the FPO who  should be either graduate in agriculture / agriculture marketing / agri-business management or BBA or equivalent. Locally available professionals with 10+2 and  preferably diploma in agriculture / agriculture marketing / agri-business management or in such other related areas may be preferable. The accountant should have educational qualification of 10+2 with Mathematics as a compulsory subject or alternatively with  Commerce or Accountancy background. If any members of the FPO meet the above criteria, they may be considered preferably in the selection process.  10.4 Under the scheme, financial support towards salary of CEO/Manager up to         @ Rs. 25,000/- per month and of Accountant up to @ Rs.10,000/- per month with annual increment up to 5% is to be provided from the earmarked financial support for first 3 years only. Thereafter, FPOs will manage from their own resources to pay the salary of CEO/Manager and Accountant. In order to create  interest of good professional activities of CEO/Accountant, the FPO may also offer higher payment with their own sources of funds on above of Govt. support. One CEO will provide full time services to one FPO at a time only.'"
2856,3089,"'It will be duty and responsibility of respective Board of Directors (BoDs) and CBBO that quality of services is rendered by CEO for developing the business for sustainability of the FPO.   10.5 **One time registration cost:** Under the scheme, the registration cost of  incorporating FPOs under Companies Act. or registering under Co-operative Societies Act. will be reimbursable up to a limit of Rs. 40,000/- or actual, whichever is less; and remaining, if any, will be borne by respective FPO.  10.6 FPO will forward the periodic utilization certificate for FPO management cost  received and utilized as may be necessary to Implementing Agency through concerned CBBO.'"
2857,3090,"'11.1 Producer members' own equity supplemented by a matching Equity Grant from  Government, which is required to strengthen financial base of FPOs and help them to get credit from financial institutions for their projects and working capital requirements for business development. Equity Grant shall be in the form of matching grant upto Rs. 2,000 per farmer member of FPO subject to maximum limit of Rs. 15.00 lakh fixed per FPO. This Equity Grant is not in the form of government participation in equity, but only as a matching grant to the FPOs as  farmer members' equity. Therefore, Rs.1,500 crore with DAC&FW is proposed in the scheme to cover all the 10,000 FPOs, if maximum permissible equity is contributed to all 10,000 FPOs.  11.2 **Objectives of Equity Grant:** The objectives of Equity Grant are   to (i) enhance  viability and sustainability of FPOs; (ii) increase credit worthiness of FPOs; and  (iii) enhance shareholding of members to increase their ownership and participation in their FPO.  11.3 **Eligibility Criteria for FPOs:** An FPO fulfilling following criteria shall be eligible to  apply  for Equity Grant under the Scheme-    (i) It shall be a legal entity as per para 2  of this guidelines. (ii) It has raised equity from its Members as laid down in its Articles of  Association/ Bye laws, as the case may be.  (iii) The number of its Individual Shareholders is in accordance with the terms  hereto read together with the Scheme.  (iv) Minimum 50% of its shareholders are small, marginal and landless tenant  farmers as defined by the Agriculture Census carried out periodically by the Ministry of Agriculture, GoI. Women farmers' participation as its shareholders is to be preferred.  (v) Maximum shareholding by any one member shall not be more than 10% of  total equity of the FPO.'"
2858,3091,"'  (vi) A farmer can be member in more than one FPO with different produce  clusters but he/she will be eligible only once(for any one FPO that he/she is a member) for the  matching equity grant up to his/her share.  (vii) In the Board of Directors (BoD) and Governing Body (GB), as the case may  be, there shall be adequate representation of women farmer member(s) and there should be minimum one woman member.   (viii)  It has a duly constituted Management Committee responsible for the  business of the FPO.  (ix) It has a business plan and budget for next 18 months that is based on a  sustainable, revenue model as may be determined by the Implementing Agency.'"
2859,3092,"'(i) The Equity Grant will be made available to the eligible FPOs to receive a  grant equivalent in amount to the equity contribution of their shareholder members in the FPO subject to its cap of Rs. 15 lakh per FPO.  Equity Grant sanctioned shall be released to respective Implementing Agency for transferring to the bank account of the FPO. The FPO shall, within 45 days of the receipt of the Equity Grant, issue additional shares to its shareholder members, equivalent in value to the amount of the Grant received by it, provided that the maximum grant per category of shareholder irrespective of  their share as aforesaid is as follows:   (ii) Individual Shareholder - up to Rs 2,000/- per member.  a) The criteria for calculation of Equity Grant (rounded off to the Share Unit  Value (subject to point a) to each shareholder member of the FPO (as per  authenticated copy of the Shareholders' Register maintained by the  Producers Company/ Co-operative Society as per the applicable  provisions of the relevant Act) is as follows: (i) Allocation of shares shall be on matching/ pro-rata basis of the  shareholders' current shareholding, subject to the maximum specified  above and ensuring that each shareholder member receives minimum one equity share.   (ii) If  the Grant sanctioned to the FPO is not sufficient to ensure a  minimum one share to all its shareholder members, allocation of grant  shall be based on the shareholders' current landholding,  starting with  shareholder with the least land holding / the smallest producer in case of allied activities/ or by transparent draw of lots where such identification is not possible.'"
2860,3093,"'  b) The FPO shall be allowed to draw the Equity Grant in a maximum of three  (3) tranches (within a period of 4 years of the first application and within the handholding period of CBBO) subject to the cap of Rs. 15 lakh per FPO, provided and to the extent that it is able to raise additional Member Equity to qualify for an additional matching grant within the overall ceiling of Rs. 15 lakh. The request for the second tranche shall be treated as a fresh application and the full process of due diligence shall be repeated.  c) In the event that a shareholder, who receives additional shares issued by  the FPO against Equity Grant sanctioned by the Implementing Agency, exits the FPO at any point after receiving the shares, the additional shares received by him/her in lieu of the Equity Grant and standing in his/her name must be transferred to another shareholder or new shareholder within 90 days of his/her exiting the FPO, through an open and transparent draw of lots. In such cases, the original shareholder cannot receive the value of the additional shares transferred to other/ new members.  d) DAC&FW may ask Implementing Agencies or Implementing Agencies on  its own motion shall have right to recall the Equity Grant amount from the FPO, which shall be legally liable to comply with the same in the case ofa) failure to issue additional shares to members against the Equity Grant received by the FPO within 45 days of its receipt;  b) closure / dissolution  of FPO within five years of the receipt of the Equity Grant; and  c) instances of misuse / misappropriation of the Equity Grant (viz. use of funds for activity other than mentioned in Memorandum of Association/Articles of Association/ Business plan of the FPO)  .'"
2861,3094,"'Eligible FPOs shall apply for the Equity Grant in the prescribed Application Form  (**Annexure-I**) only. Other mandatory documents required to be submitted along with the Application are listed below:   (i) Shareholder List and Share Capital contribution by each member verified and  certified by a Chartered Accountant (CA)/Co-operative Auditors prior to  submission(Enclosure-I of Annexure-I).  (ii) Resolution of the Board of Directors/Governing Body to seek Equity Grant for  members **(Enclosure-II of Annexure-I).**  (iii) Consent of shareholders, stating name of shareholder, gender, number of  shares held, face value of shares, land holding, signifying consent for Implementing Agencies to directly transfer the Equity Grant sanctioned to the FPO on their behalf, to FPO Bank account, against the consideration of additional shares of equivalent value to be issued to them by FPO and on  exit- transfer of the shares as per rules **(Enclosure-III of Annexure-I).**  (iv) If the FPO is in operation for more than one or more financial year then it  shall provide copy of the Audited Financial Statements of FPO for all years of existence of the FPO, verified and certified by a Chartered Accountant (CA)/ Cooperative Auditors prior to submission.  (v) In case FPO is in operation for period of less than one financial year,  Photocopy of Bank Account Statement for last six months authenticated by the Branch Manager of the \'Bank\' is required  (vi) Business Plan of FPO and budget for next 18 months. (vii) Names, photographs, and identity proof (anyone from among ration card,  Aadhaar card, election identification card, passport) of Representatives/ Directors authorized by the Board for executing and signing all documents under the Scheme. Each page of the Application Form and accompanying documents shall be signed by a minimum of two Board Member /Authorized Representatives of the FPO.'"
2862,3095,' Note: All the information/documents are to be verified by respective CBBOs while submitting the same to the respective Implementing Agencies.'
2863,3096,"'(i)The Implementing Agency shall undertake a due diligence process to establish the credibility, sustainability and viability of the FPO, before taking a decision on its application for Equity Grant. The Due diligence shall cover the following aspects- a). Governance; b). Business and Business Plan Viability; c). Management Capability; d). Financials. All the documents and information in this respect are to be routed to Implementing Agencies through respective CBBOs duly verified by them. (ii)Due diligence shall be conducted through Desk Appraisal by the implementing Agencies on the basis of documents received. The Implementing Agencies may seek assistance of NPMA in process of applying due diligence and if required may verify the claims.'"
2864,3097,"'The application shall be made by FPOs to the Implementing Agencies. After application of due diligence by Implementing Agencies, the proposal may be approved for sanction of Equity Grant. The Implementing Agency shall make demand of fund for disbursement under the Scheme as per their Annual Action Plan (AAP) to DAC&FW. Same may be released to Implementing Agency upon furnishing Utilization Certificate as described in para 8.2 of this guidelines.'"
2865,3098,"'(i) After accepting the terms of sanction, the FPO shall enter into Agreement  with Implementing Agencies.  (ii) Implementing Agencies shall transfer sanctioned funds to the FPO Account.'"
2866,3229,"'18.1   Wide Spread Calamities (based on season-end yield): The Scheme operates on the basis of 'Area    Approach' i.e., Defined Areas for each notified crop for widespread calamities and insurance unit is    Village/Village Panchayat or any other equivalent unit for major crops and for other crops it may be    the same unit or a unit of size higher than Village/ Village Panchayat level, to be decided by the State/    UT Govt.. State Govt. Department overseeing conduct of CCEs will submit yield data as per cut-off date    decided by SLCCCI, along with results of individual CCEs (conducted through smart phone using CCE    Agri App) on National Crop Insurance Portal. Yield data so arrived at will be approved/ uploaded by    the concerned authority/State nodal department and made available to Insurance Company.   18.2   CCEs shall be undertaken per crop per unit area of insurance  for notified crops*,on a sliding scale, as    indicated in Table 4 below:'"
2867,3099,"'The FPO shall submit the following documents to Implementing Agencies:  (i) List of additional shares issued by it to its shareholder members under the  Scheme, along with the respective Folio Numbers, verified and certified by a Chartered Accountant (CA), within 45 days of receiving the fund.  (ii) If the FPO does not honour its commitment in any manner whatsoever, either  in the matter of issuing shares or in notifying Implementing Agency within the specified time limit, the Equity Grant amount sanctioned and released by Implementing Agency to the FPO is liable to be cancelled and recalled by Implementing Agency, as detailed in the Agreement between Implementing Agency and FPO.'"
2868,3100,"'In the event of violation of any of the terms and conditions herein contained or  contained in the rules or any of the instructions issued by Implementing Agency from time to time or instances of misuse/misappropriation of the Equity Grant sanctioned and released to FPO by Implementing Agency, Implementing Agency shall have the right to demand and enforce forthwith repayment of the  entire amount of Equity Grant sanctioned by Implementing Agency along with appropriate damages.'"
2869,3101,"'12.1 In order to ensure access of FPOs to credit from mainstream Banks and  Financial Institutions, there is a need to create a dedicated fund. The dedicated  Credit Guarantee Fund (CGF) will provide suitable credit guarantee cover to accelerate flow of institutional credit to FPOs by minimizing the risk of financial institutions for granting loan to FPOs so as to improve their financial ability to execute better business plans leading increased profits.'"
2870,3102,'The primary objective of CGF is providing a Credit Guarantee Cover to Eligible Lending Institution (ELI) to enable them to provide collateral free credit to FPOs by minimising their lending risks in respect of loans.'
2871,3103,"'(i)A dedicated Fund of up to Rs. 1,500.00 crore will be created as CGF. Out of up to Rs. 1,500.00 crore CGF, up to Rs. 1,000.00 crore will be created, maintained and managed by NABARD and the rest of up to Rs. 500.00 crore by NCDC.   DAC&FW will annually contribute on matching share basis to CGF created, maintained and managed by NABARD and NCDC each contributing equal amount to respective CGF without paying any other management cost both NABARD & NCDC for managing the Fund. (ii)The FPOs promoted and registered under Co-operative Societies Act will have option to avail CGF maintained and managed either by NBARD or NCDC. The FPOs promoted and registered under Companies Act can avail CGF maintained and managed by NABARD.'"
2872,3104,"'i.  \'Credit Facility\' means any  fund based credit facility  extended by an Eligible  Lending Institution (ELI) to an Eligible Borrower  without any Collateral Security or Third Party Guarantee ;  ii.  \'Credit Guarantee Fund\' means the Credit Guarantee Fund for FPOs created  with NABARD and NCDC  respectively under the Scheme with matching grant from DAC&FW for the purpose of extending guarantee to the eligible lending institution(s) against their collateral free lending to  eligible FPOs;  iii.  \'Eligible Lending Institution (ELI)\' means a Scheduled Commercial Bank for  the time being included in the second Schedule to the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934, Regional Rural Banks, Co-operative Banks, Cooperative Credit  Society, NEDFI, or any other institution (s) as may be decided by the NABARD and/or NCDC, as the case may be, in consultation with Government of India from time to time. NABARD and NCDC can also finance, if they so desire with the approval of DAC&FW/N-PMFSC. NBFCs and such other financing institutions with required net worth and track record may also serve as Eligible  Lending Institutions (ELIs), for lending to FPOs with a moderate spread between their cost of capital and lending rate. However, Standard Financial  Sector Rating Agency should have rated NBFC **to be AAA** to be considered as  ELI;  iv.  \'Guarantee Cover\' means maximum cover available per eligible FPO  borrower;  v.  \'Guarantee Fee\' means the onetime fee at a specified rate of the eligible  credit facility sanctioned by the ELI, payable by the ELI to NABARD or NCDC, as the case may be; and  vi.'"
2873,3105,"' \'Tenure of Guarantee Cover\' means the agreed tenure of the Term loan/  composite credit i.e. the maximum period of Guarantee Cover from the Guarantee start-up which shall run through the agreed tenure of the term credit, and where working capital facilities or Term loan alone are extended  and/or  continuing working capital arrangements granted along with the Term Loan, for a period of 5  years  or block of   5 years and/or loan / working capital credit or  composite credit facilities' termination date, whichever is earlier or such period  as may be specified by the NABARD or NCDC, as case may be.'"
2874,3106,"'(i)An ELI can avail Credit Guarantee for the FPO/Federation of FPOs, which are covered under the Scheme.   (ii)Further, it should be ensured that the ELI has extended / sanctioned within six months  of the date of application for the Guarantee or /in-principle agreed in writing / has expressed willingness in writing to sanction Term Loan/ Working Capital/ Composite Credit Facility without any collateral security or third party guarantee including personal guarantee of Board of Directors/Governing Body Members.'"
2875,3107,"'Under CGF, NABARD and NCDC, as the case may be, shall cover:   i.   Fund based Credit facilities already sanctioned / extended within six months  from the date of the application for the Guarantee Cover or intended to be extended singly or jointly by one or more than one Eligible Lending Institution  (ELI) to a single eligible FPO borrower by way of term loan and/or working capital/composite credit facilities without any collateral security and/or third party guarantees.  ii. The ELI can extend credit without any limit; however, the Guarantee Cover shall  be limited to the maximum guarantee cover specified under the Scheme.    iii. Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) and such other Financial   Institutions (FIs) with required net worth, track record  and rating  of AAA  may also be accommodated as Eligible Lending Institutions (ELIs), such NBFC should on-ward lend to FPOs with a moderate spread between their cost of capital and lending rate.'"
2876,3108,"'The following credit facilities shall not be eligible for Guarantee Cover under the Scheme:   i.   Any credit facility which has been sanctioned by the ELI against collateral  security and/ or third party guarantee.   ii.   Any credit facility  in  respect of which risks  are  additionally covered under  any scheme operated/administered by Reserve Bank of India/or by the  Government/or by any general insurer or any other person or association of persons carrying on the business of insurance, guarantee or indemnity.  iii. Any credit facility, which does not conform to, or is in any way inconsistent with,  the provisions of any law, or with any directives or instructions issued by the Central Government or the Reserve Bank of India, which is, for the time being, in force.   iv. Any credit facility granted to any borrower, who has himself availed of any other  credit facility covered under this scheme or under the schemes mentioned in clause (i), (ii) and (iii) above at any point in time.  v. Any credit facility that is overdue for repayment/ NPA taken over by the ELI from  any other lender or any other default converted into a credit facility.  vi. Any credit facility which is overdue for repayment.  vii. Any credit facility which has been rescheduled or restructured on becoming  overdue for repayment.'"
2877,3109,"'i. The credit guarantee cover per FPO will be limited to the project loan of Rs. 2  crore. In case of project loan up to Rs. 1 crore, credit guarantee cover will be 85% of bankable project loan with ceiling of Rs. 85 lakh; while in case of project  loan above Rs.1 crore and up to Rs. 2 crore, credit guarantee cover will be 75% of bankable project loan with a maximum ceiling of Rs. 150 lakh. However, for project loan over Rs. 2 crore of bankable projet loan, credit guarantee cover will be limited maximum upto Rs.2.0 crore only.  ii. ELI shall be eligible to seek Credit Guarantee Cover for a credit facility  sanctioned in respect of a single FPO borrower for a maximum of 2 times over a period of 5 years.   iii. In case of default, claims shall be settled up to 85% or 75 % of the amount in  default subject to maximum cover as specified above.   iv. Other charges such as penal interest, commitment charge, service charge, or  any other levies/ expenses, or any  costs whatsoever debited to the account of FPO by the ELI other than the contracted interest shall not qualify for Credit Guarantee Cover.  v. The Cover shall only be granted after the ELI enters into an agreement with  NABARD or NCDC, as the case may be, and shall be granted or delivered in accordance with the Terms and Conditions decided upon by NABARD or NCDC, as the case may be, from time to time.'"
2878,3110,"'The ELI shall be required to apply to NABARD or NCDC, as the case may be, for  Guarantee Cover in the specified form only provided at **Annexure-II** for credit  proposals sanctioned by them during any quarter prior to expiry of the following quarter viz., application w.r.t. credit facility sanctioned in April–June Quarter must be submitted by the ensuing quarter, i.e. July-September to qualify for consideration under the Scheme.      NABARD or NCDC, as the case may be, shalli. Scrutinize the proposal before sanctioning the Guarantee Cover to the ELI under  the Scheme in accordance with its Terms and Conditions of respective Implementing Agencies.  ii. Insofar as it may be considered necessary, for the purposes of the Scheme,  inspect or call for copies of the Books of Account and other records (including  any Book of Instructions or Manual or Circulars covering general instructions regarding Conduct of Advances) of the Lending Institution or of the Borrower from the Lending Institution.   iii. Such Inspection shall be carried out either through the officers of NABARD or  NCDC, as the case may be, or any other officer of DAC&FW specifically appointed for the purpose of Inspection.   iv. The Investment and Claims Settlement Committee (I&CSC) of NABARD or  NCDC, as the case may be, shall sanction the Guarantee Cover to the concerned Bank based on the findings of the above.   v. The ELI shall enter into an Agreement with NABARD or NCDC, as the case may  be, at the level of the Bank Branch as per the format of Agreement decided by NABARD or NCDC, as the case may be.'"
2879,3113,"' The lending institution shall be bound to comply with such directions as NABARD or NCDC, as the case may be, may deem fit to issue from time to time, for facilitating recoveries of the guaranteed account, or safeguarding its interest as a guarantor.   ix.  The lending institution shall, in particular, refrain from any act either before or subsequent to invocation of guarantee, which may adversely affect the interest of NABARD or NCDC, as the case may be, as the guarantor.   x.  The lending institution shall be bound under the Scheme to intimate in advance to NABARD or NCDC, as the case may be, its intention to enter into any compromise or arrangement, which may have effect of discharge or waiver of primary security.   xi.  Further, the lending institution shall secure for NABARD or NCDC, as the case  may be,  or its appointed agency, through a stipulation in an Agreement with the Borrower or otherwise, the right to list the defaulted Borrowers' names and particulars on the Website of NABARD or NCDC, as the case may be or Integrated Portal'"
2880,3114,"'i. The ELI shall undertake regular desk and /or field monitoring of the borrowing  FPOs.  ii. NABARD or NCDC, as the case may be, shall be authorized to call for   reports  of such monitoring as may be required from time to time.'"
2881,3115,"'i. There shall be an Investment and Claims Settlement Committee (I&CSC) in  NABARD and NCDC. The I&CSC in NABARD will be chaired by its Deputy Managing Director (Dy.MD) or as nominated by Chairman, NABARD in case Dy. MD post is vacant ; while in NCDC, it will be chaired by its Managing Director (MD). The respective Committee may have also representative of States in rotation, Banking Institutions and relevant subject matter Experts apart from a representative of DAC&FW. NABARD may also co-opt a representative from SFAC. The procedure, frequency of conduct of meeting etc. will be decided by respective Organization as may be required.   The I&CSC in NABARD and NCDC will apply their due diligence to scrutinize and  accord the financial sanction to the proposals received from ELIs for Credit Guarantee Cover. NABARD and NCDC will submit by tenth day of next month  the detailed progress of sanctioned credit guarantee cover of the previous month to DAC&FW on prescribed pro-forma. The N-PMAFSC shall be final authority in all policy and strategic decision making in this regard.   ii.  The I&CSC shall have discretion to take decisions in all matters concerning the Fund and its administration, set standards for risk exposure, design the financial structure of the Fund and profit targets, including special consideration for FPO with good track record of recovery.   iii.  The I&CSC shall deliberate upon Policy Issues and Strategy for overall development of the Fund and make recommendations to the NABARD and NCDC, as the case may be, for their approval. The NABARD and NCDC will accord approval and inform N-PMAFSC.  iv.'"
2882,3116,"' The I&CSC shall regularly keep the NABARD and NCDC, as the case may be,   informed about all major decisions and actions taken by it in this regard, and shall work under its overall control and guidance with regard to the Fund and the Scheme. Simultaneously, the NABARD and NCDC will keep the N- PMAFSC apprised about such decisions and actions taken in this regard.  v.  Decisions regarding Guarantee Pay-Outs shall be the primary responsibility of I&CSC which shall meet at least once every quarter or as often as necessary.  vi.   The ELI may invoke the Guarantee in respect of Credit Facility within a maximum   period of one year from the date of NPA, if the conditions set out by NABARD or NCDC, as the case may be , are met out .'"
2883,3117,"'Only such Claim, as is submitted by the ELI and as specified by NABARD or NCDC, as the case may be, from time to time in consultation with N-PMAFSC will be considered .'"
2884,3118,"'NABARD or NCDC, as the case may be ,reserves the right to modify, cancel or replace the scheme or terms and conditions , in any manner whatsoever, that it deems necessary, in consultation with DAC&FW.'"
2885,3121,"'13.1 Capacity building, training and skill development of CEOs/ BoDs and other  stakeholders identified by Nodal training institution, in consultation with DAC&FW, through transfer of technology, innovation is very essential for development of robust FPOs and for running the business activities successfully  on self-sustainable basis. The transfer of technology and innovation, inter alia, includes entire vertical and horizontal aspects of agricultural value chain, managerial aspect including accounting with focus on value addition, processing, and marketing. The subject matter of training will cover topics ranging from Organisational management/behaviour, crop husbandry, value addition, processing, marketing, trading, export, supply chain, grading, branding, packaging, accounting, auditing, compliance requirements, incubation, ICT & MIS as may be relevant for promotion of FPOs including  case studies in best practices if any.  13.2 The Bankers Institute of Rural Development (BIRD), Lucknow promoted by  NABARD is designated as Nodal Training Institution at central level for FPOs  promoted by NABARD and SFAC and other allowed/designated Implementing Agencies whether incorporated under Part IX A of Companies Act or registered under Co-operative Societies Act. The BIRD will work in partnership with other reputed organisations like NIRD, MANAGE, NIAM, NIFTEM, VAMNICOM and such other national and regional institutions such as IRMA, Anand and ASCI, Hyderabad, State and Central Government Agriculture Universities, National Level Skill Development Universities, KVKs and other National Level Management and Skill Development Institutions etc. The BIRD in consultation with NABARD and DAC&FW will prepare a training module and training schedule for the ensuing year, which will be got approved by N-PMAFSC.  13.3 Training expenses, in case of BIRD being nodal agency, will be equally shared by  DAC&FW and NABARD. BIRD through NABARD will claim the expenses from DAC&FW and will also submit the utilization certificate through NABARD after  the training programme is over.'"
2886,3122,"' 13.4 Laxmanrao  Imandar  National  Academy  for  Co-operative  Research  &  Development (LINAC), Gurugram promoted by NCDC is designated as Nodal Training Institution at central level for FPOs registered under Co-operative Societies Act and promoted by NCDC. The LINAC will work in partnership with other reputed national and regional training institutions like NIAM, VAMNICOM, MANAGE, NIRD, NCCT, IRMA, ASCI, State and Central Agriculture Universities,  KVK, very reputed National level Management and Skill Development Institutions/Universities etc.  The LINAC in consultation with NCDC and DAC&FW will prepare a training module and training schedule for the ensuing year, which will be got approved by N-PMAFSC. As regards training expenses, in case of LINAC being nodal agency, the LINAC through NCDC will claim the expenses from DAC&FW and will also submit the utilization certificate through NCDC after the training programme is over.  13.5 DAC&FW in due course may also identify and designate other training institute(s)  as additional Nodal Training Institute at central level, which will undertake training and skill development partnering with other national and regional level institutes.   13.6 The central Nodal Training Institutes will ensure that training programme be held  preferably in same State/UT wherein FPO trainees located are proposed to participate to reduce the burden on transportation(TA/DA) cost. While formulating the training schedule, Nodal Training Institutes will ensure that BoDs, CEOs/Managers and other stakeholders etc. are trained twice in a year. Nodal Training Institutes will have to make boarding and lodging arrangements for the  trainees and will also reimburse to and fro journey tickets to the extent of sleeper class train tickets and/or ordinary bus fare. Nodal Training Institutions will also evolve methodology to monitor and track the performance of trainees and their FPO organization to ensure effectiveness of training being provided.'"
2887,3123,'Nodal Institutions will also provide the annual summary of various training provided and their effectiveness to national level Project Management Advisory and Fund Sanctioning Committee (N-PMAFSC) constituted   in DAC&FW.  13.7  Nodal  Training  Institutions  may  also  develop  various  video  based  demonstrative/interactive e-learning modules in relevant subjects and made available in local languages to widely disseminate knowledge to new and existing FPOs.  13.8 Nodal training Institutes may also develop distance learning Diploma Program in  FPO management for members of new and existing FPOs so as it may foster in  future trained and professional FPO managers/accountants like that for Industry.  13.9 There is budgetary provision of Rs. 3.0 crore each year by DAC&FW for four  years for training through specialized institutions and NABARD will be contributing on matching basis for the capacity building to be undertaken by BIRD (in consultation with N-PMAFSC) partnering with other National and Regional level institutions.'
2888,3124,"'Considering the significance of effective implementation and better monitoring mechanism for success of a scheme, there is a well-structured, institutionalized three tired structure at National level, State level and District level for effective implementation and monitoring of formation and promotion of FPOs.'"
2889,3125,"'14.1.1 To cohesively coordinate the Implementing Agencies, activities and to decide  the policy guidelines in the matter for better outcome of the Scheme, there is a national level Project Management Advisory and Fund Sanctioning Committee (N-PMAFSC) constituted   in DAC&FW.  Composition of the Committee shall be -   (i)  Secretary, DAC&FW      ----------------------------------------------------Chairperson (ii)  Addl. Secretary (Marketing), DAC&FW   ------------------------------------Member (iii)  AS&FA, DAC&FW    --------------------------------------------------------------Member (iv) JS (MIDH, RKVY, Co-operation), DAC&FW    -----------------------------Member (v)  JS (MoFPI), as nominated by its Secretary---------------------------------Member  (vi)  JS (DoAHD), as nominated by its Secretary--------------------------------Member (vii) JS (Deptt. of Fisheries), as nominated by its Secretary-----------------Member (viii)JS (MoRD), as nominated by its Secretary---------------------------------Member (ix)  JS (DoNER),as nominated by its Secretary---------------------------------Member (x)  JS (Tribal Affairs) nominated by Secretary----------------------------------Member (xi) Managing Director (SFAC)-------------------------------------------------------Member  (xii) Managing Director (NCDC)------------------------------------------------------Member (xiii) NABARD's representative not below the rank of CGM------------------Member  (xiv) JS (Marketing), DAC&FW-----------------------------------------Member Secretary   Note: (i) Chairperson may co-opt any additional member(s) including from any other Ministry /Department, States or expert(s) to assist the functioning of the Committee. In case of co-opted Members(s) from States, it shall be on rotation basis. Two prominent farmer members or representatives of FPOs be nominated as member of the Committee by Government of India.  (ii) Directorate of Marketing & Inspection, an attached office of DAC&FW will provide necessary secretarial services and assistance including technical inputs to N-PMAFSC in coordination, scrutiny and sanction of proposals and will coordinate with NPMA, which shall also assist N-PMAFSC with inputs on policy formulation, coordination among implementing agencies.'"
2890,3126,"'(i)  Coordinate with all the Implementing Agencies, State Level Consultative Committee and District level Monitoring Committee (D-MC) for smooth implementation. It will also consider feedback received from other relevant Ministries and Organizations on Clusters identification for consideration.  (ii)  It will monitor the progress either by holding the meetings of Implementing  Agencies and other stakeholders or by other means.  (iii) It will allocate the produce clusters/districts/States to Implementing  Agencies for formation and promotion of FPOs.  (iv) It will undertake scrutiny of Action Plan of Implementing Agencies(IAs),  consider recommendation of release of fund to Implementing Agencies based on previous utilization as due   with respect to funding under the  Scheme.  (v)  It will provide policy inputs to DAC&FW for modification in the Scheme to  better suit in the formation and promotion of FPOs to make them economically sustainable.  (vi) It will provide aid and advice to Implementing Agencies as may be required  for smooth functioning of the scheme.  (vii) Based on suggestions received from various Implementing Agencies, other  Ministries, States and experience/need, N-PMAFSC may examine and  recommend revision of the minimum membership norm per FPO to DAC&FW.  (viii) It may seek detailed input and analysis as may be required from time to  time from NPMA and also seek assistance of DMI in verification etc.'"
2891,3127,"'14.2.1 Considering the significance and strategic roles of the State Government and  its machinery down the line in synergizing the efforts in mobilizing the farmers, offering various services relating to production and post-production and also closely and periodically review the developmental and functioning including  constraints faced by FPOs, a State Level Consultative Committee called SLCC is constituted. The Composition of the Consultative Committee is as under-    i.  Addl. Chief Secy/Secy. I/c  Agriculture/ Agriculture Marketing----Chairperson   ii.  Secretary of line Ministries/Departments      ------------------------------Members      (Horticulture, Animal Husbandry& Fisheries, Co-operation, Marketing, Rural Development, Panchayati Raj) (In State/UT where there is no post of ACS/PS; and Secretary, I/c Agriculture is Chairperson, members may be Directors of line Departments)  iii.  Representative of SFAC      ---------------------------------------------------Member  iv.  Representative of NCDC        -------------------------------------------------Member  v.  Representative of NABARD    ----------------------------------Member Secretary*  vi.  Convener, SLBC         -----------------------------------------------------------Member  vii.  Two Experts from Agriculture Universities/Institutions ----------------Members    Note: (i) Chairman may co-opt additional Member(s) as per requirement and In-charge of DMI of respective State/UT may be invited in the meeting as special invitee. Two prominent farmer members or representatives of FPOs in the State/UT be nominated as member of the Committee by Government of India.  *(ii)Representative of NABARD will be Member Secretary to convene and coordinate the meetings of SLCC, however, in State (s) where  there is presence of NCDC and State level SFAC and they are playing lead and significant  roles in formation and promotion of FPOs, their representatives   may be Member Secretary in place of NABARD). In case of any dispute, decision of N-PMAFSC in this regard shall be final.          (iii)State Governments/ UT Administration will issue order for formation of  State Level Consultative Committee.'"
2892,3128,"'(i) It will regularly monitor and review the progress of FPO development and  functioning by holding its regular meetings.  (ii) It will work out a strategy for all stakeholders including the Implementing  Agencies (SFAC, NABARD and NCDC), institutions engaged in formation and promotion of FPOs and State Government machinery engaged in agricultural and rural development to work synergistically to achieve the objective.  (iii)  It will identify the constraints in implementation of scheme and communicate to  DAC&FW and N-PMAFSC for taking the appropriate policy decision, if so required.  (iv)  It will direct respective State Government departments to help in identification  of produce clusters for recommendation to N-PMAFSC and assist in mobilization of farmers to form the FPOs.  (v) It will formulate an effective extension mechanism to be undertaken through  existing State extension machinery down the line.   (vi) Most importantly, the committee will coordinate with respective State  Government departments to facilitate FPOs in getting the license/registration for inputs, shops/spaces in the mandis and also availing the assistance for development of various infrastructures relating to production and postproduction activities. The committee will also ensure that FPOs be associated/involved in all the farmers' centric schemes of the Government to  the extent feasible.  (vii) It will facilitate in making available land at appropriate place for development of  common facility center and also custom hiring center. It will also strategize and  prioritize for linking of Common Facility Centre (CFC) with e-NAM or with any other e-trading platform.'"
2893,3129,"'14.3.1 Monitoring of the scheme at the District / Cluster Level and effective  coordination among the stakeholders are critical for real success of the scheme and benefit to the farmer members as envisaged. Therefore, a District level Monitoring Committee (D-MC) is constituted for overall coordination of  implementation of scheme in the district including the cluster development and challenges faced by FPOs. The Composition of the District level Monitoring Committee is as under-  (i)  District Collector'"
2894,3130,"'Chairperson  (ii)  CEO , District Council'"
2895,3131,'Member*  (iii)  District  level  officers  of  line  departments'
2896,3132,'Member  (Agriculture/ Horticulture / Animal Husbandry/ Fisheries/Marketing/Cooperation)  (iv)  DDM (NABARD)'
2897,3133,'(v)  Lead District Manager (LDM)'
2898,3134,"'Member  (vi) Experts from KVK, ATMA, local producers'                                  - Members Organizations  (3 No.) (vii) Representatives of NCDC/SFAC, if available                               - Members    Note: (i) Chairperson may co-opt additional Member(s) including the representative of CBBOs/ PACs as per requirement.        * (ii) The District level Committee will be chaired by CEO; Zila Parishad in  State(s) where development / agriculture related work is the responsibility of Zila Parishad and the concerned State/UT so decide.  (iii)The implementation of the Scheme for formation and promotion of FPOs would also be reviewed by District Development Coordination & Monitoring Committee (DISHA) in their periodic reviews.    (iv) State Government/UT Administration will issue advisories to Districts for formation  of District Level Monitoring Committee.'"
2899,3135,"'(i) It will closely monitor and review the progress of FPO development and  functioning by holding its regular meetings.  (ii)  It will suggest the potential produce clusters in the district (where FPOs can be  formed & promoted) to N-PMAFSC and will also assist Implementing Agencies, CBBOs and other stakeholders in identification of cluster(s)  and  activity (ies)   and also in mobilization of farmers.  (iii)  It will resolve the financial constraints of FPOs through District Level Bankers'  Committee and provide feedback to N-PMAFSC.  (iv) It will identify the constraints in implementation of scheme at the ground level and  communicate the same to State Level Consultative Committee for further taking  up the matter with DAC&FW and N-PMAFSC for appropriate policy decision.   (v) Any other matter so decided by the committee in the interest of the scheme and  farmers.  14.4 Close and effective monitoring has been considered a major trigger for success  of this scheme. Therefore, in addition to three tiered afore-stated structured mechanism for monitoring of the scheme, there shall be continuous in-house monitoring by DAC&FW and by the Implementing Agencies also. The DAC&FW may utilize the services of Directorate of Marketing & Inspection (DMI), which has existence through its Regional & Sub-Offices across the country. For effective monitoring, DAC&FW may engage consultants also and cost for same will be borne from the budget of the scheme itself.'"
2900,3136,"'15.1 In order to evaluate the performance of the scheme with reference to its  envisaged objectives, the mid-term (4th year) and end-term evaluation will be  done in terms of (i) No. of FPOs formed and registered; (ii) No. of farmers mobilized category-wise ; (iii) Quantum of Equity Grant provided and No. of FPOs covered;  (iv) Quantum of Credit Guarantee provided for credit linkages including volume of loan availed for working capital; (v) No. of training programmes conducted for capacity building and No. of persons trained and (vi) Business turnover of the FPOs.  15.2 DAC&FW will hire third party appropriate Consultant / Agency transparently for  undertaking the study as well as mid-term and end-term evaluation of the scheme. If it deems feasible and appropriate, DAC&FW may ask any of the Implementing Agencies to undertake the mid-term and end-term evaluation of the  scheme and evaluation report will be shared with DAC&FW and also among the other Implementing Agencies. Based on the suggestions and findings in the report, DAC&FW may modify the Operational guidelines. If exigency arises in the interest of the scheme, DAC&FW may at any time suitably modify the scheme to achieve the objective as envisaged in it. The evaluation cost will be borne from the budget of the scheme itself.'"
2901,3137,"'16.1 NPMA in consultation with DAC&FW will get configured an \'Integrated portal\'    and will also be national level data repository. The portal will serve as an e- National platform for FPOs. The portal will have basically two components,  namely (i) vertical and horizontal e-Market place functioning digital platform for business transaction through various stakeholders; and (ii) Management  Information �System (MIS) to cater the data needs of stakeholders. The portal  will have in tracking all type of data up to FPO level. The integrated portal may be  developed through outsourcing or through NIC by SFAC.'"
2902,3138,"'(i) The software for vertical and horizontal e-Market place will provide information  about the details of FPOs produce with its quality ready for sale.  (ii) It will provide details of availability of quality inputs with price and also the details  of custom hiring facility with rate.   (iii) It will also provide detailed information about formation of FPO, its registration,  location, major business activity, profitability status and all other related information FPO-wise.  (iv)  It will have window to highlight the problems being encountered in any stage of  formation and promotion of FPOs and quick response by respective agency to resolve the problem.  (v) All the software developed by Implementing Agencies with respect to FPOs are  to be inter-operable with this Integrated portal.'"
2903,3145,'| Total                     | amount                | paid    | #  Number of shareholders    |\n|---------------------------|-----------------------|---------|------------------------------|\n| (INR)  of shares allotted | (including premium in |         |                              |\n| INR.)                     |                       |         |                              |\n|                           |                       |         |                              |'
2904,3146,"'We certify that no member of our FPO had availed Equity Grant facility earlier. We submit our application along with the mandatory documents and request that the equity grant be approved.  Yours faithfully,    President/Chief Executive Officer/Manager Authorized Representative/ Director of FPO'"
2905,3139,"'(i) Those corporate bodies (Agri-Value Chain/Industry) forming and promoting FPOs  through cluster-based approaches without going through CBBOs may be  encouraged through providing financial support under this scheme. Concerned Industries/Value Chain Processing & Export Industries forming and promoting FPOs through cluster approaches without going through CBBOs / Professional  Agencies engaged by CBBOs, will be eligible for assistance for their new FPOs  under the Scheme  in case at least 60% of the produce of members of such FPOs is ensured with appropriate processing & assured marketing linkages on sustainable basis for remunerative prices for improving the income of the members as well as to developing processing and value addition within the country. In addition, such FPOs can also avail credit guarantee cover under CGF if comply the eligibility for same under this Scheme and also norms & guidelines of CGF maintaining and managing agency. Such FPOs will also be allowed benefits of advisory services from NPMA and other components on par with FPOs such as Equity Grant promoted by implementing agencies. These Organizations will submit DAC&FW/ N-PMAFSC in advance about detail proposal of forming and promoting FPOs and will also submit the detail Yearwise Action Plan for consideration. Thereafter, they will submit the stages of formation and promotion of FPOs and submit proposal for FPO management cost from time to time along with utilization of previous amount along with documentary proof as well as requirement of Equity Grant to one of the assigned Implementing Agency for verification, which in turn will channelize the claim to N- PMAFSC for payment through respective IA. As regards Credit Guarantee facility, they will approach concerned Credit Fund with bank credit detail.'"
2906,3140,"' (ii)  Ongoing schemes of Government will be used in convergence to enhance the  cost effectiveness of FPOs in production and raising productivity and also to meet the cost of infrastructure requirement of the FPOs. Implementing Agency may converge the fund available with various on-going Government of India schemes such as Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojna (RKVY), Mission for Integrated Development for Horticulture (MIDH),National Food Security Mission (NFSM),  Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojna (PM-SAMPADA), Deendayal Antyodaya Yojna-National Rural Livelihood Mission (DAY-NRLM), PM- FME Scheme of MoFPI, TRIFED etc. in programs, activities and creation of infrastructure like Custom Hiring Centre/Common Facilitation Centre with machinery/equipment relating to production and post-production, value addition and farm level processing, storage and other activities to make FPOs sustainable and economically viable.    (iii) Further, Agricultural Marketing Infrastructure (AMI) Sub-Scheme of Integrated  Scheme for Agriculture Marketing (ISAM) will also be converged and an FPO willing to develop post-harvest management and marketing infrastructure can avail assistance thereunder.   (iv) States/ Union Territories can avail assistance for development of marketing and  farm level value addition infrastructure/facilities for FPOs including setting up  of  Custom Hiring Centre (CHC)/Common Facilitation Center (CFC) for marketing and supply chain etc.  under Agri- Market Infrastructure Fund (AMIF) approved for creation in NABARD for development of marketing and farm level value addition infrastructure/facilities  in Gramin Agriculture Markets (GrAMs). In this case, operational guidelines of AMIF and NABARD's procedure and terms and conditions of sanction and repayment of loan for AMIF shall be applicable.  (v)  States/Union Territories can top up and additionally supplement the activities of FPOs from their own fund for activities and infrastructure not covered under Government of India Scheme.'"
2907,3141,"' (vi) States/Union Territories may actively consider to make available appropriate size  of land to FPOs for setting up of CFCs and CHCs at cheaper rate on rent/lease  or otherwise; or may make available free of cost.   (vii) Government may prioritize FPOs to undertake procurement operation on  Minimum Support Price (MSP).  (viii) States must actively consider encouraging FPOs for selling their produce through  e-National Agriculture Market (e-NAM) including FPO module of e-NAM or through other electronic platform from their premises itself without physically bringing the produce to the APMC market yards.   (ix) Department of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers Welfare is authorized to  finalize Operational Guidelines of the scheme (and model Bye Laws if any) including mid-term changes thereto, and issue the same with the approval of Hon'ble Minister for Agriculture & Farmers' Welfare. .'"
2908,3172,"'I. Food crops (Cereals ,Millets and Pulses),  II. Oilseeds  III. Annual Commercial / Annual Horticultural crops.     In addition for perennial crops, pilots for coverage can be taken for those perennial horticultural crops for which standard methodology for yield estimation is available.'"
2909,3142,"'Date:  To, (i) The Managing Director Small Farmers' Agri-Business Consortium (SFAC), NCUI Auditorium, August Kranti Marg, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016. (ii)The Managing Director National Co-operative Development Corporation (NCDC), 4, Siri Institutional Area, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016. (iii) The Chief General Manager National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD), Regional Office --------------------------------------------------------------- (iv) To any other additional Implementing Agency allowed/designated, as the case may be. Sub: Application for Equity Grant under scheme of Formation and Promotion of 10,000  Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs)  Dear Sir/Madam, We herewith apply for Equity Grant as per the provisions under the captioned scheme.  1. The details of the FPO are as under-   S. No.  Particulars to be furnished  Details  1.   Name of the FPO  2.   Correspondence address of FPO  3.   Contact details of FPO  4.   Registration Number  5.   Date of registration/incorporation of FPO  6.   Brief account of business of FPO  7.   Number of Shareholder Members  8.    Number of Small, Marginal and Landless Shareholder Members'"
2910,3143,'| 9.                                               |  Paid up Capital (in INR)      |\n|--------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------|\n|                                                  |                                |\n|                                                  |                                |\n|                                                  |                                |\n| 10.                                              | Amount of Equity Grant sought  |\n| (in INR)                                         |                                |\n|                                                  |                                |\n| 11.                                              | Maximum shareholding of an     |\n| Individual Shareholder Member                    |                                |\n|                                                  |                                |\n| 12.                                              | Bank name in which account is  |\n| maintained                                       |                                |\n| 13.                                              | Account number                 |\n|                                                  |                                |\n|                                                  |                                |\n| 14.                                              | Branch name & IFSC code        |\n|                                                  |                                |\n|                                                  |                                |\n| 15.                                              | Number of Directors with their |\n| briefs                                           |                                |\n|                                                  |                                |\n|                                                  |                                |\n| 16.                                              | Mode                           |\n| (election/ nomination)                           |                                |\n|                                                  |                                |\n|                                                  |                                |\n| 17.                                              | Number of Women Director(s)    |\n|                                                  |                                |\n|                                                  |                                |\n|                                                  |                                |\n|                                                  |                                |\n| 18.                                              | Date(s) of Board/Governing     |\n| Body Meetings held in the last                   |                                |\n| year                                             |                                |\n| 19.                                              | Number of functional           |\n| committees of the FPO:                           |                                |\n| (Mention the major activities of                 |                                |\n| each committee)                                  |                                |\n| 1.                                               |                                |\n| 2.                                               |                                |\n| 3.                                               |                                |\n|                                                  |                                |\n| 20.                                              | Roles & Responsibility of      |\n| Boards/ Governing Body                           |                                |\n| 1.                                               |                                |\n| 2.                                               |                                |\n| 3.                                               |                                |\n| 4.                                               |                                |\n|                                                  |                                |\n|                                                  |                                |\n|                                                  |                                |\n| 2. Details of Board of Directors/Governing Body- |                                |\n| DIN                                              |                                |\n| Number                                           |                                |\n| Aadhar                                           |                                |\n| Numbe                                            |                                |\n| r                                                |                                |\n| Contact                                          |                                |\n| No./                                             |                                |\n| Address                                          |                                |\n| Land                                             |                                |\n| holding                                          |                                |\n| (in Acres)                                       |                                |\n| S.                                               |                                |\n| No                                               |                                |\n| .                                                |                                |\n| Designati                                        |                                |\n| on/ Role                                         |                                |\n| in the                                           |                                |\n| FPO                                              |                                |\n| Qualificati                                      |                                |\n| ons                                              |                                |\n| Tenure (in                                       |                                |\n| yrs.)                                            |                                |\n| Name of the                                      |                                |\n| Directors of                                     |                                |\n| Board/                                           |                                |\n| Governing                                        |                                |\n| Body                                             |                                |\n| 1.                                               |                                |\n| 2.                                               |                                |\n| 3.                                               |                                |\n| 4.                                               |                                |\n|                                                  |                                |\n|                                                  |                                |\n|                                                  |                                |\n|                                                  |                                |\n|                                                  |                                |'
2911,3144,"'Role in the  FPO  Aadhar  Number  Qualifications  Tenure (in  yrs.), if any  Contact  No./  Address  S. No .  Land  holding  (in Acres)  Name of the  Members of  Board/ Governing Body  1.  1.   2.   3.   4.   ....'"
2912,3147,"'i. Shareholder List and Share Capital contribution by each Member verified and certified by a Chartered Accountant (CA) prior to submission (Format attached, Annexure I- Enclosure-I). ii. Resolution of FPO Board/Governing Council to seek Equity Grant for Members (Format attached, Annexure I- Enclosure-II).  iii. Consent of Shareholders, stating name of shareholder, gender, number of shares held, face value of shares, land holding, and signature, signifying consent for Implementing Agency to directly transfer the Equity Grant sanctioned to the FPC on their behalf, to FPC Bank account, against the consideration of additional shares of equivalent value to be issued to them by FPC and on exit- transfer of the shares as per rules (Format attached, Annexure I-Enclosure-III).   iv. Audited Financials of FPO for a minimum 1 year/for all years of existence of the FPO if formed less than three years prior to application/ for the last 3 years for FPO in existence for 3 years or more, verified and certified by a Chartered Accountant (CA) prior to submission. v. Photocopy of FPO Bank Account Statement for last six months authenticated by Branch Manager. vi. Business plan and budget for next 18 months. vii. Names, photographs, and identity proof (one from among ration card, Aadhaar card, election identification card, and passport of Representatives/ Directors authorized by the Board for executing and signing all documents under the Scheme. viii. Each page of Application Form   and accompanying documents should be signed by a minimum of two Board Member Authorised Representatives of FPO;'"
2913,3148,'S.No  Member Name & Gender  Date of Membership  Share Money deposited by member (Rs.)  No. of Shares allotted (Share Value in INR)  Folio Share distinctive Number  Land holding of Shareholders  (in Acres)  Land Record (Khasra  No.)  Signature of President                                                       Signature of CEO Name:                                                                              Name: Place:                                                                               Place: Date:                                                                                Date:  Verified and certified by Charted Accountant (CA) (Sign and Seal)'
2914,3149,"'a) Place of meeting.................................................................................................. b) Date of meeting....................................................................................................  Agenda of Meeting: to avail Equity Grant support    Whereas the FPO has been formed under _______________ (legal registration status of FPO) and on the basis of the decision of the AGM/EGM (held on) _________________ (mention the date) to avail Equity Grant support under the Scheme. We, the Board of Directors of the FPO unanimously resolve thati. The grant shall be utilized for business enhancement of the FPO. ii. The basis of allocation of the said fund shall be the individual share money contribution by members and in accordance with the criteria laid down in the Scheme. iii. The accounts of the said grant shall be maintained in a proper manner. iv. The benefit of the said support shall be extended shareholder member-wise and shall be available to an individual till she/he is the member of the FPO. v. If a shareholder member quits the FPO at any point, the shares issued in lieu of the grant shall be retained by the FPO and shall not be paid to the member but shall be allocated to a new/additional existing member as per the scheme guidelines. This has been discussed in the AGM/EGM held for this purpose on---------- and the Shareholders are fully cognizant of the Terms and Conditions of the Scheme & have agreed to abide by the same.  We further resolve that to execute the documents pertaining to this support, the President / in his absence, any one of the following Directors of the FPO for any reason due to non-availability of the President and the Chief Executive of FPO, whose signatures are given below and certified by the Bank are authorised to sign all documents and forms jointly. Further resolved that this Resolution be communicated to...............................'"
2915,3150,'(Name of Implementing Agency) and shall remain in force until further notice in writing.  Signed by the CEO & Board of Directors and Sealed  S.No.   Name    Designation  Signatures'
2916,3151,"'We are Shareholders in _________________ (Name of the FPO) located in ______________ (Name of village/block/district/State). We have purchased _____________ (number of issued Shares) worth Rs. _____________ (value of the issued Shares) from the FPO, as per the list below- (List to be attached stating name of shareholder, gender, number of shares held face value of shares, land holding, and signature.) We have been informed about /read the Terms and Conditions of the EG and agree to the same. In particular, each shareholder hereby agrees that the entire amount of Equity Grant sanctioned by.................................(Name of Implementing Agency) on our behalf be directly transferred to our FPO's account towards the consideration of additional shares to be issued to us of equivalent amount in the FPO. On receipt of the amount, the FPO shall immediately, issue additional shares to respective shareholders, of the equivalent amount sanctioned to each shareholder by the...................................(Name of Implementing Agency) We also agree that should any shareholder at any point cease to be a Member of the FPO for any reason whatsoever, the additional shares against the Equity Grant   that stand in his/her name shall be retained by the FPO to be allocated to another Member as specified under the Scheme and that in such a case, he shall not receive the value of the share. In support of our consent, we have affixed our signatures /thumb impressions below: Consent details:-    Name & Gender of Shareholder  Signatures/Thumb  impressions  Current  Landholding (in acres.)  Current Equity  holding (Number and Face Value in INR)  1.   2.   3.    We declare that the information furnished by the shareholders above is true.  Chief Executive Officer (Seal)                                  President/Authorised Signatory Certified by a Chartered Accountant (CA) (Seal) Countersigned by Bank Manager (of the Bank where the FPC has the account) (Seal)'"
2917,3189,'7.5.4   State Govt. shall notify concerned weather data provider/ expert agency whose report/ methodology    would be used in assessing the extent of losses and computation of claims. Cost of such weather data    shall be borne by the concerned Insurance Companies. The notified AWS and ARG should fulfil/ meet    the standards/ norms/ criteria specified by the concerned authorities from time to time.'
2918,3152,'Name of Implementing Agency (NABARD/NCDC):............................................. Address: ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................  Phone Number: .............................................................................    (Each page of the application form should be signed by Branch head and Zonal Manager)    Name and Address of the applicant Bank Branch :    1 a) Complete Postal Address (*with pin-code) :    1 b) Phone No. with STD :    1 c)  Fax No.:    1 d) E-Mail Address:      1 e) Details of the authorised  Designation  Mobile No.  E-Mail Address.  person of the Bank submitting the Claim:  2  Name of Borrower FPO :  2 a) Constitution:  Producer Organization  2 b) Registered Office Address (*with pin-code):  (i). Phone No.  (ii). Fax No.  (iii). E-mail Address  2 c)  Business Office Address (if any)  (i). Phone No.  (ii). Fax No.  (iii). E-mail Address  2 d) Name of CEO :  Mobile No.  2 e) Credit Facility for which guarantee cover sought :    Old  New  Expansion  Technical Upgradation  2 f ) Give details of components:-   Inputs:    Processing:  Marketing:    Any other:  Total Investment:  3  Banking Facilities Sanctioned by sanctioning authority (Rs. in Lakh):-      (i). Term-Loan :  Date of Sanction: Amount  Outstanding:  IRAC Status:  IRAC Status:     (ii).Cash Credit :  Date of Sanction: Amount  Outstanding:  3 a)  Sanctioning Office:  Branch:  ZO / RO:  HO:    3 b)  Designation of Sanctioning Authority :    3 c)  Sanctioning authority approval vide :    3 d)  Sanction / Appraisal Note No.  Dated:    3 e)  Agenda No. / Minutes conveying sanction :    4  Name and Address of Controlling Office of the Branch (*with pin-code):    4.a).  Name of Controlling Authority :    4.b).  Mobile No.:    4.c).  Fax. No. :    4.d).  E-Mail Address. :    5  Present status of FPO Activity : (Give component wise details)    5. a)   5. b).   5. c).   5. d).   5. e).   5. f )   6  Status of Accounts  6. a). Term-Loan:  Amount of Disbursement till date :  Outstanding as on date :      i).'
2919,3153,"'First installment due on (date) :      ii). Last Installment due on (date) :    6. b). Cash Credit :      Limit:  Drawing Power:  Outstanding:    Comments on Irregularity ( if any):      Any adverse comments on the unit by inspecting official in last inspection report:      7.  A. Cost of Project (as accepted by sanctioning authority)(In Rs. Lakh)   B. Means of Finance (as accepted by sanctioning authority)(In Rs. Lakh)    Give component wise details    a. Term loan of Bank:  b. Promoter Equity  c. Unsecured loan :  d. Others if any    Total     Total     8.  A. Forward Linkages:   B. Backward Linkages with Small/Marginal farmers:      1     No. of members:       2    Details of Primary and Collateral Securities taken by the bank (if any)    3    a. Primary  Securities  b. Collateral Securities    4  5      6      (Please enclose details separately)  9  NameoftheConsortium(ifany)associatedwithCreditFacilitywithcompleteaddress,contac t details and email:  9 a)  Address (*with pin-code) :  9 b)  Contact Details :    9 c)  Email Address :    Request of Branch head for Credit Guarantee:- In view of the above information, we request Credit Guarantee Cover against Credit Facility of Rs.....................(in Rupees  ) to FPO(copy of sanction letter along with appraisal/process note of  competent authority is enclosed for your perusal and record ). Further we confirm that :  1. The KYC norms in respect of the Promoters have been complied by us.  2. Techno-feasibility and economic viability aspect of the project has been taken care of by  the sanctioning authority and the branch.  3. On quarterly basis, bank will apprise the ........................(Name of Implementing Agency)about  progress of unit, recovery of bank's dues and present status of account to........................(Name of Implementing Agency)  4. We undertake to abide by the Terms & Conditions of the Scheme.'"
2920,3154,"' Date………………………………   ……………………………… Signature of Branch Manager with branch seal  Name…………………………………… … Designation …………………………………… ………………………………  ……………………………… Signature of Authorized Person in zonal office Name………………………………… Designation ……………………………………  5. Promoter's request letter  List of Enclosures  1. Recommendation  9. List of shareholders  addressed to the Bank Manager on original letter head of FPO  confirmed by promoter and bank  with amount of CGC  sought on Bank's  Original letterhead with date and dispatch number duly signed by the Branch Manager on each page.  2. Sanction letter of  6. Implementation Schedule  10. Affidavit of promoters that  confirmed by the bank.  they have not availed CGC  from any other institution for  sanctioned Credit Facility.  sanctioning authority  addressed to recommending  branch.  3. Bank's approved  7. Up-to-date statement of account of  11. Field inspection report of  Term loan and Cash Credit (if Sanctioned).  Bank official as on recent date.  Appraisal/Process note bearing signature of sanctioning authority.  4. Potential Impact on  8. a).Equity Certificate, C.A/CS  * Pin Code at Column No. 1. a),  certificate/RCS certificate  2. b), 2. c), 4. a) and 9. a) is Mandatory  b). FORM-2, FORM-5 and FORM-23  filed with ROC for Company/RCS.  small farmer producers  1. Social Impact,  2. Environmental  Impact  3.'"
2921,3155,"'Risk Analysis    For further information, please contact: Chief General Manager, Managing Director Small Farmers' Agri- Business Consortium, National Bank for Agriculture & Rural Head office, NCUI Auditorium Development, **NABARD**, Building C-24, 'G' Block, 5th floor, 3, Siri Institutional Area Bandra-Kurla Complex, August Kranti Marg, Hauz Bandra East, Khas, Mumbai - 400051 New Delhi-110016 Tel: 022- Tel: 011-41060075, 26966017 26539530,26539500 e-mail: sfac@nic.in Website: www.sfacindia.com csr.murthy@nabard.org, fsdd@nabard.org Website: www.nabard.org Agriculture Marketing Adviser Directorate of Marketing & Inspection DAC&FW, New CGO Complex, NH-IV, Faridabad - 121001 Tel: 0129- 2412518 e-mail: mdrc-dac@gov.in Website: www.dmi.gov.in Managing Director National Co-operative Development Corporation, **NCDC**, 4-Siri Institutional Area, Hauz Khas, New Delhi - 110016 Tel: 011- 26960796, 26567140 e-mail:  e-mail: mail@ncdc.in Website: www.ncdc.in Agricultural Marketing Division Department of Agriculture, Co-operation & Farmers' Welfare Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers' Welfare Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi-110001 Tel: 011-23386235, 23388579 Website: www.agricoop.nic.in'"
2922,3156,"'Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana  (PMFBY)   (Revised)  Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi-110001'"
2923,3157,'| Sl. No Section                                              | Page No.                                                                        |\n|-------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| Abbreviations                                               | I-II                                                                            |\n| 1                                                           | Objective of the Scheme                                                         |\n| 2                                                           | Adoption of Technology for Scheme Administration                                |\n| 3                                                           | Coverage of Farmers                                                             |\n| 4                                                           | Coverage of Crops                                                               |\n| 5                                                           | Coverage of Risks & Exclusions                                                  |\n| 6                                                           | Preconditions for implementation of the Scheme                                  |\n| 7                                                           | Notification                                                                    |\n| 8                                                           |                                                                                 |\n| Engagement of Common Service Centres and Intermediaries for |                                                                                 |\n| coverage of non loanee Farmers                              |                                                                                 |\n| 11                                                          |                                                                                 |\n| 9                                                           | Electronic Remittance of Funds                                                  |\n| 10                                                          | Census code Mapping of Entities                                                 |\n| 11                                                          | Digitization of Land Records                                                    |\n| 12                                                          | Sum Insured/Coverage Limit                                                      |\n| 13                                                          | Premium Rates and Premium Subsidy                                               |\n| 14                                                          | Budget for Administrative Expenses                                              |\n| 15                                                          | Technical Support Unit(TSU)/Central Programme Management Unit(CPMU)             |\n| 16                                                          | Seasonality Discipline                                                          |\n| 17                                                          | Collection of Proposals and Premium from Farmers                                |\n| 18                                                          | Assessment of Loss/Short Fall in Yield                                          |\n| 19                                                          | Dispute Resolution regarding Yield Data/Crop Loss                               |\n| 20                                                          | Use of Innovative Technologies                                                  |\n| 21                                                          | Assessment of Claims                                                            |\n| 22                                                          | Participation of Loss Assessors/Evaluators for Loss Assessment under the Scheme |\n| 23                                                          | Procedure for Settlement of Claims                                              |\n| 24                                                          | Important Conditions/Clauses Applicable for Coverage of Risks                   |\n| 25                                                          | Acreage Discrepancy                                                             |\n| 26                                                          | Publicity and Awareness                                                         |\n| 27                                                          | Service Charges                                                                 |\n| 28                                                          | Goods & Service Tax(GST)                                                        |\n| 29                                                          | Monitoring and Review of the Scheme                                             |\n| 30                                                          | Grievance Redressal Mechanism                                                   |\n| 31                                                          | Empanelment and Selection of Insurance Companies                                |\n| 32                                                          | Clustering/Clubbing of districts for bidding by the State                       |\n| 33                                                          | Assessment of Performance and De-empanelment of Insurance Companies             |\n| 34                                                          | Evaluation of Efficiency of Nodal Department of the State                       |\n| 35                                                          | Role & Responsibilities of Various Agencies                                     |\n| 36                                                          | National Crop Insurance Portal for administration of Crop Insurance Program     |\n| Annexure - 1                                                | 78-85                                                                           |\n| Annexure - 2                                                | 86-89                                                                           |\n| Annexure - 3                                                | 90-93                                                                           |'
2924,3158,"'| Table No.                                                                            | Topic                                                                       |\n|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| Para                                                                                 |                                                                             |\n| Number                                                                               |                                                                             |\n| Table 1                                                                              | Premium rate payable by the farmer                                          |\n| Table 2                                                                              | Seasonality Discipline                                                      |\n| Table 3                                                                              | Calculation of crop-wise Sum Insured                                        |\n| Table 4                                                                              | Number of CCEs to be conducted at IU level                                  |\n| Table 5                                                                              | Yield Calculation for multi-picking crop                                    |\n| Table 6                                                                              |                                                                             |\n| Types of resolution to be used for vegetation index derivation for different         |                                                                             |\n| levels of analysis                                                                   |                                                                             |\n| 19.7                                                                                 |                                                                             |\n| Table 7                                                                              | Calculation of Threshold Yield                                              |\n| Table 8                                                                              |                                                                             |\n| Detailed Procedure for On Account Payment of Claims due to Mid-Season                |                                                                             |\n| Adversity                                                                            |                                                                             |\n| 21.2.7.2                                                                             |                                                                             |\n| Table 9                                                                              |                                                                             |\n| Detailed Procedure and Timelines for payment of Prevented / Failed Sowing            |                                                                             |\n| and Prevented Planting / Germination Claims                                          |                                                                             |\n| 21.3.6.1                                                                             |                                                                             |\n| Table 10                                                                             |                                                                             |\n| Detailed Procedure and Timelines for payment of                                      |                                                                             |\n| Post Harvest Loss                                                                    |                                                                             |\n|                                                                                      |                                                                             |\n| 21.4.8.1                                                                             |                                                                             |\n| Table 11                                                                             |                                                                             |\n| Detailed Procedure and Timelines for payment of                                      |                                                                             |\n| localized claims                                                                     |                                                                             |\n|                                                                                      |                                                                             |\n| 21.5.9.1                                                                             |                                                                             |\n| Table 12                                                                             | Criteria for Performance Evaluation and Ranking of Loss Assessment Agencies |\n| Table 13                                                                             |                                                                             |\n| Illustration for classification of risks, clustering/clubbing of risks and districts |                                                                             |\n| and determination of L1 bidder                                                       |                                                                             |\n| Annexure 1                                                                           |                                                                             |\n| Table 14                                                                             |                                                                             |\n| Penalty and performance Monitoring/Evaluation of Empanelled Insurance                |                                                                             |\n| Companies                                                                            |                                                                             |\n| Annexure 2                                                                           |                                                                             |\n| Table 15                                                                             | Illustrative Evaluation of Efficiency of Nodal Department of State          |'"
2925,3159,"'| AIC    |  Agricultural Insurance Company of India Ltd                                                 |\n|--------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| ACF    | Area Correction Factor                                                                       |\n| APR    | Actuarial Premium Rate                                                                       |\n| ARG    | Automatic Rain Gauge                                                                         |\n| AWS    | Automatic Weather Stations                                                                   |\n| AY     | Actual Yield                                                                                 |\n| CB     | Commercial Banks                                                                             |\n| CBS    | Core Banking Solution                                                                        |\n| CCAFS  | Research program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security                            |\n| CCEs   | Crop Cutting Experiments                                                                     |\n| CPMU   | Central Program Management Unit                                                              |\n| CSC    | Common Service Center                                                                        |\n| CSO    | Central Statistical Office                                                                   |\n| CV     | Co-efficient of Variance                                                                     |\n| DAC&FW | Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare                                   |\n| DBT    | Direct Benefit Transfer                                                                      |\n| DCCBs  | District Central Cooperative Banks                                                           |\n| DLMC   | District Level Monitoring Committee                                                          |\n| DLTC   | District Level Technical Committee                                                           |\n| ESI    | Expected Sum Insured                                                                         |\n| FASAL  | Forecasting Agricultural output using Space, Agro meteorological and Land based observations |\n| FIs    | Financial Institutions                                                                       |\n| GIC Re | General Insurance Corporation of India                                                       |\n| GFR    | General Financial Rule                                                                       |\n| GIS    | Geographic Information System                                                                |\n| GPS    | Global Positioning System                                                                    |\n| IA     | Implementing Agency                                                                          |\n| IC     | Insurance Company                                                                            |\n| IASRI  | Indian Agricultural Statistical Research Institute                                           |\n| IFPRI  | International Food Policy Research Institute                                                 |\n| IMD    | Indian Meteorological Department                                                             |\n| IRRI   | International Rice Research Institute                                                        |\n| IRDAI  | Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India                                      |\n| ISRO   | Indian Space Research Organisation                                                           |\n| ISS    | Interest Subvention Scheme                                                                   |\n| IT     | Information Technology                                                                       |\n| IU     | Insurance Unit                                                                               |\n| KCC    | Kisan Credit Cards                                                                           |\n| LC     | Loss Cost                                                                                    |\n| LPA    | Long period Average                                                                          |\n| LPC    | Land Possession Certificate                                                                  |\n| MIS    | Management Information System                                                                |\n| MNCFC  | Mahalanobis National Crop Forecast Centre                                                    |\n| MOA&FW | Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare                                                  |'"
2926,3160,"'NABARD        National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development   NAIS   National Agricultural Insurance Scheme  NCIP   National Crop Insurance Portal  NCIP*   National Crop Insurance Programme  NEFT   National Electronic fund Transfer  NFA   Notified Area  NLMC   National Level Monitoring Committee   NOAACPC  National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Climate Prediction Center  NRSC   National Remote Sensing Centre, ISRO   NSSO   National Sample Survey Organization  NTSU   National Technical Support unit  PACS   Primary Agricultural Credit Society  PMFS   Public Finance Management System  PMU   Project Management Unit  PRIs   Panchayati Raj Institutions  RBI   Reserve Bank of India  RoR   Records of Right   RRBs   Regional Rural Banks  RST   Remote Sensing Technology   RTGS   Real Time Gross Settlement   SAO   Seasonal Agricultural Operations   SAC   Space Applications Centre, ISRO   SI   Sum Insured  SLA   Service level agreement  SLCC   State Level Coordination Committee  SLCCCI   State Level Coordination Committee on Crop Insurance   SLTC   State Level Technical Committee  SOF   Scale of Finance  SOP   Standard Operating Procedures  SRSC   State Remote Sensing Centres  STAC   State level Technical Advisory Committee  STSU   State Technical Support Unit  TAC   Technical Advisory Committee  TSU   Technical Support Unit  TY   Threshold Yield  UIDAI   Unique Identification Authority of India  USSD   Unstructured Supplementary Service Data   UT   Union Territory  UTR   Unique Transaction Reference   VLE   Village Level Entrepreneur  UAV   Unmanned Aerial Vehicle  WMO   World Meteorological Organisation  XML   eXtensible Markup Language'"
2927,3161,'Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) aims at supporting sustainable production in agriculture sector by way of'
2928,3162,'Providing financial support to farmers suffering crop loss/damage arising out of unforeseen events'
2929,3163,'Stabilizing the income of farmers to ensure their continuance in farming'
2930,3164,'Encouraging farmers to adopt innovative and modern agricultural practices'
2931,3165,"'Ensuring flow of credit to the agriculture sector which will contribute to food security, crop diversification and enhancing growth and competitiveness of agriculture sector besides protecting  farmers from production risks.'"
2932,3166,"'2.1    In an endeavour to integrate Technology in implementation and execution of the Scheme, the Govt. of    India has designed and developed a National Crop Insurance Portal (NCIP) (www. pmfby.gov.in). This    will bring in better administration and coordination amongst stakeholders viz.  Farmers, States,    Insurers and Banks as well as real time dissemination of information and transparency.   2.2    The successful running of the Portal calls for responsible participation by different stakeholders who    will have the  responsibility for census coding and updating revenue/administrative units, AWS code    mapping and updating requisite information/details as per login credential module.   2.3   Implementing States and Insurance Companies during each crop season are required to digitize and upload on the web Portal in the relevant module, basic information like notified areas, crops, sum insured, Govt. subsidy, and premium to be paid by farmers and name of the implementing Insurance  Companies in the particular insurance unit etc., well within the prescribed time. This will facilitate farmers and other stakeholders to get the relevant information on Internet and through SMS. State  Govt. and concerned Insurance Company will be responsible for any incorrect entry/ errors/ omissions  etc.  2.4   Digitization of basic information/notification should compulsorily be done before floating tender documents which will be followed by entry of bidded Premium rates and name of selected Insurance  Company immediately after finalization of bids and issue of work order.  2.5   Since the National Crop Insurance Portal has been conceptualised for auto administration and seamless flow of data/information/reports on real time basis, State Govt. would not be allowed to  create/use separate Portal/website for Crop Insurance purposes.   2.6    All Stakeholders have defined roles and responsibilities and accessibility to related modules on the    Portal for administration of the Scheme. Details of operationalization of modules for each    stakeholder are available on the Portal for ready reference.'"
2933,3167,"'  2.7    Secured credential/login, preferably linked with Aadhaar Number and mobile OTP based, for all    Stakeholders viz, Central Government, State Governments, Banks, empanelled Insurance Companies    and their designated field functionaries will be provided on the Portal to enable them to    enter/upload/download the requisite information.   2.8    Insurance Companies shall not distribute/collect/allow any other proforma/utility/web Portal etc for    collecting details of insured farmers separately. However they may provide all requisite support to    facilitate Bank Branches/PACS for uploading the farmer's details on the Portal well within the    prescribed cut-off dates.  2.9    Only farmers whose data is uploaded on the National Crop Insurance Portal shall be eligible for    Insurance coverage and the premium subsidy from State and Central Govt. will be released    accordingly.  2.10    All data pertaining to crop-wise, area-wise historical yield data, weather data, sown area, coverage    and claims data, calamity years and actual yield shall be made available on the National Crop    Insurance Portal for the purpose of premium rating, claim calculation etc.  2.11    Banks/Financial Institutions/other intermediaries need to compulsorily transfer the individual farmer's    data electronically to the National Crop Insurance Portal. Accordingly Banks/FIs may endeavour to    undertake CBS integration in a time bound manner for real time transfer of information/data.   2.12     It is also proposed to develop an integrated platform/portal for both PMFBY and Interest Subvention    Scheme. The data/information of both the Schemes shall be auto synchronized to enable real time    sharing of information and better program monitoring.  2.13   Insurance Companies shall compulsorily use technology/mobile applications for monitoring of crop    health/Crop Cutting Experiments (CCEs) in coordination with concerned States. States shall also    facilitate Insurance Companies with Satellite Imagery/Usage of Drones by way of prior approval of    agency from which such data can be sourced. This is required for better monitoring and ground-   truthing.'"
2934,3168,"' ICs can be active partners in facilitating use of technology.  2.14   States shall adopt technology, such as satellite and UAV remote sensing, for various applications such    as crop area estimation and yield disputes and also promote the use of remote sensing and other    related technology for CCE planning, yield estimation, loss assessment, assessment of prevented    sowing and clustering of districts.'"
2935,3169,"'3.1    All farmers including sharecroppers and tenant farmers growing the notified crops in the notified areas    are eligible for coverage. However, farmers should have insurable interest for the notified/insured    crops. The non-loanee farmers are required to submit necessary documentary evidence of land    records prevailing in the State (Records of Right (RoR), Land possession Certificate (LPC) etc.) and/    or applicable contract/ agreement details/ other documents notified/ permitted by concerned State    Govt. in case of sharecroppers/tenant farmers and the same should be defined by the respective    States in the notification itself.'"
2936,3170,"'3.1.1.1  All farmers who have been sanctioned Seasonal Agricultural Operations (SAO) loans from Financial Institutions (FIs) (i.e. loanee farmers) for the notified crop(s) season would be covered compulsorily. This provision shall override any decision taken by FIs including PACS exempting farmers from compulsory coverage of loanee farmers.  3.1.1.2  However non-standard KCC /crop loans as defined and as per prevailing practices of the concerned Banks/Govt. regulator shall not be covered compulsorily. However bank branches may facilitate  such   farmers for enrolment as non-loanee farmers .  3.1.1.3  Merely, sanctioning of crop loan against other collateral securities including fixed deposits, gold/jewel  loans, mortgage loans etc. without having insurable interest of the farmer on the insurable land and notified crops shall not be covered under the Scheme.  3.1.2   Voluntary Component'"
2937,3171,"'notification or /and on National Crop Insurance Portal multiplied by sown area for notified crop.    3.1.3   Special efforts shall be made to ensure maximum coverage of SC/ ST/ Women farmers under the    Scheme. Further Panchayat Raj Institutions (PRIs) may be involved  in extension and awareness    creation amongst farmers and obtaining feed-back of farmers about the implementation of the    Scheme   3.1.4   The implementing Insurance Company selected as L1 will be responsible for taking necessary  measures to ensure at least 10% incremental increase in coverage of non-loanee farmers. However  other empanelled Insurance Companies which have participated in the bidding and are keen for  enrolment of non loanee farmers in the cluster may also be allowed to enrol non-loanee farmers at L1 premium rate. The interested companies have to inform their willingness in writing within seven days of finalisation of tender/issuance of work order to L1. It will however be the responsibility of all the  Insurance Companies engaged in this process to ensure that duplicate enrolment does not happen in the given cluster/district. Engaging companies other than L1 for enrolling non loanee farmers will be taken up on a pilot basis in Districts notified by State Govt.  They shall enrol non loanee farmers as per  conditions laid down in Para 17.5.   3.1.5   These Insurance Company will maintain separate data of such non loanee farmers covered by them and enter the said data on the portal as per seasonality discipline detailed in Para 16.2. They shall be  liable for payment of claims to such farmers.  3.1.6   The exchange of information, co-witnessing of CCEs and sharing of yield data etc for the cluster by  Government/NCIP will be limited to L1 Company only and it will be binding on other companies to  accept it. However, the requisition for payment of Government subsidy in respect of non-loanee  enrolled by them will be submitted directly to the Govt designated agency.'"
2938,3173,"'5.1    Following stages of the crop risks leading to crop loss are covered under the Scheme. Addition of new    risks by the State Govt other than the one mentioned below, by the State Govt. is not permitted.  5.1.1   Prevented Sowing/Planting/Germination Risk: Insured area is prevented from sowing/    planting/germination due to deficit rainfall or adverse seasonal/weather conditions.  5.1.2   Standing Crop (Sowing to Harvesting): Comprehensive risk insurance is provided to cover yield losses    due to non-preventable risks, viz. Drought, Dry spell, Flood, Inundation, widespread Pests and Disease    attack, Landslides, Fire due to natural causes ,Lightening, Storm, Hailstorm and Cyclone.  5.1.3   Post-Harvest Losses: Coverage is available only upto a maximum period of two weeks from harvesting,    for those crops which are  required to be dried  in cut and spread / small bundled condition in the field    after harvesting against specific perils of Hailstorm, Cyclone, Cyclonic rains and Unseasonal rains.  5.1.4   Localized Calamities: Loss/damage to notified insured crops resulting from occurrence of identified    localized risks of Hailstorm, Landslide, Inundation, Cloud burst and Natural fire due to lightening    affecting isolated farms in the notified area.  5.1.5   Add-on coverage for crop loss due to attack by wild animals: The States may consider providing     add-on coverage for crop loss due to attack by wild animals wherever the risk is perceived to be    substantial and is identifiable. Detailed protocol and procedure for evaluation of bids will be    issued separately by GOI in consultation with Ministry of Environment and Forest and GIC Re.   The     add-on coverage will be optional for the farmers and applicable notional premium will be borne by the    farmer, however the State Govts may consider providing additional subsidy on this coverage,    wherever notified.'"
2939,3174,"'The  actuarial premium rates for add-on coverage should be sought in the bid    itself from the  Insurance Companies, however the  add-on actuarial premium  rate  will  be    considered separately  and shall not form part of evaluation of L1.       5.1.6   General Exclusions: Losses arising out of war and nuclear risks, malicious damage and other    preventable risks shall be excluded.  5.1.7   State Govts./UTs ,in consultation with SLCCCI, can exclude any of the aforesaid perils listed above    which is  not prevailing in their State/UT  5.1.8   Yield loss damage for localised calamities and post harvest losses will be assessed on the basis of    individual insured farm level and hence lodging of loss information by farmer/designated agencies    is essential. For remaining risks losses are due to widespread calamities. Hence lodging of    information for claims by insured farmers / designated agencies for such wise spread calamities is    not essential. Claims will be calculated based on the loss assessment report/average yield    submitted by concerned State Govt.'"
2940,3175,"'Issuance of Notification by State Govt. / UT for implementation of the Scheme (PMFBY) will imply    their acceptance of all provisions, modalities and guidelines of the Scheme. The main conditions    relating to PMFBY which are binding on States/UTs are as follows:  6.1.1   Adoption of innovative technology especially Smart phones/ hand held devices for capturing conduct    of CCEs through CCE-Agri App  and use of  NCIP platform for  flow of information and auto    administration of the scheme    6.1.2   State has to conduct requisite number of Crop Cutting Experiments (CCEs) at the level of notified    insurance unit area;  6.1.3   CCE based yield data will be uploaded on the National Crop Insurance Portal/submitted to Insurance    Company within the notified cut off date ;  6.1.4   State/ UT will make necessary budgetary provision  for  premium subsidy based on fair estimates, at    the beginning of the crop season;  6.1.5   To carry out pilot studies for improved yield estimations using technology.  6.1.6   Department of State Govt. which was earlier looking after implementation of erstwhile National    Agriculture Insurance Scheme (NAIS)/ National Crop Insurance Programme (NCIP*) may be designated    as Nodal Department for implementation of PMFBY. The State Level Coordination Committee on Crop    Insurance (SLCCCI) which was overseeing implementation of NAIS and NCIP* may be authorized to    oversee implementation of PMFBY. The States/UTs which had not implemented the NAIS / NCIP* shall    constitute SLCCCI for implementation of PMFBY on the lines similar to that of NAIS/NCIP*. The present    composition of SLCCCI may be strengthened by including representatives from State Horticulture    Dept., State Remote Sensing Application Centre, India Meteorological Department (IMD), Farmers'    Representatives and empanelled Insurance Companies for implementing PMFBY. Chairman of SLCCCI    may co-opt representatives from other departments/agencies, if considered necessary.'"
2941,3176,"'Empanelment of Insurance Companies and their participation for implementation of the Scheme    (PMFBY) will imply their acceptance of all provisions, modalities and guidelines of the Scheme. The    empanelled Insurance Companies have to deploy requisite infrastructure and resources for    implementation of PMFBY particularly for following identified major activities:  6.2.1   To carry out Pilot study for leveraging new technology for effective implementation of Scheme in  a    transparent manner,   6.2.2   Deployment of requisite  infrastructure to increase the outreach to rural farmers at their doorstep,   6.2.3   Commitment for at least 10  % incremental increase in Non loanee coverage,   6.2.4   Deployment of sufficient manpower to co-observe CCEs and allied activities and compulsory use of    CCE Co-observation app,   6.2.5   Allocation of requisite resources and commitment for advertisements, awareness generation and    capacity building of stakeholders about the Scheme. The detailed planning for the same should be    submitted to Central and State Govt. in advance, before the start of each season.'"
2942,3177,"'6.3.1   Aadhaar has been made mandatory for availing Crop insurance from Kharif 2017 season onwards.    Therefore, all banks are advised to mandatorily obtain Aadhaar number of their farmers and the same    applies  for  non-loanee  farmers  enrolled  through  banks/Insurance  companies/insurance    intermediaries.  6.3.2   Farmers not having Aadhaar ID may also enrol under PMFBY subject to their enrolment for    Aadhaar and submission of proof of such enrolment as per notification No. 334.dated 8th February,    2017 issued by GOI under Section 7 of Aadhaar Act 2016(Targeted Delivery of Financial and other    Subsidies, Benefits and Services). Copy of the notification may be perused on www.pmfby.gov.in. This    may be  subject to further directions issued by Govt. from time to time.  6.3.3    All banks have to compulsorily take Aadhaar/Aadhaar enrolment number as per notification under  Aadhaar Act before sanction of crop loan/KCC under Interest Subvention Scheme. Hence the coverage    of loanee farmers without Aadhaar does not arise and such accounts need to be reviewed by the    concerned bank branch regularly.'"
2943,3190,"'8.1    CSCs under Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeITY) have been engaged to enrol    non-loanee farmers. The Insurance Companies are required to enter into a separate agreement with    CSC and pay service charges as fixed by DAC&FW, GOI per farmer per village per season. No other    agreement or payment is required to be made for this purpose. Nodal agency for engagement with    Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare and Insurance Companies will be CSC-SPV, a company    established under MeITY for carrying out e-governance initiatives of GoI.  8.2    No charges/fee shall be borne or paid by the farmers being enrolled through CSCs i.e. CSC-SPV and    CSC-VLE  8.3    As per IRDA circular, no separate qualification/certification will be required for the VLEs of CSCs to    facilitate enrolment of non-loanee farmers.  8.4    All empanelled Insurance Companies will compulsorily be required to enter into an agreement with    CSC for enrolment of non-loanee farmers and for provision of other defined services to farmers.   8.5    Other designated intermediaries may be linked with the Portal in due course.   8.6    Empanelled Insurance Companies have to necessarily register on the portal and submit list and details    of agents/intermediaries engaged for enrolment of non-loanee farmers in the beginning of each    season  within 10 days of award of work in the State.  Further all agents/intermediaries have to work    strictly as per the provisions of the Scheme and IRDA regulations'"
2944,3178,"'7.1.1   Prior to the commencement of the Kharif season, preferably in the beginning of November of previous year, meeting of SLCCCI should be convened for finalising various terms and conditions and calling of bids/issuance of the bid notice to all empanelled Insurance Companies for selection to implement the  Scheme during the bid/ risk period. State / UT Govt. should ensure the issuance of the notification and  its circulation to all concerned agencies/ departments/ institutions at least one month in advance of the commencement of the crop season incorporating all the essential details about insured crops, areas, Scale of Finance, Sum Insured, Threshold Yield at insurance unit (IU) level for notified crops, period of contract, bidder's evaluation and selection methodology, premium rate for farmers, Govt.  subsidy along with seasonality discipline/ cut off date for each activity etc. Notification should be issued for at least one year to facilitate banks for deduction of premium for a year   7.1.2  In order to have transparency and system driven approach for crop insurance implementation, all the details as mentioned in para 7.1.1 above need to be part of the Tender Document and State Notification and no modification in the terms and condition enumerated in the tender document shall  be allowed post tendering.  7.1.3  Bidding annexures may be generated through Portal. Procedure and template are available on National Crop Insurance Portal. Before floating the Tender, last 10 years yield data at notified/available level and TY at notified unit should be uploaded on the Portal in the given template and should be made part of the Tender.   7.1.4  Calculation of lowest weighted premium of district shall be based on the insured areas of notified crops in each district during last year/season.'"
2945,3179,"'However, in absence of insured area of last year/season  for all proposed crops or any crop, net sown area of that crop(s) will be considered for calculation of weighted premium of district. This data will be used for calculation of L1 only.  7.1.5  Bidding **shall be done through e-tendering** and work order may be released within 2 weeks of the  opening of the Tender.  7.1.6  Depending on the risk profile, historical loss cost and cost benefit analysis for the proposed crop(s) in district(s) of any cluster, if the State Government feels that the premium rate likely to be offered by bidding Insurance Companies would be abnormally high, then the State Govt. can fix a ceiling on  premium rates for such crop(s) proposed to be included in the bidding evaluation for the bidding period. However, recourse to this ceiling provision may be done only in well justified cases and not as  a general practice. The ceiling premium rate may be derived based on statistical evaluation/actuarial premium analysis, loss cost, historical payout etc and name of such crop should be disclosed by State  Govt. compulsorily in the tender document.  7.1.7  In such cases where a ceiling has been indicated, State government must call financial bids in two step  bidding or in two separate envelopes. First bid/envelop is for disclosing the premium rate offered by each participating Insurance Company for such ceiling crops and must be categorised under \'Ceiling  Premium Rate\' and  2nd  bid envelop is for bidding of crop wise premium rate for all crops included in tender. Time interval for opening of both bid/envelop should be compulsorily mentioned in the bidding documents and should preferably be on the same day. All participating Insurance Companies have to submit the bid offer as per the procedure mentioned above.  7.1.8  State Govt.'"
2946,3180,"'shall first evaluate first envelop of the bid keeping in view the premium offered by each individual participating Insurance company and if the risk propensity and weather susceptibility of the crop and/or historical claim/loss data doesn't support the actuarial rates offered by the participating Insurance Companies, such crop(s) may be dropped from the list of proposed crops for notification by the State Government and evaluation for L1 bidder should be done strictly based on the rates offered for left out/remaining crops. The second envelope shall be opened by the State Govt. only after  decision on dropping the proposed crops/or accepting the premium rates offered by participating  Insurance companies has been taken by the State Govt. If State Govt decides not to drop all proposed crop(s)/ few crops for which premium rate obtained in separate envelop of \'Ceiling Premium Rate\' from the bidding process, then L1 will be calculated by inclusion of premium offered for all crops/remaining crops.  7.1.9  States should avoid doing re-tendering as a general practice. Re-tendering may be held only in  exceptional circumstances and only with the prior approval of GOI after submission of a request with  detailed reasons. GOI on its part will give its decision within 5 working days of the receipt of the request.   7.1.10  States are required to compulsorily upload Meeting Notices, Tender Documents, Addendums, requisite data and other relevant information on the National Crop Insurance Portal for faster communication and response. Accordingly the subsequent notifications, circulars, directives shall also be uploaded on the Portal as and when issued for wider reach and circulation.  7.1.11   All conditions proposed to be stipulated by State Govt. should be incorporated in bid document itself    and no new condition should be included in the notification.'"
2947,3181,"'In case ICs have any objection to any    Tender condition which is in conflict with guidelines, they can make a reference to State govt. with a    copy to GOI within 3 days of issuance of Tender   7.1.12   L1 bidder will not be allowed to withdraw their bid after opening of bids/allotment of work. If L1    bidder withdraws then financial loss, if any, to the State Govt. due to retendering /assignment  of    work to others, due to increase in actuarial premium rate from previously declared L1 rate, shall  be    recovered from the withdrawing L1 bidder.'"
2948,3182,"'7.2.1  The Scheme shall operate on the principle of \'Area Approach\' in the selected defined areas called Insurance Unit (IU). State Govt. /UT will notify crops and defined areas covered during the season in  accordance with decision taken in the meeting of SLCCCI. State/UT Govt. should notify Village/Village Panchayat or any other equivalent unit as an insurance unit for major crops defined at District /  Taluka or equivalent level. For **other crops** it may be a unit of size above the level of Village/village  Panchayat. For defining a crop as a major crop for deciding the Insurance Unit level, the sown area of'"
2949,3183,"'7.2.2  For the claims arising out of crop damage due to post-harvest  losses and localized risks, assessment of  damage will be made on individual farm basis as outlined in (Section 21, para 21.4 and 21.5  respectively).  7.2.3  SLCCCI will, for the purpose of notification, consider factors such as availability of past yield data based on CCEs for adequate number of years (at least 7 years for calculation of threshold yield), cropped acreage and capacity for estimating yield during proposed season, etc. State govt. should endeavour to  cover all the major crops grown in all the districts of the State. States should ensure that a standard methodology of yield estimation exists for all the crops proposed to be notified  7.2.4  State Govt./ UT should provide 10 years' historical yield data in soft format(in Excel) in English  to  Insurance Companies for calculation of threshold yield , premium rates etc. at insurance unit area and in its absence, data at next higher unit/nearest neighbouring unit/weighted average of contiguous  units, as decided by the SLCCCI shall be used. The level and name of notified area of insurance unit must be part of notification and should be provided at the time of bidding itself.   7.2.5  In case State Govts/UT proposes to notify irrigated and un-irrigated areas under a crop separately,  they shall ensure that minimum CCEs are planned and conducted for irrigated and un-irrigated crops separately in such areas.'"
2950,3184,"'In addition, past yield data for requisite number of years will have to be made available separately for both  7.2.6  While notifying the crop(s) where a specific conversion factor is being used for reporting of yield such as in the case of rice/paddy etc, due care should be taken by the State Nodal Department to use the  relevant specific nomenclature for disclosure of Average Yield, Threshold Yield and Actual Yield while releasing the Tender Document and submission of Yield data and CCE data for calculation of admissible  claims. Insurance Companies will also be responsible for prior scrutiny of Tender document. Information/data provided in Tender document will be treated as final and in case of any error/  misreporting/disparity, State Govt. and Insurance Company will be equally liable for payment of  additional claims arising on account of it, if any.  7.2.7  For the current season or subsequent seasons (in a multi-year contract), the States, if required, can  notify additional IUs or de-notify  certain IUs  subject to maximum deviation of 10% of already notified  IUs for the crop within a district at the same premium rate, before the cut-off date for debit of premium. If the  deviation is >10% or in case of addition of new crop, actuarial premium rate may be worked out either by calculation of weighted average premium rate as prevalent in contiguous districts  or  by applying appropriate loading on the existing premium rate. The rates for such crops will be determined /verified by TSU and its decision will be binding on both States and ICs.  7.2.8  States implementing PMFBY at Village/ Village Panchayat level for major crops shall be entitled for  50% reimbursement of incremental expenses of CCEs and cost of smart phones/ improved technology **from GOI.** Only eligible items will be considered for reimbursement.'"
2951,3185,'The data source for  calculation of admissibility of incremental CCEs will be the National Crop Insurance Portal.'
2952,3186,"'7.3.1  Three levels of Indemnity, viz., 70%, 80% and 90%. SLCCCI in consultation with Insurance Companies  shall approve indemnity levels for notified crops at district level. Threshold Yield (TY) shall be notified  in the Tender for the current season and the same will be used for claim calculation for that season. The Average Yield of a notified crop in Insurance Unit (IU) will be average yield of best five years out of  last seven years. The Threshold yield of the notified crop is equal to Average Yield multiplied by  Indemnity level. The Threshold Yield for any crop and IU shall compulsorily be part of the notification for the season and shall not change at any point during that season.   7.3.2  Calculation and Notification of Threshold Yield: For calculation of Threshold Yield, historical average  yield of best five out of last seven years shall be considered. Further Threshold Yield should be defined  only at notified area level and once notified in the Notification issued by the State should not be  changed at later stage under any circumstances. In case of multi-year contract, the Threshold Yield for  the subsequent years shall be revised by adding/considering the yields of immediate previous corresponding season. The revised TY and Sum Insured (if revised) should be notified accordingly at the beginning of each crop season in case of multi-year tender.'"
2953,3187,"'7.4.1  State Govt./ UT  in accordance  with the broad seasonality defined/prescribed in the Operational Guidelines shall also notify seasonality discipline for various activities under the Scheme viz. submission of insurance proposals/application, consolidated declarations by banks, remittance of  premium to Insurance Companies, uploading of individual covered farmer's data on National Crop Insurance Portal, submission of yield data, claim assessment of losses for(i) standing crop(ii) localized calamities,(iii) prevented sowing, iv) post harvest losses, (v) On-Account payment for major calamities, etc as per the provisions of the Scheme.    *In exceptional cases, where last corresponding season yield data is not available at the time of   Bidding/Notification, yield data is to be provided before the harvesting of the current season. However    the yield data upto last to last corresponding season should be provided at the time of bidding itself.    However, in such cases admissible claims will be anyway calculated on the basis of yield data of last 7    years only.'"
2954,3188,'7.5.1   Only those AWS/ARGs of IMD/State Govt. /private agencies should be considered and notified which are as per standards defined by IMD/WMO and are certified and approved by IMD/any agency to be  notified by the State/Central govt. These must be optimally operational and be able to provide real  time  weather data.  AWS/ARG   of private agencies should only be considered in absence of properly  functioning AWS/ARGs of IMD/ State Govt. AWS /ARG data sourced for crop insurance should be  transferred on real time basis to National Portal. The detailed guidelines for sharing of weather data on the Portal will be circulated separately.   7.5.2   State govt can explore the possibility to create dense AWS/ARG network on PPP Mode for which GOI  will provide 50% of the viability gap funding.    7.5.3   The following data sources may be used for validation of on account   claims and claims for prevented  sowing:'
2955,3191,"'9.1    Govt. of India and State Govt. will endeavour to utilize Public Financial Management System    (PFMS)/PFMS linked systems to remit the funds to State Govt/agencies  9.2  Banks, CSC and Insurance Agents are required to remit the premium payment to respective Insurance  Company mandatorily through Payment gateway (Pay-Gov) of National Crop Insurance Portal or through RTGS/NEFT followed by mandatory uploading of payment details on National Crop Insurance Portal within stipulated date. Bank details of Insurance Companies shall be made available on National Crop Insurance Portal itself. Accordingly, all Stakeholders including Insurance Companies, Bank branches, CSC and Insurance Agents must compulsorily maintain dedicated bank accounts for this purpose. No remittance/financial transaction in the form of Banker's cheque/Demand Draft will be allowed.  9.3  Insurance companies will be provided login access to the essential crop notification data/information along with farmer level coverage data including banking details of individual farmers on the National Crop Insurance Portal to reconcile, verify, validate and calculate payable claims and remit  the same directly into pre-declared bank accounts linked to the National Crop Insurance Portal.'"
2956,3192,"'10.1   All States shall map census codes of their villages with the higher administrative/revenue units like Gram Panchayat, Firkas, Patwar Circles, Revenue Circles, Hoblis, Mandals, Blocks, Tehsils,  Talukas, Districts and Automatic Weather Stations/Backup Weather Stations. This will create a standard mechanism of mapping and identification across the country.    10.2   Further, for purposes of obtaining accurate location, State Govts. must also provide geo coded   (latitude. & longitude) village maps on digital format for integration with other Apps like CCEs Agri App, Loss reporting/Assessment App etc.'"
2957,3193,'11.1   State Govts. are advised to digitize their revenue records using village Census codes so that the  individual land records of farmers can be accessed through the National Crop Insurance Portal for crop insurance. This will help the Govt. to reach and identify individual beneficiaries and bring utmost transparency and authenticity in benefit transfer.'
2958,3205,"'8  Banks/PACS/CSC/ insurance  agent/online enrolment by farmers etc.  Upto last date of enrolment of farmers   as notified by States for notified crop(s) or   up to  15th July* for  Kharif season  Upto last date of enrolment of farmers   as notified by States for notified crop(s) or   up to  15th December*  for Rabi season  Cut-off date for receipt of Applications of farmers/debit of premium from farmers account (loanee and non- loanee) by all  stakeholders including banks/PACS/CSC/  insurance agent/online enrolment by farmers etc. Note: *This is indicative only and district wise crop calendar will be the final basis to arrive at cut off date  9  Declaration of Prevented sowing  State Govt./ IC  Strictly within 15 days from cut off date for  enrolment of farmers i.e 31st  July for Kharif and  31st Dec for Rabi  10  Banks/Portal  Within 15 days  of cut-off date for enrolment of farmers/debit of premium for  both loanee  and  non- loanee farmers i.e. 31st  July for Kharif and  31st Dec for Rabi  Cut-off date for electronic remittance of  premium  along with  consolidated Declarations to respective Insurance Company and uploading of details of individual covered farmers on crop insurance Portal by Bank branches (CBs/ RRBs/DCCBs/PACs), followed by  SMS to all insured farmers from Portal  11  Within 48 Hours of receipt of application & premium.  Insurance companies and their agents  Cut-off date for electronic remittance of farmer premium to Insurance Companies for farmers covered on Voluntary basis by designated insurance Agent(s) and uploading of details of individual covered farmers on crop insurance Portal.  Insurance Companies  12  Cut-off date for Insurer to accept or reject the farmer's data on Portal  Within 15 days from the cut-off date for uploading of data/information by Banks/PACS/CSC/Agent respectively.'"
2959,3194,"'12.1   Sum Insured per hectare for both loanee and non-loanee farmers will be same and equal to the Scale  of Finance as decided by the DLTC/SLTC, and would be pre-declared by SLCCCI and notified. No other calculation of Scale of Finance will be applicable. Sum Insured for individual farmer is equal to the SOF  per hectare multiplied by area of the notified crop proposed by the farmer for insurance. Area under  cultivation shall always be expressed in hectare'.  12.2   In cases where crops are separately notified under irrigated, un-irrigated category by State Govts. Sum  insured for irrigated and un-irrigated areas should be separately indicated.'"
2960,3195,'13.1   The Actuarial Premium Rate (APR) would be charged under PMFBY by implementing Insurance    Company. The rate of premium payable by the farmer will be as per the following Table 1:'
2961,3196,"'| Season                                          | Crops                                                                     | Maximum Premium payable by farmer                        |\n|-------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------|\n| Sum Insured)*                                   |                                                                           |                                                          |\n| 2.0% of SI or Actuarial rate, whichever is less | Kharif                                                                    | All food grain and Oilseeds crops (all Cereals, Millets, |\n| Pulses and Oilseeds crops)                      |                                                                           |                                                          |\n| 1.5% of SI or Actuarial rate, whichever is less | Rabi                                                                      | All food grain and Oilseeds crops (all Cereals, Millets, |\n| Pulses and oilseeds)                            |                                                                           |                                                          |\n| Annual Commercial/ Annual Horticultural crops   | 5% of SI or Actuarial rate, whichever is less                             | Kharif and                                               |\n| Rabi                                            |                                                                           |                                                          |\n| Perennial horticultural crops (pilot basis)     | 5% of SI or Actuarial rate, whichever is less                             |                                                          |\n|                                                 | * Premium paid by non loanee farmers should be rounded off in Rupee terms |                                                          |'"
2962,3197,"'13.2.1   The difference between Actuarial Premium Rate and the rate of Insurance premium payable by    farmers shall be treated as Rate of Normal Premium Subsidy, which shall be shared equally by the    Centre and State Govts. However, the State/ UT Govts. are free to extend additional subsidy over and    above the normal subsidy from its budget. In other words, additional subsidy, if any shall be borne    entirely by the State/ UT Govt. Subsidy in premium is allowed only to the extent of Sum Insured.  13.2.2   Govt. premium subsidy to the Private empanelled Insurance Companies may be routed  through    Agricultural Insurance Company (AIC) or any agency designated by GOI strictly as per the    guidelines/order of the Govt. This may be reviewed later by Central Govt. and changed  accordingly if    necessary. Accordingly, AIC/ other designated agency is empowered to call/ collect all requisite    information related to implementation of the Scheme and utilization of Govt. funds and to share    the same with the Govt for better planning, implementation and monitoring of the Scheme. The    premium subsidy will be routed through PFMS/PFMS linked systems strictly based on the MIS    generated through National Crop Insurance Portal.  13.2.3   Govt, both Centre and State,  will  release their share of advance subsidy (First Instalment) equivalent    to 50% of 80% of their respective share of subsidy in corresponding previous season subject to    fulfilment of General Financial Rule(GFR)/guidelines in the matter without waiting for coverage    details  for the ongoing  season.  13.2.4   To facilitate settlement of prevented risk/ mid season adversity/localized claims: ICs should release the    admissible claim amount to the beneficiary immediately after receipt of farmers premium and    advance subsidy (1st Instalment) and without waiting for release of final subsidy (Second Instalment)    from   Govt.'"
2963,3198,"'The  premium in  respect of affected IUs including subsidy to enable settlement of    claims arising due to above events in respect of all such beneficiaries shall be adjusted from the fund    already  available with ICs as advance upfront subsidy (First Instalment) to facilitate compliance of    Section 64 B  of Insurance Act/Regulation of IRDAI  13.2.5   All admissible claims based on Yield data/Post harvest losses will be settled on receipt of second    installment of Govt. subsidy to be paid on the basis of tentative business statistics generated on the    portal after 15 days of period specified for auto approval of applications on the Portal. The remaining    Govt. subsidy, if any will be paid after reconciliation of all business statistics for the season on portal.  13.2.6   All empanelled insurance companies including private insurance companies shall provide free access    to the Central/State level agencies including CAG authorized to verify the accounts and audit in    respect of Crop Insurance.  13.2.7   In case, the State Govt. subsidizes full farmers' share of premium, in that case a token amount of at    least Re. 1 should compulsorily be charged from the farmer to facilitate electronic tracking.  13.2.8   State Govt. has to release the State share of premium subsidy within 3 months from premium    requisition by concerned Insurance Company failing which 1% interest per month shall be levied as    penalty on the State govt.'"
2964,3199,"'13.3.1   Insurance company shall take all necessary steps to take appropriate reinsurance cover for their portfolio in order to safeguard insured's interest. In case premium to claims ratio exceeds 1:3.5 or percentage of claims to Sum Insured exceeds 35%, whichever is higher, at the National Level in a crop  season, then Govt. will provide protection to Insurance Companies. The losses exceeding the above mentioned level in the crop season would be met from equal contribution of the Central Govt. and the  concerned State/UT Govts. In case losses are below the above mentioned condition, insurers shall be responsible to settle the admissible claims.'"
2965,3200,"'14.1    At least 2% of the total budget for PMFBY shall be earmarked by State/UTs for administrative    expenses, publicity, yield/loss assessment expenses, purchase of smart phones, adoption of new    technology, setting up of State Technical Support Unit (STSU), travelling and contingency fund.   14.2  Govt. of India has already made provisions for separate allocations under sub heads like Salaries, Domestic Travel Expenses, Technology interventions, Office Expenses, other Administrative Expenses  and Professional Services etc. for Crop Insurance program under PMFBY/RWBCIS. States should make provisions and  budgetary allocation on similar lines including subhead for incremental cost of CCEs.'"
2966,3201,"'15.1   National Technical Support Unit (NTSU) or Central Program Management Unit (CPMU) will be created  at the Central level at the earliest to provide support and advise on risk classification & rating, development of new products, methodology for loss assessment, legal works, workshop/training & capacity building, alongwith use of technology including innovation/ replication, digitisation of administration of Schemes through Crop Insurance Portal etc.   15.2   NTSU shall calculate Loss Cost (LC) i.e. Claims as percentage (%) of Sum Insured (SI) observed in case of notified crop(s) in notified unit area of insurance during the preceding 10 similar crop seasons (Kharif/ Rabi) along with approximate actuarial premium rate of the crops proposed to be notified for the season. This loss cost/premium rate shall be based on the latest available yield data in month of  January for Kharif crops and **July** for Rabi crops and shall be provided to DAC & FW/ Concerned States  on request before invitation for premium bidding. This calculation to be done by NTSU on behalf of DAC & FW is only for official purposes to have information on the approximate cost to the IA for covering the risks so as to evaluate the bids in proper perspective.   15.3   National Technical Support Unit (NTSU) may also develop a suitable methodology for risk classification/premium rating by using historical yield data, weather data, use and level of inputs/irrigation/technology in crop cultivation, remote sensing data/information etc. for standardization of methodology for risk perception and premium rating for crop insurance in the  country.  15.4   In addition to National Technical Support Unit (NTSU) / Central Programme Management Unit (CPMU) at Central level, all States/UTs implementing Schemes should also create a separate TSU/PMU at State HQ level with sufficient technical experts/staff to ensure proper implementation of the Scheme.'"
2967,3202,"' State TSU (STSU) may also opt for members on contractual/temporary basis or take services of other organizations/research institutes etc as deemed fit. However, States shall have to allocate a separate budget for running the STSU.'"
2968,3203,"'16.1   The cut-off date is uniform for both loanee and non-loanee cultivators. The State-wise cut-off dates for   different crops shall be based on Crop Calendar of major crops published from time to time by the Directorate of Economics and Statistics, DAC&FW,GOI. The latest copy of the Crop Calendar (District  Wise, Crop Wise) is available on www.pmfby.gov.in. The SLCCCI, shall besides considering the  prevailing agro-climatic conditions, rainfall distribution/ availability of water for irrigation, sowing  pattern etc. in consultation with the Insurance Company fix seasonality discipline of the coverage and other activities in such a way that it does not encourage adverse selection or moral hazards.  If this is violated by SLCCCI, GOI may decide not to provide premium subsidy.  16.2   The **broad indicative seasonality discipline** is given in the Table 2 below:'"
2969,3204,"'| S.No                                            | Activity         | Kharif           |\n|-------------------------------------------------|------------------|------------------|\n| 1                                               | 15               |                  |\n| th                                              |                  |                  |\n| November                                        | 1                |                  |\n| st                                              |                  |                  |\n| June                                            |                  |                  |\n| Nodal Department of                             |                  |                  |\n| States/UTs                                      |                  |                  |\n| Conduct of SLCCCI meeting  to take decision     |                  |                  |\n| for notification of Crops and areas, , adoption |                  |                  |\n| of Level  of Indemnity and to inform crop wise  |                  |                  |\n| Scale of Finance etc for drafting of Tender     |                  |                  |\n| documents                                       |                  |                  |\n| 2                                               | 30               |                  |\n| th                                              |                  |                  |\n| November                                        | 15               |                  |\n| th                                              |                  |                  |\n| June                                            |                  |                  |\n| Nodal Department of                             |                  |                  |\n| States/UTs                                      |                  |                  |\n| Uploading of requisite information/data on      |                  |                  |\n| crop insurance Portal  and Issuing of tender    |                  |                  |\n| documents                                       |                  |                  |\n| 3                                               |                  |                  |\n| Finalization of Tender and award of work by     |                  |                  |\n| States/UTs                                      |                  |                  |\n| 31                                              |                  |                  |\n| st                                              |                  |                  |\n| December                                        | 15               |                  |\n| th                                              |                  |                  |\n| July                                            | States/UT        |                  |\n| 4                                               | 31               |                  |\n| st                                              |                  |                  |\n| January                                         | 31               |                  |\n| st                                              |                  |                  |\n| July                                            |                  |                  |\n| Digitization of notification and downloading/   |                  |                  |\n| issuance of notification from crop insurance    |                  |                  |\n| Portal for circulation amongst stakeholders     |                  |                  |\n| By State/UTs and                                |                  |                  |\n| concerned Insurance                             |                  |                  |\n| Companies                                       |                  |                  |\n| 5                                               |                  |                  |\n| Awareness/ sensitization/training               |                  |                  |\n| programmes by State Govt. and ICs/IAs           |                  |                  |\n| From 15                                         |                  |                  |\n| th                                              |                  |                  |\n| March                                           | 15               |                  |\n| th                                              |                  |                  |\n| September                                       |                  |                  |\n| By State/UTs and                                |                  |                  |\n| concerned Insurance                             |                  |                  |\n| Companies                                       |                  |                  |\n| 6                                               |                  |                  |\n| Start of enrolment of farmers for the           |                  |                  |\n| season(as per crop calendar)                    |                  |                  |\n| From  1st April                                 | From 1st October | All Stakeholders |\n| Farmers/Bank                                    | 7                |                  |\n| Cut-off date for intimation of change of        |                  |                  |\n| insured crop by the loanee farmer               |                  |                  |\n| 2 working days prior                            |                  |                  |\n| to cut-off date for                             |                  |                  |\n| debit/collection of                             |                  |                  |\n| premium from                                    |                  |                  |\n| farmers                                         |                  |                  |\n| 2 working days prior                            |                  |                  |\n| to cut-off date for                             |                  |                  |\n| debit/collection of                             |                  |                  |\n| premium from                                    |                  |                  |\n| farmers                                         |                  |                  |'"
2970,3206,'for loanee  and within 30 days for non loanee i.e. 15th Aug  for Kharif and 15th  Jan for Rabi for loanee and  31st Aug for Kharif and 31st  Jan for Rabi for  Non Loanee  13  Within  7 days  from the date of intimation by ICs  CSCs/Banks/ Intermediary  Cut-off date for CSCs/Banks/Intermediary to correct/update the  paid application intimated by ICs on Crop Insurance Portal  14  Cut-off date for Insurer to accept the corrected/updated applications  Within  7 days  from the date of submission of correction/updation by the Bank/CSC   Insurance Companies  15  Within 7 days from acceptance of proposal by concerned Insurance Company on Portal  Cut-off date for Banks/ICs to hand over insurance acknowledgement receipt along with folio to the insured farmer  Banks/ICs for enrolment through their intermediaries  16  Cut off date for processing of applications by ICs and auto approval of application of insured farmers on crop insurance Portal  60 days from the cut off date for enrolment/debit of premium from farmers i.e.  15th September  for Kharif and 15th February for  Rabi seasons  17  Before cut off date of enrolment of farmers  Insurance Companies/GOI /State   Cut off date for raising bills/requisitions with supporting documents for releasing of advance premium subsidy based on 50% of  80% of respective share of Centre/State in corresponding previous season  18  Release of advance upfront premium subsidy  (First Instalment)i.e. 50% of 80% of respective share of Centre/State in corresponding  previous season  Within 15days of cut off date of enrolment of farmers i.e. 31st   July for Kharif   Upto  15th August*  19  *state may fix earlier dates  for early Kharif crops  Training and registration of field level workers assigned for conduct of CCEs and reporting of  the same on crop insurance Portal through smart phones/CCE Agri App  Upto31st August* *state  20  Registration of mobile number of representative of ICs for co-witnessing of CCEs  may fix earlier dates for early  Kharif crops  At least 7 days before tentative date  for conducting CCEs  21  a) Uploading of tentative schedule/date for conducting CCEs (crop-wise/IU wise) followed  by SMS on one day notice through CCEs app.'
2971,3207,"'ICs are equally responsible to liaise with district authorities/field workers to ascertain the schedule.  b) Confirmation of the CCEs schedule  Via SMS on one day notice through Portal  22  Timeline for lodging online complaint about defaulting CCEs data  Within 2 hours of conduct of CCEs through CCE Co-observation app.  Insurance Companies  23  Before harvesting period  MNCFC  Crop wise, Block/Tehsil  wise  sown area for major crops to be provided by/through MNCFC for which they release data presently on NCIP for Area Correction/Reduction Factor(ACF/ARF)  24  Approval  of district wise crop wise Actual yield data and uploading on Portal  Within one month of completion of CCEs from district wise crop wise specific cut off dates notified by States for a notified crop  25  Within 7 days from the date of uploading CCE Data from State Department, if any.  Cut-off date for intimation/ reconciliation/ clarification of any deficiency in Actual Yield data  Insurance companies/ crop insurance Portal  GoI & State Govts./UTs  Within 15days of cut off date of enrolment  of farmers i.e 31st  December for Rabi  Upto 15th January*  *state may fix earlier dates  for early Rabi crops  Designated Ground Level field Functionaries/ State/District Level Nodal Officer  Upto30th January*  Insurance Companies  *state may fix earlier dates  for early Rabi crops  Concerned Department of States to incorporate the same in Notification  Nodal Department of States/UTs  Insurance Companies/ flagged on Portal  State Govt.  26  Cut off date for resolution by State Govt. on   clarification sought by ICs/ flagged on Portal  Within 7 days of clarification sought by ICs/ flagged on Portal  Within 7 days of clarification sought by ICs/ flagged on  Portal  27  Insurance Company  Within 15 days of auto approval of business statistics finalized on portal.  Within 15 days of auto approval of business statistics finalized on portal.'"
2972,3208,"' Cut off date for raising bills/requisitions with supporting documents for releasing of 2nd  Instalment of premium subsidy based on business statistics finalized on Portal/auto approval.  28  Release of 2nd instalment of  Govt. subsidy  GOI/States  Within 15 days of receiving requisition  from ICs based on business statistics finalized on portal.  Within 15 days of receiving requisition  from ICs based on business statistics finalized on portal.  29  Auto approval of yield data   GoI/ Portal  Within  one week from receipt of yield data /reply to clarification sought by ICs by State Govt.  30  Within  7 days of approval of claims by ICS  Portal/ Insurance Companies  Sharing of detailed information of claims with bank branches & other Stakeholders from crop insurance Portal  31  Timelines for Payment of claims  Insurance Companies  Within 2 weeks from calculation/auto approval of claims irrespective of whether ICs have  raised the bill of 2nd Instalment of premium  subsidy or not  32  Payment of final government subsidy   GOI/States  On finalisation of business statistics on portal after completion of approval/reconciliation for the season on portal  33  Within a week after receipt of claims  Banks/Farmers/State Govt.  Reconciliation of claim  amount by concerned bank branches  for  loanee farmers  disbursed  either through Banks or directly to beneficiary accounts/  DBT In case of Non Loanee, reconciliation of claims , if required, to be done by enrolling agencies in consultation with concerned bank/State Govt.  16.3   In case the cut-off date falls on a public holiday or is declared as public holiday by the Govt. or there is  disruption of services due to strikes/shut-down etc., the next working day will be treated as the cut-off  date. Concerned States have to take decision in this regard suo moto. For this State Govts should send a formal intimation to GoI.'"
2973,3209,"' 16.4   In case of disruption of services due to natural events beyond human control or technical/software/network issues with the National Crop Insurance Portal the subsequent dates  (other than the cut-off dates for Enrolment/Premium Debit/Collection) may be extended by the competent authority on the basis of specific written inputs from Portal Development and Maintenance Agency. However due care has to be taken that such extension does not lead to moral hazard and misuse of the Scheme and suitable measures should be put forth for the same accordingly.  16.5   Further, in case of three crops / season pattern, a modified seasonality discipline keeping in view the  overall seasonality discipline prescribed above, shall be adopted by SLCCCI.  16.6   Keeping in view the specific nature of crop and scope for catastrophic crop damage, SLCCCI shall fix  seasonality in such a way that it does not encourage adverse selection or moral hazards and also ensure early payment of claims to eligible insured farmers. Scheme also has provisions for claims  due to prevented sowing and option to change the insured crop. Hence, State Govt. will take all  necessary steps to ensure enrolment of farmers well within the stipulated time under the Scheme.  No request/relaxation for extension in the above seasonality/cut-off dates shall be considered/  granted by GoI once it is fixed and notified for the crop season. However, preponement in cut off dates shall be considered on case to case basis. If any State/ UT extends the above seasonality/ cut off dates on their-own, then Central share of premium subsidy shall not be provided for the concerned notified  crops /areas.  16.7   It may be noted that, under no circumstance, will DAC&FW or any State/UT Govt.   extend the cutoff dates for enrolment of farmers.'"
2974,3210,"'However, in case the States/UT decide to do so, it may be done only in agreement with implementing Insurance Company. In such cases, however no central premium subsidy will be provided for the areas/farmers/crops which are covered/ insured in the extended period and the concerned State has to bear the entire subsidy liability for the coverage in the extended period.  16.8   In a situation where total claims have been approved/auto approved, the company shall be liable to pay claims within 2 weeks of calculation/auto approval of claims irrespective of whether Insurance  Companies have raised the bill for 2nd Instalment of premium subsidy or not. Hence, it is binding on the  Insurance Company to seek the 2nd Instalment of premium subsidy within the timelines.  16.9   All admissible claims shall mandatorily be paid within the stipulated cutoff date failing which penal interest @ 12% per annum shall be payable on admissible pending claims beyond 30 days of uploading AY on portal/provided in soft copy by State Govt. subject to release of applicable subsidy by State Govt.'"
2975,3211,"'17.1   The Nodal Bank system adopted under NAIS/ NCIP* wherein the implementing Insurance Company is  not required to deal with all the loan disbursing points and instead deals only with designated Nodal banks, will continue under PMFBY only for Cooperative Banks , However, for Commercial Banks/RRBs,  the individual bank branches shall act as Nodal branch for this purpose. The concerned Lead bank and Regional offices/ Administrative offices of Commercial banks/RRBs will provide necessary guidelines to concerned bank branches and coordinate with them to ensure that all concerned branches compulsorily remit the farmers premium electronically through NEFT/RTGS to be routed through NCIP to concerned  Insurance Companies and submit the consolidated proposals/information in prescribed format  well within the stipulated cut-off dates and also upload the details of individual  covered/insured farmers  on National Crop Insurance  Portal. Besides, for the coverage of non-loanee  farmers only, Insurance Company may also use IRDAI approved micro insurance agents/ insurance  intermediaries. However, details of such agents should compulsorily be submitted to State Govt. and Govt. of India well before the start of the season for creating their credentials and subsequent  uploading of details of individual insured/covered farmers on Portal within stipulated timelines.   17.2   Consolidated declaration/ proposal formats to be submitted physically/ electronically by Nodal banks/Branches shall contain details about Insurance Unit, sum insured per unit, premium per unit, total area insured of the farmers, number and category of farmers covered (small and marginal or other)and number of farmers under other categories(SC/ST/others)/Women along with their bank account details etc.(bank/their branches) as per the application form provided on the National Crop  Insurance Portal. Banks are required to upload the insured farmers' data mandatorily on the National Crop Insurance Portal. No other platform shall be used for uploading/submission of farmers' data.'"
2976,3212,"'Those farmers whose data is uploaded on the National Crop Insurance Portal shall only be eligible for Insurance coverage and accordingly the premium subsidy will also be released. In cases where farmers are denied crop insurance due to incorrect/ partial/non-uploading of their details on Portal, concerned  Banks/Intermediaries shall be responsible for payment of claims to them  17.3   In order to facilitate timely release of Govt. subsidy and remittance of claims to the farmers. entry  of detailed information of all insured farmers on NCIP is essential  for all bank branches/PACS/  CSCs/Intermediaries/designated insurance agents and Insurance Companies'"
2977,3213,"'17.4.1  Whenever banks sanction loan for a notified crop in a notified area, the crop loan amount to the  extent of notified Sum Insured (equivalent **to DLTC/SLTC approved Scale of Finance)** for notified  crop and acreage of individual notified crop of loanee farmer shall be taken into consideration for compulsory coverage, as per seasonality discipline. Based on seasonality of crop, banks should separately calculate the eligibility of loan amount for both Kharif and Rabi seasons based on the Scale of Finance and declared acreage under notified crops. Disbursing bank branch/ PACS will prepare statement of crop-wise and insurance unit-wise details of crop insurance with premium as per the  seasonality discipline. Loan disbursing bank branch/ PACS shall finance additional loan equal to the premium amount payable by farmer for crop insurance.  17.4.2  For insurance coverage of a farmer, SI amount for a notified crop will be equivalent to Scale of Finance defined in the Govt. notification and uploaded on the National Crop Insurance Portal for the concerned notified crop and season. The total Sum Insured of loanee farmer for the season shall be  calculated accordingly. The compulsory coverage shall solely be based on the sanctioned / renewal of  credit limit for notified crop for the season only and will be independent of disbursed amount/withdrawals. Farmers availing/renewing the KCC loans for Kharif & Rabi crops after cut-off  date (renew/sanction period) for the season will be eligible for cover under crop insurance for the next/following crop season subject to the loan being standard loan and cut-off-date of premium debit for the season.'"
2978,3214,"'In order to eliminate excess insurance and subsequent application of Area Correction  Factor(ACF), care should be taken by the banks to ensure that only correct acreage under each declared crop in loan application is considered for compulsory coverage of notified crop and not the actual total acreage,. Banks will be liable for audit and inspection on account of excess Insurance/ACF.  17.4.3  Benefit of add on products viz., prevented sowing/ on account payment for Mid season adversity/ localized calamity will be available to only those farmers who have paid the premium / the premium has been debited from their account before the damage notification by the State Govt. for invoking  this provision for compensation. Hence, Banks must ensure that they debit farmers premium within 15  days from sanction/renewal of KCC/crop loan, failing which banks will be liable to meet the claim  liabilities of uncovered eligible famers. Banks are therefore advised to debit loanee farmers premium at least one month before cut-off date for enrolment to avoid this situation and in case sanction happens within one month of cut-off date, banks may daily debit premium for such accounts.'"
2979,3215,"' 17.4.4  Detailed example for Calculation of crop-wise Sum Insured for the season for compulsory coverage is  given in Table 3 below:       Crop 1  Crop 2  Crop 3  Crop 4  Crop 5  Crop 6  8  Total Land Ownership (Ha)  Kharif  Rabi  Name of Crop  Paddy  Maize  Cotton  Wheat  Potato  Gram  Actual Sown Area (Ha) under the crop  5  2  1  6  1  1  Area (Ha) declared in KCC application  2  1  1  2  1  1  Crop Season  Kharif  Rabi  Scale of Finance (Rs./Ha)  50,000  40,000  60,000  50,000  70,000  30,000  Total Sanctioned Sub limit for crop cultivation  1,00,000  40,000  60000  1,00,000  70,000  30,000  Season-wise sub limit for crop cultivation  2,00,000  2,00,000  Additional loan amount for consumption and maintenance of machinery etc (max. Upto 30%)  1,20,000  Total sanctioned loan for an year  5,20,000  Whether Crops notified by State  Yes  Yes  No  Yes  No  No  Crop wise SI (Rs./Ha)'"
2980,3216,"'SI to be considered for Insurance/Ha  50,000  40,000     50,000        Total SI to be considered for Insurance  1,00,000  40,000     1,00,000        SI for Compulsory Insurance  1,00,000  40,000'"
2981,3217,"'1,00,000        Farmer's Share of Premium   0.02  0.02'"
2982,3218,0.015
2983,3219,"'(% of SI) Premium to be debited from KCC  2,000  800     1,500        Total  Farmer's Premium (Loanee)  2,800  1,500  Insured Area through compulsory coverage  2  1     2        Balance Un-covered area (Ha)*  3  1     4        Additional premium  (as non-loanee )*  3,000  800'"
2984,3220,"'3,000        Total Farmer's Premium ( as non-loanee )  3,800  3,000  Total Premium of Farmers (both as loanee and non-loanee)  6,600  4,500  *   The Area which has been left out of compulsory coverage for the notified crop can be insured by the farmer as a non-loanee farmer by depositing additional applicable premium along with required  relevant documents.  17.4.5   Crop loans sanctioned through Kisan Credit Cards (KCC) are covered under compulsory coverage and banks shall maintain all back up records and registers relating to compliance with PMFBY and its seasonality discipline and cut-off-date for remittance of premium/ submitting of coverage details as in  the case of normal crop loans. Bank branch will apportion coverage among insurable crops, based on acreage mentioned in loan application or on the basis of actual area sown as declared by the farmer subsequently.  17.4.6   Bank branches of Commercial banks and RRBs/ Nodal Bank in case of PACS under its jurisdiction shall submit individual insured farmer's details along with NEFT/RTGS/UTR details of premium online through National Crop Insurance Portal. Additionally, consolidated insurance proposals/ statements/declarations from   the   bank   branch/ Nodal Bank in case of PACS   under   its jurisdiction, shall be forwarded to the concerned Insurance Company along with details of remittance/ RTGS towards insurance premium, in accordance with cut off dates, as specified by SLCCCI for a particular  crop and season.   It shall be the responsibility of ICs to collect the consolidated statement from the concerned bank branches/ PACS.  17.4.7   Different options are available for bank branches to provide details of beneficiaries in a more  transparent and authentic mechanism. Bank branch can upload the details of insured farmers through  online application mode. Banks are required to upload/enter the information continuously without  waiting for last day for premium debit and data entry.  17.4.8   As an alternative, direct integration of Core Banking Solution (CBS) with National Crop Insurance Portal has also been successfully initiated and the same may be used by Scheduled Commercial Banks/RRBs/DCCBs available on CBS for pushing the farmers' details in bulk directly without filling the individual farmer's details on web-portal or off-line utility.'"
2985,3221,"'17.5.1   Farmers desirous of availing insurance shall fill up Application Form of the Scheme and submit the same to nearest bank branch/CSCs or authorized channel partner or insurance intermediaries of insurance company.  17.5.2  In case of submission through Bank Branches, farmers will submit duly filled proposal form in the  nearest branch of a Commercial Bank (CB) or Regional Rural Bank (RRB), or PACS (DCCB) with applicable  insurance premium amount and other documents. Bank Branch may, after completing verification of  documents, accept or reject the application. Premium is accepted by the bank branch preferably from the farmer's operational account in the same bank branch itself and the same would be sent to the  concerned Insurance Company within the stipulated time for the purpose. It is the responsibility of  bank branch to complete the application of farmer. In case the farmers is unable to fill the application, bank branch is responsible for filling the application on farmer's behalf, so that not a single farmer who desires to take crop insurance coverage is left out from the purview of crop insurance Scheme  17.5.3  In case submitted through CSCs, farmer will be required to authenticate herself/himself using Aadhaar  for filling up online application form. Having a bank account is essential for such cases. CSC will upload  all requisite/desired supporting documents on Portal while filling up the application form on behalf of the farmer. Applications without requisite documents would not be considered for insurance coverage and CSC-VLE is responsible for proper filling of application form.  17.5.4  CSC/Branch/ PACS officials will assist the farmers in completing the insurance proposal form and provide necessary guidance. While accepting the applications and premium, CSC/Branch/ PACS will be responsible for verification of required documents, eligible sum insured, applicable premium rate, etc.'"
2986,3222,"' In case of coverage through PACS, they will consolidate these particulars and send them directly/ to respective Nodal Bank Branches which will, in turn, submit application details online on National Crop Insurance Portal and submit crop-wise and insurance unit-wise declarations electronically in the  prescribed format, along with the e-remittance of premium using payment gateway/ RTGS/NEFT mode, within the stipulated time, to insurance company.  Besides CSCs, other Govt./ semi-Govt.  institutions/organizations including Post offices are also proposed to be utilized for insurance of nonloanee farmers after  their integration with the National Crop Insurance Portal after  obtaining approval of competent authorities.  17.5.5  Non-loanee cultivators could also be serviced directly by any designated agencies, other authorized  channel partners or insurance intermediaries, approved by the IRDA for the purpose and they will act  as a guide and facilitator wherein they will advise such non loanee cultivators about the benefits and  desirability of the Scheme and guide the farmers  about procedures; collect requisite premium and  remit individual/ consolidated premium electronically to insurance company, accompanied by individual  proposal forms and summary details in declaration form  and upload details of each insured  farmer compulsorily within stipulated timelines on the NCIP.  17.5.6  While accepting the Proposal and the premium from aforesaid designated agents, other authorized  channel partner or insurance intermediaries approved by IRDA, it shall be the responsibility of Insurance Company or its designated agents to verify insurable interest and collect the land records, Aadhaar Number., particulars of acreage, sum insured, crop sown etc. and applicable contract/  agreement details in case of share croppers/ tenant farmers. The designated intermediaries shall enter  the data of farmers on web-portal,  remit the premium with consolidated proposals within 2 days.'"
2987,3223,"' However, it is mandatory that the non-loanee cultivators serviced by the designated intermediaries  should hold a bank account and Aadhaar No. or Aadhaar enrolment No. in order to get insured and the  designated intermediaries will also facilitate remittance of the claim, if payable.   17.5.7  For farmers buying crop insurance through CSCs or online, OTP/Aadhaar enabled verification shall be  construed as signature by the applicant for coverage under crop insurance'"
2988,3224,"'17.6.1  Non-Loanee farmer may submit insurance proposals personally - to Insurance Company with  requisite/desired supporting documents and applicable premium has to be remitted electronically to  concerned Insurance Company and details of UTR/remittance slips should compulsorily be attached with application. .   17.6.2  Non-loanee farmers can also submit application forms for getting insurance coverage through web-Portal.  For this, farmer can fill up the online application form available on crop insurance Portal  (www.pmfby.gov.in) and pay the requisite premium through payment gateway. As soon as the  application is submitted through the system, an acknowledgement receipt will be generated along with  a unique identification number. Additionally, intimation will also be sent through SMS on registered  mobile number of the farmer.   17.6.3  However, it is mandatory that Non-Loanee farmers, personally submitting proposals to Insurance  Company or through National Crop Insurance Portal, should have insurable interest and submit  necessary documentary evidence as proof as decided by SLCCCI along with Aadhaar no. or Aadhaar enrolment No.  . The insured farmer loses the premium and the right to claim (if any) if the material facts  furnished in the proposal form are found to be wrong or incorrect at any subsequent point in time.  17.6.4  Insurance companies retain the right to accept or reject insurance proposal(s) within 15 days/one month of receipt of proposal for Loanee/Non loanee respectively, in case proposal is incomplete, not  accompanied by necessary documentary proof, Aadhaar no. or Aadhaar enrolment No./Slip or insurance  premium ordinarily,. If the proposal is rejected, the Insurance Company will fully refund the collected premium.'"
2989,3225,"'17.7.1   Farmers covered, on voluntary basis, can buy insurance before actual sowing/ planting, based on  advance crop planning. However, for any reason if a farmer changes the crop planned earlier, he should intimate the change to insurance company, up to 2 working days before the cut-off-date for  enrolment/buying  insurance,  through  financial  institution/channel  partner/  insurance  intermediary/directly as the case may be, along with difference in premium payable, if any, accompanied with sowing certificate issued by concerned village/ sub-district level official of the State.  In case the premium paid was higher, Insurance Company will refund the excess premium.  17.7.2   Similarly, **loanee farmers** can also change the name of insured crop from the original crop indicated in  the loan application but such change should be submitted in writing to the concerned bank branch up to 2 working days before cut-off date for enrolment and accordingly their newly proposed crop should be insured. However change of non-notified crop to notified crops without submitting the sowing certificate is not permissible. Bank will ensure that all standard loans (as defined by concerned financial institutions) sanctioned/renewed for notified crops within stipulated cut-off date should  compulsorily be covered.  17.8   Declarations/ proposals and debited premium received by Insurance Companies from the Banks/    PACS after the cut-off date shall be summarily rejected and the liability, if any, for such declarations    shall rest with the concerned bank. Accordingly the data/proposal entry on the National Crop    Insurance Portal will also be stopped after the applicable cut off date. However, any dispute in the    matter may be resolved as per the Grievance redressal mechanism detailed in Section 30.'"
2990,3226,"' 17.9  The concerned branches of banks and Nodal Banks/ DCCBs in case of PACS will  upload the details of   individual insured farmers (both loanee and non-loanee) like farmer's name, father's name, Bank   Account number, Aadhaar Number, village, categories - Small and Marginal/SC/ST/Women, insured   acreage, details of insured land, insured crop(s) etc as prescribed in online application form. available  on National Crop Insurance Portal or CBS integration module and submit the same within stipulated cut-off date as per the seasonality discipline/ The Banks/ PACS must also ensure the premium amount  is remitted to the concerned Insurance Company electronically within the stipulated time, failing which they shall be responsible for payment of claims, if any to the farmers. However, any dispute in  the matter may be referred to the State Govt. by the concerned Agency/Bank for taking appropriate action within the prescribed cut off date for reconciliation of premium by banks with all details.   17.10   Insurance companies shall upload requisite information including necessary documentation in respect  of non-loanee farmers enrolled through channel partner other than CSCs on the National Crop  Insurance Portal within the stipulated date of coverage of non loanee farmers .All intermediaries shall  ensure that the documentation is complete in all respect before accepting the premium. It is the responsibility of the concerned Insurance Companies to collect/obtain any documentation of the insured farmers (both loanee and non-loanee) from the bank/financial institutions/ intermediaries/  agents if necessary for verification/acceptance of risk and also to facilitate the banks/ financial institutions/ intermediaries/ agents to submit/ upload all requisite documents/information on the National Crop Insurance Portal within timelines.'"
2991,3227,"' 17.11   Insurance Companies should also reconcile the details of individual insured farmers uploaded on the Portal with the premium/consolidated declaration received from each branch/nodal bank within the stipulated date and any deficiency/ mismatch may be reported to concerned bank branch/nodal bank. The Bank Branch/Nodal Bank should further send/upload the requisite information in respect of such  farmers for whom clarification has been sought, immediately within 7 days.  If such rectification is not done/completed by bank branch /nodal bank within the stipulated period, Insurance Companies may recommend to take necessary action to State Govt. under intimation to Central Govt. State Govt. in consultation with SLBC may recommend suitable administrative action against such defaulting branch/bank. However, claims (if any) in such cases of such farmers shall be borne by the concerned bank only.  17.12   Insurance Companies should verify and satisfy themselves about the coverage of farmers/ crops and give acceptance to the applications submitted by banks electronically through National Crop Insurance Portal. The insured farmer's personal details like AADHAAR numbers, Banking Details, Address, mobile nos. and all such details prohibited under RBI, IRDA or UIDAI  Act. shall not be displayed/disclosed  publicly. Insurance Companies will reconcile the details along with farmer's share of premium receipt before approaching the Govt. to release the final instalment of subsidy (third Instalment) under the  Scheme.  17.13   All Insurance Companies will compulsorily verify and take necessary action including approval/rejection of proposal or policy of any farmer through National Crop Insurance Portal within  stipulated date.  After stipulated period for reconciliation & obtaining further clarification from  stakeholders, all pending proposals/information of insured/covered farmers uploaded on Crop  Insurance Portal will be treated as approved and Insurance Companies will  cease their right for any  further verification. However, any losses to the Govt.'"
2992,3228,'including excess payment of premium subsidy  due to delayed/non- verification of data/information of individual covered/insured farmers on crop insurance Portal will be recovered from concerned Insurance Companies only.  17.14   Banks will ensure distribution of Acknowledgement Receipt along with Folio to each insured farmer within  7 days from the acceptance of applications by the concerned insurance company. The  Acknowledgement Receipt will be generated through National Crop Insurance Portal itself.'
2993,3230,'| Level                     | Minimum sample size                                            |   Sl.  |\n|---------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------|--------|\n| No.                       |                                                                |        |\n| 1                         | District                                                       |    24  |\n| 2                         | Taluka/Tehsil/Block                                            |    16  |\n| 3                         | Mandal/Firka/Revenue Circle/Hobli or any other equivalent unit |    10  |\n| 4                         |                                                                |        |\n| Village/Village Panchayat | 4                                                              |        |'
2994,3231,"'* Minor crops may be notified at higher than Village/Village Panchayat level.  18.3   In order to maintain the sanctity and credibility of CCEs as an objective method of yield estimation, the    modalities mentioned below will be followed:  18.3.1   To bring better transparency and confidence in the data, States shall mandatorily ensure 100% CCEs through a mobile application specially designed by Govt. of India for this purpose. No other application shall be used for conducting CCEs. CCE plots for conducting CCEs shall be chosen through random  selection or preferably using RST and secrecy of the selected plot should be maintained until the CCE is actually conducted in order to rule out moral hazards.  18.3.2   In order to provide proper benefits to the farmers and to compensate them as per near actual loss  experience, crop should be notified at lowest level i.e. Village/Village Panchayat  18.3.3   State shall strengthen audit process of conduct of CCEs, with necessary checks and balances. Digitizing  the CCE process including geo-coding (providing the latitude and longitude of the CCE location), date/ time- stamping and taking photographs (of the CCE plot and CCE activity), is a must for all CCEs(para 20.4)  18.3.4   Wherever external agencies are proposed to be used by the State Govts. for conduct of CCEs (i.e. CCEs  are out-sourced), it should be given only to the registered 'professional/accredited' agencies with  adequate experience in agricultural field activities/yield estimation. It is mandatory for these agencies to follow the digital protocol as mentioned in the previous paragraph. Services of such agencies may also be utilized for assessment of Post-harvest loss and losses due to localized risks.'"
2995,3242,"'Govt. or in collaboration with Central/State agencies and has used satellite/model/weather data to support its claim.    19.7.2  The Organizations to which TAC can refer the case to: The organizations can be Central Govt. or  autonomous organizations, which have requisite capacity to carry out such analyses, such as: MNCFC  (DAC&FW), SAC (ISRO), NRSC (ISRO) and other similar government/non-government organizations (e.g.  CCAFS-BISA-CGIAR), as decided by TAC. Hereafter, these organizations will be referred to as Technical  Agencies.     19.7.3  Data to be provided by State Government:'"
2996,3232,"' 18.3.5   States shall maintain same procedure and methodology for conducting CCEs as adopted by NSSO or  State Manual for Crop Production estimation   18.3.6   District level Steering Committee: State Govt shall compulsorily constitute a Steering committee in  each district to plan, conduct and supervise the CCEs for yield assessment and to provide reports of  yield data to the State Nodal department. The Steering committee should be headed by District level Head of Department/Organisation responsible for conducting CCEs. District Agriculture/Cooperative  officers, representatives of SSO and Insurance Companies shall be members. The Steering committee will compulsorily associate the representatives of Insurance Companies so that they shall be well informed about each and every activity and obtain the requisite information about CCE planning, schedule for conducting CCEs, selection of CCEs plot, sharing of requisite form 2, form 8 etc. and individual CCE result etc. Head of Steering Committee wil be responsible for uploading of all requisite  information on National Crop Insurance Portal i.e. CCE schedule, individual CCE report etc. and  imparting training to field functionaries responsible for conducting CCEs. Steering Committee will compulsorily send all their proceedings / minutes etc to DLMC and Nodal officer of the State. Concerned Insurance Companies shall compulsorily deploy one well conversant official at the office of head of Steering Committee for at least 3 months of the harvesting period for better coordination and obtaining the information of CCEs etc. District Administration will provide requisite space and logistics at the office for the insurance company official.  18.3.7   In instances where required number of CCEs could not be conducted due to non-availability of  adequate cropped area, adverse weather conditions/inadequate infrastructure etc.'"
2997,3233,"'the yield estimate for such IUs can be generated by using methods such as (i) adopting yield estimate of next higher unit, or (ii) adopting the yield of a neighbouring IU with maximum correlation. Priority of applicability of aforesaid two methods should be notified by the concerned States in the notification itself, failing which option of yield estimate of next higher unit only would be considered. However, this clause shall only be applicable in unavoidable situations and shall be limited to only minimal number of IU units and cannot be made a general rule to avoid CCEs.  Special efforts should be made by the State to conduct adequate no. CCEs in all notified units in order to provide appropriate benefits to farmers.   18.3.8   In case of multi-picking crops e.g. Cotton, Chilly, Tobacco, Tomato, Pea, Fruits (Mango & Apples) &  other crops of similar nature, following procedure shall be followed.  18.3.8.1   State needs to, in the beginning; specify the number of required picking for each crop both for  irrigated and un-irrigated conditions. Ideally it should be as per NSSO/IASRI defined guidelines, if it is not available, State in consultation with local Agriculture Universities and concerned ICAR center may  identify the required number of pickings. However number of actual picking depends on climatic conditions etc. Hence possibility of further pickings of each picking should compulsorily be recorded in  CCE app and no. of actual picking will be final in such cases.  18.3.8.2  If the required number of CCEs have been done and the required number of picking have not being done, then for those experiments, factors need to be used to extrapolate yield to the final yield.'"
2998,3234,' 18.3.8.3  The factors (proportion of picking wise yield) need to be computed from well conducted CCEs (with the required number of pickings) from the same Taluka separately from Irrigated and Un-irrigated  condition. At least data of 5 well conducted CCE should be used for computing the factors.    An Example for Yield Calculation for multi-picking crop is mentioned in Table 5 below:'
2999,3235,"'| Picking 1                                             | Picking 2      | Picking 4    |\n|-------------------------------------------------------|----------------|--------------|\n| Total Yield Kg)                                       |                |              |\n| Picking 3                                             |                |              |\n| Yield (Kg)                                            |                |              |\n| Crop                                                  | Experiment no. |              |\n| Yield                                                 |                |              |\n| (Kg)                                                  |                |              |\n| Yield                                                 |                |              |\n| (Kg)                                                  |                |              |\n| Yield                                                 |                |              |\n| (Kg)                                                  |                |              |\n| P1                                                    | P2             | P3           |\n| Well Conducted CCEs in the  Taluka with 4 pickings    |                |              |\n| Cotton                                                | E1             | 1            |\n| Cotton                                                | E2             | 1            |\n| Cotton                                                | E3             | 0.75         |\n| Cotton                                                | E4             | 0.8          |\n| Cotton                                                | E5             | 0.95         |\n|                                                       | Average        | 0.9          |\n| 6.373                                                 | 2.128          | 1.282        |\n| (1                                                    |                |              |\n| st                                                    |                |              |\n| + 2                                                   |                |              |\n| nd                                                    |                |              |\n| +3                                                    |                |              |\n| rd                                                    |                |              |\n|                                                       |                |              |\n| Factor (Total yield/                                  |                |              |\n| Picking Yield)                                        |                |              |\n|                                                       |                |              |\n| (1                                                    |                |              |\n| st                                                    |                |              |\n| )                                                     | (1             |              |\n| st                                                    |                |              |\n| +                                                     |                |              |\n| 2                                                     |                |              |\n| nd                                                    |                |              |\n| )                                                     | )              |              |\n| CCEs with Less Pickings in any IU within that  Taluka |                |              |\n| Cotton                                                | E6 (only 1     |              |\n| st                                                    |                |              |\n| Picking)                                              | 1              |              |\n| Cotton                                                | E7 (1          |              |\n| st                                                    |                |              |\n| and 2                                                 |                |              |\n| nd                                                    |                |              |\n| Picking)                                              | 1.2            | 1.75         |\n| Cotton                                                | E8 (1          |              |\n| st                                                    |                |              |\n| , 2                                                   |                |              |\n| nd                                                    |                |              |\n| & 3                                                   |                |              |\n| rd                                                    |                |              |\n| Picking)                                              | 1.1            | 1.85         |'"
3000,3243,"'and other collateral data, as collected during CCE. The CCE data should be ideally geo referenced.'"
3001,3244,"'level) in digital format, (preferably Excel)'"
3002,3245,"'available, at least at Taluka /block level). The weather parameters should cover at least, rainfall, rainy days and temperature, in digital format, (preferably Excel)'"
3003,3246,'other natural/ manmade disasters in that area'
3004,3236,"'*  Total yield has been calculated as the sum of the available picking yields multiplied by the corresponding factor  18.3.8.4  In cases there is dispute regarding the large deviation in picking dates the average picking dates should  be computed from well conducted CCEs in Taluka level. Accordingly the picking dates and number will be adjusted. For example, if the average picking date for second picking in a particular Taluka is in December and one experiment has shown first picking in December it will be considered as second picking.  18.3.8.5  If there is no proper CCE (with required number of pickings) in the  Taluka level even, it should be considered as no CCE being available and the procedure defined in yield dispute SOP (Standard  Operating Procedure) should be followed, i.e. yield should be estimated using remote sensing and  weather based models. In case the crop has withered and there is no further possibility of having further pickings the same shall be recorded compulsorily in the mobile application/ CCE-Agri App while  conducting the current picking experiment. In such cases, no multiplication factor may be used for  calculation of AY.   The Actual Yield Data at Crop-IU level shall be automatically synchronised with the Portal through online CCE mobile application. Once the Actual Yield data is available on the Portal, the same shall be verified and approved by the concerned District/State authorities.  For those experiments which were conducted offline/without mobile application, the Actual Yield data, along with the location information shall be uploaded by the concerned District administration or State nodal department on the Portal itself. This shall be an exception to be exercised in rare cases and CCEs should not exceed 5% of total CCEs. Actual Yield data through any other mode other than through National Crop Insurance Portal shall not be accepted. If yield data is not uploaded/ synchronised /approved within pre-defined cut-off date by the concerned authority/department, the concerned Insurance Company, may inform State Govt. /Central Govt. well in time for taking appropriate action.  18.3.8.6  Insurance Company should be given complete access to co-witness the CCEs, the digital images of the  CCEs and relevant data in the requisite format (electronic/physical) by the State Govt. on real time basis (Para 35.2.11). A schedule should be formally given/ shared with Insurance Companies  sufficiently in advance without fail to help them to coordinate with field functionaries and mobilize their manpower accordingly.  For this purpose, Insurance Company shall permanently station one  representative at the concerned dist office of the dept/ agency mandated to conduct CCEs for proper day to day liaison (Para 18.3.6).  State shall provide necessary space in the concerned office & facilitate  sharing of information.'"
3005,3237,"'19.1   It has been seen, during first two years of implementation of PMFBY, there are various types of yield disputes, which unnecessarily delays the claim settlement. Following figure shows the procedures to  be adopted in various cases.    Figure. Procedures to be followed in different yield dispute cases     19.2   Wherever the yield estimates reported at IU level are abnormally low or high vis-à-vis the general crop  condition the Insurance Company in consultation with State Govt. can make use of various products (e.g. Satellite based Vegetation Index, Weather parameters, etc.) or other technologies (including  statistical test, crop models etc.) to confirm yield estimates. If Insurance Company witnesses any  anomaly/deficiency in the actual yield data(partial /consolidated) received from the State Govt., the  same shall be brought into the notice of concerned State department within 7 days from date of receipt of yield data with specific observations/remarks under intimation to Govt. of India and anomaly, if any, may be resolved  in next 7 days by the  State Level Coordination Committee (SLCC)  headed by Additional Chief Secretary/Principal Secretary/Secretary of the concerned department. This committee shall be authorized to decide all such cases and the decision in such cases shall be final. The SLCC may refer the case to State Level Technical Advisory Committee (STAC) for dispute resolution (Constitution of STAC is defined in Para 19.5). In case the matter stands unresolved even after examination by STAC, it may be escalated to TAC along with all relevant documents including minutes of meetings/records of discussion and report of the STAC and SLCC. Reference to TAC can be made thereafter only in conditions specified in Para 19.7.1 However, data with anomalies which is not reported within 7 days will be treated as accepted to insurance company.'"
3006,3247,'19.7.4  Data to be provided by Insurance Company:'
3007,3248,"'Excel), along with photographs and other collateral data, as collected during CCE'"
3008,3249,'area'
3009,3250,'(*This data shall only be considered where prior approval for such agency has been taken from State Govt. as outlined in para 2.13)'
3010,3251,"'Among the steps given below, any 3 steps should be followed from a to d and any one step should be followed from e to f. The steps in g and h are compulsory.'"
3011,3252,"'Standard Error, etc.)  Scatter plots, Test of Normality (Shapiro-Wilk test, Quartile- Quartile plot,  Whiskers box plot, Skewness and Kurtosis, etc.). It also needs to be checked whether CCEs were done using the proper sampling design. Village level crop area may also be checked to identify reasons for lower number of CCE.'"
3012,3238,"'The protocol of timelines defined above shall also be applicable to the actual Yield data being provided by the concerned State department in batches, i.e. Crop-wise-District-wise lots of data and timelines for each batch of data shall be counted separately/batch wise. Unnecessary delay in finalization of yield data will attract penal interest on due claim amount payable to the farmers as decided by the SLCC in the matter.  19.3   The existing Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) comprising of representatives from Directorate of  Economics and Statistics, DAC&FW, MNCFC, NSSO, IASRI,  will be further augmented and  constituted under the chairmanship of **Additional Secretary, DAC&FW** and additional  members depending on  case to case basis will be drawn from various organizations namely, relevant institution under Indian Council of Agriculture Research (ICAR),  Indian Agriculture Research Institute (IARI), National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Space Applications Centre (SAC), Central Statistical Organization(CSO), Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI), Reserve Bank of India (RBI), National Bank for Agriculture & Rural Development (NABARD), India Meteorological Department (IMD) or any other such organisation.  19.4   The role of TAC shall be to review the technical matters related to execution of the Scheme. In case,  the matter requires further focused deliberations, the TAC will refer the issue to Technical Agency (as defined in the SOP for yield dispute). Technical Agency (TA) will compulsorily take  input/reports/relevant information from concerned State Department and Insurance Company and may also opt for representatives of other organizations/experts (if required) with permission of chairman of TAC and follow the procedure as defined in the SOP.  19.5   State shall also constitute the State Level Technical Advisory Committee (STAC) on similar pattern to resolve disputes.'"
3013,3239,"'The STAC may be chaired by the Principal Secretary/Secretary of the concerned  department with members from State Agricultural University, State Remote Sensing Centre, IMD (state centre), DES, any ICAR centre in the state, NSSO, etc.). However, in case of disagreement between the concerned parties, the case may be referred to TAC along with recommendations and findings for further deliberation/examination and decision.  19.6   TAC/TA/STAC shall deliberate and examine the subject matter and indicate their views /decisions  based on statistical/technological inputs and other related scientific and technical parameters as detailed in the SOP.  19.7   The SOP to deal with yield dispute cases is as under:  19.7.1   When to use this SOP: This SOP will be followed only when there is a dispute about the crop yield  values between the State Government and the Insurance Company and this has not been resolved at SLCC level and STAC (Para 19.2) and the matter has been referred to the Central Government  Technical Advisory Committee (TAC), which in turn decides that the matter needs to be referred to a Technical Agency (TA). The dispute can be brought to TAC, only in the case, where all of the following  conditions are satisfied.  All conditions not falling in these criteria shall be decided by SLCC and their  decision shall be final and binding on all concerned.'"
3014,3240,'insurance company.'
3015,3241,"'number and following the standard protocol, in at least 20% area of the IUs for the particular crop in the Cluster.'"
3016,3253,"'gridded or satellite based data, Dry-spell Occurrence, Temperature Anomaly, Soil Moisture Analysis  (either from satellite or model data) and any other available weather parameters (related to crop condition), either from ground or satellite data. Another rainfall based index, which can also be studied, is Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). SPI can be developed using IMD gridded rainfall data or NOAA CPC rainfall data. However, while using gridded data (either from satellite or ground stations), appropriate resolution should be used at appropriate level. For example, 0.25 degree data should be used only at district level and not at block/village level. High resolution weather data can also be sourced from weather companies.'"
3017,3254,"'should be carried out to assess the ups and downs. The analysis would include yield ranges, mean yield, standard deviation, and CV.'"
3018,3255,"'Weather Watch Report, NSSO Supervised CCE data, FASAL programme  crop reports, drought assessment reports prepared by MNCFC, Market arrivals and prices data for 2-3 years  (http://agmarknet.gov.in/),  crop  condition  data  available  on  VEDAS  platform  (https://vedas.sac.gov.in/vedas/), Disaster maps available on Bhuvan platform, IMD weather  bulletins, weather information/forecasts available on MOSDAC (https://www.mosdac.gov.in/),    etc.'"
3019,3256,"'purpose are Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Wetness Index  (NDWI), Vegetation Condition Index (VCI), Temperature Condition index (TCI), Vegetation Health Index (VHI), Enhance Vegetation Index (EVI),  etc. To derive these indices, satellite data of appropriate resolution should be used (Table 6).'"
3020,3257,"'| Level                                                                   | of                                                                         | Examples of Satellite/Sensor                    |\n|-------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------|\n| Analysis                                                                |                                                                            |                                                 |\n| Spatial                                                                 |                                                                            |                                                 |\n| Resolution                                                              |                                                                            |                                                 |\n| to be used                                                              |                                                                            |                                                 |\n| Village level                                                           | 5-10 m or                                                                  |                                                 |\n| better                                                                  |                                                                            |                                                 |\n| Resourcesat 2/2A: LISS IV (5.8m), Sentinel 2:MSI (10 m); Rapid Eye (6.5 |                                                                            |                                                 |\n| m); SPOT 5 HRG (5,10 m)                                                 |                                                                            |                                                 |\n| Block/Tehsil                                                            |                                                                            |                                                 |\n| level                                                                   |                                                                            |                                                 |\n| 10-30 m                                                                 | Resourcesat 2/2A: LISS III (23.5 m), Landsat 8: OLI (30 m); Sentinel 2:MSI |                                                 |\n| (10 m)                                                                  |                                                                            |                                                 |\n| District level                                                          | 50-100 m                                                                   | Resourcesat 2/2A: AWiFS (56 m); Proba V (100 m) |'"
3021,3258,"'However, wherever long-term satellite data is needed MODIS (250 m) data can be used, but it should  not be used for village level for information.  Ideally for deriving crop specific vegetation indices, crop maps should be overlaid on the data.  Generally for few major crops, crop maps are prepared under  FASAL project of DAC&FW. Crop maps can be generated using either optical or microwave remote sensing (SAR) data of appropriate resolution.  Wherever, crop maps are not available, at least agricultural area map should be used. For assessing NDVI or NDWI deviation percentage, data of latest  2-3 years should be used or at least data of a normal crop year should be used.'"
3022,3259,"'Crop Growth Modelling:  Yield loss estimates can be made using crop simulation models such as  DSSAT/ InfoCrop, etc. Remote sensing based semi-physical modelling approach can also be used for crop growth analysis.  However, care should be taken to use well calibrated and validated models and also models should be run in spatial at higher resolution, at least 5 km.'"
3023,3260,"'Identification of Outliers: All these above analyses can be used to check whether there was any reason for yield deviation as presented in the CCE data. Then a yield proxy map may be prepared.  The Yield proxy map can be derived from remote sensing vegetation indices (single or  combination of indices), crop simulation model output, or an integration of various parameters, which are related to crop yield, such as soil, weather (gridded), satellite based products, etc. Whatever, yield proxies to be used, it is the responsibility of the organization to record  documentary evidence (from their or other's published work) that the yield proxy is related to the particular crop's yield.  Then the IU level yields need to be overlaid on the yield proxy map. Both  yield proxy and CCE yield can be divided into 4-5 categories (e.g. Very good, Good, Medium, Poor, Very poor). Wherever there is large mismatch between yield proxy and the CCE yield (more than 2 levels), the CCE yield for that IU can be considered, as outliers.'"
3024,3261,"'Computing Yield for the Outliers: For the IUs, where the yield was considered as outlier, the yield  may be estimated by developing empirical models (statistically significant) between long-term  yield data (at IU level or, if not available, higher administrative level) and weather and remote sensing based index data. Using these models, yield for the concerned year should be estimated.  The final yield can be estimated as a combination of CCE Yield and model estimated. The weightage to be given to each estimate will depend upon the quality of each estimate (CCE or Model). Low weightage should be given to CCE not conducted properly (without photograph, geo location, proper sampling plan etc.). Similarly lower weightage to be given model estimates, if model is statistically not highly significant. Wherever, if the model was not statistically significant the average of estimated yields of adjacent blocks should be used (Note: Each and every case may have specific and special cause related to a problem and may not be considered as a reference for any other case.) Each time, the stage of the crop should be given prior importance e.g. 10 mm rainfall at vegetative stage and at harvest or post-harvest stage has different impacts; a small amount rainfall having devastating wind-speed have different impact than high amount of rainfall having calm or no-wind. The Technical Agency needs to take into account all these factors to consider each of the cases as an individual and special case.     19.7.6   Time required for the analysis: The analysis needs to be completed by the concerned technical  agency, within one month of receipt of all mentioned data from the Insurance Company and the State Government.  19.7.7  Funds needed for the analysis: All the analysis will be carried out by the Technical Agency, with its  existing resources. However, if there is any need of procurement of priced data or services, this may be funded by the concerned Insurance Agency or the State Government, whichever organization has  brought the dispute issue up to TAC.     19.7.8  General Suggestions: Though this SOP identifies the procedure for yield dispute resolutions, in a long  run, it will benefit the scheme and the farmers, if there is no Dispute. Following suggestions are made  to avoid dispute.'"
3025,3262,'collect the data using Smartphone based Android App'
3026,3263,"'level organizations, such as Agricultural Universities, State Remote Sensing Centres, ICAR Centres located in the State, local IMD office, etc.'"
3027,3264,'assessment.'
3028,3265,"'20.1   To Rationalize CCEs: With availability of a number of satellites with high resolution imaging  capability orbiting the Earth, there is a great improvement in satellite remote sensing based products.  It has been reasonably proven that satellite based vegetation indices (such as, Normalized Difference  Vegetation Index, NDVI and Normalized Difference Wetness Index, NDWI) can help in demarcating the cropped areas into clusters on the basis of crop health. This feature can be successfully used to target  the CCEs within the Insurance Unit (IU). In other words, satellite imagery can help in 'smart sampling' (stratified sampling) of CCEs. This will help in optimizing the number of CCEs, to make them representative of different crop conditions. This is expected to reduce the total need of CCEs by about  30-40% while maintaining similar accuracy. It will also give a more representative yield of the IU, as it  will consider all crop pixels (fields) within the IU and not just location of 4 CCEs.  States can adopt this technique (of using satellite based remote sensing data for planning of Crop Cutting Experiments) in generating yield estimates while following digital protocol outlined in the preceding paragraphs. For  using satellite data for smart sampling, there is a need to generate specific crop map. MNCFC under the FASAL project of the DAC&FW prepares crop maps for various crops, as mentioned in Section 25, para 25.4. These crop maps can be used for CCE planning. Vegetation Indices (NDVI and NWDI) need to be computed for the cropped area. On the basis of Vegetation Index, the crop area can be categorized into poor, medium, good and very good crop health strata. Within each stratum, CCE points should be selected randomly. Additionally, ground truthing within these IUs can be done in order to develop crop yield model to ascertain yield estimation of the crop and simultaneously can act as a reconciliation/verification tool of actual CCEs conducted on the field. This can be done in consultation with MNCFC, NRSC (ISRO), SAC (ISRO), SRSC and IASRI. This Department has also been piloting such  studies, in this regard, for optimization/reduction of crop cutting experiments using technology.  20.2   To remove Area Discrepancy in coverage: It is noticed that in some instances in States/districts,  area insured is much more than area sown figures hence, compulsory use of RST/ satellite imagery, digitization of land records needs to be done  to minimize the area discrepancy. For this detailed  procedure has been laid down in section 25'"
3029,3266,"'20.3.1   For addressing the issue of reliability of CCEs in terms of their accuracy, representativeness and  timeliness, innovative technologies such as satellite remote sensing, drone, modeling, AWS/ARG,  real  time transmission of data etc. should be utilized. This will ensure accurate assessment of yield and  timely payment of claims to farmers. Various studies carried out by national and international organizations, including MNCFC, NRSC, SAC, CCAFS, IRRI, IFPRI, World Bank, etc. have shown that the  use of satellite, weather, soil and crop data, along with images/video capture of crop growth at various stages and accurate sample CCE data collection can improve the yield data quality/ timeliness and support timely claim processing and payments.   20.3.2   States, with the support of national centres as mentioned above, SRSC and SAUs, need to carry out  adequate number of pilot studies for improved yield estimation using technology, as mentioned  above, and small number of good quality CCEs. When a significant correlation is observed between remote sensing and weather estimated yield and yield estimated through CCEs, States and Insurance Companies can use these technologies in estimating the crop yields at IU level, subject to the satisfaction of both States and Insurance Companies about the accuracy of the yield estimates, to service the claims.'"
3030,3267,"'20.4.1   It has been observed that the normall CCE process being followed by the State for estimating yield is  lacking in reliability, accuracy and speed, which affects claim settlement. There is a need for real  time, good quality and reliable actual yield-data for which mandatory use of smart phones / hand held devices has to be done for capturing images, location of the CCE and for online transmission of data on  National Crop Insurance Portal through CCEs Agri-app. RST using satellite and drones, weather data,  model etc. may also be used for the purpose of increasing accuracy and speed of yield estimation  through CCEs.  20.4.2   The cost of using technology etc. for conduct of CCE process specially purchase of smart phones/ hand held devices and use of technology (RST, Drone etc.) will be shared between Central Govt. and State Govts/ U.Ts on 50:50 basis, wherever necessary, subject to a cap on total funds to be made available by Central Govt. for this purpose based on approximate cost of procuring handheld devices/smart phones and other related costs (RST, Drone, etc).  20.5   Technology Fund: A technology fund will be created by GOI wherein resources shall be allocated for meeting 5% of GOI share/100% grant in various technological interventions undertaken by State Govt. funds as admissible. The fund shall be augmented with excess farmers share of premium surrendered  by Insurance Company due to application of ACF and penalties imposed on Insurance Companies on account of poor performance by Insurance Companies as per the parameters outlined in Annexure 2'"
3031,3268,"'21.1.1   If 'Actual Yield' (AY) per hectare of insured crop for the insurance unit (calculated on basis of requisite number of CCEs) in insured season, falls short of specified 'Threshold Yield' (TY), all insured farmers growing that crop in the defined area are deemed to have suffered shortfall of similar magnitude in yield. PMFBY seeks to provide coverage against such contingency.    'Claim' shall be calculated at IU level as per the following formula:            (Threshold Yield - Actual Yield)                                ———————————————        X     Sum Insured                                                             Threshold Yield    Where Threshold Yield (TY) for a crop in a notified insurance unit is the average yield of best 5 years from past seven years of that season multiplied by applicable Indemnity Level for that crop'"